22.

2
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1.

As adults, certain species of whales possess

baleen instead of teeth. Baleen is used to
filter the whales' diet of planktonic animals
from seawater. As embryos, baleen whales
possess teeth, which are later replaced by
baleen. The teeth of embryonic baleen whales
are evidence that

c. baleen
whales are
descendants
of toothed
whales.

7.

It has been observed that organisms on

islands are different from, but closely
related to, similar forms found on the
nearest continent. This is taken as
evidence that

a. island
forms and
mainland
forms
descended
from common
ancestors.

2.

DDT was once considered a "silver bullet"

that would permanently eradicate insect
pests. Today, instead, DDT is largely useless
against many insects. What would need to be
true for pest eradication efforts to have been
successful in the long run?

d. All
individual
insects
should have
possessed
genomes
that made
them
susceptible
to DDT.

8.

Logically, which of these should cast the

most doubt on the relationships depicted
by an evolutionary tree?

e. DNA
sequence
evidence fully
disagreed
with
morphological
evidence.

9.

Members of two different species possess

a similar-looking structure that they use in
a similar fashion to perform the same
function. Which information would shed the
most light on whether these structures are
homologous or whether they are, instead,
the result of convergent evolution?

b. The two
species share
many proteins
in common,
and the
nucleotide
sequences
that code for
these proteins
are almost
identical.

10.

Monkeys of South and Central America

have prehensile tails, meaning that their
tails can be used to grasp objects. The tails
of African and Asian monkeys are not
prehensile. Which discipline is most likely
to provide an explanation for how this
difference in tails came about?

b.
biogeography

11.

Of the following anatomical structures,

which is homologous to the wing of a bat?

e. arm of a
human

12.

Over evolutionary time, many cave-dwelling

organisms have lost their eyes. Tapeworms
have lost their digestive systems. Whales
have lost their hind limbs. How can natural
selection account for these losses?

c. Under
particular
circumstances
that persisted
for long
periods, each
of these
structures
presented
greater costs
than benefits.

13.

Some members of a photosynthetic plant

d. 1, 3, and 6
species are genetically resistant to an
herbicide, while other members of the same
species are not resistant to the herbicide.
Maintaining resistance against the
herbicide is metabolically expensive for the
plants. Which combination of events
should cause the most effective
replacement of the non-herbicide-resistant
strain of plants by the resistant strain?

3.

Human intestines are held in place by

c. back and
membranes called mesenteries. In bipedal
knee
humans, it would be logical for these
problems.
mesenteries to be attached to the rib cage.
Instead, they are attached to the backbone, as
they are in quadrupedal mammals. Because
of this arrangement, human mesenteries have
a tendency to tear more often than
mesenteries in other mammals, as frequently
observed among truck drivers and
jackhammer operators. The same
evolutionary modification that causes
increased susceptibility to torn mesenteries
is responsible for
Ichthyosaurs were aquatic dinosaurs. Fossils
show us that they had dorsal fins and tails
just as fish do, even though their closest
relatives were terrestrial reptiles that had
neither dorsal fins nor aquatic tails. The
dorsal fins and tails of ichthyosaurs and fish
are

e. B and C
only

5.

If 3TC resistance is costly for HIV, then which

plot (I-IV) best represents the response of a
strain of 3TC-resistant HIV over time, if 3TC
administration begins at the time indicated by
the arrow?

c. III

6.

If two modern organisms are distantly related

in an evolutionary sense, then one should
expect that

b. they
should share
fewer
homologous
structures
than two
more closely
related
organisms.

4.

14.

Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers

contain many of the same bones, these bones having developed from
the same embryonic tissues. How do biologists interpret these
similarities?

d. A and C only

15.

The theory of evolution is most accurately described as

d. an overarching explanation, supported by much

evidence, for how populations change over time.

16.

What would be the best technique for determining the evolutionary

relationships among several closely related species, each of which
still contains living members?

e. DNA or RNA analysis

17.

Which of the following is the best example of humans undergoing

evolution, understood as "descent with modification"?

a. reduction in the amount and coarseness of body hair

over millennia

18.

Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the

common origin of all life on Earth?

b. All organisms use essentially the same genetic code.

19.

Which statement best describes how the evolution of pesticide

resistance occurs in a population of insects?

d. A number of genetically resistant pesticide survivors

reproduce. The next generation of insects contains more
genes from the survivors than it does from susceptible
individuals.