P

REFA C E

THE p r e se nt p u b l i c at i o n i s a s e qu e l t o m y form er o n e ,
o n t h e S e n se s an d t h e
In t e ll e c t , an d c o m p l e t e s a

Sy s t e m a t i c Exp o s i t i on o f th e Hu m an M in d

Th e g e n e r ally a dm i t t e d , b u t va gu e ly c o n c e iv e d ,
d o ctr in e o f t h e c onn e x i on b e t w e e n m in d a n d b o dy h a s

b e en th ro u gh ou t d i s cu s s e d d e n i t e l y

in cl u d e

th e Em o t i o n s , I
,

h
s i c al
p y

w h at e v e r

In t r e a t i ng

i s kn o w n

of

of

the

i m e nt o f e a c h
Th e Na t u r al Hi s t o ry M e th o d a d op t e d in d e l i
n e at ing th e S e n s at i o n s i s c o n t i n u e d in t h e Tr e a t i s e
The rs t c h a
t
e r is d e v o t e d t o
o n t h e Em o t i o n s
p
Em o t i o n in g e n e r al ; a ft er w h i ch t h e i n d ivi d u al k i n d s
a r e cl as s i e d a n d d i s c us s e d ; s e p arat e c h ap t er s b e i n g
a s s i g n e d t o t h e ZEs th e t ic Em o ti o n s a ri s in g o n t h e
c o n t e m p l a ti o n o f B e au ty in Nat u r e an d i n A r t an d
Un d e r t h i s
t o the Et h i c al or th e M or al S e nt im e n t
l a s t h e a d I h av e g one fully i nt o t h e Th e o ry o f M o r a l
Obl ig at i on
It h a s b e e n t o o m u c h t h e pr a ct i c e t o m ak e t h e
d i s cu s s i o n o f t h e Wi ll c o m p r i s e o nly t h e s i ng l e
m e t ap hy s i c al p r ob l e m
of
Li b e rty an d Ne c e s s i ty
De p ar ti ng fr o m t h i s n arr o w u s a g e I h av e s o u gh t to
it s e arly
a s c e rt a i n t h e n at ure o f t h e fa c u l ty i t s e l f
e mb o d

vi

PR EFA C E

g e rm s ,

fo und at i o n s , in t h e h u m an

or

c ons t

i tu t i o n

th e c o ur s e o f i t s d e v e l o p m e nt fr om it s fe e b l e st
in d i c ati o n s in i nfan cy t o t h e m a t u ri ty o f i t s p ow e r
F i v e c h ap t er s ar e o c cu p i e d w i t h t h i s i nv e s t ig a t i o n ;
an d v e m or e w i t h s u bje c t s fa ll i n g u nd e r t h e d om a i n
in cl u d ing t he C o n i c t o f M o t iv e s De
o f t h e Wi l l
l i b e r a t i o n R e s o l u t i o n Effor t De s i r e M or al Hab i t s
Du ty an d M o r al Inab i l i ty
A c l o s i n g c h ap t e r e m
b r a c e s t h e F r e e w i ll c o ntr o ve rsy
A s i n m y v i e w B el i e f is e s s e nt i al ly r el a t e d t o t h e
a c tive p ar t o f o u r b e i ng I h ave r e se r v e d t h e c o n s i d er a
t ion o f it t o t h e c o ncl u s i o n of t h e Tr e a t i s e o n t h e
a nd

Win
.

n al d i s se r t a t i on

Th e

s ciou sne s s

to

A l t h o u gh i t w as

as s u m e

ro

vi s i o na l

in Co ns c i o u s n e s s in t h e

of

Wh at e v er
i

s o ns ,
adm

the

fa c t s

n
on
i
i
p

ab s t r a c t ,

L ON DON Ma r ch

1 85 9

t he

C on
o u t se t

i d e r e d it
o b l e m s i nv ol v e d
r
p
u n t i l t h e d e t ai l e d
c o ns

mi nd h a d b e en

su b tl e

e d e nc y o f
p

ex

w o rk i s o n

n e ce s s ar y at

m ay b e form e d

I t h i nk t h e

i tt e d

of

t he

d e ni t i on , I

t o d i scu s s th e

u n a d v s abl e

s u r ey

of

as

c o mp l e t e d .

t o the

t h e m e th o d

c on c l u

Will

be

PR E FACE TO THE SE COND E DIT ION

.

IN t he p res e n t e d i t i on , I h av e i ntr o d u c e d
e m e n d at i o n s i n t o b o th d i v i s i o n s o f t h e w o rk

e x te n s v e

w h o l ly

Em o t i o n in g e ne r al h as b e e n
a nd
th e d e r i v ing o f e m o t i o n fr o m

ch a

Th e

r
t
e
p

r e - c as t

on

s e ns at on , a c c o r d n g

it p os s i b l e
e c i s e ly
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T
e
p

r e n d e re d

m ore

c arr e d

h as b e en

an d

in

c o n fo rm

ity

S p e c al e m o t o n s

th e

w i th t h e g e n e ra l

in t h e A p p e n d i x , a n a c c o u n t o f
c l as s i c at i o n s o f t h e F e e l i n s , b o t h Eng
g

v ar ou s

l i sh

out

an al y s s o f

ad d e d ,

I h av e

v e ws .

th e

t o g e n e ra l l a w s o f t h e m in d , h a s
t o d e ne an d c l as s ify t h e e m o t i ons

G e rm an

Will

Un d e r t he

the

o f v o l un t ary

m e n c e m e nt

m o di e d ; a n d
t hr o u gh o u t

c h ap t e r s

er
o
w
p

nu m e r ou s

the r s t

on

h av e b e e n

a m e n d m e nt s

c on s

will

c om

i d erab ly

b e fo u nd

Th e d i s cu s s i o n

h as
all

r e ce

t h at

iv e d

re

ro c e s s e s

a dd

a
rd s
g

h as

AB ER DEEN ,

of

t h e m e ani ng s

i t i on s

th e

an d

c o rre c t o n s

c onn e x o n s

e c are ful

u n d erg o n

Novem ber

of

1 8 65

of

C on s c i ou s ne s s
A nd , nally ,

m i n d w i t h p hy s i c a l

i i

r e v s on

PR E FACE TO THE T HIR D E DIT ION

.

THE p u b l i c at i on of th e p re s e nt e d i ti o n h a s b e en l o ng
d e l ay e d by t h e w i s h t o r e v i s e t h e w ork t h o r ou ghly , a t

o
n
t
.
p

ev e ry

Of t h e t h r e e d e p ar t m e nt s of t h e m i n d , th e o ne
m os t d i f c u l t t o t r e a t s c i e nt i c ally i s t h e d e p ar t m e n t
of

F e e l i ng , i n

o th e r

w h ate e r v ag u e n e s s

c e r t a n ty a s

w ord s ,

m ay

t o th e n al

Pl e as u r e

t o it , i s

at t a c h

e nd

an d

o f all

so

P a in ; y e t ,
m u c h nu

hu m an

en d e a ou r

No w o ne c h i e f c o n di ti on o f s c i e nt i c h an dl ing i s
To d o th i s
w it h p re c i s i on
e s t i m a t e qu an t i ty
.

wh at

e n qu r e

h o p el e s s t as k

s e e m s a v e ry

P s y c h ol o g y

ar e

t h e m e an s

xing d e g r e e in r e g ar d t o t h e
s u c h m e an s a s ar e i n u s e c an b e
To t h i s
t o ry

e n qu ry

to

in

Ye t w e m ay
a c t u all y e m l o e d fo r
p y
fe el i ng s , a n d w h e th e r
.

e xt e n d e d o r

rt o f
a
p

i m p r o ve d

t h e In t r o du c

c h ap t e r .

In

of

o n ly

th e Ev ol u t i on hyp o th e s i s

c l e ar n e s s

u e st on

w h en v ew e d

i i

a n t ag on s t c

e ffe c t

t
e r , I h ave fu l l
i
d
s
cu
s
e
s
d the
p
y

ch a

s e p ar a t e

b e ari ng
Th e

I h av e d e v o te d

h e re

c ou

i s h ap p y

t h e EMO T I O N S

r e g ar d s ,

i de re d i s Do th e fa c t s
o f th i s h
i
i
o
t
h
n
e
s
a
i
n
s
yp
g

c ons

in t h e l i gh t

As

on

m or e

l
e Lo v e
p

e S p e c i a ll

h
t
e
r
y
g e at
a n d A n e r I t hi n k t h e
g
.

ix

P R EFA CE

ch ap t e r s o n

Th e

Em o t i o n ,

wh olly

th e

ch a

er
t
p

on

Id e a l

on

Sym p a thy h av e b e e n a l m o s t

and o n

i tt e n
In
have p r o t e d

re - w r

th e l e a d ing Em o t i o n s ,

ZEs t h e tic Em o ti on s ,

l a rg el y b y th e inv e s t i g a t i on s o f Mr
J a m es S u l ly , w h o p r o m i s e s t o b e t h e p s yc h ol o g i s t o f
In t h e ac c o u nt
F i ne A rt fo r t h e p re s en t g e n er a t i on
I

M or al S e n s e I h av e m a d e

the

of
on

c o nn e c t e d

t h e d i f c u l t p r ob l e m s

t e r e s t e d Im p u l s e s
ill , t h e
Un d e r t h e

ro o m

fo r

no te

Dis in

w i t h o ur

c h an

a c e r t a n a m o u nt o f n e w

h e r e t oo
ex

Hav ing

l
a n at i on
p

ow er

p
l u ti o n ,
are

of

had t o

th e

or

es

h av e b e e n fe w e r

m at te r h a s b e e n
c ons

i g in

ider

a nd

h o w far
r o w th

b ut

i n tr o du c e d
m y o r i g i n al

of

v o l u nt ar y

b y t h e hyp o th e s i s o f Ev o
I fe e l c on d e nt t h a t m y l e ad in g as s u m p t i o n s
be

w o u ld

a e ct e d

e qu all y

re qu r e d

unde r

m i n o r m o d i c a t i o n s h av e

t h a t hyp o t h e s i s ; w h il e
h a d t o b e m a d e in s t a t i n g

it u d e s a t b i r th
A n a d d i t i o n is m a d e t o t h e h an dl ing o f D e s i re
e c e s sit
In t h e c h ap t er o n Li b e rty an d N
y t h e ar
r e e w i l l fr o m
C
on s ci o u s n e s s
F
m
e
n
t
f
or
u
a
r
e
s
g
pro
d u c e d b y Mr S i d gw i c k h a s b e e n s u bje c t e d t o a fr e s h
e xa m in at i o n
I h av e r e wr i tt en t h e ch ap t e r on Be l i e f w i th s om e
m o d i cat i o n s
Th e g e n e r al v i e w o f C o ns c i ou sn e ss h a s b e e n r e
v i s e d an d t h e an aly s i s o f S u bje c t a n d Obje c t r e s ta t e d
t h e nat u r e

o f o ur v o l u n t ary a p t

ABER DEEN,

Novem ber

1 87 5

T A BLE OF CONT E NT S

T HE E M O T I O N S
C HAP TER I

I NG

D i v is i o n s
N Ge n er al

W Ci

Min d

S u b d iv i s i on s

of

t h e Law

r c u m s t an c es

o f an

Uni t y

D is tin c t i on
Th e P HY S I

of

the

on

Pl e a su r e

C AL S I DE

12

13

F l ing
F l i ng
F lin g

an d

0F

P a in

an d

the

of

P ain

P l ea su r e

ee

as

P a in

F l ing
ee

F ee l i ng

S I DE

'

as

i o ns

o f org an c

n o t en ou gh

Inol i er ence

or

Neu tr a l Ex c item ent

Vo li ti on a l Ch a r a cter s
14

il l arie s

FEEL I N G

ME NT A

P l eas u r e

as

C o n c u r r en c e

s m a ll c ap

of

ee

ee

D I FFUS I ON

of

Ac t i v e Im p u l s e

11

La w

Th e P h y s c al S i d e
1 0 Th e P h y s i c al S i d e
.

e e l in g

C on s ci ou sn ess

of

Em oti ona l Cha r a cter s

:
0

t ha t l i m t t h e diffu s ed m an fe s t at

PA G E

C H A A CT ER S

In u e n c e

e ff ec t s .

of

FEELI N G

D iffu si on

of

Q S t im u l u s

0F

r n c i l e s o f c on c om it an e
p
p

W Ex am p l es
P P r o ofs

HYS I C AL A CC OMP ANIM E NTS

of

IN GENER A L

OF F EEL
P

t est ed b y

con d u c t

F eel ing

14

N TEN T S

CO

Inte l l ectu a l Ch a r a cter s

P e r si s t e n c e o f

C o n d i t i o ns

i d e al

e e li ng s

of

17

h
t
u
h
t
o
or e
g

Wil l

In u e n c e

21

Th e

of

ee l in g o n

Em o t i o n s

D e ep

a ff e c t

Th e

20

j u d g m ent

the

qu an t it y

G r e a t l at i t u d e i n t h e

of

t ru e

25

n e c e s s ar y

to

OF

Nu m b e r

28

29

30

Me asu re

21

FEELI N GS

23

qu al it i es

24

D i ffi c u l t i es

ii

Ex p

ih

r es s i on .

3O

n
g s.

in

re gar d

to

Ene

oth er

h ab i t

t h e t h o u gh t s

m en

of

s fe el ing s

C o n t e nt m e n t

33

D isgu i se

d iffe r e n ce

ih

gy

t e s t i m o ny

on

of

Em ot i on V ol it ion
,

In t el

an d

R ad i c all y d iffe r e n t t yp e s o f C h a r a c t e r
A S t an d ar d o f d e gr e e s t at e m e nt o f a n av erag e

35

g a s t a n d ar d fr o m k n o w n i n d iv id u al s
S u m m ar y o f p r oc e d u r e fo r e s t im a t ing d e gr e e i n

38

37

x in

al u e o f

m e nt a l

Ev ery

a n al y s i s

f e e l in g h a s

B7 P eri o d ic it y
.

In u e n ce

si

IE

27

k n o w n Ag e n t s

T HE R S

C36

25

C on c e al m e n t

C on ic t ing

Fi

35

and

e
A
c
c
o
m
a
n
i
m
e
n
t
j
ec
t
i
v
s
b
O
p

P h y s ic al

l ec t

'

the

p ain s b y t h e ir n e u t r al z n g
In t en s it y e s t i m at e d b y im e , an d b y
S t r e n gt h o f B el i e f
S t at ist i c al m e t h o d s

at e of

In t e ll e c t u al

of
.

o li t i o n al s ign s

and

31

of

E s t im

an exa ct s c en c e

m e n t al

e s t i m a t e s of
'

p l easu res

e ach o t h er

fa l s e

Min d kn o w n d ir ec t l y on l y t o e a c h one s s el f ;
kn o w l e d ge o f ot h er m i n d s infe re nt ial
D e gr e e o f d e l ic ac y in e s t i m at ing o u r ow n s t at es

Est im at i ng
27

and

t h e int ell e c t

'

24

t o the

ac c o r d in g

Bel ie f

s eat e d c orru p t i o n o f

es t i m at e o f

17
18

I NT E R P R E T AT I ON AN D E ST I M AT E
22

In t ell e ct

an d

14
15

F eeli ngs

S t a m p ing i n t e l l e c t u al im p r es s i on s
1 9 D i ffer e n c es o f i nt e ll e c t u al c h ar ac t e r ,
d
o m i n a n c e o f fe e li n gs
re
p
20

PA G E

fe eli ng s

Cha r a cter s

c om b in es

F eel i ng

i n d ea

r e c u rre n c e

rev i v al o f

Mi xed

of

A ND

in r e d u c ing t h e d if c u l t ies

S UB S

I DE NC E

OF

a c o u rs e o f r i s e an d

fee l in gs

Mind

FEELI N GS

ih

41

d ec ay
43

N TEN T S

CO

C er t ai n

fe el in gs

m u t u all y

are

A ll i e d fe e li ng s h e igh t en

iii

PA G E

e x c l u s iv e

e ac h o t h er

46

C HAP TER II

I N

EV OLUT O

The d oc tr in e

a s cient i

The

of

Ev ol u t i on

i t s b e ing

D oub t ful

ap p l i e d

to

o f ac

G ift e d in d i v id u al s
Th e

a c on d

i t i on

of

47

q u ir e d

ar i s i n

c ou n t

in fav o ur
ib

an d

t h e fa c t s

Hab its

ih

ad d u c ed

for h e r e d i t ar y

p e c ul i ar it i e s

g t h rou gh t h e

48
ac ci d e nt s

p h y s i c a l su p e r i or t y
h i s t or y o f t h e h igh e s t r a c e s d o e s

49
fall in

not

w it h

e v ol u t i o n

ac t s

51

f r o m t h e d om e s t i c a t i o n

In h e ri t a n c e
C on d it i on s

of ac

o f a ni m a l s

qu ir e m e n t s

is

s im

(2)

p li c it y ,

i i)

an e x c e p t i on

i t e ra t i on,

an d

3 ) in
.

Ex am p le s

11

Th e S p a ce
Th e Mo r al S e n t i m e n t ,

13

ih

10
.

53

t e r e st
.

th at

c o n fe r

With

Min d

In s t i nc t s

c h ara c t er o f

t r a n s m is s i o n

MI N D

ex

S im il a ri ty b e t w ee n
.

c o mp li es

p l a n at io n
g e n e r a l arg u m en t s fo r t h e d o c t r in e

of

A S A P P L ED TO

R e e x Ac t i ons ;
r e l a t i on s

L o c o m ot i o n
ih .

D ou b t fu l n es s

a n u nl

ik e l y c

Mor al In st inc t s

of

ase

in t h e m s e l v e s

56
,

I N HER I T A NC E
A

OF

E M OT I O N

Th e
t h e g re a t sc al e , o f as s oc iat e d fe e l in g s
e r m a n e n t n a t u r al s ur r ou n d i ng s mi gh t b e i m p r e ss e d
p

c as e , o n

a nd

58

t r an s m itt e d

16

Th e st r on g es t e x a m p l e is t h e c a se o f Liv ing B e ng s ,
En u m e r at io n o f fe elings n ot in any s en s e h er e d it ar y :

Or g an i c Se n s a t i on s
17

18

I9

P rim ar y fe e l ing s

of

t h e P ar e n t a l

In s tin c t

60

61

t h e v e S e ns e s

h ighl y d e p e n d e nt o n b o di l y c ond i t i ons

r a n s m i tt e d fe e ling po s se sse s t h e i d ea l c h ar a c t e r
e e l in g s

t h at

ar e

I N H E R I T ANC E
Th e G re gar

iou s Life

OF

SO

C I AL R ELAT I ONS

59

62

ih

63

N TEN T S

CO

x v

21

22

23

24

64

R e v en g e t a k e s
Th e

ih

t o t h e p re d at or y l fe o f a n im al s
u re
l
f
t
h
e
easu r e
r e d at or y ur g e n c i e s c o m e sh or t O
p
p
p
us

m al ev ol e n c e

Mal ev ol ent

65
need s a

re
l
easu
p

er
o
w
p

o f r e p res e n t ing

t he

o f ot h ers

fe e lings

26

PA G E

Th e S e x u al App e t it e
Th e P are n t al e e li ng

of

25

He r ed it ary

66
of

i m p r e s s i o ns

p erson al

b y t h e h os t il e p ass i o ns
D ou b t fu l h ow far P r o p ert y
f e e l i ng s

it y

Lib ert y

an d

s t am p e d

m ay b e

ev o l v e d

ar e

C HAP TER III

I I T I ON

THE EMOT ONS A ND THE R CLA S S F CA

Th e

Em o t i o n s

ings

A re the

69

s im p l e
.

fe e l

o r c o m ou n d
p

E m o t i o n s su h
Ment al p e c liari t i es o f Em ot i on as su c h
C er t ain w e ll m k e d ge n e a o f Em o t i on s
s id e o f

P h y si c al

ar

Ot h e r s

ib

d e riv e d

ar e

Em ot io n s

C ons e que n t

c o m p ou n d .

e x c l u s iv e l y

S e e m i n g l y i n d e p e n d e nt

d er

s o u r c es

ap p ar e n t l y
o r d er

71

iv e d f om t h e S ens es !

L ov e
o f Em o t i o n
r

Ang e r
7

of

10

of a

t r ip l e

an or d e r o f

sou r c e o f

fix ing

Or d er p r o p os e d
Sp e c iall y p rom i n e n t

D i s t in c t i o n

of

Lo v e
an d

and

Pa

in

73
Ang er
not a

b asi s

76
o f c l as s i

ib

C HAP TER IV
E MO
.

i
i

R el at iv t y
ap p l e d

G e neral

r e co

T I ONS

g n i ze d

in

OF

D if cu l t y

s.

t re a t m e n t

ar e

P l e as ure

Em ot i on

c at i o n

72
ib

As s u m p ti on

R EL A T

c u rre n t

I V I TY

m ax im s ,

b u t m is

78

s t a t e m e nt a s r eg ar d s

S u b or d ina t e l aw

o b s e rv a t o n s

of

F l ing
ee

Ex amp l es

Ac c omm o d a t i on To b e

x e d

by
80

N TEN T S

CO

C o n d i tio ns
qu en e y
5

S om e

e f cac y o f s t

d i m in i s h m g

of

m e m or y

of

t h e p r i or

e m o t i o n s ar e r e l a t i v e

in

11

P l ea su r e s

12

84

P OWE R

R ES

T AI NT
Wit h

a s s o c i at e d

a nd

86

Lib ert y

87

IMP OT E NCE

88

C HAP TER

I D EA L
Em ot ional Fe el ing

e
>

C o m p ar at iv e

R e v iv ab il it y f ol l o w s

m Fe e ling s

as

S p e c ia l

s u ch ,

Th e

C on d it i on

r e e d om

1 0 R e v i v al
.

11

12

89

are

i n c or p or a t e d w i t h Int e ll e c t u a l
b y t h a t m e an s

91
Pl e as u r

93

t he t yp e
e m p er a m e n t
as

95

D is t r ac t ion
of

RE

99

1 00

su
gg e st i on o f t h e ac c om p ani

m e nt s
13

14

15
16

17

or c e o f

1 01

S im il ar it y

D ise ng age m e nt

of

1 03

the

Min d

Ap p l ic a t i on t o t h e

c ase o f

O ur

m i x t u re

se n t i e n t

l i fe

c er t a in s h ar e o f

1 05

Pa

infu l

of

Ac t u al i t y

in d i s p

S Y MP A T

Sy m p a thy d e ne d

e m ot o n s

Ac t u al it y

C HA P TE R

:
1

98
.

th e R egar d s

C ALL

97
ih

t h e Ac c o m p a n im e n t s

C o n c e ntrat i on
C o n d it i on s of

90

g r o w t h s d is t i ng u is h e d fr o m int e l l e c t u al
o f I nt e n s i t
y

fr o m
of

ib

D is c r i m i n a t i o n

t ak e n

Em o t i o n a l T

Em oti on al

n
d
i
t
i
n
s
o
f
r
i
il
i
t
o
f
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
s
o
e
o
v
v
a
b
z
c
y

ab l e e m o t i o n
.

T IO N

r e v i v ab i l it y o f e m o t i o n a l s t a t es

s t a t e s, a n d ar e r e v i v e d
.

E MO

s a r e re v i v ab l e

s
s

'

83
.

10

81

o b ec ti v e c a u s e

to

P AG E

ib

VA I ET Y
M N OT O N Y
W N DE R
F EED OM n d

imu l ation : fre

c o n d i t i on

re s p ec t

NOVELT Y

XV

e n sab l e

VI

ith Id e al it y

ib

1 08
1 09

HY

111

N TEN TS

xv i

CO

AGE

Ac t ing f or
3

Th e

Fi

ot h e r s no t al w a y s a

Ne x t

of

n S u sc e p t ib il it y

t o t he

Eff ct
11

12

13

el l ow

Wh

at

fee li ng

is t h e

Hy p ot h e s i s

fo r

ex

1 1 2i

p eri enc e

s y m p at h i e d w

e e l in g s

ib

1 15
se n s e s

g e n e r al l y

it h

t he

rec

ib

116

ip ient
to

im p u l s e s !

gr e g ari o u s

p r im it i v e

h ap p i n e ss

our ow n

s o u rc e o f ou r s y m p a t h et i c

the

117

s u pp os es a r eg ar d

Of

of

113

Wi t h S g n s
m p r es s i o n s o f t h e

o f s y m p at h y u p o n

111

Sy m p a th y

of

C ou n t erac tiv e s

S e l shn e s s

e e l ing s

R e l at i o n t o t h e P e i s o n

o
C

s e e ng

t h e S ig n s

e x p eri e nc e o f

a c co u n t e d

S ym p at hy

r s t c on d it o n o f

Ass o c ia t i on

to b e

a p p e ar a nc e s

far

1 19

1 20

s i t u a t i on

of

a nim a l s

14

15

S y m p a th y

Wi d th

d i s l ik e

c o m p at i b l e w i t h

o f s y m p a t hi e s

how

ac c ou n t e d

C HAP TER
TE
PR

The

Tend e Em o t i o n
r

Lov e

fa c t

r es t s u

of

OBJ E

CT S

or

ins p iring

I CAL S I DE

P HY S

S ob b ing

ME NT AL

O
(

'

N I DE AT I ON S

CO S

t h e p l e asu r e

on

Q G r e at P l e asu r e s

t h e B e n ev ol e n t

s u r p ass es e v e r y o t h e r

C H A ACTE
U

V II

l ife int e re s t

Lo v e and S o c i a b ilit y t h e s am e p h e nom en on

The Lo v e o f t h e Hel p l e ss g iv en b y
S p en c e r
c en t r al

123

E MO T O N

N D ER

EL I M I N AR Y

f or

1 27

c au s e s

Ma s siv e

Te n d

Pl e asu r es

Em o t i o n

er

S I DE

C onn e c tio n

E CIE S

Tears

i i on

1 0 Th e g re g ari ou s p o s t
r a t e r ni t
y

i We ak n es s

w th

T E N DER E M T I O N

OF

The Inter es ts

1 29

SP

12 6

t he em br a ce

E M O T I ON

as

re g ar d s

THE

OF

RS

P a in s
of

of

f S oci a bi li ty

u n d er

an

at

qu al

1 30

l a r ge

r el a t i onsh

ip
1 31

N TEN TS

CO

t
'

S u p erior forc e

11

be

of

15

Ingre d ie nt s

16

Op e r a ti o n

of

1 35
ib

of

S ti m ul a nt s

of

it s

or

igin

1 sk

fe e ling

p ar ent al

c rc u m s t a n c e o f

h el p

l e s s n es s
2 0 S e n su o u s
.

1 39

as p e c t s o f

i n fa n c y

Th e

Mat ern al

f e e l ing

Th e P a t ern al fe e l ing

Be n e v o l e n c e ,

P it y

as

A ecti ons

fe e l ing

r at i t u d e

12 5

26

g
m ot

co m p l e t e d

P ain s t ha t

ins w it h sym p at h y
u

w e ar e

ib

30

l iab l e t o i n

c o nn e c t o n

ith b el ov e d

of

A d m i ra ti on
'

Ad m ir at i on t h e
Est e e m

re fe r s

r esp o n s e

to

u s e fu l

1 46

C ons ol at ion s

1 44 ,

Te n d erne ss
S oci l a nd Eth ic al b ea in gs of T e n d e n e s s
A m oral l ev er fo t h e e l e v at ion of m ankin d
j

ob e c t s .

32

P rop e r

E ional G at i t d e J u s t ic e
Te nd er feel ings t ow ard s t h e Lo w er Anim al s
Tend er s ent im en t t o w a d s Inanim t e t h ings

31

e m b rac e .

b eg
r

b y t he

S orr ow

29

28

ib

s y m p at h

Gr a ti tu d e

Te n d e r

C o m p ass i o n

or

Te n d er Fee l ing m ix e d w it h

24

141
1 42

7 he B enevol ent

P a ss ion for On e

Th e P a r ent a l F ee l i ng

Hyp oth e s is

1 34

D is p ari t y

of

ib

1 33

Lo v e

S e x u al

Em o t i o ns

1 7 Acc e ss ory

e m b ac e

e mb r ac e

th e

S ex

PA G E
1 32

Tran s form ati ons

ings
i

13

19

w th s e nt e nt

a s s oc at on s

Th e l ov e
Th e p l e a s u re o f G v ing b e ne t s
Int er e s t in g ac c o m p a ni men t s of p e rs on al i ty

12
14

i i

o f agre e ab l e

vii

to

a nd

Es teem

s u p eri or e x c e ll e n c e

qu al it i e s

ib

N TEN T S

CO

X VIII

VIII

C HAP TER

I ON

E MO T
PR

F
Fe

a r, a s a

m e n t al

CHA ACTE
R

P HY S I
of
.

C AL S I DE

Th e app

S I DE

11

12

of

In t e ll e c t u al

13

15

151

FE AR

OF
of

fu nc t

io n s

w th

l oss

P a in

e ffe c t s

th e

on

Will
157

i m p r e s s i on s

S tr ang e n e s s

E C IES

OF

T E R R OR

Anim al s
1 61

Terror

u p erst

Ne w

Anx i e t y , S us p ic ion , P a ni c

1 64 *

Dr ea d

of

ac t i o n

Sh y n e s s

ib

Te

of

fr o m

C om fo r t

e rr or .

r n m e n t an d
ov
e
g

In A r t

Th e

a nc i e nt

E MO
e m o t i o n c o ns

id e

in

of

S e cu r it y

e d u c at i o n

1 69

My s t e rie s

ib

C HAP TER

IX

T I ON

re

..

1 66

rr o r

Te rror in

Th e

C e ns u r e

D e ath

C ou nt e r a ct i v e s
-

D is ast er

it i on

o p er a t i o n s

ear o f

14 Re
.

L o w er

o r e b o d in g s o f

RS

D e p r es s ion

rehens i o n o f

in t h e

Serv il e
S

it i on s

C hil d r e n

In

PA G E
1 54

D erange m e nt

SP

S.

156

d e e p e ni ng

e ar

c on d

p o w er

ME NT AL

E M AR K

Ev ol u t i o n

of

p rod u c t

F EA R

OF

EL IM I N AR Y

p re su p p o ses c er t ai n

e ar

OF

N G ER

as e v o l v e d

Ang er , in t h e h u m an t yp e , is t h e p l e asu r e

o f re p ay ng

p ain fo r p ain
P HY S I

CAL S I DE ill

Darw in
ME NT A L S I DE

i n ic t
Inj ur y

u s t rat v e

The

shc c k

E x p re s s i o n

of

ai n

d e scr ib e d b y

The

im p u l s e

1 76

su ffe r ing

wi t h int e nt i on, l e

to

kl ing

v e s a ra n

w o un d

'

C ONTENTS

XX

"

S ELF

WORTH

S ELF -

E STEEM

S LF

GRA TULA TI ON

PA G E

Pri m ary form o f S e lf r eg ar d

Re ec t e d s el f r egard b orr o w e d fr om t h e s oc ial r e gar d s
S e l f w o r th t h e val u e p u t u p on o u r ow n d e s e r t s
S e lf p it y an ap p ro p ri at i on o f t h e l u x u r y o f Pi ty for
o t he r s
S e l f c o m p l ac e n c y S e l f g ra t u l at i o n
-

ib

2 05
2 06

'

l o ft ier fe e li ng

Sel f

re s p e c t , a

Sel f

s u f ci n gn e s s

2 07

PP ROBA TI ON

MI RA TI ON P RA IS E

AD

1 0 A pp r ob a t i on i n vol ve d in t h e p r im it ives oc ial s it u at ion

1 1 C i rc u m s t an c es t ha t he ight e n t h e e ffec t o f A p p r ob at i on
.

an d

D is a pp r ob a t i on

F ee l ing
13

of

2 08

F l at t e r y, A d u l a t i on , F a m e ,

Ho n o u r
Gl o r y

m e n t , V ar i e t y, V ain

1 4 A rt s
.

16

'

of

r in

19

S e l f l o ve
In

A pp l au s e , C om p l i
ib

a nd

on e se ns e ,

21 1

C e nsu r e , & c

o f e d u c at i o n o n

P o l i tes s e

D i sap p r o b at i o n
S ha m e

B ea
l8

2 09

b e i n g A d m ir e d

S e l s h n e ss

th e

e m o t i on s o f

Pr u d e n t i a l

D is int eres t e d

ac t i o n s a

S el f

ib

212

C a l c u l a t i on

rt of
a
p

ib

ib

S elf

213

C HA PTER X II

EM OT

Th e

op e r at i on s o f

0 Em o t ion
L

of

Em o t io n s
of

I NT E L L E C T

OF

In t e l l e c t

g i ve

ri s e

S i m i l ari t y i n d ive r s i t y

D isc overie s
Pai n s

I O NS

I d e n t it y

of
of

g ive

t o fe e l i n g s

a s p e ci e s o i

t he

S u r p ri s e

p l eas ur e

215

of

r e l ie

Kn o w l e d ge

C on t r a d i c t i o n

ib

216

Th e

re

g ar d

to

Tr u t h

218

C HA PTER X II I

EM OT

I O NS

OF

A CT

I O N P U R S U I T

Evol u t io n m ight ac c ou nt fo r t h e fasc in at i on

N C on d i t i on s r e n d e r ing p u r su it a gre eab l e
)

End s

of

p u r s u i t t ha t b e s t

a d m it o f su s p e ns e

of

P ur su it

2 20

C ONTENTS

Un c e

Th e Ob j e ct

r t ai n t

xxi

P AC !

Mys t er y

a tt i t u d e

Ex am p l e s

S p or t

222

i n t e n s i e d in p u r s u i t
In d u s tr y ; s ear c h for

223

K no w l e d g

Ou r S o c i ab l e p l e asur e s

e x t end e d

b y t h e i nt e r e s t

ib

of

p u r su i t

2 24
J

C HA PTER X IV

E S T HET

T HE

Pe cu liari ties t hat

Th e Ey e

Th e

c ir c u m s cr ib e

th e Ear t h e

and

Mu scu l ar

an d

E MO T

t he

he t i c

aes t

aes t

I ONS

he t ic

l
a su r e s
e
p

225

s e ns e s

S e ns u al fe e l in g s

Pr ob l em o f t h e B e a u t iful
D e sign at i on s of t h e aes t he t ic

Re

IC

ar e aes t

het i c

in i d ea

u al i t i e s

p t i o n o f Law s a p p l i c ab l e t o
Pl e a s u res of Light an d o f He a rin g
C o o p e r at i on o f t h e In t e ll e c t

ae s t

228

he t i c

l
p eas u re s
229

230

o t i o n s e n t e r in g

Int e ll e c t u al
11

12

Em

in t o A rt

fe e l in g

o t i o ns o f

of

S cie nc e

Com b in a ti ons

2 27

su m

Em

ib

Unit y

Lik en e s s in D iv er s it y

are u n d e r c e r t a i n

S onnet i ll

u sic.

d i s qu al i c at i ons

Th e p r im ar y m u s ic a l

s ens a ti o ns

13

15

16

17

18

19

Un i t y

i n V a r ie t y m u s i c a l

Mu s ic al Exp r ess i on
Mel o d y of S p e ec h

f or m

Ha r moni es of S ig ht S im p l e e ffe c t s
Un it y i n V arie t y Pr o p ort i on s S t at em e nt
.

Exp r es s i on in

20

21

22

23

24

25

ob ec t s

o f s ig

27

of

ht B eau ty

fr om A s s oc ia
2 41

p r e s s i ve n e s s o f F o r m
e au t y o f S u pp or t

an d

Ou t lin e

of

2 44

2 45

f Uti l i ty

zEs t l i et i e o

2 46

Or d e r

The S u bl i m e

2 43

B e au t y of Mo ve m ent

F it nes s The

ib

2 42

Eas e i n S u p p or t
S ym m e t r y

2 6 B e au t y
.

Law s

P r o p o r t i on
B e au t y of F orm
t i on s

of

C om p l e x

as p e c t s o f

P o w er

2 47

x xi

CONTENTS

Hu m an P

P A GE

o w er

of

S u pp or t

S u b l im e

of

Sp a c e

s u b l im e

t h e l it er al

Su b lim e

G re a t n e ss

Ti m e

of

Obje cts i n g ener a l Min er al an d V e g e t ab l e

in g d o m s
S u r fa c e o f t h e g l o b e
i n g d om it s b e au t i e s a n d d e fo r m i ti es
A n i m al
Hu m a n F o rm

a t nr a l
-

K
Th e
Th e

B ea

ut

Char a c t er

of

o p e r at i o n o f

36

A rt i s t i c

37

Th e

I m i t a t i ve

38

me

Lu d i cr ou s

n e c e ss ar il

F in e A r t s

C o n d it i o n s

C au s e s

of

Lau gh t er

of

ar t i s t i c

Inc ongru it y

n ot

as

256

d ep e n d e n t

D e g r a d a t i on

on

The ory

Ho b b es

Th e C om i c

a re b ou n d

fr o m t h e S e ri ou s

THE ETH CA L EMOT ONS : OR , THE

MOR A L

Mor al Ob li g at i on i s p u ni shm en t
N V arie t y o f Mor a l The or ies
ill
Will o f t h e D e it y 3 Right R ea s on ; t h e W
S overe ign
Th e t e s t

of

S e l f i n t e r es t

Th e

im it a

l u d ic r o u s

Th e Lu d i c r ou s
of

I d e a lisi ng

Mo r al

2 65
of

th e

2 67

S en s e

2 68

m Qu ali e d fo rm o f t h e d o c t r in e Whe w e l l
h
s Th er e c an b e n o a b s t r a c t Mor al S t an d ar d
Th e

s u p p os e d

Reg
Un

t o the

ar d

a n im i t

m e nt

Un ifo

r m it

P ub l ic

i n i m p os ing

G r e at

11

m en

m oral

j u d gm e n t s

Pr in c ip l e

g ro u n d s o f S e n ti
t hin g s i m p ose d

S y m p a t hy

Ex a m p l es

ar

of

S e nt im e nt

c on

ve r t e d

272
273

ib

r e s t ra in t s on

of

of

S e c ur it y

Ut il i t y Ne c es sa y qu al ific ti ons
t h e S t a t e m e n t o f U t il it y
Th e u s l ob j c t ion s t o U t il it y
e s e nt i m e n t l
Th e x i s t in g ru l s c o m b i n e U t il it y a n d S e nt i m e n t
Th e

ua

13

of

d i ffe r e n c e s i n t h e

1 0 A d a m S m i t h s t he o r y

ib

in t o m or al

r ul e s

in
2 7 41
277

279

CONTENTS .

15

Pro ce s s

E
17

18

19

x am

Th e

o f ena c tm ent o f

l
r
f
e
om
p

ve ry

a nt i s l a

a br og a t i o n o f

m o ral

m or a l

s el f

for m e d ,

s ens e o f

Ou r m oral

d u t y in t h e

j u d g m e nt s

2 82

284

o p i ni o n

rule s

ib

I nd e p e n d e n t

or

e x t e rn al au t

h orit y

her

287
2 88

C o n s c i en c e

2 90
m en

c on d u ct

Mora l

D is ap p rob at io n

Mor al

291

A p p r o b a t i on

c o nn e c t s

i t s e lf

w it

Mer it

an d

D isc u ss ion

R egard s

on

th e

25

r e al i t

n at u r e a n d

Moral

Th e

2 85

ab s tr a c t

of ot

iii

P AG E

ru l e s

Th e gr ow t h o f C ONS C E NC E foll o w s
V ar ie t ie s o f C on s c i en c e
Th e

xx

h Rew ar d

Virt u e

D i sint e r es t e d

of

C ha o s

HE W IL L

C HA PTER

THE P R M T VE ELEMENTS OF VOL T ON

I I I

THE S

I I

P ONTA NE ITY

MOVEMENT

OF

D o ctrine r ecap it u l at ed
Th e m oving organ s op e rat e in g r ou p s
Re qu i s it e of I sol at e d Sp ont aneit y e x em p l i e d

3 03

Ci r cu m s t a nces gov er ni ng the sp

4

Na t u r al

V ig ou r

x ci t e m ent .

P l e a su r e P u n ge nc y Pain
Gra d u a ti on o f t h e d is c har g e s
,

I NK

of

31 0

OF

of

EELING

m ot ive

e n erg

A ND A CT ON.

31 3

S e lf C on ser vat i on
-

u e s t i on w

Workings
s ure

S t imu l a nt s

'

h e t he r

a s u i t ab l e

La w

3 06

d i s ch a r g e

onta neou s

Ment al

3 05

of

and

th e

e m ot i o n al

b e ginni ng t o t h e
t h e Law

u n d er

of

Pain

mov

e m e nt s

o ffer

Wil l

S e lf C o n s ervat ion ,
-

m ay

314
u n d er

Pl e a

C ONTENTS

Th e for e gom g t he or y Vi e w e d
d o c t rin e o f Evol u t i on

c o nn e x i on

in

C HA PTE R

II

S n u f ng

a ss o c i a t i o n s w it

s w e et

C h eri s h ing

a g ree a b l

th e

r e c o il in

Od o ur s 3

g fr om t h e

t rai ning

op p o s i t e

To u ch 3
o f t h e Whi p

s e n sa t i o n s

a i n f u l s e n s a t i on s
p

th e

Mu sc u l ar F e el in gs
Org an i c S e ns a t i on s z P ains o f Mu sc l e C r am p 3 Thir s t
F e e l ing s o f R es p i rat ib n 3 Wa r m t h a n d C hil l n e ss
S u c k in g
Mas t ic at i on

V ol it i on al

GR OWTH OF VOLU NTA R Y P OWER

w it

of

3 25
3 28
3 30

void ing

33 1

A vo idin g p ai nfu l , a nd c ou r t ing p l e a s ur a b l e S ou n d s

S e ns e o f S ig ht z A b b ot s ob s e rva t i ons a s t o fo ll ow in g

lig ht ,

an d a s

to

a d u s t m e nt

1 0 Inter m ed i a te A cti o ns

a nd

t he

h and

to

3 34

D is t ance

t o t h e m ou t h

33 7

III

GR OWTH OF VOLU NTA R Y POWER

3 35

A s soci a ted End s C arr ying

C HA PTER

Conti n u ed

Tr an sfe r e nc e o f ac qu ir e d c on ne ct ions t o ne w u se s
Inst ru m ent ali t y of general c ontr ol t h e Wor d

of

C o m m an d
.

5
6

F a cu l t y

Im it at i on
o f Mo ve m e n t s

of

Im i t a t i o n
A c t ing

3 41
3 48

w is h

on a

Th e m e n t al

ht

a t s ig

a nt e c e d e nt

of

t h e i d ea

t h e m ove m ent t o b e

35 1

Th e m e n t al

a nt e c e d e n t

t h e i d ea

of

th e

j ects to

b e p ro
3 52

d u ce d
8

Op erat i on

of

Pl e asu r e

a nd

P am

l n i d ea

35 4

Ex am p l e s from t h e V o ic e

35 5

ER

C HA PT

I NGS

C ONTR OL OF F EEL
.

Vol i t ion

3 501

e ffec t e d

321

PAG E

cr ow n e d w i t

o
w
er
f
s
o
p

IV

A ND THOUGHTS

g en er al

c omm and

35 8

C ONTENTS
CONT R OL OF THE F

Th e

o p era t ion o f

t he

Will

XXV

EELINGS

PA G E

l im it e d t o m u sc l es

359

Part s o f t h e e m ot i onal w a ve t hat ar e n ot m u s c ul ar

Me an s o f e m o t i onal c ont rol
Grow t h o f t h e vo l u n t ar y c ontr ol o f t h e F e el ings
C on trol of fe e l ing t es t s p o w er o f Wil l
THE M IX E D E X P R E SS I ON OF THE F EELI NG S
C a s es w h er e e m ot i on al e x p re s s i on i s c om b in e d w i t h t he
.

360
3 63
3 66

o p er a t i on o f

t h e w ill

3 67

MMA ND

CO

Th e

w ill c an

t i on

C ont rol

of

e n e rg

x t h e m e nt al ,

S in gli n g

ou t a

a s w e l l as

u al i t

in

t h e b o d il y , A t t en

ho l e

a c on c r e t e w

t h e in t e l l ec t u al t rains

t est

of

3 69

v o l i t i o n al

37 4

C on s t ru c t ive A ss oc i at i on
1 0 Th e

UGHTS

OF THE THO

hou ght s

vol u n t ar y

in s tr u m e nt al

a re

in

o p era

ti on

37 5

c o mm a n d in

g the
37 7

fe eli ng s

Th e id e as

in

a ssis t

s u p p res s ing o r

in

r ou s in

e m o t i on a l

d is p l a y s
12

378

C onve r s e fa ct

Th e fe e l in s ove rnin t h e t hou ht s

g g
g
g

C HA PTER V

MO T I V E S
V ar i e d

as p e ct o f

Ul t i m a t e

OR

t h e t hings t h at

E ND S

c o n s t it u t e

m ot ives

e nd s o f

p u rs u i t in c l u d e d i n F e e lings
m e n t , S e nsa t i on s a n d Em ot io n s

I d e al

p e r si s t e n c e
m ot ives

of

the

Move
ib

o p era t i n

a nd

i nter m ed i a te

e nd s

Mon e y

388

Ex c it e m en t

att e n d ing

Ex c it e me nt

a tt e n d ing

as

Kn ow l e d ge Pow er

Exci te d , i mp a s s i oned ,
F ix e d I d e as
6

fe e l ings

of

38 3

38 6

A ggr ega ted , d er i va ti ve ,

He a l t h

var i ou s

379

ex a gger a ted ,

i r r a t iona l ,

e nd s

3 90

P ai n
Pl e a s u r e

391

39 2

xx vi

C ONTENTS

C HA PTER VI

T HE

of

C o ncu r re n c e

C O NF L C T

tw o

of

s t at e s

OF

M O T I V ES

f e e h ng ,

Vi e w e d

s im p l

PA G E
as

e m o t i on s

397

S p on t a n e i t y i n
r e su l t a

fac t

of c

p l e as u r e

s am e

I d e al

end s

A g g r e ga t e

in

as

c on

or

ha u st ion

p r es e nt p l e a s u r e

or

ib

p a in

p a in,

Th e

400
on

d iffere nt

o cca si o n s a n d

in
402

h t h e Id eal
m o t ive s i n c onic t
w it

403
405

i c t

or c om p r e

Im fias s i on e d

ex

harac t er

d iffere n t p ers on s
C o n i c t o f t h e A c t u al
Th e A e c t ro ns ,

Phy si c al

of

o p p o s i ng s t at es

Tw o
Th e

c o n i c t

ib

hens ive

end s

406

end s

407

C HA PTER V II

I B ER A TI ON

DEL

D el ib er at ion a vol u nt ar y
e vil s o f has t y ac t i o n

a ct

r om p t e d

EFF OR T

b y the

know n
408

Ex a m p l e

41 0

Th e d e l ib er at ive
c on s id e r a t i on s

to

aris e

g ive s op p o r t u ni t y for
t o vi e w

Mor a l A lgebr a
d e vi c e z R e c or d in g

F r a nkl in
F a rt he r
e ac

a t t i tu d e

all

t he

41 1

41 3

i m p r es s i o ns

the

at

end

of

d ay

41 4

D el ib er a t ive p ro c e ss d iffe r e nt as t h e t hin gs have or

have n o t b ee n e x p e ri en c e d
D el ib erat i on n o e x c ep t i on t o t h e t he ory of t h e Wil l
RES OLU TION A c t ion s u s p e nd e d t ill c ert ain t hings shall
h ave hap p e ne d
R e s ol u t i on s e xt e n d ing over l ong p e r i o d s ar e l iab l e t o
fa ll t hr ou gh
Th e p l an o f hu m an l ife i s a t rain o f re s ol u t ion s
EF F o nr V a ri ou s fe e l ings as s o c i a t e d w i t h vol u nt ary
D iffer e nt m ea nings of Effor t
a cts
'

10

41 5

41 7

42 0

ib

C ONTENTS

19

D om es t ic at i on

2 0 Op p os i ti on t o
.

of

PA G E

Tr ib e s
Tr a i n s

t h e A n im al

I nte ll e c t u al

45 5

C o n c e n tr a t i o n

of

t h o u g ht

21

B ut l e

r s

45 6

d oc t r i n e t h a t

hab it

d ea d e ns p as s ive

s u s ce

p ti

b ili t y

45 7

C HA PTER X

DUTY MOR A L

P R UD ENC E

PR U DENC E

Th e

Wil l

i n th e

s e ar c

I NA B I LI TY
h

for

hap p in es s

S e l f p r om p t in g s

460

Pr om p t ings s u p p l ie d fr om w it ho u t
W Lei s u r el y m e d it at ion a n e l e m ent o f p r u d e n c e
C on s t i tu ti on s c as t for a p r u d e n t ial c ar e e r
H

46 1

ib

t o p ru d enc e

F or c es

P re d ic t ion of m e n s c har ac t e rs fr om th e s tr eng t h of

m o t i ve
DU TY S e l f p r om p t ing s
Pr ohib i ti on fr o m w itho u t t h e r s t s ou r c e of t h e Mor al
Th e S l avi s h C o n s c ie n c e
S e nt im e nt
El em e n t s o f C o ns c ie n c e o ve r and ab ove t h e fear of
P unishm e nt z D is int ere s te d Im p u l s es 3 th e C i t iz en

c ou n t e r

463

4 64

C o ns c ie n c e
1 0 Th e
.

I n d e p e n d e nt

A dj u n c t s
12

13

14

468

C o ns c i e n c p

a n d ai d s

47 2

t o C on s c i e n c e

47 3

Im p ul s e s c ou nt e r t o D u t y
MOR A L I NA B I LITY C o n s is t s in r e m e diab l e w e akne ss
m o t i ve

Th e Offe nd er s e x cu s e t hat h e c ou l d n o t hel p it

.

ib

of

47 5

C HA PT
L

In p r ac ti ce ,
F ree w il l

I B ER TY
hu m an

ER

ND

c on d u ct

XI

NEC ES S
is

assu m e d

I TY

as

u n ifo r m .

m e t ap hys i c al p u zzl e
No t u nu s u al t o have u es t i o ns p e rp l e x e d b y fac t it iou s
d i f c u l t i es
-

47 9

F
e
w
ill
d
o
m
r
e
t
F
r
ee
Li be r y ,
,
-

t e rm s t o

e xp re s s

vol iti on

Inap p r op ria t en ess

v

of

48 0

t he

48 2

C ONTENTS

xx x

PA G E

Qu e st ion
se

h ol l y ve rb al

Th e i nva r i ab l e

m ay b e d e n i e d ,

a c t i o ns

as

it

b y S o c rat e s

Nec e ssi t y

An

48 4

u n s u it ab l e a n d

Ch o i ce D e li ber a ti on

he ir

48 6

m i s l ea d in g w or d

Me a ni n g

of

w or d s ,

t he

an d

b earin g on t h e u e s t i o n o f Lib e rt y

Sp o nt a nei ty
S e U d eter m ina ti on: S elf as r e p re s e nt ing
o u r p e r m a n e n t i nt e r es t s

490

S el f t h e

49 1

n ot w

hu m a n

of

u e nc e

w as

Lib ert y

of

48 7

su m

t o t al

Co ns ci ou s ness
t hat F r e e
c

m e nt al fu n ct io ns
.

'

hara ct er

m od e

12

c l as s i e d

Ar u m en t o f Mr S i d w i c k
F
r
w
i
l
l
ee
,
f
g
g
w il l is s hown in r e s ol ves t o c hang e o u r

49 3

t he

1 0 C on t e n t i o n t h a t
11

of

F re e

h ange

vo l i t i o n

of

w ill c ann ot

har a c t e r i s n o t a
Or d in a ry e x p l an at i on of

be

of

p e c ul ia r
t h e c as e

49 6

i n d e ni t e l an gu age

s t at e d

4 95

D et er m inis m h as n o c onn e c ti on w it h t h e U t il i tar ia n

o r w i th t h e s e l s h t h e o r i es o f Mo r a l s
Th e su p

o
s
i
t
i
n
r
f
F
o
o
e
e
w ill h os t il e t o t h e p u r su it o f vir t u e
p
.

Mo ra l

i n gs
14

A g ency

R esp

m oral

of

o ns i bi li t y

5 00

m e an s p u ni s h m e n t
Lim i t s t o t h e im
R e sp on s ib il ity for B el i ef
o f p u n i shm e n t
.

B e lie f n ot
Th e t e s t
t i ve

5 01

B E L IE F
1

TWO d iffer en t m e an

Resp onsib il it y
os i t i o n

id e nt ic al

w it

h k n ow l e d g e

of

b e lie f is p r e p ar e d ne ss t o
a s p e c t o f v o l i t i o n , b e l i e f h as

B e l ie f in vo l ve s
B el i e f i n o u r

49 8

c o gniz a n c e

of

or w i t

ac t .

no

th e

5 05

e m o t io n

In t h e p ri mi
ib

p l ac e

or d er

of

n at u r e

5 06

s e n s a t i on s

hap p in es s an d m isery d e p e n d e nt on t h e fore c as t of

t h e s u p p l y o f o u r w an t s
Th e o p p o s it e o f B eli e f i s
D ou b t Pl e asu re a nd P ain in i d ea ar e m or e e f c a
c i o ns w hen a c c o m p a n i e d w i t h b e li e f
B el ie f a s var ying in D e gr ee Te st s o f i t s forc e
Or d e r o f han d ling o f t h e qu es t i on s r ai s e d
I P r i 1n it iv e C r e d u l it y
Th e p r im i t ive as s u r an c e as a ffe c t e d b y c h e c ks
A dj u s t m e n t of t h e t w o opp osing i n u e n ce s
Our

507
510

511

512

513

C ONTENTS

XXX

10

Ho w

x p er ienc e s t r eng t

o f c o nt r a d i c

b e l i ef Th e

h en s

su rm ou n t in g

t i on s

PA G E
514

Ex p e ri e n c e d i s c r i m in at e s t h e p r e cis e

c o n d i t i ons

of

fa c t

12

Ho w

t o d eal w i t

r o b ab l e

se

Int rus i on

u en c e s .

of

51 7

t h e fe e li ng s

13

II Und e r Int el l e c t w e m u s t c onsi d er rs t t h e p o w er

o f t h e Pr es e n t
In u en c e o f t h e p o w er fu l s u gge s t i on o f an i d e a
III Ei c a cy o f t h e F e e l ing s z F e el in g o ve rp ow er s
D is cr im i nat i on
Em o t ion or F e el ing h eight e n s t h e i n t e n sit y of an i d ea
Ke ep ing b ack hos t i l e or in c o m p a t ib l e id eas

518

15

16

17

18

R ise

IV

l9

B el ie f s w

20

Wil l

21

Effe c t

d e p r e s si on

an d

i
ri t s
p

b y A ct ivit y Sp ont a n e ou s A c t ivi ty

a s a e c t in g b e l ie f

'

t h e F e e l i ng s

of

th e

d
e
y

D e si re

an d

of

520

t h e A c t i i t i es

an d

on

he c k s

or

c on t r a d i c t i on s

22

23

A p p l i c at i o n s t o

ou r

b e l i e f in t h e

P e rv e r s i o n s d u e t o p ri m i t ive

Unifo

cr e d u l i t

r m it

of

c ou p l e d

Nat u r e

w it

t he

f e e ling s

B e l i e f in
25

26

27

Or d in ar y

29

FA

a n t it

TH,

B el i e f

in t h e

ib

in

531

re l ig io u s s e ns e

5 32

Me m or y V ie w s o f Jam e s Mill
Mill ; d iffer e n c e b e tw e en Me m ory

an d

J ohn

an d

Im a
ib

vi e w s

as

t o t h e fo u n d a t i o n s

C O NS C
.

Il l u s ion

hes i s o f Hop e D ES P ONDE NCY

gin a t i o n

30 Mr S u ll y s

an d

5 30

S t u art

D el u si on

c as e s o f

HOPE
Th e

28

529

t h e S u p e r n at u r a l

B e l i ef

of

5 35

I O U SN E S S

Pr eval e nt m e ani ng s of t h e t e r m c on s ci ou sn e ss
G e n er al T e n d e nc y o f t h e s e ve ral m e an i ngs z I Me ntal
Li fe 3 II S u b je c t ivi t y
C ONS C I OU S NESS
A s F EE LI NG

5 39

Pl ea s u r e
it s

an d

P a in

oc c u p y ing

Th e P a ss ive S ta tes

Ne u t r al

t h e m ind

e x c it e m e n t

its

D iffu

io n 3

5 46

C ONTENTS

Int e ll e c t u al

e f c ac y

i m p re s s ions

of

2 The A ct i v e S ta tes
.

C o n s c i ou s n e s s

Uni v ers e

of

THE

The

c om m on

IN E LLE C U
T

grou n d w or

S ens e

C o g ni t i o n o f t h e
gy
Voli t iona l C on sc i ou s ness

e n er

Th e

PAG E

e x c i t e m e n t , s t a m p ing

n e u t r al

of

x xx i

548

I U S NESS

A L C ONS C O

of

Em o t i on

D ierence

an d o f

Int ell e c t

'

x t en d e d

D is cr im inat ion t h e fu n d a m ent al fac t o f int ell ig enc e

Ill u s t rat io n o f Chan ge o f Im p re ssi on a s t h e c on d iti on o f
c o n s c i ou s n e ss

How

a n e m o t i o na

l t r an si ti on

s e tt l e s

d ow n

as

D i sc rim ina

t i on

551

1 0 Sp e c ia l i nt el l e c t u al val u e
m e n t or e m o t i o n
.

S e ns e

of

t h e m e nt a l f o r m

o f e x c it e

554

A g r eem ent

Th e m e nt al s h o ck g i ve n b y A g r e em ent or D ivers i t y is
a nd
res e m b l a n c e
e s s ent i a l t o o u r r ec ognit i o n o f
Th e t hr e e p r op e r t ie s o f
g e n eral it y
n i t y Em o t i on al
in t o a t w o s id e d
.

S ens a ti on
12

D istin cti on

ve

fr o m
.

15

17

18

In t e l l e c tu al

and

t h e S e n s es

558

p r es e n t s h o ck w it h t h e c u m u l a
r e vi va l o f p re vi ou s s i m il ar S h OC k S
Mist ake s
~

w ro ng

i d e nt i c at i on

559

P erc e p t i on m or e int ell ec t u al t han S ens at ion

Ill us tr at i on fro m th e a c qu ir e d p er c ep t i ons of s ight
Th e S ens a ti on

16

s e n s at i o n c om b i n es a

ti

l4

5 55

P er cep t ion

b e t w e en t h e Em ot i on al

as p e c t s o f

13

a nd

Min d r es olvi bl e
an d In t ell ec t u al

Th e S e nsat i on

The ir

an d

d i er e n ce s z

F ul ne ss

of

t he

the

( Intellectu a l)

a nd

Id e a

c e r t ain

c om

a gr e e

ar a t i

ve

in

s t r e ng t

p
S e n sa t i on i n d e t ail s

t aining i t b e for e t h e m i nd

th e Id ea

or

p o in t s
vivi d ness

Eas e i n m ain

5 61

5 62

x xx

ii

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p a ni m e n t s or e x p r e ss i on of F e e ling
m ay b e e x p r e s s e d t h u s
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t h e m o vin g or ga n s a s w e ll as a ffe c t i ng t h e vi s c e r a
3 A fu l l e nu m e r at i o n of t h e p ar t s (m u s cu l ar a n d or gani c)
co n c e r n e d in t h e o u t ward m a nifes t a t i o n s of F e e lin g i s gi v e n
a nd t o t h at e nu m e r a t i on i s
i n Th e Se n s e s an d t h e I n t e ll e c t
I h er e qu ot e t h e
app e n d e d t h e l a w o f pl e a s u r e a n d p a in
fa ct s r e lat i v e t o t h e s t ill m or e g e n er a l c ir cu m s t a n c e D iffu
S i on as a t t e n d i n g all fe eli ngs al ik e ;
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w av e o f n e r v o u s i n u e n c e ar e t h e m ovi ng m em b e r s a n d o f
t h e s e by p r e fe r e n ce t h e fe at u r es o f t h e fac e (w i t h t h e e ar s
in ani m a l s) w h o s e m ov em en t s c on s t i t u t e t h e exp r ess i on o f t h e
co u n t e n an c e
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t h e m o vi ng s y s t e m v ol u n t ar y a n d i n v o lu n t ar y w hil e Rn i m
p ort ant s e ri es of e ffe c t s ar e pr od u c e d on t h e gl an d s and vi s c er a
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t i o n of t h e s e n s a t i on s
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e nce t h a t a s u dd e n s h o c k o f fe e li ng i s ac c o m p a n i e d w i t h
m o v e m e n t s o f t h e b o d y ge n e r all y a n d w i t h o t h e r e ffe c t s
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s h o c k h as a m or e i n t e n s e o u t b u r s t
p ain an d e v er y m o d e of e mot i on h a s a d e ni t e w ave o f e ffe c t s
a n d w e a pp l y t h e
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k now l e d ge t o i n fer o t h e r m e n s fe elings from t h e ir o u tw a rd
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a p pli e d w i t h o u t ar ou s ing t h e fe e li ng or e m o t i o n
In t h e h e a t
o f a b at t l e a m an i s w oun d e d a n d fo r a t i m e i s w h o lly i n s e n
Th e e x pl an a t i o n i s t h a t t h e i n t e n s e e ngage
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o f t h e gh t
A ls o aft e r p ain h a s t ak e n
c o u r s e giv e n t o t h e n e r vo u s w av e
p o s s e s s ion of u s o n e m o d e o f r e l i ef i s t o d i ve r t t h e a tt ent io n
t h e phy s i c al
a n d t h e e n e r gi e s ; a cc o r d ing as t h i s i s p o s s i bl e
ar e w i t h d r aw n
an d t h e fe eli ng i s
s u p p or t s o f t h e s t a t e
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Thi s d oc t rine h as an i m p ort ant b e arin g on t h e Unity of t he
A p l ur ali t y o f s t im ul at i on s of t h e n e r ve s m ay c o
C on s c i o u s n e s s
e x i s t b u t t h e y a ffe c t t h e c o ns c i ou sn e s s o n l y b y t u r n s o r o ne a t a
Th e r e a s on i s t hat t h e b o dil y o rg an s a r e co l l e cti ve ly e ngag e d
t im e
w it h e ach d i st in c t c o n s cio u s s t a t e a n d t he y c a nn o t b e d oin g t w o
Th e e y e s c ann ot m in i s t er t o on e fe e l
t hi n g s a t t h e sam e i n s t an t
ing t h e e ar s t o an ot her a n d th e han d s t o a t hir d 3 f or al t ho u gh t h e
fe e ling m a y n o t b e s t r ong e n ou gh t o i nvo l ve t h e a c t ivit y of all t h e
o r ga n s y e t t h o se un e m p l o y e d m u st e i t h e r b e a t r e s t o r b e e ng ag e d
i n m e r e r ou t in e fu n c t i on s su c h as w al king t h at ar e n ot n e c e s sar il y
a c c o m p an i e d w it h c o ns c i o u s n e ss
4 A di ss en t i e n t m ay a d m it t h e o cc as i on al a n d e v e n fr e
qu en t c on c om it an c e b e t w e en fe el ings an d phys i c a l ex pr es si on
an d y e t d e n y t h e u n iv e r s ali t y o f t h e l a w
Th e
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l at i on w hil e i t m ay b e all ege d t h e m or e r e ne d a nd d e ep
e m o t i on s ar e a bl e t o s u b s i s t w it h o u t any s u c h b o d ily d i s t u r b
Th e r e ply i s t h at t h e m os t r e n e d an d e x al t e d em o t i on s
an c e
of t h e hu m an m in d h av e b e e n in a ll ag e s r e g ar d e d as p o ss e s s ing
This
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e x pr e ss i o n i s r e c k o n e d e s se n t i al t o t h e hi gh e s t b e au t y o f t h e
No e m ot i o n w h at e v er is d e vo i d o f ou t w ar d
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e x p r e ss i on S h o ul d b e w e a k
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t a k e n o f R e e x or A u t o m a t i c A c t i o n s a n d al so o f H ab it u a l
A c t i o n s Th e R e e x A c t i on s ar e m a n y o f t h e m w h oll y u n c o n
w hil e o t h e r s ma y b e att e n d e d m or e or l es s w it h
s ci ou s
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c o n s c i ou sn e s s
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a v er y li m it e d
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s p in al c o r d 3 an d t h e ir c o u r s e i s s t r i c t l y c on n e d t o t h e S in gl e
Th e r e ar e n o c oll a t e r a l m ov em en t s
a ct i o n t h a t t h e y s e r v e
n o e nl ar e m e n t of t h e S h er e
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i sol a t e d r e sp on s e fr om o n e s in gl e g angli on or s om e r e s t r i c t e d
p or t ion of t h e n er vou s c e n t r e s an d n ot an in u ence di ffu s e d
o v e r t h e m e m b e r s g e n e r all y
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A t r s t a c c om p an i e d w i t h fe e ling t h e y gr a d u al l y
d iffu s i on
l os e t h at c h ar ac t er an d ar e at t h e s am e t im e narr ow e d i n t h e ir
Th e
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r s t e ffor t s at m ani p ul at i o n ar e in t e n s el y c o n s c iou s 3 an d t h e r e
i s a c orr e s p on d ing agit a t i on o f t h e fe at u r es w i t h g e s t i c ul at i on
as t h e e d u c a t i o n p r o ce e
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t o ge t h er
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In t h e r st pl a c e a c e r t ain e n e rg y o f s t im u l at i o n i s n e c es
vo c al ou t
s ar y t o p r o d u c e t h o s e g e s t u r e s c h a n g e s o f fe a t u r e
b u r st s an d al t er at i on s i n t h e s t at e of t h e vi s c e r a t h at ar e
On e m ay e x p e r i e n c e a c e r t ain t h r i ll
a p p ar e nt t o an o b s e r v e r

w it h ou t e v e n a s m il e ; n e v e r t h e l e s s
o f p l e as u r e
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u s c l e s o f t h e fa c e a n d t o all
w av e m ay b e di ffu s e d t o t h e m
t h e o t h e r m u s c l e s 3 t h e fa il u r e in e x p r e ss i o n b e ing d u e t o t h e
m ec h a ni c al ins u fc i e n c y of t h e c e n t r al s t im ul u s
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o f t h e a c t iv e or a n s t h e m s e l v e s
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d i ffere nt in d ivi d u al s a nd i n t h e s am e p e r s on at d i ffe r e n t t im e s
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voi c e d isp os ing t h e s e p ar t s t o ac t i vit y an d s e e king o nly an
o c c a s i on t o bu r s t fo r t h 3 a e fe e bl e n e s s a n d ex h au s t i o n p ar a
g
lys e t h e d isp l a y w it h ou t d e st r o ying t h e s u s c ep t i bilit y o f
fe eli ng
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v i v ac i o u s t em e r am e n t 3 w e m a
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h ave b ee n fo rm er ly d e s cr ib e d an d ac c o u nt e d for (Se e IN
S TINC TIVE P LA Y OF F EELI NG
Th er e ar e ot h e r d is t in c t i on s
b e s id es Won d er i s d iffe r e nt fro m se lf c o m p la c e n cy 3 t h e p ain
o f fe a r a n d t h e p a in o f a b o d ily hu r t d o n ot m an i fe s t t h e m
s e lve s ali k e
In s om e e m o t io n s a s w o n d e r t h er e i s a s t r ong
as t e n d e r fee l in g
s t im ul u s t o m o v e m e n t s ; in o t h e r s
t h er e
ar e m ar k e d gl a n d u l ar e ffe c t s
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t
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Th e n at u r al lan gu age o f t h e fe e lings i s
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n
i
n
n
m
a
f
e
t
a
o
s
o
e
e
p
t
i
s
li
r
m
e
o
m or e
g n am e ly t h e m o v e
The o r gan i c e ffe c t s
m ent s d e p e n d ing o n v olu n t ar y m u s c l e s
Th e s u p p r e ss io o f
s u c h as blu s hi n g ar e b e y o n d o u r p o w e r ;
i

o f e m ot o n a

exc

Y I

I M ENTS

P H S CA L A CC OMPA N

d is p l a y m ay

I NG

OF F EEL

b e c om e h a bi t u al y et t h e fe eli ngs w i ll s t il l oc c u r
al t h o u h n ot u n m o d i e d by t h e r e fu s a l t o all o w t h e m t h e
g
n a t u r a l v en t
6 S ti m u l u s of a n A cti v e I mp u ls e Th e l aw of di ffu s e d
m an ife s t a t i on ac c om p an yin g c o n s c i ou s n e s s i s s e e n a l s o in
m o vem ent
So st r on g i s t h e t en d e n c y for o t h er p art s t o j o in
w i t h t h e o n e imm e di a t e ly c al l e d u p o n t o a c t t h at w e o ft e n
n d i t d i fc u lt t o c o n n e t h e e n e r gy t o t h e p r o p e r l oc ality
Thu s an inf ant att e m pt ing any op er at i on wi t h it s h an d s a lw ays
m a k e s a gr e at m an y m o v em e nt s t h at ar e n ot n e c e s s ar y t o t h e
t hin g aim e d a t
S o in Sp e e c h a ny ou t b ur s t o f u tt er an c e is
s ur e t o c ar r y w i t h it a n u m b e r o f i nv o lu n t ar y m o v e m e n t s an d
s t u r e s a s if t h e r e w e r e n o p o w er t o i s o l at e t h e c o u r s e o f t h e
e
g
n e r vo u s c u rr e n t o r r e s t r i c t it t o t h e p r o p er m o v e m e nt s
Th e
aw k w ar d g e s t u r e s o f a c hil d l e ar n i ng t o w r i t e m ay a l so b e
qu ot e d a s an e x am ple
B eginn er s in e v e r y ar t ar e in t h e
s am e w a y e n c u m b e r e d w it h t h e u n c all e d for s ym p a t hi e s o f ir
Th e s u ppr e s s i o n of t h e s e ac c o m p an im e n t s
r e l e v an t m e m b e r s
i s t h e w or k o f e d u c at i on a n d a d i s t ingu i s hi ng fe at u r e o f m at u r e
li fe Bu t t his e x t in ct i on is n ev er c om pl et e at a ny ag e A l l
t h a t i s d e e m e d ii ngra c e fu l in t h e e x t r an e ou s a c c o m p ani m e n t s
o f s p e e c h i s r e p r e ss e d a m o n g t h e e d u c a t e d c l as s e s of s oc i e t y
b u t ge s t u r e s t h a t h a v e n ot t hi s c h ar ac t e r ar e p r e se r v e d a n d
s om e ar e s u p era d d e d for t h e s a k e o f t h e in c r e ase d an im a t i on
Th e d iffu s e d c er e br al
t h at t h e y im p ar t t o t h e hu m a n p r e s e n c e
w a v e w h er e by s o m e on e a c t i on rou se s t h e ou t lying m e m b e r s
int o c o op er at i on i s m a d e a va ilabl e in t h e F in e A r t of t h e a t r ic a l
a n d or at or i c al di s pl ay a n d i n t h e g r a c e fu l a c com p ani m e n t s o f
In t h e u n c u lt iv a t e d r an k s of s o c i e t y
e v er y d ay c on v e rs e
an d m o r e e s p e c i a lly i n r ac es of l ow ar t i s t i c s e n s ibili t y t h e
in st in ct iv e d iffu s ion of an a ct iv e im p u l s e pr o d u c es v er y h ar s h
M any p er sons c annot a n sw e r a qu e st ion w it h ou t
e ffe c t s :
ru bbi n
s cr at c hin g t h e h e a d
g t h e e y e s or s hru gging u p t h e
w h ol e b o d y
,

Th e c on c urr en c e of or g a ni c e ffe c t s , or of a l t e r at i on s i n t h e ac t ion

o f t h e vi sc e ra , w i t h m e nt a l s t a t e s , h a s n o t b e e n o b se r ve d w i t h t he
On e im p ort an t fa c t , h ow e ve r, h a s b e en d e t er
c ar e tha t i t d e s e rves
'

OR

GA NI C

MP ANI M ENTS

A CC O

I NG

OF F EEL

m in e d e x p er im e n t al l y , n am e l y , t h e in u e n c e of m e nt a l c au s e s on
t h e c a p ill a r y c ir c u l a t i on
Th e s m all b l o o d ve s s e l s b y w hi c h t h e b l oo d i s b r o u ght i n t o
r o x i m i t y w i t h t h e var i o u s t i s s u es o f t h e b o d y ar e k e p t in a s t a t e
p
d i s t e n s i on b e t w e en t w o fo rc es , o ne t h e p r op u l s ive
o f b a l an c e d

p ow e r o f t h e he ar t s ac t i on w hi c h t e n d s t o e nl ar ge t he m 3 t h e o t h e r
an in u e n c e d e r ive d fr o m t h e n e r vo u s c en t r e s , a n d ac t i ng u p on t h e
m u sc u l ar b re s s o as t o c on t r ac t t h e ve sse l s
Th e r s t o f t h e t w o

a g e n c i e s , t h e h e ar t s ac t io n , i s s o e vid e n t as t o n e e d n o f a rt h e r
Th e o t her r e p oses u p on t h e f oll ow i ng e x p e ri m e n t al
d e m o n s t r a t i on
Whe n t h e s ym p at he t ic n e rve p r o c e e d ing t o t h e vesse l s o f
p ro ofs
t h e hea d an d fac e o f an a ni m a l i s c u t , t her e fo ll o w s c o n ge s t i on o f
t h e b l o o d ve s s e l s , w i t h au gm e n t e d he at o ve r t h e w h ol e s ur fa c e su p
Th e e ar i s S ee n t o b e c om e r e d d er 3 a t her m o
p li e d b y t h e n e rve
m e t e r in se rt e d i n t h e n os tri l s how s a n in c r e ase o f t e m p e r at u r e , t h e
u an t i t y o f b l o o d o w in
s ig n o f a gr ea t e r
The
g in t o t h e c ap il l ar ie s
i nfer e nc e fr o m t h e e x p erim e n t i s t hat , t h e c oun t e rp oi s e b e in g w it h
d ra w n , t h e f or c e t h at di s t e n d s t h e s m all b l o o d ve s se l s h as a n u n
It i s fa rt he r p r ove d t ha t t hi s n e rvo u s i n u en c e
u s u al p r e d om in a n c e
ac t ing u p o n t h e m in u t e m u s c u l a r b re s o f t h e s m a ll ve sse l s i s o f
c e n t r al o r i gin , f or b y cu t t i ng t h e c onn e x i on b e t w e e n t h e b r a i n a n d
t h e gan gli on on t h e n e c k , fr om w hi ch t h e ab o ve m e nt i on e d n er ve
p r o c e e d s , t h e re s t r ainin g inu en c e c e a s es , a n d c ong e s ti on t akes
l
ac e
y
t
h
e d ivi d e d n e r ve g a l va ni c a ll y , t h e s u u s i on
s t i m u l a t in
p
g
d i s app e ar s , t h e ve s se l s shr ink ing b y t h e c o n t r ac t i o n o f t h e ir m u s
c u l ar c o a t s
It is a p o int n o t y e t fu l l y d e t erm in e d , w he t he r t h e n er vo u s
c e nt re s c an a c t u p o n t h e o r g a ni c p ro c ess es o f s ecr e t i o n , a b s o rp t i o n ,
& c , b y an i m m e d i at e a ge n c y , o r a p ow e r ap art fr o m t h e c on tr ol o f
t h e c ir c u l at i on as n ow d e sc r ib e d
V ar i ou s p hys i ol ogis t s have
a f r m e d t h a t t h e r e i s s u ch a n im m e dia t e in u e n c e , an d Lu d w i
g h as
r ec e n t l y e n d ea v ou r e d t o e s t ab li s h i t b y e x p e r i m e nt ;
b u t as t hi s
i m p l ie s a n al t og e t her n e w an d d i s t in c t fun ct i on o f t h e n er ves in t h e
ani m al e c o n o m y , o t h er p hy s i o l o gi s t s s u s p e n d t he ir j u d g m e n t o n t h e
It i s a l m o s t c e rt ain t hat t h e c er eb r al ag e n c y
m at t e r for t h e p r e s e nt
u t for t h i n t h e e x e r c is e o f t h e w ill c a n t e ll o nl y u p on m u s c l e s ;
p
an d b y an al o g y i t i s p r ob ab l e t hat t h e e m o t i o n a l w a ve i s c on n e d
t o m u s c l e s a l so
Ne ve rt he l e s s , t h e e x i st en c e o f a m or e d ire c t k ind
o f i n u e n c e u p on t h e o rg a ni c p r o c e s s e s i s o p e n t o e x p eri m e nt a l
p r o of
.

