4233.C1.Introduction To Offshore Structure

1 Introduction to Offshore Structural
Engineering
M1: Oil and Gas Facilities
by
by Dr. Nordin Yahaya
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
19-Feb-13
Next
OIL AND GAS IN MALAYSIA
2/19/2013
Chapter 1 Introduction to Offshore Structures
Malaysia Oil & Gas

Exploration acreages 565,500 km2
71 Exploration Blocks 44 awarded and 27 still open

22 Deepwater/ Ultra DW blocks 20 awarded to 8 PSC contractors
146 oil & 195 gas fields discovered only 53 oil & 23 gas fields
producing
Oil reserves incl. condensate 5.25 bb and gas 87.95 tscf, Jan 2006
3
Chapter 1 Introduction of Offshore Structural Engineering
Malaysia Oil and Gas - Peninsular
2/19/2013
Malaysia Oil and Gas - Sarawak
Malaysia Oil and Gas - Sabah
OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 2/19/2013
Malaysia Oil & Gas

Malaysia: Total expenditure: USD35,683 million
Expenditure Breakdown 2007-2010
Decommissioning
438
2,110
Downhole & Well Services
8,558
Operations
10,053
Modifications
5,868
Maintenance
Marine Systems & Equipment
91
E, I & T
83
Platform Design & Project Management
289
656
Floating Platforms
2,953
Fixed Platforms
972
Subsea Technologies and Equipment
6,299
Offshore Drilling
Reservoir Management
Seismic Data Acquisition
-
113
430
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
US$ million
Source: Infield/INTSOK
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Oil and Gas Engineering

Oil and gas engineers responsible for design, construction
and operation of all aspects of onshore and offshore facilities
related to the exploration, production and processing of oil
and gas
These include superstructure and substructure facilities such
as:
fixed and floating offshore structures,

drilling & production facilities
process facilities & utilities
export & storage facilities
pipelines, mooring, templates and manifolds,
Risers& subsea structures,
vessels, construction etc
onshore & downstream facilities
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Areas in Oil and Gas Engineering

Physical ocean environment aspects
Offshore and onshore geotechnics
Ecological and societal impacts of oil & gas facilities development
Exploration & Production facilities, equipments & systems
Processing facilities, equipments & systems
Engineering design for civil, structural, mechanical, piping,
electrical, instruments, process and safety
Materials, procurement, fabrication & quality assurance
Marine and offshore construction equipments and vessels
Transportation & Seafastening
Installation, hook-up & commissioning of fixed & moored floating

offshore structures
Submarine pipelines, risers and manifolds
Subsea structures & systems
Inspection, Assessment and strengthening of existing facilities
Removal and decommissioning
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FUNCTIONS OF OIL AND GAS

FACILITIES
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Oil and Gas Facilities

Oil and gas facilities used for oil and/or gas extraction have the
common function of providing a safe working environment for the
equipment and personnel who operate the structure.
Functions of oil and gas facilities:
Upstream
Exploration & Drilling
Construction
Production
Processing
Offloading/Export/transportation
Downstream
Storage & Terminal
Refinery
Processing
Petro-chemical
Distribution
Trading
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Oil and Gas Facilities (contd)
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Oil and Gas Production Facilities

Offshore Oil and Gas Facilities
Facilities
Main Process Sections
Utility systems
Reservoir and Wellheads

Crude oil and Natural gas
The Reservoir
Exploration and Drilling

Wellhead
Well workover, intervention and stimulation
The Oil and Gas Process

Manifold and gathering
Separation
Gas Treatment and Compression
Utilities Systems
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Exploration & Drilling

