MSC (PET) 04wellbore Completion Concept-6 Slides

Typical Exam
Production Technology
One Compulsory question from

Chapter 3 (40 Points)
Attempt three out of the following six
questions (each 20 Points), at least
one question from each category:
Three questions from Chapters 4 to 7,
12
Three questions from the remaining
Chapters
Wellbore Completion Concepts

Professor Bahman Tohidi
Institute of Petroleum Engineering
Heriot-Watt University
Edinburgh EH14 4AS
Scotland
Tel: +44 (0)131 451 3672
Fax: +44 (0)131 451 3127
Email: B.Tohidi@hw.ac.uk
January 04

B Tohidi, Heriot-Watt Institute of Petroleum Engineering
January 04
Introduction
The completion string has already been

designed and the required equipment
are generally in place by the rig site.
Drilling engineer will decide and co-ordinate

drilling programme, casing design, mud
programme, coring, various tests and logs,
cement job, etc.
6
January 04
Introduction
Optimum production/injection performance

Ensure safety
Maximise the integrity and reliability
Minimise the total cost
Others (sand control, corrosion, etc.)
Principal decision areas are:

Bottom hole completion technique
Selection of Production Conduit
Completion String Facilities
Completion String Components
Objectives in the design and completion of

production and injection wells:
January 04

Conceptual Design
Production engineers will take over when the

drilling operation is completed, though they
receive daily drilling reports.
Well completion will follow drilling

operations (though part of it is parallel to
drilling).
Rate of production
Number of wells, their locations, sequence and
depths
Production profile of each well

Introduction
Reservoir engineering and economical

evaluation will determine:
January 04

Uncertainty and alternative design

8
January 04

23-27 bit for drilling

18-5/8 casing
Cementing
17-1/2 bit for drilling
13-3/8 casing
Cementing
12-1/4 bit drilling
9-5/8 casing
30 conductor pipe
18-5/8 casing
Cementing
Drilling, if necessary
13-3/8 casing
7liner and cementing, or

9-5/8 casing
Bottomhole
Completion
7 liner
January 04

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January 04
January 04

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Bottomhole Completion Techniques

Screen or pre-slotted completion
January 04

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Open hole completion

Open hole completion

Advantages
Disadvantages
No perforation,
production casing,
cementing, logging &
log interpretation
Less rig time
Full diameter hole
No selectivity for
production stimulation
and workover (new
alternatives)
Liable to sand out
Ability to isolate is
limited to the lower part
of the hole
January 04

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13
Screen or pre-slotted completion

Advantages
Disadvantages
No perforation or
cementing for the
production casing,
logging & log
interpretation
Less rig time
Assists in preventing
sand production
No selectivity for production

stimulation and workover
Difficult to isolate zones for
production control purposes
Slightly longer completion
time compared to open hole
completions
January 04

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Cemented and perforated casing/liner
January 04

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Advantages
Disadvantages
Introduces
flexibility allowing
isolation of zones
and selection of
zones for
production and/or
injection
Requires logging & log

interpretation to specify
the actual perforation
zones
Cost of casing, cementing,
logging and perforating
Rig time
January 04

Tubingless casing flow

Casing and tubing flow
Tubing flow without annular
isolation
Casing flow without annular
isolation?
Tubing flow with annular isolation
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January 04

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Casing and tubing flow
Advantages
Disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvantages
Larger flow area

Cost of tubing
and rig time
High flowrates
Simplicity
Ease of logging
and workover
Flow segregation
Difficulty in killing the
well (squeezing or volumetric)
Casing exposure to
high pressure
Corrosion and erosion
Larger flow area

Cost of packer
and rig time
High flowrates
Simplicity
Casing exposure
to high pressure
Corrosion and
erosion

17
Alternatives for a single zone

completion:
Tubingless casing flow
January 04
17
Parameters in selecting:
Cost
Flow stability
Ability to control flow
Well safety
January 04
Cemented and perforated casing/liner
Ease of circulation
Kick-off
Gas lift
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20
January 04