'

I G

CHA R A C TER S OE F EEL N

it ) I h a ve giv e n
A fe w r e
o f a fu ll d es c r ip t i on o f t h e F e e li ngs
b e a d d e d h e r e a s pr e p ar at or y t o t h e d e p art m e nt

7 In m y p r evi ou s volu m e (p 7 3 3 d
.

t h e s c h em e

m ar k s m ay
n ow t o b e e n t e r e d

ed

on .

I NG

10

C HA R A C TER S OF F EEL

p al p abl e

Th e m o s t

am o n g

d i s t in c t i o n

fe eli n gs i s t h e

ou r

Pl e as u re an d P ain Ne x t t o t h at is t h e di ffer e n c e
o f D e r e e in b ot h kin d s
o far t h e m at t e r i s p l a in
i
S
I
t
s
g
l a id d o w n by P al e y in t a ki ng w h at h e c on s id er e d t h e pr a c t ic al
V i e w o f hu m an h appin e s s t h a t pl e asu r e s d i ffe r o n l y i n c o n t in u
an c e an d i n i nt e n s it y
Hi s w or d s are
In w hi c h in qu ir y (in t o t h e n at u r e of h app i
n e s s I w i l l o m it m u c h u s u a l d e c l am a t i o n o n t h e d ig ni t y an d c ap a
)
c i t y o f ou r n a t u re 3 t h e s u e r i o r it y Of t h e s o ul t o t h e b o d y o f t h e
p
r a t i o n al t o t h e a ni m al
r t o f o u r c o n s t it u t i o n 3 u o n t h e w or t hin es s
a
p
p
r e n e m e n t
or t h e m e a nn e s s
an d d e l i c a c y o f s o m e s a t i s f a c t i o n s
gr o s s n es s a n d s e n s u ali t y of o t her s ; b e c au se I h ol d t ha t p l e a s ur e s
d i ffe r in n o t hing b u t i n c o n tin u an c e an d int e n s i t y ; fr om a ju s t
c o m u t a t i on
o f w hi c h
c on r m e d
b y w hat w e ob s er ve of t h e
p
a p p ar e n t c h e er ful n e s s
t r a n qu il li t y a n d c on t e n t m e n t o f m e n o f
d iffe r e n t t a s t e s t e m p ers s t at i on s an d p ur s u i t s e v er y qu es t i on c on
c erni n
Mor a l P h i l o
g hu m a n ha p p in ess m u s t r e c e ive it s d e c is i o n
s op hy B oo k
C hap 6
F or m y ow n p ar t I d ou b t t h e c om pl e t e n e ss of a t h e or y o f
h app in es s r e s t r i ct e d t o t h e c on s i d er at i on of t h o s e t w o a t t ri
b u t e s Th e d i s t in ct ion in pl e a s u r e s (and in p ain s ) b e t w e e n
t h e ac u t e an d t h e v o lu m in ou s or m a s s iv e (I nt e n s it y a n d
Th e n again t h e a tt ribu t e o f
Qu ant it y ) i s a pr egn an t on e
End u r abil it y or c o n t inu an ce w it hou t fat igu e an d th e far t he r
a n d r e l at e d a t t r ib u t e
of i d e al p e r s i s t e n ce
ar e g r ou n d s o f
s u p e ri or i t y in pl e a s ur e s b e in
g t h e m ain c irc u m s t a n c e s im p l i e d
i

c on t as t of

in

r e n e m e nt

Th e

h ar act er s

of

F e e ling

l s t , t h os e

ar e ,

F e eling

of

p r op e r

Ple a su r e and P ain w hi c h w e c all Em ot i on al ;

2 dly
V oli t i o n a l c h ar ac t e r s or t h e i n u e n c e on t h e Will ; 3 d l y I n t e l
l e ct u al c h ar ac t er s or t h e b e ar ings u p on Th ou ght w e m ay
a d d 4t hl y c er t a in m ix e d ch ar a c t e r s s u c h a s t h e r e l at i o n s t o
F or e cas t ing or Su s t ai n e d V o lit i on t o D e sir e a n d t o B e li ef
as

Em oti on a l cha r a cters

8
of

E very

F e e ling h as it s

t h e S en s es , w e
S ee ,

e d i t i on,

on
.

t he

6 68

u se of

c an

t hi s

p o in t

Y I

F eel i ng

to

d i s t in c t

Th e S e nses
'

In t h eSe n s at i on s

P H S CA L S DE

a d e c t iv e,

phys i c al

an d

the

o r ig i n

n t ell e c t

'

or

t h ir d

C HARA C TE R S

12

F EELI N G

0r

an d a direc t incre ase of vit ali ty in th at s p eci al mo d e woul d b e

th e mos t d irec t ag ency in caus in g pl easure
Th e l aw of vit ality i s quali e d b y th e L aw of S tim ul ati on
S timul an ts d o no t i ncrease th e p ower of th e nervous centres
th ey merely exerci se th ese an d exerci se within li mi t s i s pl ea
s u r ab l e ; whil e n o t t o exerc i se th e b ra in w ithi n th ose l imi t s
i s t o m i ss pl easure Exerc i se i n excess b rings on th e p ain of
l owere d vi t ality accordi ng t o th e p rimary l aw
Th e s e L aws were exempl i e d an d pro v e d b y an I n d uc ti on
i
th ey were ext en d e d
o f th e M uscul ar F eel n g s an d S ensa ti ons
b y anal o g y t o th e Emo ti ons whil e th e appli cati on was con
rme d b y t h e exami n ati on th at was mad e of th e m a nifesta ti ons
o f th e o pp os i n g s t a t es of pl easure an d p ain
1 0 T h e P hys i ca l S i d e o f P ain can b e s t at e d with great
p ro b ab ility for a l arg e maj ority of cases L owere d vit ali ty
accoun t s for one l arg e d ep art men t I n reg ar d t o th e p ains of
th e S enses we n d th a t a certain p o in t i n th e I nt ensity an d in
th e con tinuance of a s timul an t l ead s to p ain Thi s appli es t o
T ouch H earin g an d Sight ; it appli es p ar ti ally t o T as t e an d
S mell b u t n ot fu lly in th e presen t s t at e of our k nowl e dg e :
we canno t say th at a b itt er t as t e i s accomp an i e d with an e x
c e ss iv e s timul a ti on o f th e ner v e ; for w e nd th a t th e sli ght es t
d e gree of b itt er con t ains th e essenti al ly p ainful quality
A no th er c ircums t ance att en d e d with p ain i s D i scor d a
s p eci es of con i ct whi ch we may supp ose p ro duces was t e o f
p ower or else a p a inful i nt ens ity of s ti mul ati on ; bu t we d o
no t k no w wh eth er th ese two mo d es of o p eratin g exh aus t th e
case
1 1 F eel i ng a s P l ea su r e Th e s t at e of pl easure i s an ul ti
mat e i nd e n ab l e exp eri ence o f th e m in d Th e fac t it self i s
k nown t o each p erson s consci ousness ; th e mo d es vari eti es
d e grees coll a t eral s an d effec t s o f it may b e s t at e d i n p rop os i
tions as l aws of th e min d I t i s opp ose d b y th e s t ate call e d
P ain an d by th e s t at e call e d I n di fference
1 2 F eeli ng a s P a i n Thi s s t at e al so i s i n d e n ab l e an d
k nown t o each p erson by an exp eri ence th at canno t b e im
p art e d
Pl easure an d P ain are opp osites in th e s trong es t
'

"

I ND I FF

ERE NT

ST A T E S

or

F EEL IN G

13

con trari e ty lik e h ea t an d co ld th ey d es tro y or neu

Th ey are b o th contras t e d with th e s t at e of
t ra li z e eac h o th er
I ndi fference
1 3 F eel i ng a s In ol ier en ce 07 Neu tr a l Ex ci tem en t W e
le
may feel an d y e t b e neith er pl ease d nor p aine d
A s t at e o f
fee ling may h ave cons i d erable int ens ity with ou t b eing e ith er
pl easurabl e or p ainful such s t at es a r e d escrib e d as neutral or
i n di fferent S urprise i s a fami li ar ins t ance Th ere are sur
p ri ses th at d elight u s an d o th ers th a t cause suffering ; b u t
many surpri ses d o ne ith er W e a r e awak ene d rouse d s tirre d
ma d e conscious ; on th e p h ys i cal s i d e th ere i s a diff use d wav e
sh own in liv ely d emons trati ons of feature ges ture v o i ce an d
oral exp ress i on Th e att en ti on i s d e t aine d up on some o bj ect
th e source of th e feeling if a sudd en c l ap of thun d er or as h
o f l ightn i n g exc it e d th e feeli n g th e mi n d i s for th e momen t
occup i e d wit h th e sensati on an d with drawn from o th er o bj ec t s
of th ou ght
Almos t e v ery p l easurabl e an d p ainfu l sensati on an d
emo tion p as ses through a s t ag e or momen t of in difference A
mel o di ous soun d i s mos t pl easurabl e a t th e rs t th e pl easure
graduall y sub s id es ; b u t th e excit emen t d oes no t necessarily
sub s id e in th e same d e gree S o th e pl easurable emo ti ons as
l o v e self compl acency p ower h av e p h ases of mere exc it e
ment th e pl easurabl e z es t b ein g fad e d whil e th e ment al
agit ati on remains ; th e mo th er s l o v e for h er chil d exi s t s for
l ong p eri o d s as mere excit ement d e t aini n g h er at t en ti on and
re g ar d s with ou t amounti n g t o pl easure I t i s th e same with
th e cycl e of th e more in tense p ainful emo ti ons as fear remorse
imp ati ence th e p ainful feeling may sub si d e an d y e t th e
accomp anyi n g excit emen t remain
A s ne u tral s t at es th ese feelin g s d o not direct ly inc it e us
t o acti on ; th ey are n ot mo tives t o th e Will Th ey op erat e
in directly through th eir in t ell ectual e f cacy th at i s by
d et ai ning th e att en ti on or b y k eep ing a cert ai n imp ressi on i n
th e ascen d an t Thi s i s th e op erati on already d esignat e d th e
Th e i n d i ffe r e n t feel in gs a e fu ll y r e c ogn i ze d b y R e i d b u t Ham il t o n
st ran ge t o say dispu t es t h em (Ham il t o n s R e id p
form

of

'

4*

C HARA C TER S

14

I d ea occurrin g t o th wart th e or d inary cour se of

I t w ill b e a g ain a dv ert e d t o un d er M O T I VE S

Fixe d

Wil l

F EELIN G

or

'

th e

Voli ti on a l Cha r a cter s

F eel i ng

th e op erati ons of th e Will are conceive d

b y us as somethin g di s ti nc t from or sup era dd e d t o th e o p era
ti on of F eeling pro p er y e t in ev ery v o liti on rightly so name d
th e s timul us or ant ece d en t i s some feelin g Th e g enuine
ant ece d ent s are pl easur e an d p ain T h e neu tral emo ti ons j us t
di scusse d h av e no i mme di at e p ower of s timul atin g ac tivi ty ;
th eir ef cacy i s i ndi rect A pl easure presen t or prosp ectiv e
a feas t a recreativ e amusemen t o r an acqui s iti on o f p ro p ert y
mak es me g o for th i n a course of activ e p u rsuit
an imp en d
in g evi l mak es me alik e activ e i n a career of av oi d ance ; a
neutral feeli n g work s b y gai n in g th e a tt enti on
Th us ou r con duc t i s rul e d p artly an d p rinc ip ally b y ou r
pl easures an d p ains throu gh th e p ro p er an d l egitima t e op era
ti on of th e Will an d p artly by ou r emo ti ons th rough th e
s t an d th ey t ake as p ers i s ting I d eas H ence b y markin g th e
li n e of ac ti on di c t at e d b y an emo ti on we h av e a fur th er means
I f it b e a pl easure i nt ensely felt th e
of c h arac t eri z in g it
fact i s s h own b y th e effort s ma d e t o secure th e continuance of
th e d elight ; if a p ain a corres p on ding energy with a vi ew
t o d eliv erance att est s th e circums t ance Th e v o liti onal ch ar
act er of a feeli n g th erefore i s an in di ca ti on of it s pl easura bl e
or p ai nfu l nat ure li abl e on ly t o th e d i s t urb i n g i n uence of a
xe d i d ea All ou r pl easures stimul at e us more or l ess t o
activ e p ursu it all our p ains t o precau ti onary eff or ts Wh en
we see a man s avocati ons we infer wh a t thing s giv e hi m
satisfacti on or cause him sufferin g W e rea d i n th e e very
d ay i n dus try of mankind th e p ang s of hung er cold an d dis
ease an d th e pl easures of exerci se an d rep ose repl eti on
w armth mus i c s p ec t acl e affec ti on h onour an d p ower Th e
freely ch osen con duct of any livi ng creature i s a nal th ou gh
n o t i nfalli bl e crit er i on of it s pl easures an d p ai ns
14

Alth ou gh

'

In tel lectu a l Cha r a cter s

15

f F eel i ng
I n d escribing th e S ensati ons I t oo k no t e
o

of

th ei r p er

R E T AI N A B I L I T Y

0F

FEELI N G S

15

s i s t ence as i d eas i n th e ab sence of th e ac tual o bj ec t Thi s i s

a p ro p ert y b el on gin g t o all ment al s tat es alth ou gh unequal ly
I t i s great es t in th e mos t int ell ec tual of th e S enses S ight
an d it i s comp ara tiv ely low i n re gard t o O rg ani c S ensati ons
Wh en we s tu dy th e F eeling s p ro p erly so call e d as typ i e d by
o u r Pl easures an d P ai ns we n d th a t th ese can b e re viv e d
or rememb ere d b ut no t t o th e same ext en t as th e I n t ell ectual
S ensati ons th at constitut e our k nowl e dg e of th e surround in g
world
Th ere i s reason t o supp ose th at a s t at e of pl easure d eman d s
a cons id erabl e p hy si cal su pp or t in th e b rai n an d o th er org ans
whi ch supp ort canno t b e o b t aine d with ou t a p owerful s t im u
l ati on I f it i s a p resent pl easure th ere mus t b e a n ac tual
s timul ant if an i d eal pl easure maint aine d by memor y an d
associ ati on th e resuscit ating ag ency mus t b e corres p ondin gly
effective O n th e groun d of mere ph y s i cal supp ort it i s far
eas i er t o h o ld in th e min d an i d eal p i cture or a train of v erb al
recoll ections th an t o sus t ain a ow of p l e asu r e of th e small es t
amoun t th at would d eserv e t o b e Count e d as a pl easure
T h e revival of an emo ti on in i d ea d ep en d s up on th e g eneral
l aws of R e t entiv eness mo di e d b y th e Sp eci al p eculi ariti es of
th e F eelings p rop erly so call e d A feeling as such a pl easure
p ain or men t al exc it ement canno t ex i s t with ou t p resen t
p hys i cal conditi ons of a muc h more s tring ent sort th an i s
necessary in th e case of mere int ell ect ual s t at es S till b y
th eir associ ati on with th e more revi v abl e sensati ons feeli n gs
as such can b e re viv ed i n great er or l ess s trength ; an d i n
thi s way th e ret entiv e p ower of th e min d enl arges ou r emo
t io n al life
Th e cond itiop s of R e t entiv eness as giv en for Int ell e c
t u al S t ates are R ep etiti on C oncentrati on of th e Mi nd an d
th e natural force of Adh es iv eness i n th e ind ivi dual min d
Th ese apply t o th e F eeling s ; th ere b eing h owev er circum
s t ances th a t ren d er th e associ ati on o f feelin gs more compli
.

c at e d

mak es a mos t mat eri al di fference wh e th er th e feeling s

b e revive d are pleasures p ains o r men tal exc it ement To
It

to

CH A R A C TERS

16

0F

FEEL I N G

maint ain a ow o f pl easure i s th e high es t consummati on of

vi t al energ y ; an d th e memory of pl easure; t o b e effec tiv e
nee d s an ab oundi n g vit ality Th e p racti c al pro bl em of e m o
t i on al g ro w t h i s t o c h eri s h assoc i ati ons o f pl e asure an d re duce
t o th e min imum associ ati ons o f p ain
F irs t A s re g ar d s th e nee d o f R e p e titi on th e associ ati ons
wit h feeling are th e s l owes t o f all alth ou gh e x cee di n gly v ari ous
in p arti cul ar cases Thi s i s true in th e typ i cal an d imp ort an t
case o f b uild ing u p su p ers tructures o f pl easure ; th e t en d er
affecti ons l ocal assoc ia ti ons aes th eti c associ ati ons pl easur abl e
tas t es are pro d uct s of y ears
Secon d T h e circums t ances l ead ing t o C oncentrati on o f
M in d whi ch i s th e vit al fac t in all reco gniti on are numerous
an d ef cac i ous I t i s i n thi s way th at I n t ens ity o p erat es ;
th e int ense feeling s necessaril y i mp ress all th eir surroun d in gs
an d invo lv e d ci rcums t an ti als b y whi ch th e y are aft erwar d s
revi v e d
Ano th er c ircums t ance i s th e com p arativ e di sen g ag emen t of
th e ment al forces fo r emo ti onal growth s T o b e littl e di s
tract e d by ali en p ursuit s t o h av e p erio d s for th e un di st urb e d
pl ay o f th e a greeabl e emo ti ons i n connec ti on w ith s p ec i al
o bj ect s may b e set d own as a l eadi n g con d iti on of pleasurabl e
associ ati ons
Third I n divi duals may b e p rone t o th e i nd ulg ence of
ti on g enerall y or t o cert ain emo ti ons i n p arti cul ar ; of thi s
o n e consequence amon g o th ers i s a more effec tiv e recall o f
foreg one s t at es of fee lin g
Al l th ese con d iti ons are common t o in t e ll ec tual s t at es an d
t o feeli ngs Th e circums t ances s p eci al t o feeli ng are such as
th ese
(1 ) I t i s nev er t o b e forgo tten th at an emo ti on I n it s p ure
an d p erfect ch arac t er as feeli n g i s p ro p erly s p eaking no t r e
viv abl e at all A v ague excit ement felt merely as such an d
n o t connec t e d a t th e m omen t with any accomp ani men t s o f
th e senses any pro p erly int ell ectual s t at es i s wh olly irr e c ov er
abl e i n i d ea A n emo ti on i n such an extreme form of i so l ation
d oes no t exi s t ; b u t th ere are all d egrees of connec ti o n with
,

REVI VAL OF FEEL I N GS

17

th e reviv abl e sensati ons N ow th e more compl etely a feeli n g

i s surroun d e d an d p enetrate d with th e high er sensati ons e s
p e c i all y s ight an d h eari n g th e more d oes it t en d t o b ecome a
p ossess i on for aft er time
F arth er
Th e occas i on of r eV Iv m g an emo t ional out burs t
i s un d er p eculi ar ch eck s N o t to menti on th at th e phy s i cal
s t at e of th e indivi dual mus t b e a d equ at e t o it s supp ort th e
p resence of an o pp os in g emo ti on i s a fat al b ar t o whi ch no thing
fully corresp on d s i n th e revival of i d eas as such W e canno t
effect uall y recall an emo ti on of pl easure un d er a p resent s t at e
of d ep ress i on unl ess th at pl easurabl e recoll ecti on i s ush ere d
i n with Such effect as t o mas t er an d ch an g e th e present mo od
A g ain th e reco v ery o f an emo ti on i s no t i ns t an t aneous b ut
sl ow an d we mus t giv e ourselv es up for a time t o th e in uences
o f res t orati on
F i nall y th e in t e ll ectual associ at es b y wh ose
agency th e feelin g i s reco vere d mus t th emselv es b e present e d
with some cons i d erabl e d egree of energy an energy far great er
th an i s requir e d for th e purp oses o f th e u n d e r st an dingf
.

Mi a e l Cha r a cter s of F eeli ng

1 7 Th ere are cert ain men t al fac t s th at exhib it a t once
th e v ol itional an d th e int ell ect ual prop erti es of feelin g
T h e rs t o f th ese i s F or ethou ght or V o liti on eng ag e d for
I d eal en d s Wh en a pl easure or a p ain i s ac t uall y felt th e Will
i s prompt e d b y an immed i at e or present mo tiv e wh en th ese
are only in p rosp ect th ey mus t b e effectively p resent i n i d ea
H ence we nee d t o rememb er p as t pl easures an d p ains with a
Th e mo tiv e p ower of any feeling i s
Vi ew t o fut ure ac ti on
thus compl ex d ep en ding rs t up on it s pl easurabl e or p ainful
int ens ity an d next on th e vivid ness of our recollecti on of it
i n ab sence of th e reality Th e s tronges t pl easures an d p ains i f
b u t feebly rememb ere d are unabl e t o s timul at e ou r p ers is t ent
en d eav our on th e ir accoun t A ccor din gly th e th eory of th e
Will p resupp oses a full k nowl e dg e of th e c ircums t ances th at
g o vern emo ti onal ret entiv ene ss
'

o e s bje
c h ap t e i s d e v o t e d t o i t
5

Th e w h l
r

ct

of

d eal

Em o t

i o n i s s o i m p o rt a n t

a a s e p ar at e

th t

CHA RA CTER S

18

0F

FEEL I N G

th e coni c t of opp os it e mo tiv es it i s common t o h av e

o n e feeli n g i n th e ac tual Opp ose d t o ano th er i n th e i d eal
Thi s
is th e case wh en p resen t grati cati on i s res traine d b y th e
cons i d erati on of remo t e consequences
I n or d er th at th e
d rea d of th e fut ure may pre vail o v er th e presen t it i s n ec e s
sary th at th e i nt ell ect ual imag e of th e ab sent evil s h ould b e
su fci ent t o maint ai n th e v o liti onal urg ency b el on ging t o th e
realit y Th us it i s th at wh at i s t erme d sel f contro l p ru d enti al
res train t moral s tr e ngth cons i s t s in th e i nt e ll ect ual perman
enc y o f th e v o liti onal el emen t of our feeli ngs
A p arall el ill us trati on h o ld s with reference t o pl easures
W eakly rememb ere d th ey d o no t i n ab sence s timul at e th e
v o lunt ary effor t s for securi n g th em ; more s tron gly remem
b ere d th ey b ecome s t an din g o bj ec t s of p ursuit I t may b e
said in thi s case th at if we h a d th e memory of th em in fu ll
more i s nee dl ess ; j us t as a man th at h as a b oo k b y h eart
cares n o t t o t ak e up th e vo lume ; b u t memory in matt ers of
enj oym ent i s seld om if ev er as goo d as act uality Th e usu al
case i s t o h av e th e rememb rance o f th e pl easure with th e
consci ousness th at it fal ls s h or t of th e reality a n d thi s i s a
sp ur t o o b t ain th e full fruiti on S uch i s D esi r e
W e see th erefore th at it i s a pro p erty of fee ling t o attract
an d d et ain th e o b serv ati on u p on cert ain o bj ec t s b y p reference
th e effect of whi ch i s t o p ossess th e min d with th ose o bj ect s
or t o giv e th em a p rom i nen t pl ace amon g ou r acqu i s iti ons
T h e ab un d ance of th e associ ati ons th ere b y forme d l ea d s t o
th eir recurrence i n th e trains of th ought an d th e same fasci
nati on causes th em t o b e dwelt up on in reco ll ection an d
l arg ely empl o y e d in th e mi n d s o w n creati ons Th e p oet an d
th e man of sci ence if th ey are so b y nat ural di sp ositi on d well
each res p ectiv ely in th eir own regi on of o bj ect s an d c oii
c e p t i on s ; an d a s ti n t e d pl ace i s l eft i n th e m i n d for o th er
things Wh ence it i s th at th e direc ti on t ak en by th e sp on
t an e ou s g a z e an d th e eas ily recurrin g t rai ns of th e in t el l ec t
afford a clue t o th e p re d ominan t emo ti ons
1 8 Th e i n uence o f th e feelin g s i n s tam p in g i n t ell ec t ual
imp ress i ons of al l kind s h ad t o b e t ak en acco u nt o f in th e
In

CH A RA CTERS

20

0F

FEEL I N G

tt ain ev en t o medi ocrity Th ere i s no l aw of mi n d t o connect

t al ent an d t ast e or y et t o mak e th em unif ormly exclud e each
o th er all v ari e ti e s of rel ati ons hip may exi s t from th e closes t
concurrence t o wi d e sep arati on
Wh en th e t wo h app en t o
co inci d e v ery nearly wh en th e thi n g th at fasci nat es th e
att enti on mos t al so coh eres i n th e in t el l ect b es t i n d ep en d ently
of thi s fascinati on we h av e th en th e mos t effectiv e co mbin a
ti on th at can exis t for pro ducin g a great g en iu s
2 0 I n u en ce of F ee li ng on B eli ef In a sub sequ en t ch ap t er
we Sh all ent er ful l y int o th e ch aract er of th e s t at e of min d
d enomin at e d Beli ef
The in uenc e o f feelin g on b el i ef i s o f a m ix e d ch aract er
I n th e rs t pl ace it woul d ari se in th e or dinary acti on o f th e
Will A thi n g s tron gly d es ire d i n o th er word s an o bj ect o f
in t ense pl easure i s p ursue d with corresp on din g urgency
o b s t acl es are ma d e ligh t of th ey are di sb eli ev e d W e are n ot
easil y p ersua d e d of th e ill effect s of any thi n g th at we lik e
I n th e secon d pl ace th e i n uence i s farth er connect e d
with th e p ower of th e F eeli ng s o v er th e Trains o f Th ought
Wh en we are un d er a s tron g emo ti on all thi n gs di s cord ant
with it k eep ou t of s ight
A s trong v oli ti ona l urg ency will
su bd ue an o pp os i n g cons i d era ti on ac t uall y b efore th e mi n d ;
b ut i nt ense feeli ng so l or d s it o v er th e i nt el lectu a l trains th at
th e opp osin g consi d erati ons are no t ev en all owe d t o b e present
O ne would think it were enough th at th e remo t e cons i d era
ti ons sh ould giv e way t o th e near an d pressin g ones so th at
th e vid eo meli ora might s till remain with th e d et eri ora
s e qu or
b ut i n t ruth th e oo d of emo ti on some ti mes sweep s
away for th e moment ev ery v es tig e o f th e o pp os ing ab sent as
if th at h ad at no time b een a present reality O ur feelin gsnot
merely pl ay th e p art of re b el s or inno v at ors ag ains t th e p as t
th ey are lik e d estroyin g V and al s wh o efface an d consume th e
record s of wh at h as b een I n a s t at e o f s tron g excit emen t no
th ought s are all owe d t o present th emselv es excep t such as
concur in th e p resent moo d s th e link s of associ ati on are
p aralyz e d as re g ard s e verything th at con i ct s with th e ascen d
ant in uence an d it i s through thi s s t o pp ag e of th e int e ll ect ual
a

E RVER S I ON OF

THE J

UDGME N T

21

train s th at we come i nt o th e pred i camen t of reno uncin g or

as it i s call e d di s b el i evin g for th e moment wh at we h av e
formerl y felt an d act e d o n O ur feelin gs p erv er t ou r c onv i c
tions b y sm itin g us with int ell ectual blin dness whi ch we nee d
n o t b e un d er e v en wh en comm itti n g g reat i m p ru d ence i n acti on
I t d ep en d s up on many c ircums t ances wh at int ens it y of emo ti on
sh all b e requ ire d t o p ro duce thi s high er effect of k eepin g
u tt erly b ack th e faint es t reco ll ecti on of wh at ev er di scord s w ith
Th e nat ural energy of th e emo ti onal
th e reignin g fur y
t emp er on th e one h an d an d th e feebl eness o f th e forces of
effectiv e resuscit ati o n on th e o th er cons pir e t o fal si fy th e
v i ews en t ert ai ne d at th e moment
2 1 I n t ense E mo ti ons whi l e ins p iring th e acti ons a n d in
u e n cin g th e i nt ell ect ual acqui s iti o ns l ik e w 1 s e affect th e
j udgment of true an d fal se Th e emoti on of T error pro ves t h e
greatness of it s p ower b y i n ducing th e mos t irrational b eli efs
I n th e extreme man ifes t ati ons of An ger a man will b e su d
d e nl y s truck bli n d t o hi s mos t famili ar ex p eri ences of fact a nd
will for th e moment deny wh at at oth er tim e s h e would m ost
resolut ely maint ain
T ak e al so S elf compl a cency
Th e
h abitual dreamer i s no t ins truct e d by a th ousan d fail ures of p e t
proj ect s ; h e ent ers up on each new att emp t as full o f c o n
d ence as if all th e res t h a d succee d e d W e no t e with surp ri s e
in ev ery d ay l ife th at an i n divi dual g oes o n p romi s ing t o
hi mself an d t o o th ers w i th s incere convi cti on wh at h e h as
never on c e b ee n k nown t o execut e ; th e feelin g of s elf c o n
d ence lor d s it o v er th e exp eri ence of a life H e h as no t s t at e d
t o hi mself in a prop ositi on th e coni ctin g exp eri ence He
does no t k now th at h e nev er fulll e d his p urp oses
So with
th e T en d er Affecti ons ; l ov e s blin d ness i s th e world s o ld es t
,

p ro v erb
T h e fal seh oo d m i s t ak es confus i on an d fat ali ty growin g
ou t of this p ro p er ty of th e feeli n g s ramif y i n e v ery p ro vi nc e of
aff airs an d e v ery rel ati on o f h uman life I s p eak not at p re
sent of th e consci ous li e t o th at ou r ill us trati on d oe s no t
now ext en d
Th e p erv ert e d vi ews o f matt ers o f common
b us iness th e sup ers truc ture of fabl e th at env elop es th e narra
.

CH A RAC TERS

22

0F

FEEL I N G

ti on of th e p as t th e incub us of sup ers titi on an d blin d faith

h av e th e ir foun d ati on a n d s ou r c e i n th e p ower of emo ti on t o
b ar ou t th e impress i ons of reality
Th e d eep seat e d int e ll ec t ual corru p ti on due t o th e aseen
d eney of th e fee ling s h as b een a th eme for re ec tin g mi n ds
t o dil at e up on an d y e t we cannot say th at it h as b een su f
T h e cl ou d o f l eg en d an d fabl e u nhe s i
c i e n t l y se t forth
t at in gl y accep t e d for ag es as th e g enu in e hi s t ory of fore g one
ti mes h as only j us t b e g un t o b e di s p erse d Th e p ages of
early G reek an d Ro man s t ory h a d b een ll e d with narrativ es
relyin g so l ely o n faith an d feeli n g ; an d th e in tro ducti on of
th e canons of evi d ence app eal e d t o i n all matt ers of recen t
d at e i s felt as a cruel a n d remorseful o p erati on b y whi ch
th e k eenes t suscep tib iliti es an d mos t favourit e fanci es are cut
t o th e qui ck Warm emo ti on h ad bre d an d nurse d th ose
anci en t s t ori es an d in an early uninqu iring ag e th e realiti es
o f nat ure were se t a t nau ght b y th e v er y m i n d s th at h a d t o
face th em as th e exp eri ence of ev ery h our ; such ex p eri ence
b e in g unabl e t o res trai n th e creati ons of an unb ri dl e d fanc y
o r t o c h ec k th e rece p ti on giv en to th e wil d es t t a l es an d mos t
ex travag an t i nv en ti ons
In th e sci ences th e p erv ertin g i n uence o f th e fee lin gs h as
b e en no l ess consp i cuous
I t i s th e nat ure of sci enti c tru th
t o express with p unctil i ous accuracy th e ord er and sequences
o f th e world
so th at it s s t at emen t s sh all h old g oo d a t all
times an d t o all ob serv ers Th e min d th at i s en gage d in
co ll ectin g th e fact s of nat ure for thi s p urp ose ou ght so far
as th e y are concerne d t o b e utt erly d e vo i d of emo ti on al bi as
N e ith er likin g nor di sli k ing fav ouriti sm nor rep ul s i on s h ould
see anythi n g th at canno t alway s b e seen th e same ; an d th e
min d s h ould k ee p recor d i n li k e manner B ut thi s attitu d e o f
o b servi n g an d g enerali z i n g th e p h enomena o f th e world i s n o t
nat ural t o th e h uman Int ellect as th e generations o f actual
men h av e b een cons tit ut e d I n p ri mitiv e ti mes,th e sci en ti c
sp irit h a d no exi s t ence th e s t ron g emo ti ons alway s in t erfere d
with th e ob s ervati on of nat ure in ev erything bu t th e matt ers
The r e
o f rou ti ne in d us try for supplyi n g th e wan t s o f l ife
,

I M P ORTAN CE OF

ANTITATI VE PREC I S I ON

QU

23

present ati on of surroun ding nature was l eft t o th e p oe t or t o

th e reli gi ous seer wh ose professe d p urp ose it was t o foll ow
i nst ead o f opp os in g th e prevaili n g current s of feeli n g E ven
wh en coo l accuracy w a s b r ou ght t o b ear on th e examinati on
of th e ord er of th e world th e p ro gress was s l ow as of a cause
l ab ourin g un d er a h eavy l oad of o b s tructi on
M ech ani cal
science has no t b een lon g cons tit ut e d with p hil oso p hi cal
rig our ; ch emi s try an d p hys i o lo gy b el ong t o th e l as t an d th e
p resent cent ury
Th e rs t b ook of th e N o vum O rg anum
o f L or d B acon s t an d s o u t d i s tin gu i s h e d amon g hi s remark ab l e
wr itings as an almos t s in gul ar exp osure of th e men t al corrup
ti on w r ought by th e i ntrusi on of th e feelin g s In sci enti c sp e cu
lation
,

ERPRE TAT I ON AND E ST IMAT E OF FEELI N G S

2 2 T h e inab ili ty t o es timat e quan tity with p reci s i on i s a
serious d efec t in an y d ep ar tment o f k nowl e dg e it i s th e ab
sence of th e feat ure cons titutin g an ex t sci ence
A ccurat e
an d minut e measurement say s Sir Will i am Th omson seems
t o th e non Sc i ent i c i maginati on a l ess l ofty an d dign i e d
wor k th an l oo k in g for something new B u t nearly all th e
gran d es t di scov eri es of sci ence h ave b een b ut th e reward s
of accurat e measuremen t an d p ati en t l on g con ti nue d l ab our
i n th e m inu t e s i ftin g o f numeri cal resul t s
(Address t o th e
B riti s h A ssoci ati on
I n N at ural Philosop hy an d
C h emi s try a t th e p resen t d ay numer i cal es timat es are th e
ru l e I n th e B i ol o gi cal sci ences th e same exac tness i s rarely
att aine d T h e d escrip tiv e l an guag e of B o t any as t o th e forms
di mens i ons co l ours o f pl an t s l eav es a mar gi n o f v agueness
I n s p eak in g of th e ani mal b o dy quan tity i s giv en some times
b y numeral s b u t oft enes t b y in d e ni t e numeral a dj ec tives a
small h ea d l arg e ey es a m iddl in g c h es t b roa d s h ould ers
T h ese pro p erti es h owever might b e given in exac t measures
much l ess eas y w ould it b e t o re duce t o numb ers th e s h ad es
o f h e al th an d ro b us t ness of th e b o di l y cons tit u ti on o r o f th e
se p arat e org ans th e usual forms are in goo d h ealth d eli cat e
ch es t s trong di ges ti on h ear t li ttl e affect e d liv er s luggis h
INT

ac

I NT

ERP RETATI ON

AND

E STI MAT E

OF

F EELI N G

throat rel axe d O f l at e y ears th ere h as b een a great a dvance

in th e quan tit ati v e accuracy o f m e di cal di ag nos i s as in es ti
mating th e pul se an d th e fo rce of resp irati on ; al so i n applyi ng
th e th ermomet er t o measure th e i n t en sity of fev er
A s re g ar d s th ese
2 3 To come now t o M en t al Quali ti es
th ere i s an al mos t t o t al ab sence of numeri cal or measure d
es timat es an d an e xclus iv e empl o ymen t of th e i n d en it e
adj ectiv es much m iddling small v ery small F or exampl e
H elp s sp eak s of th e extr a or d i na r y pl easure of grapplin g
with a sci en ti c p ro bl em, an d say s
it nee d s no A k en
s i d e t o t ell us th at th e pl e asures of th e imaginati on are v er y
To mak e matt ers worse th ere app ears t o b e no s t an
keen
d ar d for xin g th e meani ng of th ose a dj ectiv es ; t o d ifferen t
p ersons v ery d i fferent d e grees are in di cat e d b y th e e p ith et s
great mo d erat e littl e
Th e un cert ai n int erp re t ati on of a mount ren d ers v agu e an d
unsati sfac t ory ou r d i scuss i ons as t o th e in t ens it y of th e h uman
feeli n gs ; an d in consequence grea t la tit u d e nee d s t o b e a o
cor d e d t o all s t at ement s resp ectin g d e grees of h app i ness or
mi sery
Wh en We s it d own lik e th e ag e d K e p h al os in th e
o p en in g of Pl at o s R ep ubli c t o comp are y outh an d ag e i n
p o in t of h app iness we nee d t o d isco v er some v ery d eci d e d
di fference b efore p ronounci n g a con d en t o pi ni on an y form
o f l an g uag e th at ex p resses h o w much h app iness can b e rea li se d
in y ou th an d h ow much i n a g e wo ul d fail t o giv e th e same
es timat e t o different h earers Plat o s K ep h al os d well s much
u p on th e sub s id ence in ol d a g e of th e t urb ul ent p ass i ons ;
y e t wh o can say th at th e l oss of y outhful z es t an d s pirit s
d oes n ot o v erb al ance th e g ain A g ain it i s usual for morali s t s
t o set forth th e d elight s of virtue as sup eri or t o all th e ad v an
t ag es of v i ce in whi ch th ey rely l ess up on any compu t ati on
th an u p on th e excee din g d es irabl eness of th e thi n g i n it self
So att emp t s are ma d e t o di sp arag e th e pl easures of su p eri or
wealth p ower rep ut ati on, b y quo ting amon g o th er thi n gs
th e L aw of R el ativity un d er whi ch th ere i s a gradually d ecay
ing ch arm in ev ery mo d e of sup eri ority wh en once full y p os
All such comp ari sons are t o b e receiv e d with a wid e
s esse d
.

OUR

C oNs CIOUSNEs s

L IM I TED

To

SELF

25

margi n ; an d yet th ey re l at e t o th e high es t o f ques ti ons th e

ques ti on h ow t o liv e Al l rati onal con duct i s i n th e nal
resort th e p reference o f a great er pl easure t o a l ess or of a l ess
p ai n t o a great er wh e th er as reg ar d s ourselves or as reg ar d s
o th ers
Th e met ap hy s i cal cont ro v ers y as t o Innat e el ement s of th e
min d practi ca ll y t urns up on an es ti mat e of d egree C ert ain pro
d uc t s are given ou r no ti ons of Di s t ance of Sp ace o f C ause of
Right an d Wrong i n all of th em th ere i s a p rocess of e duca
ti on an d th e p oin t i s d oes e ducati on account for th e wh ol e
Thi s supp oses an es timat e of wh at e ducati on ca n effect an d
unl ess th e es timat e may b e ma d e with some d egree of p reci si on
we s h oul d nee d an o v erp owering insuf ci ency in or d er t o e s
t ab li sh an I nnat e p ower
A ssumi n g i n any ins t ance th at
o n e t en th o f th e effec t i s d ue t o I ns ti nc t i f i n o u r measure o f
th e force of e d ucati on we commit an error of one ft h th e
supp ose d i ns tinc tiv e t en d ency i s swam p e d in th e margi n of
uncert ai nt y
2 4 Th e p os iti on of th e enqui rer i n I nt erpre tin g an d i n
es ti mating m in d i s p eculi ar I t i s only my own min d th at I
know directly ; of th e mi nd s of o th ers my kn owl e dg e i s in
direc t c ir cu it ous an d h aph a z ar d Se lf we k now b y th e intro
s p e c t iv e consci ousness ; o u r fell ows are k nown b y o bj ec t iv e
s igns b y g es t ure con duc t an d co mm uni cat e d informati on
N o d oub t th ese o bj ectiv e in di cati ons i n th emselv es app eal t o
o u r high es t senses ; th e y c an b e d el i cat e ly d i scrim
inat e d an d
measure d ; th ey are i n no d egr ee inferi or t o any d ep artment
o f o bj ec ti v e k nowl e d g e
I n d ee d th ey are much sup eri or t o
th e d i scrim inati on of th e in divi dual sel f consciousness th e
di mensi ons o f a smil e th e i nt ens ity of a groan are more
d eli ca t ely measure d b y an o b server th an th e corres p on din g
emo ti on b y th e in divi dual s own self so much so th at ev en
one s s elf k nowl e dg e i s greatly im p ro v e d by th e a dditi on of
o bj ectiv e es timat es
Th us i n re g ar d t o th e min d s of o th ers th e radi cal an d in
sup erabl e di f culty of th e situati on i s th at whil e th e signs o f
feeli n g m ay b e suf ci en tly di s ti nc t we nev er h av e access t o
,

I NTERP RETATI ON

26

ESTI MATE

AND

FEEL I N GS

OF

th e thin g signi e d W e m us t each use ou r singl e an d soli t ary

min d as a k ey t o th e wh ol e hu man race an d no t t o it o nl y
b u t t o all sup erh um an an d all infra h uman m in d s
Thi s
mus t b e p ronounce d a narrow b as i s o f int erpre t ati on for such
a v as t rang e of i ndi v i dua liti es How greatl y woul d ou r in
s ight b e h elp e d if we coul d g ai n th e consciousness Of fty or
a h un dre d rep resent ativ e m in d s esp eci ally th ose wh ose con
s t it u t i on an d h ab it s remo v e th em far th es t from ourselv es I
A s thi s canno t b e we are force d t o act up on th e assu m p ti on
th at o n a giv en occasi on wh en ano th er p ersonality b eh av es
ou twar dl y in all resp ect s as we s h ould b eh av e such p erson
feel s inwar dl y as w e fe el I f some s tro k e of g oo d fortune h as
i n d uce d up on any on e all th e app earances th at accomp any
great h appiness i n th e o b serv er s ow n self th e conclusi on i s
th at th e reality or subj ectiv e con diti on of h appiness i s al so
p resen t
O ur ow n exp erien ce t ell s us th at th e same ou twar d ex
p ress i on d oes n ot alway s mean th e s ame inw ard s t at e ev en in
ourselv es TO b e v ery d emons trativ e in ou r g es tures or t o b e
v ery ac tiv e i n p ursu it an d av o i d ance we nee d no t o nl y a cer
t ai n s tren gth o f feeling b u t also a d en it e vig our in th e activ e
org ans thi s V i g our no t d ep en ding on th e int ens ity O f th e p re
sen t s t at e Of pl easure or p ain Th us even in th e same p erso n
th e energy of th e outward d i spl ay i s n o t alway s a correc t
measure o f th e d e gree of men t al excit emen t ; it i s correct onl y
o n th e supp os iti on o f an equal or av erag e con d iti on o f t h e
p h y s i c al org ans Cl early we mus t apply th e s ame all owance
i n comp arin g differen t p ersons O ne man may b e by nature
o r h ab it uall y more exp ress iv e in g es ti cul ati on an d more ac tiv e
in vo lunt ary pursuit th an anoth er man th e in d ep en d en t
en d owmen t of th e activ e org ans may b e such th at th ey res p on d
more vig orously t o th e same subj ectiv e or men t al s t at e Thi s
i s a cause of seri ous ambiguity i n ou r ren d erings of th e human
feeli ng s I f we h a d n o sep arat e means of ju d ging of th e
p roneness t o ex pressi on or t o acti on th e uncert ain ty would b e
i ncurabl e W e may h owever i n mos t cases ascertain wh eth er
a man s v eh emence of man i fes t ati o n s i s d ue t o t h e su p eri or
.

'

I N TERP RETATI ON

28

A ND

ESTI M ATE

FEEL I N GS

OF

j us ti ce t o ou r p ower of ascert ain in g d egre e in ou r ment al s t at es

I t p ut s us i n th e l eas t a dv ant ag eous attit ud e namely dir ec t
an d i mme di at e comp ari son o f th e i n t ensit y O f t wo feeli ng s
E xac tly as in th e exerci se o f th e senses we can resort t o in di
rect mo d es wh ereb y ou r sel f consci ous di scrimi n ati on i s greatly
magni e d
I n es timatin g pl easures an d p ains we can v alue a pl easure
b y th e p ain th at it sub merg es an d conv ersely
Thi s i s an
a dditi onal h elp i n se ttling th e comp ara tiv e force of pl easures
and p ains an d i s un d es igne dl y ma d e use O f for th e p urp ose
C h eerful soci ety ch an g e of scene g oo d for tune are measure d
b y th eir p ower of rall ying a p erson from th e d ep th s of d ep r e s
s i on an d d es p on d ency A more exp ress an d s ys t emati c em
ploymen t of th e meth o d wo u ld s till furth er increase th e
accuracy of ou r measures of pl easure an d p ain
Ano th er imp ort ant resource i s t o a dv er t t o th e T ime or
continuance of s t at es of m e nt al ex cit e m e nt
A usual effect
O f increase d in t ens ity of feeling i s i ncrease d continuance or
d uration
N Ow d urati on i s suscep tibl e of v ery accurat e
measur emen t ev en th e subj ectiv e di scriminati on o f continu
ance i s much high er th an th e di scrimi nati on of int ens ity
whi l e b y empl o yi ng th e Obj ectiv e t es t s an d th e commo n
in strument s of Time we can ren d er th e es timat e as exac t as
we pl ease P eopl e are won t t o excl aim a goo d whil e aft er
a s h ock O f surp ri se an d as a p roof o f it s int ens it y I h av e
A no th er measure of i nt ensity on th e
n ot g o t o v er it y e t
same groun d i s giv en b y vivi d reco ll ecti on at a l ong i nt erval
I rem emb er it as cl early as if it h a d h app ene d y es t erd ay
Wh en an excit ement h as att aine d it s h eight graduall y th e
time occupi e d in workin g it up can b e referre d t o as a means
a great natural outb urs t of
o f es ti mati n g th e p it c h arri v e d at
feeli ng i s measure d n ot only b y it s effect s b ut b y th e supp ose d
d urati on or con tinuance of th e causes th at h av e b een at work
Th e ch arm th at we exp eri ence from a work of ar t a p erform
ance a scene an exercise or occup ati on a b el o v e d p erson i s
meas ure d b y th e continuance of th e in t eres t T hus b o th i n
th e ri se an d i n th e sub sid ence o f a s t at e o f thing s we may
.

A IDS

ESTI MATE

TO

OF

I N TEN SITY

29

h av e a collat eral estimat e of i n t ensity through th e easily

g ained estimat e of Ti me
N0 l ess effec t ual as an ai d t o our feebl e j u d gmen t of
s trength O f feeli ng i s th e in direc t empl o ym en t of Numb er
th e mos t exact o f all ou r means o f measuremen t an d use d in
th e l as t resort as th e measure of time Th ere are v ari ous ways
wh erein difference of i nt ens it y o f ment al s t at es can b ecome
numeri cal C on ning ourselv es s till t o th e subj ectiv e or self
consci ous ph ase on e way i s th e rap idit y or ow of th e
th ought s or trans iti ons from o n e d egree t o ano th er Th e
s t ream of th ought i s no t a continuous current b u t a ser i es o f
di s tin ct i d eas more or l ess rap i d i n th e ir success i on th e
rap idit y b ei ng measurabl e b y th e numb er th at p ass throu gh
th e mi n d i n a given time M en t al excit emen t i s cons t antly
j udg e d of by thi s t est an d if we Ch ose t o count an d time th e
th ought s as th ey succee d on e ano th er we could giv e so much
more preci s i on t o th e es timat e I t i s li k e coun ting th e b eat s
o f th e p ul se whi ch may b e re g ar d e d as t h e earli es t accur at e
di agnos ti c o f d i sease
Thi s i s p erh ap s th e chi ef ins t ance of th e use of Numb er
in su bjecti ve di scrim i nati on th e o th ers b el on g t o th e Obj ectiv e
s igns
W e mak e frequen t use of a kin d of St ati s tics in ou r es ti
mat e Of th e fee lin gs an d of ch aract er an d th e me th o d i s p er
fe c tl y l egiti mat e an d m ight b e more d eli b erat el y work e d
O ur s trong es t cravin g s are no t at all times Op erativ e ; th ey
Sh ow th eir s trength b y th e fr equ en cy o f th eir recurrence I t
i s a v ery fair crit eri on of a man s in t emp erance t o co m p ut e
th e numb er of t imes th at h e b ecomes inebri at ed U np u n ctu
ality i s Op en t o t h e same eas y comp u t ati on Th e t as t e for
musi c or th e th eatre i s sh own by t he frequency of in dulg ence
wh en th e Opp ortuniti es occur S oci ability i s measure d b y th e
amount of time freely d evo t e d t o soci e ty ; b y th e numb er o f
club s soci eti es an d connexi ons th at o ne k eep s up I rascibil it y
i s j udg ed o f b y th e frequency of th e t s comb ine d with th eir
durati on an d int ens ity Th e enj o yment of Al pine scenery i s
t es t e d b y th e numb er of vi s it s th at one p ay s t o S wit z erl an d
.

INT

3O

ERP R ETATI ON

E STI MA TE

A ND

OF

FEEL I N G S

ev en th e recurrence of th e l on gin gs t o g o th ere W e c om

p are on e man o f g en ius with ano th er b y th e rel ativ e ab u n d
ance O f th eir original s tro k es or fe t ch es if a p oe t b y s im il es
an d p i cturesque an d h armon i ous comb inati ons if a p racti cal
man b y th e n um b er an d origin ali ty of hi s inv enti ons
Al l th e S t ati s ti cs Of mor t ali ty crim e p aup er i sm emi gr a
ti on consump ti on of commo diti es marri ag es b ir th s su i cid es
b ear a s tri c t an d accura t e men t al i n t erp re t a ti on if guar d e d
b y th e o th er two known signs an d causes of h uman con duc t
Wh en we k now th e circums t ances Of a p o p ul ati on at h ome
we j u d g e O f th e int ens it y Of th e ir as p irati ons for a b e tt er l o t
b y th e rat e O f emi grati on ; we can b y such means compare
with preci s i on th e in t ens ity of mo tiv e in two di fferen t p eo pl es
H ardly an y fac t comes more d eci s iv ely t o th e surface th an
th e s trength of B eli ef i n a giv en matt er ; it sh ows it self in
con duc t an d i n l anguag e b y way s th at are p at en t an d u n
mi s t ak abl e T h e s t atis ti cal crit eri on i s appli cabl e t o one s
s tren gth of con vi cti on in a giv en course a self con d e nt man
a dheres t o hi s ow n o p in i ons n ine t imes in t en ; a man o f
fee bl e con d ence in self i s driv en ou t o f hi s Op ini ons p erh ap s
in th e same rati o
2 7 A s already remark e d we are no t con ne d t o th e in tro
s p e c t i v e me th o d e v en in j u d gin g o f our o w n consci ous s t a t es
we can ext en d o u r resources by wa t chin g th e O u twar d or ob
m
f
n
s
ig
ns
an
d
accom
p
an
i
en
t
s
our
fee
l
i
g
s
A
s
thi
s
i
s
c
t
i
v
e
o
e
j
th e only meth o d in ou r Ob serv ati on Of o th er b eings th e sco p e
an d comp ass of it may now b e vi ewe d once for all Th e ex
t ernal adj unct s of feelin g s may b e ex h aus tiv ely resume d un d er
th e three h ead s F eelin g Will an d Thought Un d er F eeli ng
we h av e Express i on p ro p erly s o call e d ; un d er Voli ti on C on
d uc t or P ursu it an d Av o i d ance ; un d er In tel l ect th e commun i
c a t e d Th ou ght s o f th e in d ivi d ual
Wh at th e EX P RESS I ON or emb o dimen t of F eelin g consi s t s
in h as alread y b een ab un d an tly s t at e d ; in th e p resen t ch ap t er
reference h as b een ma d e t o th e D iffuse d wav e of ph y s i cal in
u e nc e s accomp an y in g ev ery men tal excit emen t as p ar t O f it s
N ow wh en any feeling i s al l owe d full v en t th ere i s
n atur e
or

M EA SURE

VEH EM ENCE OF E XP RESS I ON

OF

31

littl e dif cul ty in g auging it s i nt ens ity b y th e energ y of th e

man ifes t ations We can apply Obj ectiv e t es t s t o th e v e h emence
an d rap i dity o f th e g es tures we can es timat e increase or
dim inution in th e enth us i asm of a multitu d e b y th eir in
crease d or di m inis h e d s tir b y th e ir vocal an d o th er d emon
A cons id erabl e numb er of s h ad es or d egrees O f
s t r a t ion s
excit emen t could b e ass igne d b y wat chin g thi s ou twar d s tir as
it co m es an d g oes whil e now an d th en th e i ndivi d ual s c on
cerne d in th e i nt ens it y O f th eir li king or d i s liking b reak in t o
some new an d dis ti n ct ph ase Of app ro b ati on or d i sapp ro b ati on
th at m ark s in th e s trong es t manner th at th e feeling h as
r e ach e d a p ar ti cul ar p it ch j us t as th e free z ing an d th e b oil in g
o f wat er affor d with ou t more a d o a p reci se es ti ma t e of th e
t e m p erature An assembly ri s ing up si mult aneous l y t o ap
pl au d an orat or o r a p erformer ; a man l eavi n g fath er an d
moth er t o d ev o t e hi mself t o a great cause affor d proofs Of
i nt ensity of feeli n g th at are no t merely sali ent t o ob servati on
b ut a d ap t e d t o a quantit ati ve es ti mat e
I n th e same p ersons un d er th e same circums t ances d e gree
o f unsu pp resse d mani f es t ati ons i s a cr it eri on of d e gree o f fee l
i ng Wh en we are j udgin g i n ou r own cas e we h av e th e ad
d it i o n al a dv ant ag e o f k nowin g wh e th er we are now supp ress in g
o r are free l y v en ti n g our i mp ul ses an d wh e th er or no t we are
p utti n g on a di spl ay with out a feeli ng t o corres p on d ; we also
k now wh eth er we are in ou r usual st at e of phy s i ca l vigour or
wh e th er we are b el ow p ar an d un t for th e ordinary di spl ay
d ue t o th e men t al di sp os iti on Th ese p o ints are all more or
l ess conceal e d b y o th er p ersons an d are k nown if at all onl y
b y circuit ous p rocesses
I n all th a t numerous cl ass O f feelings due t o d e nit e
an d ass ignabl e Ag en t s we mus t assume at th e out set th at th e
same ag ent s will o p erat e ali k e i n t wo or more p ersons wh ose
ci rcums t ances are nearly ali k e F oo d t o a h ealthy h ungry
p erson sug ary comp ound s t o a child s p alat e fres h air aft er
con nement s h elt er from cold li b erty t o th e captive an in
crease Of fortune t o th e nee dy mus t b e presume d i n th e rs t
ins t ance t o o p erat e ali k e
Thi s is th e p o liti cal economy
.

INTERP RETATI ON

32

A ND

ESTI M ATE

OF

FEEL I N GS

vi e w of h uman wel fare th e mos t o bj ect ive of all measures

whi ch th e morali s t t oo readily carp s at M uch h owev er may
b e inferre d fro m it F or one thi n g th e natu re of th e out war d
ag ency o f pl easure or p ain s h ows us wh e th er th e feelin g i s
acu t e or p ass iv e T h e t es t i s no t al ways true for th e amount
b ut it cont ains a l arg e p ar t Of th e truth an d s h ould nev er b e
l eft ou t O f th e reck oni ng
I t nee d s t o b e ch ec k e d b y th e
manifes t ati ons of feeli n g or th e v ari ous signs of sens ib il ity t o
b e now a dv er t e d t o throu gh whi ch means our in ference
can b e rai se d t o t h e high es t att ainabl e cer t ainty
I n cert ain mark e d feeli n gs th e t es ti mon y of mank in d h as
es t abli s h e d a p ermanent es timat e w hi ch i s assume d for each
case unti l an excep ti on i s m a d e ou t S uch are self p reserv a
ti on self regar d g enerally sexual l ov e dr ead O f p ubli c censure
T h ese are li k e th e v er y no t abl e ailment s g ou t neural gi a
small p ox wh ere th e i n divi dual di fferences are l ess imp or t ant
th an th e g eneri c agreemen t
A L signs or th e mo tiv e
2 8 T o come nex t t o th e V OL I TI ON
p ower o f th e F eeli ng s in p ur suit or i n av o i d ance
O th er
things b eing th e same a great er pl easure s timul ates t o a more
activ e p ursu it a great er p ain t o a great er energy of p recauti on
W e cons t antly use thi s measure b o th i n ou r own c ase an d in
ju dging o f th e s t rength of feelin g of all o th er p erson s W e
nee d t o b e sure th at th ere a r e no count er mo tiv es p resen t ;
an d far th er th a t th e activ e forces are in a fair con di ti on in
as m u ch as th e same mo ti v e will n o t p ro d uce th e same en erg y
I n s t u dyin g th e lower
o f con du c t i n a wea k ene d frame
animal s wh ose org ans of exp ress ion are few an d th e ir mean
in g Oft en d oub tful we l ay mos t stress on th e volunt ary s igns
Th e re lis h O f foo d
or th e ener gy Of p ursu it an d av o i d ance
i s j udg ed by th e veh em ence of th e search an d th e v oracity i n
th e act of d evouring it Th e sch oolb oy s p ace sch oolwar d
s h ows th e faintness Of hi s ard our i n th a t d irecti on Th e r e
v u l s i on a g ain s t j ourneyin g b y sea i s a grea t t es t o f th e mi ser y
o f sea s i c k ness
O ur pl easure in a s p ect acl e i s seen b y wh at it t ak es us
away from b y it s p ower of d et aining us in Sp it e of o pp os in g
,

'

I FF I CULTI ES OF O B J E C TI VE S I GN S

33

mo tiv es Th e in t ens ity of amb iti on an d th e l o v e O f conques t i n

A l exand er an d i n Caesar are mea sure d b y th e energy sh own i n
their v as t ent erpri ses an d b y th eir d efyin g an amount O f h ard
s hip an d ri s k th a t men d o no t incur withou t p owerful mo tiv es
We h ear much of th e mi seri es of great wealth an d great p ower
b ut as it i s so e a sy t o g e t ri d O f e ith ef an d as th e reme dy i s
v ery r a re l y sou ght we d o n ot es t i mat e highl y th e a ll eg e d
gri evances
2 9 T h e p ure ly IN TELLEC TU A L sign s o f a s t at e of feel ing
c ome t o th e surface th rou gh L an guag e an d o th er means
Th ey
are k nown t o sel f in d ep en d en tly Th e imme d iat e an d direct
in di cati on of fe elin g through i nt ell ect i s th e p ower of d et ain
i ng th e att enti on an d th e th ought s th e in uence O f th e F ix e d
I d ea
An excit ement as such d e t ains th e att enti on up on
th e occasi on o r cause Of it exclu d es o th er thin g s from t h e
att en ti on p rev en t s o th er th ou ght s from ri s i n g t o th e vi ew ; an d
thus sh ows it s p ower by an effect th at i s Op en t o measure
Now we may see th e workin g s O f thi s in uence i n th e
men t
min d s of o th ers U nl ess th ere b e p urp ose d concealment we
can di scern th e cause an d th e p ro l on g ati on of ano th er p erson s
att enti on an d th ou ght s in some on e way ; s h ould th e p erson
l ay himse lf freely Op en in conv ersati on we are l eft in littl e

d oub t as t o th e comp arativ e in t ens ity of th e feeling s th at are

upp ermos t in th e min d
3 0 I n th e fore g o in g o b ser v ati ons di r ect e d mainly t o t h e
es timat e of o u r ow n ment al s t at es I h av e i n d i s cu s sm g th e
Obj ec tiv e in di cati ons an ti cip at e d t he mo d e of es timatin g o th er
men s s t at es I t i s requi s it e h owe ver t o treat th e secon d an d
more imp ort an t d e t erminati on ap art with a Vi ew t o it s s p eci al
dif culti es an d t o th e mo d es O f ov ercomin g th ese Th e d if
c u l t i e s h av e b een al rea dy quo t e d ; th e y grow ou t O f o u r i n
abilit y t o say wh e th er a cert ai n exp ress i o n con duct or course
of th e th ou ght s s igni es th e same thin g i n t wo di fferen t i n d i
.

'

v id u al s

th e rs t pl ace we h av e t o n d some means of seein g

through re ti cence reserv e di sguise dissimul ati on an d hyp o
c r is y whi c h fo r a v ari e ty o f p urp oses are so common among
In

I N TERPRETATI ON

34

A ND

ESTI MATE

0F

FEELI N G S

man ki n d Th ere are se veral courses Op en t o us with th i s V i ew :

we m ay b e abl e t o assure ourselv es th at th ere i s no di s gui se
i n th e p arti cular case we may ali ght up on sp eci al manif est a
ti ons wh ere di sg ui se i s ino p erativ e ; or we inay k now h ow
much all owance i s t o b e ma d e for it I n many i ns t ances a
goo d Ob serv er i s aware th at owin g t o h abitual di ss imul ati on
an a ccurat e k nowl ed g e of ch aract er i s unatt ainabl e Th e great
p ro bl ems of l ife are n ot O ft en affec t e d b y suc h ca s es ; it i s
enough th at we c an sum up th e feelin g s th e h app iness or
th e mi sery Of such as are will n t h at we s h ould know th eir
con diti on
To thi s c ons i d erati on we may add th e more l au d abl e ci r
cu m st anc e O f a h ab it o f C ont en t men t throu gh wh i c h th e i n
divid ual suppresses or res trains th e in di cati ons of p ainful
feeli n g an d i n fac t l earns t o re g ar d mi sery as no t mi serabl e
I n th e nex t pl ace supp os in g th e ab sence of th e ab o v e
name d o b s t acl e all owance h as t o b e ma d e for inequaliti es in
the E x p ress i on th e C on d uc t an d th e C ourse of th e Th o u ght s
un d er th e v ery same ment al exp eri ence W e k no w th at th ere
is such an inequali ty from th e d i fferences in ou r ow n b o dily
con diti on ; we mus t th erefore apply t o o th ers at th e v ery
l eas t th e all owance th at we are t au ght b y our ow n case
W h en a p er son i s l ang ui d ill exh aus t ed Old we d o no t in t er
p re t wan t o f int eres t I n a thin g from mo d erat e animati on in
t alk ing ab out it or from feebl e pursuit We inquire if p os
s ibl e wh a t was th at p erson s d emean our an d con duct in th e
fulness of p h ys i cal h ealth an d vig our ; a man s enjoyment of
s p or t of scenery o f g eo l o gy i s v alue d at th e time wh en hi s
b o dy was equal t o th e requ i s it e exerti ons I n lik e manner th ere
are s t at es of enfee bl emen t of th e brain an d in t ell ectual functi ons
wh en a n excit emen t occup i es th e min d in an unwont e d d egree ;
wh en on e is a pre y t o an i d ea : th ese occas i ons d o no t giv e

t h e rul e a s t o th e s trength of th e e x citin g cause ; h eal th k ee p s

an ath ei s t in th e d ark
Wh en we know th at anyone i s in an av erage condit i on as
t o phy s i cal energy we h av e onl y t o surmoun t th e uncer t ain ty
o f casual ti es an d uc t ua ti ons ; fo r whi c h it i s enough t o use
.

I N PER PR ETA TION

36

AND

E STI MAT E

FEELI N G S

OF

F eelin g,

with ou t activ e p ursu it ; o th ers l ess en d owe d in th at

regi on an d more d i sp ose d for A ctivity are foun d Sh owin g
th eir feeli n gs more in th e ir actions Th e mos t ch aract eri s ti c
tes t o f th e d i s tinc ti on i s th e b eh avi our un d er p a i n ; in th e
p ain i s fol l owe d b y p rofuse ex press ion in a v ari e t y o f
o ne
way s an d i s soo th e d th rough th e ab un d ance of th e d emons tra
tions ; i n th e o th er th e resort i s t o v olunt ary acti on for mi tig a
ti on an d reli ef an d for fu ture prev enti on A cl ear un d er
s t an di ng Of thi s di fference can alone mak e th e p ro p er
a dj us tmen t b e t ween th e emo ti onal an d th e vo l iti onal t es t s
W e h av e t o mak e a p rep arat ory d i agnos i s O f ch aract er in
ord er t o a correct di agnos i s of feeling s Thi s m ay seem t o
in v est th e p robl em with an amo u nt of uncert ainty th at mak es
th e wh o l e inquiry frui tless ; whi ch would b e quit e true if th e
di s tincti on were one of a su b tl e an d i mp alp abl e kin d Th e
case i s n ot so b a d wh en we come t o try it Wh e th er a p erson
i s Emo ti onal Or V olition al in t emp eramen t may b e sh o w n
with gre at ni cet y b y th e numeri cal or s t ati s ti cal t es t appli e d
t o th e wh ol e manner of life Th e one t emp eramen t i s essen
t i al l y inac tiv e giv en t o emo ti onal di s pl ay s as measure d b y mere
con ti nuance an d rep etiti on an d b y th e coll at eral t es t of soci a
b ilit y ; th e o th er i s soon exh aus t e d o f d emons trativ e p ower
whi l e eag er an d en dur in g in v o lun t ary p ursuit F ox was an
emo ti onal man Pitt was v oli ti onal
I t might b e re g ar d e d as o v er refin ing t o apply th e same
meth o d t oth e I nt ellect ual crit eri on I ndee d t o int erpre t th e
int ell ec tual signs of feelin g with all owance for di fference of
int ell ectual nature on th e wh ol e i s t o att emp t rath er too much
i n th e p resen t st at e of ou r knowl e d g e
I n th e case o f p ersons ab ou t equall y p rop orti one d in th e
E mo ti onal an d th e A c tiv e cons tit uent s of th e min d a comp ari son
o f i n t e n s ity o f feel i n g s pl easures or p ains
seems fair an d
p racti cabl e ; i n p ersons unequally p ro p orti one d th e C omp ari
s o n mus t b e muc h rou gh er
W e may comp are t o g e th er i n
p o int of enj o yment t wo p o t at o fe d an d lightly work e d Iri sh
men b ut h ow s h all we mak e th e comp ari son b et ween on e of
th ese an d a g oo d feedin g h ard workin g Engli s h navvy ! l t
,

I ING

F X

STAN D ARD OF DEGREE

37

would seem t o b e necessary t o re t ain t wo typ es of ment al

life ; b ut y et p racti cal emerg enci es require th em t o b e c om
p are d
We m ight Of course t es t each man on hi s own groun d :
th e Emo ti onal man b y t h e cast o f hi s emo ti onal outburs t
wh eth er an d in wh at d e gree hil ari ous g ay j o yful on th e o ne
h and ; or mel anch oly an d l achrymose on th e o th er ; an d t he
V oli ti onal man b y hi s l ab ours t o av o i d what h e di s lik es and
t o secure wh at h e li k es But we must mak e a p ure ve nture
wh en we att empt t o s t at e an equa ti on b e tween th e t wo men
t o cal l a certain emo ti onal man ifes t ati on th e equiv al en t of a
C ert ai n v ol iti onal d i s pl a y i n so far as gi vin g a t es t o f p l e a s u r
abl e Or o f p ainful feelin g
3 2 Thi s b e in g un d ers t oo d th e p ro bl em recur s t o th e c o n
s i d erati on O f Obj ectiv e Signs as b efore ; an d th e remai ni n g
p rac ti cal dif cult y cons i s t s i n d eci din g up on some s t an d ar d of
d e gree whi c h Sh all alway s b e un d ers t oo d wh en th e same
l an guag e i s use d Now if we enquire in t o th e usag e th at h as
b een s p ont aneously ad o pt e d by man k in d for s ign ifyin g
differences of d e gree in ment al qualiti es we s h all n d th at t he
l eadin g d e vi ce h as b een t o assume an a ver a g e mean or mi ddl e
s t at e ; t o use for th at th e p hrase s av e r a ge ord inary usu al
common an d so on ; an d for high er an d l ow e r d e grees t o
empl o y th e a dj ectiv es of quantit y (in d e nit e as Opp ose d t o
numb er) much grea t ex t raor di nary l ittl e v ery l ittl e an d
so on I n conceivi n g an averag e p eo pl e are also accus t ome d
t o conceiv e a maximum an d a min imum an d t o int er
ol at e a few s t ag es o f d e gree b e t ween th ese an d th e mean
p
Th e proce dure i s in p rincipl e soun d ; an d we can readily
assign th e con diti ons necessary t o it s b eing t o l erably accu
rat e
I n ord er th at di fferent Ob servers may pl a ce th eir av erag e
ali k e th ey mus t b e in th e same s ph ere of Ob servati on d eali ng
w ith th e same cases an d g enera li z i n g o v er th e same area
Av erag e v eracity i s v ery differen t i n Engl an d an d i n I n di a
H appy an d v ery h app y mus t b e int erpret e d accordi n g t o th e
class th at th e sp eak er b el ong s t o E xtra ordinary pl easure t o
.