During the last 100 years, offshore exploration has developed from
shallow waters [3 m] to ultra deep waters of up to 3000 metres. This
has only been possible because of the extreme flexibility of the
drilling rigs, well control devices, wellheads and production
christmas tree.
Types of structures for exploration & drilling:
Jack-ups
The jack-up is limited to operations in water depths of approximately 120 m.
The jack-up has self-elevated legs which enable it to stand on the seabed.
Primarily used for drilling exploration operations
Semi-submersibles
Drill-ships
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The deepwater drill ship has the same characteristics as a semi-submersible

rig, used in deep water environments it uses guideless drilling equipment,
but less stable.
This ship is fitted with side thrusters propulsion to enable it to keep its
position dynamically in changing weather over the well heads on the sea
bed.
Exploration & Drilling Facilities

The main components of the
drilling rig are the Derrick, Floor,
Drawworks, Drive and Mud
Handling.
Wells can be any depth from
almost at the surface to a depth of
more than 6000m. The oil and gas
typically formed at 3000-4000m
depth.
Well logging is used to identify
formation and other downhole
properties of the well bore.
Logging tools can include
radioactive, electric, mechanical,
and sonic tools, among others.
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Exploration & Drilling Facilities
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Well Completion
When the well has been drilled,
it must be completed.
Installing well casing is an

important part of the drilling and
completion process.
Completing a well consists of a
number of steps;
installing the well casing,
Completing the well,
Installing the wellhead,
installing lifting equipment.
Casing serves to strengthen the

sides of the well hole, ensure
that no oil or gas seeps out of
the well hole as it is brought to
the surface, and to keep other
fluids or gases from seeping
into the formation through the
well.
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Offshore Production Facilities

Wellheads can be Dry or Subsea (Wet)
completion.
Dry Completion means that the well is onshore
on the topside structure on an offshore
installation. Subsea wellheads are located
under water on a special sea bed template.
The wellhead consists of the pieces of
equipment mounted at the opening of the well to
regulate and monitor the extraction of
hydrocarbons from the underground formation.
It also prevents leaking of oil or natural gas out

of the well, and prevents blowouts due to high
pressure formations.
These wellheads must be able to withstand
pressures of up to 140 MPa (1400 Bar).
The wellhead consists of three components: the
casing head, the tubing head, and the
'Christmas Tree'
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The major functions of the superstructure (or
topside) on an offshore platform are to provide
safe and reliable working area & supports for
production & processing purposes:
well control
support for well work-over equipment
separation of gas, oil and non-transportable
components in the raw product, e.g. water,

parafines/waxes and sand
support for pumps/compressors required to
transport the product ashore
power generation
accommodation for operating and
maintenance staff.
There are basically two structural types of

topside, the integrated and modularized topside
which are positioned either on a jacket or on a
concrete gravity substructure.
.
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Typical Compartmental Elements of Topside Deck on a Production Platform

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Export Facilities
Products must be exported to
onshore using several methods:
Pipelines
Crude Tankers
LNGTankers
Subsea to Shore (novel)
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Export Facilities
On most production sites, the oil and
gas is piped directly to a refinery or
tanker terminal. Gas is difficult to store
locally.
On platforms without pipeline, oil is
stored in onboard storage tanks to be
transported by shuttle tanker.
The oil is stored in in tanks on floating
platforms. On some floaters, a separate
storage tanker is used.
In both cases ballast handling is

important to balance the buoyancy when
the oil volume varies. For onshore fixed
roof tanks are used for crude, floating
roof for condensate.
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Export Facilities
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Transmission Facilities
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Processing Facilities
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Port Facilities
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Storage Facilities
Oil and Gas Terminal and Storage
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Processing Facilities
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TYPES OF OFFSHORE
STRUCTURES /FACILITIES
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Oil and Gas Facilities
Types of offshore structures for oil & gas drilling, production and
processing
Fixed-Steel Jacket
Jack-up Rig
Concrete Gravity
Compliant Tower
MOPU
Floaters/Floating Structures:
Tension Leg Platform (TLP)
SPAR
Floating Production Storage Offloading (FPSO)
Semi-submersible (semi-sub)
Extendable Draft Platform (EDP)
Subsea
Coastal & Onshore facilities
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Ports, harbour & jetty