Tubing flow without annular isolation
Annulus flow without annular isolation
Advantages
Disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvantages
Cost of packer
and rig time
Simplicity
Casing exposure
to high pressure
Corrosion
Annulus heading
Cost of packer
and rig time
Simplicity
Corrosion
Ease of circulation
Kick-off
Gas lift
January 04
Ease of circulation
Kick-off
Gas lift

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January 04
Disadvantages
Flexibility
Cost

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January 04

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The pressure and flow

are contained in:
Pressure and flow containment

Annulus isolation
Downhole closure of the flow string
Circulation capability
Tubing isolation

Complexity and reliability

Identifying minimum requirement
Incremental complexity vs incremental benefit
Design factors in high operating cost areas
Pressure and Flow Containment
Essentials
January 04
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Essentials: Those providing operational

security or safety
Non-essentials: Those providing improved
performance and flexibility
Packer close to the top of the

reservoir
Sliding Side Door or perforation for
circulation
Widely used
January 04
23
Tubing flow with annular isolation

Advantages

Production casing
Production tubing
Wellhead
Xmass tree
Packer
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January 04

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Annulus Isolation
Packer
Annulus isolation is required

in:
Production wells to avoid
annulus heading
Injection wells to protect
casing against injection
pressures
Production/injection wells to
minimise corrosion risks
January 04

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January 04

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Downhole Closure of the Flow String

Downhole closure is required for most wells,
in particular:
Gas wells
Offshore wells
Remote wells
High pressure wells
It is generally achieved by Sub-Surface

Safety Valve (SSSV)
Either remotely operated on fail safe principal
or by set-points.
January 04

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January 04

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Circulation Capability
For hydraulic killing of a well:
Squeezing or volumetric
Coil tubing or snubbing units
Circulation port between the tubing and
annulus.
Sliding Side Door (SSD) or Sliding Sleeve (SS)
Side Pocket Mandrel (SPM)
Ported Nipple
Tubing Punch (normally prior to workover)
January 04

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January 04

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Tubing Isolation
In addition to SSSV a
secondary means of isolation
will be installed
Useful for removal of SSSV (it
can act as one safety factor)
Provision is normally provided
deep within the wellbore
Normally a wireline plug and
nipple combination is used
Sliding Side Door
January 04
Side Pocket Mandrel

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January 04

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Basic Well Completion Schematic
Non-Essentials
(SSSV)
January 04

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Downhole tubing detachment

Tubing stresses
Ability to suspend P & T monitoring equipment
Controlled fluid injection from annulus into tubing
Downhole pump system
Wireline entry guide
January 04
Downhole tubing detachment

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Tubing stresses
Packer seal system
Variation in temperature and

pressure will result in expansion
or contraction of the tubing.
This could result in mechanical
failure or disengagement from the
packer or seal bore.
A concentric seal system is used
Which allows the tubing above

the packer to be disconnected
and retrieved
Downhole tubing hanger

Suspends the tubing downhole
Components which require
frequent replacement will be
above it
(called travel joint or seal assembly).
Tubing
Hanger
January 04

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January 04

P & T monitoring
Downhole pump system
Ability to suspend P&T monitoring

equipment is generally achieved by
installing a wireline nipple as a
component of completion string
Perforated joint
Tubing isolation plug
Electrical or hydraulically
powered
Installation and retrieval
Access to the tubing or
wellbore beneath the
pump
Controlled fluid injection
Wireline entry guide

(WEG)
Corrosion inhibitor or pour point

depressant
Gas lift
January 04

To guide the wireline tool

string back to the tubing
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40
January 04

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General well
completion string
January 04

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January 04
Wellhead and Xmas Tree
Completion String Components
Wellhead/Xmas Tree
Production Tubing
Provision of an Annular Pressure Seal
Seal between Packer and Tubing
Sub-Surface Safety Valves
Side Pocket Mandrel
Sliding Side Door
Landing Nipples
Perforated Joint
January 04