INT

38

ERPRETATI ON

A ND

E STI MATE

OF

F EELI N G S

a man of sup erab un d ant wealth i s wh at a p oor man coul d n ot

s tre t ch hi s ima ginati on t o measure
An excee d
33 O ur p ro bl em i s no t y e t g one through
th at i s to r efer d eg r ees of
ingl y sub tl e matt er remains
.

a com m on s t a n d a r d

m en ta l qu a l i ti es to

Th e att emp t t o se t u p a st an d ar d or common measure

bring s us b ac k t o th e in trins i c d if cul ty of th e case th e in
abili ty t o comp are no te s on subj ectiv e s t at es W e can com
p are our s t an d ar d s o f l en gth Or O f co l our b ut no t o f swee tn es s
Th e on ly so l uti on o f th e d if cult y i s th at
or o f t oo th ac h e
alread y sugges t e d accep t i d en ti cal Obj ec tiv e mark s as sh ow
i ng i d en ti cal subj ectiv e s t at es Th e same ex p ress i on b eh av i our
&c un d er th e same circums t ances mus t b e h eld as evi d ence
of th e s ame feelin gs Th e coll e ctiv e mani fes t ati ons are t o b e
t ak en as t he ultimat e t es t of ano th er man s m in d
T h ere i s an Obvi ous a dv ant ag e i n xi ng th e ave rag e or
some o th er p o in t of th e scal e b y a well k nown in divi dual in
s t ance es timat e d in nearly th e s am e way by all Ob servers
A s n o t ori ety i s g aine d b y d epa rture fro m th e common such
inst ance s are O ft ener maxma or mi nim a th an mean or av erag e
exampl es D evo t e dness may b e measure d by a gre a t phi l an
t hrop i s t or marty r ; l o v e of a dv en t ure b y a no t e d trav ell er ;
amb iti on b y th e cul mi natin g hi s t ori c ins t ance s Th e p reci se
ness of th e o p erati o n i s int erfere d with wh en such p ersons
are un dul y magni e d or d epreci at e d ; an d it might b e b ett er
if av erage ins t ances could b e mad e accessibl e for general
reference A ny case th oroughl y di scusse d with reference t o
all th e in di cations woul d b e su f ci ently x e d t o cons tit ut e a
s t an d ar d of comp ari son Thus in p oin t of fa c t th e settli n g
o f th e s t an d ar d with a vi ew t o th e mean in g of l an guag e i s th e
v ery same o p eration as th e di scriminatin g of th e d egree of t w o
o r more cases accor d in g t o th e di e r e nt cl a ss es o f signs
3 4 T o b r in g th e matt er t o a p rac ti cal i ssue th e foll owin g
sch eme may b e sug es t e d as t o th e d e t ermi nation of th e fee l
ings of an y given in divi dual on a giv en occasi on
I A prep arat ory survey may b e mad e of th e Ph ys i cal
C ons tit uti on an d circums t ances of th e in divi d ual mos t of
.

'

SCHEME

0F

DETE RMI NATI ON OF FEEL IN G

39

whi ch are sugges tive O f ment al fact s an d at th e v ery l eas t

gu id e and contro l th e m ent al ch aract eri s ti cs Thi s would
includ e race sex ag e b o dily frame an d con diti on O f all whi ch
we are abl e t o o b t ain a more or l ess cert ain es timat e The
value of th ese fact s increases with ou r k nowl e dge O f th e c on
n e x i o n s o f th e p h y s i c al w ith th e men t al an d consequen tl y
S uch
w ith th e p ro gress Of P s y c h o l o gy as a two s i d e d s tu d y
s tud y i s th e o nl y correctiv e of a p rev aili ng p o p ul ar error
nam ely th e un d er v aluin g of p hy s i cal causes in mor al an d
in te ll ectua l effec ts Th e error i s O ft en exemplied with
reference t o th e mental b earings of th e nouri sh ment an d
h ealth Of th e b o dy in g eneral an d th e sexual app etit e in p ar
,

II We may add t h e means an d resources O f th e indiv i d ual

for o b t ain in g gr at i c at i on s an d war d in g O sufferin g s i n con

n e xi on wi th ou twar d causes
W ealth exp en d e d s h ows what
are th e pl easures an d p ains of th e in dividual in so far as
und er th e contro l of money p ower
I t i s on a compl e t e surv e y of ch ar ac t er an d circumst ances
th at we ar e abl e t o mak e ful l all owance for th e inuence of
R elativity or comp ari son whi ch mus t alway s b e supp osed
wh en w e are v alui ng men t al r esu lt s ;
Thi s k nowl e dg e of ex t er nal s i s compl e t e d b y th e es timat e
o f th e preci s e s it uati on a t th e momen t wh en we are t o mak e
th e Ob s erv at ions of th e ment al s t at e
III Th e imme diat e t es tin g of th e v ari ous s igns of F eeli ng
Emo ti onal V o liti onal an d I nt ell ec t ual i s th en t o b e p ro
c e e d e d with ; th e d irec t s igns of i n t ens ity b e ing ch eck e d b y
th e in direct in di cati ons of time numb er an d criti cal ou t
b urs ts
T h e E mo ti onal s igns in clu d e all th e outwar d g es t ures
mov e m ent s excl amati ons an d o th er s ymp t oms exclu di n g th e
v o lunt ary con duct
Con d uc t o r p ursu it an d av oi d ance i s a di s tinc t h ead an d
i s a criteri on of pl easure an d p ain l ess li abl e t o concealmen t
th an th e emo ti onal expres s ion
L as tly th e occup ati on o f th e Th oug ht s i s th e in t ell ec tual
.

IN T

40

ERPRET ATI ON AND E STI MAT E

OF

F EELI N G S

t es t ; mos t v aluabl e as an in d ep en d ent t es timon y an d as a

ch eck up on th e o th ers
IV Th e S p on t aneous T es timony O f th e in d ivi dual com
b
y
I
n
t
erro
g
a
ti
on
W
h
en
th
ere
i
s
a
ower
of
I
n
t
erro
t
l
e
e
d
p
p
i
n th e course s h ould b e in duce th e p erson t o mak e as
a
t
o
g
m a n y comp a r i son s a s p ossi bl e so as t o giv e a scal e of d e grees
of feeli n gs Th e ques ti oner b y k nowin g th e v alue of any one
p o int of th e scal e c an mak e ou t all th e res t from th e gra dua
ti on st at e d
V Wh at we h av e t erme d cr i ti ca l man i fes t ati ons are o f
great int eres t ; Th e p oin t of in t ensity of p ai n th at mak es a
chil d cry or p ut s o ne i nt o a fright or a rag e i s v ery ex p res
s iv e an d great s tress i s naturally p ut up on all th ese e b u lli
ti ons o r outb urs t s I t i s li k e appreci ating th e severity of an
ill ness wh en it pr ov es mortal O ur al arm for th e safety o f
some thin g v aluabl e i s sh o w n b y th e d eci d e d act O f p u tti ng it
un d er l ock an d k ey A p oli ti cal tyr ann y i s mark e d d e nit e ly
wh en it pro vo k es a re vol u ti on Th e high es t avail able crit eri on
o f i nsu fferabl e mi sery i s comm itti n g su i ci d e
O n th e si d e of pl easure l o v e i s t es t e d b y a pro p osa l o f
marr i ag e Th e ch arms of a new l ocal ity are s h own b y b reak
ing with all th e h abit s an d associ ations Of th e ol d
V I A s reg ard s th e ex p ress i on O f d egrees of feeli n g an d
th e n ding of some common s t and ard we may ad op t s ys t ema
ti cally and up on principl e th e d ev i ces th at h ave b een fall en
up on unconsci ous ly in th e common l anguag e of man kin d
I n hi s cel eb rat e d sch eme of th e virt ues Ari s t o tl e sup
p ose d three gra d ati ons a mean an excess an d a d efec t
An y one of th ese b eing xe d th e o th ers are t o a cert ain ext en t
al so xed W e might ext en d thi s scal e with out l osin g d e
n it e n e s s an d giv e two o r three grad es ab o v e an assume d
mean or av erage T o d escrib e th e vir tuousness of a sacri ce
we might use ep ith et s o n e t wo or three remo v es f rom an
av erag e ; b ein g abl e t o i nt erp re t th e act t o th a t d egree an d
al so t o con v e y th e in t erp re t ati on t o o th ers ; it b e in g necessary
only th a t all s h oul d agree up on some p oi n t in th e scal e of
virtue
,

THE

SC ALE OF DEGREE

41

d egrees of pl easure an d p ain an d emo ti onal ex cit e

men t i n g eneral we d o no t usuall y x th e scal e b y a mean or
mi ddl e : we b egin a t z ero an d giv e a d esignati on t o th e
l owes t d e gree th a t i s of an y assignabl e v alue wh en this rs t
grad e receiv es an accessi on th at h as in li k e manner a di stinc t
valu e we use a secon d d es ignati on an d so on
W e p ause
p erh ap s a t th e great es t h eight o f in t ens ity th at i s ordinarily
reach e d ; an d reserv e an a d di ti o nal e pith e t for some p it ch of
v ery rare occurrence On thi s pl an it might b e p oss ibl e t o
conce iv e an d t o exp ress an d t o b ring ab out a common un d er
s tan ding up on s ix or se ven gra d es or s t ag es an d no t more
from no thing up t o th e high es t p it ch O f or di nar ily att ainabl e
i nt ens ity E veryb o dy would a gree up on th e l owes t p oin t or
z ero meanin g qui escence or neutrality : th ey m ight farth er
agree u p on th e rs t d egree whi ch would ex press wh a t would
b e re g ar d e d as amountin g t o a d is ti nct p ower or m o tiv e for
th e s u p eri or d egrees th e y might diverg e wh ence th e d esirabl e
ness o f coming t o an un d ers t an din g on some high er p oin t i n
th e scal e whi ch wou ld practi cally x th e res t
T h e Ob serv er of min d th us requ ires rs t t o s t at e t o him
self th e comp ass Of d e gree of an y given feeling ; next t o divid e
thi s comp ass int o as man y s t ages as h e can effectually di s
crimi nat e ; an d nall y t o s h ow b y hi s ep ith e t s of d e gree t o wh at
h eight any given feeli n g h as ri sen By references or comp ari
sons t o some k nown cases h e s h ou ld b ring his h earers t o fall
i n w ith hi s ow n s tan d ar d
3 5 Th e d if culti es i n th e es timatin g O f men tal s t at es are
an incent iv e t o ment al analy s i s an d g enerali z ati on By assimi
l ating fac t s reg ar d e d as d ifferent we mak e on e comp ut ation
serve for all T o wh at ever d egree b eli ef d ep en d s on a given
emo ti on th e es timat e Of th e emo ti on i s an es timat e O f th e
b elief I f s ym p athy i s an in gre di en t in th e moral s en timen t
th e d egree of th e symp athi es i s SO faI th e d e gree of moral
feelin g I f we k now all th e ingre di ent s of a comp oun d feeli ng
th eir es timat e d sum giv es th e d egree of th e comp oun d
Th e uncer t ain ty as t o d e gree ren d ers p racti cally worthl ess
th e analysi s of s t at es th at are v ery compl i cate d I f si x or
F or

'

'

42

THE

R I SE

A ND

SUBS IDE N CE OF

EEL IN G

se v en co ns tituen t s can b e assigne d for a giv en emo tion it s

d ep en d ence up on each cons tituen t mus t b e wh olly in c al cu l abl e
C ommon ly we are abl e t o di scar d as i ns ign i can t some o f th e
e l ement s o f a compl ex comp oun d if i n thi s way we can r e
d u ce th e effec tiv e el emen t s t o no t more t h an th ree we may
s uc c ee d in v aluin g th e s h are o f eac h i n th e comp oun d
W h en
e v er th erefore we are abl e t o ass ig n a l arg e numb er o f c on
s p iring el ement s in so me comp oun d we s h ould en d eavour t o
mak e a di s tincti on b e tween th e l arg er an d th e small er
el emen ts and practi call y work u po n th e on e two or three
th at may b e shown t o h av e th e ascen d ency
,

RI S E AND SUB SI D EN C E OF FEELI NG S

3 6 E v ery s t at e of feel in g ari s es b y d e g rees i s mai n t ai ne d
for a cert ain time an d fall s away by d egrees A ccording t o
th e int ens ity of th e s t ate i s th e time occup i e d in accompli s h
i ng its course T o th e mere fac t of b e in g consci ous a cert ai n
d urat ion i s requ i s it e ; a tremor l as tin g only a frac ti on of a
sec on d would no t b e accomp ani e d with consci ousness
W e encoun t er a great numb er o f minor s h ock s pl eas in g
p ainful an d neu tral th a t are conscious an d no more ; th ese
are qui ck ly s timul at e d an d if n o t renewe d qui ckly su b si d e
S uch are th e mul titudinous small impress i ons mad e on th e
senses in a ful l an d b us y scene By th ei r numb er an d c on
currence th ese p ass in g s h ock s work u p a cer t ain s tren gth an d
curren t of feelin g whi ch would op erat e much t he same as on e
consid erabl e ou tb urs t of sensati on or emo ti on
Th e commencin g s timulus of a s t at e of feeling th erefore
mus t conti nue for a cer t ain ti me an d as th e ef cacy o f ev ery
s ti mul us d ecay s rap idly th e only mo d e o f rai s in g a p owerfu l
s tream i s t o o p er at e b y a success i on of sh ock s v ari e d i f p os
s ibl e as t o th eir i ncid ence whi le ag reein g i n th e ultimat e
effec t St at es of feeling are in th e ir v ery na ture more o r
l ess t fu l ; th e nervous Sy s t em supp ort s a con tinuous s t at e
only th rou gh th e renewal s of d ecayin g i mp ul ses
Th e p hy s i cal con diti on O f sus t ain e d en durance of m en t al
s t at es i s il l us trat e d by muscul ar en d urance
A conti nuing
THE

THE

44

R I SE

A ND

SUBSI DE N CE OF FEELI N G

Thus th e al t ernati on of exerci se an d rep ose whi ch giv es

a p eri od i c ch arac t er t o th e ou twar d b o dil y lif e ex t end s t o th e
inwar d d ep th s of th e men t al lif e Ev ery emo ti on wh at soev er
b o th exerc i ses an d ex h aus t s some o n e p ort i on of th e p h y s i cal
framework of mi n d
C er t ain c ircl es of th e brain cert ai n
muscl es an d org ani c processes are in v olv e d in each case an d
th ese are l i abl e t o weariness aft er a time whil e by rep ose th ey
b ecome ch arg e d wi th new vig our H ence ev ery d ep art men t
th at h as b een severely drawn up on ceases t o supp or t it s
associ at e d ment al con diti on an d e v ery d e p artment th at h as
b een l on g d orman t i s rea dy t o b urs t forth on th e appl i cati on o f
th e pro p er stimul us We all k now t h e d elight of a feelin g
l on g res traine d ; th e dull es t emo ti ons can yi eld a momen t of
ecs t as y wh en th e ir s trength h as b een all owe d t o accumul at e
i nst ead of b ein g incessan tly dribbl e d Off A v ery ordinary
amoun t of affecti on for one s nativ e l an d ri ses t o a fervi d
b urst of d eli ght on re turnin g aft er y ears of ab sence Th e feel
in gs th at are di sch arg ed from d ay t o d ay are h ardly app r e ci
at e d fro mth e smallness of th e amoun t b u t th e s l end er curren t
d amme d u p for week s or mon th s ri ses at l as t t o a might y
o v er owi n g Th e i nt enses t moment s of d elight e v er enj o y e d
b y man are th e consequence of l on g p riv ati on
3 8 I n th e thir d pl ace F eelin g s if Opp ose d or e v en if
different exclu d e one ano th er
Th e great es t Opp os iti on O f all i s Pl easure an d P am Th ese
two canno t c O exi st any more th an light an d d ark h ot an d
cold
I f we are in th e o ne s t a t e say pl easure a p ainful
s ti mul ation d es tro y s th e pl easure i n wh ol e or i n p art ; th e
measure of it s amount b e in g th e ex t en t of i ts d es tro yin g
p ower
H ence all Opp os in g coupl es wh ere th e Opp ositi on turns
u p on pl easure an d p ai n are incomp atible ; as sweet b itt er
mel o di ous h arsh p rid e h umili ati on appro b ati on d is ap
p ro b ati on g oo d consci ence remorse
Wh en we ar e un d er two di fferen t loca l s timul ants one
pl easurabl e th e o th er p ainful as i n th e reli sh o f foo d coupl e d
with an acut e smart we are consci ous of th e t w o in sep ara
,

I N C OM PATIBLE STATES

45

ti on ; th e di s tinc ti on of l ocal seat an d of ch aract ers i n o th er

res p ec ts prev ent s th e two from merging in a comp os it e s t at e
Th e fus i on i s mos t compl e t e un d er two emo ti onal wav es of
int ernal origin on e simply el ating an d th e o th er d epressin g
B ut in all cases o f concurring pl easure an d p ain th ere will b e
a resul tin g g eneral t one wh ere each will o p erat e accor di ng t o
it s amount i n neutrali zi ng th e o th er
Th ere i s an Opp os iti on foun d e d on th e di fference b et ween
Ac tiv e an d P ass iv e condi ti ons an d moo d s o f min d W e can
no t b e activ e an d p ass iv e a t th e same moment we can o nl y
alt ernat e from th e on e s t at e t o th e o th er with more or l ess
rapi dity H ence an emo ti on b ase d o n activity d oes no t c o
ex i s t with a n emo tion essen ti all y p ass iv e N o w th e emo ti on
of P ower i s alli e d with our ac ti v e ener gy ; T en d erness i s
all ie d with ou r qu i escen t an d p ass iv e moo d s B o th may b e
pl easurabl e y e t th ey are t o a cert ain d egree incomp atibl e ;
th ey are l ess incomp atibl e th an th e pl easure O f P ower an d th e
p ain o f I mp o t ence Th ere i s th us a cert ain incomp atib ility
b e tween th e emo ti on Of th e S ublime an d th e emo ti on of th e
Path eti c ; h enc e in Art t he t w o s houl d n ot b e mark e dly
s timul at e d at th e same moment or by o n e imag e
Th e incomp atibility of Ang er an d A ffec ti on is of th e ex
treme kin d th e outg o in g s o f th e t w o s t at es are in to t al con
I f th e o n e s t at e i s es t abli s h e d th e o th er i s inad
t r a di c t i o n
mi ssibl e unl ess so p owerful l y s timul at e d as t o d es tro y or
sub merge th e rs t
F ear an d C ourag e are mu tuall y d es truc tiv e o pp os it es
Th e
An d thi s
on e h as a p ai nful e l emen t th e o th er a pl easurabl e
i s no t all th e on e i s weaknes s p rostrati on ; th e o th er i s
p o w er el ati on :
Th e coupl e Arro g ance an d S u b mi ss i on are in lik e manner
necessaril y Opp ose d SO R everence an d Ri di cul e canno t b e
manif es t e d at th e same m om e nt t o th e same Obj ect Th ese
incomp atibl e st at es may b e ent ert ain e d in v ery rapi d transiti on
pro vi d e d th ey are connec t e d with di fferen t o bj ect s an d p r o
v i d e d th e y are n o t o v erp owerin g i n th e ir d e gree
W e may
di spl ay an g er t oward s on e p erson an d th en s h ew affecti on t o
'

THE

R I SE

A ND

S UB SI D EN C E OF FEEL I N G

ano th er ; we may fear on e enem y an d mee t a secon d w ith

coura ge Th e same p erson may fawn t o hi s Sup eri or an d i n
a moment trampl e up on an inferi or W e may p ass from a
ight of th e subli me t o a t ouch of p ath os ; an d if sufci en t
in t erv al i s all owed t o ch an g e th e moo d t h e t r an sit ion may b e
ev en agreeabl e Th e a dj us tment of such trans iti ons i s on e of
th e d eli caci es of arti s ti c t act
3 9 I n th e four th pl ace F eeli n g s of th e same k in d or o f
alli e d k in d s in ame or h e ighte n on e ano th er
Thi s i s n ot an effect O f s impl e additi on lik e t wo se p arat e
res k in dl ed in th e same room ; it i s an effect O f mu tual in
In
a m m a t i on li k e t w
o b urn i n g masses conj o i ne d i n t o one
b o th cases th ere i s a h eight ene d i nt ens ity wit h more rap i d
consump ti on Of th e su p p ort ing m at e r i al
T wo equal e l ating in u ences pro duce an el ati on more th an
d oubl e th e effec t of o n e ; th e d urati on b e in g s h ort ene d accor d
ing as th e gl ow i s increase d Wh en a p erson i s alrea dy un d er
some d ep ressin g p ass i on F ear Gri ef S ense of Imp o t ence
H um ili ati on a sli ght a dditi onal d epression may pro duce a
di s pro p orti onat e effec t Thin g s th at h ar dly affect us at all
wh en we are at p ar are v ery di scomp os in g wh en we are d own
M oreo v er th e l aw of rap i d ex h aus ti on applyi ng t o th e in am
mati on of pl easure d oes no t apply t o th e au gmen t ati on Of p ai n
B ecause we h av e an un d ue an d extreme t of d epress i on it
d oes no t foll ow as we O ft en fancy and gurativ ely ex p res s
b y th e great es t d ark ness in tro ducin g th e d awn th at we Sh a ll
th e s ooner g et b ac k t o our ord inary c on di ti on Th e l aws O f
pleasure an d p ain are Opp os it e in reg ar d t o th e circums t ances
of th e ir mai n t enance an d d urati on
Thus th en, th e ow of F ee lin g i s th e ow o f S t imul ant s
ac t ual o r i d eal b o dily or ment al
Th e chi ef regul atin g
c ircums t ances are (1 ) i n tensi ty O f s tim ulus b es t promo t e d b y
v ari ety p o intin g t o on e en d ; (2 ) su bjecti v e a bi l i ty in cludin g
th e p ower th at int ermi ssi on gi ves an d (3) op p osi ti on and
a g r eem en t
(S ome farth er ill us trations on th e subj ect s of thi s
C h ap t er are giv en i n App en dix A )
.

'

CHAP T ER II
EV O L U TI ON

AP P L IED TO MIND
1 THE d o c tr i n e of Ev ol u ti o n h a s b e e n i nv o k e d t o re n der an
A c c o r d in g
ac c ou n t o f t h e a ni m al an d t h e h u m a n I n s tin c t s
t o it all th o s e ap titu d es c all e d i n s tin c tiv e a e a c qu i s iti on s
Th e p o w er of w al k i ng sh ow n
th at h av e b e c o m e h e r e dit ary
b y a qu a dr p e d at b i th w a s gra du ally a tt ain e d as an
ac qu i e m e n t or e du c a t e d p e c u l i a ity b y t h e a ni m al s r e m o t e
a n c e s t o r s ; a n d t h e n e v ou s ar a n g e m e n t s i m l i c at e d in t h e
p
ac t b e c a m e s o x e d a s t o d e s c e n d w ith t h e o th e r t a n s mitt e d
f
t
h
h
h
u
l
i
ar
iti
e
s
o
e
s
e
c
i
e
s
T
i
s
y
o
t
h
e
i
c
m
i
t
e
c
s
s
o
l
es
h at
w
i
p
p
p
p
l e as t o n e c on d iti on o f a s ati s fac t or y e xp l an ati on; it r e du c e s
t w o fac t s hith e r t o su p p os e d t o b e wh oll y u n c onn e c t e d u n d e r
AS

one

l aw

What ev er

gu m e nts c an b e b r ou gh t t o t h e su p p or t of
Ev ol u ti on g e n er all y w ill c ou nt in favou r of it s b e ing app li e d
in t h e p r e s e n t c as e We c ann o t e x e m p t from t h e op er a ti o n o f
t h e p rin c ip l e s o im p or t an t a n o rg a n a s t h e b ra in ; a n d w ith
d ev e l op m ent of t h e b r ain p ro c e e d s p om } p a ss de v el op m e n t
A s t h e b ra in a d v an c e s in s iz e an d in co m p l i c a
of t h e m i n d
ti on th er e is an a dv an c e n o t m er el y i n th os e l ow er fu n c ti o n s
c all e d R e e x an d Au t o m a ti c
b u t o f t h e h igh er fu n c ti ons
n am e d I n t ell ig e n c e E m o ti o n a n d Wil l
Th e p r ob ab ili ty a tt a c hi n g t o t h e g e n e r al h yp oth e s i s i s su c h
as t o c l ai m a fu l l e x am in a ti o n o f it s b e ari ng s o n m i n d
Th e
fac t s th at c on s titu t e t h e p r o o f of men t al ev ol u ti on fall u nd e r
t w o h e a d s : r s t t h e s tr o ng r e s e m b l an c e b e tw e e n I n s ti n c t s and
Ac qu i siti ons s ec on d t h e a c tu al tr an sm is si on of m ental
w
l
a
r
n
n
t
o
o b e ac qu ir e d
e
c
u
e
s
i
iti
k
U n d e r t h e r s t h e a d w e
p
m a y e s t a b l i sh a c on si d era bl e p r e su m p tion o n b eh al f of Ev ol u
ti on o n t h e s e c on d h e ad t h e e vid en c e i s not w h at c oul d b e
w i sh e d
3 Fir st With ou t qu otin g in d e tail t h e vari ou s i ns ti n cts
2

ar

EVOLUT ION

48
a nim a l a n d

h u m an

AS

A PP LI ED

il y
a c qui r e d

w e c an e a s

r en

TO

d er

MIN D

ap p ar e n

t th e ir gr e at

a s h ab it s
imil ar ity t o t h e p ow er s
Th e ol d d e n i
ti on of In s ti n c t as s e en for e x am p l e in D u g al d S t e w ar t
d e scr i b es it as t h e p e r form an c e of ac tion s u s e ful t o t h e ani m al ;
w h i c h u s e fu l ap ti t u d e s ar e s tr e ngth e n e d b y e xp e r i e n c e an d
e du c ati on
Th e c h il d b egin s t o s u c k b y in s tin c t ; w e c arr y
fo o d t o t h e m ou th and m a s ti c at e b y h ab it or a cqu i r em en t
Ma ternal c ar e i s in s tin c t c on tinu e d in to e du c a tion ; an d t h e
t w o ar e p e rfec tl y h om og e n e ou s
Th e di f cu l ty o ccu rrin g in v ar i ou s p a r t s o f t h e min d t o
s ay w h e r e i n s ti n c t e n d s a n d a c qu i s iti on b e gin s i s a s tr o n g i n
d i c at i on o f t h e simil ar ity of t h e t w o
Man y of ou r i n s tin c tiv e
rs n e e d
h
m
r fe c t
n
w
o
e
r
ac
ti
e
t
m
a
k
e
t
e
e
L
oc
o
m
o
ti
o
c
o
ev e n
p
p
p
i n t h e an im a l s b es t e n d ow e d w ith it i s c ru d e a n d in coh e r en t
u n til a ft e r a fe w tr i al s
Th e s ui tin g o f t h e m o v e m e n t s t o
v i s ib l e d i s t a n c e i s i n so m e an i m al s h igh l y a dv a n c e d a t b i r th :
ll
h
r
m
u
r
m
u n t o f tr i a l a n d e r r o r b e
t
ti
t
t
t
a
i
n
e
e
e
s
b
e
a
c
e
a
o
s
y
fo re c on d e n c e i s a tt ain e d ; an d w e c a nn o t e x ac tl y s ay h ow
m u ch i s d u e t o t h e p rimi ti v e p ro vis i on an d h ow m u c h t o t h e
e x p er i e n c e
In li k e m ann e r t h e di sp u t e r e g ar din g c e r t a in ap titu d es a s
t o w h e th er th e y ar e i n s tin c ti v e o r a c qu ir e d s e e m s t o s h ow
th a t th e y m ay b e vi ew e d as e ith er I mi ta tio n t h e P er c ep tion
o f D i s ta n c e K n ow l e d g e o f S a c e C au s e a n d E ffe c t t h e Mor al
p
S e ntim e n t ar e a c cou nt ed by s om e ins tin c tiv e b y oth ers
a c ui r e d
l
w
h
i
e
a th ir d p ar ty w o ul d re g ar d th e m a s b o th
q
I t is onl y aft er v i ew in g all t h e v ariou s hu m an in s tin c ts in
t h e li gh t o f inh e r it e d p ecu li ar iti e s th a t w e c an fe e l t h e w h ol e
w e igh t o f th i s ar gu m e n t fro m r e s e m bl an ce
I f t h e e m p l oy
m e n t of t h e h yp o t h e s is of e v ol u ti on in any w ay a dds t o ou r
u n d e r s t a n d in g o f t h e f a cts of in s tin c t it i s s u c i e n
t l y j u s ti
fi e d as a p r o v i s i on al as s u m p ti on a n d i s r e n d er e d in s om e d e
gr e e p r ob abl e as t h e r e al e xp l an atio n
4 S e c on d Th e oth er d ep ar tm e n t of e vi d e n c e c om p r i se s
t he fac t s s h ow i n g t h e tr an s m i ss i o n o f m e nt al p e cu l i ariti e s th a t
ar e in t h e r s t i n s t a n c e ac qu i r e d
Sh ou l d any u n am b igu ou s
fa c t s of th is n atu r e b e p r o du c i b l e E v ol u tion is sh ow n t o b e a
s

HERED I TA RY T RAN SMI SS ION

AC QU I RED P OWER S

OF

c au s e S in c e h ow e ver by t h e ver y su p p osition th e p r o

cess
i s e xc e e di ngl y s l ow t h e ab sen c e o f s u ch fa ct s w oul d
not di sp r ov e t h e d oc tr i n e
S till it is th is al one th at c an
a t o n e s tr o k e
r ai s e t h e
d oc tr in e t o t he ran k of an est a
b li sh e d p rm c rp l e ; l e avi ng op en m er el y t h e e xt en t of i t s w or k
r e al

ings

titl e d H ere dity in Mr H erb er t Sp en c er s

re m ar k ab l e an d o rigin al w or k o n Biol ogy c er t ain fac ts ar e
bro u gh t forw ar d as s how ing t h e h er e dit ar y tran sm ission of
a cqu i r e d m e n t al p o w e r s an d p e c u l i ariti es
F o r e x am p l e Mr
Sp en c er r e gar ds t h e m u s i c al facu l ty a s a p r o du c t of d e vel op
m e n t i n cr e as in g in t h e c ou rs e of c e n tu r i e s of e x er c i s e
Th e
fa c t s th at h e m or e p ar ti cu l arl y dw ell s u p on ar e th a t c ert ain
gr e at m u s ic i an s as B a ch Mo z ar t an d B e e th ov en w ere
de s c en d e d of fa th er s of gr e at m u s i c al c ap a cit y al th ou gh
infe ri or t o th e ir ow n S u ch c ase s h ow e ver ar e n ot su f ci ent l y
n u m e r ou s for a v al i d in du c ti on ; an d b es i d e s th e y p r ov e a gr e at
de al t oo m u ch In a fe w i ns t an ces of m en of ge niu s ther e
m ay b e fou n d s om e th i ng i n t h e p ar e n t s al r e a dy ap p r o ach ing
t o g e n iu s
b u t I am p e r s u a d e d that in a v e r y l ar g e nu m b e r
th er e i s n o thin g of t h e k in d E qu all y r em ar k abl e i s t h e c ir
c u m s t an c e th a t gr e a t g e ni u s c an r ar el y s u s t ai n it s el f e ve n in
t h e n e t g e n e r a ti on
S
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ll m or e t o t h e p o int i s t h e r e m a r k
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t h e m e r e l y g oo d t o t h e e x tr aordin ar y d e v e l op m e nt w ou l d
n o t b e t h e sl ow
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5 A d i s tin c ti o n m u s t b e dr aw n b etw e en t h e tr an sm itti ng
of i n t e ll e c tu al ac qu i s iti on s a n d t h e o c c u rr e n c e of a gift e d in
di vi du al thr ou gh t h e ac c i d e n t s tha t c onf er p h y s i c al su p er iority
Am o ng t h e c hil dr en o f t h e s am e p air s om e ar e u su all y b e tt er
c ons titu t e d than oth er s ; a nd t h e ch an c e s ar e e ven in favou r
of th o s e b o rn e ar l i e s t w h e n t h e
p are nt s ar e l e a s t a dvan c e d in
m in d
Th e s u p er i or ity m ay a tt a c h t o a n y or g an s t om ach
c h e s t m u s c l e b r ai n ; a n d m a
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r a ll y s e ak ing t h e e l d e s t c hi l dre n of l ar g e fa m il i e s ar e am o n g
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t h e mos t vigor ou s hu m an b e in s ; ac c or di ng t o D r Ma th e w s
g
D u n c an s c oncl u s i ons fr om s t atis ti cs t h e ch anc es of greatest
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indivi du al li fe Th e su sc ep tib ili ty t o n i c e

gr a d ati on s of m u sical t on e m ay b e an a c c i d e nt al su p er i ority of
s ome p ar t of t h e b r ain c o n s e qu e n t on fav ou r ab l e c o n d iti o n s o f
br e e d A l arger bra in c on t ain s m or e nerv ou s el em e nt s an d
al o ng w ith in c r e as e d nu m b er o f e l e m e n t s
th er e w ou l d p r o
b abl y b e incr e as e d p ow er o f m in d A cu r i ou s remar k m a d e
by D r Wm O gl e in a r e c en t p ap er o n Righ t h an de dne s s
ill u s trat es t h e c onn e xion o f m en t al s u p eri or ity w ith v er y
A ft er p r ov ing th a t as a g e ner al
s i m p l e p h y s i c al c o n d iti o n s
r u l e t h e l e ft h e m i sp h e r e o f t h e b r ai n i s t h e l ar g e r h e s e e k s a n
t h e a n at omi c al arra ng em e n t w h e r e
e xp l an ati on o f th i s fa c t
b y t h e gre at ar t e ry o f t h e l e ft h em i s p h e r e b ec o m e s l ar g er
a nd
c on s e qu e n tl y
c arri e s
m or e bl oo d t o it s o w n h e m i
T hu s a n im p r ove m e n t in t h e nu trition of th e b ra in
sp h er e
No w
le a d s b y a dir ec t c o ns e qu e n c e t o an in cr e as e o f s iz e
b y s u ch an in c r e a se h ow e v er p r om o te d m ore migh t b e d one
a t on e l e ap fo r t h e t al e n t s o r vir tu e s o f t h e i nd iv i du al th a n
b y t h e a c cu m u l a t e d a cqu i s itio ns of t w o th ou s an d y e ars I f an
a c c i d en t al l y l ar g e br a in We r e t o tr an
s m it it s e l f it w ou l d r ai s e
an d s u s ta in t h e m e n t al qu al ity o f t h e p ro g e n y w ith ou t s u p p o s
ing i de as a n d h a b its or im p r e s s i on s t o b e tr an s m itt e d We m ay
fr e el y gr an t th at t h e b r ai n i s e nl arg e d b y in t ell e c tu al e x er ci se
a
an d th a t t h e e nl ar g e m e n t s o c au s e d m ay b e inh er it e d
fam il y or c as t e d ev o t e d t o int ell e ctu al pu r suit s mi gh t c ontr a ct
inc r e as e d br ains s o th at t h e chi l d m igh t m or e e asil y fall in
w ith t h e p r e v ail i ng b e nt th an c h il dr e n t ak e n fr om a d iffe r e n t
B u t th i s i s n ot t h e onl y or t h e
c l a s s o f t h e s am e c omm u nity
I f w e c ou l d su p p os e a
m o s t m an ife s t or igin of l ar g e b ra in s
s el e c ti on m a d e o f t h e b e s t b r ai n i n a fam ily an d a br e e d t a k en
fro m th a t w ith a fu r th e r s el e c ti o n t o br ee d fr om agai n w e
th e

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d e c i s iv e t o th e de gr e e tha t w e
sh ou l d w i sh for s u ch a n e n o rm ou s i ssu e
I t ap p e ars t o b e w ell e s tab l i sh e d th a t dis e as es c ont rac te d
b y ani m al or h u m an b e in g s ar e tr an s m itte d Thi s onl y p r ov e s
w h at w a s r e c o gniz e d b e for e e v ol u ti o n w as th ou gh t of th a t a
di s e as e d par en t (w h a t e v er m ay b e t h e origin o f t h e di s ea s e )
mak e s an u nh e al th y p r o g e n y
An oth er cl as s of fac ts p o in t t o t he inh er itan c e of fe ar or
tim i di ty as w h e n a rac e of b ir d s b e com e w il d aft er b e ing
m u c h p u r su e d
H er e w e are n ot al w a ys a bl e t o e l im in at e
t h e inu e n c e o f t h e im i t a ti on of t h e ol d b y t h e y ou n g
Mor e ov er tim i dity i s a v er y vagu e t e n d en c y u nl e s s it c an
b e s h ow n t o b e di s cr im in atin g an d s el e c tiv e i n w hi ch c as e
it i s an im p or tant in t ell e c tu al a tt a inm en t Th e l e a s t e x
ce p t i on a b l e c l as s o f fac t s a r e th o s e i n di c a tin g t h e a c qu i r e
m e n ts o f th e p e c u li ar ap titu d e s of d og s u s e d i n t h e c h as e
in a s m u c h a s t h e y o u n g c a n b e e x
Sh eep d og s an d t h e l i k e
r im e n t all
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d n oi es m a de m an ife s t b e yon d mi s ta k e
No w c as e s ar e
a dd u c e d w h e r e t h e c o m m e n c e m e n t o f t h e e du c a ti on i s s ai d t o
b e know n an d w h ere th a t e du c a ti on h as b e en tr an s fo rm e d
in t o in s tin c t Bu t su ch al l e ga ti on s ar e e xp os e d to an oth er
Wh e n it i s s ai d
so u r c e of di fc u l ty ; th e y p r o v e t oo m u ch
th at thr ee or fou r ge n e r ation s w il l s u ffic e t o c onv er t an a o
u
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q
We r e it p os sib l e t o go on at thi s r a te
tr ary t o e xp e r i e n ce
ev ol u ti on w ou l d b e s u s c ep t ibl e of o c u l ar d e m o n s tr ati on e v e r y
of

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Now t h e ar gu m en t i s th at a s m u ch of all thi s h as b e e n a cqu ir e d
sin c e t h e d og b e c am e t h e c om p an i o n of m an th e re m u s t h av e
e v ol v e d a h e r e dit ar y b i a s
P r o b ab l y s o ; b u t t h e i n s t a n c e i s
no t fr ee fr o m a m b ig u ity an d u n c e r tai n ty
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MEN T A L QUA LI T I E S

53

k n ow

h ow far hi s b r ain m ay h av e i m p rov e d

w e d o n o t n d all d og s e qu al t o t h e

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IN HERI TAN C E

u de ;
tit
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fu n c ti on o f gu ar din g p rop er ty ; w e ca nn ot s ay e x ac tl y h ow
far t h e d og s e arl y e d u c a ti o n g o es
8 N otw ith s t an din g t h e de c i e n c y o f u n am b ig u ou s c as e s o f
o f m e n t al d e v el op m e n t I a m n o t d e t e r r e d fro m e nt e r t ain ing t h e
d oc trin e a s b o th p ro b abl e in its e l f an d as fa c il it a tin g ou r
s t u d y o f t h e m e n t al c o n s titu ti o n
Le t u s th e n s t at e w ha t
m u s t b e t h e c on diti on s of th e p r oc e s s , an d s e e w h e th e r an d
h ow far t h e s e ar e c om p l ie d w ith b y ou r v ar i ou s s u pp ose d
in s tin c t s
Ev i den tly t h e inhe r it an c e of an ac qu ir e d m e n tal p o w er
i s an e x c e p ti o n al a n d r ar e op e r a ti o n
Ou r a c qu i siti on s t o al l
a p e ar an c e di e w ith u s ; ou r c h il dr e n h av e t o c o
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t all
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g e og ra p h y
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b y t h e s o n o f a c o al m in e r A n y s u p er i ority th a t t h e c hi l dr en
t
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l i ab l e t o b e su rp a s s e d b y a c h an c e b ir th am on g t h e r an k s o f
t he u n e du c a t e d
9 Ne ve r th e l e ss I a s su m e th a t h o w e v e r sl ow a n d dif c u l t
i nh erit an c e of a c qu i s it io ns i s s till p os s ib l e Un d er w h at cir
c u m s t an ces th e n ar e w e m o s t lik e l y t o s e e it !
Th e an sw e r
i s in m e n t al fu n c ti o n s (1 ) th at ar e c o m p ar a tiv el y s im p l e ;
r e i n ce ss a n tl y it e r a t e d ; (3 th a t ar e i n t e n s el y i n t e r e s t
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qu i siti ons ar e n ot in h er ite d ; an d t o t h e cir c u m s tan c e of

c o m p l e x ity w e s h o u l d a dd i n t e r m i s s i on of e x e r c i s e
Bu t
n ow if th e r e w er e an y fu n c ti o n o f n arr o w c o m p a s s fr e qu e n tl y
o r c on tin u ou sl y e x er t e d an d m o r e ov e r v e r y b e n e c i al t o t h e
a nim al s u ch a fu n c ti o n w o u l d t a k e a Ve r y s tr on g hol d o f t he
ac

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t h e a c qui r e d s tr e ngth o f n e rv ou s c onn e c ti o n s th e s e
s o m e d e g e e p e r s i s t in t h e g e r m a n d s o c om m u n i c at e

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Our s o c all e d R e e x ac ti on s
1 0 To t a k e e x am p l e s
ve on th e Ev ol u
s w al l ow in g b r e ath in g s u cki n g an d t h e l i k e h a
g e ne r atio n s

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tion th e or y d e s c en d e d t o u s fr om ou r p r oge nit or s in t h e anim al

Th es e ar e al l c om p ar a tiv el y s im p l e th e ir ite r a ti o n i s
s er i e s
gr e a t ; th e ir u til ity i s of t h e s tr on g es t k in d
S u c h ar e t h e
c ir cu m s t a n c e s m o s t fa v ou r ab l e t o t h e xin g of an a c qu i s iti o n
i n t h e in div i du al s l ife tim e ; a n d s u ch ar e t h e c on diti on s th a t
w o ul d b r in g ab ou t t h e xi t y n e e d e d for h e r e dit ar y tr a n s
m issi o n
Th e m or e c om p l i ca t e d r h yth m i c al a ctio n s a s L o com o ti o n
m igh t w e ll co n tr a c t an her e dit ar y b e n t c on s i d e r in g th e ir c om
p ar at iv e s im p l i c ity th e i r it er a ti on a nd t h e v al u e a tta ch in g
t o th e m
Th e w o n d er i s th a t in h u m an be in g s l o c om o ti o n is
C on s i d er t h e fr e qu ency
n o t s till m or e d e c i s iv el y a n in s ti n c t
o f t h e al t e r n a ti o n o f t h e l o w e r l i m b s i n an a v e r ag e l ife
A
m an c an e as il y b e s u pp os e d t o w al k t w el v e m il es a d ay for
for ty ye ar s E a ch d ay w ou l d rep r e s en t ab ou t t en th ou s a n d
c
h
i
h
w
o u l d h a v e t o b e m u l tip l i e d tw e l v e th ou s a n d
a
s
w
c
e
p
tim e s giv ing u p w ar d s of a h u n dr e d m ill i ons of p a c es Y e t
w ith all th i s it e rati on t h e c h il d t ak e s w e e k s fr om t h e ti m e
that it p u t s i t s fe et t o t h e gr ou n d t o att ain t h e p ow er o f
w al ki n g
Th e di f cu l ty d oes n o t l i e in al t ern a tin g th e
l im b s ; t h e s tru ggl e s e e m s t o c on s i s t in b al an c ing t h e b o d y ;
an d
e v ol u ti on ap p e ar s t o b e d oi n g n o th in g t o m ak e thi s
e as i e r
1 1 Le t u s n e x t a ddu c e an e x am p l e fr om th e I n t e l l e c t
Th e Sp a c e r e l a tio n s of t h e o b j e c t or e x t e n d e d w orl d o ffe r a
c a s e h ighl y fav o u r ab l e t o tra n s mi s s i o n o n t w o o u t o f t h e th r e e
groun ds it er a ti on and inte r e s t : a s c om p ar e d w ith r e e x a n d
r h yth mi c al a c ti o ns th e y ar e n o t s i m l e
t
h
y
i
d
d
e
a
r
n
e
e
e
co n
p
s i d e r a b l y c o m p l i c a t e d a l th o u g h a m o n g t h e s i m l e s t o f o u r
p
m any i n t e ll e c t u al ac qu i s iti on s
The l ar g e s t p ar t o f o u r w or k
i ng l ife i s s p en t in a dj u s tin g o u r s e l v e s t o t h e di s ta n c e s
m agnitu d es an d p o s iti on s o f o u tw ar d th i ng s ; t h e o n l y r e m i s
s i on b e in g ou r s ubj e c t re g ar d s th a t is t h e o ccu a ti o n o
p
f t he
-

O LUT IO N IN

EV

P ACE RE LAT ION S

55

fe el ings a nd inw ar d w or kings Mor e ov er e x

c e t in
p
g a fe w o c c a s i o n al il l u s i on s w h i c h w e l e ar n t o al l ow
fo r th e r e i s a n u nb r o k e n co n s i s t e n c y i n o u r e x p e ri e n c e o f
m ag nitu d e s
for w ar d m oti on u niform l y incr e a s es t h e ap p ar e nt
m agn it u d e s of v i s ib l e t h i ng s ; t h e s u m o f t w o s i d e s o f a t r i
a ngl e i s i n v a ri a b l y gr e a t er th a n t h e th ir d s i d e ; t w o r o d s p r o v e d
ar e
e p a r a t el y t o c o i n c i d e in l e n gt h w ith a th ir d
p r ov e d t o
co i n c i d e w h e n a p p l i e d t o e a c h o t h e r
Th e p erc e p ti on o f di s t an ce fro m t h e e y e h as b e e n m a de
a d i s ti n c t s u b j e ct o f d i sc u s s i on s in c e t h e ti m e o f B e r k e l e y ;
a nd it a dm it s o f b e in g s ep ar a t e l y h an dl e d
y e t it i s b u t a p ar t
of t h e l ar g e r qu es ti on r e l a ti n g t o S p ac e or E x t e n si on
Now
w it h o u t e n t e r in g u p o n t h e fac t s a d du c e d t o sh e w th a t h u m an
b e ing s h a v e som e in s tin c tiv e p r e c o n c e p ti on o f t h e v ar i ou s
r e l a ti o n s o f e x t e n d e d m a gn itu d e e v e r y on e m u s t a d m it th a t
it e ra tio n i s h e r e at t h e m axi m u m Th e c o nn e c tion s b e tw e en
ou r m ov em e n t s a n d t h e v i s i b l e c h a ng e s o f th in g s aro u n d u s
ar e fo r me d e v e r y tim e w e c h an g e o u r p l ac e o r p o s tu r e i n t h e
d ayl igh t C om p ar is ons of v is ib l e m agn itu d e s ar e inc e ss antl y

go ing o n i n ou r p r e s e n c e Th e e xp er im ent s m a d e i n a life

ti m e m u s t c ou n t b y m il l ion s
I f t h e n o tio n s i nv ol v e d in Sp ac e ar e of al l im p or tan t
me nt al p r o d u c t s t h e m o s t fav ou rab l y s itu a t e d for b eing b e
n e r a ti on t o a n o th e r t h e Moral S e n tim e n t
a t h e d fr o m o n e
e
u
e
q
g
i s ab ou t t h e l e a s t fav ou ra bl y s itu at e d for tr an s m i s s i o n b y
Thi s fol l ow s fro m co n s i d ering h ow s t an d t h e th r e e
h er it anc e
co n d iti o n s in r e g ar d t o t h e s e n se o f Righ t a n d Wr o ng
In t h e r s t p l ac e as r e g ar ds I t e r ati o n w e ar e g e o m e t er s
l w ay s w e ar e m o r al i s t s a t l on g in t e rv al s it i s o nl y in ou r
e x cl u s iv e l y s u b j e c tiv e m oo ds (l e ss th an h al f ou r tim e ) th a t w e
a r e d i s e ng a g e d fr o m s p ac e r e l a ti o n s w h il e w e m ay o ft e n b e
h ou r s an d d ay s w it h ou t a ny m ar k e d m or al l es s o n
N e xt a s r e g ar ds co m p ar ative S im p l ic ity Al thou gh t h e
n o ti o n o f s p a c e i s a v as t c o mp l e x ity b y t h e s i d e o f t h e i n fe r i o r
i ns tin c t s l o c om o t io n and t h e l ik e it i s sim p l ic ity it s el f a s
Wh a t e v e r w e
c o m p ar e d w ith t h e i d e a s o f r igh t a n d w r o n g
m ay r e g ar d a s t h e c e n tr al f a c t o f t h e m or al s e ntim e nt y e t in
mi n d

ith

it s

"

EVOLUTION

56

A PP LI ED

as

MIN D

TO

i t s w o r k i n g,

it s u pp o se s a c om p li cat e d s it u ation b et w e e n h um an
b e ing s ap ar t fro m w h o m it h as n e ith e r s u b st an c e n or for m
b eing w holl y d e s titu te of m e ani ng Th e ou tl i n e s of sp a c e in
thr e e d im e ns io ns t h e s im p l e r el ations of di s t an c e a n d m agni
tu d e m ay p os s ib l y b e s o im p r int e d on ou r n erv ou s fr am e w or k
w h il e n e v e r th e l es s a c o d e of
as t o d e s c e n d fr o m fa th e r t o s o n
duti e s a dj u s t e d t o th e s im p l e s t re l ation shi p s m ay not b e c om e
h ere dit ar y
Th e im p or t an t c ir c u m s t an c e o f c on s t an c y o f p r e s e n t ati on
is all in fav o u r o f sp a c e a n d a g ai n s t t h e t ra n s mi ss i on of a
m or al se n
tim en t T he r e ar e in d ee d c er t ain c om m on asp e c t s
r al a c ti on qu it e e n ou gh t o giv e d u ty a c h a r a c t er a ar t ;
p
b u t th e s e c om m o n asp e c t s ar e s o v ar i e d i n th e ir a c c om p a nyin g
c ir c u m s t an c e s a s t o b e O ft e n h i dd e n a n d o b s c u r e d ; t h e c o n
s equ e n c e b e ing th a t t h e it e r a ti on d oe s n o t p r o du c e i t s p r op e r
e ffec t of d e e p e n in g t h e i m p r e s s i o n
Th e thi r d l e a d in g c o n diti on b e ar in g o n h e r e ditar y tr a n s
m i s s i on i s t h e d e gr e e Of I n te r e s t b e l o ngin g t o t h e c a s e
On
thi s h ea d t h e m or al im p r e s s i o n s ar e n o t w an ting ; y e t s om e
th ing i s t o b e s ai d o n t h e o th er s i d e
We d o n ot r e a dil y
ac qu ir e w h a t we d i slik e ; n ow m an k i n d b e i ng n a tu r all y in
d i s p os e d t o m or al s e l f de n i al a r e o n th a t ac c ou n t s l o w i n
l e ar n in g g o o d m or al h abits an d a r e n o t g e n e r all y i n a n a d
v an c e d s t a t e e v e n a t t h e l a s t
How th en sh ou l d thi s r el u c
tant tr aining s u c c ee d in im p r e s s ing its el f u p on t h e ch il dr e n
h
w
o
m
u
s
t
b
e
b
e
g
tt
n
b
e
f
or
e
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m
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ity
f
h
t
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t
e
ar
e
n
s
(
p
m o r al s e n s e ) w h e n so m a n y m o r e i n t er es tin g s u b j e c ts fail t o
l e a v e tr a c e s th a t c an b e c o m m u n i c a t e d
1 3 Th es e a n t e c e d e nt i m p r o b ab il iti es o f t h e inh e r it an c e of
i d e as of m oral r igh t a nd w r o ng ar e i n h ar m ony w ith t h e fa c t
(as I r e g ar d it) th a t th er e ar e n o Mor al Ins tin c ts p r op erl y s o
c all e d
L o ok ing at t h e e arl y im p r e s s ion s c onn e c t e d w ith t h e
o u t e r w orl d I a ll o w th a t th e y
p o s se ss a d e gr e e o f p re c o city
th a t e xp e rie n c e or e du c ati on c an h ar dl y a c c ou nt for l ook in g
a t t h e e arl y m o r al i m p r e s s i o n s I d o n o t fe e l t h e s a m e d i f
c ul ty
H av ing el s e w h er e a rgu e d th is p o in t a t fu l l Me ntal
a n d Moral S c i e n c e
I d o not h e r e rep e at t h e dis c u s
p
,

T HE M ORAL S EN T I MENT
c o n n e m y s e l f
th e or y of E vol u tion

but

s on ,

t he

t o t h e p a rt

of

57

the

c ase b e ari ng u p o n

int u itive ch ara c t e r of t h e s enti

m e nt I fr e e l y av ow t ha t c e rt a in p ow e r s b el o nging t o u s a t
b ir th a r e i n di sp e n s abl e t o t h e gr o w th o f ou r m oral fe e l i ng s
w hi c h p o w e r s o n e or all m ay ha v e b e e n d e v el op e d th r ou gh
t h e c u m ul ati v e e xp e r i e n c e of p as t g e n e ra ti o n s
I nt o th e m or al
s e nti m e n t th er e e nt e r r s t a n d m o s t c on sp i cu o u s l y t h e o r di
n ar y ac ti o n o f t h e Wil l , p r om p ti n g u s t o a v o i d p ai n a n d c ou r t
p l e a su r e ; s e c o n dl y t h e p ow e r o f S ymp a thy or d i s in t er e s t e d
i m p u l s e s ; a n d l a s tl y t h e op er ation of ou r l e a ding e m o tions
a s F e ar L o v e A n g e r a n d o th e r s
A l l th e se a r e p r imi tiv e or
in b orn p ow e r s of t h e mi n d an d a s su ch ar e op e n t o b e
a c c ou n t e d
for b y t h e h yp o th e s is of d ev e l o p m e n t
Th e
nish in g s tr ok e in m y v i ew is d u e t o e du c ati on u n d er A u t ho
r ity ; w h i c h c on stitu t e s t h e m or al s e n ti m e n t a di s ti n c t a n d
l
i
r p h e n om e n o n di ffe r e n t fro m all t h e o th e r e x e r c i s es O f
ec
u
a
p
Will S ym p a th y a nd Em oti on or a ny c om p ou n ds of th e s e
Mor e ov er t h e gr ow th an d t h e w ork ing of t he mor al s en tim e nt
l arg e l y d e p e n d u p on i n te l l e c tu al p r o c e s s e s u nn e c es s ar y t o
sp e c ify
Th e s t an ding o b s t a cl e t o t h e p erfor m an c e of du t y i s in di
v i du al S el s hn es s ; th i s i s a gg r av a t e d b y t h e i n t ell e c t u al d e
fe c t c al l e d sh or t sigh te dn e s s for v er y fr e qu e ntl y a far s ee in g
No w t h e
s el f r e g ar d w ou l d re t a in u s in t h e p a th of r igh t
dir e c t c ou n t er a ctive o f s el sh n es s i s S ym p athy ; a p ow er very
a n d in r ac e s ;
b eing
v ari ou sl y m an ifes t e d in in d iv i d u al s
d e c i en t i n t h e l ow e s t trib es of m an k in d an d i n c r e as ing w ith
A dv an c e m ent in m or al ity
m e n t al e n d o w m e n t g e n er all y
foll ow s a dv an c em ent in s ym p a th y ; n o o th e r fa ct or is e s s e nti al ;
al th o u gh i n c r e as e d i n t ell ig e n c e o r k n ow l e dg e i s an e x tr e m el y
val u ab l e a dj u nc t
To th i s r e m ar k abl e m an ife s t a tio n o f t h e m in d c al l e d
Sym p ath y D isin t er e st e dn e ss Vi c ar iou s or Al tru i s ti c im p u l s e
w e m u s t d e v o t e ou r a tt e n ti on in ac c ou n ti n g for t h e h igh e r
for m s of m or al sen tim e n t I f w e ar e t o tr e at m or al ity a s a
d ev el op m ent b y t h e ac cu m ul at e d ex p eri en c e s and e du c a tion
In d e c l ar ing

i
n
t
a
s
g

t he

.
l

'

EVOLUT ION

58

As

A PP LI E D

MIN D

To

b e e n s o de vel op e d is Sym p athy

I amq u it e p r ep ar e d t o r e g ar d thi s p ow e r as a l ik el y c ase fo r
d ev el op m e n t ; an d t o th a t e xt ent at l e as t I c an agre e w it h
Mr Sp e n ce r in s u p p osing that t h e m or al s en tim ent m ay h av e
im p ro v e d thr ou gh t h e inh er it e d e xp er i e nc e s Of m an kin d
Am o ng t h e l e ast qu e s tio n ab l e of all ou r inb orn p rop ensiti es

f m an ki n d t h e p ow er th at h as

i s th a t l ar g e m a ss

of s e n

tim e nt inv ol v ing

,

a l so

ith S oc ia b il ity ; and h e r e w e m ay e xp e ct

a n d e v en t h e c h i e f b r an ch e s of s ym a th y
p

i d e as

t o nd t h e

t d
roo t s

c o nn e c e

IN HERI TAN CE OF E MO T ION

1 4 Th e in h e r it an c e o f Em o ti o ns i s a c a s e o n t he gr e a t
s c a l e , of a s s o c i at e d fe el i n g s
We h av e all i n m atu r e l ife a
nu m b er o f as soc i a ti o n s o f p l eas u r e an d of p ain w ith o bj e c t s i n
th em s el v e s in differ e nt w ith ou r h o m e s an d h au n ts an d p u r
s u it s and s t u d i e s w ith h i s t or i c s it e s a n d w ith t h e r el i c s o f
gre at ev ent s Th e s e are al l c ontr ac t e d du r ing ou r ow n in di
v i du al l ife
an d t h e c o n d iti o ns an d c ir cu m s t a n c e s th a t fur th e r
th em c an b e fu l l y a s s ign e d I nh erit an c e i s n ot tak e n in t o
ac c ou n t in th os e i n s t a n c e s
F or inh er it e d e m o ti on s t h e b e l i ev e r s in e v ol u ti on p o in t u s
t o th os e p e r m a n ent a n d u nif or m su r rou n d in g s tha t are i n t h e
rs t in s tanc e a tten d e d wi th s tr ong fe el ings a n d th a t b y r ep e
tition at l a s t a ffec t t h e n er vou s s tr u c t ur e so d e ep l y a s t o
d e s ce n d from p are nt t o o ffsp ring Wh a t ar e th e s e su rr ou n d
in gs a nd r e l ati onsh ip s
Pl ainl y ther e ar e t w o gr e at d ep art
m e nts Ex t er n al N atu r e i n c l u din g t h e p er m an e n t s c e ni c
an d L iv ing Be i ng s m e am ng i n
as p e c ts of t h e o u t er w o rl d
t h e r s t in s t a n c e ou r o w n k in d re d a nd n e x t t h e infe ri o r
THE

'

a ni m al s

No tw ith s t an ding

the

i ty

v ar e

of

th e

ou e r w orl d,

th er e

ar e

t c om m on t o all c ou ntr ies and cli m e s The s k y

ab ov e a n d t h e g r e e n e ar th w ith i t s w oo ds an d w a t e r s fu rni s h
a c on s t a n t if s om e w h a t c o m p l e x i m p r e s s i o n t o all anim a l s
w i th t h e p o w e r o f v i s i o n
Th e ab s tr ac t sp ac e r el a ti on s a r e
e m b o di e d in a d e nit e c o n c r e t e e xp an s e w h o se fe a tu r e s o f
t
u n ifo r m ity s t an d ou t c l e ar a n d d e n it e in t h e mi ds t OI
rea
g
t i

c er a n a s p e c s

EV O LU TI ON,

60

A s AP

P LI E D

TO

M IND

i nt ens e in t er e s t ; an d t h e h e r e dit ar y tr an s m i s s ion is t o

tha t e x t e n t a p ro b ab l e fac t
A h er e di tar y in ter es t in t h e i n an im at e Worl d m ay b e
a s s u m e d a s a p a r t o f t h e tr a n s m itt e d e m o ti on s o f m an k i n d
I t i s t oo v agu e t o b e e s tabl i sh e d b y p r o o f t h e m or e s o th a t by
far t h e l ar g e s t p ar t o f t h e fe e l in g aw a k e n e d by l an d sc ap e
e ffe c t s i s d u e t o t h e o u tg o i ng s o f p e r s o n
al ity
Th e r e i s n o
r e as on w h y t h e r a ce s h o u l d n o t tr an s mi t ass o c i a ti o n s w ith t h e
gr e a t w orl d it s h o m e ; y e t t h e onl y ap p r oach t o c er t ain ty is
i n r e fe r e n c e t o t h e fe el in gs for o u r o w n k in d
I t w ill b e foun d
I thin k th at all t h e e m o tion s th at ar e d e ci siv el y ins tin c tiv e
a r e e m o ti on s o f p e r s O
n al it y : s u ch u n d ou b t e dl y ar e L o v e a n d
Ang er ; an d in al l p r ob ab ili ty F e ar al s o Thu s t h e u n de r
s t an d ing o f t h e s it u a ti on th a t d ey e l op s t h e s oc i al ins tin c t s
p av e s t h e w ay for t h e e v o l u ti on of t h e Em oti o n s g e n e r all y
In th i s v i e w I sh all r e cu r t o it p r e s entl y
1 6 Le t u s n e xt a sk w h a t ar e t h e fe e l ings th a t ar e n ot
h
ap p a
r e n tl y for m e d o r au g m e n t e d b
i
n
r it an c e an d h ow a r e
e
y
w e abl e t o a frm th a t a ny ar e e x e m p t e d fr om t h e Op er a ti on of
t h e h e re di t ar y p r in c ip l e
Th e a ss u m p ti on th a t a ny fe el ing s p r ov i de d th e y a r e
iter ate d and s tro n g ar e e n tirel y e x e m p t e d w o u l d s e e m t o b e
n w arra n t ab l e
r
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r i m or di al
u s c e p ti b il ity
o m e th i ng
g
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ou t
f
s
o
t he
s
p
m e c h ani s m o f th e s y s t e m o th e rw i s e w e ar e w ith ou t a b as i s
for h e r e dit ar y c u m u l atio n
Th e O rg a ni c S e n s ati on s w hi ch in cl u d e t h e s tr o ng s e n su al
app e tit e s ar e w e m ay s u p p os e in th e m s e l v e s u n affe c t e d b
y
Th e s ta t es o f Hu ng e r a n d R ep l e ti on t h e
t ra nsm i ss ion
S e x u al gr ati c ation t h e F e el ings o f Physi cal C om for t a n d
D is c om for t ar e ap p e n d e d t o c ert ain n erv ou s and o ther org an s
a l th o u gh th e s e o rg a n s ma
and
y h av e b e e n d e v el op e d by
h
c al t e n d e n c i e s w e d o n o t a ttri bu t e a n
y
s
i
y p ar t o f t h e i n
p
t e nsity t o t h e anc e s tr al re c ol l e c tio ns o f t h e fe el ing s th e m s e l v e s
We m ay s ay thu s m u ch u p on no o th e r e v i d e n c e th a n t h e
c o n ditio n s o f m e n t al e v ol u ti o n n am e l y th a t b e fo r e a fe e l i ng
c a n b e tr ansm itt e d t o p os t e rity i n t h e w e ak es t e ch o it m u s t
a nd

UN EV O LV E D
be

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61

ith

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t
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to

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tion al tr a ns m is s ion
Th e P ar e n tal in s tin c t is p u t by Mr S p e n c e r u p o n t h e s am e
fo oting as t h e b o dil y app e tit e s I t b e g an w e kn ow n o t h ow
t h e su p p o s iti o n th a t it w as a c h anc e v ar i a ti on p r e s erv e d by
It
it s t n ess i n t h e s tr u ggl e of l ife i s as l ik el y as a ny o th e r
i s n o t h ow e v e r e x a c tl y t h e p l e a s u r e of giv ing b ir th t o p r o
ge ny th a t a c t i s n ot in any c as e p l e a su rabl e s o far as w e ar e
Th e
ab l e t o j u dg e w h il e it i s i n m a n y c a s e s t h e c o n tr ar y
l
u r e b e gin s w ith t h e e m br ac e o f t h e y ou n g by t h e m o th e r
s
e
a
p
T h e r e ar e
a v e r y gr e at c h ar m in t h e h igh e r c l as s o f a n im al s
e l e m e n t s of p l e a s u r ab l e s e n s ib il ity in g e n er al a s t h e s o ft w ar m
t ou ch ; b u t it s e e ms t o p a s s b e yon d th e se and t o c on ta in a
s p e c i al thr il l o f d e li gh t th at w e c a n n o t l oc al iz e or e xp r e s s in
t e r m s of any kn ow n s ens ibil ity Pr ob abl y in n o sp e c i es h as
In t h e hu m an
t h e m al e p ar e n t t h e s am e d e gr e e o f p l e as u r e
t h e fa th e r tak e s a v e r y hi gh i nt e r e s t i n t h e c h il d
race
al th ou gh in fe r i or t o t h e m o th e r s in t er e s t ; w h i c h w ou l d ap
r t o s h ow th a t t h e fe m al e or g a ni z a ti o n i s n e c e s s ar y for t h e
a
e
p
ful l e s t d e gr e e of th e fe el i ng
Th er e is no p r oof th at h er e di ty a dd s t o t h e for c e of this
in s tin c t All th a t c ou l d b e c onten d e d for is th a t by inh er i
t an c e w e c onn e c t t h e fe el in g w ith it s c oll at e ral s igns an d

c
t h e d im inu tiv e s i ze w e a k n e ss an d o th e r p ecu
n
s
r
a
e
ap p e a
Th e e ffe c t mi gh t b e t o
li ar it i es of t h e n e w l y b or n a n im al
d ev el op an int e r es t in t h e li ttl e an d t h e w e ak m em b er s o f
t h e s p e ci e s as w e ll a s i n t h e s e n su ou s p e cu l i ar iti e s of t h e in
emo

fant il e p r e se n c e
1 7 In all t h e v e
b orr ow e d s en s ib il iti es
.

th ere mu s t b e p r im or di al an d u n
intr in si c p l e a su r e s an d p ain s w hic h ar e
In S ou n d for e x am p l e t he r ew ou l d
w or k e d u p i n t o e m o ti on s
ap p e ar t o b e in b or n an d or igin al fe el i ng s
p l e a s u r a bl e a n d
i
h
e Sw e e t n e ss of a s i m p l e m u s i c al n o t e t h e p a i n o f
T
n ful
a
p
l o u d or di s c or d an t c r y ar e c o nn e c te d w ith t h e in
a s h rill
A c c or ding t o Mr
t ri n s ic qu al ity o f t h e ne rv o u s s u b s t a nc e
Sull y th e p l easu r e o f c onc or d is a p r im ar y fa c t Ev ol u tion is
s en s e s ,

E VO LUT ION A S APP L I ED

62

for i n th e s e

Th e

of a

d og s
e ar t o a h u r d y g ur dy or o f t h e hu m an e a r t o t h e s h arp e n i n g
of a s aw i s u nc onn e c t e d w ith for e g on e h e r e dit ar y e x p e ri e n c e
S o in Sigh t th er e m u s t b e in tr in s i c p l e a s u re s o f Ligh t and
Sh a d e of C ol ou r s and t h e ir c on tr as t s of Sp ar kl e and Lu s tre
To dr aw t h e l in e b e t w e e n th e s e a n d t h e a cqu ir e d or a s so ci a t e d
l
a su r e s i s n o t al t og e th er im p r a c ti c a b l e as w ill b e s e en in
e
p
c o nn e c ti o n w ith t h e s p e c i al e m o ti o n s
Th e th r ee l ow er S e n s e s Tou c h S m e ll T as t e h av e in
l ik e m ann e r p rim or di al s e n s i b il iti e s t h e gr e a t e r nu m b er o f
w h i c h ar e O b v i ou s a n d s el f e v i d e n t ; w h il e in t h e i ns ti n c t s o f
a n i m al s th e r e ar e s e ns a ti o n s w h o s e p ow er m ay b e l o ok e d u o n
p
Th e c h ar a c t e r i s ti c Od ou r o f a n
a s b or r ow e d
or d e r i v e d
or of i t s s p e c i al e n e m i e s or
a n i m al s ow n k i n dr e d
re y
is
p
lik e l y t o b e ac qu ir e d a n d h e r e di tar y
1 8 A c c or di ng as a fe e li n g v ari e s w ith b o dil y c on diti o n s
w e m u s t p r o nou n c e it t o b e d e p e n d en t o n t h e o r g ani s m a ar t
p
fro m tr an s m i s si on F or al th oug h e v en a ss o c iat e d p l e as u r e s
and p a i n s r e qu ir e a c er t a i n s t at e of t h e n e rv e s i n or d e r t o
m an ife s t th e ir p r op er c h ar a c t e r y e t th e y ar e far l es s d ep e n d e n t
on t h e v ar yin g c o n diti o n s o f t h e b o d y g e n e r al l y th a n a r e t h e
o rg ani c s e n s ib il itie s a n d t h e p l e a s u r es an d p a in s o f t h e l ow e r
I f w e tak e a goo d c on s c i en c e l ov e v anity r e m ors e
se n s e s
a n d c o m p ar e th ese w ith r e li s h m u s cu l ar e x e r c i s e s e x u al e x
w e sh all a t o n c e r e c ogn iz e t h e c o m ar a ti v e i n
p
d ep en d en c e of t h e on e cl a ss an d t he Vari ab ili ty of t he o th er
I t h as b ee n a p reval e n t mi s t ak e t o p l ac e s om e of t he highe r
fe el ing s b e yo n d t h e r e a ch of all p hys ic al c on di ti on s ; y e t t h e
m i s t a k e s h o w s th a t s o m e fe e l ings ar e di s tingui s h e d a b ov e
o th e r s b y yi e l d in g l e s s t o th e u c tu a ti o n s o f t h e b o dil y org an s
1 9 Tran sm itte d fe e l i ng p os s esse s th e i d ea l c h ar a c t e r
In
w e d r aw a di s tin c ti on b e tw e e n a c tu a l
o u r li fe e x p e r i e n c e
l
s
u r e s an d i d e a l p l e a s u r e s ; b e tw e e n su c h fe e li n g s a s g e ni al
a
e
p
w ar m th a n d r e fr esh in g c o o l n e s s r e a l o r p r e s e n t
an d t h e
s u gg e s ti on o f th e s e b y a p a i n tin g or by a v erb al d e s cr i ti on
p
Th e p o ints o f diffe r e n c e ar e e as y t o sp e c ify
On e i s infe ri or
i nte nsity Ano th er is as s oc ia tion wi th t h e m or e int ell e c tu al
n o t c al l e

MIN D

To

in s t an c es

gn an c e

r ep u

'