Berthing
Types of Offshore Structures

Semi-sub Floating Structure
Tension Leg Structure (TLP)
Fixed Structure
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STEEL JACKET PLATFORMS
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Offshore Steel Jacket Platforms
Typical layout of a typical Offshore

Steel Platform
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Offshore Steel Jacket Platforms

Jacket platforms are consists of an
open tubular steel space-frame
construction and supported by a pile
foundation.
The jacket generally perform two
functions:
They provide the substructure for the
production facility (topside), keeping it

stable above the waves.
They support laterally and protect the 26-30
inch well conductors and the pipeline riser.
The jacket takes the loadings from the

topside and the sea environment, is piled
to the seabed.
These piles must also be able to resist
tension as the hydrodynamic forces on the
structure have a tendency to cause
overturning.
The majority of this type if structure is in
shallow water (30 m to 300 m). Currently
there are about 2000 steel jackets have
39 been installed around world.
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Worlds record for fixed

steel jacket structure is
Shells Bullwinkle platform.
Completed in 1991 Water
depth 412 m (1350)
Fixed Jacket Structures
Deepwater Jackets
Shell Cognac
BP Amberjack
Exxon Heritage
Elf Virgo
Exxon Harmony
BP Pompano
Shell Bullwinkle
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(1978)
(1991)
(1992)
(1999)
(1992)
(1994)
(1991)
312 m
314 m
326 m
344 m
366 m
393 m
412 m
Topside Modules
Drilling slots on a jacket platform vary in number. These slots are
arranged in rows to form a rectangular pattern; e.g. two rows of four
slots, four rows of six slots etc.
Rigs are skidded from slot to slot until the drilling phase is completed.
Facilities for services such as drilling fluid control, well logging,
cementing, drillstem testing and completions require adequate deck
space.
When production is the principal platform activity, provisions are made for
workover equipment and well service, separators, compressors and other
production equipment on the topside.
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Topside Modules
The major functions of the superstructure
(or topside) on an offshore platform are:
well control
support for well work-over equipment
separation of gas, oil and non-
transportable components in the raw

product, e.g. water, parafines/waxes and
sand
support for pumps/compressors required
to transport the product ashore
power generation
accommodation for operating and
maintenance staff.
There are basically two structural types of

topside, the integrated and modularized
topside which are positioned either on a
jacket or on a concrete gravity
substructure.
.
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JACK-UP PLATFORMS
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Jack-ups
Jack-ups - hull,
legs and a lifting
system that allows
it to be towed to a
site, lower its legs
into the seabed and
elevate its hull to
provide a stable
work deck capable
of withstanding the
environmental
loads.
Three main
components : Hull,
Legs & Footings,
and the
Equipment.
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Jack-ups
Jack-up designs generally classified into two basic types:
Independent leg jack-up
will operate anywhere currently available but it is normally used in areas of
firm soil, coral or uneven bed.
Depends on a platform (spud can) at the base of each leg for support (these
spuds can be either circular, square, or polygonal, and are usually small)
Mat-supported jack-ups
Designed for areas of low soil shear value where bearing pressures must be
kept low
Connected to all of the legs
An advantage of the mat-supported jack-up is that minimum penetration of
the seabed takes place
Requires less leg than the independent jack-up for the same water depth.
Jack-ups can be either self-propelled, propulsion assisted, or nonpropelled (majority).

Jack-ups can have as few as 3 legs to as many as 14 legs.
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Jack-ups
3-LEGGED JACK UP
Arranged in some triangular form.