Wellhead the basis for mechanical

construction of the well. It provides:
Suspension of all casings and tubings
Ability to install a surface closure device
A BOP stack whilst drilling
A Xmas Tree for production or injection
Hydraulic access to the annulus
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44
January 04

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45
Production Tubing
Xmas Tree
When selecting production tubing the

following data should be specified:
The grade of steel (e.g., N80, C75)
Wall thickness in weight/ft (e.g., 26, 29, 32
lb/ft for a 7 tubing)
The threaded coupling (e.g., Buttress BTC,

Extreme Line EL, Long Threaded Coupling LTC,
Hydril, VAM)
Well head
January 04

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January 04

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January 04

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Provision of an Annular Pressure Seal

Annular seal is required for:
To improve flow stability and production
Protection of production casing and the
wealhead
To provide facility to select or isolate during
stimulation and production
Packer is most common method for

providing an annular seal.
January 04

48
48
Types of Packer
Types of Packer
Packers can be divided according to:
Packers can be divided

according to:
Ability to Withstand Differential Pressure
Retrievability
Compression Packers
Tension Packers
Compression and Tension Set Packers
Retrievable Packer
Permanent Packer
Setting Mechanism
January 04
Packer Bore
Mechanical
Compression or Tension
Hydraulic
Electrical

Single
Dual
Triple
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50
January 04

51
51
It is not necessary for

Casing
Tubing
retrievable packers
Is divided into dynamic
or static seal assembly
Static seal assembly does
not provide any provision
Packer
Anchor Seal
for tubing movement
Dynamic Seal Assemblies

accommodate tubing movement
Locator Seal Assembly
shoulder
casing
Assembly
January 04

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53
January 04

Extra Long Tubing Seal
Receptacle (ELTSR)
Travel Joint
Polished Bore Receptacle
(PBR)
Anchor
Seal
Assembly

54
54
Sub-Surface Safety Valves

Generally rely on hydraulic pressure
Ball type or a flapper device
Tubing or wireline retrievable
Direct Controlled SSSV (DCSSSV)

Rely on a pre-set differential pressure or a
minimum bottom hole pressure
Generally set in the tubing
PBR
casing
seal bore
extension
Remotely Controlled SSSV (RCSSSV)

ELTSR
Tubing
Travel
Joint
packer
Tubing
Production
liner
January 04

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January 04

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January 04

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January 04

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January 04

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January 04

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January 04

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January 04

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January 04

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January 04

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10
January 04

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January 04

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January 04

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January 04

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January 04

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January 04

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11
Surface Safety Valves
Side Pocket Mandrel (SPM)
SSVs are also used in some countries

They are cheaper and easier to service
Has offcentre pocket with ports

into the annulus
Using wireline or coiled tubing, a
valve can be installed in the
pocket. They are:
Onshore wells
Oil wells
Generally direct control
Minimum and maximum pressure set
points
Generally above top master valve
Gas lift valves

Chemical injection valves
Circulation
January 04

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January 04

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January 04

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January 04

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January 04

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January 04

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Sliding Side Door

Permits communication between tubing and
annulus
Consists of concentric sleeves with elastomer
seals between them and each with slots or
holes
Using wireline or coil tubing, the inner sleeve
can be moved upward or downward to align
the opening in both sleeves
January 04

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January 04

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January 04

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January 04

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January 04

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January 04

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Landing Nipples
Are short tubular devices
Accommodate and secure mandrel
Provide recess to mechanically lock the mandrel
January 04

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January 04
Landing Nipples
Plugging the tubing for

Pressure testing
Setting hydraulic set packers
Isolating the tubing, safety factor
Zonal isolation
They can be classified into three basic designs:

Top No-go
Bottom No-go
Selective Nipples
Lock mandrel recess profile
Seal bore
No-go shoulder
Downhole chokes, regulators, SSSV

Bottom hole pressure recorders

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January 04
Perforated Joint


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Well Completion Designs
Located below packer

Allows fluid flow into the tubing, when
the base of the tubing string is plugged
by, say, pressure gauge
Another nipple above
perforated joint will be
required for tubing
isolation
January 04
84
Nipple profiles consist of the followings:
Installing flow control equipment
January 04
84
Landing Nipples
They are installed at various points in the string

to facilitate:

87
Depend on
Well characteristics
Pressure
Productivity or injectivity index
Fluid properties
Rock properties and geological data
Fluid temperature
87
January 04

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14
Depend on
Geographical factors
Depend on
Operational design constraints
Location
Water depth for offshore wells
Weather conditions
Accessibility
January 04

Environmental regulations
Safety aspects
Number of producing zones
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Single Zone
Completion


90
90
92
92
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Single Zone
Completion
with no provision for tubing

movement
January 04
January 04
with Locator Seal Assembly
91
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Single Zone
Completion,
High Flowrate
January 04

Single Zone,
High Flowrate
Injection/Production
Completion
with Extra Long Tubing Seal

Receptacle for Tubing
Movement
utilising a Polished Bore

Receptacle
January 04

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93
January 04

15
Single Zone
Completion
Single Zone
Completion
utilising an Electrical
Submersible Pump (ESP)
utilising a Gas Lift Facility
January 04

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95
January 04

Dual Zone
Completion
Dual Zone
Completion
Allowing Segregated
Production
with Selective Production and

Gas Lift Facility
January 04

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96
98
98
100
100
Single Zone
Subsea Completion
Serviced by
Through Flowline
Techniques (TFL)
Tubingless Dual
Zone Completion
January 04
January 04
96
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99
January 04

16
Single Zone Subsea Completion

Serviced by Conventional Wireline Techniques from a Workboat or
Mobile Drilling Rig
January 04

101
101
17

MSC (PET) 04wellbore Completion Concept-6 Slides

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Typical Exam

One Compulsory question from

Wellbore Completion Concepts

Wellbore Completion Concepts

The completion string has already been

Drilling engineer will decide and co-ordinate

Optimum production/injection performance

Principal decision areas are:

Objectives in the design and completion of

Wellbore Completion Concepts

Production engineers will take over when the

Well completion will follow drilling

Wellbore Completion Concepts

Reservoir engineering and economical

Wellbore Completion Concepts

Uncertainty and alternative design

Wellbore Completion Concepts

23-27 bit for drilling

7liner and cementing, or

Wellbore Completion Concepts

Wellbore Completion Concepts

Bottomhole Completion Techniques

Wellbore Completion Concepts

Open hole completion

Bottomhole Completion Techniques

Wellbore Completion Concepts

Wellbore Completion Concepts

Screen or pre-slotted completion

No selectivity for production

Wellbore Completion Concepts

Bottomhole Completion Techniques

Wellbore Completion Concepts

Selection of Production Conduit

Wellbore Completion Concepts

Requires logging & log

Wellbore Completion Concepts

Tubingless casing flow

Wellbore Completion Concepts

Casing and tubing flow

Larger flow area

Larger flow area

Wellbore Completion Concepts

Alternatives for a single zone

Tubingless casing flow

Selection of Production Conduit

Cemented and perforated casing/liner

Wellbore Completion Concepts

Tubing flow without annular isolation

Annulus flow without annular isolation

Wellbore Completion Concepts

Wellbore Completion Concepts

Completion String Facilities

Wellbore Completion Concepts

The pressure and flow

Pressure and flow containment

Wellbore Completion Concepts

Complexity and reliability

Pressure and Flow Containment

Essentials: Those providing operational

Packer close to the top of the

Completion String Facilities

Tubing flow with annular isolation

Wellbore Completion Concepts