T HE GRE GA RIO U S S I T UATI ON

63

(See I DEA L E MO T ION )

c on s i d e r ati o n
This l as t i s t h e
With ou t intell e c tu al
im age s cl e arl y r e coll e ct e d w e d o n ot r em em b e r fe el ings ;
t h e r e p ro d u c tio n of fe elin g i s a n in t e l l e c tu al fa c t an d t h e
gr ou n dw or k is int ell e ctu al im ag er y Th e ev er r e c u rring dif
c u l ty o f in s tin c t a n d h e r e dit ar y t r an s m i ss i o n i s t h e e x t e n t
an d c o m p l i c ati on o f t h e id ea s th a t m u s t d es c e n d w ith t h e
tran sm itte d em o tion s
th e

of

s e n ses ,

as

igh t
vital

h e ar in g

an d

HERI T AN CE OF S O C IAL RE L AT I ON S
2 0 A ge n e r al v i e w of w h a t w e m ay s up p os e t o b e p os s ibl e
i n t h e e v o l u ti on of s o c ial r el ati o n s hip s w ill b e a s u itab l e
intro du c tion t o t he Em otion s in d e t ail
Th e sit u a ti on i s w e l l r e s ol v e d b y Mr S p e n c er P s y c h ol ogy
II 558) int o t h e attra cti ons of t h e Gr eg ariou s l ife Th e s e ar e
Th e s ol it ary p os iti on su it s t h e
n o t t h e s am e fo r all a nim al s
l arg e c ar n iv o r a w h ose p r e y i s w i d el y di s trib u t e d
Th e
gr e gar io u s m o de of l ife a nsw er s b e s t w it h h er b ivor a w h o m ay
n d fo o d w ithou t b eing d i sp e r se d an d w h o e xp eri e n c e t h e
a dvan t a g e s o f p r o t e c tio n i n b e in g t o g e th e r
Su p p o sing a com m e nce m ent of t he h ab it of li v ing in com
h
r e w ill b e a t e n d e n c y t o r e t a in a n d
y
t
a
n
e
p
p e rp e tu a t e it Su r
v iv al o f th e tt es t may c o m e in a id of t h e
i
y
t
d
y
r
m
a
r
n
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n
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c
p
Th e p e rc e p ti on o f k in dr e d b e i ng s p erp e tu all y s een h e ar d
a n d s m el t w i ll c o m e t o for m a p r e d om i n an t
p ar t o f c o n s c i ou s
n e ss so p r e d om i n an t a p ar t th a t t h e a b s e n c e O f it w ill i n
e v it ab l y c au s e di s c o m for t
Th e m in d o f
(Sp e n c e r p
e ac h a n i m al o f t h e o c k w ill b e i n d e l i bl y im r e s s e d w ith
p
v i s ibl e im a g e s o f i t s fell o w s w ith th e i r c h ar a c t e ri s ti c m o tiv e s
ge s tu r e s sou n ds ; al l w hi ch r e n d er e a ch an o bj e ct of inte r es t
t o t h e oth e r s
Ne xt t o gr ass t h e p rop e r s tu dy of a sh e ep i s
H aving th eir p l easu re s in c om mon th e y l o ok u p on
sh ee p
h av i ng th e ir p ain s in c o m m on
o n e a n o th er w it h p l ea s u r e ;
th e y m igh t c on tra ct m u tu al a s soc ia ti on s of p ain w er e it n o t
th at r el i e f c om e s th ro u gh m u tu al ai d Th e im p re s s ion of p e r
s on ali t y th u s in t e n s e l y c u l ti v a t e d m a
i
t
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it
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if a ny im ag e r y so c om pl i c a t e d c an t ake s u ch a d ee p
IN

EV O LUT ION

64

As

A PP L I E D

To

M I ND

r a m e w or k
Th e gr e g ar i ou s s itu ati on
f
i t
t
if all ow e d fu l l s c op e w ou l d b r in g ab ou t a c om p l e t e i d e n tity
of t h e i n div i d u al w ith t h e oc k ; th e r e w ou l d n e v e r b e a
t h ou gh t of a c tin g al o n e o r ap ar t fr om t h e b o dy Th e soc ial
r in c ip l e w ou l d b e t r iu m p h an t ov e r al l e g o ti s m s
p
2 1 SO far w e c on s i d e r o n l y t h e e ffe c t o f l iv i ng to g e th er i n
t h e h er d
We m u s t n e x t a dd t he S exu al ap p e tit e w ith it s
inor din at e c on ce n tr ati on O f r e g ar d u p on s el e c t in div i d u a l s
Th is gr e atl y in t e n s i e s t h e m u tu al im p r e ss ive n e s s of t h e in
d iv i d u al m e m b ers a nd t h e as s oc i a tion s of in t er e s t an d p l e asu r e
i n o n e an o th e r ; a l th ou gh d ou b tl e s s al s o g e n e r a ti ng r iv al ri es
Wh e n t h e s e xu al fe el ing a d v a n c es b e yon d t he
an d h os til ity
m e r e m o m e n t ar y i n du l g e n c e t o a c o n ti nu i ng i n te r es t b e tw e e n
t w o i n d iv i du al s it b e c o m e s so m u c h t h e m ore s oc i ali zin g ;
r e n d e r in g e a c h m e m b e r o f t h e c ou p l e l e ss di s p o s e d t o th i n k
of s el f al o n e
2 2 F o ll o w in g Mr S p e n c e r w e t a k e far th e r i nt o ac c ou n t
t h e P ar e nt al fe el i n g i n it s origin l e s s e xp l i c a b l e th a n t h e
s exu a l fe e l in g b u t e v e n m or e p o t e n t a s a s o c i a li z e r
Mos t
u n i v e rs al an d
m os t p ow e r fu l i s t h e m o th e rl y i n s ti n c t
the
o ffs p r i n g d o n ot i n all c a s e s r ej oi c e In a fat h e r s l o v e
Th e
int en s ity of t h e m oth er s fe e l ings sh ow s b y an e x tr e m e c a s e
t h e w or k i ng s o f a s tr on g a tt ac hm e n t ; t h e m in d in t e n s el y
m
f
h
os
s
e
s
s
e
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
i
a
g
e
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t
e br o o d an d t h e a d o ti o n of i t s
p
p
in t er e s t s w ith ou t qu al i c a ti on or r e s er v e To p a s s thr ou gh
s u c h a e r y e x c it e m e n t i s t o b e c o m e m or e a n d m or e e n g r oss e d
w ith t h e c o m m o n p e r s onal ity of t h e e n tir e oc k
W e r e th e r e
n o oc c as i on s o f r iv al ry di d n ot o ffe n c e s c o m e t h e r e g ar d o f
e ach t o ev e r y o th e r m igh t u n d e r t h e s e c o nj o i n e d i n u e n ce s b e
al t og e th er o v e r w h e l m i n g
t h e s oc i al s y s t e m w ou l d b e u nm i t i
g at e d c om m u n i s m

h ol d

of

n e ll e c u al

th e

gr ati cati on O f R E V E N G E if il l u s trat e d by th e

hyp othe s i s o f Ev ol u ti o n c arrie s u s b a c k t o t h e p r e d at or y s i d e
of a ni m al l ife
Th e s tru ggl e for e x i s t e n ce i n v o l v es a t o n c e
p e ac e fu l c o Op er ati o n an d w arl i k e ant ag on i s m an d if t h e on e
fa c t i s t h e su f ci ng fo u nt ain of t he p l e asur e s of l ov e t h e oth er
23

Th e

MALEVO L EN T
m ay b e

S EN T I M EN T

65

t d t h e re m ot e s ou r ce of t he p l e asu r e s o f
h a t r e d a n d r e v e ng e
Th e r e i s h ow e v e r o n e im p ortan t
diffe r e nc e
We s aw in t h e rs t e m b rac e an in dep en de n t
grati c a ti on c o n cu rring t o in t e n s ify t h e d el ight s of c o op er a
tion b e ing p e rh ap s t h e l arg es t fa c t or in t h e r e su l t Th e r e i s
n o th i n g e x a c tl y c orr e s o n di n g i n t h e o t h er c as e
o n t h e c on
p
t r ar y t h e n e c e ss ary l o s s o f thi s s ol a c e m u s t b e a dr a w b ac k t o
t h e s a ti s fa c ti o n o f r ev e n g e
I t m a y b e s a i d tha t gr e at as ar e t h e a dv an t age s of
gr e g ar i ou s c o op er a tion s til l m or e im m e di ate and app ar e n t ar e
t h e a d v a n t a g es o f s u c c e s s fu l d e s tru c ti on
On e h al f o f t h e
an i mal rac e li v e u p o n p r e y
an d a s it i s d e l igh tfu l t o e a t s o it
m u s t b e d e l igh tfu l t o k ill
Pl e asu rab l e al s o m u s t b e all t h e
s i n s of d i s c om t u r e t h e h e l l es s s t r u ggl e s a n d ag o n iz e d g e s
p
g
t u r es o f t h e v i c tim Mor e ov e r if a now v i c t or i o u s a nim al h a s
i ts el f p r e v i ou s l y p as s e d thr ou gh t he s t a t e Of d e a dl y fe ar t h e
re a c ti o n fr o m t hi s s ta t e w o u l d h e igh t e n t h e e x u l t a ti on o f t h e
m o m e n t o f v i c t ory
2 4 Gr an tin g t h e e vo l u ti o n hyp o th e s i s w e c an e a s il y
s u p p o s e t h e h e r e d it ar y tr a n s m i s s i o n o f t h e
r e d a t or y h ab it s
p
a n d o f t h e s a ti s fa c ti o n ac cru in g fr o m all th a t h a s t o d o w ith
kil l in g b o th p rey an d riva l s We ar e s till h ow ev e r s om e
w a y fr om t h e e ss e n ti al p l e a s u r e o f m al e v ol e n c e
We h av e
p l e n ty o f t h e r e al ity o f m al e v ol en t in i c tio n w ith o u t t h e
In fa c t t h e fu ll g ro w n s e n tim en t d o e s n o t ap p e ar
s e n tim e n t
n e c e s s a ry t o t h e e n d i n v i e w
Al l th a t i s n ee d e d i s t h e imp e tu s
t o se iz e an d d e v ou r a s u f c i e n t nu m b e r of a n im a l s t o gr atify
t
a p e tit e
t
o
a k e p l e asu r e in t h e p r os p e c t a n d i n all t h e c ir
p
an d n a ll y t o d e s tr oy or
c u m s t an c e s a n d s ig n s o f t h e e ffe c t
w e ak e n r iv a l s an d w h oe v e r s t a n d s in t h e w a y o f t h e ani m al s
r tu r i ng
an o th e r
h
u re
f
o
t
T
e
a dd e d
l
as
o
r a t i c a t i o n s
e
p
g
an d t h e fe e l in g
a ni m al i s n ot c all e d for by t h e s it u a tio n ;
as b e in g t hw ar t e d
at w or k i s n ot s o m u c h b e in g i nj u re d
Th e d i sp o s iti o n t o k ill and d e s tr o y i s am p l e o f its e lf w ith o u t
t h e e d u c a tio n o f d e l igh tin g in t h os e s ign s of p ai n a s p ain
w h i ch o nl y t h e h igh e r c l a s s e s o f a ni mal s c an re a d il y i nt e r
h
ret
a t w e d e l igh t in a s i n d i c a tiv e o f ag ony and di s t r e ss
W
p
a c c ou n e

EV O LUT ION

66

A PP L I E D

As

MI ND

TO

d ow e d mi n d s ch ie y as i n di ca tiv e
o f t he l oss of p ow e r t o r e s i s t
2 5 Sym p a th y a n d An tip a th y c o m e o n t h e s t ag e t og e t h e r
Th e y b oth s u p p os e t h e ab ili ty of r ep r es e nting t h e p l e asu r e s
a n d p a i n s b e l o n gi n g t o o th er m in d s ; th e y a s s u m e a c ti o n s
g ov e r n e d by t h e fac t of in du c ing p l e a su r e Or p a in in s om e o n e
a a r t fr o m s elf
Fr om t h e o n e s p r in gs a m o tiv e t o b e s t ow
p
p l e as u r e fr om t h e o th e r a m otiv e t o in i c t p ai n an d th e r e i s
a s a ti s fac ti o n i n b o t h :
c a s e s I t s e e m s w o n de rfu l th at in t h e
s a m e mi n d b o th s h o u l d li e d o w n t o g e th e r
b u t t h e c o n t r a di c
tio n i s r es o l ve d by t h e d iff er e n c e o f c i r cu m s t an ces ; t h e
p l e as u r e o f giv ing p ain foll ow s fr om p a in r ec e iv e d
Th e p r e d a to r y im p u l s e th e r e for e d o e s n o t inv ol v e t h e
n
ut
r ob ab l y
r e ar e s
r e o f k n o w ingl y c a u s in g
i
l
e
as
u
a
b
;
p
p
p p
p
t h e w a y fo r th a t re n e m e n t a t t h e p rop e r s t a g e
I t is re
m ar k e d by Mr Sp e n c e r th at it w as n e c e s s ar y for t h e p r ogr e ss
o f t h e r ac e th a t d e s tr u c tiv e a cti v ity s h o u l d n ot b e p a infu l b u t
o n t h e w h ol e p l e as u r ab l e
In p oi n t o f fac t h o w e v e r t h e
f
e
r u c ti o n has g o n e m u ch b e y o n d w h at th es e
l
asu
r
o
d
s
t
e
e
p
w or d s e xp r e ss a n d m u ch b e y o n d w h a t i s a d v an t ag e ou s t o t h e
c ol l e c tiv e in t er e s t s o f a ni m al s a n d of hu m an b e i n g s al ik e
Th e p os itiv e d e l igh t i n s u ffe r in h as b ee n a t al l s t ag e s t oo
gr e at
I t w ou l d ap p e ar rath er th at R ev enge l ik e Fe ar is a w e a k
n e ss a n d n o t a m er it o f t h e a n i m al s y s t e m
In s m al l a m ou nt s
b oth f e e l in g s ar e h e l p s t o o u r
a n d u n d er v ig or o u s c o ntr ol
Y e t b o th e as il y r u n t o e x c e ss ; th e y ar e t h e n u
s e c u r ity
h in ging a n d di s o rg anizin g p ass io n s th e y i n te rfer e fat all y w ith
t h e s t e a d in e ss a n d b al a n c e of o u r j u d gm ent ; th e y ar e h o s ti l e
a l ik e t o o u r o w n i nt e r e s t a n d
t o t h e i n t e r e s ts o f o t h e r s
We ak n a tu r e s are p r one t o b o th
Mr Sp e nc er r egar ds t h e c al l ou s n es s t o s u ffering a s a kin d
o f c u l t u r e l i k e t h e d i s c ip l in e o f e n d u r a n c e ; c om p ar i ng it t o
F or my o w n p ar t
t h e th i c k e n in g o f t h e s k i n u n d e r fri c ti o n
I dou b t w h eth e r t h e h ar d ening p r o c e s s w as e v e r c all e d for
In differ e nc e t o giv i ng p ain s e e m s t h e p rim ary s itu ation t he
e ar l y o r i niti al s t ag e ; w h il e t h e re p u g na nc e t o i n i c t su ffe rin g
c an

be

v ew e

d by t h

l e ss

en

EVOLUT IO N A S A PPL I E D

68

dvant a ges

TO

MIN D

in d iv i du al s b o th sen ti
m e n t s a r e t o o l ittl e d e v e l o p e d ; th e r e b e i n g n o app ar e n t
d e c i e n c y o f tim e for t h e e v ol u tio n t o
t ak e n p l a c e ;
w h il e a v e r y
c h an g e i n e du c a ti o n or i n o u tw ar d c ir c u m
s t an c e s w ill s u f c e t o b r i n g b o th in t o a n av e ra g e p r o m in en c e
of

it s

In m an y

r a e s an d

CH A P T ER III
EMOTIO NS

THE

c ul ar

A ND THE R C

LAS S IF IC A TIO N

F EELIN G S ar e div id e d int o S e ns ation s (in cl u ding Mu s

F e e l i n g s ) a n d E m o ti o n s
.

S e ns ati on s as su ch
s u c h ar e se c o n d ar y a n d
,

Em otion s as
p r i m ar y an d s i m p l e
c o m p ou n d
Th e p l e as u r e o f a frag ra n t
s e n s a ti on i s a p r im itiv e o r e l e m e n t a ry
ar e

d ou r i n s o far as m er e
fa c t it i s b el i e v e d t o b e a dir e c t a n d i m m e di at e c o ns e qu e nc e
o f t h e p h y s i c al s ti m u l a ti o n : t h e p l e a s u r e o f a n e s t a t u e i s a
d e r iv e d an d c om p ou n d e ffe c t ; in i t s fo r m ati on th e re inter
v e n e d a p ro c e s s o f e du c a ti o n o r a c qu ir e m e n t
Th e m o d e s o f d e r iv atio n o r c o m p o s iti o n of t h e E m o tio ns
ar e v ar i ou s
b u t t h e l e a din g c irc u m s t a n ce i s c o n tig u ou s gr o w th
o r t h e a s s o c i a ti n g p r o c es s
Ass o c i ati on op er at es in u niting tog e th er a nu m b er of
s e p ar a t e fe e l i n g s int o o n e a ggr e g a t e o r w h ol e ; w h i c h i s th e n
a s in s e x u al L ov e
c on n e c t e d w ith a s p e c i al o b j e c t
I t al s o
Op er at e s l ar g el y in t h e tr an sfe r of f e e li n gs fr om t h eir or igin al
c a u se t o s o m e c on n ec t e d ob j e c t as i n t h e B e au ty of U s e fu l
n es s a n d i n t h e s e n ti m e n t o f T r u t h
In m os t o f t h e c om p li c at e d e m o ti o n s b o th o p e r ati on s
c on c u r ; t h e fe e li n g o f Pr op e r ty i s b o th a n a ggr e g a t e a nd a
tr ans fer e n c e
An o th e r s ou r c e of e m otion i s t h e c on cu rr e n c e o f differ ent
s e n s atio ns w h en th e s e a r e o f a k in d e ith e r t o h ar m o n iz e o r t o
d isc or d ou t o f t h e on e c as e ari s e s a p l e as in g an d ou t of t h e
o th e r a p ain fu l fe e l in g w h i c h i s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e n ot a s e n s a
tion b u t an e m otion Th e sw e e tn e s s of a s ou n d i s a s e n s a tion ;
t h e p l eas u r e s o f m u s i c al c om p os iti o n ar e a c c ou n t e d e m o ti on s
S u rp ri s e an d Won d er ar e d u e t o t he cl ash of op p o sin g s t at es
t h e in tr u s i on o f s om e thi ng e x tra or d in ar y or u nfam il i ar thr ou gh
w h i ch i s in c u rr e d a sh oc k t h a t m ay b e c on s i d er e d as s o m e t hing
b e y ond m er e se nsation
o

70

THE

E MO TION S

A ND

T HEI R C L AS SI FI CATI ON

x p l an ation

Em otion s m u s t th er e
fo re c o n s is t in a n a c c ou n t of t h e p r in c ip l e s th a t r e gu l at e t h e
aggr eg at i on a n d tr a n s fe r o f t h e p rim ary s e n s ib il iti es o r s e n s a
ti on s w hi c h ar e t h e l aw s of As s oc i ati on ap p l i e d t o t h e F e e l in gs
A s r e g ar d s t h e o th er s o u r c e t h e h ar m o n y c ol l i s i on or c o n i c t
o f fe e l in g s t h e p r in c ip l e s i n v ol v e d ar e p a r tl y t h e gr e a t l aw o f
Harm ony an d D is cor d an d p ar tl y t h e l aw of R el a tiv ity
Em o tio n h as p roxi
2 P hys i ca l S i d e of Em ot i on a s su ch
m at el y a c e n tr al o rigin ; w h il e S e n s ati o n h as a s up e r ci al or
l
h
o u gh m an y o f o u r e m o ti o n al o u tb u r s t s
A
t
rip h e r al or igin
e
p
ar e d u e t o t h e s ti m u l u s o f s e n s a ti o n ; a s w h e n w e ar e r a i s e d
t o t h e fe e li n g o f s u b l i m ity by t h e s p e c t a cl e o f t h e s t ar s ; ye t
t h e s e n s a ti o n al s tim u l u s i s n o t e ss e n ti al a n d i t s e m o ti o n al
e ffe c t d ep e n d s u p on a s e ri e s o f m e n t al tr a n s for m a ti o n s s o th a t
t h e e m o tio n al c h ar ac t er i s i m p ar t e d by in t e r n al w or k in g s
H e n ce w hil e i n
w hi c h w e c an o nl y h y p o th e ti c al l y d iv i n e
se n s a ti o n t h e k n ow n p hy s i c al s i d e i n c l u d e s b o th O r igi n a n d
D iffu s io n ; in e m otion t h e p h ysic al s i d e i s c onn e d t o Diffu
Ev e r y s trong em o tion h ow e ver h a s a w ell m ark e d an d
s io n
a n d t h e d es c r ip ti on i s
c h ar ac t er i s ti c diffu s i on or e m b o d im e nt
u n sa ti sfa ct or y an d i n c om p l e t e if it l e av es o u t th i s ou tw ar d
di sp l ay
3 Men ta l p ecu l i a r i ti es of Em oti on a s su ch Th e Em o ti o n s
as s u c h h av e c e r t ain m e n t al p e cu li ar iti e s i n c o n t r as t t o t h e
S e n s ations al l w h i ch p e cu l i ariti es r e su l t fr om t h e d es crip ti on
In t h e r s t pl a c e th e y r i s e m or e
a l r e a d y gi v e n
o f th e m
s l ow l y a tt a i n t o a gr e at e r v ol u m e and s u b s i d e m or e gr a du all y
th an S ens ation s I n s t e a d of m anifes tin g th e m s el v e s a t o nc e
o n an e x t e r n al s tim u l u s th e y w a it a s e r ie s o f i n t e r n al m ov e
m e n t s an d tr an s iti on s w h i c h o c cu p y m or e ti m e a n d t ak e a
gr e at e r sw e e p in t h e c ir cl es of t h e b rain A s r e m ar k e d by
t h e g e n e ra l e ffe c t s o f
Mr Sp e nc er Ps ych ol ogy v ol I p
a n e m o ti o n a s di s ti ng u i s h e d fr o m l oc al e ffe c t s a r e gr e at er an d
m or e co n s p ic u ou s th an t h e g e n er al e ffe c ts o f a s e n s a ti on
In t h e n e x t p l ac e th e y ar e m or e d e p e n d e n t th a n s e n s a
ti on s ar e u p on t h e g en er al c on dition of t h e m in d at t h e tim e
o n t h e d i s p o s iti o n s an d p r e v a il i ng b e n t of t h e m en t al p o w e r s
Th e th e or y

an d e

of

th e

72

THE

E MO T ION S

T HEI R C L A SS IF I CA T ION

A ND

tion s F or e x am p l e t h e se n tim e nt of P r op er ty
i s a r s t c l as s e m o ti o n s e e mi ngl y d i s ti n c t fr o m a ny of th o s e
A g a in Pr i d e i s a v er y p ow e r fu l fe el i n g o f t h e e m o
n am e d
t io n al k in d a n d n o t o b vi ou s l y a s p e c ie s o f s o m e m or e ge n er al
S o t h e p l e as u r e o f P ow e r or Do m in a ti on
m o d e o f fe el ing
a n d t h e c O r e l a ti v e P a in o f S u bj e c ti o n t o p o w e r ar e h ighl y
i n u e ntial m o tiv e s in t h e hu m an m in d O n c e m or e th e r e ar e
r e s c o nn e c t e d w ith t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f K n o w l e dg e th at
l
e
a
s
u
p
h av e o fte n b een t h e t h e m e o f e n th u s i a s ti c l au d a ti o n
I f w e c ou l d d e cl ar e w ith a ssu r an c e th a t c e r tain o f th e s e
ul ti m at e
or ir res ol v a b l e
a n d th a t t h e
e m o ti on s a r e S i m p l e
o th e r s ar e d er iv e d fr omth e m t h e o b vi o u s p l a n o f c l a s s i c a ti o n
w o u ld b e t o t ak e t h e s im p l e r s t a n d t h e c om p ou n d n e x t
O f t h e sim p l e th e r e mi gh t n ot b e a ny on e x e d or d er ; it
m igh t b e e qu all y d e fe n s ib l e t o a d op t t h e o r d e r s ay L ov e
Ang er F e ar ; Ang er F e ar Lov e ; or F e ar L ov e Ang er
Unl e ss on e o f t h e s u p p o s ed s im p l e g e ner a r e qu ire d s o m e of t h e
o th e r s t o b e giv e n a s a p r e p ar a ti o n for it s e lf w e c o ul d n o t
The
as s ig n a r e a so n fo r p r e ferri ng ab s ol u t e l y any o n e o r d e r
o nl y a rr an g e m e n t t h a t w ou l d b e i m p er a ti v e w o ul d b e t o gi v e
A s t o t h e arr a ng e
t h e s im p l e e m oti on s b e for e t h e co m p ou n d
m e n t o f t h e c o m p ou n d s th e m s e l v e s : w h e th e r B e au ty s h ou l d
r e ce d e or foll o w t h e Mo ral S e nti m e n t m igh t b e as i n c a a bl e
p
p
o f b e i ng d e c i s i v e l y s e ttl e d
5 I t i s i nt e r e s ti ng t o a sk at t h e o u ts e t w h e th e r th e r e b e
a ny e m o ti o n s d e r iv e d s ol el y fr om t h e pl e a su r e s an d p a i n s o f
t he S e n s e s b y a s s o c i a ti on s w ith a gr e a t e r o r s m all e r nu m b e r
o f t h es e
On e a n sw e r r e a dil y o c c u r s Th e r e ar e c e rt a in thi ng s
th at c om p r eh en d or s u m u p a gr e at m any s ou r c es of p l ea s ur e
a n d a g r e a t m a n y ex e m p ti on s fr o m p a in ; for e x a m l e
Pro
p
n
m
n
l
n
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ty
A
f
i
g
s
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ti
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t or em o ti on for th i s c om p l e x
e
ee
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ob j e c t m igh t b e e n g e n d e r e d th r ou gh as s o ci a ti on s w ith s e n s e
l
res
a n d t h e r e li e f fr o m s e n s e
u
a
s
A n d if s o t h e
e
p
p a ins
e m o ti o n o f Pr op e r ty mi ght n d a p l a c e v e r y e arl y i n t h e
c l as s i ca ti o n as ap p ar e n t l y a ss u m i ng o nl y t h e o e r ati o n o f t h e
p
s e n s e s a n d t h e i n t e ll e c t u al a s s o ci a ti o n s
6 A s e con d qu e s ti o n i s n ow t o b e as k e d A r e the r e in
c l a ss e s of e m o

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T HE S I MPL E P RECEDE T HE C O MP O UN D

73

Em otion th at ar e w h ol l y d is
tin c t from t h e S e n s e s w h e th er w ith or w ith ou t t h e c o op er ati on
o f t h e I n t e l l e c t u al P o w e r s !
Th e a n s w e r m a y n o t b e qu it e
e as y ; for th e r e m a
y b e p r o du c t s o f s e n s ati o n s o s u b tl y c o m
p ou n d e d th a t t h e c o n s titu e n t e l e m e n t s ar e s c ar c el y di s ce rn ib l e
Le t u s h ow e v e r m a k e a gu e s s
a n d o n e w ou l d s ay th a t t h e
t w o e m o ti o n s Lo v e a n d An g e r a r e n o t o b v i ou s l y d e r iv e d fr om
S e n s atio n s a s is t h e c a s e w ith Pr op erty In th e m w e s e em
t o h a v e o rigin al fo u n t a in s o f s e n ti m e n t o r fe e l ing
P o ss ib l y
a l s o t he s a m e m a
On t h e
y b e s a i d o f t h e e m o ti on o f F e ar
o t h er h a n d t h e d e l igh t s o f P o w e r a n d o f K n o w l e dg e ar e l e s s
for it i s qu it e c l e ar th a t b o th t h e
p r o b ab l y p r i m or d i al
s i t u ati o n o f P o w er a n d t h e s itu a ti on o f p os s e ss in g K n o w l e dg e
ar e
l ik e Pr op e r ty e x tr e m e l y a dv ant ag e ou s for g a in ing s e n s e
h
r th i s l as t
l
a
u r e s a n d for w ar d in g o ff s e n s e
n
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s
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p
p
e ffe c t r e p r e s e nt s t h e e n tir e v al u e o f th es e t w o e m o ti o n s i s a
m a tt e r for d i s c u s s io n
We kn o w r e gar ding Lov e th a t it h as
a v al u e ap ar t fr om t h e
u re s of t h e s e ns e s ; a n d w e c an
l
e
s
a
p
s ay t h e s a m e a s r e g ar d s A ng e r
O f t h e o th er e x am p l e s qu ot e d Pri de d o e s n ot at rs t s igh t
a p p e ar t o b e a d e r iv a tiv e o f s e n s a ti o n ; it m ay h ow e v e r b e a
d er iv a tiv e o f s om e of t h e o the r in d ep e n d en t e m o tion s a s Lo v e
It s p l ace i n t h e c l a ss i c ati on w ou l d th e n b e p o s
o r An g e r
t e r i or t o th e s e m o r e s i m p l e fe e l ings
7 Le t u s th er e for e a s s u m e for t h e p u rp o s e of il l u s tr a ti o n
th a t th e r e ar e th r e e p r im e s ou r c es of E m o ti on t h e S ens e s
L ov e an d A nger Th e n atu r al infer e n c e as r e sp e c ts ord er
i s th a t t h e d e r iv a ti ve s o f t h e s e n s e s s h ou l d s t an d r s t for
e x am p l e P r op e r ty P o w e r a n d K n o w l e dg e a n d th at t h e o th er
t w o s h ou l d foll ow in w h i c h e v e r o r d e r w e m igh t d e e m t Bu t
n o w r i s e s t o v i e w a far th e r c ir c u m s t an c e
S u p p o s e w e b egin
w ith Pro p er ty as a m an ifes t d e r iv a tiv e o f ou r s e n s a ti o n s b e i ng
t h e s u m o f m any p l e as u r e s a n d m an y e x e m p ti o n s fr o m p ai n
W hil e t h e a ss oc i atio n s w ith p rop e rty ar e g ath erin g for c e fr om
th e s e inu e n c e s t h e o th er t w o fou n t ain s of e m o tio n ar e s en d
i ng for th th e ir p e c u l i ar c u r re n t s of fe e l i ng a n d it i s n o t
p os s ibl e for t h e gro w i ng e m o tio n o f Pr op e r ty t o av oi d th e ir
t h e hu m an m in d

a n y s ou rc e s o f

74:

T HE

inu e n c e

E MO T ION S

In

T HEIR C L A S SI FI CA TION

A ND

fac t th a t e m o tio n em b r ac e s th e ir in t er e st s al on g
w ith t h e s e n se i n t er e s ts
In s o far a s L o v e i s a s ou r c e o f ou r
p l e a s u r e s a n d an op e ning for p ain s an d i n s o far a s p r op e r ty
or w e al th c an O e r a t e t o
p
p r o c u r e t h e o n e an d b u y o ff t h e
o th er t h e a ggr e g a t e s e n s ib ili ty t o P ro e r ty i s a c om o u n d o f
p
p
se n s e an d o f l o v e e m o ti o n
Th e v e r y s am e i s tr u e o f A ng er
It s p l e a s u r e s if p u r c h a s ab l e h e igh t e n t h e v al u e o f w e al th
an d in cre a s e t h e a s s o c i a t e d s e n ti m e n t o f w e al th
A n d th i s i s
n o t al l
Th e e m o ti on of Lo v e al th o u gh i n i t s or igin c onn e c t e d
w ith l i vin g b e i ng s is fou n d o v e r s p r ea d i ng a n d c ol ou r i n g i n
a ni m a t e p o s s es s i o n s
s o th a t t h e m a s s o f p l e a s u r a bl e s e n ti m e n t
u n it e d w it h o u r c o ll e c
tiv e m e a ns of p r o cu r ing o u r p l e a su r es
an d w ar ding o ff o u r p ai n s i s fou n d t o h av e a c e r t ain p er c e p
tib l e ting e o f l ov e o r t e n d e r fe el in g Y e t far th e r : a s Anger
al th ou gh h av in g o u r b r e th re n a n d o th e r l iv in g b e in g s fo r i t s
r im e o bj e c t h a s for i t s o c c a s i o n t h e l os s o f s o m e o f ou r s ou r c e s
p
of p l e as u r e or t h e i n cu r s i o n of s o m e o f o u r p ai n s it a l w a y s
s o m u ch
r u n s i n c l os e a tt e n d an c e o n o u r p r op e r ty s e n ti m e n t
s o th a t th e c o m p l e t e d e m o ti o n h a s a n e l e m e nt of ang e r as
n
r c e l o f t h e c o nt e n t s
t
ar
a
d
a
p
p
8 Th i s e x am p l e ou gh t t o s h ow at a gl an c e t h e p e rm an e n t
an d in su p e r ab l e d if c u l ty o f e x p o u n di n g t h e E m o ti o n s in a
B egin w h er e w e w ill as w e c an onl y
s tr ic t or d er o f s e qu e n c e
t ak e one s ou r c e at a tim e w e m u s t an ti c ip at e w h at i s t o fol
l ow
Th e o nl y th ing t o b e d on e i s t o r e c o gniz e t h e fa c t an d
al s o i t s c o n s e qu e n c e n am e l y th a t th e r e i s n o o n e ab s ol u t e l y
h
re m a
r e fe r ab l e ar ra n g e m e n t
T
e
y b e an a rr a ng e m e n t th at
p
r e du c e s in e v it ab l e a n ti c ip a ti o n t o t h e m ini m u m
y e t p r o b ab l y
Th u s
n o t s o c o nv in c i ngl y a s t o p r oc u r e u n a nim ou s c on s e n t
Th er e w ou l d p r o b abl y b e a
t o t ak e t h e e x am p l e j u s t giv e n
b al anc e in fav o u r of t ak in g Pr op er ty n ot at t h e b eginning
b u t at t h e e n d o f t h e s i m p l e e m o ti o n s
L ook ing at t h e ch ar a ct eri s ti c s of Lov e Ang er an d F e ar
a s th e y w ill b e s e t fo r th i n t h e e x p os iti o n I c o n s i d e r th e s e
Th e fe e l ing n am e d Wo n d er
t o a ll i n t e n t s s i m p l e e m o ti o n s
or S u r p r i s e if w e s tr i p it o f i t s u s u al a dj u n c t s a d m ir a ti o n
i s a s i m p l e fac t ; b u t in th a t n ak e d c h ar
or t h e op p o s it e
.

'

76

E MO T ION S

THE

T HEI R C LA SSI F I C A T ION

A ND

Th e L o v e of T ru th i s
t e m p e r am e nt s differ gre a tl y
g r e a tl y fo s t er e d b y t h e d e s ir e of e s c ap in g c on tr a d ic tion s
9 Th u s far I h ave b r ou gh t in t o v i e w a n u m b e r o f w el l
k no w n for m s or g e n er a of e m o ti on Lov e Ang e r Fe ar P r o
r Pr i d e V a n it
w
r
ty
P
o
e
e
p
y Pl o t I n t er e s t K n o w l e dg e B e a u ty
Mor al S entim e n t Wh e th er th e s e m ay b e s o e xp o u n de d a s t o
v i d e a c o m l e t e a c c ou n t o f all th a t r i se ab ov e s e n s a ti o n
r
o
p
p
r e m ains t o b e s e e n
H av ing giv e n not l e s s th an el ev e n h e a ds of c l as si c ation
I m u s t ag ain c all att e n ti on t o t h e t w o th at s t an d ou t in b ol d
r e l i e f a s t h e gi a nt s o f t h e gr ou
L ov e an d A n g er ar e t h e
p
d i sp e n s a b l e m e m b e r s o f t h e e m o ti on al
c o m m an d i n g a n d i n
With draw th e s e a n d t h e w h ol e fab ri c w ou l d c oll ap s e
s ch e m e
t o s om e th in g l ittl e b e y o n d s en s a ti o n a ggr eg a t e s
A l th o u g h
th er e ar e a fe w o th er di s tin c t e m oti on al r o o t s y e t t h e gr ow th s
fr om s u ch w o u l d b e u tt e rl y in signic a nt b u t for t h e i n c or
r a t i on O f th es e t w o mi g h ty alli e s
o
p
w h ch

d ep ar tm en t s im p or t an t in th em sel v e s as w ell as b ei ng
s u b s i di ar y t o t h e ac c o u n t o f t h e E m o ti o n s I p r o p o s e t o d i s
i n s ep ara t e ch ap t e r s t h e foll o w in g su bj e c t s n am e l y
cu ss

R E LAT I VI TY i n it s b e ar i ng o n Em oti on I DEA L EMO T ION an d

S YMPA T H Y Un de r R el ativ ity th er e c om e t o t h e for egrou n d
t h e e m o ti on s c al l e d N ov e l ty W on d e r a n d Lib e r ty
As

n a u ral

'

ill o c cu r in t h e e m o ti on al
s c h e m e a s h e r e a d o p t e d n a m el y th a t t h e v it al d i s tin c ti o n O f
Pl e asu r e an d P ain i s n ow h e re ap par en t a s c on s titu ting a l i ne
O f d e m ar c ation Th e a n s w e r i s th a t th is d i s tin c ti on Oc c u r s in

h
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S e n s a tio ns an d Em o tions ; it
ll
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B o th
e n t e r s i n t o t h e s p e c i e s a n d in d i v i d u al s o f e v e r y c l as s
l
e a s u r e s a n d p a i n s ar e c o n t a i n e d i n e v e r y o n e o f t h e c l a s s e s
p
t o b e d e s c r ib e d j u s t a s t h e n a tu r al o r d e r o f p l a n t s m ay e a c h
ale
c on t a in fo o d an d p o i s o n s w e e t ar o m a s a n d n au s e a tin g s tink s
10

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t h e w h ol e s om e p o t a t o
ta

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t h e feti d h i r e inn
/

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ight h
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PL EA SU RE

A ND

PAIN

NOT

ASIS

77

fam il ie s w e en d eav ou r t o b r ing

t o ge th e r s p e c i e s th at h av e t h e gr e a t e s t nu m b e r of p oint s of
r e s e m b l a n c e i n s t e a d o f S in k i n
n e ar n e s s o f k i n d r e d i n s o m e
o n e d i s ti n c ti o n t h a t h a p p e n s t o h av e a g r e a t p ra c ti c al in t e r e s t
Ac c or d ingl y I Sh al l tr e at o u r p l e as u r e s and p a in s a s sp e c i e s
a ri s m
i
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e d i ffe r e n t or d e r s or fa m il i e s a s w e h av e s e t th e m
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d e l igh t a nd e a ch k in d of sw e et h as i t s c ogn a te b itt e r it w ou l d
b e div or c i n g t h e cl o s e s t r el a ti o n s h ip t o p ar titi o n t he hu m a n
fe e l in g s in to p l e a s u r e s a n d p ai ns a s t h e p r i m ar y di v i s i on o f
t h e w h ol e
(F or a ddition al r em ar k s on t h e p r inc ip l e s an d
m o des O f cl as s ifying t h e Em o ti o n s s e e App e n di x B )
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CHA P T ER
EMOTIO NS

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OF

fu n d am e nt al p ri n c i p l e of R el ativ ity h as al re a dy
In di s c u s s i ng t h e Em o tio n s it
r e c e iv e d fr e qu e n t m e n ti o n
h a s t o b e k e p t p e rp e tuall y in Vi e w
Ev e r y all e g a ti on r e sp e c t
i ng t h e p r es e n c e or t h e d e gr e e o f a fe e li n g h as t o b e qu al i e d
b y t h e s u p p os iti o n Of s o m e p r i or c o re l a tiv e s t a t e T h e
w on d e r fu l t a k e s i t s s t ar t fr o m t h e c o m m o n
Th e m e asu r e o f
a fe e l i n g i s t h e m e a s u r e o f a tr an s iti o n
Th e r e l ati v e c h ar a c t e r o f al l p l e a s u r e a n d p ai n h a s n ot
b e e n ov e rl o o k e d i n t h e c u r r e n t m a x i m s of m an k in d ; in d e e d
t h e co n se qu en c e s o f t h e fac t a r e fr e qu e n tl y e x a gg e r at e d
Th e
a s s e r ti o n th a t
t h e m i n d o f m a n a c c om m o d a t e s it s e l f t o h i s
c o n diti on
n e e d s t o b e g r e atl y qu al i e d
P al e y s d o c tr in e
th at a m an n d s n o p l e as u r e i n c om p ar ing him s e l f w ith his
i nferi or s a n d i s gr a ti e d o nl y w h en h e s u rp as s e s his e qu al s i s
Th e fo l l ow i ng r e m ar k o f
n o t c o nfor m abl e t o o b s e rv a ti o n
A ll t s o f p l e as u r e
Sw ift m u s t b e p r on ou n c e d in c orr e c t
ar e b al a n c e d b y a n e qu al d e gr ee o f p ai n o r l angu or ; it i s lik e
s p e n di n g th i s y e ar p ar t o f t h e n e x t y e ar s r e v e nu e
2 Ho w th e n s h all w e s t ate t h e l aw a s a g o v e r n ing p r in
c ip l e o f t h e e f c a c y o f e m o ti o n s o a s t o r e c tify t h e p o u l ar
p
e m p ir i c i s m s o n i t s o p e r a ti o n a s b e c o m e s t h e p r e t en s i on s o f a
s c i e n ti c h an dl in g o f t h e m in d
Th e g e n e ral ru l e i s e m b o di e d in s u c h p r op o s itio ns a s t h e
foll ow in g ; b e ing al l t h e s a m e in su b s t an c e al th ou gh diff e r ing
i n a sp e c t
C h ang e i s n e c e s s ar y t o fe e l ing ; w e ar e u n c ons c iou s
o f u n r e m itt e d i m p r e ss i o n s ; t h e d e g r e e o f fe e l in g i s
p rop o r
t io n e d t o t h e c h ang e ; a b r u p t n e s s Or su dd e n ne ss o f tr an s iti on
i s o n e m o d e o f e n h a n c in g t h e e ffe c t
TO qu o t e a fe w fa m il i ar e x am p l es Th e r e c ov e ry fr o m
s i ck n e ss i s i l l u s tr at e d i n G r ay s l i n e s
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i ip l e i s s o far cl e ar
Th e difcul ty
a r i se s ou t O f t h e s u b o r d in a t e l aw o f A c co m m od a ti on w h i ch w e
m igh t c o n c e iv e t o b e ab s e n t
O n e s rs t ill n e s s a n d r s t r e
c o v e r y fr o m th a t ill n e s s h av e a n i n t e n s ity O f fe e l i n g r s t d e
s s i ng a n d th e n e l e v a ti n g n o t e xp e r i e n c e d a s e c o n d ti m e
r
e
p
Th e s e c o n d m or nin g O f a h ol i d a y i s a tte n d e d w ith a l e ss u s h
th an t h e p r e viou s an d s o o n a t a d e cr e a sing r a te Th e r s t vi s it
t o S w itz e rl a n d t o Pa r i s o r t o R om e i s f ar m ore th rill i ng th a n
Wh it t ingt on s th ir d May or al ty w as
a ny s u b se qu e n t vi s it
at in c o m p ar i s o n w ith hi s o rigin al p r o m o ti o n
Th e m il
l i on air e s a c c u m u l ati o n s s tr ike h im w ith f e e b l er an d fe eb l e r
imp u l s e s Th e d e l ights o f k n ow l e dg e an d e v e n of vir tu e and
i
r e l gi o n d o n o t e s c ap e t h e l a w o f a c c omm o d a ti o n
C an a n yth ing b e d o ne t o x t h e r a te an d c o n d i ti on s o f th i s
d im in ishin g e fc ac y Of p l e as u r ab l e and p ain ful c au s e s
Is it
s u c h th a t a ft e r a s m all nu m b e r o f rec u rr e n c e s a g r e a t p l e a
o r d o e s th e r e s till s u r v iv e e v e n a t
s u r e p ra c ti c all y v an i s h e s
t h e v er y la s t a s u f c i e n t th r ill t o m ak e o u r c h i e f s ou r c es O f
r e v al u abl e a n d our p a in s at al l tim e s r ep u gn an t t o u s 2
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p l e a s u r e s of w a r m t h m a y c ou nt fo r a s h a re Of o ne s e n o y m en t , w t h ou t b e n
a l t e r na t e d w t h s u c h d e r e e s o f c o l d a s t o a m o u n t t o p os t v e s u ffer n
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OR

DEC AY

81

y e ar of atta in e d w e al th l e isu r e co m m an d affe c tion

grati e d tas t e a b a t e t h e or iginal sh oc k b y fr om e igh ty t o
n i n e ty p e r c e n t w h i c h w o u l d b e an n ihil ati on or b y from t e n
t o ft ee n p e r c e n t w hi ch w ou l d b e i n s igni c an t
A n d w h at
differ e n c e w o u l d b e m a de b e tw e e n o ne y e ar and tw e n ty
y e ar s
No thi ng b u t an e x t en s iv e c oll ation of fa c t s c an e nabl e u s
ev e n t o app r o x im a t e t o t h e r at e o f d e c ay o f im p r es s i on s b y
r e e titi on
Th e e n quir y i s a tt e nde d w ith all t h e difcu l ti e s
p
t al s tat e s Th e
a tt a ch in g t o t h e qu an tit a tiv e e s tim at e o f m e n
c ase i s o n e w h e r e w e sh ou l d d e s i d e r a t e a nu m b e r of s e p ar at e
e xp e r i e n c e s as re c or d e d b y t h e i n di v i du al s th e m s el v e s
Su bj ec t t o c onrm ation or c orr e c ti on b y m u l tip l ie d ob s er
v a t i on s I w ill h a z ar d th i s r e m ar k n am el y th at t h e d e c a y o f
a p l e as u r ab l e or p ainf ul s h o c k i s r ap i d a t r s t
w hil e aft er a
b u t sel do m
c er t ai n tim e w h i ch m ay b e w e e k s or m on th s
ye ar s th e far th er dim inu tion is im p er c ep tibl e
Mor e ov e r in c on tr a di cti on t o Pal e y we m ay ass er t th at
th e w h ol e d e c ay of t h e p l e a su r e o f s u p er i or w orl dl y a dvan t a g es
i s n ot s u ch a s t o d ep r iv e th e m o f h al f th e ir or igin al e fc a cy
NO a m ou nt o f r ep e tition c an o bl iter at e t h e differ e n c e of feel
i ng b e tw e en a su p eri or a ddr e s s ing an in fe r i or an d th e c o n v er s e
s itu ati on
4 Th e op er a ti on of d e c ay h a s v ar iou s c o ndition s
Th es e
w ill b e ill u s tr a t e d t o m o s t a dv a n t a ge 111 t he d e t ail of t h e
s e v e ral em o ti on s
Th e r s t c on di ti on i s th e fr e qu en c y o f t h e
I t is w ell know n th a t any in du l ge n c e th at
s tim ul ati on
h ap p e n s t o b e e xc e s s iv e l os e s it s z e s t ; th er e i s i n e ach c a s e
a c er t ain f re qu e n cy th a t i s p o s s ib l e w ith ou t any fall i ng Off i n
t h e e nj o ym en t
Wh at th is fr e qu enc y i s dep en ds on th e in di
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a

on e a w e e

p l a c e , th e r e is a c ou nt er a c tiv e o f d e c ay in
t h e p er s i s t e n t m e m or y o f t h e p r i or c on diti on th a t w e h ave
b e en r ai s e d fr om or s u nk d ow n t o
s in gl e sh or t ill n e s s in
In t h e

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T ION S

RE LAT I V I T Y

OF

On e th a t h as h a d b u t

il y forg otte n
e xp e r i en c e O f
p r i v a ti on t o il o r d e p e n d e n ce i s l ittl e e l ate d b y
b e tt er for tu n e a ve r y br ie f p o s s es s ion er as e s al l th e e ffe c t of
t he e l e v a ti on : w h e r e a s a l o n g e xp er i e n c e O f s u ch ev il s acu t e l y
fel t nev er ac qu i e s c e d in w ith p erh ap s a n atu rall y s tr ong
m e m ory for g o o d an d e vil w o u l d m ak e t h e r e fr e s hing s e n s e o f
d el iv e r an c e an u n dying pl e asu re O f th e m in d
Linnaeu s
typ i e d his w or l dl y for tu n e s b y th e p l an t th at h a s b e e n d e di
c a t e d t o h i m (Lin naea ; t h e s t e m t r ail s al ong t h e g r ou n d a
)
fo o t or m or e b e fore s t arting u p w ar d s
On t h e ot h e r h and it i s a p e c u l i ari t y Of t h e s an gu in e t e m
r
a
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s oo n t o fo r g e t p ain s th a t ar e p as t an d c o n s e qu e n tl y
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t o l o s e t h e el a ti o n o f d e l iv e r a n c e
Th i s s tat e i s h app il y c a ri
G u ll iv er on h is r e tu r n fr om e ach of his
c a t u r e d b y S w ift
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ag a in
w o r e o ff
In G u lli v e r s ca s e h ow e v e r th e r e w a s t h e d e e p
s e a t e d l ov e O f a dv e nt u r e w h i c h w ou l d al w a y s e m er g e a ft e r a n
in t e r v al O f rep o s e
Thes e t w o c on diti ons m ay b e c om p u t e d i n e ach in div id u al
cas e w ith m or e or l e s s p r eci s ion Th er e is h ow ev e r a di s
t u r b ing e l e m e n t in t h e c al c u l a ti o n gr ow in g ou t o f a d iffe r e n t
l aw O f o u r c o n s titu ti on t he m em or y of p ast p lea sur es an d
Th e fac t th a t w e h av e o n c e fe l t s om e v e r y gr e a t p l e a
p a i ns
su r e or s om e v e ry gr eat p ai n h as b y vi r t u e o f m e m o ry a
p o w e r ov e r t h e fu tu r e ev e n al th o u gh t h e s y s t e m c a n no
l o n g e r b e aw a k e n e d t o t h e s ame s tat e s i n t h e a c tu al ity
It i s
s ai d a r s t l o v e c a nn o t h r e p e a t e d
y e t t h e m e m o r y of t h a t
e xp er i e n c e w il l h av e a p er s i s t e n t v a l u e i n hu m an lif e
Ou t
o f t h e O p erati o n o f m e m o r y or t h e ass oc i a ti o n s O f p l e a s u r e ,
w e h a ve a c e r t ain c om p e n s ati o n (I d e cl i n e t o s a y w h e th e r
a d e qu at e o r n o t for t h e d e c a y of re p e titi on thr o u gh t h e ac
)
c o mm od a t i ng p r oc e s s of r e l a tivity a n d al s o fo r t h e far th e r
d e c ay o f th e s e n s ib il ity o f a dv anc ing ye ar s We re it n o t for
the s e as s o c i a ti ons li fe w ou l d p r ob ab l y b e one sh or t an d r ap id
a s c e n t t o t h e s u m mi t o f p l e as u r e fo ll o w e d b y a s t e a dy irr e v e r
s i bl e d e cl i n e ; t h e o nl y al l e v i a ti o n b e i n g th a t p ain (no t t h e

a S h o r t an d e a s

'

'

E MO T IONS

84

RELA T I VIT Y

0F

t
f
c
tit
u t e t h e a ttr ac ti o n s of t r av el
N
o v e l ty
li
o
n
s
e
p
i n in c i d e n t s a n d ev e n ts i s fu r ni sh e d b y t h e o ngo ing s o f l if e
Inv e ntions in t he Ar t s an d di s
a n d b y t h e p age s o f s t or y
c o v e ri e s in S c i e n c e h av e t h e ini ti al c h ar m O f n ov e l ty a s w e ll
In F in e Ar t w h os e e nd
as t h e i n t e r e s t o f p e r m a n e n t u tili ty
l
e as u r e t h e p ow e r fu l e ffe c t s o f no v e l t y ar e e ar ne stl y in
p
v ok e d :
l
u r a bl e s u r p r i s e s ar e ex p e c t e d O f t h e a r ti s t i n
e
a
s
p
e v e r y d ep ar tm e n t ; b e au ty m u s t b e e nh an c e d b y origin ali ty ;
an d t h e p as s i on for c h ang e u n c o n tr o l l e d l e a d s in t h e e n d t o
d e c a d en ce
Las t of all in F a sh i on n ov el ty i s su p r eme
T hr ou ghou t t h e w h ol e b u t on e ru l e p r ev ail s ; Oth er thi n gs
t h e s a m e t h e gr e at e r t h e n o v e l ty; t h e gre at e r t h e p l e as u r e
To all thi s th e r e i s an ob v e r s e
Nov el ty in P a in has t he
s am e e nh an c i ng e ffe c t
Ou r r s t en c ou n t e rs o f t h e p a in s O f
Wh at e v e r b e t h e
s e n s e i s ou r w or s t e x p er i e n c e o f t h e m
di fferen c e th a t h ar dening m ak e s u p on t h e s e n s ib ili ty th a t
differ e n c e r ep r e s e n ts t h e a ggr av ati on O f s tr ang en es s or n o ve l ty
Thi s i s t h e b a d s i de Of o u r y o u thf ul y e ar s
Irritati o ns th at a r e
l ittl e fe l t b y t h e a g e d ar e d is com p os in g in a d e gr e e t o e arl y
i n e xp e r i e n c e
Th i s i s t h e
7 N e x t t o ab s ol u t e N ov el ty com e s VA RI ET Y
e ffe c t o f r e m ittin g a s ti m u l u s for a l on g e r o r s h or t er tim e
; the
l ong e r t h e r e m i s s i on t h e gr e at e r i s t h e s tir o r sh oc k o f r e
n e w al
Af t er a l ong p r ivation a p l e asu r e m ay reg ain v ery
*
Th e p er fe c tion o f e nj o ym e n t i n
n e arl y t h e p r i s tin e ch arm
a n yt h in g i s a m e a n b e tw ee n t h e r ep e titi on th a t m a k e s t h e
p l e asu r e s t al e an d t h e p r i v ati on th at l e av e s a n a c hi n g v o i d
Ou r h ap p in e s s at l a s t m u st d ep e n d o n t h e r Ot at i on of fami l i ar
p l e a s u re s ; m os t of u s h avi ng b u t a s m all r ou n d w hil e a
i
fav ou r e d few exp a tia t e i n a w de v ar ie ty
Th e l o ng r e m i s si on o f p ain s i n l i k e m an n er giv e s n o p l ay
t o t h e c as e h ar d e ni ng Op e r a ti on o f o u r p r es e n t l aw
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er c a n

w t h a n a l m os t or ent al e cst a cy , w h e n t her e com es a n

i g th i g

s oc al

er n

id

b a c w oo d s

a n u nc t on
u nt o

t h at w e

m e , Le t

s et t l e r s a r c s e

o c c as on

us

iz d

t h at is ,

a.

WON DER

85

ity O f a man O f bu s ine s s u n d e r sho c k s an d v i c i s si tu d e s

Op p os iti on a nd ab u s e i s i n p ar t al th ou gh n ot e ntir el y d u e t o
th e ir fr e qu e n cy
Th e c ou nt erp ar t o r O p p os it e e x tr e m e of N ov e l ty a nd
Var i e ty is MONO T ONY Th is i s a p e c u li ar m o de of p u re l y
p ainfu l s e n s i b il ity d e p e n d in g o n t h e e xh au s ti on o f ou r
org a ns b y s ti mu l ati o n
i t p as s e s b e y o n d t h e p oi n t w h e re
n ov e l ty a n d v ar i e ty h av e l o s t th e ir p o w e r t o a s t a t e o f
p o s iti v e
s u ffe ri ng
Th e p o e t s p e a k s O f l ov e s s a d s ati e t y
C om m o n
s p e e c h h a s c o i n e d for o n e i n s t an c e o f t h e s itu a ti o n t h e e x r e s
p

s iv e w or d b or e
In c or r e l ati o n w ith Mon o ton y i s ENN U I ; w h i ch m ay b e
si m p l y t h e w ith h ol d i ng o f su c h s ou r c e s O f s tim u l a ti o n as t he
s y s t e m i s r e a d y for s o a s t o l e av e bl an k n e s s o f m i n d an d t h e
This
p ai ns of d e s ir e: Th e J e w s s tr o ngl y fe l t it i n B ab yl o n
i s t h e p e c ul i ar li ab i l ity o f all th o s e tha t h a v e b e e n m u ch in
d u l ge d w ith v ar i ou s an d gr ea t p l e asu r e s a n d h a ve b ee n s u d
d e n ly c u t O ff fro m th e m
A l ow er d ep th of Ennu i is th at fol l ow ing on g e n er al e x
h au s t i o n O f s e n s ib i l ity w h e n t h e u sual p l e as u r es c e a s e t o
l
l
e
a s e a n agg r av a t e d for m o f m on o t o n y a
o
yt
o
n
y
so t o
p
p
ser en

s p ea

If

d for m an es tim a t e Of th e int e ns ity of m e n s

u r s ui t O f a b sol u t e n ov e l ty a s d i s ti n c t fr o m al t er n a ti o n w e
p
c o u l d a p p r o x i m at e t o a m e a s u r e o f t h e for c e o f A c c om m o d ati on
u n d e r r e l a tiv i ty
9 Th e e m o ti on n am e d W ON DER i s fou n de d o n r el a tivity
I t is m or e th an Simp l e Nov el ty On e d e gr e e b e yo nd nov e l ty
i s su rp r i se or t h e Sh o ck O f Wh a t i s b o th n ov e l a n d u n e x
h
r e i s i n s u rp r i se a n e l e m e n t o f c o n tr a di c ti o n a n d
T
e
c
t
e
d
e
p
c on i c t w h i c h if ac u t e w ou l d o f its el f b e p a in fu l ; m os t s u r
r i s e s h ow e v e r giv e m e r e l y a n eu tr al e x c ite m en t O f d iffe r e n t
p
d e gre e s o f i n te ns ity
Th e a c c o m p anyi ng c ir cu m s t an ce s m a y

a d d p l e a s u r e o r p a in
b u t th e se a re n ot n e c e s sary a dj u n c t s )
c ou l

we

'

Th e

Th e Exp r e s s on o f S u rp r s e is w el l h andl ed b y Mr Darw n ( ch ap

e y e b ro w s are ra s e d
t h e e y es are p en e d w d e ; s o al so i s t h e m ou t h

Th e

ra s n

ii g

of

the

e y e -b row s

is i n

c on u n c t o n w

i
it h t h

ig

e op e n n

of

t he

eyes

E MO T IONS

86

0F

RE L AT I VI TY

t i
s ur p r i s e a tt e n d e d w ith a n e w a nd d i s
t h e e ffe c t o f co n mm p l at i ng s o m e th ing th a t r is es
far ab o ve c o mm on e xp e r i e n c e w h i c h el e v a t es u s w ith t h e
fe e l in g Of su p eri ority We w on d er a n d ar e a s t oni sh e d a t t he
ge niu s of Sh ak e s p e ar e On t h e o th e r h an d it m ay b e s om e
thi n g th a t fall s b e n e a th w h a t i s or dinar y a nd th er e b y insp ir es
th e
o n e o r o th e r of t h e e m o ti o n s c onn e c t e d w ith t h e m e a n
T h i s i s a v e r y i m p o r t an t
l ittl e t he c on t e m p tibl e t h e b a d
a n d w i d e r a ngin g s p e c i e s o f E m o ti on ; it i s m u ch m or e c om
x
t
l
h
an s im p l e N o v e l ty a n d i t s c on s i d er a ti o n m ay b e p os t
e
p
r e l a t e s its el f t o A dm ir a ti on
d
I
t
and
l
a t e r s t ag e
a
o
n
e
t
o
p
t h e f Es t h e t i c S u b l im e
1 0 F R EED O M a n d R E S T RAIN T ar e s tr i c t c orr e l ativ e s ; t h e
o n e h a s n o e x i s t e n c e w ith ou t t h e o th er ! Fr e e d om i s a p l e a
r e s tr a i n t i s a
s u r ab l e r e l e a s e fr om r e s tr a i n t
p a in fu l in fr ing e
m e n t O f Lib e r ty
Th e c onv e ni e n t s tar ting p oin t in r e n d er i ng an a cc ou n t of
th is opp os ing c ou p l e i s t h e p ain o f R es tr ain t v 1 e w e d a s Con i ct
A ll c o n i c t i s p a inful ; a s i s t h e c oni c t s o i s t h e p a i n
Wh at ev e r m ay b e t h e p ain o f C on i ct t h e r eb oun di ng
fe el ing of d eli v er an c e c all e d Lib er ty is an e qu al pl e as u r e
A sl igh t r es tr aint yi el ds b u t a Sl igh t s ens e Of enl arg e m ent ; a
s e v e r e r e s tr ai n t w it h d r a w n m a k es a j oy ou s
e l ati on
Th e
l
u r e o f l ib er ty i s th u s m e a su r e d if w e h av e b e en a bl e t o
a
e
s
p
m e as u r e t h e su ffe rin g O f r e st r ai nt
Won d er
tinc t e ffe c t

c on a n s

t he

en

gz

a e

Mr

Op

ful l

n w

it h

i d i ff
b gi
n

n on

v en

a on
,

all e

is

ra

is

i i

es t u r e

it

a c c om

The

e n t l y , u n d er

es s ,

e re nc e

a r m s ab o v e

be

n t e nt w a t chi n

i g th
n

pa ny ing

t he

git

r at h er

o t h er

be

s u dd e n l

r el a

x at i on

s om e Of

y
of

os

w th ou t

the

or

ta

to the

a tt

we

s om e

Mr

u d e of

s h ou l d

t he

ig
n

of

r es t

t he

E nergy i s di v ert ed
rel x d
a

p o n i t as
n ow t h a t

of

t h e d r op p

by

it

r e a s on

t o l oo

s nc e

ki g

an s , a s

x p l a i ne d

e s, a

o se

for b y t h e c o n c e nt ra t on u p o n o t h e rs
o ns , a nd t h e or a ns no t s t m u l a t e d a re

on

op p os

m ov e m ent s

at e d ,

it i
y p p it
b di p
d

t h e h ea d

m a y h av e m a n

I s h ou l d

a c c ou n t e d

xc it ing p as s i

ig

s o ne ;

c a nn o t

To b re a t h e

i n p rep ar n fo r a rea t e ffor t , w e t a e a d eep a nd

ea s e r w t h t h e m o u t h w d e o en
A n o th e r e p r e s
p

i d iff
i g thi
as

on

i g p th
A t it h i

c h oos n

i g

g it h

Bu t

m em b er

o ne

i
ti
p

al s o,

w h ch

for

h a rm o n

re s

p r s e i s t h ro w n
hi s p r nc p l e o f

e re nc e

the

ig

t h e m ou t h

su r

m or e p er fect v 1 s1 0n
Wh at e ver aw a ens t he s ens e att ra ct s t he
Th e p e n n
o f t h e m ou t h i s c o nn e c
s o u n d , t h e ear
t ed b y
.

i i

of

Da rw

ja w

r e s p ra t on,

s on

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we

d be

in

EMO TION S

88
t he

B astil e

OF

RE L AT I VI TY

t h e p r i s on e r s

so m e o f

TO p r o du c e thi s t o t al a n d c o m p l e t e
t o p r o du c e , in a l imi t e d tim e a ny

fe l t

no

o y at

ac co m m o a

th e ir

d tion

r el e a s e

an d

in d e e d
s en s i b l e a c com m o d a ti on t o
hi
r e s s ur e m u s t b e u nr e m itt e d
T
s i s a V it al
p
i n t h e c o n s ol i d a ting of m or al h ab its a s w ill b e
th a t h e a d
O c c as ion al b u r s ts of li b er ty k e ep
,

t i t the
c o n s i d er a ti on
s h ow n u n d e r
al i v e t h e s p ar k

r e s ra n

tio n s O f P O WER a n d I MP O T E N C E li k e th e for e

goin g dep e n d on tr an s itio n or c o n tr a s t In o th er w or d s R el a
A ri s e in t h e c ons c iou sn e s s of ou r ow n mi gh t or
t iv it y
e n e r gy i s a tt e n d e d w ith e l ati on o f mi n d a fall b ri n g s d ep r ee
a n e v e n co n tin u a n c e O f t h e s am e s t a t e i s i n di ffe r e n t
s ion ;
A ny c ir c u m s t an ce o ccu r r in g t o r e e c t or ill u s tr a t e ou r
s u p e ri o r ity as s u c c e s s i n a c o m p e titi o n gi v es a th r il l O f s at i s
fac tion ; t h e u n su c ce ss ful ar e c orr e sp ondi ngl y m orti e d an d
d ep r e s s e d
Th e s itu a ti on o f P o w e r h a s m u ch in c om m on w ith Lib e r ty ;
r e s tr ain t o r Op p o s iti o n s o far as it e x t e n d s a n d i s s u c c ss s fu l
i s t a n t a m o u n t t o im p o t e n c e
Bu t p ow e r h a s a w i d er ran g e
b odil y and m e n tal en ergy h igh c omm an d l e aders hi p w e al th
are n o t fu ll y e xp r e s s e d b y m e r e l i b e r ty
Thi s e m otion i s O f su f cie n t im p or tan c e t o r e qu ir e a
d e t ail e d ill u stration w hi ch wil l b e give n in a s u c c e e di n g
c h ap t er
12

Th e

em o

CHAP TE R V

I D EA L

E MO T I O N

EMOTI ONAL F e el i ng s ar e r ev iv ab l e ac c or ding t o t h e l aw s

O f r e v iv al Of m e n tal s t at e s Th e t w o l e a ding c on diti o ns ar e
Re p e titi on an d C o n c e ntr a tio n Un d er In t ell e c t th e se h av e
b e e n fu ll y e x e m p li e d fo r I n t el l e c tu al s t at es ; w e h a v e n ow
t o l oo k a t t h e p e c uli aritie s of F e e l in g p ro p er as typ i e d b y
Pl e a su r e an d Pain
Th e di s c u s s io n of t h e S e n se s b r ou gh t ou t t h e u n e qu al
I t w a s l a i d d o w n th a t
r e v iv ab il ity O f o u r d iffe r e n t s e n s a ti o n s
O rgani c S e ns a ti ons ar e l e a s t r evivab l e : se n s ati on s of S igh t
m os t r e v i v ab l e In fac t t h e or d er i n h an dli n g t h e S e n s e s w as
re g ul at e d b y th e ir I n t e ll e c tu al ra n k i n o th e r w or d s b y c o m
h
r a t iv e D i sc rim in a ti o n an d R ev i v a b il ity
T
e
s
al e O f d e g r e e
a
c
p
app l i e s b o th t o t h e I n t e ll e c tu al s e n s a ti o n s o f t h e s e n s e s a n d
Th e p l e a
t o t h e Pl e a su r e s a n d P a in s c o nn e c t e d w ith th e m
s u r e s Of O r g an i c L ife ar e l e s s r e v iv ab l e tha n t h e p l e a s u r e s O f
T as te w hil e th e se ar e l e ss r e vivabl e th a n t h e p l e as u r es of
H e aring an d S ight
2 Th e qu e s ti on n ow ar i s es Wh a t i s t h e c om p ar ativ e
Rev i v ab ili ty o f t h e Em oti o n s p r op er a s Lov e Anger P ow er
Fin e A rt ! I f w e an sw e r a c cor ding t o t h e p op u l ar e s tim at e
o f th e s e e m o ti o n s w e Sh ou l d s ay th a t i n t hi s r es p e c t th e y
e qu al if th e y d o n o t su r p as s ou r h igh er s e n s es n am el y H e a r
B o th fr om m att er Of fa c t o bserv ation and o n
ing a n d S igh t
th e or e ti c al grou n d s I b el ie v e thi s e s tim at e i s j u st We m igh t
c on s tru c t a s c al e of ou r s e nsibil itie s b egi nni ng at t h e l east
r e viv ab l e an d e n d ing at t h e m os t r e vi va b l e th u s
Mu s cu l ar Fe el ings
O rgani c S ensib il ities
T
a ste s
J
1

'

Sm ell s

I DE AL EMO T IO N

90

T o u ch

Sp e c i al Em oti ons
I w ou l d n ot u n d ertake fr o m m e r e Ob s er v a ti on t o e s tabli s h
a di ffe r e n c e b e tw e e n Mu s c u l ar Pl e a su r e s or P a i n s a n d O rg a ni c
Pl e asu r e s or P ains g enerall y n or b et w e e n T as te s an d S m e ll s
H e ar in g i s de ci d e dl y s u p e ri or t o T o u ch ; S igh t i s s u p e r i or
.