Eliminate the need to build extra leg.
Can carry more deck load in the afloat mode.
Reduced number of elevating units (pinions, cylinders,
etc)
Disadvantages - require preload tankage and have no
leg redundancy.
4-LEGGED JACK UP
Arranged in some rectangular form.
Require little or no preload tanks on board.
Because can preload two legs at a time using the
elevated weight as preload weight.
Stiffer in the elevated mode.
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Jack-ups
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Jack-ups (contd)
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Jack-ups (contd)
When evaluating which type of jack-up to use, it is necessary to
consider the following:
Water depth and environmental criteria
Type and density of the seabed
Drilling depth requirement
Necessity to move during hurricane season
Capability to operate with minimum support
How often it is necessary to move
Time lost preparing to move
Operational and towing limitations of the unit
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GRAVITY-BASED PLATFORMS
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Concrete Gravity Structures

Concrete gravity platform is
defined as a structure which is
directly on the seabead and
derives its stability from its own
weight.
The structure works in the same
manner as a simple pad
foundation, resisting overturning
by keeping the resultant load
within the mid-third of the base.
Hence, concrete gravity structures
may be used when the seabed
conditions are not suitable for
piling.
The large cellular base may also
be used as a storage facility for
recovered oil or gas.
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3
Concrete Gravity Structures

Concrete gravity structure is
suitable in the northern part in
the North Sea because of its
deep and rough waters.
The main advantages are:
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Have built storage capacity

Installation of topside facilities
before float out, thus avoiding
heavy crane lifts at sea
Less specialised construction
techniques and yard facilities
than required for steel jackets
The structure can be completed
near shore in calm waters
Short installation period and
limited risk during installation
Concrete gain strength with time
has few corrosion problems
DEEP WATER STRUCTURES
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Deepwater Development
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Floating System (Floaters)
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Semi-Submersible
The semi-submersible (Semi-sub) are designed to operate either
resting on the seabed or totally afloat. Majority of the semi-sub
nowadays are for drilling and floating production unit (FDU). They
are designed for operation in water depths of up to 2000 m.
The semi-sub, or column stablised units differ in appearance from
traditional vessels. The platform is either supported by columns
(usually four columns) connected to large underwater
displacements hulls, or is mounted on large vertical caissons, or is
supported by some combination of the two.
The basic purpose of the general design is to reduce wave forces
by locating the major bouyancy members beneath the surface or
beneath the wave action.
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Semi-Submersible
The Semi-sub also includes mooring
lines, attached to fairleaders at the
bases of the columns. The deck is
supported above the columns by a
support structure.
As far as possible, all equipment,
systems, and out fitting will be on the
deck. Except for the hull utility space,
the hull is intended to be normally
unmanned, although it can always be
entered for inspection purposes.
They are held on location either by a
conventional mooring system or by
dynamic positioning (especially as the
water increases to more than 300 m).
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Semi-Submersible
The mooring system consists of mooring lines connected to a
tubular steel suction pile pressed into the sea bottom. Each
mooring line usually comprises an upper chain section, a polyester
section, and a lower or bottom chain section. A chain jack, chain
stopper, and fairleader will be used to tension each top chain.
As a buoyant body, the hull consists of the columns and the
pontoons. The internal spaces of the columns are subdivided, with
access shafts and a series of watertight flats.
Two types of pontoons: 2 & Ring pontoons
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Semi-Submersible
In selecting a semi-submersible, it is necessary to consider the
following criteria:
Water depth
Drilling depth requirement
Environmental criteria
Motion characteristrics
Consumables capacity
Mobility
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A Tension-leg platform (TLP) is a vertically moored floating structure
normally used for the offshore production and is particularly suited for water
depths greater than 300 metres (about 1000 ft).
The platform is permanently moored by means of tethers or tendons
grouped at each of the structure's corners. A group of tethers is called a
tension leg. A feature of the design of the tethers is that they have relatively
high axial stiffness (low elasticity), such that virtually all vertical motion of
the platform is eliminated.
This allows the platform to have the production wellheads on deck i.e. Dry
Tree Unit (DTU)- (connected directly to the subsea wells by rigid risers),
instead of on the seafloor. This makes for a cheaper well completion and
gives better control over the production from the oil or gas reservoir.
The first Tension Leg Platform was built for Conoco's Hutton field in the
North Sea in the early 1980s. Currently, the deepest is the Magnolia TLP
(GOM) with 4,674 ft (1,425 m) . Its total height is some 5,000 feet
(1,500 m).
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TLP Primary Components