gr e a t differ e n c e t o H e ar ing ; a nd t h e
a r e q u it e o n a l e v el w ith S igh t a n d p o ss ib l y s u rp ass
S u c h I th in k w ou l d b e t h e e s tim at e p rov e d from ou r c on
it
Of
s c i ou s e xp e r i e n c e O f t h e v ar i ou s g ro u p s o f s e n s ib ili ti e s
c ou rs e th e c o m p ari s on m u s t b e m a d e u n de r s imil ar c ond iti on s
an d a dv an t ag e s
3 Th e e xp l an a ti o n o f th e s e di ffer e n c es Is t o b e s o u g h t in
t h e n a tu r e O f F e e l ing o r E m o ti on as s u c h or in i t s c on tr a s t
w ith I n t e l l e c tu al s t a t e s ah
ag re e ab le w ar m t h
Of
a gl o w
or a n a m e
Th e fu n d a m e n t al
a ffe c ti o n w ith a s u m a d a t e
a tt rib u t e o f a n in t e ll e c t u al s t at e i s D i s c r im in a ti o n
t h e m or e
d is cr im in ativ e s ens e s ar e i n vir tu e o f th a t very fa c t t h e m ore
int el l e ctu al ; a nd c e r ta in it i s th at R e v iv a bil ity foll ow s d el i
c a c y O f D i s c r im in a ti o n
I f n e w w e c on si de r t h e F e e l i ng s as su ch Pl easu r e an d
Pain b eing t h e typ e w e n d th a t in th em di s crim inati on i s
v e r y s m all
We d o no t e a differ e n c e b e tw e en one p l e asu r e
a n d a n o t h e r a n d u s e l a n g u a g e t o e x r e s s t h e ir r e l a
ti
v e d e gr e e s ;
p
b u t t h e dis tin c ti o ns ar e n o t n i c e
Wh er e a s in t h e p it ch of
m u s i c al s ou n d s a m u s i c i an c a n di s c r im in at e h u n dr e ds o f
gr a d e s ; b e tw e e n z er o an d t h e h igh e s t kn ow n p l e asu r e ou r
t w e n ty
ab il ity t o d i s c rim i n a t e
c o u l d s car c e l y a m ou nt t o
gr a d e s B e s i de s d e gre e s Of i nt e n s ity w e c an m a ke t h e i m p o r
t an t dis tin c tio n o f in t e ns ity a n d qu an tity in e m o tional s t at e s
Wh e n t o t h e s e
b u t w ith t h e s am e d e c i e n c y o f n i c e sh ading
t w o d is ti n c ti o n s w e a d d t h e fac t o f tim e o r du r ati o n w h i c h
a s r e g a r d s p l e a s u r e a nd p a i n i s n o t d e l i c a t e l y m e a s u r e d w e
e xh au s t a ll t he p o i nt s o f d iffe r e n c e b e t w ee n
l
a
u
r
e
s
es a nd
p
n
v i e w e d i ntr i n s i call y
i
a
s
p
th ou gh
Em otio ns

al

n ot

by

I D EAL EM OTI ON

92

x ampl e

tivel y t h e o rganic e x hil ara

tion of a s u m m er d ay p as s e d i n t h e c ou n try a ft e r c on n e m e n t
Y e t it m u s t b e o bvi ou s o n r e e cti o n th a t thi s
in t h e t o w n
e c h o of a n o rg ani c s t a t e i s s u pp o r t e d by t h e l arg e gr ou p o f
vi s ibl e a nd au d ib l e as s oc i a ti on s a id e d p er h ap s by o d ou r an d
t ast e Th e m o r e w e ar e r e p os s e s s ed of t h es e s en su ou s a c c om
p anim e nts t h e b e tt e r ar e w e r e im b u e d w ith t h e org ani c fr e s h
S o w h e n w e r e m e m b e r s t r o n gl y
n es s o f t h e o rigi n al o c c as i o n

r
d
e
t
p
i
it
th
r
u
gh
a
vivi
p o s s e s s i on of t h e s ight s
o
i
a
n
s
an a c u e
as
a n d s ou n d s th a t w e r e i m p r e s s e d o n t h e m in d a t t h e tim e
t h e p l ac e p e r s o n s a n d in c i d e n t s c onn e ct e d w i th a s e v e r e
P ains th a t a ri s e w ith ou t obvi ou s c au s e ar e m u c h
o p e r a ti on
l e s s r e viva bl e th an th ose w h o se c au s ati o n an d r em e dy
al ik e a ttr ib u ta bl e t o d i s tin c t a n d v i s ibl e ag e n t s
Up on t h e l aw n ow m e ntion e d a re as on c an b e giv en for
cl as s ing t h e Emo ti o n s w ith t h e high er S en s es in p o in t o f r e
v iv ab ili t y i n s t e a d o f cl as s in g th e m as M r S p e n c e r i s d i s p o s e d
In th e ir s tri c t c h a r a c t e r o f
t o d o w ith t h e i nfe rio r s e n s e s
Em o tion prop e r they h av e t h e m in im u m of r ev iva bil ity b u t
b eing al w ay s inc orp or at e d w ith t h e s e n s ation s of t h e high e r
s e n s e s th e y s ha r e in t h e s u p e ri or r e viv a b il ity of s igh t s an d
e

w e ar e a

bl e

to

r e c all

e ffe c

sou n d s

No thin g

rp as s ou r r e c oll e c ti on of o bj e c ts of sight
Corre c tl y s p e aking th e r e for e e m o ti o n al pl e a s u r e s can d o n o
m or e th an a tt a in t h e l e v el of vi su al p l e as u r e s a ff e c ti o n c an
Bu t th er e
n ot b e m o r e r e viv abl e th an t h e pl e as u r e o f s u nr i s e
m a y b e a ny a m ou nt of d i ffe re n ce in t h e n u m b e r an d im p r e s
siv e n e ss o f t h e v i s ibl e a s s oc i a t e s o f t w o p l e a su r a bl e m oo d s
Su nris e s e e n fro m t h e t op of t h e Righi l e av e s b e hin d it an
im pre ssion o f pl e a su re t e n ac iou s a n d l a s ting throu gh t h e m ore
pu r el y int el l e c tu al a c c o m p anim e n t s of t h e s itu ati on
A
R oy al i s t th a t w itn e s s e d t h e e x e c u tion of C h arl e s I w ou l d b e
su s t a in e d i n h i s li v e l y a n d r e c u rr in g s e nti m en t of s o rr ow by
hi s r e me m br a n ce o f t h e c i r cu m s t a n ti al s o f t h e s c e n e
T ru e
t he in t e n s ity of t h e e m o ti on c o n trib u t e s t o i t s r e viv a bi l ity
;
b u t o nl y as w e s h al l s e e by a qu i c k e n e d p e r c e pti o n o f t h e
s e n s ib l e s u rro u n d ing s
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p e c i c c on d itio ns of e m o tio nal re ins t a te m e n t A s al re ad y

s a i d th e y ar e s till t h e c on d iti o n s o f a ll m e n t al r e s u s c it a ti o n a s
a m p l y e x p ou n d e d u n d e r t h e
Int el l e c t th a t is t o s ay R e p e ti
tion an d C onc e ntr a tion Bu t a s t h e p e cu l i aritie s of t h e c a s e
requ i r e s t r e s s t o b e p u t u p on c ir c u m s t an c e s th a t ar e n ot
pr om in en t in t h e in t ell e c tu al el d t h e arra nge m e nt a nd pl an
o f tr e atm e n t m u s t b e d iffe r e n t
F irs t In t he Em o tion al gro w th s s p e cial im p ort anc e at
t ac h es t o t h e Phys ic al fram ew o rk
In in t ell e c tu al e d u c a ti o n phy s i c al c on d iti on s a s co mm o nl y
u n d e r st oo d n a m e l y
t h e r o b u s tn e ss of t h e sys t e m ge n e r all y
an d Of t h e b r a i n e s p e c i all y ar e es s e n ti al
B o th i n t he l ay ing
u p of im ag es an d i n th e i r r e c all for t h e e n ds of thin king w e
re qu ir e a c e rt ain e n e rgy a nd fres hnes s of t h e s y s t em t h e
ap ar e n t e x c e ptio n Of m
or bi d a c tivit y i s n o r e al e xc e pti o n
p
Bu t t h e e ffe c tiv e m ain t e n a n c e of a s tron g e m o ti on t h e
c e m e n ti n g o f a d ur a b l e b o n d b e tw e e n a n e m o ti o n al s t a t e a n d
t h e c onj oine d s itu a ti o n t h e r es u s cit a tin g of th at e m o ti o n by
m e nt al l ink s a l th o u gh t he s am e p r o c e s s e s a t b o tt om d e m an d
a t e n fol d phy si c a l su pp or t
Th e ar ou s e d an d s u s t ain e d
e n e rg y of t h e n e rv o u s s y s t e m m u s t b e far gr e a t er th an w h a t i s
r e qu ire d in t h e c u rre nt s of ord in ary thi nking
H enc e w e
m u s t l o o k s till m or e t o t he v a ri ou s nu tritive an d othe r s u p
p ort s th a t u phol d t h e ow of n e rvo u s e n ergy
In l ay i ng d ow n t h e p r im a ry c o n di ti o n of I d e al Em o ti on
I a d vis e dl y ke e p in vi ew p l ea su r a bl e e m otio n
I p u t this
in t h e for e gr ou n d an d r e g a r d it as t h e p oint of d e p artu r e in
h an dl in g t h e pre s e nt su bj e c t It i s not s im pl y th a t pl ea s u re
is t h e gr ea t e nd t o b e r e al ized
hu man li fe
There ar e o th e r
r e a s ons b es i d e s : Pl easu re and P a in ar e s tric t c on trari es lik e
u p a n d d o w n c ol d a n d h o t l ight an d d a
r k c r e d i t an d d e b t ;
a n d t h e k n ow l e d g e o f c on tr a ri e s i s o n e
If w e know pl e a su re
a right w e s h all k n ow p ain al s o
th e c o n d iti on s of pl ea s u r e as
s u ch w h en r e v e r s e d a ffo r d u s t h e c on diti o n s o f p a in a s s u c h
Pl e a su r e i s id e n ti e d w ith t h e high e s t e n e rgy an d m os t
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ti on Of w e al th ow s fro m gr ea t r e sou r c e s m an a e d
P ain i s i d e n ti e d w ith
w ith t h e u t m o s t c i r c u m s p e c ti on
w e ak n e s s e x h au s ti o n p r o s tr a tio n or w ith l o s s of b al a n c e
To as c e n d t h e h eight s
w ith b e in g ob s t ru c t e d a n d ou t o f j oin t
o f p l e as u r e t o s u s t a i n t h e e l e v a ti o n fo r a l e ngth Of ti m e d e
m an d s e xu b e r an t p ow e r a n d feli c it ou s a dj u s tm e n t on e or
b ot h ; t o fall int o t h e d e pth s of p ain dis tr es s a go ny n e e d s
A gr e a t nu m b e r of c on d i
o nl y w e a k n e ss a n d d er an g e m e n t
tions m u s t b e fu ll l e d t o give pl e a su re t h e fa il u re of on e i s
A c ons titu ti on or t e m p e r am e n t fo rm e d for
e n o u g h for p a in
pl e a su re is a c on stitu tion r e m ark ab l e for vigou r an d mice v ersri
As s o ci ati on s Of pl e a su re tting u s for t h e id e al life of pl e as u re
ar e fo rm e d o nl y u n d e r fa vo u r a bl e c o n d iti o n s a n d n u m e r o
us
pr e c au ti on s the y ar e t h e c ul tivat e d p l a nt s of t h e ga rd e n and
t h e e l d : asso c i a ti on s of p ain t o b e ab u nd an t an d s tr o ng n ee d
o nl y h a r d s hip and n e gl e
c t ; th e y ar e t he w e e d c r o p s w h os e
r
e s e n c e m a k e s m o r e th an h a lf t h e l a b o u r o f till i n g t h e
p
gr oun d Th e gr ow th of p a infu l e m oti on h as t h e s am e int e r e s t
a s b o d il
y d i s e a s e or c rim e t h e i nt e r e s t o f h ow t o p r e v e n t it
I t i s th e refore w ith r e a s on th a t M r S p e nc e r l ay s d ow n as
o n e Of t h e c o n d itio n s o f t h e gr owt h o f e mo ti o n, t h e g oo d n e ss
o f t h e n e r vou s
c e n t r es at t h e
tim e w h en th e em oti on s
a r e e x p e ri e n c e d i n t h e a c tu al
h ow e ve r th a t
a c o n d iti o n
a ppl i e s n o t t o em o ti on i n d i s c rim i n a t e l
u ld l e a d u s t o
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su pp o s e b u t t o p l e a su rab l e e m o ti on p u r e l y
E v e ry p h y s i c a l
c ondi ti on t h a t fav ou r s t h e fe e l ing w h e n it ari s es i n t h e a c tu al
w he th e r r e fe rri ng t o t h e nervou s s u b st a n c e or t o t he g e n e r al
i s fa vou r ab l e t o t h e as s oc i a
s t at e o f n u tr i m e n t Of t h e b od
y
ti on Of t h e fe el i ng w ith it s a c com p any in g circu m s t an c e s an d
t o it s s u b s e qu e nt r e viv al t hr o u gh t h e me n t al r e s u s c it a ti on of
th o s e ac c om p anim e n ts
H enc e th e c au s e s and o c casions of
b odil y vigou r in g e n e ral and of nervo u s vi gou r m p articu l ar
ro bu s tn e ss o f fr a m e
yo u th tim e s of r el a xa ti o n an d r efre s h
m e nt ar e c au se s a n d o c c a s i o n s for l ayi ng u
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m em or i e s in o th e r w o r d s i d e al e m o ti on s in t he b es t a c c e pta
ti on Of th e nam e
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th e ir t one Of e nj oym e n t all th rou gh

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e as e a n d a b u n d an c e
mi ght cou nt e rb al an c e t h e
d e p r e s s i ng t e n d e n cy a n d mi ght pl a c e a co n s titu ti o n s o p o i s e d
o n a l e v e l w ith a b e tt e r e m o ti o nal e n d ow m e n t i mm e r s e d i n
har d s hip s
Or it w ill h app e n tha t su p e ri o rity in A c tio n an d
i n I n t e ll e c t c om bin e d s o e ffe c tu all y for e c as ts a n d tu rn s a s id e
t h e d ar ts of mi s for tu n e as t o s e c u r e e x t e ns 1v e Imm u niti es o r
o d er at e s ha r e o f
e x e m pti o n s fro m e vil , a n d th e r e by c onfe r a m
tran qu il e nj oy m e n t
S till it i s t o t h e Em o ti on al T e m p eram e n t th at l a rge Em o
t i o n al g row th s w ill n a tu r all y p e r t ain ; t o hi m th a t h a th w ill
b e give n
Th e I d e al lif e Of Em o ti o n w il l c o rr e s p on d in ri c h
n e s s an d fu l ne s s t o t h e e xu b e r a n c e of t h e a c tu ali ty
In v ain
w il l an ari d em o ti o n al n a tu r e h o e to c l o th e p e r s o ns l o c ali ti es
p
a n d o bj e c t s w ith th a t w ar m p e r e n ni al in t e r e s t th a t c ou n t e r
w ork s t h e d u l l i ng e ffe c t of fa m ili ari ty an d t h e l a ss itu d e of
a dva n c ing y e ar s
A s t h e l arg e s t s h ar e o f h u m an e m o ti o n i s i n v ol v e d w i th
p e rs on al ity t h e b e s t c rit e ri on of em o tio n al fu l n e s s is fu rni s h e d
by S o ci abil it y or t h e in du l g e n c e o f w arm fe el ings t ow ard s
p e rs ons an d s e n tien t c r e atu r es Th e p e rs oni c a ti on of n a tu r e
w hi c h m ak e s a gr e a t p ar t of o u r n a tu r e in t e r e s t a n d ou r
aes th e ti c p l e as u r e g e n e r a ll y
i s an e f u en c e fro m t h e s a m e
fo u nt ai n
Ev en t h e anti s o ci al p as s i ons t h e l ove of d omi
n a ti on r e v e n g e ar e in v ari o u s w ay s r el at e d t o t h e p r im ary
int e res t i n p ers on ali ty
Thi s co n s id e r ation c ou p l e d w ith th e v i ew tha t r e gard s
ty pic al Em oti on a s id e n tic al w ith pl e as u r e ve ry m u c h s im pli
e s th e far th e r qu es ti on th at m ay b e s t ar te d u n d e r t h e r e s e n t
p
h e a d n a m e l y h ow far w e ar e by T e m p e r am e n t or origin al
dis tribu ti on Of t h e for c e s of t h e s ys tem re n d ere d p r one t o t he
i ndul ge n ce Of s p e ci al e m oti ons ; a s F e ar T e nd e rne ss Pow e r
Ang er C u rios ity ZEs th e ti c S entim e nt Th e Em o ti on al t e m
p e r am e n t s u pp o se s a fu ll r e sp o n s e t o pl e as u r a bl e or p os itive
e m o ti on s
a s T e nd e r n e ss a nd P o w e r
; a n d a s u p e ri ority t o
p ainful or ne g ativ e e m oti ons as F e ar Th e p re d omi n an ce of
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pl e a s u rabl e c l a s s i s e xpli cabl e by t h e

s p e c i a l iti e s o f e ac h
F o r e x am p l e t h e pl e as u re s o f K n o w
l e d g e s u pp os e n e c e s s aril y a c e r ta i n a m o u n t o f I nt ell e c tu al
fo r c e i n c o nn e c ti o n w ith e m o ti o n al s u s c e ptib il ity
7 Thir d Th e c o n d iti o n s Of a c qu i s iti on o r A s so c i a ti on ar e
s om e w h a t p e c u l i ar i n t h e c as e o f t h e e m o ti o n al gr o w th s
A s a m atte r o f co u r se th e re m u s t b e a c e r tai n R ep eti ti on
o r fr e qu e n c y g r e a t e r o r l e s s a c c o r d i n g a s t h e o th e r c i r c u m
s ta n ce s ar e l e ss or m o r e fa v ou ra bl e
Anyh ow w e have t o
re m ark h ow m u c h m ore rapid ar e ou r int el l e c tu al a c qu i s iti ons
tha n o u r e m o tion al A fe w r ep e titio n s s u f c e t o im p re ss for
l ife a n am e or a n arr a tive Of fa c t ; m any o f ou r mos t d u r a bl e
r e c oll e c tions h a v e b e e n form ed b y t h e c oh e s iv e n es s Of a s i ngl e
o c c a s i on
H ard l y a nything corr e sp ond s t o thi s in t he a s s o cia
tion s Of s trong pl e a s u r abl e fe elin g
I t s h ou l d b e Ob s e rv e d h ow e ve r th a t ou r r e m e m b e re d
kn ow l e d ge i s b u t a ve ry f a i nt r ep r od u cti on of t h e o rigin al im
p r e s s ion s ; w hil e it s o h app en s th a t thi s inferiority d o e s no t
d e tr a c t fr omit s v al u e as k n ow l e d g e
G al il e o s re c oll e c tion Of
h i s e x p e r im e n t o n fall i ng b o d i e s o n t h e t ow e r o f Pi s a w a s far
infe rio r as a m e n t al pi c ture t o t h e r e al ity b u t it w as good
e n o u gh fo r i t s p u rp ose as e n titl in g hi m t o d i s s e n t fr om A ri s
t o t l e s d o c tri n e o f gra vi ty
Bu t thi s i nf e ri or ity o f t h e i d e al t o
t h e ac t u al w h i c h for m any i nt el l e c tu al a n d p r a c ti c al p u rp o s e s
i s u ni m p o r t an t m u s t b e l oo k ed u p o n a s al l i m p o rt a n t in t h e
e m o ti o n s
Th e ful n e s s a n d i nt e n s ity Of t h e o rigin al c ann o t b e
d i s p e n s e d w ith in o u r v al u a ti o n o f a r e s u s c ita te d p l e asu re ;
e v e r y d e gr e e b el o w th a t i s s o m u c h ab a t e d fr o m t h e w o r th of
t h e r e c oll e c ti o n
Th e fr e qu e n c y an d l e ngth Of tim e r e qu ir e d for e m o ti on al
assoc i ati o n s o f a n y s tr e n gth m ay b e j u d g e d o f fr om t he gr o w th
Th e s e ar e v e ry triing in th e m ind s o f
Of L o c a l a tt a c h m e n t s
t h e y ou ng ; a n d for a s l ight c o n s i d e r a ti o n th e y ar e re a d il y
b art c re d by th os e i n a d v an c e d l ife as w h e n a m a n e m igr a t es
or s hi ft s h i s
l o c al ity t o g a in a triin g im p ro v e m e n t in
p e cu ni ary m e a ns Ag ain t h e s e ttin g u p of a T as t e by m e r e
c u l t u re is a w ork o f y e ar s M ore n o t abl e still w o u l d b e t he
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tim at e Of t h e tim e r e qu ire d t o c u l tiva te from sl en de r

b eginn ings a p ow e rfu l R el igio u s e m o tion w h ere t h e c ons ol ing
a n d c om fo r ti n g e l e m e n t i s s o s tr o ng as t o b e t h e h i gh e s t c h a rm
es

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cir cu m s t anc e s fa v ou rabl e t o c on c e n tr ati on

o f t h e m e n t al fo r ce s i n d e e p e ni n g t h e im p r e ss o f an e m o ti on
t h e rs t i s In tensi ty
o r t h e d e g r e e of t h e o rigin al fe e l i n g a s
A v ery s tron g e m oti on is b e tt e r
m a nife s t e d in th e a c tu al
re c all e d at afte r tim es th an a w e ak o n e ; a s e ri e s of o c c as ion s
o f s o m e i n te n se fe el i ng w ill t a k e a l arg e s h ar e i n o u r i d e al
l ife o f e m o ti o n
Th e e ffe c t i s no t d u e t o a ny s el f s u b s i s ting e fc a c y in a
s tr o n g e m o ti o n as s u c h or i n i t s p r o p e r q u al ity a s fe e li n g
it
d e p e n d s w h ol l y o n t h e i n u e n c e o f a n i nt e n s e p r e s e n t c o n
s c i ou s n es s i n i m p r e s s i ng al l t h e s u rro u n d i n g s an d s e n s ibl e a n d
o th e r a c c o m p a n i m e n t s Of t h e o c c as i o n
U nd e r gr e at e x c it e
m e n t w h a t e ve r thin gs e n g ag e t h e a tt en ti o n a r e i m p r es s e d a n d
e n g r ai n e d
Now e v e ry feel i n g o r e m o ti o n i s in d u c e d in c on
n e x i o n w ith s om e thin g s e n s ibl e o r i n t ell e c t u al ;
s om e thi n g
e ith e r e ss e n ti al t o i t s p r o d u c ti o n
o r i n e x tr i c a bl y
in v o l v e d
w ith it
Th e e x c ite m e n t Of a s h o w or a r ac e t h e a d m ir a ti on
o f a n o r a t or t h e e nj o m e n t o f m u s i c t h e c h a rm o f l o ve al l
y
t e n d t o e x c ite a l ivel y in t e r e s t in t h e c au se s a n d ac com p ani
m e n ts ; w ith ou t th e se t h e e m o tio n h a s n e ith e r a tta c h m en ts
n or d i s ti n c tiv e e x i s t e n c e
Th e m o r e i n t e ns e a p l e a su r e i s t h e g r e at e r t h e s tr ain u p o n
t h e m e n t al for c e s t o r e p r o d u c e or s u s t ai n it i n i d e a ; h e n c e t h e
m ar k e d i nfe ri ority o f o ur r e m e m b r a n c e o f gr e a t d e l ights
Yet
t h e v e ry i n t e n s ity w il l b e e f c ac i ou s i n t h e r e c all o f s o m e p or
ti on of t h e c h arm s o th a t for i d e al pu rp os e s it i s pl a inl y
b e tte r t o h av e s tro ng a c tu al e m o ti ons th an t o h a ve fe e bl e r
s tat e s
Th e fain t e c h o o f a gre a t pl e as u r e i s a c o n tribu ti on t o
t h e i n t e r e s t o f l ife
t h e o n l y d r a w b a c k b e i ng t h e s e n s e o f i n
fe r i or it y t o t h e ac tu al w hi c h i n m o m e n ts o f s c a nty bl i ss m ay
giv e bir th t o t h e p ai n s o f u n s a ti s e d d e s ire
9 A n o th e r c irc u m s ta n c e co ntribu ti ng t o d e e p e n a n e m o
t i o n al im p r e s s i o n i s f r ee d om f r o m d is t m oti on or t h e fu l l s u r
8

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p ro vi d e a h ol d fOr xing th e em oti on

int o a p e rm a n e nt grow th Oth e r thing s b e in g t h e s am e e m o
t i o n a l g row th s p ro c e e d m os t r a pi dl y i n w e ll a pp o i n t e d h o m e s
i n ri c h an d v ari e d s c e n e s in b right a n d s u nn y l an d s i n pl e n ty
Th e Briti s h s a il o r c a n s c a r c e l y n d i n t h e
o f c o m p a n i o n s hip
m o u n t a in w a v e an d t h e d e e p a s u rfac e Of a tta c hm e n t fo r h is
e mo ti o n s
Hi s b es t m ed iu m is t h e s hi p its e lf w ith i t s m ul ti
fari ou s riggi ng a n d op e ra ti on s an d t h e li vi n g p e r s on ali ti e s of
t h e c r ew
A b right a s h of joy in a d a rk a n d s il e nt c e ll
w ou l d n d l ittl e a i d t o w ar d s c o n v e rti ng it int o a p l e a s i n g
m e m o ry
Th e d e li ght s o f a fe t e o r o f a gr e a t c om m e m o ra ti o n
a r e i n w o ve n w ith t h e m u l tip l i c ity o f t h e d is pl a y
an d ar e
e c h o ed i n a ft e r tim e s by vi r tu e Of th e se v ari o u s a n d im p r e ss iv e
a dj u n c t s
I t foll ow s al s o th at t h e grow th of em oti on i s m os t r api d in
s e n s u o u s or pi c t o r i a l mi nd s
Th e r e t e n tive n e s s for C on c r e t e
thi ng s w hi c h m ak es t h e art is ti c a n d p i ct ori al in t el l e c t c arri e s
w ith it t h e p ow e r o f a tt achi ng t h e fe el ing s a n d p rom o tin g
th eir r e c oll e c tio n H e n c e s u c h mi nd s ar e e nabl e d t o l iv e
m or e i n i d e al s c e n e s a n d e m o ti o n s th an m i nd s of a n o th e r
Th e d e pth o f fe e l in g m a ni fes t e d in t h e a rti s ti c m in d
cl as s
i s thu s at t h e ou t s e t a n i n t e ll e c tu al fa c t
A ffe c tio n l oc al
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o bj e c t s
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u p o n i n d ivi d u al o bj e c t s as i n l o v e a n d i n s e l e c t a tt a c h m e n t s
I t i s n ot t o b e s u pp os ed th at
a n d fa v ou riti s m o f e v e ry ki n d
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or on e w o r k o f a r t c a n b e d u e t o a n y i n trin s i c d i ffe r e nc e i n
t h e m e rit s or e v e n i n t h e p o w e r o f i m p re s s i ng t h e a dm i r e r
Bu t it i s m u c h e as i e r t o i d e al iz e u p o n o n e l i m it e d a n d w e ll
re m e m b er e d o bj e c t th a n u p o n a s catt e re d m u l titu de Of v agu e l y
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11

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re m em b e r e d pl e a su r e s c onc e nt ra tion i s far m o re e f c ie n t

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t h e c h o ic e o f so m e o n e o bj e c t a n d i s b es t s u s t a in e d u p o n o n e
M ankind ha ve agre e d t o con c e ntrat e th e ir highe s t i nt e re s t and
a d m i r a ti on o n c e rt a in s el e c t e d p e rs o n s an d p l ace s a n d e v e n t s
n o t b e c au s e th e s e m ight n ot b e riv all e d i n s o m e w a
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Th e G r e e k o f A ri s t o tl e s
tim e fel t t h e im p oss ibili ty o f tr an s ferring t o an oth e r l o c al ity
t h e s e n ti m e n t t o w ar d s A th e n s a s t h e h e a rt h a n d h o m e o f
phil os ophy e ve n al thoug h it s gr e a t es t phil o s oph er h a d t o t a k e
re fu g e in E gin a Th e m o d e rn I t ali a n s i n spit e of s eri ou s
d r aw b ac k s i n si s t e d o n r e c o n s titu ti n g R om e t h e m e tr o p ol i s
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p l ace
c h o s e n as t h e w o r kin g c e n t r e o f g o v e rn m e n t m ight h a v e i t s
s h ar e o f s e n tim e n t a s t h e p r es en t c apit al o f It a l y ; a n d th a t
t h e t w o fe e l ing s m ight b e in d u l g e d i n s e p ar a ti o n a n d i n d e p e n d
B u t t h e p e opl e
e n c e n e ith e r i n t e rfe rin g w ith t h e o th e r
in t e rp re tin g th e ir ow n e m o tions d e c id e d o th e rwis e I t w as
n e c e s s a ry t o t h e I t ali an m in d t o c o n c e n tr a t e b oth se n ti m e n t s
u p o n o n e l oc al ity ; t h e i d eal gl o w w a s fel t t o b e qu a d ru p l e d
i nin t e n s ity b y t h e c o n c u rr e n c e o f t h e t w o s tr e am s u p o n t h e
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SO it i s in t h e l o v e s e ntim e n t Of t h e s e x e s
id e al t ak e s it s fu l l s w e e p it d e s ir e s th a t th e b el o ve d p e rs on
s h o u l d b e e v e rythi n g a t o n c e ; d i s r e g a r d i n g t h e p r in c ip l e o f
d ivi s i on of l ab ou r b y w hi c h o n e p e rs on i s b e tte r tte d for
b e in g l o v e d a n o th e r for im p artin g k n ow l e d g e fo r a d vi s in g in
dif cu l t e m e rgen ci e s or for ai d ing in t h e bu s ine s s of l ife
1 2 H ith e rt o w e h a v e b e e n di s cu s s ing t h e w ay s a n d m e ans
o f i mp r e s s i n g a n e m o ti on o n t h e m in d s o a s t o t it fo r i d e a l
re p ro d u c ti on We p a s s n e x t t o t h e c ondi tions of r ep r o d u c
ti on or R EC ALL We a ssu m e a c e rt ain a d e qu a c y of t h e p rio r
or p r e p a r at o ry Op e ra ti o n
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,

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1 02

tre at ed

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t a c h m e nt s a n d S i m i l a riti e s
Th e fo ll ow i ng thi n g s c on tribu t e t o t h e e ffe c tiv e R e c all o f
a n e m o ti on al s t at e (P l e a s u r e s till t a k e n as t h e typ e )
Fir st Th e go o d n e s s o f t h e n e rvo u s c e n tre s phys ic all y
view e d To t a ke o n a l ive l y e m oti on Of id e al p l e as u re th e r e
n e e d s t o b e a c e r t a in ph y s i c al s u pp o r t o f t h e s am e kin d a s
w as fa v ou r a b l e t o t h e origin al e m o ti o n u n d e r t h e s till m or e
p o te n t a c tu al ity We c ann o t in a phy s i c all y d e p re s s e d co n
d iti on ri s e t o t h e pit c h Of j oy ful e m o ti on ; t h e a pp a re n t e x
o t r e al l y s u c h
c ep t i o n s a r e
Und e r a gen eral l aw al re a dy noti ce d l ong dorm anc y or
a b se n c e o f a p e c u l i a r e m o ti o n al t r e m o r i s fa vo u r abl e t o i t s
b ein g vivi dl y r e su m e d on t h e p r op e r a ppl i c a ti o n
H a ving
h a d n o o c c as i on f or a l on g tim e t o thin k of so m e fa vo u rite
h e ro w e ar e all t h e m o r e s u s c e ptibl e t o b e in am e d a t t h e
A p e rs e c u ted r el igiou s
su gg e s ti o n Of h i s n a m e an d e x p l o it s
s e c t w h o s e ti m e s o f m e e ti ng fo r w o r s h ip a r e l o n g s e p ar a t e d
fe el o n e a c h oc c as i o n a gl o w o f em oti on th a t th e y v a inl y s igh
to r e p r o d u c e u n d e r a r e gim e of p e rfe c t t ol e r a ti o n
S e c ond Em oti o n s l ik e int ell e c tu al s tat e s ar e re c ov e r e d
by t h e p r e s e n t ation o f th e ir form e r ac com p ani m e nt s ; t h e
s p ec i ali t y b e i ng t h e n e e d o f a far g r e at e r i m p e tu s Of r e p r o d u c
ti o n th a n for m e re i d e as H e n c e t h e c oll at e ral s m us t b e ex
t e n s iv e l y s u gg e s t e d ; p r om i n e n c e m u s t b e giv e n t o s u c h as
w e r e m o s t s tr o n gl y u n d e r t h e a tt e n ti o n at t h e tim e ; a n d
e v e rythin g s h o u l d b e fav ou r a b l e t o t h e fu ll a n d s t e a d y h ol d
A sh arp an d su dd e n pr es en t
o f t h e v ar i o u s a c c o m p anim e n t s
or a ny c i r c u m s tan c e
a ti on h a s n e c e ss a r il y a gr e a t e r e ffe c t ;
th a t b rin gs w ith it su rpri s e or e x c it e m e n t To g et c o m pl e t e
p oss e ss io n Of t h e m i n d b y qu ashing all o th er th ou ght s an d
im ag e s for t h e tim e i s by n e c e ss ity t h e su re s t m od e of u s h er
ing in t h e a s s o c i a t e d fe e l i ng o f t h e s c e n e
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i s b e s t r e c al l e d at a tim e w h e n t h e sy s t e m i s phy s i c all y p r e
p are d for j oyfu l e xu l t a ti on w h e n t h e l o c al ity i s m a d e vivi dl y
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by s om e qu it e inferi or s tim u l ati o n Mu s ic is t h e m o s t s trikin g
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It
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i s a p ro bl e m n e x t t o in s ol u bl e h o w m u c h in th es e c a s e s i s
d u e t o ac tu al i n u e nc e a n d h o w m u c h t o t h e a w a k e n in g Of
We n d a di c u l t y in s t ating t h e p rin
e c ho e s of t h e p a s t
th er e ar e v ari o u s w ays of r en d e rin g t h e ph eno
c ip l e a t w o rk
We w ant t o know h ow m u c h a r e m em b er e d em oti o n
m e n on
h ow m u c h h appi e r
c an c o n t rib u t e o f it s e l f t o a p r e s e n t s t a t e
t h e p e rs o n th at h a s th a t m e m o ry i s th an t h e p e r s on t h a t d o e s
This m e a su re c ann o t b e re a c h e d u n d e r a p re s ent
n o t h av e it
a c tu al s t im u l a ti o n ; w e s h o u l d n e e d a c ase w h e r e a n e u t r al
s ta t e w as c h an g e d in t o an e m o ti o n al ou tb u r s t th r o u gh t h e
r e l y in t ell e c t u al r e viv al o f p r i o r e x p e r i en c es Of a d el ight
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int o pl e asu r e by a m e re m em ory o f pl e a su r e ar e s o fr e qu e n t
an d u nm i s t a k ab l e th a t w e ar e qu it e c o n d e nt o f t h e t ru th o f
We th e r e for e
t h e p rin c ipl e c on t e n d e d for i n thi s c h a pt e r
infe r th at w h e n m u s ic or o th e r g en ial s tim u l ati on w ak e ns u p
p a s t o cc as i ons Of pl e asu re th e s e e c h o es d o gr e atl y in c r e a s e
th a t t h e highl y e du c a t e d e m o ti on al m an
t h e e m o ti o n al gl o w
i s n e c es s a ril y m u c h m or e e l a t e d u n d e r t h e c ir c u m s t a n c e s th an
t h e p o or t h e ou t c as t t h e em o ti on all y fami s h e d m a n
I t i s c onse qu e ntl y an im p or t ant l aw of t h e m ind th a t a
pre s ent pl e asu rabl e s tim u l ation i s a m eans o f r e c alli ng i d ea l
With ou t a c er
s t a t es o f pl e a s ur e a n d i s thu s t w i c e bl e s s e d
t ain r ou nd o f th os e pl e a su r e s th a t w e c all a c tu al or p re s e n t
s u c h a s t h e pl e a s u r e s o f s e n se a n d t h e gr a ti c a ti o n Of a pp e tit e
t h e b es t e d u c ati o n i n p l e as u r e s t h e ri c h es t ac c u m u l a ti on of
a s s oc i a t e d fe e l in g s w ill n ot a tt a i n m o r e th an h al f th e i r e f
c ie n c y ; th e y w il l b e a m ass o f b arr e n p o t e n ti al iti e s
u nu s e d
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r em ark that p r e s en t fe elings w ill r e c al l by p re fe re n c e

th o s e Of th e ir ow n sp e c ial c h ar a c t e r ; affe cti on r e c al l ing a ffe c
tion s u bl im ity re c all in g s u bl im ity ; n ot s im pl y pl e asu r e
re c all ing pl e asu r e On thi s p rin c ipl e a m u s ic al p e rform anc e
s h o u l d r e c all fo rm e r m u s i c al e x p e r i e n c e s w hi c h u n d ou bt e d l y
i s t h e c as e t o s om e e x t e n t w ith all and t o a gr e a t e x t e nt w ith
m u s i c i an s w ith w h o m t h e pl e a s u r a bl e fe el ing i s m or e rml y
In th os e t h a t
s e t a n d e m b o d i e d i n t h e s c o r e Of t h e m u s i c
a r e ign o r a n t Of m u s i c a s a n ar t t he p l e as u r e i s c om p ar ative l y
v ag u e a n d l o o s e ; it i s w a n tin g in i n t ell e c t u al a s s oc i a t es a n d
re d u c e d t o t h e l ow e r l e vel Of phy s i c al o r sensu ou s e x c it e m e nt
in fac t m er e in t o x i c ati on
Th e m i n d i s op en t o t h e r e vival
Of all p l e a s u r es ali k e ; a n d i n s u c h a s itu a ti o n t h e e m o ti o n s
th at h app e n t o b e s tro ng e s t w h e th e r by n atu r e or by c ul tiva
tion are t h e rs t t o b e re c a ll e d
1 4 SO m u c h for t h e t w o gr e a t i n t ell e c tu al ag en ci es o f
r e s u s c it a ti on C ontig u ity a n d S im il arity as a ppl i e d t o id e al
e m o ti o n
C om pl e t e ne ss r e qu ire s u s t o a d d t h e c on d itio n o f
d i s eng ag em e n t o f t h e m in d w hi c h i s t h e m or e n e c e ss ary t h e
gre a t e r t h e d raft u p on t h e p ow e rs I t i s in ou r m o re va c a nt
h ou rs w h en t h e s tra in o f a cti on a nd Of int ell e c t i s r em itt e d
w hil e th e r e i s y e t a r e s e rv e Of p o w er in t h e phy s i c a l s u pp ort s
Of t h e m i n d th a t w e ar e i n a c o n d iti on t o m ou n t t h e h e ight s
o f e m o ti o n a n d t o r e s p on d t o t h e s u g g e s ti o n s Of o u r fo r e g o n e
e x p e ri e n ce s o f d e l ight
TO th o s e th a t d e vot e l ittl e Of th e ir
s t r eng th t o e ith e r a c ti on or t h o u ght th e s e e m o ti on a l Opp o r
t u ni t i es ar e e v e rything th a t c an b e d e s ir e d
Th e re b e in g t hu s a st o re of ri ch as s oc i ati on s of pl e a su rabl e
e m o ti o n t h e e co n o m y o f l i fe n e e d s t o b e s u c h a s t o s ti m u l a t e
th e m w ith s u f ci ent and n o m o r e th an s u f c i en t fre qu e n c y ;
t h e t es t b e ing t h e n e ce s s ary l im it a ti o n o f all pl e a s u r e s t h e
p ow e r Of t h e s ys t e m t o b e a r th e m I t is i n gr e a t p art t o
r e c al l ou r h u s b an d e d pl easu r e s th at w e su rr o u nd ou rs el v e s
w ith Obj e c t s o f i n t e r es t s e e t h e w o rl d m o ve i n s oc i e ty c u l ti
v at e l it e r atu re p e rfo rm c e r e m oni e s an d rit e s
1 5 H a vi n g o n p rin c ipl e vi e w e d Em o ti o n a
s pl e a s u r e a n d
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p ra c ti c al in t e re s t b e ing t o d is cov e r t h e m e an s of c h e c king a
s e r i e s Of gr o w th s all t oo e a s y
In s om e r e s p e c t s t h e t w o c as es h a v e t h e ve ry s am e c o n
d i t i o n s w h e re t h e c on di ti o n s ar e n o t t h e s am e th e y ar e n o t
d i ffe r e n t m e r e l y b u t o pp o s e d
F or t h e s tirri ng u p Of id e al or r em e m b e r e d p a in s th e r e
m u s t b e p ain s i n t h e a c tu al e nvir on e d w ith c ir c u m s t a n c e s o r
c o ll a t e r al s
w h e th e r c au s e s
or i n ci d e n tal
a c c o m p a n im e nts
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)
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w hi c h a tt e n ti on forg e s a p e rm an e n t
l in k b e t w e e n th e s e a n d t h e fe e l i ng
A g ai n R e p e titi on or
fr e qu e n c y c o n rm s o r s tr e n gth e n s t h e l i n k o n c e b e gu n
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o p e r a ti o n Of t h e l aw
o f C o n tig u ity i s thu s s o fa r t h e s am e
w ith pl e a s u r e s a n d w ith p ai n s
Ne x t as r e g ard s t h e w orking Of S im il arity in t h e m om e n ts
Of r e c all o r t h e r e m e m b e re d fe el i ng s th e r e i s a su b s t a n ti al
a gr e e m e n t in t h e t w o c a s e s
A pr e s en t p ainfu l s itu ati on w ill
re c al l form e r r es e m bl ing s itu ati ons a nd by p r e fe r en ce th os e
th a t h a ve b o th e m o tion al an d in t el l e c tu al s im il ar ity A gl o om y
m o o d r e vive s fo rm e r o c c as i o n s Of gl oo m a n d d e e p e n s t h e d a rk
n e ss by a c cu m u l a ti o n
I t is w h e n w e r efe r t o t h e ph y si c al an d o th er c on d itio ns of
t h e s y s t e m at t h e ti m e Of t h e a c tu al an d a l so a t t h e ti m e Of
t h e r e m e m b r a n c e o r t h e i d e al th at t h e s am e l angu ag e w ill n ot
Th e g o o d ne ss Of t h e n e r vou s
a ppl y t o p l e as u r e a n d t o p a i n
ce n tr es t he ab u n d an ce o f bl o o d o r nu tri m e n t t h e r e m i s s i o n o f
s e v e r e e x e r c i se t h e d i sc o n ti nu a n c e o f t h e s p e c i al s tim u l a ti o n
fo r so m e ti m e p r e vi ou s a r e al l c o n d iti o n s p r e p ar ato ry t o a
gre a t pl e asu r abl e ou tb u rs t on an appr opri a t e a ppl i c a tio n ; th e y
ar e n o t t h e c o n d iti o n s Of a p a i n fu l o u tbu r s t e v e n u n d e r t h e
a pp r o p ri a t e a pp l i c a ti o n
On t h e c o ntr ary t h e s y s t e m b ei ng
a s it w e r e w o u n d u p t o r e s p o n d t o p l e a s u r e i f u nfo rt u n a t e l y
th e re sh ou l d b e p re s e n t e d i n s t e a d Of p l e a su re a c ou rs e o f p ain
a ll th es e c o n d iti o n s w i l l Op e r a t e in r e s i s ti n g a n d n e u t r al izi ng
th e

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I D EAL EM OTI ON

1 08

th rou gh a fortu n a t e l ot an d m u l tipl i e d p r e c au tion s w e m ay

Wh e n t h e s am e Oh
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p ain i s a m ix tu re of Ac tu ali ty w ith I d e al ity A s Ac tu ali ty
i s by it s n a t u r e su p e ri o r w e p r e fe r it o n all o c c as i on s u p t o
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all w hi c h m a
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th a t th e s e w e re t h e w h ol e c as e w e m ay b e b e tte r Off w ith t h e
id e al th a n w ith t h e r e ali ty Su c h ar e th e e x e r c i s es tha t w e
m ay Oft e n d e li b e r at el y p r e fe r t o r e p e ating t h e a c tu al ity ; a ft e r
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a gr a n d t o u r
gr e a t fatigu e s a n d p riva ti o ns w e r e s ol ve t o b e c ont e n t w ith
o u r i d e a l r e tr os p e c t a n d n o t a g a in t o fac e t h e a c t u al s c e n e s
Th e Ol d s ol d i e r t he r e ti r e d m a n o f b u s in es s o r p oli ti c i an
r e s t s ati s e d w ith t h e m e m ory Of t h e p a s t Th e p ro c e e di ng
i s m o r e n atu r al th an if w e w e r e s o far c arri e d aw a y w ith t h e
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t h e a c co u n t a t all
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b s titu t e w h e n th e r e i s a d e ci e n c y Of pl e asu r e s in t h e ac tu al
The re ar e d e ci d e d l im its t o su c h a n a tt em pt w hi c h ar e t h e
l im its t o t h e s o c all e d Pl e a s u r e s Of t h e I m agi n a ti o n
Th e
I d e al is a p ap er c u rren cy an d n e e d s t o r es t on a su f c i e nt
b a si s Of t h e R e al Th e c on si d e r a ti on s al r e a dy a d du c e d ar e
Th e c o nd iti o ns fo r l ay i n g u p a
s u f c i e n t p r oo f Of thi s
nu m e rou s h os t o f p l e a s an t m e m o ri e s a n d for e v o ki n g th e m i n
d u e fo rc e an d fre qu e n c y ar e c on d iti on s in co m p atibl e w ith a
pin ch e d and p o ve rty s t ri c k e n c a re e r B e s id es w hi c h it i s n o t
p o s s ibl e t o s u s t ain a c h e erfu l ow from id e as a l o n e ; a m i x
tu r e an d al te rn a tion Of ac tu al pl e as u re s m u s t b e p r e s en t in a
h a ppy l ife Th e m oth e r s e p a r at e d from al l h er c hil d ren i s a
p re y t o m any h ou rs of p ainful l ongin gs
1 7 Th e high e s t c on d iti o n of w e ll b e ing i s t o h a ve a s; m a n y
ac tu al d e l ight s a s w e a r e abl e t o s u s t a i n i n t e rp ol a t e d by i d e a l ;
s a ti s fac t io n s ; t h e i d e al s e m b r a c i n g w h at i s a l s o gi v e n in t h e
I t i s g oo d t o b e s a t e d w i th t ow n li fe w ith c ou nt ry
a c tu al
l ife w ith agr e e abl e w o rk an d agr e e a bl e r e c r e a ti on s ; a n d in
t h e m om e n t s w h e n t h e c on c r e t e ac c o m p an im e n t s of any o n e
a r e u n pl e a s an t t o th in k o f t h e o th e r s in i d e a w ith t h e k n o w
l e d g e th a t w e sh al l e v e n tu al l y h a v e th e m in t h e a c tu al
Th e s e a c tu al d e l ights m ay b e fe w e r tha n w e c ou l d e nj o y
w ith fu ll r e l i s h ; s o th a t w e m u s t s p e n d a g o o d d e al of ti m e in
m e r e i d e as as w h e n fri e n d l y i nt e r c ou r s e i s l i a bl e t o l o ng i n ;
S till it d o e s r e c u r, an d c a n b e c ou n t ed on H e r e
t er r u p t ions
t h e I d e al i s n o t t h e e x cl u s iv e r e so rt ; an d m o re o v e r it i s s up
p ort e d b y t h e p ow e rful ai d Of b el i e f, th at i s Hop e I d e al ity
i n thi s s h ap e g o es a l on g w ay it i s o n e of t h e m o s t c on s i d e r
It s s u pp or t h o w e ve r i s s till a
abl e fac t or s o f h u m an bl i s s
p e rh a p s a g re a t ar e a o f
s u b s t an ti al b a s i s o f t h e ac t u al ; n o t
l u xu ri ou s s a ti s fac ti on b u t a c er tai n n u m b e r o f w e ll s e c u r e d
d e l ight s
Th e l as t an d l ow es t fo rm Of I d e al Pl e a s u r e i s t h e t o t al
Ev e n s u pp o sing tha t
a b s e n c e of an y c o rr e s p o n d i n g ac tu al ity
t h e c ircu m s t a n ce s an d c u l tu r e o f o n e s l ife h a v e b e e n fav o u r
abl e t o i d e al m e m o ri e s of p l e a s u r e y e t i f th e s e a r e fo r m e d
into pi c tu r e s w ith o u t an y c o rre s p o n d ing r e al ity t h e i n d u l g e n c e
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I D E AL EM OTI ON

110

the m m ay giv e o cc as i on al b right m om e nts b u t n o w i de

t rac t s Of s a tisfyin g d el ight Of this n a tu r e i s s or ro w for t h e
l o st
Ne x t ar e t h e d re am s Of u n a tt ain abl e h a ppin e ss ; t h e
c o n t e mp l a ti on o f g o o d fortu n e th a t w il l n e v e r b e ou r s ; t h e
bu il d in g u p Of fu tu r e bl is s w ith ou t a b a s is Of b el i e f Thi s i s
F i n e Ar t l e a v e s
b u t a m e l anc h ol y c u l tu r e of t h e I m agin a ti o n
We n e e d a
a g o o d d e al t o b e i m ag in e d b u t n o t e v e rythin g
p ow e rfu l e m otion al t e m p e r am e n t t o g o o n fo r e v e r n d ing
Th e qu e s ti o n a ri ses w h e th e r it m ay
s a ti s fa c ti on i n R o m a nc e
n ot b e a n e qu all y p r o t a bl e c ul tu r e t o d w ell u p o n t h e m arri n g
a n d o n th a t g r ou n d al o n e
a c c o m p an i m e n t s Of all r e al b l i ss
NO d ou bt thi s vi e w al so i s e x tra v ag a n t
t o c e a s e t o i m agin e it
b u t it m ay b e qu it e a s e f c ac i ou s for ou r p u r
a n d e rr o n e ou s
p ose By n o c on c e ivabl e m a n ipu l a ti on Of i d e as c an w e m a k e
ri ch e s s p ring ou t Of p o v e rty
of

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e m b r a c e s c hi e y t h e p l e a s u r e s o f m e m o ry o r Of m e m o ry c o n
ve rt e d int o a nti c ip a ti on
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d e l ights o f I m agin a ti on s tri c tl y s o c a ll e d t h e p l ea s u re s Of
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Th e I d e al Em oti o n s as n o w d e sc rib e d ar e t h e e l e m e n ts
n atu r e
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w hi l e t h e c o n s t ru c tiv e fa c u l ty m u s t
m in i s t e r t o t h e e m oti o n a l a ptit u d e s
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1 12

qu ir y in t o t h e u l tim a t e fou n d a tion s in

o u r c o n s tit u ti o n o f th i s t e n d e n c y t o g o o u t Of s elf I w ill rs t
e n de a v o u r t o s t a t e p r e c i s e l y t h e c o nd iti o n s o f t h e sy m p a th e ti c
p ro c e ss as re ve al e d t o u s by Ob s e r va tion S p e ak in g g e n e r all y
th e re i s an a s s o c i a ti on b e tw e e n c e rt ain s ign s of fe eli ng an d
t h e fe e li n gs th e m se l v e s m a inl y t h e r e s u l t o f e x p eri e n c e o f t h e
Giv e n t he sig ns or ind ic ati on s of
c on n e xion o f t h e t w o fac t s
a s t a t e o f fe e l in g th e r e w il l a r i s e
o r t e n d t o a r i s e t h e fe e li ng
its e lf
Th e c i rc u m s t an c e s th a t fa vo u r t h e ass oc i ati o n a n d
t h o se th a t aid t h e r e s u s c it a ti o n h av e all b e e n d i s c u ss e d i n
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i n g Of th a t fe e li n g t o an oth e r p e r s on al ity a n d t h e W
o r ki n g ou t
S e e ing a n oth er m an
of t h e c o n s e qu e n c e s in th a t c h ar a c t e r
in d an g er w e m ay b e r e m in d e d o f l ik e d an g e r s t o s e l f a n d m ay
fe e l fr igh t e n e d o n ou r ow n a c c ou n t ; if w e s t op th e r e w e are
p u rel y e g o tis ti c al an d in n o r e s p e ct s ym p ath e ti c
4 Th e r s t e s s e nti al o f S y mp ath y i s o u r o w n e x p e ri e n c e
Ev e ry on e h as a c e r t a in
Of s t a t e s o f fe e l in g in t h e ac t u al
e xp e r i e n c e Of t h e h u ma n fe e li n g s ; i n som e t h e r an g e i s l i m it e d
i n o th e r s it i s e x t e n s iv e
Of t h e gr e at fu n d am e n t al va ri e ti e s
an d t h e
o f fee l in g t h e p l e a s u r e s a n d p a in s o f t h e s e n se s
Th e
s im p l e r e m o ti o n s all m u s t h a v e som e ac qu a i n t a n c e
th e
Ol d h a v e n e c e s s ar il y m o r e e x p e ri e n c e t h a n t h e y oun g ;
cu l tiva te d th a n t h e u ncu l tiva t e d t h e c ivil iz e d m an th an t h e
E ve ry situ ation h a s it s c h ara c t eri stic a nd Ofte n
u n civil iz e d
inc o m m u ni c a bl e e x p e ri e n c e s c hil d bir th a n d m a t e rnity h ave
a s p e c i al g r ou p o f e m o ti o n s n o t t o b e a tt a i n e d b y t h e c hil dl e s s
Am ong t h e e ffort s Of t h e c on s tru c tiv e int e ll e c t i s t h e
p o w e r o f c on c e ivin g n e w an d u n e x p e ri e n c e d em o tio n s In s o
far a s thi s p ow e r i s p os s ibl e a n d is p ut in e x e r c i s e t h e b a s i s
o f o u r e m o ti o n al c h a r a c t e r i s e nl arg e d w ith a c o rr e s p o n d i ng
e nl arg e m e n t o f t h e m e an s o f s ym p a thy
I t is n ot e n ou gh t o h a v e e m o ti onal e x p e ri en c e th e re m u s t
al s o b e t h e p o w e r o f r e m e m b e rin g th a t e x p e ri e n c e o r Of e ffe c
This s u pp o s es a m o ng
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th e r things a c on s id erabl e ite r ation Of t h e fe el ings

An
o cc a s i o na l s u ffe r e r fr o m a c u t e d i s e ase m ay h a v e h i s r e col l e c
tion of t h e s t a te t oo fe e bl e for sym p athy ; n ot s o t h e h abitu al
I t h as b e e n a fre qu e nt re m ark in th e cou rs e Of ou r
s u ffe r e r
e x p o s iti on o f t h e m i n d th at for P ru d en ti al F o r e th ou ght a n d
for S y m p a thy al ik e th e r e i s n e e d e d a n e ffe c tiv e r e c oll e c ti on of
pl e a s u r e s a n d p a i n s
5 Ne x t t o e x p e ri e n c e Of t h e F e e l ings i s e x p e ri e n c e of th e
Sign s Th es e ar e t h e r e c ogn iz e d e xp r e ss ion of h u m an and
o th e r s e n ti e n t b e ing s b y V o i c e M o ve m e n t G es tu r e an d D e
m o n s t r at i o n s of e ve ry kind
P rob abl y th e for em o s t pl ac e am ong t h e a s s oc iat e d s igns Of
fe e l ing s h ou l d b e give n t o t h e vo i c e
On e r e a s on i s th a t w e
ar e a t al l ti m es a ffe c t e d by o u r ow n v o i c e w h e r e a s w e d o n ot
s e e ou r o w n fe a tu r e s
A n o th e r r e a s o n m a y b e th a t t h e s h oc k
o f a s ou ri d b e i n g a tr a n s iti o n fr o m s il e n c e i s m or e i m
p re s sive
th an a m er e va ri ation in t h e a p p e ar an c e Of w h at al r e ad y occu
pi e s t h e e y e In t h e third pl ac e ; t h e e m is s ion o f s ou n d i s t h e
m os t w i d e s p r e a d of all t h e s ig ni c an t sign s of t h e m e n t al
s t a t e s o f an i m al s a n d hu m a n b e i ng s
Th e V i sibl e M o v e m e n ts ar e im p r es s iv e ac c or ding t o th e ir
s u d d e nn e s s th e i r r api d it
Of m any Of ou r o w n
y th e ir e x t e n t
m o v e m e n ts w e ar e su f ci e n tl y c on s c i ou s t o c onn e c t th e m w ith
o u r s t a t e s o f fe e l i n g
Th e s t ar t t h e b ou n d t h e r u n u n d e r
t h e e m oti o n s o f s u d d en joy an g e r or fright ar e d i s tin c tl y fe l t
by o u rs el ve s ; and ar e ass oc i at e d w ith t h e fe el ing s s o a s t o
give a k ey t o t h e s t at e s Of o th e r m e n Wh at w e fail m o s t in
i s t h e e x p r e s s i on of t h e fe atu r e s t og e th e r w ith th o s e c h anges
o f c o l ou r a n d c om pl e x i o n th a t a c c o m p an
y t h e m e n t al m o o d s
In thi s s itu ati on w e ar e a ss i s te d by an o th e r c l a s s o f in d i
c ati o n s o i fe el i n g th a t ar e n o t p r op e rl y s p e akin g t h e e x p r e s
s i o n o f fe el i ng b u t ar e s ti ll t h e m e d i u m Of k n ow i n g t h e s t at e s
o f o th e r s
Th e s e ar e th e k n ow n c au s e s c oll a t e r al s an d c on
s e qu e n ce s Of ou r v ar i ou s pl e a s u r e s an d p a i n s ; i n cl u d in g al l
t h e Ou tw a r d a g e n c i es an d al l t h e p roc e e di ng s th a t fol l ow
Th e
s ight o f a h o t c o al in c o n t a c t w ith t h e s ki n s u gg e s t s t h e p a i n
Of a b u rn ; an d w h e n thi s h a p e n s t o a n
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1 14

k n ow th eir ac u t e s u ffe ring an d s e eing t h e m ove m ent s of

t h e fe a tu re s at th a t m o m e n t w e h av e t h e me an s Of k n ow i ng
w h a t ar e t h e s ign s e xp r es s iv e of a cu t e p ain
S O w e in t e rp r e t
t h e Op e ra ti on o f pl e as u r e : w e k n o w t h e p l e a su r e of s w e e tn e s s
in c o n n e x i on w ith a pi e c e of s u g ar ; w e m ark t h e al te r a ti on s
t h e chil d or o th e r u n so p hi s ti c a t e d p a r
of t h e co u n t e n a n c e
t ak e r of t h e d el ight an d thu s Obt ain ind ire c tl y a kn ow l e d ge of
t h e c o n n e xi o n of pl e a su re w ith t h e m o v e m e n t s i n s m il i ng
Onl y b y thi s c irc ui t ou s m e th o d c an w e in t e rp r e t c h an ge s
Of t h e c oun t e n an c e a u d c o m p l e x i o n t h e c ri m s on bl u sh t h e
p all or t h e bright e n ing or t h e s u ffu s ion Of t h e e y e
S inc e w e c onne c t a t rs t h a nd v o c al s ou n d s w ith fe eli ngs
w e c an u s e t h e i n d i c ati on s o f s o u n d t o l e arn t h e a d d iti on al
A cry of p ain c all s ou r atten tion
s ig n s Of vi s ibl e e x p r e s s i on
t o t h e p ain e d in d ividu al
w e al r e a d y k n ow t h e s t at e Of m in d
and w e fa r th e r w a t c h t h e m o v e m en t s a n d
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An oth e r m e d iu m for l e arn i ng t h e Signs Of feel ing is giv e n
i n t h e gre gario u s s itu a ti on of t h e s oc i a b l e anim al s ;
C re a tu r e s
livi ng t og e th e r ar e affe c t e d b y t h e s am e c au s es an d t ak e o n
t h e s a me fe el i ng s
In thi s w ay e a c h o n e w hil e c on sc i ou s o f
t h e fe eli ng w i tn e s s e s it s e x p r es s i o n in t h e r e s t
The pl e as u r e s
o f abu n d an t m e al s t h e e x c it e m e n t Of t h e c h as e t h e t e rr o r Of
b e in g p r e ye d u p o n ar e all fel t an d e xp re ss e d in c om p an y
t h e c o in c i d e n c e of t h e fe e l ing a n d t h e l a ngu ag e c ann o t b e m i s
t a k en ; and the re in e vitabl y foll ow s an ass o ciati on b e tw e e n t h e
we

tw o

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rate Of as soc i ating grow th b e tw e e n th e F e el ings and

th es e v ariou s Sign s foll ow s t h e l aw s appl i c abl e t o t h e c ase
B e sid e s re p e tition th er e ar e t o b e t ak e n in t o a c cou n t t h e in
tensity Of t h e fe el ings o n t h e on e h an d an d t h e i m pre s sive n e s s
of t h e s ig n s on t h e o th e r
A s r e ga r d s t h e sign s th e y s h ou l d
b y th e i r qu al ity i m p r e s s th e m s e l v e s on t h e sen s e s
th ey
s h ou l d al s o b e d i s ti n c tiv e
Th e s h arp c u tting sou nd o f a
c ou gh and t h e s ou n d Of a p e r so n t al ki n g h oar s e a r e k n ow n t o
t o b e c on t agi o u s
an d t h e p r o b abl e r e a son i s t h e i n t e n s it y or
Th e c ont agi o u s n e s s o f t he y aw n m ay b e d ue
ex p r e s siv e n es s

SYMPATHY

1 16

re ad y sy m p a thi es th e re m u s t b e t h e w ak eful n e ss o f t h e s ens e s

t h e c o m pl e tin g fac t b e ing w a k e ful n e s s in thi s
t o b e gin w ith
p articul a r d ep artm e nt ins t e a d of oth e r d e p artm e nts F ail u r e
by age o r o th e rwi se n o tab l y co ntrac t s t h e
of t h e s e ns es
s ym p a thi e s an d in c r e a s e s t h e e goti s m Of t h e c h a r a c t e r ; d e a f
p e rs on s b ec om e m or e a n d m ore s elf e n gr o ss e d an d s elf c on
c e it e d
A n irr e p r e s s ibl e ac tivity n arr o w s t h e o p e n in g for
im pr ess ion s fro m w ith ou t w h e th e r s y m p ath e ti c or o th e r
Wh a t e v e r c ircu m s t an c e s r e s tra in or s u b d u e t h e a c tive d is
p os iti on give m or e s cop e t o t h e p a ss iv e su s c e ptibili ty Ill
h e al th m ay h av e t h e e ffe c t a nd t h e qu ie tin g in u e nc e Of age
i s o n this on e p oin t fa vo u r abl e t o s ym p a thy
In im m e d i a te
a s l e s s e n e rg e ti c
s u s c e ptibili ty t h e fe m in in e t e m p e r am e nt
B y a m orbid e x c es s Of t h e s ym p a
h as a c e rt ain a d van t a g e
th e ti c t ii r n t h e r es u l t of ill h e al th on a m in d n atu rall y s u s
S e e ing a
c e p t ib l e J o h n S te rl i ng g a v e hi m s e l f t h e d e ath bl ow

a
i
d
s er v an t s tr a ining t o p ul l a t abl e h e j u m p e d t o h e r a i d
m
a n d by a vi o l e n t w r e n c h irr e p ar a bl y inj u r e d h i s fe e bl e l u n g s
Th e qu i e tin g r e n e m e nt o f m ann e rs an d t h e r el e a s e fr o m
s e v e r e e n gr o s s i ng ac tivi t y m a y al s o Op e r a t e i n t h e d i r e c ti on Of
Th e re i s
s y m p athy a n d su sc eptibil ity t o t h e o u t w ar d w orl d
a r i d i c u l ou s c ar i c atu r e Of thi s e ffe c t qu o t e d fr om A th en aeu s b y
S ir A Gran t On e Of t h e S y b arit e s d e c l ar e d t h at s e ei ng
s ome m en d igging t h e e l d s h a d giv e n hi m a ru ptu r e
To
Whic h his frie nd r e pl ie d
t h e v e ry m e ntion o f it g av e hi m a
pa in in hi s sid e
Th e m e s m e ri c sl e e p i s t h e e x tr e m e ill u s tr ati on Of s u s c ep t i
b il it y at a s ing l e p oi n t e x agg er at e d by qu i e s c e n c e e l s e w h e r e
Th e a ct ivity fro m w ithi n i s i n ab e y an c e an d t h e m in d i s o p e n e d
i n o nl y on e Of it s a ve nu e s Wh at e v e r i s s u gg e s t e d in thi s singl e
i
l ne i s foll ow e d ou t fr e e l y ; a n d t h e ri s ing th ou ghts ar e thu s
a t t h e m e r c y o f t h e p r o m pt e r
8 Th e r el a ti on t o t h e p e r son s ym p athi z e d w ith i s a vit al
I t is no toriou s th at w e s y m p a thiz e re a dil y w ith
c i r c u m s t an c e
tho s e t h at w e ar e att ac h e d t o l e s s r e a d il y w ith in d iffe re n t p e r
s o n s and s c ar c e l
S O i n ti
y at all w it h th os e th a t w e d i s lik e
m a t e ly conn e c t e d ar e sy m p athy an d l o ve th a t a c ar e fu l a tt e n
,

SY M PATH Y

COUNTER ACTIVEs o r

117

tion is ne e d e d t o s h ow th at notw ith s t and ing th e ir c l o s e

a ll i a n c e th e y ar e d i s ti n c t aptit u d e s
C om m u nity o f o pini on s
s e n tim e n t s s itu a ti on s o r fo r tu n e s b e g e t s rs t t h e s t a t e c a ll e d
s y m p a thy p r op e r an d fr om th a t n o t u n fr e qu e n tl y p a ss e s t o
a ffe c ti o n
b u t the re m u s t b e p r es e nt o ve r a n d a b ov e t h e
or igi n al
oc c as i on
Of s ym p a thy
qu al iti es s u it abl e t o
s om e
e ng e n d e r p o s itive li ki ng
It is s till an o p e n qu esti on t o b e c on s id er ed pre s e ntl y
w h e th e r t h e es se n ti a l n at u re o f s ym p athy m a y n o t b e a r e m o t e
c o n s e q u e n ce o f o u r so c i a b l e o r t e n d e r fe e li n g s
This i s t h e
grou n d t ak e n in a c c ou n ting for s ym p a thy b y Evol u ti o n
9 Fr o m w h at h a s al r e a d y b e e n a d van c e d w e ar e p r e p a r e d
t o s u m u p t h e c ou nt e r ac t iv e s o f s ym p athy w h os e ab s e n c e i s
t o b e r e c k on e d am o ng i t s co n ditio n s
Firs t Th e En erg e tic or A c tive Te m p e ram ent u n de r w hi c h
t h e s y s t e m i s m or e a c tiv e th an s e n s itiv e thr ou ghou t
No t hing
farth e r n e e d b e s aid on thi s h e a d
S e c o n dl y Th e p r e p on d er an c e or s tre ngth of th e l ow e r or
anim al s e n s es ; t h e d e vo ti o n t o t h e pl e as u r es th at c ann o t b e
sh ar e d
In t h e you ng g e n e rall y an d i n s o m e c on s titu ti on s
m or e th an i n o th e r s t h e an im al d eli ghts h a ve a v e ry p ow e rfu l
h ol d The pl easu re s of t h e t a bl e s tim u l an ts s p or ts and e v en
t h e s e xu al p as s i o n ar e all highl y e g o ti s ti c al
Thirdl y Of t h e high e r e m otion s t h e fe el ing o f Ang e r i s
Th e ira s c ibl e o u tb u r s t h ow
b y it s v e ry n atu re an tip a th e ti c
e ve r u s u all y s u pp os e s s om e p r i o r w o u n d o n a s e n s itive p a r t
Th ere m u s t b e at th e b o tto m a m a ss of in am e d e gotism t h e
r e al s ou r c e of t h e d es tru c tiv e e n ergy Th e p re d a t ory s id e o f
t h e am m al s u pp o s e s t h e g e tting o f a l iv e l ih o o d t h e gr a t i c a
tion of t h e s trong app e tit es t og e th e r w ith a n ac qu1 r e d p rop en
s it y t o t h e c h a s e
"
In n e c e s s ar y Opp os iti on t o Sym p athy i s t h e al li e d b u t
m or e c om p r e h e n s ive e m o tio n t h e Lo ve o f Po w e r o r S u p e r
iorit y w hi c h s u b s i s t s b y tr am pl in g u p on o th e r p eopl e s i n
d iv id u al it y in s te a d of C h e ri s hin g it
Th e s t a te o f m in d c all e d Ave r s io n or An tip athy i n n am e
a n d in fac t t h e g r e a t e s t en e m y Of s ym p a th y i s a c om bin atio n
,

'

"

SY M PATHY

118
Of

an

ger

an d

fe ar g rou n d e d

irrita tion

th e

on

of n u m e o u s

or

c t
ibili ti e s
F am e or gl ory is e gotis ti c al in it s natu re b u t w it h a
I t im pl i e s su p e ri ority t o t h e r es t o f m an
s y m p a th e ti c s i d e
kind b u t s till r e qu ir es u s t o c on s id e r a nd reg ard t h e fe el in g s
o f th ose th at w e a pp e a l t o
Avaric e b eing a p ro d u c t arising fr om all t h e s ou r c e s of
pl e a su r e b u t es p ec iall y t he c os tl y an d u n sh ar abl e m o d e s o f

l
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u
n
u
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li
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w
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en o m e
s ym p a thy a t t h e m aj o r ity of p o i n t s
I t i s an Obviou s c ons e qu en c e of t h e fo r eg oing e nu m er at ion
th at w e s ym p a thiz e b e s t w ith t h e pl e a su r e s an d p ain s tha t ar e
Ou r ow n e x p e ri e n c e i s t h e s ol e b as is o f ou r
n e a r e s t ou r o w n
H en c e a n o b s ta cl e
c on c e pti o n o f o th e r p e o pl e s e xp e ri e n c e
t o s ym p a thy i s D i s p arity of c on s titu ti on t e m p e r a m e n t o r
Th e tim i d m an c ann o t c om p r e h e n d t h e c om p o su r e
e du c a tio n
o f t h e c ou r ag eou s i n t h e fa c e of p e r il ; t h e c o l d n atu r e c an n o t
u n d e r s t an d t h e p ain s of t h e ar d en t l o v e r ; t h e im p u l s iv e m i n d
Wh en w e
w ill n o t s ym p a thiz e w ith c a u ti ou s d e l ib e r a ti on
a re far r e m o v e d i n n a t u r al c on s titu ti on i n h a bit s in a s s oc i a
ti ons from an o th er m in d an d s til l d e s ir e t o p os s es s ou rs el v es

l
n
t
a
m
n
d
m
ti
o
n
s
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n
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t
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of t e
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an
g
de al s w ith t h e h e r o of a p as t age or a p o e t pr es en ts a far
fe t ch e d i d e al t o ou r vi e w a l ab or i ou s c o n s t ru c t ive p r oc es s h a s
t o b e g o n e in t o of w hi c h m en tio n h a s b e e n m a d e i n a n o th e r
pl ace In m any w ay s thi s e x e rc is e i s e x c e e dingl y v al u a bl e
a n d in s tru c tiv e ; s y m p athy e n a bl in g u s t o k n o w o th e r m e n
a s s e lf c on s c i ou s n es s e n a b l e s u s t o c o m pl y w ith t h e p r e c e pt
kn ow thys el f
1 0 I r e m ark n e x t on t h e v al u e o r e ffe c t of s ym p a thy i n
t h e p e rso n s ym p a thiz e d w ith
I t pr ol ongs t h e t hril l of e v e ry
pl e asing em o ti on In Aris t otl e t h e o b s ervati on oc cu r s th at

it is n ot e a s y t o m aint a in a gl ow o f m in d by on e s s e l f
w h e r e as in c om p any w ith s o m e o n e e l s e an d i n r el ati on t o
o th e r s
this is e a s i er
Ethi cs B oo k IX
TO nd
a n o th e r p e r s o n givi n g p o w e rfu l u tt e r a n ce t o s om e o f o u r
fa v ou rit e s e n tim e n ts a nd v i e w s i s a n e s p e c i al c h a r m
M any
a u e sens

'

1 20

YM PA THY

xtin ct I t i s r e mark e d by Jam e s Mill th at m e n

n e e d t o b e c o m fo r t ab l e th e m s e l v e s i n o r d e r t o e n t e r i n t o t h e
virtu e a n d w re t c h e d n e s s ar e i n c om
di s c om for ts o f o th e rs
p atibl e A m od e ra t e s h ar e o f p ro p er ty giv es sy m p a thy for
pro p e rty a nd a r es p e c t fo r t h e right s of p rop ri e t ors As s u m ing
t h e p r e s e n c e Of a s ym p a th e ti c e l e m e n t in t h e m in d i n o r d e r
t o giv e it pl ay w e n e ed al s o a m e a su r e d an d s u c c es s ful p u r
Am ong th e gre ate s t d e fe nd e rs of
s u it Of o u r o w n h appin e s s
a b u se s a r e th ose th a t h av e s u ffe r e d from th e m t o t h e fu ll ; it
t a k e s an u nu su al s h a re o f b en e vol e n t i m pu l s e or el s e s o m e
h op e of p e rs o n al im p o rt an c e t o b e w il l ing t o e x e m pt o the r
p ers ons from t h e m is e rie s th at w e our s el ve s hav e gon e throu gh
H e n c e p e opl e ar e l oa th t o ab ol is h fagging at s ch ool s and t h e
l
o rd e al s o f a pp r e n ti c es hi p i n tr a d e s
1 2 We a r e n ow p r e p ar e d t o p u t t h e qu e s ti o n Wh a t is
t h e ori gi n or r s t s ou rc e o f t h e s y m p a th e ti c a n d d i s int e r e s t e d
i m pul s es Of ou r n atu r e ! We h a ve s e en th a t t h e facu l ty is

fo r

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Ev ery al t r u ist i c fe el i ng
ens ab l e

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The s it u a t i on s s ay s A d am m t , in w h i ch t h e g e nt l e v irt u e o f hu m a ni t y
il y cu l t i v a t e d , a r e b y no m e a ns t h e s a m e w it h t h os e w h i c h
c an b e m os t h a
Th e m a n w h o
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THE P R

I M I TIVE

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i n t e l l e c t u a l ; t h at i t

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It
in

121

GR E A R IO S S T A T ON

r es ts

p o n i nt e
o f v ar i ou s

p p o s e s a n e x p er i e n c e
m oo d s a n d e m o t i on s w i t h t h e a bil ity t o r e c all t h es e in i d e a
or r e co l l e c t i o n
I t s u pp o se s fart h er a n e xa ct k n ow l e dg e of
t h e s ign s o f fe eling w h e r e by t h e s e si gn s b ring u p t h e fe e lings
t h e m s e l ve s
So m u c h i s p l ainl y d u e t o in t e ll e c t c onj oin e d
w i t h o u r o w n p e r s o n a l e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e v ar i o u s s e n s a t i o n s
a nd e m o t i o n s
Bu t n o w c om e s t h e p ecu l i ar p oint t h e c h ar
a c t e r is t i c m o m e n t o f t he s y m pa t h e t i c i m u l s e t h e b e in
l
aid
g
p
h ol d of an d e ngr oss e d by t h e s e su gges t e d fe el ings a s conn ec ted
w i th a n othe r p e r s o n ; t h e t ak i n g t h at p e r s o n al t o ge t h e r in t o
o u r o w n m e n t a l gr a s p t o t h e s e tt in g a s i d e or e x c l u s i o n o f o u r
o w n p e r s o n ali t y
Th e pr e viou s s t e p s s o far l e a d t h e w ay
b u t d o n o t n e c e s s ar ily i n c lu d e or gu ar an t ee t h at n al t r an
s it i o n
I m ay g o t hr ou gh al l t h e in t ell e c t ual or kn ow l e d ge
giv i ng p ar t and mak e u se of it 1 11 w ay s t h at d o n o t c o n s t i t ut e
s ym p a t hy
t u r n i n g i t t o p r ac t i cal ac c ou n t i n t h e m a n a g e m e n t
o f h u m an b e i ng s a s a n o r at o r or a p o li t i c i a n ; r e p r o d u c in i t for
g
ar t i s t i c e ffe c t a s a d r a m at i s t
s t u d ying i t s l a w s s c i e n t i c a lly
a s a m e n t a l p hil os o ph e r
To b e w a k en e d t o s ym p athy pr op e r
i s a n e w an d d i s t in c t ph a s e ; a fac t s t il l r e m a inin g t o b e
su

'