Topsides
Production facilities
Drilling Systems
Utilities
Accommodations
Hull
Columns
Pontoons
Mooring System
Tendon Porches
Tendons
Foundations
Riser System
Drilling and production Risers
Steel Catenary Risers
Full Production, Drilling and Quarters

Fully Self Contained
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64
to Pipelines
Tension Leg Platform (TLP) - Matterhorn
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Tension Leg Platform (TLP) - Matterhorn
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SPAR Structure
Spar consists of a large
cylinder supporting a typical
fixed rig platform.
The cylinder however does not
extend all the way to the
seafloor, but instead is
tethered to the bottom by a
series of cables and lines.
The large cylinder serves to
stabilize the platform in the
water, and allows for
movement to absorb the force
of potential hurricanes.
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SPARs of the World

So far, there are 18 SPARs built around the world
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Types of SPAR Structure

Advantages:
Allow direct well access Top
Tensioned Risers (TTR)

Supported by air cans (or
tensioners)
Small heave motions
Allow catenary moorings no
tendons needed
Insensitive to topsides weight
Lower cost than TLPs for very
deepwater
Disadvantages:
TTRs are constrained at keel
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fatigue of riser system and supports

may be problem
Hull VIV can be large and may
cause fatigue of many components
(aircan, riser, mooring, etc.)
Classic Spar
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Truss Spar
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Transportation of SPAR
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Truss Spar - Kikeh Field Development
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Truss Spar (Kikeh)
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Truss Spar - Kikeh

1st Deepwater development in
Malaysia
1st Application of turret-moored
FPSO in conjuction with SPAR
1st SPAR installed outside the

GOM
1st topsides float-over onto
SPAR
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Compliant Towers
The tallest structures in the world:
Petronius: 640m, Balplate: 579.7
m (compared to Petronas Twin
Towers: 452m)
Compliant towers are much like
fixed platforms.
They consist of a narrow tower,

attached to a foundation on the
seafloor and extending up to the
platform.
This tower is flexible, as opposed
to the relatively rigid legs of a
fixed platform.
This flexibility allows it to operate
in much deeper water, as it can
'absorb' much of the pressure
exerted on it by the wind and sea.
OFFSHORE STRUCTURES
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Compliant Towers
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Floating Production, Storage and Offloading

(FPSO)
FPSO systems are semisubmersible
drilling rigs or ship, except that they
contain petroleum production
equipment, as well as drilling
equipment Storage and Offloading.
The platforms can be kept in place
through large, heavy anchors, or
through the dynamic positioning
system
With a floating production system,
once the drilling has been
completed, the wellhead is attached
to the seafloor, instead of up on the
platform.
Oil produced from offshore
production platforms can be
transported to the mainland either by
pipeline or by tanker.
When a tanker solution is chosen, it
is necessary to accumulate oil in
some form of tank such that an oil
tanker is not continuously occupied
while sufficient oil is produced to fill
the tanker.
FPSO Generic Layout
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FPSO Generic Layout
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FPSO System
FPSO vessels are particularly effective in remote or deepwater locations

where seabed pipelines are not cost effective.
FPSOs eliminate the need to lay expensive long-distance pipelines from
the oil well to an onshore terminal.
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FPSO Typical Field Layout

FPSO can also be used economically in smaller oil fields which can
be exhausted in a few years and do not justify the expense of
installing a fixed oil platform.
Once the field is depleted, the FPSO can be moved to a new
location.
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FPSO General Features

Advantages:
On-board storage
Can be off loaded offshore no need for
oil pipeline;
Good for remote fields
Fast schedule
Can use old tankers, so initial cost can
be low
Turret Bottom & Flexi Risers
------------------------------------------------------ Disadvantages
Oil field use only (no advantage for gas
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field)
Wet Christmas tree no direct well
access
Potentially high cost for well workover
High turret cost for certain areas
Subsea tree
Subsea Systems
Subsea systems are designed for two primary applications:
Offshore field development in water depths greater than 300 m; and
Tying back smaller fields (also called satellite fields) to an existing
platform or to form a production hub, which otherwise would not be

economic on a stand-alone basis.
For a single well tie-back, a subsea well is connected back to the

host platform or floating production facility by a single or dual
flowline.
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Engineering, Construction, Procurement, Installation and

Commissioning
ECPIC
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EPCIC
Engineering, Procurement, Construction, Installation and
Commissioning (EPCIC)
Oil and Gas Engineering
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Offshore Structural Engineering Design

With the project approved, the operator now lets contracts for the
offshore platform. In many cases these will be broken up into the
following segments:
Front-End Engineering Design (FEED)
Engineering Detailed Design
Process Design
Piping & Mechanical Design
Design of Sub-structure & Super-structure
Electrical & Instruments Design
Safety Engineering
Pipelines & Subsea
Fabrication of substructure (jacket) & superstructure
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(topsides)
Installation of process, mechanical, piping equipments,
electrical & instrumentations
Load-out and Installation of platform & topside
Offshore hook-up and commissioning
Production drilling
Offshore Structural Engineering Design

Key steps in Structural Engineering Design:
Design and Develop Conceptual Design
Design and Develop Front-End Engineering Design (FEED)
Design and Develop Detailed Engineering Design
Structural Drawings & Details
Several of these may be combined in logical groups and awarded

to one consultant or several consultants. Rarely, except for small
structures, are they all combined in one package.
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Engineering Design
90
Construction/Fabrication
To oversee and manage such a complex series of contracts, the
operating oil company may set up as own management team or
may engage a construction manager.
In the latter case it may integrate its staff into the construction
managers activities.
Most nations which have major offshore oil activities in their
economic zones have established regulatory agencies to control
and supervise their development.
These governmental agencies are typically assigned
responsibility for ensuring safety during development and
operation with respect to the following:
Prevention of pollution
Prevention of loss or waste of the resource
Prevention of injury and death to personnel working on or in
conjunction with the development
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Design and Construction of Offshore Structures

The design of offshore structures has to consider various
requirements of construction relating to:
fabrication.
weight.
load-out.
sea transport.
offshore installation.
module installation.
hook-up.
commissioning.
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Load-out
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Loadout - Comprises the movement of the

completed structure onto the barge which will
transport it offshore.
Seafastening and Offshore Transportation

Seafastening - Comprises fitting and
welding sufficient structure between the
structure and the barge to prevent the
jacket shifting during transit to the
offshore site.
Offshore Transportation - Comprises the
tow to the location offshore and arrival of
the barge at the offshore site with the
seafastened structure
OFFSHORE STRUCTURES
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Offshore Jacket Installation

Installation - Comprises the series of activities required to place the
structure in the final offshore location. These activities include jacket lift
and upending, positioning, pile installation, jacket levelling and
grouting, together with support services for these activities
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Topside Module Installation
OFFSHORE STRUCTURES
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Offshore Piling
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OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION
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Oil and Gas Production & Processing
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Separation
The well-stream may consist of Crude oil,
Gas, Condensates, water and various
contaminants. The purpose of the
separators is to split the flow into desirable
fractions.
Test Separators are used to separate the
well flow from one or more wells for
analysis and detailed flow measurement.
In this way, the behavior of each well
under different pressure flow conditions
can be determined.
Production Separators are HP gravity type
and reduces pressure in several stages
(to about 3-5Mp) to allow controlled
separation of volatile components.
The purpose is to achieve maximum liquid
recovery and stabilised oil and gas, and
separate water.
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Heat Exchangers
For the compressor operate in an efficient
way, the temperature of the gas should be
low.
The lower the temperature is the less
energy will be used to compress the gas
for a given final pressure and temperature
However both gas from separators and
compressed gas are relatively hot. When
gas is compressed, it must remain in
thermodynamic balance, which means that
the gas pressure times volume over
temperature (PV/T) must remain constant.
(PV = nkT).
Temperature exchangers of various forms
are used to cool the gas. Plate heat
exchangers and Tube & Shell exchangers.
When designing the process it is important