'

a cc o u nt e d

for

h av e a lw ay s b e e n d i sp o s e d t o regar d s ym p at hy a s a
re m ar k abl e a n d cr ow n i ng in s t a n c e of t h e Fi xe d I d e a w h i c h
i s t o m ak e i t a n i nt e ll e c t u al fa c t or a s m u ch s o a s any fac t
c o n v er s an t w i t h e m o t i o n s c an b e
It h a s t hi s i n c o m m o n
w it h t h e F ix e d I d e a t h at i t cl ash eS w it h t h e r e gu l ar o u t g o ings
Y e t t h e qu e s t i o n s t il l
o f t h e Will i n fa v ou r of o ur pl e a s ur e s
r e t u r ns u p on u s w h at
iv
s t h e i m p r es s i on o f an o t h er s pa i n s
e
g
a n d pl e a s u re s s u c h a d e gr e e o f x i t y t h at w e are c o n st r a in e d
Se t t ing a s i d e for
t o fol l ow t h e s e o u t a s i f t h e y w e r e o u r o w n
th e t im e our p ro p e r pl e asur e s a n d in cu rri ng s a c r i c e s or
p ain s far b e yond any s at i s fa c t i on t h at t h e s ym p at hy c an
,

'

I t hink th at th e hyp ot h e si s of t h e gr egar i ou s ori gi n o f

t h e s ymp ath e t i c im y
l
r el i e v e s t h e di f c u l t i es of t h e p r o b
u
e
s
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l e m a n d e x p l a ins w i t h m u c h p r ob abil it y ou r b eing d e t ain e d ,
13

1 22

Y MP ATHY

fa s c in at e d , w i t h t h e m e n t al s t a t e s

e ngr os s e d ,

of

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h o t he rs t h e int en s e p r e c o n
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s y m p a t h e t i c gr ow t h t h e r e h a v e b e e n in nu m e r a bl e e xp er i e n c e s
o f p l e a s u r e a n d r e li e f fr om p a in w h i c h o n t h e w h o l e l e a v e a
c h e e r in g or e x hil ara t in g i m p r e s s i o n a d i rr e s p e c t iv e o f t hi s
n
a s t r on g h a b it o f gi vi n g w ay t o t h e e x p r e s s i on of fe el in
g in
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o ft e n ar i s e w i t h ou t a n y c o ns c i o u s ple a su r e or w i t h t h e pl e a
s u r e m or e t h an n eu t r a liz e d by t h e p a i n fu l c o n se qu e n c e s o f t h e
s ym p at hy
Th e fa c t s and a pp e ara n c e s s o far a s I c an j u d ge ar e in
fa vo u r o f t his V i e w ; a n d u nt il s om e s t il l m or e lik e ly hyp o
t h e s is i s s t art e d I a m c o nt e nt t o ac qu i e sc e in it
Th e ill u s t r a
t i on o f t h e s u pp o s e d s it u a t io n w il l b e r e su m e d a n d a m pli e d
i n t h e c h ap t er o n T e n d e r Em o t i o n
Th e hyp o t h es i s i s i n m ar k e d c on s i s t e n c y w it h o n e s p e c i al
c on d i t i o n o f s ym p at hy n a m e ly o u r a ffe c t i o n or r e g ar d fo r t h e
p er s on s ym p at h i z e d w i t h To t h e s am e d e gr e e h ow e ve r d o e s
i t app e ar t o r e n d e r im p o s s ibl e o u r s ym p a t hy w it h t h o s e t h a t
Y e t d i s li k e alt h o u gh a s er i o u s ob s t a c l e t o fe ll ow
w e di s lik e
fee ling d o es n ot d est ro y i t
1 4 Th e in u e n ce o f h a bi t u a t i on i s qu it e su f c i en t t o ge t u s
Th e s ym p at hi zi ng t e n d e n c y w a s at r s t
o v e r t hi s d if c u l t y
e ng e nd e r e d a n d c on t inu e s t o b e n ou r i s h ed b y t h e s at i s fac t i o n
o f c c o p er at in g w i t h o t h e r s
b u t i t s e x e r c is e i s n o t lim it e d t o
t h e o c c as i on s w h e n t h at s a t i s fa c t i o n i s fel t
Th e s e n s ibl e
au gm e n t at i o n o f i t s for c e i n t h e c as e o f o bj e c t s of a ffe c t i o n
s h o w s i t s v e r y c l os e d e p e n d e n c e o n t h e so c i a bl e gr a t i c a t io ns
y e t t h e r e i s a c o n s t an t p r essu r e o f fe ll o w fe eli ng i n o u r c on
s t i t u t i o n t h a t c ar r i es u s t hr o u g h oc c a s i o n s o f s u ffe r in g a n d
s a c r i c e o v e rc o m i ng re p u gn an c e a n d d i s p e ns i ng w i t h all c on
6

s i d e r a t i o n s o f s e l s h r e co m p ens e !
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T END E R

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MO T I O N

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al l

it s

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in

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ar d s i s o n e o f t h e r s t if n o t the r s t o f hu m a n e m ot i on s
g
It su r p a s s e s e ver y o t h e r li fe in t e re s t ; s o m uc h s o t h at it i s
m a d e t h e s e t t i n g o f n e ar ly all o u r pl e asu r e s Wh a t e v e r w e e nj o y
x c e p t i on s w e d e s i r e t o e nj o y s oc i a bly ; in o t h e r
w
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)
w or d s w e w i s h t o co u pl e w i t h t h e p l e a s u r e s o f c o m p a n i o n s hi p
Wh at the n i s t h e b as i s or gr ou n d w or k of t hi s gr e at su s
c ep t ibili t y
Is i t s im ply a la r g e aggr e ga t e o f s e n se pl e a su r e s
for w hi c h li vi ng b e ing s fro m t h e ir m any s i d e d n e s s fu r ni s h t h e
o c c a s ion
Or h as i t an o ri gin t r a n s c e n d in g t h e p ro p e r s e n s a
1

o u t go n g s

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t io n s

s ens es

In t h e

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on

E v o l u t i o n I in s t a n c e d
,

t h e gr eg ar i ou s
a n d m or e p a rt i c u l a r l y

p e c i a l e m ot i on s
t h e e m o t i o n s o f s oc i a b ili t y a n d l oVe
Mr Sp en c e r h a s fol
lo w e d ou t t h e w orkin gs of t hi s s it u at i on in or d e r t o a c c ou nt
for s ym p a t hy
He d o e s n ot h ow ev e r t a ke int o c on s i d e rat ion
h o w far t h e i n t e r e s t o f s o c i a bili t y m a king c r e at u r e s h a ppy in
o n e a n o t h e r s p r e s e n c e u n c o m for t abl e i n so lit u d e i s in s u b
s t an c e t h e w ar m
t e n d e r e m o t i on t h e r e alit y o f l ov e an d
a ffe c t i on
Ye t w h e n w e a t t e n d t o t h e w ork ing s o f l o v e w e
s e e t h at i t i s n o w i s e d i ffe r e n t fr o m
t h i s s oc i a bl e i nt e r es t
t hi s joy o u s el a t i o n fr o m t h e p r es e n c e o f o t h e r p e rs o n a li t i e s
If t h e m e r e fac t o f b e i ng c on s t an t l y t og e t h e r i n a oc k r e n d e r
in g m u t u al s e r vi c e s a s re ar d s t h e r s t w a nt s o f life d e v e l o p s
g
a m a ss of a r e e ab l e fe e li n
r d s t h e o t h e r t hi s w ou l d
w
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s e e m a s u f c i e n t b e in ni n
g
g o f w h a t e ver i s m e ant by l o ve
a ffe c t i o n t e n d e r r e ar d
g
3 Mr Sp e n c e r t h i nk s it n e c e s sa ry t o a s su m e a n or igin
a p ar t fr o m t h e
s oc i a b l e s i t u at i o n
for w h a t h e d e e m s t h e
c e nt r al fa c t o f B e n e v o l e n t r e ar d s n am el y t h e Lo ve o f t h e
g
s

it u a t i o n

a s a s ou r c e o f s

AS

THE

LOVE o r

HELPLES S

1 25

h e lpl e s s Now w e m u st ad m it t h at t h e fe eling o f p r ot e c t or

s h ip o f t h e w e a k by t h e s t r o ng i s a v e r y m ar k e d fo r m o f
t e n d e r i n t e r e s t a n d o n e of t h e gr e a t e s t pl e a s u r e s a tt e n d ing it
Wh at i s n ot s o a p p ar e nt i s t h at t h i s i s a pr im ar y fa ct o f t h e
c o n s t i t u t i o n d u e t o a c h a n c e v a r i a t i o n a n d p e rp e t u a t i n g i t s e lf
by th e gr e at ad va nt age c onfe rr e d b y it in t h e s t ru ggl e for life
Th e fe e ling s u p p o s e s a c om p le x s it u a t i o n ; i t im p l i e s a kn o w
l e dg e of t h e fa ct of b e ing s t r ong or w e ak a c ap a c it y of inferr
i ng we a k n e s s i n a n ot h e r i n d ivi d u al a n d a s ym p a t h e t i c r e
Wh o e v er h as all t h e s e gift s m u st
s p o n s e t o t h at w e a k n e s s
I c an h ar d l y s u pp o s e t hi s
b e far go n e i n s oc i a bilit y al r e ad y
c o m pl e x a p t it u d e s t ar t in g fo r t h o f a s u d d e n in s o m e a c c i d e n t a l
v ar i e t y of t h e a nim a l kingd o m Mr Sp e n c er a c c ou nt s for t h e
m at e r n al fe e li ng by t h e s am e b old a ss u m p t i o n t h e r e b e ing
n o t hi ng t o e v o k e it i n t h e c ou r s e o f o r d in ar y g e n e r a t i o n o r
Th e t w o fa c t s a r e in s u b s t a n c e t h e s am e : t h e
e v olt i o n
P ro
m at e r n al fe e l ing i s b u t a s p e ci c c a s e of p r ot e c t or s hip
b ab ly if w e c ou l d ac c ou nt for t h e o n e w e m ight a c c ou nt for
b ot h The m at e r n al fe e ling in p ar t i c u l ar m igh t l e a d t o t h e
lov e of t h e h e lpl e s s in g en e r al a n d c o nv e r s ely
Th e l o v e of t h e h e lp l e s s i s c er t ai nl y in k e e pin g w it h t h e
The
fe eli ngs d u e (a s w e s u p p os e ) t o t h e s o c i ab l e s it u at i on
i nt e r e s t in all t h e o c k t h e h ab it of c c op e r a t ing an d as si s t ing
o n e a n o t h e r m v o l v es a f or ti or i t h e a s s i s t i ng o f s u c h a s ar e
A m o d e r a t e a mo u n t o f i n t e ll ige n c e w ou l d
n ee d y a n d w e a k
d is c rim in at e b e t w e e n t h e p o s it i o n o f h a ving a n d t h e p o s i t i o n
o f w an t ing a n d t h e g e n e ral s o c i a bl e i n t e r e s t c ou l d h ar d ly fail
t o t a k e o n s om e v ar i a t i o n s u it e d t o t h os e p os it i o n s
A g ai n i n t h e p r e d a t o r y a n d g h t i n g r e l a t i o n t h e s e n s e o f
w e a k a n d s t r ong w ou l d b e i n d e p e n d e nt l y c u l t ivat e d
Th e
d an g e r ou s ly s t r ong r ival w ou ld in sp ir e an ger a nd fe ar ; th e
e x t r e m e r e a c t i on fr om t hi s s t a t e w o u l d b e felt t ow a r d s a
c r e a t u r e n e i t h e r s t r o n g n o r a r i v al ; t o t h i s e x t e n t w e m ig ht
Th e r e m is s i o n of fe ar
ac c e p t Mr D ar w in s l aw of A nt it h e s i s
i s ce r t ai nly a n ag r e e ab l e e l at i on ; t h e r e m i s s io n o f a nge r t h at
i s t h e c om p le t e w it h d r aw al of t h e c au s e an d t h e i ns t it u t i o n o f
o f a n e x a c t ly o pp o s it e s i t u a t i o n m igh t a w a k e n a fe e l ing
.

'

EM OT ON

TENDER

1 26

ki n d r e d t o lo ve
Pit y a n d R e ve nge m ight p o s s ibly b e
d e v e lo p e d t o ge t h e r as a n o bver s e c o u ple In t h e ir o rigi n t h ey
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a r e ab ou t e qu all y e p l
4 In c on s i d e r i ng t h e g e n e s is o f T e n d er Em o t i o n in any
o r i n a ll o f i t s m o d e s I a m i n c li n e d t o p u t gr e a t s t r e s s u p o n
t h e s e n s a t i o n o f a ni m al c o n t ac t o r t h e pl e a s u r e of t h e cm
br a ce a c i rc u m st a n c e n o t a d ver t e d t o by Mr Sp e n c e r M an y
fa c t s m ay b e a dd u c e d as s h ow i ng t hi s t o b e a v ery int e n s e
s u s c e p t ib il i t y a s w e ll as a s t ar t i ng p o i n t for ass o c i a t i o n s
T ou c h i s t h e f un d a m e n t al and ge n er i c s e n s e t h e rs t
b orn of s e n s ibili t y fr om w hi ch in t h e vi ew of E volu t i on all
t h e ot h e r s t a k e t h e ir r i se
Even aft er t h e r e m ain ing s en s es are di ffer e nt i at e d t he
pri m ar y s en s e c on t i nu e s t o b e a le a di ng s u s c ep t ibili t y of t h e
Th e s o ft w arm t ou c h if n o t a r s t c l a ss i n u e n c e i s
m in d
Th e c om bin e d p o w e r o f s o ft
at l e as t a n app r o ac h t o t h a t
c o n t ac t a n d w ar m t h a m o u n t s t o a c on sid e r a bl e p i t c h o f m as
s iv e pl e a s u r e ; w hil e t h er e m a y b e s u bt l e i n flu e n c e s n ot r e d u e
i bl e t o t h e s e t w o h e a d s s u c h a s w e t er m fr om n o t k n o w i ng
Th e s or t o f t hr ill
a n y t hin g a b o u t t h e m m agn e t i c or e l e c t r i c
fr om t ak ing a b a by i n ar m s i s s om e t hing b e yo n d m e r e w ar m
t ou c h ; an d i t m ay r i s e t o t h e e c s t a t i c h eigh t i n w hi c h c ase
how e ve r t h e re m ay b e c on c u rr ing s en s a t ion s an d i d e a s Be
t w e e n m al e an d fe mal e t h e s e x u al app e t it e i s r o u s e d
A p re
d i s p o s e d a ffe c t i o n t hr ou g h o t h e r m e a n s m a k e s t h e c on t a c t
t hr illi ng
Th e s t r ong fa c t t ha t c ann o t b e e x pl ain e d aw ay i s t h a t
f
u n d er t e n d e r fe e lin
t
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r e i s a c r avin
o
r t h e e m bra c e
Be
g
g
t w e en t h e s e x e s t h e r e i s t h e d e e p e r app e t i t e ; w hil e in
m e re t e n d e r e m ot i o n n ot s e x u a l t h er e i s no t hing b u t th e
s en s e o f t ou c h t o gr at ify u nl e s s w e as s u m e t h e oc c u l t m agn et i c
i n u e n c e s
A s a n ge r i s c on su mm at e d r ea c h es a s at i sfying t erm by
k noc king s om e one d ow n lo ve i s c om pl e t e d an d s at is e d
Thi s w ou ld s e em t o s h ow t h at t h e lov e
w it h a n e m br ace
e m o t io n w hil e fe d by s ig h t s a n d s ou nd s an d e ve n by o d o ur s
r e ac h e s it s c li m a x i n t ou c h : a n d if so it m u s t b e mor e com
.

T EN DER EM OTI ON

1 28

V e r y gr e at pl e as u r e s w h e t h e r a c u t e
p r o m p t t h e em o t ion U n d e r t h e agit a t i on of
6

v ol u m i n ou s

or

joy t h e
a ffe c t i o n s bu r s t ou t w i t h w a r m t h a n d s e e k for a r e s p on d i n
g
w a rm t h
Th e n a i ve r e m ar k o f a c hil d qu o t e d by D ar w in i s

t r u e t o n at u r e
To t h e qu e s t i o n Wh at w a s m e ant by b e i ng
i n goo d s pir it s t h e a n s w e r w as It i s l au ghing t al ki ng a n d
ki ssi ng
Oc cas io n s o f r ej oi ci ng ar e c e l e br at e d by fe a s t s a n d
s o c i a l g a t h er in g s
It i s t h e p ar a d o x of t en d e r n e s s t h at p a in n o l e s s t h a n
h
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s i s o n e of t h e m o s t
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n o t a b l e c h ar a c t e r s o f t h e e m o t i on r e n deri ng i t a m e an s o f
a s s u agin g m i s e r y as w e ll as o f h e ig h t e n i n g e n o y m e n t
It i s
j
n o t s i m p ly t h at a p e r s on i n p ain s e e k s s o c i e t y a n d n d s c o m
for t i n l o v e an d s ym p at hy i t i s t h at t h e r e i s p ro m p t e d i n
c e r t ai n fo rm s a n d s it u a t i o n s o f p ai n a gu s h of fe e li n g t h a t
It m u s t b e a ki n d of p a i n
r e n d e r s t h e su ffe r e r s e lf s ol a c ing
t h a t d oe s n o t n d r e l i e f i n v oli t i on n or y e t i n a ngr y fe el ing ;
s u c h p ai n s as a r e c o nn e c t e d w it h i n r m i t y an d h e l pl e ss n e s s
Nat u r ally t h e p ains of t h e a e c t i on s
a n d n o t w i t h e n e rg y
s e e k t h e Sp e c i c ou t l e t o f t en d e r n es s
We m ay r e m ar k a ge n e ral t en d e n cy in m a s s iv e p le asu r e s
Su c h a r e t h e pl e a s u r e s o f s l o w
t o i n d u c e t e n d e r fe e ling
m ov e m e n t s r e p o s e aft e r e x e r c i s e r e p l e t i o n agr e e abl e w ar m t h
s w e e t o d o u r s g e n t l e an d v o lu m in ou s s ou n d s m il d s u ns hin e
Th e s e ple a su r e s ar e of t h e s oot hing or qu i e ting kind a s opp os e d
t h e y i n d u c e t h e c on d iti on
t o t h e a c u t e or p u nge n t pl e a s u r e s
Pr ob a bly t h e e x pl an at i o n
o f r e p o s e a n d i n s pir e t e n d er n e s s
i s p ar t ly t h e g e n er a l d e m a n d for c o m p an i o n s h ip e s p e c i all y i n
pl e asu r e s an d p ar t ly t h e su it a bili t y of t h e s t at e of r ep os e t o
t h e e nj o ym e n t s o f t e nd er n e ss
7 Th e P HY S I CA L s i d e o f T e n d er Em o t i o n i s a s u g ge s t iv e
Th e c on n e c t i o n w i t h T o u c h h as a lr e a d y b e e n d w e l t
st u d y
Ne x t i s t h e p ar t i c ip a t i o n of t h e La c hrym al Or g an s
u p on
l
d
a n d s ac w hi c h ar e s p e c i c a lly a c t e d o n a n d p r o b a bly
a
n
g
c o m bi n e t h e ir s e n s ib ili t y w i t h t h e g e n e r al m a s s o f t h e fe el ing
We k now w h at is t h e e x t r e m e m an ifes t a ti o n o f t h e se o rg a n s
.

ex tr em e

'

CA

U SES

'

o r TEAR S

1 29

i n gri e f ; w e m ay i nfer t h eir i n u e n c e in ot h er d e grees a nd

m o d e s of t h e feeling

A ny o n e t h at foll o w s Mr D arw i n s e l ab o ra t e i n v e s t igat i on

.

the

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of

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ill

t h at t h e

ph e n om e n on is n ot
Th e pr im ar y occ a
c o n n e d t o a ny o n e e m ot i o n o f t h e m i nd
si o n s e e m s t o b e p ai n for w hi c h t h e ow of t e ar s i s a m ar k e d
re li e f O
oy l e s s e n i ng as Sp e n c e r t hi nk s t h e c o n ges t i o n o f t h e
brain) alt hou gh it i s cu r io u s t h at infant s for s om e t im e
c ann o t s h e d t e a r s ; t h e y c a n o nly s cr e a m w h e n t h e y ar e in
A re m o t e c o n s e qu e nc e o f pr o l ong e d s cr e am in g
s u ffe r i ng
a c c or d i ng t o Mr D arw i n i s t o s t i m u l a t e t h e l a c hr y m al gl an d s
Th e e ffe c t al so foll ow s i n l au gh t e r w h er e t h e vio l e n c e of t h e
pr omp t s t h e e ffu sion of t e ar s
e x p r e ss i o n
a lt ho u gh j o yful
B e ing t hu s an ass u a gem e nt in p ain a nd an a dj u n c t in pl e a ;
s u r e t h e o ri gin a l p u rp o s e of t e a r s in k e e ping t h e e y e m o i s t
a n d fr e e from i rr i t a t i ng p a rt i c l es i s n o l o ng e r t h e m ain fu n c
t io n
Lo oking a t b o t h oc c a s ions p a in a nd pl e a su r e t h e ow of
t e ar s i s pl e a s u r a bl e r at h e r t h a n o t h e r w i s e
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o n e o f r e l ax at i on a n d pr os t r a t i o n a s Op p o s e d t o t h e e n e r e t i c
g
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s ou gh t ; it i s t h e ou t l e t of w e a k n e ss a n d p a ss ivit y a nd i s
as s oc i a t e d w it h a ki n d o f ind o l e n t s e lf i n d u l e n c e
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Bu t n ow w e m u s t as k w h at i s t h e li n k of c onn e ct i on
b et w e en t h o s e c ir c u m s t an ce s a nd t h e t e nd e r fe e ling in p ar
t ic u l ar
It i s in p it y for o t h e r s m o r e t h a n in t h e p ain s of
s e lf t h at t h er e i s a r e a d y p r om p t in g t o t e ar s
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c o m m o n t o t h e t w o s i t u a t i o ns t h e s h e d d i n
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t e n d e r r e l at i on s hip in t h e fa c t o f p as sivi t y an d qu ie s ce n c e a s
Opp os e d t o t h e ac t iv e an d e n e r g e t i c a t t i t u d e an d t h a t i s t h e
o nl y s ol u t i on o f t h e dii c u l t y t h at c an b e o ffere d a t p r es e n t
8 F oll ow ing o n T e ar s alt h ou gh s t il l l at er i n b e in g a c qu ir e d
by c hil d r e n is Sobbing a s p a s m o di c m o ve m ent o f t h e glott i s
It t ak es pl a ce (a c c or d i ng t o G r a t i ol et qu ot e d by D arw in) a t
of

see

TEN DER EM OTION

1 30

m om e n t

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m an d t h e ir vo c a l o rgan s a n d s t op t h e i r s c r e am s ; b u t from
h a ving l e s s p ow e r over t h e ir r e s pirat ory m u s c l e s t h es e c o n
t i nu e t o a c t i n a v olu nt ar y or s p as m o d i c m a nn e r aft e r h a ving
Ex pr e s s ion p
He
b e e n b rou ght int o v i o le nt ac t i on
ad d s
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i t e qu ally l e n d s it s e lf t o t e n d e r fe e lin g
c h o ki n g s e n s at i on i n t h e t h r o at w hi c h ar i s e s o n a s u dd e n d i s
pla y of ge n e r ou s e m o t i on i s an i n c ipi e nt s ob Th e lu x u r y o f
p it y and gr i ef i s t h e m as s ive s e nsi bili t y of in ci pi e nt s obbing
a n d t e ar s
B ot h e x pr e ss io n s are as s oc i at e d w it h w e akn e s s or
Wh e n ou r
t h e re mi s s i on a n d r e n u n c i a t i o n o f a c t ive e n e rg y
t h e r e i s a s it
en
e m y u n e x p e c t e dl y p e rfo r m s a fr i e n dl y a c t
w e r e a b r e a ki ng d ow n of o u r a tt i t u d e o f h o s t il e ac t ivi t y
an d
t h e e xc h a ngin g of t hi s for t h e t e nd e r s e n t im e nt appr op r i at e t o
t h e ac t i on s p ec i c a lly s t im u l a t e s t h e s e exp r e s s i on s
Th e m a m m ar y s e c r e t i o n i n w o m e n w oul d s e e m t o h av e a
s e ns ibili t y t h a t e n t e r s i n t o t h e a ggr eg at e of t e n d er fe eli ng
Th e fe m ini ne c on s t it u t i o n on t h e w h ol e a n d c e r t ain w e ll r e
c o gni z e d v ar i e t i e s of t h e c o n s t it u t i o n o f t h e m al e s e x
ar e
fav o u r abl e t o t h e e m o t i on ; c ir c u m s t an c e s t e n d i ng t o s h ow t h a t
t h e se n s e o rga ns by t h e m s elv e s ar e n ot t h e e x c lu s i v e tou n d a
t io n s o f it b u t t h at t h e i n t e r i o r or gan i c fu n c t i on s p art i c ip a t e
Th e an al ogy o f
i n a w a y t h at c an n o t b e p r e c i s e ly d e s c ri b e d
t h e s e x u al fe e li ng s t r o n gly s u p p or t s t h e ass u m p t ion
9 On t h e M ENTA L s i d e t h e T en d e r Em ot i on h as b e e n
alr e ad y c h ar ac t eri z e d g e n eral l y an d w ill b e d es cr ib e d m or e
s p e c ific a lly u n d e r t h e s e v e r a l ki n d s
To sa y t h at it i s a m a s
s iv e fe e li ng i s t o s ay t h a t i t i s a n e m o t i o n an d n o t a s e n s a
t io n ; for e m o t i on s a lt h o u gh t h e y m ay v ary a m ong t h e m s e lv e s
I h ave al re ad y a d vert e d t o t h e r e m ark a ble
c a nn o t b e a c u t e
c o nn e x i o n b e t w e e n t h e e m ot i o n a nd p ass ivi t y r e p o se or w e ak
t he

E OT ON

TENDER

1 32

b as is of th e p e r sist e n t s oc ia ble int er e s t as w e ll a s of o t h er

a c qu ir e d p l e asu r e s t h e fa c t t h at t h e a gr e e a bl e fe eli n g of b e n e
t s re c e ive d m ak e s t h e i n d ivid u a l l o o k w it h pl e asu r e u p o n t h e
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p os s ibl e t o a c c ou nt for t h e ar t i ci al d e light in pr op er t y or in
lib er t y u nu s e d Th e re m u s t b e a s u fc ie n t d e gr e e of m ent a l
p er s ist e n c e t o r e t ain t h e ple asu r abl e fe elin g of th e var i ou s
prim ar y gr at i c at io ns an d t o c ou ple it in s om e d egr e e w i t h
Th e s am e pr o c e s s w o ul d
t h e i m ag e o f t h e giv er or h e lp e r
le ad t o t h e a s s o c iat i on s of agr e e able fe eli ngw it h th e in anim at e
s ou r ce s o f p l e a s u r e w i t h t h e s t re am t h a t n e v e r fail e d a n d w i t h
t h e l o c ali t i e s w h e r e fo o d w as m o s t a b u nd an t
1 1 We m u s t far t h e r ac c ou nt for t h e s u p e r i or it y o f t h os e
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It m u s t
fe ll ow b e ing t h an t o w ar d s a p e r e n ni al fo u nt ain
b e t h a t t h e r e i s a s ou r c e o f p l e asu r e i n t h e c o m p ani o n s hip o f
o t h e r se nt i e nt c re a t u r e s
o v e r a n d a b o v e t h e h e lp affor d e d by
t h e m i n o b t ai nin g t h e n e c es s a r i es o f li fe
To ac c ou n t for t hi s
I c an su gge st n ot hing b u t t h e prim ar y and in d e p en d e nt pl e a
s u r e of t h e a n i m al e m br a c e
H e r e a s I h a v e s ai d alr ead y t he r e i s a gr at i c a t i o n w ho s e
a m ou n t i s a c o n s i d e r a bl e fr ac t i o n o f h u m a n pl e a s u r e
Eve n
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as s oc i at iv e gr ow t h s i t i s a r e al a n d
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c r e at u r e s m a y b e d r aw n t o g e t h e r by t hi s al o n e
e l e m e n t o f s o ci abil i t y i n t h e s oli t ar y t r ib es
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t h e s p e c i al att r ac t i o n s of sex an d m a t er ni t y w h en t h e se ar e a t
fu ll t i d e
1 2 A s y e t how e v e r w e h a ve l oo ke d o nl y t o t h e pl e a su r e
,

P LEA S

UR E

G I VI NG

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1 33

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b e a p ain a s b e i ng s o m u c h l os t t o t h e giv e r
s o a n d t h e d if c u l ty i s o n e t h at w e m u s t m e e t
R e v er t ing t o t h e gr eg ari ou s Sit u at ion and lo oki ng at it in
i t s h a pp i e s t r e s u lt s w h ere by m u t u al c o o p e r at i o n e v e r y o n e
i s b e n e t e d a n d n o o n e l os e s m o r e t h an an o t h e r t h e a s so c i a
e a c h m e m b e r r e ar d s t h e o t h e r
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a n d n ee d n ot b e in e x i s t e n c e
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Pr ob a bly it is a Slow
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In t h e a b s e n c e of t h o s e c o n di
frui t i on of t his p r im it i ve j oy
t io n s t h e p l e a s u r e of gi ving w hi c h i s n e c e s s ar y t o c o m pl et e
w e k no w
t h e s o c i abl e i n t e r e s t c an s c ar c ely b e a c c o u nt e d for
fu ll w ell t h at w it h ou t t h e s e h e lp s it w o u l d b e a ve ry m e agr e
s e n t im e n t i n b e ing s li k e o u r s e lve s
In an i d e al a dj u s t m e nt o f s o c i al r e l at io n s w h e r e e a c h o n e
h as o cc as i on t o r e c e iv e go o d fr om o t h er s a n d w h e r e als o h e
b e st ow s go o d w it h ou t t o o gre at a s t ra in t h ere is t h e m axi
How l arge an ingr e di ent of
m u m of fr at e rn al int e r es t
hu m an s at is fa ct ion w ou l d t hu s ari se a ny o n e c an j u d ge
o w e t h e ir a t t r a c t i on s t o t h e hi h
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o f r e ce i

TENDER

1 34

M OTI ON

s mi

ling e x pr e s s ion t h e d e m e an ou r t hat

b et o k e ns g oo d a nd w h at e ver h as oft en in di c a t ed fr i e n d ly a ct s
a w a k e n t h e fr at e r n a l i nt e r e s t
If in d e p e n d e n t ly o f p e r s on alit y a s e n t i e n t b e ing h as an y
s e n su o u s c h ar m s a n y t hin g t h a t i n t h e w or l d o f d e a d m at t e r
Sw e e t s o u n d s
w ou l d giv e pl e a su r e t h a t i s s o m u c h g ain e d
bright c ol ou rs ple as a nt o d ou r s w ou l d a d d t h e ir for ce t o
Th er e is h ow e ver a n i c e
t h e o t h e r p er s on al at t ra c t i o n s
qu e st i on in d e t er m ining w h e t h er s om e of t he m o s t c h ar act er
i st i c b e au t i e s o f t h e p e r s on for ex a m pl e t h e lu s t r e Of t h e
h a ir s kin t e e th b e n o t h e igh t e n e d or ind e e d for m e d
e ye s
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pr im i t ive ple asu r e b u t t h a t pl e asu r e i s p r o b ably ver y m u c h
in cre as e d by t h e su gge st i on s of t h e e m br ac e
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s i m pl e m el o d y o f s ou n d p r o v e s t h at a l l t h e s e n s e c h arm s o f
li ving p er s on alit i es ar e n o t m ad e by a ss oc i at i o n : w e fe e l
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a nd o f

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s ive gl a n ces ; e c h o ing o f ex p r e s s e d fe e li n g s s e n t im e n t s vi e w s
;
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F o nd li n g or c ar e s s ing is r e d u c e d t o a fe w
ne it s pl e asu r e s
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M OTI ON

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p os it ive a t t rac t i on In t he l ove of t h e s e x e s t h e c h arm o f

d is p ar i t y (s o qu ali e d ) goe s b e y on d t h e s t an d in g differ e n c es o f
as i n c o n t r a s t s o f c om pl e x i on a n d o f s t at u r e
s ex
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A m or e s e r i ou s di ffer e n c e a ri se s
a c t s e qu ally u p o n b o t h
w h e n t h e se x e s ar e vi ew e d as u n e qu a l in p ow e r o r c ap ac i t i e s
phys i c a l or m e n t al ; s o t h at t h e on e a c qu ir e s as c e n d e n c y o v er
t h e ot h e r givin g ori gi n t o t h e r el a t i o n s hip s o f p rot e c t or
Thi s c om p li c a t e s t h e si t u at i on by int r o du cing
a n d pr o t e c t e d
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e qu ali t y o f t h e s e x e s it i s di s c ou n t ed a n d d i s p e n s e d w it h
Th ou gh t h e r e i s a form of t h e love o f t h e s e x es t h at d oe s
n ot c all fo rt h t h e a pp e t i t e w e ar e n ot t o co n c l u d e t h a t t h e
a pp e t it e w as n ot a n o r igin al gr o u n d w o r k o f t h e c h a r m
As
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t h e ful l e m br a c e w hil e o p e r at ing e x t e n s iv e ly w i t h n o m or e
t h a n a s h a k e o f t h e h an d s o t h e o u t g o ing s o f t h e p o w er fu l
a pp e t it e o f t h e s e x e s ar e li k e ly t o b e m a n y a n d m ar k e d
Th e
i nt e r e s t aw a k e n e d by o n e s e x t ow ar d s t h e o t h er p r e c e d es s ex u a l
r a t i c a t i o n a n d go e s o n i n i t s a b s e n c e ; b u t w e ar e n ot t o
g
s u p p o s e t h at t h e t w o m o d e s h a v e b e en in d e p e nd en t all t hr ou h
g
t he p a s t hi s t or y o f t h e s p e c i e s
1 7 Whi l e a p p et i t e a n d p er son al c h ar m c on s t i t u t e t h e
l e a di ng c ir c u m st a n ce s in t h e l ov e of t h e s ex e s it is a c om m o n
ob s e r v a t i o n t h a t o t h e r s t r o ng fe e l n g s ar e b r o u g h t i n t o p l a y
s u c h a s a d m ir
w h e n t h e e m o t i on i s m an ife s t e d i n i t s p o w e r
a t i o n gi v e n a n d r e c e iv e d s e lf e s t ee m a n d p r o p e r t y or p os s e s
s i o n w hil e all t h e pl e a s u r es o f lif e a s a w h o l e c o m e t o b e pl a c e d
Th e h eigh t e ni ng p r o c e ss g o e s
a r o u n d t h i s m a s t e r fe eli ng
a l o n g w it h t h a t p ecu li ari t y o f l o v e c on c e n t r at i o n u p o n a n
i nd ivid u al To b e a bl e t o give a n a c c ou nt o f s o s t ra nge a
d i s p r op or t i o n i n t h e r e gar d s w er e t h e b e s t p r o of t h a t w e u nd e r
s t a n d t h e s u b t l e w o r ki n g s o f t h e l o v e p ass i on
Th e s o c i a bl e
.

'

B S OR B ING

P A S S ON FOR

1 37

ONE

by it s n a t u re d iffu se d : e ve n t h e m a t er n al fe e ling
a d m i t s o f p l u r alit y of o bj e c t s ; r e v e ng e d oe s n o t d e s ir e t o h av e
b u t o n e vi c t i m t h e l o v e o f d o m in at i on ne e d s m a n y s u bj e c t s
b u t t h e gr e a t e s t in t e n s it y of l o ve lim it s t h e re g ar d s t o o n e
Th at th e fact s of i n t e n si t y an d o n e n e ss in t h e obj e c t go
t o g e t h e r a pp e ar s li k e ly f r o m t h e foll ow i n g c ir c u m s t a n c e s
F ir s t t h e fe e l i ngs c an n o t b e s t r on gl y r o u s e d t ow ar d s a p e r s on
w it h ou t s u p p o s i ng o r m aking t h a t p er s o n g re a t ly s u p e r i or t o
Th e b egi nn ing s o f a s p e c i al a ffe c t i on t u r n u p on a
all o t h e r s
s m all d iffe re n c e o f liki n g ; b u t s u c h d i ffe r e n ce s are e as il y e x
i nt er e s t

is

t h e f e e l ing

a gg e r a t e d

an d

th e

e s t im a t e

ac t ing

r e ac t i n g ,

an d

t ill t h e d i s t in c t i o n

b e c o m e s a l t o g e t h er t r a n s c e n d a n t
Th e e ffe c t far t h e r s u pp os e s a p o s it i v e t e n d e n c y i n t h e
m i n d t o in t en s i fy an d n a rr o w t h e l o ve r e gar d s
It s e e m s
t o im ply t h a t t h e c o n d it i o n o f n a r r o w in t e n si t y i s a fa r
h igh e r e m o t i o n al s t at e a n i n c o m p ar abl y gr e a t e r b li s s t h an
Th e m in d
t h e c o n d i t i on o f fe e b l e a n d d iffu s e d r e g ard s
w o u l d a pp e ar t o cl u t c h a t t h e op p or t uni t y o f r i s ing t o t h e in
M u s t w e t ak e t his a s a n u lt im a t e
t e ns e a n d c o n t r ac t e d m o d e
Th er e
l aw o f e m ot i o n or h a s i t any an al ogi e s i n o t h e r fa c t s
i s i n i t s fav ou r on e c on s i d e r abl e c ir c u m s t an c e gr o w ing o u t of
o u r i n t e l l e c t u al c o n s t i t u t i o n t h e s u p er i or h o l d t h a t t h e i m a
i
i
n a t i o n t a k e s o f a s i n gl e p e r s o n
Th
s i s all t h e m o r e i m or
p
g
t a n t t h a t t h e i m ag i n a t i v e m o m e n t s o f l o v e a r e a p t t o b e t h e
m o s t e x c it e d
Th e c o n t r ac t e d m o d e o f fe eli ng i s t h e fav ou r i t e of R o m an c e
Eve n t h e
an d i s fo s t er e d i n p r e fer e n c e t o e v e r y ot h er i d e a l
p oli t i c al s ent im en t of Lo y alt y i s m o s t c onge nia l an d e as y
w h e n t h e o bj e c t i s a s i ngl e p er s on
Th e a b s or bin g p a s s i on for o n e i s n o t e xe m p t e d fr om t h e
Th e h os t il e in u e n c es ar e of n o s m all
s t r u ggl e fo r e x i s t e n c e
a m o u n t a n d u l t im at e ly w e ar aw a y t h e fe e lin g i n m any in
att e s t in g i t s p ow e r in t h e o t h e r s
Th e s at i e t y of
s t an c e s
s a m e n e ss t h e d i ffer e n c e b e t w e e n t h e i d e al c o n c e t i o n a n d t h e
p
a c t u a l p er s on t h e s t r a in n e c e s s ar y t o s u pp or t t h e e m o t i o n
a r e fo r m i d a bl e ag e n c i es in p u ll in g d o w n t h e hu g e fa b r i c o f
e xc i t e m en t an d fan c y
.

"

TEN DER EM OTI ON

1 38

The fe e lings

hip h a v e b e e n m or e
d w e lt u p o n t h an a ny o t h er hu m an se nt im e n t ; w hi c h s h ow s t h e
h old t h at t h e y t ak e of t h e h u m a n br e a s t b ot h pr e s ent a nd in
i d e a as w e ll a s t h e ap t n e s s t h at t h e r e i s in t h e m for ar t i s t i c
h and li ng Th e r e al p ow e r i s n ot h ow e ve r t o b e m e a sur e d
b y p oe t i c l a ngu ag e
We c an s et a s id e t h e h abit u ally e x ag
era t e d m o d e s o f e x pr e s s i o n
a n d a pp e a l t o t h e c ri t e r i on o f
g
con d u c t t o t h e l a b ou r s a nd s acr i c e s t h at t h e y giv e birt h t o
a n d t h e e vi d e n
t s at i s fa c t i o n t h a t t h ey fu r ni s h
Th e e x c it e
m e nt at it s hig h e s t p it c h in t h e t o rr e nt o f y ou t hful s e n sa t i o n s
a n d u n r at i e d d e s ir e, i s p r o b a bly t h e m os t fu ri o u s a n d e l at e d
g
e x p e ri e n c e o f h u m an n at u r e
B y e v er y t e st ap pli e d t o
e s t i m at e t h e fo r c e o f a s t a t e o f fe e li ng t hi s c o n d i t i o n r a n k s
s u pre m e
Eve n a t a lat e r s t ag e u nd er t h e in u e n c e o f fam ili
ar it y
m att e r o f fac t an d o c c a s i o n al d i s cor d s an am ou nt of
i nt e r es t i s m ain t a in abl e b e t w e e n t h e opp o s it e s e x e s t h at m or e
t h a n a n y o t h e r c ir c u m s t an c e att e s t s t he for c e t h at dra w s t h e m
t og e t h er
s t rr e d

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re at on s

The P a r en ta l F eeli ngs

18

Th e

c onn e x on o f

P are nt

an d

Chil d i s t h e

s ou r c e o f a

a l t h ou gh g e n e r i c all y
i
a ll ie d t o t h e o t h e r s
Th e t yp i c al s it u at i on i s g iv e n w h e n t h e
p angs of m a t e rni t y h ave p as s e d and t h e n ew l y b orn offs pring
li e s in t h e e m b r ac e o f t h e m ot h er A ll t hr ou gh t h e high er
o r d e r s o f s e n t i e nt life t hi s i s a tt e n d e d w i t h an u n s p e a k a bl e
fe e li n g o f t e n d e r n e s s a n d i s p r ob a bly t h e high e s t ex am ple of
s e n s u a l d e l ig h t
Th e gr e gar i ou s s it u a t i on d oe s not c o n t ain w it hin i t t hi s
s p e c i a l p r o vi s i o n for t h e h e lpl e s s n es s o f t h e
a r venn m e m b e r
p
o f t he o c k
A l l w e c a n s a y i s t h a t t h e r e i s a n app r ox im a
t i on t o i t in t h e v ar ying a s p e c t s of t h e gr e g ar i ou s c o op era
t i on
A c c u s t o m e d t o a ct t og e t h er i n c om m o n d ange r th e
h e r d w ou ld n a t u r ally m u st e r a t t h e w e a k e s t p o in t o r by t h e
s id e o f t h e i n d ivi d u al s m o s t e x o s e d o r m o s t h e lpl e s s for t h e
p
tim e
A n i nt e re s t or soli c i t u d e a b ou t w e a k m e m b e r s w o u ld
b e alm o s t t h e n e c e ss ar y com p l e t ion o f t h e so c i al s y st e m
On

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e m ot on ,

1 40

TENDER

M OTI ON

p ar in g all t h e at t r i b u t e s ac c o m p anyi ng th e n ew ly
b orn o ffspr ing of an im al s an d s er ving t o im p r e s s t h e mi n d s
o f t h e p ar e nt s Mr Sp e n c e r n d s o n ly o n e c on s t an t t r ai t
h e lp l e s sn e ss or i n c ap a c it y t o d o for t h e m s e lve s w h at t h e a d
ve n c e d an im al c an d o for i t s e lf I h a v e a lr e a d y a d ver t e d t o
t h e o nly d if c u l t y in t h i s v i e w t h e a s s u m e d m e nt al c ap a c it y
o f t h e p ar e n t s t o t a k e t h e m e a s u r e of t h e ir o ffs p r ing s i n ab ili t y;
im pl yin g a c o ns i d e ra ble s t r e t c h of r e e c t ive ins ight It s e em s
t o m e r a t h e r t h a t t h e r e m u s t b e a t t h e fo un d a t i on t h a t i nte n s e
pl e asu r e in t h e em b r a c e of t h e you ng w hic h w e nd t o c h ar ac
Th e o r igin o f t h e
t e r i z e t h e p a r e n t a l fee lin g t h r ou gh o u t
pl e asu r e m ay b e as pu r e ly p hys ic al as in t h e l o ve o f t h e s e x e s
Su ch a pl e as u r e o n c e c r e a t e d w ou l d a s s o c i at e i t s e lf w i t h t h e
p re vail in g fe at u r e s an d a sp e c t s of t h e y ou ng an d giv e t o all
o f t h e s e t h e ir v e r y gr e a t i n t e r e s t
F or t h e s ak e of t h e pl e a
s u r e t h e p ar e n t
d i s c ov e r s t h e n e c e s s it y of n ou ri s hing t h e
s u bj e c t o f i t a n d c o m e s t o r eg ar d t h e m ini s t e r i ng fu n c t i on
as a p ar t o r c on d i t i on o f t h e d eli gh t
Gr ant ing an in i t i al s at i s fac t i on in t h e a nim al e m br ac e
h e igh t en e d by r e c ip roc at i o n a v er y s tr ong c as e i s given in
p ar en t a n d o ffs p ri ng w e akn e s s b e ing o n e of t h e m ot ive s fo r
c l i n gi n g t o a n o t h e r
Th e r e cip r oc a t e d fo n d n e s s m ay e as ily b e
c h e c k e d i n t h e fr a t e r n al r e l a t i on ; i n t h e s e xu al a n d p ar e n t al

p osi t i on s it h a s t h e s tr ong es t p r om p t ingSf

It s e e m s h o p e l es s t o p r y i nt o t h e p hy si c al d iffu s i o n of t h e
m o t h e r s y e ar ning s t h e m o i s t e n ing o f t h e e y e b e i ng p e r h ap s
o nly o n e o f a s er i e s o f or a n i c e ffe c t s s u pp o r t i n
t
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s e n s at i on
t rib u t e s n o t h in g t o th e d e l igh t ; b u t t h e pr i or o p e r a t i on s o f
c o n c e p t i o n a n d gr o w t h m ay h a v e p re p ar e d t h e s y s t e m for t h e
c om

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r e c i p roc a t ing

t h er e i s

t h e t en d er fe el i ng w it h h el p l es s nes s

e n dl e s s ra m i cat i ons

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C HA R A C TER S o r

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ly b or n pr og eny m ay
a s Mr
Sp e n c e r c on t e n d s ow e t h e ir w h ol e i n u e n c e t o t h e
or o n t h e o t h e r h a n d t h e y m a
s u gg est i o ns o f h e l p l e ss n e s s
y
h a ve s om e i n d e p e nd e n t e f c a c y We k n ow t h a t al l you n g
c r e a t u r e s a r e n o t e qu al l y in t e r e s t in g ; a n d y e t a l l m ay b e
Th e r e ar e a tt ra ct i v e an d als o u n attr a c t ive
e qu all y h el p l e s s
inf an t s an d it is p ossi ble t o as sign t h e r e a s on s of t h e d iffe r
e n c e ; t h e y b e ing s u b s t an t i ally t h e c i r c u m s t a nc es o f p e r s o n al
b e au t y
St ar t in g fr om t h e fa c t t h a t t h e infa nt i s a p ers on ali t y w e
r s t re m ar k t h at i t i s a p e r s o n ali t y in min i a t u r e or in d im inu
t i ve s i z e a n d w it h t h a t s m all ne s s o f s iz e i s as s o c i a t e d t h e
n t h e n e x t pl a ce t h e
I
i
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r y t hr ill of t h e s e n s u a l c o n t a c t
r
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in fan t h a s i n t h e e x t r e m e d e gre e s o m e of th e c h oi c e s t
b e au t ie s of t h e p e r s on t h os e t h a t h eight e n t h e c h ar m s of
t h e s e x e s a n d p a r t i c u l ar ly t h e fe mi n in e c h ar m s s u c h b e au t i e s
b e ing in t h e ir or igin of a kin d t o e n h an c e t h e pr im it ive
2 0 Th e
.

s e n s u ou s as

p e ct s

Tru e

o ffs p r ng

m ay

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of

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1 41

n ew

e m b r ac e

A g ain t h e p l e as e d a n d s m iling a s p e c t w i t h all t h e m o ve

m e n t s t hat in vi t e t h e m o t h er s c ar e s s e s a n d giv e p r om i s e t h a t
,

h ar m o f t h e infan t
pr e s e n c e F ar t h e r t h e r e i s an i n t ell e c t u al pl e asur e , op e n t o
t h e m os t or dinar y d e gr e e of in t e l lige n c e i n t h e c u r i ou s li k e
This
n e s s in u nl i k e n e s s s h o w n by t h e t in y fo r m o f in fa n c y
i s on e of t h e s t an d in g b e au t i e s o f t h e y ou ng s o l o n g a s an
in t e r val s e p ar at e s t h e m fr om t h e m at u r e m an or w om an
In t h e c ase o f a m o t h e r s o w n c h il d t h e r e i s an i n cr e as e
o f t h e r e g ar d s fr om t h e s t r on g s e nt im e n t s o f p r op e r t y a n d o f
pri d e whic h g o t o au gm en t all for m s of t en d e r n e ss w h er e
In for e c a s t in g i t s h ap p y fu t u r e
t h e r e i s e x c l u s i v e p oss e s s i on
t h er e i s a b ou n d l e s s s c op e for i d e al l o ngin gs an d o u t go in g s ;
a n e x e r c i se o f m in d t h at d e e p en s t h e in t e n s i t y o f t h e or igin a l
t h e y w ill

be

r e s p o n d ed

t o,

au gm e n t

the

'

1 42

T ENDER

M OTI ON

ind i c a t io n s m at e rni t y a pp e ar s t o b e t h e
mo s t in t e ns e of all t h e s oc i abl e e m ot i on s It m ay b e s u rp as s e d
by t h e s e x u al fe e ling in it s high e s t m o o d s a s i n t h e fr e s hn e s s
o f a r s t l o v e ; b u t t e s t e d t hr ou gh t h e w h o l e o f li fe i t se e ms
w i t h o u t d o u b t t h e r s t o f hu m an e m ot i on s
2 1 Thr ou gh t h e d ee p c o m m u n it y of o rga ni z a t i on o f t h e
s e x e s i n s pi t e o f t h e ir c o n t r a s t i ng fu n c t i o n s t h e m al e p ar e n t
i s als o s e n s it ive in a hi gh b u t s e c on d d e gr e e t o t h e m agn e t i c
t hrill o f t h e c hild in t h e ar m s w hi l e h e i s e qu a l ly w i t h t h e
Th e fe e li ng o f p r o t e c t or
m o t h e r a ffe c t e d by all t h e a dj u n c t s
s hip i s c h er i s h e d i n t h e m al e s e x t h r o u gh t h e s e x u a l r e l a t i o n ;
a fe eli ng t h at m u s t ri s e w i t h t h e c on s ci o u sn e ss of p ow er w hi c h
Mo s t of t h e b e au ti e s of
t h e m a l e s e x h a s i n gr e a t e r m e a s u r e
t h e in fa n t ar e s t an d in g b e au t i e s of t h e fe m in in e for m ; w h e n ce
t h e l o v e of i nfa n c y i s a n e x t e n s i o n o f t h e p r i or l o v e of t h e
fe m ini n e s e x Th e in t e ll e c t u a l c h ar m o f lik e n e s s in u nl ik e n es s
d e t a ins e qu all y t h e m ot h e r t h e fa t h er a n d t h e u nr e l a t e d
Th e sen t i m e n t s o f p r op e r t y an d p r i d e b e l o ng t o
s p e c t a t or
t h e fa t h e r ; w hil e a t a l a t e r s t age h e c an e nj oy t h e d e ligh t s
Th e p a t e r n a l r e l at i on w a s s o m e w h a t br u s qu e ly
o f p ow e r
s u m m e d u p by H o bb e s w i t h t e n d e r n es s l e ft o u t : Chil d r e n

h e s a y s a r e a m an s p o w e r a n d h is h on ou r
On

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The B en ev olent A ect to ns

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it u a t i on s of t e n d er fe e ling lov e or a ffe c t i ons m a y b e

Th e y als o im pli c a t e t h e e ar li e s t
c o n s i d e r e d t o h a v e t h e i r s e at
i m pu ls e s of s ym p at hy w hi c h w e m u st j u d ge t o b e ins ep ar
a bl e fr o m p e r s on a l fon d n e ss or r e g ar d
In i t s l e as t d e v e l op e d for m B e n e vol e nce app e ar s as Pi t y
a n i m p u l s e t h a t s p r i n s fro m p l e a su r e t a k e n
o r C o m p a s s i on
g
This i s t r e at e d by Mr Sp e n c er a s
in h e l p ing t h e d is t re s s e d
a fe ebl e o ffsh oo t or e x t ensi on of t h e st r ong m at ern al im pu ls e a s
i t s u pp os es t h e s i t u at i o n of h e lple s s n ess in s om e w h at a lt e r e d
Th er e i s u nd ou b t e dly an a nalogy in an im
c ir c u m s t a n c e s
p ort an t poin t if n ot th e all im p or t a n t p oint w e akn es s or t h e
Ye t in t he s u ffer i ng s of a gr o w n p erson t h er e
n e e d o f h el p
al l

the

M OTI ON

TENDER

pit y This is aw a k e n e d e ven by b arr e n c o m m iser at ion an d

i s t h e n a s p u r i ou s ar t i cl e c all e d S en t i m e nt i n a r e p r o a c hfu l
m e aning or Se n t i m en t a lit y
A l ar g e p ar t o f t h e g oo d of c e s
r e n d er e d t o t h e n e e d y i s fe d fr Om t his lu x u r y o f h e l in
p g;
t h e r e b e in g a n imm e d i at e an d a pp ar e n t r e sul t i n t h e a m e li or a
t i o n o f t h e d i s t r e s s a n d t h e r ec ip r oc at e d gr a t i t u d e o f t h e
K a n t w o n d e r e d t h at t h e r e i s s o m u c h k i n d n e s s
s u ff e r e r
an d s o li t t l e j u s t i c e in t h e w or l d
C hiva lr y i s t h o u g ht a n er
t hi ng t h a n g oo d g ov er nm e nt
of

Gr a ti tu d e

i ble an d t e n d e r fe el ing in al l it s m od e s w he n
c om pl e t e d s u p p o s e s t h e m u t u a l a n d r e s p o nd in
In
g e m br ac e
t hi s w e h a ve t h e s im pl e s t a s p ec t of gr a t it u d e o r t h e r e t u rn o f
pl e a s u r e for ple a su r e r e c e ive d In t h e l ow e s t for m s of t h e
fe e ling t h e pl e a s u r e r e t u rn e d i s u n int e n d e d ; i t f ollo w s fr o m
t h e m u t u alit y o f t h e r e g ar d s
Th e i nfant i n r e s p o n d in g t o
t h e m o t h e r s c ar e s s d oe s n ot k n o w t h a t i t e n h an c e s t h e
m o t h e r s s a t i s fac t i o n ; it o n ly br ings ab ou t i t s o w n s a t i s fac
t i on
Pro p er gr at it u d e d o es n ot b egin u n t il w e Sy m p a t h et ic al ly
ple a su r e s a nd p ain s an d b ec o m e
e nt er in t o o t h e r p er s o n s
c o n s c i ou s o f b e i ng c au se s o f t h e on e o r o f t h e o t h e r
It al s o
s u pp o se s t h at w e t a k e n o t i c e of o t h e r s a s t h e c au s es o f ou r
o w n pl e a s u r e s an d p a i n s a n d h a v e ass o ci at i o n s i n c on s e qu e n c e
A t t hi s s t age t h er e i s a n i n c r e as e o f t h e s at i s fa c t io n of gi vi ng
f
c e s w h e n w e h a v e o u r selv e s e x p e r i e n c e d
d
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oo
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h an d s o f t h e s am e p er s on Ou r n d ing on e t h a t h a s b e n e t e d
u s in a p o s it i o n t o b e b e n e t e d i n r e t u r n p r o v o k e s a t w o fol d
b u r st o f t h e t e n d er fe eli ng b o t h in i t s p ainfu l an d in i t s
pl e a s u r a bl e ou t go i ng s
Whil e t h e e m o t i on of t h e pr o t e c t or i s t en d e r fe eling as
Pit y or B e n e vol e n t r egar d t h e e m ot ion of t h e p r o t e c t e d m u s t
of
t e n d e r n e ss w it h o u t t h e ple a s u r e o f
c o n t ai n
el em e nt s
h el ping Ot h er c ir cu m s t an c e s b e ing t h e sam e i t i s an infe ri or
Ne ve rt h el e s s i t i s t h e pr i m i t ive
d e gr e e of t h e e m o t i on
s it u a t i o n w h e r e i n t h e so c i a bl e e m ot i o n s a r e s u pp o s e d t o b e
24

Th e

s oc a

G R ATI TUDE

1 45

n t e r e s t in t h e m e m b e r s o f
bl
i
e
g
w h il e
o u r kin d
a t t r ac t u s t o t h e ir e m bra c e
o t h e r p a s s i on s o p e r a t e t o r e p e l t h e i r a d v a n c e s
2 5 Emo t i o n al g rat it u d e s h o w s it s e lf in t h e r s t i n s t an c e
as l o v e a n d c o m e s o u t m o s t r e a d il y t o t h o s e t h a t w e ar e a bl e
t o l o v e a ft e r w hi c h it b e c o m es a s p r in g o f k in dl y a n d b e n e
c e n t c on d u c t
To b e in g s d ign i e d an d d i s t a nt w e h a v e gr e at
d if c u l t y i n fe e l ing t h e gr a t e ful s e n t im e n t a s a w arm a n d
t e n d e r i n s p ir a t i o n
In p er fe c t l o v e t h e Su p e r i or c on d e s c e n d s
Gr at i t u d e t o ou r C r e a t or al t h o u gh e n
t o t h e ot h er s l e ve l
j oin e d u p on u s i s b ar el v r e ali z e d in t hi s s p e c i al for m

it g ive s a n
a n d s e r ve s t o

e ng e n d e r e d
,

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i s t h e gr a t i t u d e p r e
fu llm e n t o f w h a t i s o bli g at or y

of

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th e

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,

r e a t i on s o f

life

s t at e

Wh et h e r

t e n d er

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h all e nt e r i nt o t h e di s c h arge of t his d u t y d e p e nd s o n t h e

c ir c u m s tan c e s of t h e c as e a n d t h e c h ar ac t e r o f t h o s e c o n c e r n e d
2 6 Th e Lo w e r A n im al s ar e t s u bj e c t s o f t e n d e r fe el i ng
Th eir t o t al d e p e n d en c e for
an d i n s p ir e w a r m a tt a c hm e n t s
b i d s t h e r i v alr i e s t h at i nt r o d u c e t h e t a in t o f a nx i o u s w a t c h
fu l ne s s in t o t h e r el at i o n s hip s b e t w e e n hu m an b e in gs
By
t h e ir s e n s u ou s c h ar m s t h e i r v iv ac it y t h eir c o n t r as t t o ou r
s e l v e s t h e ir s e r vi ce s a n d t h e i r d e v o t i o n t h e d o m es t i c s p e c i es
a r e ab l e t o t ouc h t h e c h or d o f t e n d e r n e s s a nd t o e nl ar g e t h e
s p h er e o f o u r a ffe c t i o n at e i n t e r e s t s
2 7 Th e r e i s n o t w ant in g a fo r m o f t e n d e r s e nt i m e n t
t o w ar d s I n a n im at e t hings
A m an c o m es t o l o o k u p o n hi s
h ou s e hi s eld s h is w e alt h t h e impl e m e nt s of h i s t r a d e h is
w ith
c o ll e c t i on s o f ar t an d cu r i os it y h i s l o c al e n vi r o n m e n t
s o m e t hin g of t h e a s s o c i a t e d e m ot i o n s h o w n t o hi s fa m il y or
h i s fr i e n d s
His r e gar d for t h es e th ings as su m e s t h e c h ar ac t e r
w h e n h e i s d e p r i v e d o f th e m t h e p ai n i s a k i nd
o f a ffe c t i o n
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It i s , d ou b t l e s s , fr o m t h e ir
t hat

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,

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u n s u it e d t o i t s
p ro p e r c o n s u m m at i o n t h e ind ul ge n c e i s i m a
gin ar y or c t it i ou s lik e t h e l o v e fe lt t o w ar d s a p e r s on b e y o n d
ou r r e a c h
We d erive a c er t a in s at i sfac t i on fro m p er s onifying
su c

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10

T EN DER EM OTI ON

im p er s on al o bj e c t s t h a t giv e u s d e light s in c e by c om p ly
i ng w i t h t h e fo r m s w e c a n in s om e m e asu r e e x p e ri e n c e t h e
r e al it y of t e n d e r re g ar d
t he

S orr ow

i ct e d u p o n hu m an b e ings t hr ou gh t h e ir
t e n d er s e n t im e nt s ar e o f v ar i ou s gr a d es fr om t h e ge nt l e l on g
ings o f br i ef ab se nc e t o t h e o ver w h e lm ing s orr ow of th e n ew
m a d e gr a v e
The y ar e as m anifo ld as t h e il l s t h at c an h app en
t o a ny b e l o v e d o bj e c t
Th e y m ay b e m a inly su mm e d u p in
t w o c l as s es
On t h e on e h an d ou r ow n l o ss by t h e w i t h
d ra w al o f t h o s e w e l o ve a nd o n t h e o t h e r o u r s h ar e in t he
ar e t h e t w o s i d es w h e r e in w e are v u l
e vil t h a t b e fal s t h e m
n e r ab l e t hr ou gh ou r a ffe c t i on s
Wit h re s p e c t t o t h e r st c as e th e d e pr ivat ion of w h a t
w e h a v e b e c o m e a t t a c h e d t o t h e p a i n i s d e e p an d in t e n s e
a c c or d i n g t o t h e p ow e r o f t h e a tt a chm e n t a n d t h e pl e a su r e i t
a ffo r d s
Wh e n w e h av e c u lt iv at e d an Obj e c t of t e nd e r n es s as
a p r in c i p a l i n r e d i e n t o f o u r l i fe s c o m for t t h e c u t t in g o ff of
g
th a t obj e c t h as a r e a c t i on o f m is e ry an d d is t r e s s an d ch arge s
a c u p o f bit t e r n e s s t o b e d r ai n e d t o t h e d r e gs
Th e r e is in
t hi s e ffe c t m u c h t h at i s c omm on t o t h e p a in o f s e v er e l o s s or
d is app oin t m e nt in any re gi o n o f t hi ngs
Th e b au lki n g of a
d e ar r e v e nge an in s u l t t o p er s o n al d ign it y t h e w r e c k o f so m e
c h e r i s h e d h o p e s p e cu n i ar y l os s es a su d d e n c h e c k i n any t h i n
g
t h a t t h e h ear t i s b e nt u p on t h e fa ilu r e of a pr op al l l e a d t o
a n in t e n s i t y o f m e n t a l c o n i c t c o n s t i t u t in
f
t
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r e st
n
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fo r m s of h u m an s u ffe r ing
A l arge r ang e o f as s o c i at i o n s t h a t
u s e d t o yi e l d pl e a su r e a n d su pp or t h av e s u dd e nl y s t o pp e d
p ay
28

p ai n s

Th e

in

'

m ent

A l t h ou gh th e r s t

the

i t u a t i o n w e a r e s u p p o s in g
is o f a ki n d c o m m o n t o m o st for m s o f h e avy l os s t h e aft er
s t age s as s u m e a ch ar ac t e r p e cu li ar t o t h e p r es e n t c l as s o f
Wh en t im e h as ad apt e d th e m e n t al cu rr ent s t o t h e
e m o t i on s
n e w s t at e o f t hi n gs t h e t e n d e r a ffe c t i o n s t ill s u r viv es a s on e
o f t h e pl e a s u r e s o f l ife
Th e p r o p er t y of i d e al p er s i s t en c e
t h a t b el ongs t o i t r e n d e r s i t a p o ss es s ion e v e n w h e n t he
e ffe c t of

TEN DER

1 48
as s u m e

of

it

n sp r e s

by qu al it i es in im i c al t o a ffec t ion as w h e n
m
l
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He r c ul e s m anu al skill a nd d e xt er it y o f a h igh or d er ar t ist ic
r i nt e ll ec t u al for c e e m i n e n t m ora l qu al i t i e s b e au t y a n d
o
w
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p
r e n e m e n t an d e v e n t h e a d v e n t it i ou s c ir c u m s t a n c es o f w e al t h
an d t h e r e
a n d r an k a ll t e n d t o r a i s e u s a b ov e o u r s e l v e s
s u l t ing e x p r e s s i o n i s w o n d e r m ix e d w it h l ov e t h a t i s A d mi r a
t i on
Th e r e c o gn it i on o f s u p e r i o r e x c ell e n c e i n s om e qu al i t y
or c h ar a c t e r i s t i c t h a t w e ar e s t r o ngl y al iv e t o 1 s a fr e qu e n t
b eginning o f l ov e
3 2 Es teem i s a s e nt im e nt ap p l i c abl e t o m an y t h ing s t h at
R e fe rrin g t o
c a n h ar dl y b e s a i d t o r o u s e o u r ad m ir a t i on
o t d e m an d for i t t h e a t t r i
u s e fu l qu al it i es p r in c ip al l y w e d o n
bu t e s o f r ar it y or su rp a ss ing e x cell e n ce Th e fe eli ng e x c it e d in
u s t o w ar d s t h os e t h a t p e rfo r m t h e ir p ar t s u it a b l y an d w e ll in
t h e r e l at i on s o f lif e ; h o w ev e r nu m er ou s t h e y m a y b e i s e s t e e m
We d o n ot c om p ar e on e man w it h an o the r ; w e r at h e r c om p ar e
a w or k t o b e d on e w i t h t h e m a nner o f e x e c u t i ng i t
Th e o bj e ct s of ou r e st e e m t h er e fo r e m ay b e s a i d t o b e all
t h o s e ab ou t u s t h a t fu l l t h e t a s k s i mp os e d u p on t h e m b y
t h e ir s i t u at i on or d i sp l a y t h e vir t u e s t h at m ak e m e n u s eful i n
I n d u s t ry ind ep e n d e n c e d eli t y t o t r u s t int egr it y
s oc i et y
t ru t hful n e s s p r ac t ic al g o od s e n s e ar e qu al i t i e s t h at c o mm a n d
o u r e s t e e m a l t h o ugh t h e y m a y h av e n o c h a r m t o e x c i t e a d
Th e u t il it i e s o f lif e, i n t h e n arr o w s e ns e of t h e
m ir a t i o n
i
t
r e c au t i o n ar y o f c es v al u ab l e o nl y fo r t he
e
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r ev e n t i o n o f e v il an d h av in g i n t h e m s e l v e s n o i mm e d i a t e
p
A
n art i s t t ou ch e s t h e s ou r c es of p l e as u r e
i
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b y a n im m e d i at e im p u l s e 3 a m agist r a t e l aw y e r or p h ys i ci an
i s v al u e d b e c au s e of t h e e vil t h at h e c an w ar d o ff or r e m ov e
Th e em ot i o n o f e s t ee m i s a re e ct e d or a s s oc i at e d fe el i ng
g row i ng out o f o u r s e ns e o f t h e mi s c h i e f p r ev e nt e d a n d the
r for m a n c e
t
h
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by
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e
of t he
vir t u es
oo
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o

bj e c t

or

B e ing in t he p r im ar y for m m a nife s t e d t o a p er s o n,

l o v e , as w e ll a s t h e fe e l in g o f m igh t , u nl e ss t h e

b ili t y

c ap a

gr at e fu l e l at io n o f m i n d o n t h e v i e w
e x c e ll e n c e l n a ny d e p ar t m e n t o f hu m an

h ere t h a t it i s

su p e r ior mi gh t

T I ON

EMO

i s m arr e d

'

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A DM R A

A ND ES EEM

1 49

is e r i e s t h at ac cru e from n egl e c t an d c a r e

l es s ne ss o f e v er y d e s cr ip t i o n w e fe e l a li v e l y an d c h e e ri ng
s e ns a t io n o f r e l i e f fro m a n o
n
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o f c o n d u c t w h ic h
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k
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os
t
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pp
e a s il y p as s e s in t o a c e r t ain t e n d er r e g ar d t o w ar d s t h e p er s on s
The fe e l ing o f b e in g s a v e d fr om i m p en d in g or p os s ibl e m i s e
r 1 e s i s a v er
y p r e v al e n t o n e v ar y ing c h i e y in d e gr ee a c cor d i ng
t o t h e n a t u r e o f t h e d a n ge r
The r e is al w ay s a d is t in c t t ra c e
of p l e as u r e a n d a c h e e r in g t o n e c onn e c t e d w it h i t a n d i n
e x t r e m e c a s es t h e e ffe c t m a y r i s e t o a b u rs t o f d e li gh t
Th e
re m o v al o f a c t u al
p a in y i e l d s t h e co n d it i on in t h e m o s t e ffe c
t iv e fo r m ; n e x t t o t h a t i s t h e p r e v e n t i on o f an t i c ip a t e d p a i n
This id e al form of t h e p l e a su r e i s w h at c onn e c t s it s el f w it h
t h e l a b o u r s an d p r e c au t i on s of h u m an in d u s t ry and m a k e s u s
fee l an in t e r e s t i n t h e c h ar a
c t e r of o u r fe ll o w w o r k er s
Th e
c h e e rin g s e n t im en t o f m i s e r
r e v e nt e d r i s e s u p w h e n w e s e e
p
y
a m a n s k ill e d in hi s v oc at i o n an d fa it hfu l t o all hi s e ng a g e
m e nt s
Th e p r o m p t ing o f t e n d e r ne s s t h at t h e p l ea su r e
inv ol v e s w it h i t h el p s t o c onst it u t e o u r e s t e e m or r egar d for
the in d ivi du al
Th e s e n t i m e n t o f e s t e e m al th o u gh n ot o f i t s e l f a r s t c l a s s
e mot io n i n r e s e c t o f c on t r i bu t in g t o o u r h a p in e s s i s n e v e r
p
p
th el e s s a c al c u l a bl e el e m e n t ; an d t h e m or e s o t h at w e ar e
k e enl y al iv e t o t h e ev il s of c ar el e s s l vi ng W he n a t al l
s t r o n gl y d e v el op e d as i n t h e c a se o f p e r so n s c o mi n g m u c h
u nd e r ou r
o b s e r v a t i on
a c u r r e n t o f c o n s i d e ra bl e s t r engt h
ow s h ab it u all y in t h e p r e s e nc e or r e c oll e c t ion o f t h os e p e r
s on s
Not o nl y d o t h e y g ive u s t h at am ou nt of p l e a su re
s ign i e d b y t h e p hr as e
ca u s ing an i nt e r e s t
b u t t h ey b e c o m e
a p owe r o v e r o u r a ct i on s o p i n i o n s a n d s e nt im e n t s
A l l t h is
IS i m l i e d in t h e m e an in
f
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wh ich in d ic at e an in t e r e s t e d g a z e w it h a d e fe r e nt ial d i sp o si
t io n
In t h e b u s t l e o f l ife w h e r e e v e r y o n e i s s tru ggl i ng t o
m a in t a i n a p os i t i o n w e m ak e r o om fo r t h ose w e e s t e e m
sh o w i ng t h e m p r e fe r e n ce a n d n d in g a p l e a su r e i n s ervin
g
K

T ION

the m

no w ng w e l l

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t h em

A d m i r a t i on

m ot e

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su

T ENDER

1 50

T I ON

EMO

b e ings
b u t th e ir e x p r e s s i o n i n l a n gu ag e i s an e as y a n d a gr e e a bl e
e ffo r t a n d a b o n d o f s ym p a t h y b e t w e e n u s a n d t h ir d p ar t i es
Ou r c onv e r s at i o n i s fr e qu e n t l y m a d e u p o f a ll u s i o n s t o t h os e
b ind

us

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t h a t w e e s t e em
s h ar e
a

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T I ON

EMO

1 5 2:

p ain i n I d e a ;
men t al f or ce s

of

'

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a nd

th e

su

or

F EA R

b s i s t en c e

of

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s t at e

by p u rely

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d se l f s u b si s t e n c e o f a
c o n d it i on s t h at a ffe c t t h e re v iv al a n
p a i n fu l m oo d o p e r a t e i n m o d ifyi n g o r p r o d u c ing t h e e m o t i on
F or o n e t hi n g a s i d e al s t at e s m ay b e r ou s e d b y i d e al
of F e ar
in u e n ce s t h e y m ay giv e v e ry d is t or t e d r e p r e s e n t at ions o f
a c t u al i t y
Th e h e al t h y b al an c e o f t h e m i n d r e qui re s t h a t
e v e r y i d e al s t a t e r e fe r r in g t o a r e al s t a t e w h e t h e r
p a st or t o

c om e s h o u l d c o rr e c t l y s qu ar e w it h t h a t s t a t e
sh oul d in d u c e
s u c h a c ou r s e o f p ro c e e d in g a s w o u l d b e in d u c e d b y t h e r e ali t
y
Th e aft e r r e m e m br an c e o f a p a in s h o u l d g iv e it a t i t s fu ll
v al u e a n d no m o r e ; t h e a n t i c i a t i o n o f a c o m i n
p
g p a in s h oul d
-