to plan the thermal energy balance.
Scrubbers and Reboilers

The separated gas may contain mist and other liquid droplets. Liquid drops
of water and hydrocarbons also form when the gas is cooled in the heat
exchanger, and must be removed before it reaches the compressor.
If liquid droplets enter the compressor they will erode the fast rotating
blades. A scrubber is designed to remove small fractions of liquid from the
gas.
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Oil and Gas Storage, Metering & Export

The final stage before the oil and
gas leaves the platform consists of
storage, pumps and pipeline
terminal equipment.
The figure shows a full liquid
hydrocarbon (oil and condensate)
metering system.
The analyzer instruments on the left
provides product data such as
density, viscosity and water content.
Pressure
and
temperature
compensation is also included.
Gas metering is similar, but instead,
analyzers will measure hydrocarbon
content and energy value (MJ/scm
or BTU, Kcal/scf) as well as
pressure and temperature. The
meters are normally orifice meters
or ultrasonic meters.
103
Utility Systems
Process Control
Control and Safety
Systems
Emergency Shutdown and
Process Shutdown
Control and Safety
Configuration
Fire and Gas Systems
Telemetry / SCADA
Condition Monitoring and
Maintenance Support
Production Information
Management Systems
(PIMS)
104
Control Systems and Optimisation

Beyond the basic functionality the control system can be used for more
advanced control and optimization functions.
105
Well control may include automatic startup and shutdown of a well

and/or a set of wells.
Applications can include optimization and stabilization of artificial lift
such as Pump off control and Gas lift Optimization.
Flow assurance serves to make sure that the flow from wells, in
pipelines and risers are stable and maximized under varying
pressure, flow and temperatures. Unstable flow can result in slug
formation, hydrates etc.
Optimization of various processes to increase capacity or reduce
energy costs.
Pipeline Management modeling, leak detection and pig tracking
Support for Remote Operations, where facility data is available to
company specialists located at a central support center.
Support for remote operation where the entire facility is unmanned or
without local operators full or part time, and is operated from a remote
location.
Power Generation and Distribution

Power can be provided from mains power
or from local diesel generator sets. Large
facilities have great power demands, from
30 MW and upwards.
There is a tendency to generate electric
power centrally and use electric drives for
large equipment rather than multiple gas
turbines, as this decreases maintenance
and increases uptime.
The power generation system on a large
facility is usually several gas turbines diving
electric generators, 20-40 MW each.
A power management system is used for
control of electrical switchgear and
equipment. Its function is to optimize
electricity generation and usage and to
prevent major disturbances & plant outages
(blackouts).
106
Flare and Atmospheric Ventilation

The flare subsystem include Flare,
atmospheric ventilation and blow down
The purpose of the Flare and Vent
Systems is to provide safe discharge and
disposal of gases and liquids resulting
from:
107
Spill-off
flaring
from
the
product
stabilisation system. (Oil, Condensate
etc.).
Production testing
Relief of excess pressure caused by
process upset conditions and thermal
expansion.
Depressurisation either in response to an
emergency situation or as part of a normal
procedure.
Planned depressurisation of subsea
production flowlines and export pipelines
HVAC
The heat, ventilation and air conditioning system (HVAC) feeds conditioned
air to the equipment rooms, accommodations etc.
Cooling and heating is achieved by way of water cooled or water/steam
heated heat exchangers.
Heat may also be taken off gas turbine exhaust. In tropic and sub-tropic
areas, the cooling is achieved by compressor refrigeration units. Also, in
tropical areas gas turbine inlet air must be cooled to achieve sufficient
efficiency and performance.
The HVAC system is usually delivered as one package, and may also
include air emissions cleaning.
Some HVAC subsystems include:
Cool: Cooling Medium, Refrigation System, Freezing System