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s am e

d o t he
of

i d e al

Un d er

a n d ac t u al ,

m a nife s t e d

p e r fe c t a n d j u s t c orr e s p o n d e n c e
r o e r e m ot i o n of
r w ou l d n ot b e
a
e
p p

s u ch a

t he

i ins t ru m e nt for r e viv ing an d s u pp or t in g an id e al

p a in i s t he as s e mbl age o f c oll at e ral c ircu m s t an c e s t h a t e n g ag e d
t h e s e n s e s a n d a t t e nt i o n d u r ing t h e r e al it y
Th e c au s e r e al
o r s u p p o s e d o f t h e p a in i s a l w a y s an im p or t a n t c ir c u m s t a n c e
in t h e re s u s c it at io n ; b u t s in c e fr o m ou r ignor an c e c o u p l e d
w it h t he d ifc u l t i e s o f n at u r e w e o ft e n m i s c o n c e iv e t h e c au s e
o u r r e c oll e c t i on s ar e fr e qu e n t l y t a i n t e d w it h u nfa it h fu l n e s s
a n d m i s u i d e ou r c o n d u c t
g
Th e i d e al p a in h a s t h e v oli t i o n al u r g en c y o f t h e r e al p a in
i n p r o p or t i o n a s i t r i s e s t o t h e i n t e n s i t y o f t h e a c t u al
Ev e n
w it h ou t fu ll y a m ou n t ing t o t h e ac t u al s t at e if o u r re a son t e ll s
u s h o w m u c h s h or t o f t h e ac t u al i t i s w e m ay b e i n d u c e d t o
a dj u s t ou r c o n d u c t t o w h at w o u l d b e t h e r e a l it y
Th e p h y s i c al s i d e o f t h e i d e al p a in s h o w s all t h e c h ar ac
t e r i s t ic s of t h e p h y s i c al s i d e o f a c t u al p a in m e r e l y w i t h
Th e i n fe r i or d e gr e e of t h e m e r e i n s t in c
d iffe r e n c e o f d e gr e e
t iv e d e m o n s t rat i o n s a n d of t h e d er a n g e m e nt o f t h e fu n c ti ons
C
s h o w s h o w far t h e id e al c o m e s s h or t o f t h e ac t u al
A s T e r r o r i s a n I d e al s t at e i t i s a t t h e m e r c y o f t h e
In t h e h e al t h y b al a n c e
a g e n c i es t h a t e ffe c t o u r i d e a s a s s u c h
o f t h e min d a n i d e a s h o u l d c orr e s p o n d w i t h i t s r e al i t y b u t
Th e

ch e f

'

'

'

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N I I N

I MIN A R Y

CO D T O S

P R EL

b e i ng
of

id e a i t i s
r e al it y b e in
g

an

t he

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o nl y

m ay b e t a m p e r e d w i t h

l
h
y
i
s
c
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p

t o m e nt al for c e s , t h e

on e

an d

1 53

id e al
a c t i on s

s h or t ,

In

v e r t ou r
t h e t i m e a ffec t s

r
e
p

so

m e n t al

c o n di t o n

do

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all

gt h en
s y st e m a t ic

th at

s tr e n

Th e

an

less

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s t at e s

ou r

i at
p a in o f a nt i c ip at i o n m ak i ng it m or e o r
r
u
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s t r e n gt h

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t h an

it s

fa c t p o r t e n d e d
w e ak en th e
or

i at ion s a s e xpl ain e d in t h e

a c c ou n t o f I d e al
Emot ion
Th ir d At t ent ion m u s t b e giv e n t o t he s t at e of Exp e c t at io n
o r B e li e f a s o
p p o s e d t o m e r e id e a or fa n c y u n c onn e c t e d w it h
as s o c

a ny r e al o c c u r r e n c e

It i s un n e c e s s ar y
Or igin o f B e l i e f
we
ch ar ac t e r s

and

th

at

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ne ed

s ou r ce s

o nl

Now

to

s t ag e

en

qu ir e in t o

a s su m e

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u nm s t a

k e a bl e

ch ef

th e

it s

t h e m e n t al

c r c u m s t an ce

th at

m a k e s u s b e l i e v e i n, or an t i c ip at e a c om ing e vil i s p as t e x
p e ri e n c e m o d i e d i n v ar i o u s w ay s t h at We ar e n o t h e r e c on
,

c e r ne d

to

sp e c

ify

A p re c ip i t a t e fa ll o f t h e b ar o m e t e r a t s e a.
o f d r e a d in t h e s a il or , w h o s e e s t h e c o m i ng

ind u c es t he s t at e
hu rr ic an e
Wh a t e v e r c i r c u m s t a n c e s
.

th e d a ng e r ou s n e s s

fe ar s

On t h e

ot h e r

t h at t h e

s t or m w

s oo t h e s

hi s

vokin g

of

ill

a l ar m

the

ex

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be

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t
d
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p

of

y t h in g
p e r il o u s

s ou r c e s

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m ag n i t u d e ,

b el i e f
mice

ar e

v e ned,

qu i e t s an d
a g e n c i e s for

t he

s ou r c e s o f

in u en c e o n b e li ef p r op erl y
so :
c al l e d
Th is s e e m s a m er e s u b t l e t y b u t it c an b e m ad e
e vid e nt in t h e fu ll d i s cu s s i o n o f b e l i e f
Fo u r th The m ost ch ar ac t e r ist ic fe atu r e in t h e s it u at io n of
t err or i s Un c e r t a i nt y Ig no ra n c e D ar k n e s s
In t h e c as e o f a
gr e at b u t c e rt ain and u n d e r s t oo d e vil t h e id e al p ain m ay b e
Th e i r re gu l ar
s im p l y a m e a su r e o f t h e r e al it y o f t h e c as e
d i sp r op o r t io n at e an d e c c e nt r i c c ou r s es c o nn e c t e d w i t h T e rr o r
ar e b r o u gh t in t o r e l i e f u n d e r fu t u r e e v il o f u n k no w n a m o u n t
or ch ar a c t er
Th er e b e in g n o d e nit e p i ct u re t o c ont rol or
s t e a d y t h e m ov e m e n t s o f t h e m in d a ny t h in g i s r e c e iv e d t h at
t he c h anc e c ou r s e o f t h e t h ou ght s m ay int r od u ce ; b u t a s

fe ar

(ap art

fr o m

b e l i e f ) h av e

b e li e f

t o hi s p r e s e n t
i
him t o e l e v e

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of

an d

hi s

s t orm , ad d

an

fo r l u l l in g t he fe ar s

or

s t r e ng t h e n

an

'

T I ON

EMO

1 54
no

thi ng is

i y

t h ou h t

b idi ng t h e Vi c t im
di s t ra c t i o n
Un d e r

s u r e , or a
a nd

u n c e r t a nt

and

o r F EAR

fe e li ng, t h er e

w ou l d

i s t o ss e d t o
the

or di n ar

n at u r all

e n su e

and

fr o , in

l aw s

s t at e

of
of

x c it e m e n t v ol u m in ou s a n d p ai nfu l Thi s is t h e g e nui n e

m a n ife s t a t i on o f T e rr or
T a k e t h e c as e of a s u s cep t ibl e an d
s u p e r s t it i ou s m in d i n a h au nt e d c a s t l e
No t h ing i s cl e ar
d e ni t e or c e rt ain ; t he r e i s a gre at e v il p os s i b ili t y a n d y e t
Ev e ry t ri e
t h e p e rs o n d oe s n o t k n ow w h e n w h e r e or w h at
i s s u gg e st iv e ; b u t all is s p e c u l at i o n a n d in c oh e r e n c e t h e
e

mind

sh a

fr om i t s

ken

c al m

c ent r e ,

d es ol at e

an d

d ep r e s s e d

i ip at e s t h e w orst w it h ou t k n o w ing w h at t h e w or st i s
Th e gl oom y e x c it e m e n t gr o w s an d d e ep e n s
This i s t he ob v er s e of t h at p l e a s ant e xer c is e of I m aginat io n
so h ighl y c ov e t e d in Fi n e A rt a n a gr e e ab l e e x p e r i e n ce w i t h
I
n
d
e e d t h e i n t e n s e s t m o m e n t s o f h u m an
a s l e n d i d p os s i b i l it y
p
bl is s ar e t h ose w h er e an ac t u al gr at ic at ion i s t he op ening u p
o f s t ill
re a t e r i d e al d e li gh t s
g
F ift h Th e c on s id e r at ion s n ow m ent ion e d p r ep ar es u s for
vi e w ing T error a s a p r o d u c t of Ev ol u t ion So far a s I c an
j u d ge t h e h yp ot h e s is of Ev ol u t io n i s u n c all e d for in e xp l ain ing
t h e m o r e g e n e r al c h ar a c t e r i s t ic s of T e rr or ; t h e e x c i t e m e n t
t h e d e p r e s s i o n t h e F ix e d I d e a t h e e x agg e r at i o n o f id e al e v il
a s w e l l as m u c h t h a t b e l o ng s t o t h e p h ys i c al w av e o f e ffe c t s
No d ou b t w e m ay s ay t h at t h e g e ne ral l aw s o f all m e nt al
a c t i on a r e e v o l v e d ; b u t t h at i s n o t w h a t i s m e ant by t h e
d e v e l op m e n t o f sp e c i al e m o t i o n s ; t h e s e ar e d e cl ar e d t o b e
s u p e r a d d e d t o t h e m or e g e n e r al fr a m e w or k o f ou r s e n s i b il i t y
a nd a c t i v it y
2 Th e ill u s t r a t ion s t h at a r e giv e n t o s h o w t h e E vol u t i on
o f F e ar r at h e r p o in t t o sp eci a l f or m s or in s t a n c es o f t h e e m o t io n ;
as w h e n t h e in fa nt o r a n im al s h o w s d r e a d o f t h e h u m a n
p r e s e n c e b e for e a c t u all y s u ffer ing h ar m fr o m h u m a n b e in gs
If t h i s b e a fac t w e m ight ac c o u n t for i t by t h e t r a n s m is s i on
o f h e r e d it ar y e x p e ri e n c e o f e v il s e n d u r e d a t t h e h an d s o f ou r
k in d It ou gh t t o t ak e t h e form of d re a d a t t h o s e s p e c ial
e x p r e s s i o n s o r m a n i fe s t a t i on s ac c o m p a ny i ng t h e i n i c t i o n o f
m i s c h i e f an d s h ou l d i m p l y t h e o b v e r s e fe e l ing o f e n co u r age
an t c

T I ON

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F EA R

or

l
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d e e p e s t k ind a r e a b l e t o a ffe c t t h e g e r m a n d r e ap p e ar in

s t r on

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an d

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F or
p u n i s hm e n t in a fu t u r e lif e

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t

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p r e d at or y a ni m al s
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acc o u n t s

pp r e h e n s i o n of t h e s e o bj e c t s

fou n d in t h e kn o w n l a w s o f

u p ou r a

m u st b e

I nt ell e c t

as

l aw s if d e v el o p e d
,

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s u c c e s s v e s t ep s,

m u c h m or e ge n e r al s it u at io n s t h an w h at
a c co u n t for in s t in c t iv e fe ar
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t h i s p r e p arat or y d i s cu ss i on

C HA R A C ER S OF F EA R

Aft e r

di c all y t h e
P HY S

F e ar

c h ara c t e r s o f

I CA L

l et

u s re su m e

m et h o

b viou s signs of fe ar
i m l y or a n i c d e r a n g e m e nt an d m u s c u l ar r e l a x a t io n a c c om
p
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T
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a
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:
p
g
p
o n t h e w h ol e i s l os s o f p o w e r ; b u t t h e r e i s a n i n c r e as e o f
t e n s i o n i n t h e e y e a nd t h e v o i c e a n d a v e h e m e n t e x e r t i o n i n
S I DE

u su al

Th e

and

or d e r

to

t h e d a ng e r

e s c ap e

id e t h ere i s th e p h ys ic al d ep r e ssi
a ccom p a ny i n g m a s si v e p ain a n d o n t h e o t h e r s i d e a n in t e n s e
Th i s i s t h e
a n d e x c it e d v ol it i o n i n s p ir e d by i m
p e n d ing e vil
p r e c i s e s i t u at i o n w h e r e t h e o rg a n i c fu n c t ion s ar e t h e gr e at e s t

s u ffer er s ; a n d e v e r y o n e o f t h e m i s l i a bl e t o b e d e r e s se d !
p
Thu s

on

th e

on e

'

fear

A g oo d i ns t anc e for il l u st rat i ng t h e fai l u re of t h e org ani c p roces s e s u nd e r

is s een i n t h e c h ec k g iv e n t o t h e ow o f s al i va
Th i s c irc u ms t anc e i s t h e
.

fou n d at ion
o r d e al o f

of

the

c u s t om

t h e m ors el

in

of ri ce .

nd ia of su b e c t i n g su sp e c t e d cr im ina l s

Th e

ac cu s e d

i s m a d e t o t ak e

m ou t h fu l

t o t he
o f r ic e ,

l it t l e t o t h row it ou t
If t h e m or sel is qu it e d ry , t h e p a rt y i s
b e l i e v e d t o b e gu i l t y h i s o w n ev il c ons ci enc e o p erat ing t o p aral y e t h e s al i
y a t in g o rg a n s
It is ne e dl es s t o ob ser v e t h a t t h is w ou ld b e a n e ffe c t of fea r
a n d a ft er

t h at , l ik e b l u s h ing ,
u n d er s u c h a n o rd eal .

migh t

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g u il t y p e rs on

MEN TA L

Li k e w i s e

any o f

s ho w re l ax a t o n

C HA R A C ER S

t h e m u s c l e s t h at

ar e n o t e x p r e ss l

Th e t r e m u l ou s n e s s

1 57

of

y s t im u l at e d

t e r r or i s d u e t o t h e

int er m it t e n ce of t h e m o t or s t im u l u s of t h e m u s cl e s
4 MEN T A L S I DE Th e g e n e r al d e sc r ip t i o n o f t h e m e nt al
We
s t a t e of fe ar i s m a s s iv e p a in or g e n e r al d e p r e s s io n o f t o n e
ap p l y t o i t t h e st r o ng e s t gu r e s fo r m as s iv e p a in m e l a n c h ol y
h
T
e a m ou n t o f p l e as u r e s w all o w e d
l
m
d
a rk n e s s d e s p a i r
o
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by
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ri h t o r i n t h e a tt e m p t t o r e c ov e r t h e u s u al t o n e
u
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p
c o rr o b o r a t e s o u r h i gh e s t im a t e of t h e m i s e ry d u e t o fe ar i n
.

a ny

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r o n ou n c e d

As

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it e d

ac t

d e g re e

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rd s
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d e n i t e

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c ou r s e

the

is

su p p o s ed

c o u r s e op e n ,

Bu t t h e

t h er e

t h er e is

as

a lr e a

d ir e c t i o n

dy

r e m ar

w or s t c a s es o f

fe ar

an

Wit h
e n er gy i n

of

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of

c on c en t r at on

ked

t h o s e t h at p r e s e n t
p a n fu l m m c r y o f

ar e

i c o p e n in g ; a n d t h e r e i s t h e n a i
i i
a s h ift in g ab ou t a t al l p o in t s
In t h e
v ol u nt ar y e x e r t i o n
e x t r e m e for m s c om b i nin g d a n g er a n d u n c e r t a i n t y t h e r e i s
u tt e r p ar a l y si s of ac t ivi t y
Th e e x c i t e d g a z e i s a p ar t o f t h e v ol u nt ar y s t ra in I n t e n s e
w a t ch fu l n e s s m u s t a c c o m p an y o u r e ffor t s t o a v o i d an e v il
agen c y
Th e sh r i e k o r c r y o f t error w ou l d b e in ac c or d an c e w it h
D arw i n s v i e w of t h e or igin al e m p l oy m e nt of t h e vo ic e t h at
It i s e m p l o y e d i n p ar t
i s t o o b t a i n h el p fr om c om p an i o n s
u n c o n s c i ou s l y fr o m e ngr a in e d h a b it a n d i n p ar t c o n s ci o u s l y
fr o m o u r k n o w in g i t s p o w e r t o p r o c u r e r e l i e f Th e r e i s n o t h ing
s p e c i al t o t h e p ass i o n o f fe ar i n t h e u t t e r a n c e o f c ri e s ; t h e
e ffe c t i s o n e t h at a c c o m p an i e s gr e a t p ai n
Th e I n t e ll e c t u al as p e c t s o f t e rr or ar e In ac c or d an c e w it h
Obj ec t s of al arm are im p r e s s iv e t o a n
it s o t h e r c h ar ac t e r s
On e o f t h e e ffe c t s o f ac u t e p ain i n
e x t r aor d i n ar y d egr e e
T
h
n e ral i s t o qu i c k en t h e m e m o ry ;
e w h ip p ing o f b oy s a t
e
g
b ou n d ar y l in e s w a s int e n d e d t o e ngr ain th e r e m e m br an c e o f
Bu t t h e p e r t u r b at i ono f f r igh t i n i t s e x c it e
t h e l an d m ar k s
m ent o f t h e p er c ep t iv e p o w e r s m ak es a m o r e in d e l i b l e s t am p
A n i ns t an ce c a m e w i t hin
t h a n e v e n a n a c u t e b od il y i n i c t i o n
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T I ON

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1 58
w ho

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in u e nc e o f t h e fe e l ings u p on t h e c ond u ct t hr o u gh th e m e d iu m
o f t he int ell e c t u al t r ai n s
It i s n ot t h e r e gu l ar a c t i on of t h e
w ill l e a d in g u s fr o m p a in an d t o p l e a s u r e o n t h e w h o l e b u t
t h e a ct i on fol l ow in g fr om t h e e ngr o s s i ng p er s i s t e n c e o f a n i d e a
t h a t bl in d s t h e vi e w t o c o n s e qu e n c e s g e n er all y a n d ov e r t u r n s
Wh e n a m an is t h o r o u ghl y t er r i e d
all ra t i o n al c al c u l a t i o n
h i s in t e ll e c t i s n o l o n g e r a t hi s c om m an d
Th e m inor for m s
o f fe ar e xp r e s s e d by anx i e t y w a t ch fu l n e ss c ar e u s e u p t h e
h
w
r
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f
t
ou h t a n d e x cl u d e all im r e s s i o n s o f a for e i n
s
o
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n at u r e
The p o or m an w h o s e d ail y b r e a d i s i n c o n s t a nt u n c e r
t a i n t y t h e m o t h er o f nu m e rou s c h il d r e n t h e t r a d e r d e ep in
s p e c u l a t i o n s ar e u n ap t s u bj e c t s for l i b er al c u l t u r e or e nl arg e d
m e n t al a c qu i s it i o n s
Th e in u e n c e o f fe ar o n B e li e f fol l o w s fr om i t s c h ar a ct e r
i s t i c s a s a d e p r e s s in g p a s s i o n a n d as e ng r o s s in g t h e i nt e ll e c t u al
Me nt al d e p r ess io n h ow ev er ar is ing is e x agg er at e d
v ie w
d i s t r u s t o f g oo d a n d a nt i c ip at i o n of e v il ; a n d a n i d e a t h a t
c a nn o t b e s h a k e n o ff i s b e l i e v e d for t h e t i m e t o b e t h e t ru e
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e fac t s
,

5 It i s p r op e r t o d w e ll a l itt l e m or e p ar t i c u l arl y u p o n t h e
c a u s e o r o c c a s i on o f T e rror ; d e s cr i b e d ge n e r al l y as t h e cyp r e
P r e s e n t or a c t u al p a in ,
h ea s ton of p a in , or e vil t o c om e
.

i ip at i on d o es not s e e m t o gi v e ri s e t o
A p r e s e n t s m ar t vi e w e d as t h e f or eta s te o f s om e t hi ng
fe ar
w or s e t o fo ll o w i s e f c ac io u s in t h e e x t r e m e ; t h i s h ow ev e r
A c om ing e v il
i s ap p r e h e n s i o n in t h e m os t i m p r e ss iv e for m
t h at i s c e rt a in an d of k n ow n a m ou n t i s s o fa r a g e nu i n e o c c a s i on
o f al ar m ; b u t b e in g fav o ura bl e t o t h e p l a y o f a c c om m od at i ng
a n d n e u t ral i z in g in fl u e n c e s i t i s n ot t h e w or s t c a s e c o n c e iv a b l e
It is t h e o p p or t u n it y for p u tt ing for t h a n e ffor t o f for t it u d e
Th e m ot h e r s m in d i s n o t u nh ing e d by t h e
a n d r e s i g n at i o n
r os ec t o f c h il d b i r t h ; it i s b a d e n o u gh w h e n i t c o m e s b u t
p
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t h e m e r e a pp r e h e n s io n o f i t d oe s n o t n ec es s a ri l y i n d u c e t h e

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T I ON

EMO

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by t hu n d er a n d li gh t ni ng
Wh e t h e r t h e r e i s a
a n d d u r i n g a t o t a l e cl i p s e o f t h e s u n
r e al a p p r eh e n s i o n o f d an g e r o n s u ch oc ca s i o n s I a m u n a bl e
t o d e c id e
Th e s am e r e m ar k ap p l i e s t o St r an g e n es s as su c h
Th e
m e r e fa c t t h at a t hi ng i s s t r a ng e t o u s w ou l d n ot m a k e u s d r e ad
i t ; i n o r d e r t o b e fr igh t e ne d a t a n e w ap p e ar an c e in i t s e l f
s e e m in gl y in d iffe r e n t a s r e g ar d s g o o d o r e v il w e n e e d t o b e
h a b i t u a t e d t o r e g ar d t h e w o r l d a b ou t u s a s on t h e w h ol e m or e
h u r t fu l th an fr i e n dl y ; s o t h a t w e s u sp e c t e v ery t h ing t o b e a n
Th is ap p li e s o f c ou rs e t o
e n e m y t ill w e p r o v e t h e o p p os it e
Wh e n a t r ain of c ar av ans
a e n c i e s p os s e s s e d o f g r e at p o w e r
h e a d e d by a n e l ep h an t p a s s e s by t h e ch il d r en a n d d og s on t h e
l
r o a d s e e k t h e ir h o m e s
I d o n o t s u p p os e t h at c om e t s w ou l d e v er h av e frigh t e n e d
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Th e y d r e a d on e an ot h e r ; a n d al l ar e
t h e ir s o c i al r el a t i o n s
.

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bu rnt d og av o id ing t h e r e d oes n ot n ec e s s ar il y sh ow fe ar ;
t h e r e al i t y o f t h e p a s si on i s m a d e ap p ar e nt o n l y w h e n t h e
a n im al gr os s l y e x a gg e r a t e s t h e d a ng e r o f a r e p e t it i o n s t a r t s a t
t h e fall o f a c i n d er an d c arr i e s ab ou t w it h h i m a x e d i d e a o f
Thi s i s t h e g e n eral p h e n om e n on o f fe ar
b e in g s c o r c h e d
h av i ng n o r e fe r e n c e t o o t h e r b e i ng s a n d n o t d e m a n di ng
h e r e d it y for i t s e xp l an a t i o n
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CHI LDR EN

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il y d is c omp ose d by s t r an ge n e s s and su r p r is es u n

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Th e r e i s a r e m ar k ab l e fac t w e ll att e s t e d t h at b ir d s in an
u n inh a b it e d i s l an d s h o w n o fe ar a t t h e a
p p r o a ch o f m an n e v er
h av ing m e t him for go o d o r fo r e v il
It w ou l d b e d e s irab l e t o
k n ow m o r e o f t h e c ir c u m s t an c es We sh ou l d w i sh t o e n qu ire
Wou l d t h e v is it o f an e l ep h ant di s
r s t w h o t h e y d o fe ar
t ur b t h e ir com p o s u r e ! Th e s t r u ggl e fo r e x i s t e n ce t h e r e as
e v e r yw h e r e e l s e l e a d s t o t h e s y s t e m o f c om p et it i o n a n d p r e y ;
s o t h a t fe ar i s a l r e a d
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P ro b abl y a h a b it u al v ict i m of t h e
r ill a w o u l d fe e l u n c o m for t ab l e a t t h e p r e s e n ce e v e n o f a
o
g
w h i t e m a n n o t t o s p e a k o f a n e gro a n e grit t o o r a p a p u a n
'
7 Th e op e r a t ion of fe ar i n C h il d re n cor r e sp o n d s w it h t h e
h
T
c u l iar i t ie s o f t h ei r
o s it io n
e r s t m a ni fe s t a t i o n s o f t h e
e
p
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s t a te ar e se e n i n t he g e n e r al p e r t u r b a t i o n c au s e d b y ov e r
e x c it e m e n t
or m er e in t e n s it y o f s en s a t i o n . A s u d d e n gl ar e
o f l i h t a l ou d sou n d
a r o u gh c on t ac t or a n y o t h e r p u ng e n t
g
f u l i s d i s c o m p o s i ng t o
e ffe c t
w it hou t b e in g ne c e s s ar il y p a i n
Wh e n
t he n e r v ou s s y s t e m m u ch i n t h e m a nn e r o f a fr igh t
t h e i nfa nt i s s o far a d v a n c e d a s t o r e c o gn i z e fa mili ar obj e c t s
any t h i ng s t r a n ge t h at a rr e s t s t h e a t t e n t i o n g iv e s r i s e t o t h e
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t e rror
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a s w h e n t h e c h il d k n ow s w h a t i t i s t o b e
s p e c i c c a u s es
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o
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t h e app r e h e n s io n o f c o m i n g e v il ; t h e o nl y sp e c i ali t y i n t h e
c a se b e ing w h a t i s d u e t o t h e w e ak n e s s o f t h e s u bj e c t
D ark n e s s i s n ot n e c e ss aril y a s ou r c e of t e rr or t o ch il d r e n
al t hou gh v e ry e a s i l y b e c om i ng s o
Th e in s t in c t iv e d r ead o f t h e frow n is a p ar t of t h e h e r e d i
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T I ON

EMO

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o r d in a t i o n i n hu m an s o c i e t y in v o l v e s p u n i sh m e n t a n d p u ni s h
m e n t m ay b e s u ch a s t o in sp ir e n ot m e r e l y a c t s of av o i d a n c e
Th e t w o l e a d ing c ir c u m
b u t t h e p e r t u r b at i on o f t error
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e x c e s s e s in s e v e r it y m ak e t h e m s el v e s o bj e c t s o f t e rr or
Th e t e rr or d u e t o gre at an d u n c e r t a in p o s s ib il it i e s o f r e t ri
b u t i o n a n d ar b i t rar y i n i c t i on i s di s p e rs e d a c c or ding as
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s o c iet y
t h e c o m p li c a t i o n s o f l a w p a ss b e y o n d t h e u n d e r
s t a nd ing o f or d in ar y p e o p l e an d r e i nt r o d u c e t h e e l e m e nt o f
u n c e r t a in t y t h a t m a k e s t h e s o il o f t e r r o r
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o w n c o u n t r y l o o k s for w ar d t o t h e i s s u e o f a t r i al a t l a w w i t h
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t h e oc c u rr e n c e o f r e m i n d e r s ; w h e t h e r e x a m p l es m a d e o f
ot h er s
o r i n i c t i on s o n o u rs e l v e s
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t yr a nt or s e v e r e r ul e r m a k es h i s au t h or i t y fe l t a nd d r e a d e d
A fam il y a s c h ool a s h ip o r a r egi m e n t w h e r e p u n i s h m e n t
i s al w ay s g o ing o n i s h e ll u p on e ar t h
9 T a k i ng a s t ill w i d e r v i e w of t h e s ou r ce s o f t e rr o r w e m ay
n e x t m e n t i o n t h e F o r c b o d i n s o f d i sas t er i n
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T N

EMO IO

1 64

a s c o m p ass n g

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w e w it n es s t h e m c o n s t a nt l y i n p r iv a t e lif e
m o s t d i s a s t rou s
a n d t h e y ar e e x h i b it e d o n a gr e a t s c al e i n t h e p r o c e e di n gs o f
n a t io n s
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m it ou s by t h e e x agge r at i o n s of s u s p i c i o n an d t h e c r e di t giv e n
t o t h e s u gg e s t i o n s of fe a r
F or t h e s u d d e n r i se an d sp r e a d of t err or i n a m u l t it u d e
w e h av e t h e e x p r es s iv e d e s ig n a t i o n P a n i c
Th e m o d e of
w ork ing o f t h e p as s i on i s s t ill t h e s am e w h il e t h e s c al e i s
i mm e ns el y m agni e d The u t t e r l os s o f c o nt r ol t he b r e ak in g
d ow n o f d i s c ip l in e t h e r u in ou s p e r s i s t e n c e o f a x e d i d e a
ar e e xhi b it e d in p or t e n t o u s d i m e n s i on s
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in s t r on g r e l i e f d e p ar t ing far t h e r an d far t h e r fro m t h e r e gu l ar
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c ov e r t h e ir t r u e c h a ra c t e r t h e p r im i t iv e i n qu i r e r i s c arr i e d
a w ay by fa n cifu l an al ogi e s
c h i e y o n t h e h u m a n t yp e o f
A s t or m i s r e g ar d e d a s an angr y d i s p e n sat i o n a n
ac t iv it y
e c l ip se a s a for e b o d i n g of c al a mi t y
In t h e s ch e m e of c au se
r ac e

in t o

ru n s

s u p er s t

t r i e s

a n d e ffe c t ,

ar e s e t

u p as

w or l d , a n d as so c a t e d w t h

a u gu r es , s

igns

ar e

all o f

t h e k ey t o t h e

fe e l ings
th

is

o f aw e o r

s u p er s t

it iou s

s e cre t s

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fam il y

of

t he

Om e n s ,

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p r op it i a t i o n ar e c o n c e iv e d o n t h e s am e fa n c ifu l
m e t h o d , an d e x er t an e qu al p o w e r ov e r m e n s fe ar s
In c ap
au c e s

of

bl e

of c o mi ng

It is
ig norant
t h e Gr e a t
w as a

w el l

k n ow n t h a t , in

c o u n t r i es
c ru c i e d

d e sp ot

'

fa c e t o fa ce w it h t h e

ar e

t he

w ra t h

ac t u al

r eali t e s of n a t u r e ,

p i d em ic d is or d er s , t h e p h y s i c ia n s i n
u su a ll y s u s p e ct e d o f p oi s oni ng t h e w e ll s
A l e x an d er
Thi s
p h y s i ci a n t h a t at t end e d his fri e n d Hep haes t ion

in a m e d b y

new

su s

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DEA

m a nk i n d w e r e l o ng

TH

1 65

gges t io ns
a n d t h e ir fe a r s r a n in t h e s am e c h ann el
Mal ign d e it e s ev il
s p ir it s an d t h e i nfe r i or c l a ss es o f t e n an t s o f d ar k n e ss d es c r i b e d
u n d e r t h e n a m e s g h o s t s
h o b g o bl i n s e vil ge n ii i m p s a n d
fair i e s all b el o n g t o t h e p r im it iv e m an s t h eo ry o f t h e u n iv e r s e ;
a n d by vir t u e o f t h e ir p os it i o n e x e r c i s e p ow er a n d in s ir e
p
t er r or
Sp e ak ing o f t h e p o p u l ar n o t i on s r es p e c t i ng r e m ot e
c ou n t r i e s p r ev i ou s t o t h e v o ya g e s of C ol u m b u s He l p s s ay s
Wh er e y ou k n ow n o t hi ng p l a c e t err ors
Mor e p r e c is el y
In t h e p r e s e n c e of v a s t ag e n c i e s for e v il o f
w e m igh t s a y
w h os e p r in c ip l e s o f a c t i on y ou k n o w no t h ing w e av e fan c ie s
at

t h e m er c

of

th e s e

c ru d e s u

an d

rr or s
l
t
a
c
e
e
p

Ne w

inv ol v ing r is k s th e r e ar e t h e e l e
Y ou t h h as t o u n d e r g o t h i s pa in fu l e xp e r i e n c e
m e n t s of t e rr or
Mor e e sp e c i al l y d i s tu r b ing i s t h e at t e m p t of a
a t m an y p o i n t s
b eginn er t o m ak e a d ifcu l t d isp l ay i n t h e p r es e n c e of oth er s :
Her e
as i n t h e r s t p u bl i c ap p e ar a n c e s o f a c t or s or s p e a k e r s
os s ib l y t h er e m a y b e a t w or k o n e o f t h e s p e c i al fee li ngs
p
Bu t
t o w ar d s h u m a n b e ing s t h a t ar e m or e or l e s s in s t in c t iv e
Th e o r d in ary l aw s o f fe ar op e r a t ing i n
i t i s n o t al l i n s t i n c t
t h e c ir c u m s t a n c e s w o u l d m a k e t h e s i t u at i o n o f s u b m t t in g
o u r r e p u t a t io n an d p r o s p e c t s t o t h e c h an c es o f fa il u r e on e
o f e sp e c i a l t e rr or
Th e d re a d t h a t w e all l iv e in fro m t h e c e n su r e of o t h e r
r s o n s o r t h e l os s o f g o o d o i n i o n k e e p s u
i
rem u
r
e
a
C
e
t
a
n
t
p
p
p
l ou s c ir c u m s p e c t i o n o f m a nn e r i n ge ne r al s o c i e ty u nt il e x
Th e u n c e r t a int y o f ou r
t e n s i v e u s ag e h as s et u s at ou r e as e
o s i t i o n w i t h t h o s e a b ou t u s t h e n ot k n o w i n
w
h
a t d i s p os i
p
g
t i on s t o o u r s e l v es w e i n sp ir e t h e m w i t h i s a gr e at s o u r c e o f
He n c e t h e
d i s qu i e t a n d p a in in o u r i n t e r co u r s e w it h o t h er s
c o m for t o f t h e l o n g fam il i ar i t y t h at h as s e t al l d ou b t s a t r e s t
Th e s hyn e ss o f m ann e r i n d u c e d b e t w e e n t h e s e x e s i s o f
t h e s a m e n at u re a n d p r o ve s t h e in u en ce o f m u t u al r e g ard
b y t h e ap p r e h e ns i o n o n e ith e r s id e o f n o t s t an d i ng w el l w it h
11

In

o p e r a t on s ,

t he

ot h e r

12

Th e

fe e l i ng

Fe ar of D e at h is t h e crow ning m a nifest at ion o f t h e

The

ap p r e he n d e d

l o ss

of

l i fe

p l e as u r es

a ffec t s

us

TI ON

EMO

1 66
ac c or di ng

p er o d o f

g r eli sh
u s u all y fa d e s

r e m a ini n

t o th e

li fe , b u t

0F F EA R

ill h e al t h ; w hil e
i nt o w e l c om e
a nd

w hi c h
u nd e r

p a in

s u p er a d d e d

is

k e en int h e v igor ou s

t h e p r e s s u r e of y e a r s
m ay t ur n r e p u gn an c e

It i s t h e d i st in c t io n

in t ell ige n c e t o c on
c e i v e a s chem e o f l ife w it h o bj e c t s t o b e a c c om p l i sh e d a n d
T
o b e c u t o ff i n t h e m i ddl e o f t h e
o s it i on s t o b e a tt a in e d
p
c ar ee r t h u s ch al k e d o u t i s a s e v e r e s h o c k o f d is a p p o in t m e n t
T h i s e x p e r i e n c e b e l on g s
a n d t h e p r o sp e c t i s fu ll o f a ngu i sh
o nl y t o c r e a t u r e s l o o k ing b e for e a n d a ft e r ; t h e in fe r i o r a n im al s
w h o ar e w i t h ou t l ife pl a n s d o n o t fe el i t ; t h e m or e r e c kl e s s
Th os e t h a t b e ga n l ife in
o f hu m a n b e in g s h av e li t t l e o f i t
h ar d ship t h at h a v e l ab or i o u sl y w o r k e d t h e ir w a y t o a f u e n c e
a n d t h at ha v e b een t a k e n aw a y j u s t a s t h e y ar e a b ou t t o e n t e r
o n t h e ir r e w ar d m ay w e ll l o o k u p o n d e a t h a s a fe ll d e s t r o y e r
To h av e h a d fr om t h e b e gi n n in g a fu ll m e a s u r e of gr at i c at i on
t o h a v e b ee n h ap p y t h r ou gh i nfan c y an d y ou t h w h e n t h e z e st
o f li fe i s at i t s u t m o s t i s a gr e at p all i at iv e of t h e mi s e ry of
d y ing b e for e on e s t im e
Qu it e di ffe r e nt i s t h e t e rror of t h e Unknow n s t at e aft er
d e at h
Her e e v e r yth ing d e p e nd s on t h e r ep r e s e n t e d p i c t u r e
o n w h a t w e c a n con c e iv e an d w h a t w e c a n b el i ev e
A d e ep l y
r oot e d c onvi c t i on o f t h e r e a l it y o f a
l
ac
o
f
e
n
dl
es
t
or
m
n
t
e
s
e
p
a n ill s p e n t li fe and fa int h o p es o f p ar d on m a

l
l
t
h
l
a st
e
y
m o m e n t s of e xi s t en c e w it h u nu t t e r abl e h or r or
Th e fe ar o f t h e a c t o f d yi ng i s fa c t it i o u s an d u nr e al
A
b e tt e r know l e d ge sh ow s t h at t her e i s no m or e p a in in d ying
t h an i n b e in g b or n ; t h e r e b e ing n o s e v e r e r ag o n i es i n t h e
m os t p a infu l d eat h t h an w e m ay h av e at a ny m o m e n t i n t h e
E qu al l y fa c t it io u s i s t h e l oat h in g of th e i n
fu l n ess o f l ife
Ou r gr e a t d i fc u l t y
c i d e n t s o f d e c o m p o s it io n o f t h e d e a d b o d y
i s t o av o id t r an s fe rr ing t o t h e s t a t e o f t h e d ea d t h e s e n t i e n c y
Th e m os t he l p fu l a n d ki ndl y e x p r e s si on s for
o f t h e l iv i ng
ar e t h e
a d o p t e d by m e n of e v e ry c r e e d
c o n c e i v i ng d e a t h
c o mp a r is on s t o r es t a n d sl e ep
of

t h e h u m an

13

T error

i s fart h er ill u s t rat e d

by

it s

c ou nt e r a c t i v es

T I ON

EMO

1 68
st

ill b e t t er

u p on

the

F EA R

or

t h e t h ou gh t s , w h

c ou r s e o f

ich

ar e a p t

to

g e abl e un d er an att a c k of fe ar
Bu t t h e g r e at s p e c i c ag a in s t t e r r or i n ge n e r al i s K n o w
Su p eri or k n o w l e d g e w ill u n d ou b t e d l y a w a k e n u s t o
l e d ge
In o r d e r t h a t w e m ay
d a ng e r s c on c e al e d fr o m t h e ig n or an t
c o n fr o n t all d ang e r s c al m l y t hi s i s a l e gi t im a t e aw a k e n in g
Th e d es t r o y e r s of ou r h app in e s s a r e t h e ap p re h e n s io n s o f d i s
t e m p e r e d fan c y s u p e r s t it i on s a n d v u l g ar e r r or s Th e p h ys i c i a n
i s c o m p os e d i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f a d i se as e t h at fr igh t e ns t h e
Whil e t h e r e ar e s o many r e al evil s in t h e
u np r o fes s i o n al m an
By l o n g
w o r l d i t i s a n ob je c t t o b e fr e e d fr om t h e im a gin a r y
kn ow l e dg e is p ow er ; s t ill m or e e m p h a t i c all y an d
c on s e n t
s p e c i all y k n ow l e d g e i s c om p o s u r e
1 4 Th e s t at e of R e a c t i on or R e l i e f fr o m t e rr or i s c h ar ac t e r
It i s r el at ive t o t h e mi s e ry a n d
i s t i c as a m o d e of d e l igh t
d e p r e s s ion t h a t w e u n d e r g o w h e n al ar m e d a n d i s p r o d u c t iv e
o f a co rr e s p o n d i ng bu oy an t ch e e r fu l n es s
The e n or m ou s t e n
s i o n of t h e att it u d e o f t e r r or i s r el ax e d ; t h e for c e s r e c u r t o
We ar e n ot n e c e s s ar il y r ep aid for all
t h e ir u s u a l ch ann e l s
t h at w e h av e su ffe r e d ; a s er i ou s frigh t cann o t b e a t on e d for
a l t h ou gh a sl ight o n e m ay
Th ere i s a p erm an e nt h ab it or c ond it ion of t h e m in d
fou n d e d on r e ac t i o n fr o m t e rr or n am e l y t h e s t at e of C on
d e n c e S e cu r it y or A s s u r an c e w hi ch i s em i n e n tl y c o m fort i ng
a n d a g r e e a bl e
In p ar t i t b e l o n gs t o t h e m e r e fa c t o f e vil
k e p t a t a d i st anc e b u t w h en t h e e vil i s su ch t h at w e c anno t
fa ce i t w it h ou t t h e qu aki ngs o f g e nu i ne fe ar t h e t on e d e t e r
m in e d by a s su r an ce of i t s b ei ng o v e r c o m e as s u m e s a h igh e r

be

u n m an a

'

S e c u r it y i s , i n t h e

i vir gin it y of
w e h av e n e v e r y e t k n o w n
s o u l a p ar a d is e s it u a t i o n
h ar m
On c e vi ol at e d w e c an r e g a in t h e s t at e o nl y aft e r a
l on g r ou n d in t h e v o y age of lif e ; a l ab or i o u s e d u c a t i on i n t h e
c au s e s o f g o o d a n d e vil w h i ch s h o w s u s w h e n a n d h o w far w e
a r e k e e p in g c al am it y a t a d i s t an ce
Th e e x c e e d ing v al u e t h at w e p u t u p on t h e v ar i ou s m e an s
o f P r ot e c t i on ag a i ns t m i s c h i e f a s m on e y l ib e r t y p ow e r k n o w
r s t
,

p l ace
w h e re

a s t at e o f e n t r e

'

V N MEN T

G O ER

A ND ED UCA

T I ON

1 69

l e d ge , fr i e n d s m ay b e d u e in p ar t t o t h e r e ac t i o n fr om t e rr o r
Th e v a s t p o t e n t i al i t y o f m o n e y w ou l d a c c ou n t for i t s c h a r m s
-

fu ll

w t h t h o s e t h a t a r e t u r n ng i t t o

ac cou n t

s c ar c el y

; but

fo r

i
ith ou t t h e in t e nt ion o f sp e nd
i ng
Th e D u k e o f W e ll i ng t o n i n ol d age a m u s e d h im s e l f
w it h k e e p in g a nu m b e r o f w a t ch e s g o in g t h e r e a c t i o n fr o m
t he gr e at s t r a in o f mi n d s o o ft e n e x p e r i e n c e d i n o b s er v in g
u
n
t
u
h
f
t
h
i
u
r
ru
c
a
li
t
T
e
v
i
r
t
u
o
t
s
s
o
e
p
y
p p t e d i n i t s high
e x i g e n c i e s by o u r t e rr o r s
L ib er t y or au t on om y c o nt ain s i n
i t t h e e l em e nt s o f a S i m il ar r e ac t i o n
Se ttl e d g ov e rnm e n t
w it h s e c u r it y t o p r op e r t y an d l ife h a s an u n s p e ak a b l e c h ar m
a t t h e t e r m i n at i o n o f a r ei n of t e rr or
Th e Ar c hi t e c t u r al
g
as soc i a t i o n s o f s u p o r t
r e gr at ify in g t hr o u h t h e m e n t al
a
p
g
a p p r e h e n s i on
ru n n in
i
n
t
rr or
f
t
h
d
o w n fa l
f
ur
t
o
e
o
e
o
o
g
A ll m a ch i n e r y t h at i s p er fe c t for it s e n d t h at e n d
e r e c t i on s
b e in g d e e p l y in t e r e s t in g t o u s h a s t h e c h ar m of m ak ing u s
r i s e s u p e r i o r t o t h e in c u b u s o f t e r r or
1 5 In G ov e rnm e nt an d i n E d u c a t i on t h e d is cip lin e of p a in
m ay b e r e in fo r c e d by t e rr or
Wh e n au t h orit y e n cou nt er s a t
r e s i s t a n c e o r r e v ol t i t i s a t t o s e e k t h e aid o f t h i s i n s t r u m e n t
p
Th e s c a t t e r i ng o f t h e e n e rgi es in fe ar m or e t h an a ny t h in g
e l s e s u b d u e s o b d u r ac
r e b ell i ou s n e s s of m i n d
I
t
i
s l es s
a
n
d
y
s u it a bl e for in d u c i n
t
r t i on
a l e r t n e ss
a n d c ir c u m
x
s
e
a
d
e
e
g
y
s p ec t c o n d u c t
t h e s e re qu ir e t h e c o ol c o m m a n d o f t h e e n t ir e
u nb r o k e n e n e r i e s of t h e s s t e m
n
c e s ir i t u a
l
t
e rr or s u s e d
H
e
g
y
p
in go v ern m e n t o ft e n r e c o il u p on t h e u s e r s By t h e i r m e an s w e
m a y p u t m u l t it u d e s t o igh t ; w e m ay n ot in d u c e t h e m t o
s t a n d b y o u r s i d e i n d i f c u l t y a n d i n d a n e r
T
h
t
m
e
a
t
e
t
g
p
t o g ov e rn c h il d r e n by t h e fe ar o f gh os t s h a s al w a y s p rov e d
d i s as t r ou s
1 6 Ou r c on c l u d in g o b s e rv a t i o n s r el at e t o t h e u s e o f t h e p as
s i on i n A r t
Th e e x p r e s s i on o f fe ar m a k e s a s u bj e c t for t h e a r t is t
w h e t h e r p a in t e r o r
r br i n s i t o n t h e s t a e
h
o
e
t
T
a
c
t
o
e
p
g
g
b ot h in t r agic an d in c omi c e x hi b it ions P ict u r e s an d t al es of
t hr il l ing i nt e r es t ar e s o m e t i m e s c r e at e d ou t of t h e d e e p es t
h orr o r s t h at r e ali t y or im a gin a t i o n c an fu r n i s h
A ge n u i n e fr igh t i s u n d ou b t e d l y an e xp e r i e n c e of p u r e
t h e p l e asu r e

o f a c c u m u l a t ng w

TI ON

1 70

EMO

mi s er y ; b u t

sl

ight

or F EAR

fear , w i t h

sp ee d

i g

r el ef,

oc c u rr n

in

im ul ant
o n t h e n e r v ou s s y s t e m
In t h e u sh o f h igh b o d il y v igou r
d an g e r o nl y h e igh t e n s t h e in t e r e s t o f ac t i on an d p u r s u it Th e
h u n t i ng o f t ige r s i s t h e m os t e x c it in g of s p ort s
Bu t it i s i n t h e cti ti ou s t e rr o r s t h at t h e s t ing o f t err or is
m o s t e e c t u all y e x t r ac t e d a n d o nl y t h e p l e a sur a bl e s t im ul u s
l e ft b e h in d
In p r op ort i o n a s t h e r e al i t y of e v il i s r e mo v e d
far fr om ou r se l v e s w e ar e at l i b e r t y t o j oin in t h e e x c i t e m e nt
r o d u c e d by t h e e x r e s s i o n o f fe ar
T
h
lf
u l d ra m at i s t i s
k
i
e
s
p
p
a b l e t o re gu l at e t h e dos e al t h o u gh t h e g r e a t es t o f all h a s n o t
t h e g e n iu s o f Sh a k esp e ar e h a s n o t b e e n a bl e
al w ay s d on e so
S om e m in d s c an
t o s u b m er g e t h e p ain fu l h or r o r s o f L e ar
e n d u r e a l ar ge am ou nt o f t h i s e l e m e n t h a vin g t h at ro b u s t n e s s
o f n e r v e t h at c a n t h r o w o ff t h e p a in an d n ot b e t oo m u c h
Mu r d er c al am i t y an d m isru l e are n o
e x c i t e d by t h e p i c t u r e
F or o t h e r s t h e m is er y
m o r e t h an int er e s t t o s u ch m in d s
Th e sp e c t ac l e o f gla di a
c aus in g e l e m e nt w ou l d p r e d om in at e
t or s b ull ght s c o n t e st s in t h e r ing &c c ont ai n s b ot h t err or
a n d t h e t a s t e fo r t h e m i s d e t e r
an d vol u p t u o u s e x c i t e m e nt
Th e an c i e nt
mi n e d a c c or d i ng a s o n e o r t h e o t h er p r e v a il s
ar e g e n e ra l l y s u p p o s e d t o h a v e h a d t e rr or for t h e i r
m y s t e ri e s
d ul n e ss

of

t m es

a n d s t oli d c o m os u r e ,
p

li k e

ac t s

st

'

t he

Th e E l eu si ni a n m ys ter i es w er e c el eb rat e d ev ery y ear, in S e p t e mb e r, a nd

but
B ot h s e x es a nd all ag e s w e r e a d m i t t e d
fes t iv a l o c cu p i e d t en d ay s
.

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p ro c es s io n, a nd m ar c h e d o n fo o t fro m A t he ns t o El e u sis , a d i s t an ce of
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or t w e l v e m i l e s

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l a rl y

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a t t h e d o o r a s t h e y p a s se d
T h e hi e r o p h ant , or c hi e f a c t or of t he m y s t e ri e s ,
r e c e i v e d t h e m w i t h a s ol e m n a d m o ni t i o n t o p r e s e r v e t h ei r m i n d s p u re an d nu
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A v a s t ex hib i tio n o f s t rang e ob j e c t s an d s cene s t hen
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.

C HAP TER IX

E MO T I O N
1

T HI S

is t h e

t h at , n e t t o t h e

r o m n e n c e am o n

In t h e
of

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m e m b er

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the

c h ap t er o n

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i n t o w e r i ng

h u m a n p l e a s u r e an d p a i n
t h e c h ar a ct er s o f t h e e m ot i o n

of

E v ol u t i o n
in

c ou p l e

c o n n e c t on

w t h t h e s u p p os e d

d er iv a

Th e h yp ot h e s i s
fro m t he p r e d at or y s i d e o f a ni m al l ife
Th e
s e e m e d t o a c c o u n t fo r a ll t h e s t a g e s b u t t h e v e r y l a s t
n e c e s s i t i e s o f l iv ing by p r e y w o ul d im p a r t a p l e a s u ra bl e
t

i on

in t e r e s t t o th e a c t o f d es tr oying an o t h e r c r e at u r e a nd t o all
t h e s ig n s a n d s ym p t o m s o f w e a k n e s s a n d ap p r o a ch i ng d e a t h
Th e in t e r e s t w o ul d c o n s i s t n ot m e r e l y i n t h e a s so c i at i o n s w it h
t h e o b t a in ing o f foo d b u t i n t h e e qu all y p ow e rful ass o c i a t i on s
Ani m al s
o f d e l iv e r an c e fr o m b e in g t h e p r e y o f a n ot h e r
h av e b ot h t o c at ch an d k il l t h e ir i n fer i o rs an d al s o t o gh t
Th e y t hu s h av e o c c a s io n
t h e ir e qu a l s w it h v a r i ou s for t u n e
for t h at j o y fu l ou t bu rs t t h at a c c om p an i es r e l i e f fr om a d ou b t
fu l s t ru ggl e w h i c h i s s o m u ch t h e gr e a t e r ac c or d i ng as t h e y
a r e l i ab l e t o t h e sp e c i a l e m o t i o n o f fe a r in a d d it i on t o t h e
h
r e
t
r im ary s e n s i bili t i e s t o p a i n
T
i
s
ac
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o
n
f
ro m fe ar i s a
p
s o u r c e o f gr at i cat i on of p er c ep t i bl e m ag ni t u d e ; i t a d d s a c o n
s id e ra b l e f a c t o r t o a n y t o t a l o f d e l igh t
B u t w e h av e y e t t o a c co u nt for t h e c h ar a ct e r i s t i c m anifes
t a t i o n o f a ng e r t h e d eligh t in p u t t ing t o p a in a ny o n e t h a t h a s
giv e n p a in t o u s t h e gl oa t ing o v e r m is ery an d s u ffe r ing in an
This i s m os t m ar k e dl y a hu m an form o f t h e p a ss ion
e n e my
Th e l o w e r a n i m al s ar e t o o l i t t l e v e r s an t i n s u bj e c t iv e fac t s t o
a p p r e c i at e t h i s c ir c u m s t a n c e t o t h e s a m e d e g r e e
Th e y k n o w
w h a t i t i s t o s u ffe r t h e y k n ow s om e o f t h e s ig n s o f s u ffe r i ng
m or e e s p e c i all y s cr e am s a n d ou t c r i e s t h o s e i n t h e s am e oc k
c o m e t o o n e a n o t h e r s a id o n t h e s ign al o f d is t r es s
S o fa r
t h e y ar e a c qu a in t e d w it h t h e c onn e c t i on s b e t w e e n fe e l i ngs
a nd t h e ir s ig n s
App l y i ng t h i s k n ow l e d g e t o v i c t im s a nd
,

YI

P H S C A L S DE

1 73

in d i s t r e s s , t he y m ay b e s u p p os e d t o
ind ic a t io ns of s u ffe ring t h at t he s t r u ggl e is

r v al s

th e

h av e

s e cu re d

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ir

r
p e

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or

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fr o m

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th at

t h e ms e l v e s

of a

int e r e s t e d in t he m ere fa c t o f
i
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h o w e v e r t h a t t h e in t e r e s t s e l d o m g o e s b e y o n d s u c h v e r y
m a r k e d s i gn s o f a g o n y a s p o r t e n d s p e e d y d e s t r u c t i o n
2 Thu s Ang e r i n i t s h u m an t y p e i s t h e p l e asu r e o f i n
i c t ing p a in on s e n t i e n t b e ings t h at m a y h av e b e en t h e o c c as i o n
o f p a in t o u s
Wh e n w e ar e p u t t o p a in by s om e v is ibl e c au s e t h e r s t
a n d d e e p e s t im p ul s e o f ou r n a t u r e i s t h e v o l u n t ar y e x e r t i o n
Th e p u t t ing for th o f Wil l i s o n all t h eor i e s o f
for r i dd an c e
t h e m in d t h e m o s t fu n d am e n t al r e s or t in a n e m e rg en c y o f
Ot h e r e ffe c t s m ay b e p r o d u c e d o f t h e k in d t h a t w e ar e
p a in
nam e l y
a c c u s t o m e d t o t e r m e m o t i o n al ;
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Th e s e b oth im p l y t h e b afi ng of t h e v ol u n t ary en ergie s if a
m an i s ab l e t o fr e e h im s e l f fr om a n in cu r s i on of p ain by m e an s
o f hi s v o l u n t a r y e n e r g i e s h e n e i t h e r i n d u l e s i n
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A t h ir d r e m e d y of th e n at u r e o f e m o t i on
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t h e e m o t io n g o es far t h er and r e qu i r e s
u s t o l e av e o u r s t ing in t h e s e n s ib il i t i e s of t h e au t h o r o f t h e
Thu s in nd ing a r em e d y for p ain s giv e n u s b y
m i s ch i e f
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ou r i s h t og e t h er We m ay d i sp l a y a c t iv it y w it h ou t ang er
b u t ou r a ng er s u p p o s e s ou r a c t iv i t y
3 Th e ou t w ar d or P HY S I CA L s i d e o f An g er is so far ill u s
t ra t iv e of t h e c h ar ac t e r o f t h e p as s io n
(1 ) Ex c it e m e nt of t h e s y st e m g e n e r al l y an d of t he a ct iv e
or an s p ar t i c ul ar l y i s t h e r s t in d i c a t i on o f a n o u t b u r s t o f
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ang e r
Th is h owe v er is m e r el y in t h e d ir e c t io n o f v ol u n t ar y
e n e r gy ; a n d w o u l d p r o v e n o t h ing b u t t h e o c c u rr e n ce of a
r e at n e c e s s i t y fo r e x e r t i o n
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w h e n w e m ak e a ny g r e at v ol u nt ar y e x e r t i on
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s u b s i d e d w h e n r e m e d i e s w e r e fou n d for s o o t h i n g t h e a c t i v e
e x c i t e m e nt
We ar e n ot t o b e su r p r is e d t h at gr e at e x c it abili t y e v en
w hen n
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p
t o b e a c c om p a ni e d w it h irr it ab l e t e m p er ; for al t h ou gh t h e
e xc it e m e n t m ay b e g e n e r al a t r s t i t i s e a s il y l o c ali z e d ; a n d a
r e at r e a d in e s s t o b e
G
r ov o c a t iv e t o a n g e r h a s t h i s e ffe c t
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Hen c e a
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s i d e s s o d oe s t h e t o f a ng e r
r e s e c i c e x r e s s i o n o f A n e r h as n e x t t o b e
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Th e d e s t ru c t iv e
o f E v ol u t i on
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Wh a t
t h e a c t io n s t h a t a c c om p an y t h e k ill ing o f t h e p r e y
w e c al l t h e n a t u r al l angu ag e of an ge r i s d u e t o a p art i al c on
t r a ct i o n o f t h os e m u s c l e s w h i c h a c t u al c o m b a t w o u l d c all in t o
an d all m ar k s o f irr it a t i o n d ow n t o t h at p ass i ng s h a d e
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1 76
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.

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p e ri l w e e x p er i e n c e i n o u r d e l i v e r an c e
s at i s fac t i o n
S t il l t h i s d oe s n ot r e ach t h e
an d

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i m al s

a n d,

igin al

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c ou r se w e

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t he

fr o m m al e v ol e nt

t h at w e

c r cu m st an c e

at

s o ot h e

h el p s t o

t o p a n t h r ou gh t h e a ge n c
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ity

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t h e p r e se n c e o f w h i c h giv e s b ir t h t o t h e b e s t d e v e l o p e d for m s
o f a n g e r al t h ou h w e m a
g
y h a v e g e nu i n e s p e c i m e n s w i t h o u t
su ch c o o e r at i o n
In any c a s e t h e p ain a c tu al l y i n i c t e d
p
r e su

p p o s es

s e nt

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n
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-

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a

g e nt

w t h t h e c o n t e m p l at o n o f

de

g iv e s u s in a dd it i o n t o t h e ac t u al
o f m e n t al d i s c om p os u r e t h a t s u r vi v e s t h e m er e
a ct ,

p a i n , a d e gr e e
m i s ch i e f
We fo rg e t t h e

i g c au s e d b y in anim at e t hings
or b y t h e m e r e i n a d v e r t e n c e o f o u r fe ll o w b e in g s
Bu t i nj u ry
d on e u s w i t h d e s ign or fr o m n e gl e c t i s n o t s o e a s i l y w ip e d
aw ay
So m e p os it iv e ap p l i c at i on i s n e e d e d t o h e al a w ou n d
Tw o k in d s of ap p li
t h at i s o f t h e n a t u r e o f a fr e t t ing s or e
c at io n ar e fo u n d t o a n s w e r t h e e nd ;
o n e t h e v ol u n t ar y
s elf h u m il i a t i on o f t h e w r o n g d o e r
t h e o t h er a c om p u l s ory
.

s u ffe r n

12

T I ON

EMO

1 78

h u m ili at i on ini c t e d
a

d is c o m p o s u re

of

the

r s on , a n d
e
p

OF A NG ER

him

n
o
p

Tr u e

m in d t h r o u gh h ar m

cu r e

of

an

e
r
g

t hu s

su p p o s e s

i
fr o m a n o t h e r
by t h e su bmi s sion

r e c e v ed

t h at di s c om p o sur e

g
6 Th e r e s e e m s l it t l e d ou b t t h at th e p r im ary fa c t in th e
l
a s u r e o f A n er
h
as ci na ti on
h
e s i ht o
e
s
t
e
or
t
b
od i l
p
g
f
f
g
f
y
i
i n i cti on a nd s n er i ng
Si ngu l ar a nd h or r i bl e as t h e fac t m ay
ap p e ar t h e e vi d e n c e i s in c o nt es t a bl e
It i s e n ou gh t o qu ot e
t h e d eli gh t o f c h il d r e n in t or t u r in g a ni mal s an d t h e z es t o f
mu l t it u d es in w it n e s s in g p u bl i c e x e c u t i on s
In t h e ab s e n c e
o f an a d e qu at e co u n t e r ac ti n g s y m p at h y t h e w r it h ing s of
ai n
p
s e e m t o fu r n i s h a n e w v ar i e t y o f t h e aggr e g at e o f s e n su al
a n d s e n s u o u s s t im u l a t i o n ar i s in
Th e
g fro m li v i ng b e i ng s
i nd ic at io n s of a s t at e of s u ffe r ing t h at w e are h app il y e x e mp t
fr o m a n d t h a t w e d o n o t c h o o s e t o c on c e iv e i n i t s d r e ad
r e a l it y i ns t e a d o f r ev u l smn I m p ar t a s p e c i e s o f p l e as u ra bl e
e x c it e m ent
Th e m or al c u l t u r e of m an k in d h as e nd e av o u r ed t o s u pp r e s s
and h a s gr e a t l y s u c c e e d e d i n d i sg u i s ing t h i s p r im or d i al d e
l igh t i n s u ffe r ing
In m in d s of e x c e p t i on al br u t ali t y i t
Wit n e s s t h e b eh av iou r of
a p p e ar s in it s n a k e d h orr o r s

a m u s i ng
J a m es II w h e n i n E di nb u rgh a s D u k e o f Yor k
h im se l f w ith h e ar i ng C o v e n ant e rs sh r i e k an d seei ng t h e m
It is
w r i t h e w h il e t h e ir kn e es w e r e b e at e n at in t h e b oot s
The
an e l e m e n t in t h e p l e a su r e s o f d e s p ot s i n e v e r y a e
h orr i d c r u e l t y of b arb ar o u s t im e s w as n o t c on n e d t o s e l s h
aggr an d i s e m e n t i t co n t a in e d b e s i d e s t h e d el igh t i n t h e s p e c
t a c l e o f a go n y
Th e R o m an a m p h it h e at r e w as t h e e v e r y d ay
l
s
u r e o f t h e s t a i d c it i z e n
t
h
t
s t e s o f a Ner o r e qu ir e d a
e
a
e
a
p
l
Th e p u bli c p u n i s h
m or e e x t e n d ing sp h e r e o f g rat i c at i on
me nt o f c r im in al s w a s a h ol i d a y t r e at t o t h e m o s t d e b a s e d of
In t h e r e c or d s o f s av ag e lif e w e h av e i n
o u r p o p u l at i o n
th e

or s u ffe r ng of

a e nt

ae

S e e t h e d es cr i p t i on
reac h e d w h e n

s o m e one s

of

of

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Th e

cl im a x

is

t h a t h a s p a s s e d a nigh t w it h ou t b r e ak i n g
a l l t h e re r e t o f A c h i ll e s a t t h e d eat h o f Pa t r o cl u s
g

t h e d ru n k en

h ea d , feel s

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r e v el l er

p et u l a ns , qu i nu ll u m fo r t e c e c i d it
Da t p ocne s n o ct em p a t i t u r l u g e nt is a m i cu m
ac

Pel i d a e enha t i n fa c ie m , m o x d e in d e

su

pmu s

I N

EMOT O

1 80
re n e m e n t o f

l ast

o r ANGER

de r iv ing p ur e p l e a s u re

t he

at

a
u
f
S

s igh t o

Th e y p u t for t h t h e ir w e ap on s of a t t a ck w i th abu n
d an ce o i vig o u r a n d ar e n e c es s ar il y d e l igh t e d w it h t h e ir s u e
c e ss
The y s c ar c el y e nj oy t h e s w e e t s of r e v e nge ap ar t fr om th e
m or e su b s t ant i al b e n et s o f foo d a n d l ov e
So me t h in g ap
p r oac hing t o t h e d e l igh t i n m al e v ol e n c e p u r e a n d s im p l e m ay

n
h
t
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l
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e
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a nd
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We h av e a n e c d ot e s of t h e
c u n n in
g r e v e ng e p l ay e d o by t h e e l e p h an t for a ffr on t s
Mon k e y s ar e qu it e c ap abl e o f e nj oy ing t h e ago n i e s o f t h e ir :
v i c t im s
Wh e n a nu m b er o f t h e m c om b in e b y li nk i ng t o 1
g e t h e r in a c h a in a c r o s s a s t r e a m t o giv e a p a s s ag e t o t h e ir
fel l o w s t h e cr o s sing m o n k e y s are o ft e n m i s ch i e v ou s e n o u gh
t o p in ch t h e b r e t h r e n t h a t m a k e t h e bri d g e b e in g s a fe fro m
r e t al i a t i o n
It m u s t h ow e v e r b e p r o n ou n ce d g e nu in e Ange r w h en
a n a n im al i n c o n s e qu e n c e o f a n y p r ov oc a t i o n g iv e n by a n o t h e r
c r e a t ure a ny s o r t o f pa in t h a t c o m e s w it h in it s s u s c e t ib i
p
lit i e s i s r ou s e d t o p u t fo r th all it s d e s t ru c t iv e e n e rgi e s u p o n
t h e o ffe n d e r
This is not mere p r o t e c t iv e v ol it ion ; it i s
t h e Wil l i n sp ir e d b y t h e s e nt i m e nt o f A ng e r
P r o b abl y mos t
u t t h e m s e l v e s i n for m
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9 In t h e
.

w r at h o f

I n fan c y

C h il d h o o d

a nd

we

m ay t r a c e

il d r e n w h e n
i n a v i ol e n t r ag e r o ll o n t h e gr o u n d o n t h e ir b a c k s or b e ll i e s
s cr a t c h i ng
or b it i n
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e
s c r e am i n g ; k i c k i n g
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g w ith i n
Su c h i s t h e p i c t u r e i n ou r o w n h o m e s
r e a ch
a nd
it
s e e m s al m o s t s u p e r u o u s in Mr D ar w in t o c i t e a n a u t h o r i t
y to
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r
o
p
Mor e i ns t ru ct iv e is th e o b s er v a t i o n t h at th e r es e m bl an c e i s
r fe c t b e t w e e n c h il d r e n a n d t h e y o u n g o f t h e a n th r o o m o r
e
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c l e ar e s t c h ar ac t ers

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ch

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.

v a r i e t i e s o f t h e e m o t i on i n

ni a t u r e

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S UDD E

pon t h e

v ar e d c h ar ac t e r o f

t he p a

in

1 81

Inju r y c ons t i
t u t ing t h e or igin a l s t im u l u s
T h e r e ar e w r o n g s i n i c t e d o n t h e
p e r s o n o n t h e p r op e r t y o n t h e r e p u t at i o n o n t h e s y m p a t h e t i c
n d in o t h e r w a y s
o m e t i m e s t h e in u r y Is
r el at i o n sh i s
a
S
p
j
c on n e d t o a s ingl e ac t a t o t h e r t i m e s a d o or i s o p e n e d t o
More ov er t h e Vi ew t a k en of
a n i n d e n i t e s e r i e s o f w r o ng s
t h e i nten ti on of t he o ffe n d ing p ar t y h a s v e ry m u c h t o d o w i t h
A n u n int e n d e d h ar m i s e a s il y
t he fe e l ing e ng e n d e r e d
s at i s e d
as fa r a s m or a l r e p a ra t i o n i s c o n c e r n e d ; w h e r e a s
t h e i n d ic at i on s o f a s et p urp os e o f d o i ng u s e v il s t ir o u r
Th e fo r m s o f angr y fe el in g d i ffer
r es e n t m e n t t o t h e d e p t h s
and ar e m o d i e d b
a t ly
a m o ng in d i v id u al s an d r ac e s
r
e
g
y
Ou t of all t h es e p o ss i bl e
c ivil i z at io n an d h i s t or i c ch an g es
d i ffe r e n c e s w e sh al l s e l e c t for ill u s t r a t i on s o m e o f t h e w e l l
r e co n i z e d s p e c i e s s u c h as h a v e r e c e iv e d ch ara c t e ri s t i c d e s i
g
g
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A n d r s t o f th e d is t inc t i on b e tw e en S u d d e n an d D e l ib e
u

T BUR ST

OU

hu r t

or

r at e r e s e n t m e n t

Th e Su dd e n

bl o w

ou t

bu rst

is

w h a t ar se s

fr o m

an u ne

it abil it y o f t he c ons t i
t ut i o n
So m e t e m p e r am e n t s ar e d e s cr ib e d as qu i ck m e aning
t hat t h e op e r at i on o f al l t h e p a s s i on s a n d m ov e m e nt s i s rap i d
Not onl y ang er b u t fe ar w ond e r a nd t h e o t h e r p as s i on s as
w e ll as t h e v ol u n t ar y i mp u l s e s ar e p r op ag a t e d w it h e n e r g y
Th e t er m n er v ou s i s app l ie d
a nd s p e ed i n s u c h t e m p er am e nt s
t o c h ar a c t e ri z e t h e s a m e m o d e o f m e n t al d is ch a r ge fr o m t he
s up p o s i t i o n t h a t th e n e rv es b y t h e ir s u p e r ior s u s c e p t ib il i t y
Th e a s p ec t o f t h e a ngry
ar e s o m e h ow in v o l v e d i n t h e e ffe c t
fe e l ing w h e n s u d d e nl y ar o u se d c orr e s p ond s t o t h e m or e
n a t u ral t h a t i s t h e m or e d e e p l y i ng r a i n e d im p u l se s of t he
ind iv id u al Wh en w e ar e a bru p tl y forc e d int o a c t ion of any
k in d b ot h t h e or igin al in s t in c t s a nd t h e c on rm e d ha b it s
In s u c h a c ase t o o t h e
s h o w t h e m s el v e s w it h o u t d is g u i se
r o m p t in g ar is e s s ol el y fr o m t h e a c t u al bl o w a n d e x c l u d e s a l l
p
He n ce s u d d e n
t o c ir c u m s t a n c es or c oll a t e r al s
r e fe r en c e
r e se n t m e n t i s v e r y a p t t o b e e x c e ss iv e a s w e ll a s h as t y fr o m
w hi c h c ir c u m s t a n c e a r i se s t h e p r incip al e vil a t t ach ing t o i t
o r s h oc

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T I ON

EMO

1 82

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of

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hu r r i e d im p ul s e s o f a s u d d e n

r e l a t on s

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t h e ow of b i t t e r n e s s from
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I m p l y ing as t h is d oes a c on si d e r a t io n of all t he cir
a ng e r
al inj u ry a s w e ll as all t h e
c u m s t an c es at t e n d i ng t h e o r igin
c o n s e que n c e s o f r e t al i at i o n w e m ay c on s i d e r i t t h e ge n e r i c
n a m e for t h e p as s i on a s d i sp l ay e d in c u l t iv a t e d m in d s a n d
I
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t io n o f s om e p r in c ip l e of p r o c e d u r e s u c h as a ru l e of j u s t ic e
t h e d i c t a t e s o f r e l ig i o n o r t h e r e c e iv e d m a xim s o f s o c i e t y
The p u nis h m e n t o f o ff e n d ers and t h e m a in t e nan ce of d i s c ip l in e
b e l o ng t o t h i s h e a d
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d e s ign at i on
s p ir i t o f r e v e ng e i s s u r e t o d i sp l a y it s el f b e in g in fa c t t h e
Wh e r e a n
c o u r s e o f c o n d u c t w he r e by a n g e r i s a t t e s t e d
inj u ry of gr e at m agnit u d e h as b een c om m it t e d or w h e r e th e
m agn it u d e i s s i m p l y im a gin e d an d w h e n t h e w o u n d e d p e r
s o n al it y l S d l fC Il l t t o b e s a t i s e d t h e r e a r e n o n a t u ra l l imi t s
Ve ry oft e n a c t u al r e v en ge i s b e yon d o u r
t o t h e r et al i a t i o n
m e ans an d w e ar e d ri v e n t o in d u l g e in p r os p e c t iv e c ir cu i t ou s
a nd i m agin ar y r e t ali at i o n s fr o m t h e n c e d e r i v i ng a fe w d r op s
Th e i m p l ac abl e t e m p e r i s
o f s at i s fa c t i on i n t h e i d e al fo r m
Th e w ar s o f
e x em p l i e d o n t h e w i d e s t s c al e in p as t h is t o ry
t h e v e n g e an c e o f
e x t e r m in a t i o n b e t w e e n t r i b e s a n d p e op l e
a ny t h n

T I ON

EMO

4
.