Heat: Heat medium system, Hot Oil System.
108
Water Systems
Potable Water
For larger facilities, potable water is provided on
site by desalination of seawater though
distillation/reverse osmosis.
Seawater
Seawater is used for cooling purposes to Air
Compressor Coolers, Gas Coolers, Main
Generators and HVAC.
Also used for production of hypochlorite and for
Fire Water.
Seawater is treated with hypochlorite to
prevent microbiological growth in process
equipment and piping.
Ballast Water
109
Ballast systems are found on drilling rigs,

floating production ships and rigs as well as
TLP (tension leg platforms). The object is to
keep the platform level and at a certain depth
under varying conditions.
Telecom
Public Address & Alarm System/F&G Integration
Drillers talk back System
UHF Radio Network System
Closed Circuit TV System
Mandatory Radio System

Security Access Control
Meteorological System/Sea Wave Radar
Telecom Antenna Tower and Antennas
PABX Telephone System
Marine Radar & Vessel Movement System
Office Data Network and Computer System
Personnel Paging System
Platform Personnel Registration and Tracking System
Telecom Maintenance and Monitoring System
Ship Communication System/PABX Extension
Radio Link Backup System
110
Mux and Fiber optical Terminal Equipment
Summary
111

4233.C1.Introduction To Offshore Structure

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4233.C1.Introduction To Offshore Structure

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1 Introduction to Offshore Structural

OIL AND GAS IN MALAYSIA

Chapter 1 Introduction to Offshore Structures

Malaysia Oil & Gas

71 Exploration Blocks 44 awarded and 27 still open

Chapter 1 Introduction of Offshore Structural Engineering

Malaysia Oil and Gas - Peninsular

Chapter 1 Introduction to Offshore Structures

Malaysia Oil and Gas - Sarawak

Chapter 1 Introduction to Offshore Structures

Malaysia Oil and Gas - Sabah

OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 2/19/2013

Chapter 1 Introduction to Offshore Structures

Malaysia Oil & Gas

Downhole & Well Services

Platform Design & Project Management

Subsea Technologies and Equipment

Chapter 1 Introduction to Offshore Structures

Oil and Gas Engineering

fixed and floating offshore structures,

Chapter 1 Introduction to Offshore Structures

Areas in Oil and Gas Engineering

Installation, hook-up & commissioning of fixed & moored floating

Chapter 1 Introduction to Offshore Structures

FUNCTIONS OF OIL AND GAS

Chapter 1 Introduction to Offshore Structures

Oil and Gas Facilities

Chapter 1 Introduction to Offshore Structures

Oil and Gas Facilities (contd)

Chapter 1 Introduction to Offshore Structures

Oil and Gas Production Facilities

Reservoir and Wellheads

Exploration and Drilling

The Oil and Gas Process

OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 2/19/2013

Chapter 1 Introduction to Offshore Structures

Exploration & Drilling

The deepwater drill ship has the same characteristics as a semi-submersible

Chapter 1 Introduction to Offshore Structures

Exploration & Drilling Facilities

OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 2/19/2013

Chapter 1 Introduction to Offshore Structures

Exploration & Drilling Facilities

OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 2/19/2013

Chapter 1 Introduction to Offshore Structures

Installing well casing is an

Casing serves to strengthen the

OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 2/19/2013

Chapter 1 Introduction to Offshore Structures

Offshore Production Facilities

It also prevents leaking of oil or natural gas out

Chapter 1 Introduction to Offshore Structures

Offshore Production Facilities

components in the raw product, e.g. water,

There are basically two structural types of

OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 2/19/2013

Chapter 1 Introduction to Offshore Structures

Offshore Production Facilities

Typical Compartmental Elements of Topside Deck on a Production Platform

OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 2/19/2013

Chapter 1 Introduction to Offshore Structures

Chapter 1 Introduction to Offshore Structures

In both cases ballast handling is