OF ANGER

itt e d in t hi s c onn e xion ; b e ing on e of t h e marry

h i s n ot t h e aut h or
s h a d e s o r v a r i e t i es of m al e v ol e n t p a s s i on
t ha t
of a n o ffe n ce a g a in s t p e r s o n p r op e r t y o r g o o d n a m e
rou s e s t h i s e xt r e m e m an ife s t at i on ; s o m e t h in g t h a t a ffr on t s
om

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aes t h et i c s e n s ib il il it y , a s c e r t a in

b e ings t h at cr e at e d isgu s t w ill p r ov o k e th e r e qu is it e su sp en ;

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Th e ex er
o p in i o n s o f fo r e i gn er s o ft e n r ou s e t h e s e n t im e n t
c i s e o f fr e e t h ou gh t in dis s e n t in g fr o m t h e d o c t r in e s t h a t w e
h ol d in e s p e ci al r e v e r e n c e i s a c o m m o n s o u r c e o f ou r a nt ip at h y
He fe h o w e v e r t h e r e c r e ep s ou t t h e w ou n d e d p r id e of p ow er
w h i c h by p r om p t in g t o s i gn al r e v e ng e r ep a y s i t s e lf as i t w e r e ,
e

"

A n infu s i on

of

fe ar i s

o
t
n
t
e
p

e l e m e nt

in

i p at h y
t h e m in d

an t

i s p ar t l y o w i ng t o t h e gr e at er s u s c ep t ib ili t y of
u n d e r fe ar a n d p ar t l y o w i n
t
o t h e n e ed of
r e v e nt iv e
g
p

Thi s

h ar m

a n st

Th e

an

im al s

t h at

r ou s e

e ffor t s

t h e gr e a t e s t for c e of:
r e ul s v e a s e c t , b u t
p
p
"

ver s ion ar e t h os e t h a t n ot onl y w e ar a

i
al s o s t in g o r p o i s on
An t ip at h y o n c e e x c it e d ag a in s t a ny on e
c an b e v e r y m u c h i n am e d b y s u gge s t ing a c e r t a i n am o u n t o f
d r e a d ; t h i s h o w e v e r m u s t n o t b e c arri e d t oo far e l s e a n o t h er
e ffe c t w il l ar i s e n am e l y t h e s u bj u g a t i o n o f t h e a c t iv e e n e r gi e s
u n d e r w h i c h t h e i ra sc ib l e fe e l i n g c a n n o l o n e r b e su s t a i n e d
g
a

13
on

Hat r e d

th e

ir a s c ib l e

is th e
as

to

the

for

l i k in g i s

on

i e d

p e r m a n e n t ej ecti o n gr ou n d e d
t e n d e r n es s
Th e s e n s e of s om e

g it ion o f a st an d ing d is
c a u s e h ar m
an o b s t r u c t iv e p os it i on m ai n t a ine d
t h e o r d in ar y c au s es o f h a t r e d
A m e r e av e r s io n
s at s

o n e w r on g n e v e r

p o s it i o n t o
a r e am o n g

n am e

the

"

reco n

c h ar ac t e r

and

c on d u ct ,

or

e v en

th e

ap p e ar a n c e

of

p e r so n , w i t h ou t r e fe r e n c e t o t h e ir b e in g h o s t il e , w ill
e n g e n d e r a n h a b i t u al d i s l i k e
Th e r e p e t it i on o f oc c a si ons

an ot h e r
o ft e n

a n gr y

u nd er

fe el ing

w h ch t h e

i i

r e t al a t o n , a n d

g o o d h at e r
b e p l a ce d in
a

p e r m an e nt a t t it u d e o f r e s e nt m e n t ,
in d iv id u al i s al w a y s p r ep ar e d for a c t s of

e nd s

for

on e

in

r e l s hi n

n e e d s o nl y

o c c as o n s o f

t o b e i ras c b l e

To b e

by n at u r e

a nd

to

i
ip of fr e qu e nt e n c ou nt er w it h t h e
Hen c e riv al ry t h e e x e r c ise of a u t horit y;

s o m e r e l at o n s h

a u t h o r s o f o ffe n c e

d i s c om t u r e

PA R

TY

I IT

SP R

1 85

i
n
u al it i e s o f co n d it i o n ar e a m o ng t h e c au s e s o f h at r e d
e
q
g
U nd er t he
P ar t y s p ir it i s o n e o f t h e m os t n ot a bl e s p e c i e s
inu en c e of t h is s ent im ent m en ar e affe ct e d ma ll t h e w ay s
Th ey d er iv e a
w h e r e in s t r o ng e m ot io n c a n m anife s t it s el f
n
s s fr o m t h e ir fe e l in s o f a n im os it y t h e y
r t i o n o f t h e ir h a
i
o
e
p
pp
g
ar e
r fu ll y p r o mp t e d t o ac t i o n for t h e s ak e o f t h i s p l e a su r e
w
o
e
p
t h ey r e t ain t h e fe el ing b y an i nt el l e c t u al h ol d an d h av e t h e ir
L ast of al l
m in d s fr e qu e n t l y oc c u p i e d w i t h t h e o bj e c t s o f i t
t h e y ar e l e d t o b e l i e v e o f t h e op p o s ing p art y w h a t e v er s u it s
Th e b an d ing t og e t h e r i nt o
o r c him e s in w it h t h e ir h a t r e d
s e c t s o r fa ct i o n s g iv es s c op e for a l ar g e b o d y o f s e n t i m e nt ; o n
t h e o n e h a n d e n gaging t h e s ym p at h i e s of fell ow s h ip an d on
t h e o t h e r p r o v o k ing t h e e qu all y n a t u r al ou t b u rs t s of d is
He nc e p eop l e s rel at i o n s t o t he ir p a rt y or s e c t w h e t h e r
li ke
r el igi ou s p ol it i c al or o t h e r w i s e u su all y c o n st i t u t e o n e o f t h e
l arg e i t e r e s t s o f t h e ir lif e Th e e xi st en c e o f t h e s p ir it o f
s e c t ar i an b itt er n e s s t hr o u gh a ll p eri o d s o f h i s t or y p r o v e s h ow
l
t
m
an i s t h e p as s i on of h a t r e d
n
i
a
o
e
c on
g
1 4 Som e fu r t h er el u c i d at i on s o f o u r p r e se nt s u bj e c t m ay
b e g at h er e d b y a s u r ve y Of t h e s it u a ti o n of Hos t il it y War far e
b e t w e e n op p o sing p art ie s Th is brings
or
ac t u al C om b at
u s t o t h e p o s it i on wh e r e in t h e p a ss i on r s t aro s e ; and w h e r e
i t mu s t e v er n d it s s cop e an d gr at i c at i on
Th e r e m ar k i s
o ft e n m a d e t h at b y r i v al r y a n d p ol e mi c t h e u t m os t s t im u l u s
i s g i v e n t o t h e h u m an e n e rgi e s ; w h i ch i s a n o t h er m o d e o f
e x p re s s in g t h e r a d i c al c nn e c t i on b e t w e e n ac t iv i t y and h os
o
Th e h ost i l e att it u d e in hu m an b e ings v ari es ac cor d in g
t ili t y
t o t h e v i e w t ak en o f t h e o t h e r p ar t y I n vol u nt ar y o ffe n c e m ay
c au s e a s u dd e n or m om e nt ary o u t b ur s t w h i c h u s u all y s u b
A s s oon as w e k n ow t h a t n o h ar m
s i d es an d i s e as il y s at i s ed
i s int e n d e d w e ac ce p t an ap ol ogy a n d ar e app e a s e d A w ar e t h at
an d t h a t
a b sol u t e i nv i ol a b il i t y i s im p os s ib l e in t h i s w o r l d
we ar e a l l e xp o se d by t u r n s t o a c c i d ent al i nj u r i e s fr om o u r
fe ll ow s w e h av e ou r m in ds d i s c ip l i n e d t o l e t u n in t e n d e d e v il
i
t
h
u t t h e s at i s fac t i o n o f in i c t i n g s o m e c ou n t er e vil
o
b
w
o
g
y
n
h
i
at h fu l s e nt im e n t i s n ot n e c e s
u o n t h e o ffe n d e r
S
c
e
t
e
w
r
p
s ar il y u n ap p e asa bl e w i t h ou t a fu ll e x erc is e of v e ng e an c e t h e
r e at

'

'

TI ON

EMO

1 86

N GER

xt e nd e d if n e e d w e re t o all oth e r
Ag a in w h e n in v ol u n t ar y o ffe n c e is of t h e n at u re of
c as e s
c ar e l e s s n e s s t h e w ou nd e d p e r s on al it y is n o t so r ead il y ap p e as e d

Ve t h en l o ok u p on t h e o ffe n d er a s o mi tt ing t h e p r op e r li n e
o f p r e c au t i on s t o w h i c h w e ar e all e qu all y b ou n d a n d w hi c h
if u n iv e r s all y n e gl e c t e d w ou l d p ro d u c e e xt e n s iv e m i s chi e fs ;
a n d fe eli ng t h at an inj u ry i s d on e t o o u r s el v e s a n d t o o t h e r s
w e a r e e x e m p t e d fro m t h e obl ig at i on t o s u pp r e s s o u r a nge r
s am e

d i s c ip l in e

or A

c ou l d

be

"

a
s ed
e
pp

u na

is

an

w s h ng or

n ot

in

ow n e n d s

u t t er

x c e e d ingl y

h arb ou r

i s t h at p r e s e nt e d w h en a not h er
in t e n d ing u s h arm , st ill p u rs u es hi s

c as e

i i

r so n ,
e
p

A t hir d

ur fe el ings

di sre g ar d

of o

c om m on

s o u r ce

of

and

inj u r i es

int ere s t

Thi s

P e r s o n s t h at

v er t h e l e s s e n
t ir e l y r e c kl e s s of o th e r p e op l e s h app in es s i n t h e p u rs u it of
t h e ir o w n f e e l ing n o c o m p u n c t i on a t t h e m i s e r y t he y c au s e
We c on s id er o u r s el v e s s t ill l e ss c al l e d u p on t o su pp r es s ou r
w r at hful s e n t im ent s t o w ar d s t h i s s p ec i e s o f offen d er s ; o ur
l e git i m at e in d ign at i on s e e m s t h e r igh t a n d p r op er ch e ck t o
Th e fo u r t h an d hi h es t
s u c h se l s h d i s r e g ar d o f o t h e r s
s p e c i e s of wr o ng i s t h e c as e o f d e l ib er at e a n d in t e nd e d o ffe n c e
Thi s op e n s b efore u s
l im it e d or u nl im it e d in i t s c h ar ac t er
s u ch a s t at e o f mi n d a n d su c h a r ang e of p o ss i bl e d am ag e
t h at o ur a ngr y s en t im en t s ar e d eep l y m o v e d an d c all fo r v e n
nt e d t o c o m p l e t e th e
i
W
a
i
n
g
n
t
h
s
rov o c a t i on b u t
e
a
ce
N
o
p
g
t h e c o n s c iou s n e s s on o ur p art t h a t w e h av e give n n o c au s e
for su ch a d e m o ns t rat i on a n d ar e d el ib e r at e l y an d gr at u i t ou sl y
w rong e d b y a fell ow b e ing
Wh e n In r e t al ia t in g up on t h e obj e ct of ou r anger w e
e ncou n t er r e s i s t an c e a n d op p os i t i on
t h e s t a t e o f w arfar e
e n s u es
E a ch p ar t y in am e d w it h a s ens e of i nj u ry di r e ct s
his w h ol e m igh t t o b ri ng a b o ut t h e ru in o f t h e o t h e r
Th a t
p r o m p t in g t o e x t ra or d in ar y e ffort s of v oli t i o n w h i c h w e h av e
n o t e d as a c o n s e qu e n c e o f p a i n a n d s t il l fu r t h e r o f r es i s t a n ce
i s s e e n a t t h e u tt e r m o s t p it c h i n ac t u al c o m b at
E v e n w it h
o u t t h e b i tt e r n e s s o i w o u n d e d p e r s o n ali t y d e m and in
g v en
g e an c e t h e p os i t ion of t h e c o m b at ant s o s t im u l at e s t h e v ol u n
t ary e n e rg y as t o e xh i b i t t h e h u m an p ow e r s a t t he ir high est
no

ill w il l t o t h eir fell ow s

-

ar e

o ft en

ne

1 88

T I ON

EMO

'

or A

N GER

ment is b es e t w ith nu m er ou s in c id en t al p ain s th e o ne

fe el in g o f gr a t i e d v e nge an c e i s a p l e a s u r e as r e al an d in d is
l
h
an d
h
u
t
a
b
l
a
n
f
r
m
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
d
e
i
t
T
i
n
j
u
r
y
a
s
e
o
e
g
p
y
r es e nt

erc e i nt er nal

s o c h o os e,

it is

not a

li fe

of

a g ony n o t w i t h s t a n d i n

j u st

Fa r m ore
"

m y d ail y g ra t i cat io ns i f h e

v e ry nu m e r ou s ,

and

a nd

t ru

a c t u a l e x eri e nc e are
p

to

the

qu ot e d ab ov e

r e e c t i o n s

fr om t h e m os t p h il os op h ic a l hi s t o r ia n o f G r e e c e , o n Ha nnib al s s a cr i c e o f
i
n er s a t
H
m
e ra
W
i
t
h
a l ik e d i sp as s i on a t e a c cu ra c y d o es t h e same
i
s
o
r
p

au t ho r

the

on

g ra t i e d r e v e ng e e xp eri e n c e d b y t h e A t h e ni a ns
o f P h o k i on
A ft er t h e s u b v er s io n o f t h e A t h e ni an

d ep i ct t h e l u x u r y
c on d e m n at i on

of

d e m o c ra c y b y t h e Ma c e d oni a n g e n e ral A n t ip a t er (B C

hi m s el f t o t h e e x e c u t i o n o f t h e Vi c t o r s d e cre e s for hu m i l ia t ing

hi s

c u nt ry, a n d

t he

A nt ip a t ri a n

c o nt i nu e d
ru l e .

to

a d m i n is t e r

On t h e

h er

d ea t h

of

P h ok i o n l e nt

a ffa i rs as

the

A n t i p at er ,

and

p ro s t rat ing
p rin c ip a l a g e nt o f

a n o t h er

Ma c e d o ni an

He r e s t ore d t h e
g ener al (P ol y s p e rch on) a c qu ired t h e a s c en d e n cy i n G re e c e
nu m e rou s p ol i t i c al e xil e s , a n d g rant e d free c o n s t i t u t i o ns t o t h e v ar i o u s c it i es ,
.

A t h e n s in c l u d e d

T hi

b r ou g h t P h ok i on b efor e t h e A t h enia n p e op l e
c ri m i na l i t y o f h i s p a s t c o nd u c t
Th e A ss e m b l y

e v ent

p ri so n e r a c c u se d of t h e
b efo r e w hi ch h e s t o o d w as c o m p o s e d i n g rea t pa r t o f c i t i ens u s t re t u r ne d
fro m al l t h e h ar d sh i ps o f t h e e x il e t h at A nt ip a t er h a d c on d em ne d t h em t o
as a

Whe n

t h es e

a ft er

for t h e r s t t i m e
him b u rs t

ou t

c it i e n s

r e st or e d

t h e ir

t hu s
the

r e t u rn ,

i n fu ri o u s m a n i fe s t at i on s

b y Ep ik u r u s a nd De m o p hilu s ,
co
in e d a n d ev e n a nt i ci p a t e d , w h e n t h e y h a d
h a d l ent hi s h a n d t o t h e

fe el ing

c om m on

s u p p ort ed

wh o

Ph ok i on b rou gh t b e for e t h em ,

saw

s u b v ers i on o f

o f a n t i p a t hy

a ga i n s t

A go ni d es, t h e p r i n c i p al a c cu s e r,
fou nd t h e i r d enu n c ia t i ons w e l

Ph ok i on

a rr a ig n e d

th e

c onst it u t i o n

as a

t o the

c r im i na l
su

ffe r ings

h is d ep or t e d fel l ow ci t i en s a n d t o t h e h ol d ing o f A t h e n s in s u b e ct i o n
u nd e r a fore i g n p ot en t a t e
i n a d d it i on t o w h i c h , t h e b e t ray a l o f P e iraeu s t o
Nik a n or, c on s t it u t e d a n e w c r im e , fa s t e ning on t h e p e o p l e t h e y ok e o f K as
of

w h e n au t on om y

s an d e r ,
e d ict .

A ft er t he

h a d b e e n p ro m i s e d t o t h em b y t h e r ecent i m p erial
a cc u s a t i o n w a s c on cl u d e d ,
Ph o k i on w a s c a ll ed o n for h i s

b u t h e fou nd i t i m p o ss ibl e for h im t o

d efen c e
s ev e r al

s p e ak ,

t im e s t o

h e w as

as

o b t ai n a

h e ar i ng

A t t e m p t ing

o ft e n

int e rru p t e d b y a ng ry sh ou t s
m ann e r
u nt il a t l e ng t h h e g a v e

s e v e r al

d o w n i n l ik e
up the

i
r
n
x
a
i
m
ed,
F or m y s el f, A t h e nia ns , I p l e a d g u il t y ;
c as e i n d es p a , a d e cl
b ut
p rono u nce ag a i ns t m y s el f t h e s e nt e n c e o f d ea t h fo r m y p ol i t ica l c o nd u c t
of

hi s frie nd s

w er e cr ie d

w h y are y ou t o s e nt e n c e t h e s e

m en

ne a r

m e,

w h o are n o t

Becau s e
guil ty
o f t h os e a rou nd
Pho

y o u r fr ien d s , Ph ok i o n, w a s t h e e x cl a m a t io n
k i on t h e n s a i d n o m ore w hil e A g o nid e s p ro p os e d a d e cr e e, t o t h e e ffec t t h at
t h e a ss em b l e d p eop l e s h ou l d d e c id e b y a s h ow o f h an d s , w h e t h e r t h e p erso ns
t h ey

are

g u il t y or no t ; a nd t h a t if d e cl a re d g u il t y , t h e y s h ou l d
S o m e p e rs ons p res e n t c r ie d o u t t h at t h e p e na l t y o f t o r t u re

n o w a r ra ig ne d w e re

b e p u t t o d ea t h
o u gh t t o p r e c e d e d ea t h
.

A t h e n ia n l a w i n
b y t he

r e s p ec t

Ma ced onia n

b u t t his
to

o f c er,

sa v age

c i t i en s , w a s

it a s

p ro p os it io n , u t t e rl y a t v a ria nce w it h
r e p u d ia t e d n ot l e s s b y A o n id es t h a n
g

Th e d ecre e w as t he n p ass e d

a ft er w h ich

LU XUR Y

R ES ENTMENT

or

gin al o ffe n c e t h e fu r th er d am ag e
inc u rr e d in c h as tis in g t h e o ffe n d e r a r e o nl y p ar t o f t h e e v i l s
Th e p r e s e n c e in t h e s am e b r e a s t o f
b e l ongi ng t o t h e c as e
t e n d er s ym p athi es an d w ar m a ffe cti on s i s o ft en t h e c au s e of
a n e x c ee di ngl y p a in fu l s tr u ggl e in a d di ti o n t o th o s e o th e r
B u t if w e w e r e t o a d m it c on tr ar i e ty o f
sou rc e s of p ai n
im p u l s e s a s a p r o of of t h e i nh er en t m i s er y o f a ngry e m o ti on
w e mu s t e q u a ll y c o n s i d e r it a p r o o f o f t h e mi s e r y o f t e n d e r
e m o ti on
T he r e ar e tim e s w h e n t h e e x e r c is e o f ou r a ffe c tio n s
i s ex c ee din gl y p a infu l t h e o b j e c t o f th e m h av rng e x c it e d ou r
w r a th fu l s e n ti m ent
At tho s e m om en ts it i s a gr e at m is e r y
t 0 h a rb ou r t e n d e r fe e l i n
g s a n d it w er e b e tt er fo r u s t o h av e
no thi ng b u t i r a sc i b il ity in ou r con s tit u ti on
A c c or dingly i n
c a s e s w h e r e t h e s ym a thi e s a n d a ff e c ti o n s ar e l ittl e d ev e l o e d
p
p
i n t h e c h ar ac t e r an d w h er e t h e c o n tr ar y p a s s i o n s p o s s e s s an
u n u su al v ig o u r
t h e e nj o y m e n t d e r iv ab l e fr o m p u re ma l e v o
l e n c e i s i n t ens e an d u n al l o y e d
Nothing b u t t h e r e trib u ti on
a c c r ui ng fr o m a c ou r s e o f m i s c hi e f an d w ro ng in i c t e d u o n
p
o th er s c
an o c c u r t o i n t e r ru p t t h e j o y s o f g r a ti e d r e s e n t me n t s
;
s o th at w ith p r e c a u ti o n s fo r h i s o w n s a fe ty t h e a c t or m ig h t
b e tr u l y h a p p y
In stan c e s of this d ev il l i k e ch ara c t er ar e n ot
unfr e qu e n tl y t o b e m e t w ith i n re al l ife ; a n d i n r om an c e it
o ft e n oc c u r s a s a c re ati on
Th e Qu il p o f D i c k ens is a re c e n t
a nd h ighl y in s tr uc ti v e sp e c im e n
Th e ir as cib l e t em p e r
d oe s n o t n e e d an a c t u al o ffe n d e r ; an y
s t at e o f su r ch ar g e
r s o n or a nythi n g t h e m o s t i n n o c en t o r i r r e l e v a n t
e
r e c ei v e s
p

viol ati on

or i

i n v ol v e d i n t h e

sh o c

th e

t he s h o w

h el d

f tr

of

h and s w a s

um ph

c all e d

c on d e m n a t on

n
i
p

m or e i m p o s m g ;

e ffe c t
o

e a ch

an d

To m a n y

of

s om e

t h em,

i i i im p

a n d u n a ni m ou s v n d c t v e

i i

at r ot c

m u s t h av e b e e n

for

m an
w e nt

e v en
so

h a n d i n th e

ev er y

from h i s

r os e

fa r

as

d ou b t l e s s , t h e
uh t h e

s s em b l

to ma

s ea t

g i i

y w as
e t he

k
'

i i

m erel y l e

r v e w n ot

es

t o p u t o n wre a t h s i n t o e n
r at
c a t on o f t h s
nt en s e

i i
g th h ppi t m m
t
m k bl i t

ulse

a m on

Ne arl y

e nt s o f

gi t im

a t e,

l fe

but

Th e a b ov e is p er h a p s t h e m os re a r a e n s an ce a ff or d e d b y t h e an c en t

orl d
I
n m o d ern t im e s i t i s ev e n s u r p as s ed b
t
h
e
ur
b
s
t
o
f
fu r ou s e ul t a
w
y
t on t h at a c c o m p a n e d t h e e e cu t on o f R ob es p err e
S ee t h e d e s cr p t i on i n
.

Mi ch el et Hi s toer e d e
'

Dr
h an dl

Y ou n

ig
n

of

t he

l a R ev ol u ti on F r a n ga ese, Li v

t ra ge d y ,
s am e

e nt

t h em e

it l

ed

Z a ng a

or
,

xxi

c hap

Th e S l a t e

10

R ev eng e, is

p oe t

EMO T ION

1 90

or

AN G ER

tfu l fe eli n g o cc asi on all y r e c e iv es th e n am e of

Righ t e ou s In dign ation fr om t h e c ir cu m s t an c e t h at s om e
t
r im i n al ity o r agra n t w ron g h a s b e e n t h e i n s tig atin g
r
e
a
c
g
Th e op e n l aw b r eak er s th a t e n c r oa c h u p o n t h e r igh t s
ca u s e
o f t h e or d e r l y c itiz e n an d t h e ty r an t s an d o p p r e s s o r s o f m an
k in d on t h e gr e at s c al e ar e e x am p l e s of t he fair ap p l i c a
ti on of t h e s e ntim e nt A n ation r ou s ing it s el f t o sh ak e o ff
t h e yo k e o f a d e s p o t m a y w el l b e m ov e d w ith a r igh t e ou s
Th is for m o f t h e p a ss i on h a s al w ays b e en c on s i de r e d
a ng e r
as n o t u n b e c om in g i n t h e gr e at e s t a n d mo s t h igh m i n d e d of
m e n b e ing j u s ti e d b y t h e o c c as i on tha t c all e d it fer th
S om ew h at differ ent al th o u gh akin i s t h e m e anin g o f N obl e
R ag e w h i c h r e p r e s en t s t h e in t er e s ting e ng aging or p o e ti c
a n g er ;
b e i n g w h a t m a k e s a n e d i sp l a y an
a sp e c t o f
or a s tirri n g dr a m a
Th e w r a th o f
a tt r a c ti ng s p e c t acl e
A chil l e s w as n o t a r igh te ou s b u t a th e atri c al in digna tion
Th e d e v el op m e n t s of ir a s cib l e p a ss i o n ar e in t e re s tin g t o b e h ol d
fr Om t h e p o in t o f v i e w o f a m e r e s p e c t at or ; a n d w e d ignify
b y t h e t er m n ob l e w h a t insp ir es a l o fty aes th e tic i n t e r e s t
Th e v e r y tyr an t w h o h as ki ndl e d a am e of r igh t eou s in dign a
tion b e com es b y hi s c arr i ag e and d e m e anou r w h e n s tan ding
b
e fo r e t h e e x c it e d p op u l a c e
a s u bj e c t for t h e
at b a
oe
t
s
p
y
a nd p ai n t e r s o f a ft e r t im e s ; s u c h i s t h e d iffer e n c e b e tw e e n
o u r m or al an d o u r ar ti s ti c s e n ti me nt s
1 7 In Mor al ity a n d in p r e s erv ing t h e or d e r o f t h e w or l d
r e s e n tm e n t i s a p ow e r ful i ns tru m e n t
Not m er e l y t h e h u r t
tha t an ger p r om p t s t o b u t t h e v ery e xp r es s i on or a sp e c t of
t h e p ass i on in sp i r e s d r e a d an d m a k es m e n e x e r t t h e m s el v e s
t o av o i d r ou s in g it
Ou r ang e r i s a Wal l of r e ar ou n d u s
In t h e g ov e r nm e n t o f hu m an b e ing s t h e di sp l a y o f a ngry
fe el ing is a ch e c k on di s ob e dien c e
On t h e o th er h an d th i s p ass 1 on i s o n e g r and spr i ng o f t h e
Inj u ry r e al or su p p os e d
di s or d e r s th a t tr o u b l e h u m a n l ife
e x c it e s t he th ir s t for v e n g e a n c e t h e ou tg oi n g s o f w h i c h if
u n ab l e t o c ru sh t h e o ffe n d e d
o nl y s tim u l a t e n e w
ac t s o f
Thu s b y a p ro c ess of a c tion and re a c ti on t h e
a gg r es s i o n
e v il g o e s o n m u l tip l ying it se l f w hil e e v er y s t ep p u ts t h e h o e
p
16

The

r es en

'

'

CH A P T ER

EMOTIO N OF P OWER

Du

g l d St
a

In

the

c on s c o u s n e s s o f p o w er , a n d

the

t he

r ea t n e s s o f

Wh a t

e ffe c t ,

Mer e e xer c i s e

Th e
it
t

n fa n t , w h

it s

ow n

i m b il it y
gg t t
t
ec

on , s u ch a s

o su

es

t h e p l e a su r e

il l

e st

of

u p on

th e

k g

the

t h e Wor i n

ight

on

s of

e n era l

p rop o r t

o f ou r e

igh t
t i d

s in e

i
i
it h b i g

Th e p a s t m e s o f t h e b oy
o h i m t h e d e a o f h i s p o w er

t o t he

one d

t h e p l easu r e
a t t en d ed w t h

ru t h

su c h

it i s , i s

as

on l y

x er c is in g it s l itt l e s t r e ngt h

w h e n a n y a cc

x er t i o n

i it y i i t
ib l ff ct i

t h e b rea s t , d el

is m or

e n oy m en t ,

Th e

o ne .

o f a ct v

w t h , a nd

it m e e t s

e v er y o b e c t
of

il

w h c h p r o d u c e s n o s en s

n o e n oy m e nt , or a v er y s l
c orp or e al

d w el t

r e n d er i n

t h e p l e a s u re i s i n
c om p a r e d w t h t h e s m a l l n e ss

c o m m o n l y cal l e d

is

o f p ow er .

on

h ap py in h i s

u nu su a ll y

h av e

i t m ay b e ob s er v e d , t h a t , w h e n ev e r w e ar e l e d t o c on s d er

a u t h o r s o f a n y e ffe c t , w e fe el a s e n s bl e p r d e o r e u l t a t o n i n

e n e ral ,

ou r s el v e s a s

is

ew ar t

v ol u m e ,

P o w er

s e n t i m e nt o f

g
p r e c e di n

IN m y

id

a l m os t w

a r e,

e nt

it h

c o n v nc e s
o u t e x ce p

Wh en h e t h r ow s

a s t on e

t an c e

e n
ab l e t o
h e i s p l e a s ed w
p r o d u ce a n e ffe ct a t a d is
fr o m h m s el f ; a n d , w h l e h e m e a s u re s w t h his ey e t h e a m p l t u d e o r

r an

o r s h o ot s a n ar r o w ,

g f hi m i il
h
hi h h i p
gt h i
b i g hi t
i
f hi
f
d i p it i
hi h h
m t im
im l i h
w

o w er

c ons c ou s n es s o
s

an

e so

in t hat

es

m u ni ca t es t o

are

the

i
i

oc c u p a t on s

his y ou n

gA

th e

s a t s fa c t o n

xt en t

to

on a

ar

Nor n ee d w e s ea rc h i n t h e m a l ev ol en t
p r o w es s
for a ny o t h e r m o t v e t o t he a p p a ren t a c t s o f c r u el t y

er e n

u n re

anc

n w

ar

en

eas

ar

an

c e,

an

a c

er

e n

ac

ve

a ra c e r s

s r en

or s

ro

r e

co

su c

a c c or

ov er o o
o w er

use o

er n s o

su

or

e w a n on a

es

no

ec

su

e sca

re

a s

n e r or a n

r u

an

y ou t h c a p t v at e hi s
for c e o f m nd , o f c on

i i
i ip l

w th

er c s e s ov er

p l eas u r a

a w ea

i
th i f i
x i
i m l t h ff i g f t h
it h t i l y p i g h i t i
b i g
l k d
bl t i mph
hi h th
t
b
fp
m
t i g j d gm t
k d
Th
ti
f th
p t
f t
b
f
gg
t
i
g
i
m
i
l
i
d
g th f b d y f
y y
f h d h ip
d fd
g A d
t mpt
d i gl y
h
i
h i h Vi gil
it h h t i t i p p i t y m p l y

c a s es , e

of

s t at e

i
i m il

e t ha t h e l o v es t o
p r nc
w t h t h a t o f h i s fe ll ow s , a n d t o e n o y t h e

s s u p er or

n su c

It

nt o c o m p ar s on

ou r nat u re

o ns o

os

r eac h e d

as

s s r en

r n

c ont em p l a t es

e w e a p on ,

ss

s ca n u s

ii

A t p u e r A s c a n u s m e d s i n v a lli b u s a c r
aud e t e u o
jam qu e h o s cu r su , ja m p r aet er i t il l os

Sp u m ant e m qu e d a r p e cor a n t er n e r t a v ot is
Op t at ap ru m , au t ful v u m d e s c e nd e re m o n te l eo nem
As
a nd

ig

ou r ,

i it y

su p er or

an d

w e a d v a n c e i n y ea r s ,

nt e ll e c t u a l

we
of

ra d u al l

for t u n e

y a im
a nd s t at

en d o w m e n t s ,

at

as ou r

an

x t e n d i ng

on , o r

by the

b y t h e fo rce

im

o ur
st

al

ii

p o w ers l o s e t h e r a c t v t y
n u e n c e o v er o t h ers b
y t he

il l m

ore

ig

at t er

ig

o f o u r u n d e rs t a nd n

i it y

of

xt ent

of

s u p er or

b y t he

PL EA SUR E S

var iou s fe e l i ng s b e go tte n

AC T IVITY

or

in t h e

1 93

x er c i se

of

t h e m u scu l ar

gans
Th e s e ar e h ighl y p l e asu r ab l e w h e n t h e b o dy i s
h e al th y s tr o ng a nd fre s h an d a r e on e i ngre di e n t i n t h e
Th er e
a g r e e ab l e c o n s c i ou s n e s s gr o w in g o u t of ac ti v e p u r s u it
i s t o o a c orr e sp on ding p l e a s u r e in m e n t al e ffor t co n s i d er e d
m e r e l y as t h e e x e r c i s e o f an ac tiv ity o f t h e s y s te m
Ag ai n w e h av e a s atis fa c tion in a ttaining t h e Ends of
o u r a c tiv e p u r s u it ; t h e fa c t o f th e i r b e i n g e n d s i m p l i e s a s
In a ll vo lu n ta r y e ffor t th e r e for e th e r e i s a d ou bl e
m u ch
inu e nc e u p o n the m in d t h e in u en c e o f t h e s ta t e of ac tiv i ty
a n d t h e in u e n c e o f t h e e n d o r th i ng a im e d a t
o r exe r c i s e
Th e animal r oam i n g for i t s foo d t h e p e as an t till in g h i s gr ou n d
Th u s l ab ou r w hi c h is e x er
e x p e r i e n c e th i s tw o fo l d e ffec t
c i s e fo r a tt a i n i n g a gr a ti c ati o n or fo r t h e av o i d an c e o f a n
e v i l i s a c om p li c a t e d or c o m pou n d s itu a ti o n a n d t h e c o n s e
qu e n t em o ti o n i s l ik ew is e c o m p ou n d Th e gr e at v ar ie ty of
m o d e s of a c tiv e e x er c i s e o n t h e o n e h an d an d of a g r e e ab l e
e ffec t s o n t he o t h e r i l e a d s t o a n u m e r ou s cl a s s o f c o m p os it e
e m o ti o n s r efer a b l e t o t h e r e gi o n o f o u r a c ti v ity
Wh e n s om e
v e r y cong e n i al e x e r ti o n o n o u r
n
f
rt
ro
c
e
a
e
f
e
c
t
l
s
a
a
s
o
d
u
p
p
e r y gr atifyin g t h e c o n u e nc e o f t h e t w o p l e as u res m u s t n e e d s
:b eg e t an in t e n s e d e l igh t
Su ch h ap p y c om b in a tion s ar e n ot
t he u s u al c as e ; e it h er t h e k in d o f e x e r c i s e th a t d e l igh t s u s
m o s t br in g s l ittl e o th er fr u it o r t o a tt ai n ou r fa vour it e e n d s
w e mu s t t a k e u p w ith u n in v iti n g l a b ou r s
Th e p r op e r p l e a s u r e o f Po w e r i s s o m e th in g b e yo n d m er e
e x e r ti o n for e n ds
I t ari se s on c om p ari n g t he e as y with t h e
or

'

ou r

inform a t

Wh at

b y the

on ,

id
l t it

b ut t he

ass e m b l e d

mu

ea

of

u d e,

a rt s o f

p er su as on,
p l e as e s t h e

p ow e r
w h en h e

il
th i
k b

e nu -it

en c e s

the

or

in m ana

o r a t or

t he

i
gi g

a cco m p l sh m e nt s o f a d d re s s .

by

o f ot h e r s

r eas o n

t he

of a n

re ns
su

p eri o r
an d , w t h ou t t h e

ln

ai d
e r d es r e s a n d p a s s on s ,
y , b en d s t o h i s p u r p o s es
o f force , or t h e s p l e n d o u r o f r a n ,
ec om es t h e a r b t e r o f t h e fa t e o f na t on s
To t h e s a me p r n ci p l es w e m ay t ra ce , in p a r t , t h e p l eas u re a r s n fr o m
t h e d s cov e ry o f
e n era l t h e or e m s i n t h e s c e n ce s
Ev ery s uc h di s cov ery

p uts

g 1 v es
no t ,

i
k

w t h e u al eas e ,

ava

il

ou r s e l v e s

b e for e

It

13

in

n cre a s e s ,

i n te l l ec tua l p ow er in a w a y v ery a na l o o u s t o t ha t i n w h

e n i n e i n c r eas es t h e m e c h a n cal
p ow e r o f t h e h u m a n b o d y

i
ii g

i n p os s es s on o f nnu m erab l e p a r t cu l ar t ru t h s or p art c u l ar fa c t s , a n d

u s a re a d y c o m m a n d of a
re a t s t o c
of
n o w l e d e o f wh c h w e c o u ld

us
.

ih
c

a
a.

w ord ,

m a ch

ou r

n e or

E MO TION
dif c ul t p e r for m an c e
o f an op e r a ti o n i s of a
w
o

ith it

f the

p os e a

ar e

xe r c i s e
w or k at

an d

P O WER

Wh en t h e l ab or i ou sn e s s
u n ifor m ch ar ac t e r t h e fe el in s c on n e c t e d
g
a b o v e m en ti o n e d t h e p l e as u r e (o r p a in )

th e t w o

OF

of o p e r a

ti on s

t h e p l e asu r e

of

the

end

Bu t l e t

u s su

r s t p e r form e d w ith gr e a t p a in o r d if cu l ty
w ith e as e ; in th a t c a s e , t h e tran s iti on fr o m

fterw ar d s
giv e s r is e t o a n ew feel in g of t he
o n e s t a t e t o t h e o th e r
cl as s fo u n de d o n R el a tivity or C o m p ar i s on a j o y o us an d
h i lar i o u s r e b ou n d in t e n s e a cc or ding t o t h e gr e a tn e s s an d t h e
th e r e b e ing a c orr esp on di ng d ep r es
su dd e nn e s s o f t h e ch an g e
s i on of m e n t al t on e w h e n t h e c ou r s e i s i n t h e o p p o s it e d i r e c
tion or fr o m e a s e t o di fcu l ty So w h en a ft er a p r otra c te d
a n d d ou b tfu l s tr u ggl e w e are vi c t or i ou s th er e i s a n ou t bu r s t
of j o yful e x c it em e n t p e cu l i ar t o t h e s itu a ti on o f c on tr as t
I fort nerl y d e s crib e d th is e m o tion a s t h e c ons c i ou sn ess of
th er e b e ing p r e s en t t o t h e
Su p e r i or P O WER e n ergy o r migh t
min d s om e inferi or gra de t o give th e c o mp arison
a nd

feeli ng o f t h e p o sse ss ion and th e e xer ci se of p o w er

w ith ou t im m e di a t e r e fe r e n c e t o o th er e n d s i s a r s t r ank
l
f
e
a
u
r
Th
u
d
g
n
i
s
o
it app e ars ina de qu at e
s
e
e
s
os
e
e
es
p
pp
T he s im p l e s itu a ti o n a ss u m e d i s a p er s on fa ili ng t o d o s om e
t h ing t o d ay a nd su cc ee din g t o m or r ow or b eing c on s ci o u s
o f a n i n cr e a s e i n s o m e b o d il y o r m e n t a l ap tit u d e : s u ch are
t h e fe e li ng s of t h e grow in g y o u th w hi c h ar e u n d ou b t e d l y
r a t efu l an d ch e er i n
Bu t i s thi s a su fc i en t b as i s for t h e
g
g
e n or m o u s g r a ti ca ti o n o f e x e rc i si ng l ar ge
c on tr ol
in t h e
w or l d
I am in cl ine d t o think th at any p l easu re gaine d by su c
c e e ding agains t o ne s s e l f i s b u t at ; a s i n
p l aying a g am e
a l on e
Th e s itu a ti on w h er e t h e jo y o f p o w er a nd s u p eri or ity
r i s e s t o t h e ch ara c t e r i s ti c
p it ch i s su c c e ss as ag ains t s om e
Th e p e r s onal o r s o c ia bl e el eme n t s e em s n e c e s
o t h er p e r s o n
s ar y t o t h e s w e e t n e s s
t h e u n c ti o n of p ow er
On e o f t he
th ings tha t m ak e s m a n in te r e s ti ng t o m an is th e e x er cise of
s w ay
Al l t h e e x am p l es of t h e not e d d el ights o f p ower are
i n fa vou r of thi s Vi ew
2

Th e

'

'

E MO TION

1 96

Mor e o v er
Riv als
ga in e d

t h e p l e a su r e s

A n d if

o ,

dr iv e n

ar e

m an

P O WER

or

L ov e

of

are

at

the

c all o f

P ow er

p ro t e c t or s h ip i s h el d ou t , a ffe c tio n is
s aim s ar e l o fty, g e n e r o u s , p h il a n th r op i c ,

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A C T ION F R O M T OI L

1 97

p l e a su r abl e e x e r c is e , i s a v e ry
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a c c ru e fr om t h e s i m p l e s t for m o f t h e fe el in g o f s tr e n gth
Is h o w e v e r t h e d e l igh t o f b e ing r e l i e v e d fr om a gr e a t d e th
p
a n d w ith th i s i s u n av o i d a b l y m i x e d u p
of p h y s i c al s u ffe r i n g
t h e fe el in g o f o th e r p r iv a ti on s w h i c h c arr y u s int o t h e r e m o te r
Th e h ar d w o r k e d l ab ou r e r tr an s fe rr e d
r e gi o n s o f s e n s i b i l ity
t o a n e a s y s itu a ti on e x p e r i e n c e s m u c h m o r e th a n t h e r e
m is s i on o f m u s c u l ar fa tigu e w ith t h e a c c o m p anying or g an ic
d e p r e ssi on ; h e ob t ains far th e r a c h e erfu l s e n s e th at h e i s
h i s h om e c o m for t s in cl u ding p e rh ap s t h e
s e c u r e d i n al l
l u x u r y o f b e i n g s u p e r io r t o s om e e n vi o u s r iv al
E a s y l oc om o ti o n as c om p ar e d w ith a toil s om e foot mar ch
t h e c o m m an d o f e e c t iv e t o ol s t h e s u bj ec ti on o f a n i m a l s a n d
o f t h e p h y s i c al forc e s t o o u r s e r v i c e all c o n t a in t h e r e a c ti o n
fro m m u s cu l ar fa tigu e Th er e i s a gr at e fu l fe el in g in t h e
d isch arg e o f t h e far d ar ting w e ap on th at c an e xte nd ou r
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6 I f P ow er b e thu s a d eri v e d or c o m p o s it e p as si on i t s

P HYSI C AL s i d e w il l n ot in cl u de any n ov el m anife s ta tion A s

c o nn e c t e d w ith p o s s e ss i o n s a n d t he r el e as e fr om l ab o u r s a n d
o th e r s e n s e p r iv a ti on s an d d i s agr e e a b l e s it t a k e s o n n e c e s s ar il y
a c h e e r fu l or b e a m i ng e xp r e s s i o n w ith ou t s p e ci c c h ar ac t e r
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i st ic s
e x e r c i s e o f p o w e r w h e t h e r t h e t r a m p l i n g d o w n o f r i v al s o r
t h e sp or t w ith i n i c t e d p ain i t h a s t h e e xp r es s i o n c or r e s
n d ing t o t h e a ttitu d e a s w e h av e al r e a dy se e n it i n c o n
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m igh t i s a p r oo f o f t h e e xh il ar ati on a n d in v igor a ting e ffe c t o f
t h e s itu ati on a n d o f it s a ll i an ce w ith t h e p u tti ng for th o f
a c tiv ity a s c o n tr a s t e d n o t onl y w ith w e a kn e s s b u t al s o w ith
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By l on g ass o c iation am ou ntin g it m ay b e t o h er e ditary tr ans
mi ss ion t h e l au gh h as a c qu ir e d su c h a sp e c i al al l i an c e w ith
m igh t p os s e s s i o n an d v i c t or y th a t it i s t h e m o d e o f giv i n g
ve nt t o ou r ac u te p l e asu r e s g e n erall y ; w hil e fr om th e s am e
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t h e a nti c ip a ti o n of t h e fu tu r e t h e c o n c e p tio n o f t h e p o ss ib l e
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a b s e n t fro m t h e v i e w o f t h e p o s s e
m e n t all y di sp o s e d t o r ev e l i n t h e i d eal l u xu r y th e r e ar e w a y s
and m e a n s o f s tim u l a ti on
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b e i d e al iz e d w ith ou t a c tu al p o s s es s i on it s s p h e r e i s th u s ex
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a n d i d e a o f s u c h v ig ou r fo r t h e i n s t a n t r ai s e d ou r s e l v e s in
So d e c i d e d i s t h e e ffe c t th a t w e n d o ur
t h e s c al e o f p o w e r
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w o r thy s i d e i n l ov e a n d d e v o ti on w h i c h i s o ft e n d i s p l a y e d b y
t h e w e a k t o th e s tr o n
g in r e tu r n for l o v e an d p r o t e c tion In
it ill u s tr at e s t h e mi n d s c ap ab il it v of s u s tain e d
e ith er c as e
i nt e r e s t i n i d e a l o r c o n t e m p l a t e d g r e a t n e s s
A ll t h e fo rm s o f m an if e s t e d p o w er i nu e n c e t h e b e h ol d e r
a c c o r d i n g a s h e i s a bl e t o e n t e r i n t o th e ir w or k i n g s a n d i s n o t
r e p e ll e d b y r iv a l r y a n d fe ar
Sp e c iall y r em ar kab l e is t h e
a d m ir a ti o n o f m or al p ow er i n t h e sh ap e o f a s c e ti c s el f d e n i a l
We s ur
w hi ch h a s h a d a g r e a t c h ar m for m e n in all ag e s
r e n d e r o u r s e l v e s m or e w il li n gl y t o th i s fo r m o f m igh t th an t o
a n y o th e r s
We s e e i n it t h e app ar e nt m eans of s ol v ing t h e
gr e at es t dif cu l ty of lif e t h e r e c on cili ati on of cl as h ing d e
m an d s
H e n c e w e ap p r o v e s entim e n tal l y of an e th i c al i d e al
th at i s s ev er e an d s el f d e nym g e v en th ou gh w e ar e c om p ell e d
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I I t b ein g im p ossibl e t o r e c o gni z e e x is t en c e in any sh ap e
e x c e p t a s r e l at e d t o t h e i n d ivi du al m i n d e a c h o n e s u n iv e r s e
m ay b e l o o k e d u p o n as c o in c i di ng w ith s el f
Th is i s t h e d oc
tr in e u su all y t er m ed I d e ali sm
II I t is c om m on t o r e c ogniz e a dis tinc ti on b e tw e en t h e
Su bj e ct m in d a nd a s om e th ing s u p p os e d t o b e di s tinc t fr om
e x t ern al t o a c tin g u p o n th a t mi n d c all e d m att e r t h e e x t e r n al
o r e x t e n d e d w orl d t h e obj e c t t h e n o n e o or n o t s e l f
Th er e
g
i s u n do u b t e dl y a d is tin c ti o n b e tw e e n t h e m in d a s s e n ti e n t a n d
t h e t h ing fe l t b e tw e e n t h e p e r c ip i e n t a n d t h e p e r c e p ti o n t h e
c on c ip i e n t a n d t h e c o n c e p ti o n a n d s o fo r th ; b u t n o t as I
Im a i n e am ou n tin g t o s e l f i n t h e o n e c as e a n d t h e n e g a ti o n
g
o f s e l f i n t h e o th e r
Th e r e al diffe r e n c e w ill b e a dv e r t e d t o
in t h e c o n c l u ding c h ap t er o f th i s v o l u m e
III Th e r e i s a n act o f In tro sp e ction w h er eb y w e r e g ar d
t h e fe el i ng s an d o p e r a ti o n s of t h e m i n d a s s o m e t hi ng t o b e
c o ntr oll e d or t o b e s tu di e d
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c i lin e or w h e n w e s tu d y t h e l a w s o f th ou gh t a n d fe el i n g as
p
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w e ar e s om e ti m e s s a i d t o b e s elf
con sceou s a s o p p os e d t o p l o u gh i ng s p inn in g b u il d in g or o th er
ac t s an d O p e r ati o n s p e r form e d u p o n t h e o u t e r w o rl d
I V Th e Im p ul siv en e s s sp ont an eity or or igin al t en de n c i es
o f o u r n a tu r e v i e w e d i n c o n t ra s t w ith t h e c h e c k g u i d an c e o r
in u e nc e o f im p r es si on s fr om Withou t i s an asp e c t of s el f
Th e diffe r e n c e i s g r e a t b e tw e e n t h e o u tb u r s t o f n at u r al vig o u r
r e c kl e s s a n d u n c o n tr oll e d
o r r e s tr a i n t
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tot al p l e a su r e s an d p ain s w ant s d e s ir e s aim s and

a c ti o n s o f a n in di v i du al c o n s titu t e s el f i n c o n t r a d i s ti n c ti o n t o
all i n diff e r e n t th in g s
Wh a t t ou ch e s ou r ow n w el far e an d s till
m or e w h a t w e fe e l a n d a ct u p o n a s s u ch i s o u r e n d of lif e t h e
c oll e c ti v e e n gro s s m e n t o f ou r b e in g
Th i s Life in t er e s t i s a
w e ll ch ar a c t e r iz e d m e a ni n g o f t h e t er m i n qu e s ti o n
V I O f o u r c oll e ctiv e in t e r es ts a c e r tain p orti on in n o
w ay i n c l u d e s t h e i n t e r e s t s o f a ny o th e r be i ng s
w h e th e r
s im l y
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p as s ing th e s e b y or p os itiv el y d e tr a c ting th e r e fr om ;
th er e b e ing l e ft o u t of a cc ou n t s ym p a th y an d s e l f d e v oti on
S el f l o v e (or w h en int en de d t o b e bl a m e d Sel sh n e s s) i s t h e
s p ec i c d e s ig n a ti o n o f th i s c o n tr ac t e d s p h e r e o f r e g ar ds
Ev e n w h e n w e a dop t o ne or m or e li v ing b ein gs in t o t h e
c ir cl e o f o u r a ffe ct i o n s w e m ay i n o ur d e v o ti on t o th e m p u t
o n a s e l s h a s e c t t o all b e yo n d
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a h igh d e g r e e t ow ar d s s tr a n g er s
S el f l ov e th e r e for e s t ar t s
n o t s i m p l y fr om t h e in div i d u al b u t fr o m t h e s m all e r s o c i e ti es
i n w h o s e s e p ar a t e in t er i or s de v o ti o n m ay r e ign
.

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p r e sen t t o c on s i d e r a cl a s s o f e m o ti ons s til l

m or e n a rr ow a nd s e l ec t h av in g r e fe r e n c e t o o u r p os se s s in g in
ou r sel v e s t h e qu al iti e s th a t, w h e n s e e n i n o t h er m e n in sp ir e
2

ar e at

tim en ts of l ov e a dmir ation r e v e r en ce e s t e e m or t h e

o p o s it e s o f th e se
Wh at ev er a ttr ib u t e s im p r es s ou r m i n d s
p
a s di s pl ay e d b y ou r fe ll ow m e n p ro du c e al s o a p e cul i ar e ff e c t
as
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p u t for th b y ou r s el v e s
s erv i ng a n d c o nt e m p l a tin g ou r ow n e x c e ll e n c e p ow e r g r an
d eu r or oth er im p os ing ch ar a c t eri s ti c s Thi s i s a v e r y sp e cial
m o de of s e l f r e g ar ding e m o ti o n t h e n am e s u s e d for it ar e S e l f
c om p l ac e n c y S el f gr atul ati on S el f e s te e m S el f con c e it Pri d e
Th e e m o ti on t a k e s a s o m e w h a t diffe r e nt t u r n, a n d i s
u su al l y m u c h m o r e s at i s fyi n g a n d i n t e n s e w h e n ou r c o n du c t
or c har a c t e r c a ll s fo r th op e n m a nife s t a ti o n s of a dm ir a ti on
F or thi s gr ati c ati o n a n d
l o v e o r e s t e em fro m th os e ar o u n d
fo r t h e d e s ir e th a t it b e g e ts w e h av e s u ch n am e s as Vanity
Lov e of Ap p ro b ati on D e sir e of F am e or Gl ory
t he

s en

E MO TION S

2 04

or

E LF

fe l l o w b e in g s We s o on m ak e c om p ar is on s am ong t h e i n d i
v id u al s ab o u t u s ; w e s e e th a t o n e i s s tr o n g e r a n d d o e s m o r e
w or k t h a n a n o t h e r
an d i n c o n s e qu e n ce
p e r h a p s r e c e iv e s
m or e p a y
We s e e on e p u ttin g for th m or e ki n dn e s s th a n
an d i n c o n s e qu e n ce r e c e i vi ng m or e l o v e
a n o th e r
We s e e
fe a t s
s o m e i n div i d u al s s u r p as s in g t h e r e s t in a st o n i s hi n g
a n d dra w i n g a ft er th e m t h e g a z e an d a dm ir a ti o n o f a c r o w d
We a c qu ir e a s e ri e s o f x e d a s s o c ia tio n s t ow ar ds p e r s on s s o
s it u a t e d ;
fa v ou r ab l e in t h e c a s e of t h e s u p e r i or an d nu
fav ou r ab l e tow ar d s t h e infe r ior To t h e s t r ong a nd l a b or iou s
m an w e a tt ac h a n e s ti m at e o f gr e at e r r e w ar d a nd fe el th a t
t o b e i n hi s p l ac e w o u l d b e a h ap p i e r l o t th an fal l s t o oth e r s
D e s iring a s w e d o fr om t h e p r im ary m otiv e s of ou r b e ing t o
e
s s g o o d th i n g s an d o b s e rv i ng th e s e t o c o m e b
s
os
p
y a m an s
s u p e r i o r e x er ti on s w e fe e l a r e s p e c t fo r s u ch e x e r ti o n a nd a
w i s h th at it migh t b e o u r s
We kn ow th at w e al s o p u t
for th e xe r ti on s for o u r sh ar e of g oo d th ings an d o n w it n e s s in g
o th e r s w e ar e ap t t o b e r e m i n d e d o f o u r s e l v e s an d t o m a k e
c o m ar i s o n s w ith o u r s e l v e s ; w h i ch c o m p ar i s o n s d e r iv e th e ir
p
in te r e s t fr om t h e s u b s t an tial c o n s e qu en c e s
H av ing thu s on c e l e arn e d t o l oo k at oth er p e r s ons as
r e at er or l e s s
r fo rm i n g l ab ou rs
g
a
n
d
a s r e al izi n g fru it s
e
p
t o acc o r d ; b e ing m or e o v e r ou r s e l v e s in a l l r e s p e c t s l ik e ou r
fel l o w s w e nd it a n e x er ci s e n eith e r dif cu l t n or u nm e an
i ng t o c ont e m p l a t e s e l f a s d o in g w or k a n d r e ce iv i ng t h e
r e w ar d
In A s tr o n o m y t h e i d e a of a p l a n e t w as r s t g ain e d
nu s a n d t h e r es t ; it w as fr om th e s e
rs
V
u o n J u p it e r
M
a
e
p
e x te n d e d t o o u r o w n e ar th o n w h i c h b y it s e lf w e c o u l d n o t
h av e for m e d it
A s w e d e c i d e b e tw e e n o n e m a n a n d a n o th e r w h i c h i s
w or th i e r w h i ch i s t o r e c e iv e t h e l a rg es t s h a r e o f l ife s b l e s s
i ngs s o w e d e ci d e b e t w e e n s el f an d all o th e r m e n; b e ing
h o w e v e r i n th i s d e c isi o n u n de r t h e b i as o f o u r o w n d e s ir e s
Ou r fe e l ing of S el f w or th w h e n i n du l g e d t o a v i c e o r a n
e x c e s s i s s i m p l y o u r u n r e g e n e r at e a p p e tit e fo r g o o d t hi n g s
o u r p r e fe rri ng m eu m t o te a m in t h e c o m p ar i s o n o f d e s e r ts
Ou r i m p l i ca ti o n i s th a t w e w i s h a l a rg e s h ar e fo r o u r s e l v e s ;
-

ELF REFL EC T ED
-

PI T Y

2 05

de l u d e ou rs e l ve s into b eli ev m g th a t o u r
titl e ou r ac c o m p li s h e d w or k s and ou r p ow e r s o f w orkin g ar e
A n e s tim a t e o f s e l f
s u c h as t o d e s e rv e th a t s u p e r i o r s h ar e
th a t e n de d in no th ing w ou l d b e at a n d u np r o t ab l e S e l f
es tim a ti o n i s ou r c l a im p u t for th i n t h e d i v i s i on o f l ife s

un

d e r th at

w sh w e

v al u ab l e s

Th e op p r o b r i ou s n a m e S e l f Righ t e o u s im p l i e s a n In o r di n a t e
d e m an d for t h e d e fe r e n c e and e s ti m a ti on att a ch in g t o t h e
-

h igh e s t m or al

x c e ll e n c e

A far th er s t age in t h e r e e c tiv e

by S elf Pity an ap p op ri a tion for ou

d e sign a t e d
r o w n s ol ac e m e n t o f t h e
r
Wh e n
p l e as u r e ar i s in g in p ity for t h e dis tr e ss e s o f o th e r s
a m an i s t h e v i c tim o f s p ol i ati on or i nj u s t ic e w h e n h e i s
d ep r iv e d of h i s e ar nings or his r igh t s e v ery w ell m in d e d
it i s o ne o f t h e s itu a ti on s p e c u l iarl y
s p e c t a t or p iti e s hi m ;
t o in sp ir e p ity
c al c ul a t ed
No w p ity h a s an e l em e n t o f
u r e al th o u gh b e gi nn in g i n p ai n a n d p e r h ap s c o n du c ti n g
l
e
as
p
t o p a in as i n r e n d e r i n g as s i s t an c e ; t h e p l e as u r e i s a c e r t a in
r e w ar d for e n t e r in g in to t h e di s tre ss e s o f t h e u n fo r t u n a t e
We c an e x te n d t o s el f a l ik e op er ati on Wh e n d ep riv e d of
or w h e n
ou r o w n r igh t s w h a t w e c o n s i d e r a s o u r d e s er t s
o p e nl y d e s p o il e d t h e m i s e r y o f t h e s it u a ti o n b ri n g s o n t h e
e x p e r i e n c e d i n v i e w in g l i k e m i s e r y i n o th e r s
e ffe ct
Th e
r im ar y s tim u l a ti o n t h e s e n s e o f i nj ur y i s at i t s m a x im u m i n
p
s o th a t t h e p ity i s s till m or e
r o fu s e l y rou s e d
ou r o w n c a s e
p
al th o u gh i n a m a nn e r th a t w e m ay t er m c titi ou s a n d u nr e al
S til l as w e c an v i ew s el f in t h e l igh t of an oth e r p er s o n w e
c a n fe e l t ow ar d s it t h e e m o ti on o f p ity c all e d for th b y o th e r s
A n d th er e i s a c e r t a in c on s o l a ti o n d eriv e d
i n o u r s it u a ti on
fr om th is S e l f Pity ; it m ak e s Wh a t i s te rm e d t h e Lu xu ry of
Gr ie f Th e p l e a s u r e of Pity of w h i c h t h e p ron ou n c e d i n ani
fe st at i on i s T e a r s h a s i t s b egi nn i ng in a n o rg an i c r eli e f fr o m
i
n b u t it h a s b e e n tr an s fe r re d b y a l in k t h at w e c a n b a r e l y
a
p
u n d e r s t a n d t o t h e l ov e d i s p l a y a n d fr o m th a t d e ri v es i t s m o r e
a v i ng b
H
i
u l i ar s w e e t n e ss an d g e n i al ity
t
h
nt e r c h a ng e
e
c
e
y
p
o f l ov e c u l tiv a t e d t h e e x p r e s s i o n t o t h e p it c h o f a p l e a s u r e
w e d e riv e t h e b e n e t of i t s a s s u ag e m e nt in ou r o w n d i s tr e s se s
6

o p e ra

is

ti on

E MO TION S

2 06

or S

E LF

i n du l ge n c e i s a r el ax atio n of t h e s tr ings of
en er gy it i s r e g ar d e d a s a d e fe c t o f ch ar a c t er a nd i s j u s t i e d
o nl y in fe e bl e r n a tu r e s
7 By t h e t erms S el f co m p l ac e n c y S el f gr a tu l ati on i s in
d i c at e d a p o s itive e nj o ym e n t i n dw e ll i n g u p on o u r o w n m e rit s
a nd b e l o n gi ng s
A s i n t h e o th e r m o d e s s o h er e t h e s ta r tin g
ll
n c e or p l e a s i ng qu al iti e s
h
n
f
c
e
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t
t
m
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ti
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n
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s
t
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o
p
p
i n a n o th er
e r s o n a c c om p a ni e d m or e or l e s s w it h fo n dn e s s o r
p
l ov e
In o n e vi e w th e r e i s a m ar k e d in fe r i o r ity i n tu r ni n g t h e
r eg ar d s u p o n s el f ; for t h e v e r y e s s e n c e o f l ov e i s t o h av e a
i s o n l y a gu r e o f
s e l f l ov e
s e c o n d p e r s o n t o e m br a c e
Bu t i n a n o th e r v i e w th e r e i s t h e s a m e a ttra c ti on a s
s p e e ch
i n se l f w or th t h e l o o k i ng o u t for a l arg e r sh ar e of b e n e ts
Th i s i s w h at c on s titu t e s at b o tt om t h e ch ar m of s el f c om p l a
In t h e p ar ti c ul ar form o f con t e m p l a ting t h e e x t e n t o f
c en c y
o n e s a dv a n t ag e s a nd p o s s e s s i o n s th e r e i s s c ar c e l y a r e e c ti v e
o p e r ati on a t all ; th e r e i s s im p l y t he c on s c i ou s n e s s o f o n e s
Is n o t thi s gr e a t B ab yl o n w hi ch I h av e
su
p e r i or r e so u r ce s
b u il t m ay b e c all e d s e l f c om p l ac e n cy ; b u t it is n oth ing
We d o
m or e th a n t h e fe e li ng of v as t p ow e r a n d p oss e s si on
n o t n e e d p e r s o n al m e r it s t o s u p p o r t t h e s e l f c o m p l a c e n t s e n
t im e nt i n thi s sh ap e ; ou r u n e arn e d w e al th a d v a n t age s a n d
trap p ings m ay giv e b ir th t o t h e s e n tim en t
A c c or ding t o A r i s to tl e t h e go ds di d no t tr ou b l e th em s el v es
w ith h u m an a ffa ir s b u t w ere h ap p y in t h e p erp e tu al c o n t e m
h
T
i
s al s o i s p u r e c o m p l ac e n t
l
a t i on o f th e ir o w n gr e a tn e s s
p
s a ti s fac ti on w ith g ra n d e u r a n d p oss e s s i o n s a n d n e e ds n o r e
e c t iv e op e r a ti o n s u c h a s s el fgr a tu l a ti o n im p l i e s
8 Th e titl e S e l f R e sp e c t d e s ig n a t e s a l o fti e r fe e l in g th an
a ny i m p l i e d i n t h e for e g o in g d e s ig n a ti o n s ; e xp r es s i ng n o t a
m e r e e g o ti s ti c e y e for g oo d th i ng s b u t a n ob l e o r e s ti m ab l e
qu al ity I t h as a t ac it r e fe re n c e t o d oin g s om e thing for o th e rs ;
A m an form s a high e s tim a te of
w h i c h c o m e s a b ou t th u s
h im s e l f i m p l yin g e x p e c t ati o n s o f a dv a n t ag e i n a c c or d an c e
th e re w ith He al s o r e cogn iz e s t h e fa c t th a t s u ch e xp e c t a
ti on s o n h is p art s u p p o s e l e gitim a te e xp e c t a ti ons o n t h e p a rt
o f o th e r s ; a n d th ese h e i s r es ol v e d t o fu l l a s a p ar t of t h e

A s h o w e v er , t h e
,

'

EMO T ION S

2 08

0F

E LF

itu a tion of hu m an b e in g s gr ow in g u p u n d er t h e
in u e n c e of s o c i e ty In s o fa r a s in fant s ar e a ffe c t e d b y t h e
s m i l e a n d t h e fr o w n th e r e i s a h e r e di t a r y o r in st in c tiv e fe e h ng
Thi s i s p r ol o nge d in
o f a p p r o b a ti o n a n d d is a p p r o b a ti o n
e du c a ti o n b y t h e c o n s t a n t a s s o c i a tin g o f p l e a s a n t c o n s e qu e n c e s
w ith o n e a n d o f p a in fu l c o n s e qu e n c e s w ith t h e o th e r
Th e
m or al s e n tim e n t i s for m e d (it i s b e l i e v e d) i n t h e c ou r s e of th i s
Th e d e gr e e o f i n te ns ity o f t h e fe e l i ng s g ro w i n g o u t
e d u c ati on
f ou r
o f e xp r e s s e d ap p r ov al or di s ap p r o v al fo ll o w s t h e d egr e e O
d e p e n d e n c e for go o d an d for e v il on th o s e th a t w e a s s o c iate
w ith A t al l ti m e s a n d u n d e r all c ir c u m s t a n c e s th i s i s a pow e r
fu l e l e m e n t o f h u m an l ife a p o w e r fu l m o tiv e t o m e n s c o n du c t
Li vi ng u n d er t h e s w ay of th e s e s e n tim e n t s We ar e p er
u all
s h ap i n g o u r c o u rs e i n a c c o r d a n c e w ith th e m
Wh e n
e
t
p
y
t h e c o m p l e xity of ou r p o s iti o n e xp o s e s u s t o c ou n t er b l as t s
a
p p r ob a t i o n fr o m s o m e an d di s ap p r o b a ti o n fr om o th e r s
for t h e s am e a c t s a s i n p a r ty w arfar e w e s triv e t o h ar d e n
Ou r s el v e s aga in s t d is app r ov al o n o n e s i d e for t h e s a k e of
h
s
s t a g e w e fo r m a n es tim a t e
A
t
t
i
a
r o v a l on t h e o th e r
pp
o f t h e s u b s t a n ti a l v al u e o f t h e a p p r o v al a n d di s ap p r ov a l
t h e g oo d a n d e v il c o n s e qu e n c e s t o o u r l a r g e r in t e r e s t s th a t
fol l o w u p on e a c h a n d s o d i s s ol v e t h e a s s o c i a ti o n as far as
o u r p r i mi tiv e n a t u r e w il l al l ow
b e tw e e n t h e s ig n s of di s
W
an n e v e r e u
a s u re a n d t h e far th e r c o n s e qu e n c e s
e
c
l
e
p
t ir e l y rid o u r se l v e s o f t h e s u s c e p ti b il ity t o o th e r m e n s e x
r e s se d d i s s a ti s fac ti o n ; w h i c h S h o w s h o w s tr o ngl y t h e l i n k
p
h a s b ee n fo rg e d b y t h e l o ng c o n tinu e d e x p e r i e n c e of t h e e v il
th at foll ow s i n it s tr ain
1 1 A s r e g ar ds ou r im p or t an t li fe in t e r e s t s t h e p ai nfu l e ffe c t
o f d i s a p p r ov a l a n d t h e c o u n t e r p l e a s u r e o f ap p r ov a l d e p e n d
r s t o n t h e d e gr e e of ou r su b j e c ti on t o t h e p ar ty e xp r es s
I t de p e n d s n e x t o n ou r s ym p athy atta chme n t or
i ng it
h
o ll o w s a ll
t
e l a w s th a t
f
g
v
r e s e ct
a n d i n th i s
r n ou r
o
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Th e di sapp r ob a ti on o f a s u p e r i or giv es a s h oc k
s y m p a th i e s
th a t i s fo r t h e tim e b itt e r a n d u nhingi ng ; no l e s s s ev e re i n
w o u l d b e t h e c e n s u r e o f o n e th a t w e a r e
a diffe r e n t w ay
In t h e c o m p ar i s o n o f o u r
m u c h a tt a c h e d t o o r a d m ir e
im itiv e

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p e rs on s th a t in ic t it This i s ou r r e m e d y for t h e u nj u s t
c e n s u r e s o f p ar ty s pirit a s w e ll a s of p e r s o n al m ali g ni ty
or

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b e in g A dm ire d i s s om e thing d i ffe r e n t

from th a t o f b e in g app r ov e d
I t r e l at es m or e e s p e ci al l y t o t h e
s e n tim e n t o f p e r s o n al e x c e ll e n c e a n d i s t h e ex
ten si o n by sy m
To b e
p a thy of the s ay comp l a cen t f eeli ng a b o ve d e li n e a t e d
su p e ri o r t o o th e r s i n a n
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i nt e r e s t in w h e th e r fromu s e fu l n e s s or fro m aes the ti c c h arm i s t o
e vo k e a d m ir ati on or p r a i s e i n s u pp or t o f o u r s e l f c o m p l a c e n c y
Th e m o r e u s e fu l
an d s o t o e x t e n d a n d i n t e n s ify t h e p l e a s u r e
qu al iti e s as t h e p e rfo rm an c e of d u ti e s w in ap p r ob a tion ; t h e
s hin i n g qu al iti e s w i n a d m ir a ti o n
Th e hig h e s t i n u e n c e o f m a n
u p o n m a n c om bi n e s b o th ; t h e fe e l in
b
e s t ow e d u p o n a n ill u s
g
t ri on s b e n e fa c t or a Tim ol e on or a King Al fr e d i s an ou t
p ou ri ng o f t h e l ofti es t s e n tim e n t s of app ro val a nd a d m ir a tio n
B eing a dm ir e d m ay c on s titu t e th e rs t o c c a s io n of o u r
b e ing s elf c on s c i ou s a s t o ou r ow n su p e ri ority Th e el d e r
Mil l o n s en di ng his s on fr om h om e s ou ght t o o bvi at e thi s
c o n s e qu e n c e b
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F ar th e r an o ffe ring of p r ais e i s on e of t h e s tim u l ant s for
e v o kin g a b u r s t o f s e l f co m p l ac e n c y
Th e h app y s t a te s m an
r e ad s hi s hi s t o ry in a n a ti o n s e y e s
Th e m o r e u su al s t im u
l a nt s ar e all th o s e oc c a s i on s w h e n o u r o w n a bil ity i s m an ifes t e d
i n a c t as b y s om e n e w e x e r tio n o r b y s o m e n e w r e s u l t s o f
w h a t w e h av e al r e a d y d on e
1 3 Fl att e ry an d A d u l a ti on im pl y e x c e s s if n o t u ntru th
i n t h e m atte r o f c o m pl i m e n t
Th e b e s to w al of th e s e (w ithin
c e r t a i n a s s ig n a b l e l i m it s
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pl e asu r e giving ar t
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o s t e nt ati o u s fo rm o f h u m a n a d m ir a ti o n
Th e triu m ph al p r o
t he
c e s s i o n t h e c r o w n i ng in t h e C a pit ol t h e t ru m p e t n o t e s
t u m u l t of ac cl ai m thril l a n d in to xi c at e th e s u s c e ptibl e b os o m
12

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S ELF

OF

b e y o n d e ve ry kn ow n in u en c e F or su ch r ew ar d s p ain i s
d e s pi s e d fa tigu e e n d u r e d d ang e r b r a v e d lif e p e ril l e d R e p u t a
ti on F am e m ay b e b e s t o w e d in pu bl i c o v ati on or in t h e
m u l tip l i e d e c h o e s o f a w i d e so c i e ty
To e x t e n d o n e s n am e
o v e r t h e w o rl d an d t o d i s t a n t ag es r es t h e h u m an b r e as t a s
t h e s u b l im e s t d es tin y th a t any m or t al c an a c hi e v e
P os thu
m ou s fam e i n d e e d ha s b e e n tr e at e d as a n ab s u r d ity a n d
a p a r a d o x s i n ce it d o e s n o t b egi n till t h e s u bj e c t o f it i s d e ad
B u t thi s i s o nl y on e of m a n y fo rm s o f i d e al s ati s fa c ti o n The
h e ir o f fa m e i s r e d w h il e y e t ali v e by t h e h on o u rs th at w ill
a tt e n d h i s n am e ; a n d t h e ac t s o f h o m ag e p a i d t o th o s e al r e a d y
d ep art e d op e r at e in r e ali ty u p o n h im In H o n ou r ar e in cl ud e d
al l th os e t o k e n s o f r e s p e c t c o n s i d e r a ti o n a n d d e fe r e n c e i n
s titu t e d i n s o c i e ty for th os e in el eva t e d p l a c e w h e th e r th r o u gh
o f c e r a n k o r r e p u t a ti o n
Th e App l au s e m ay c o m e fr o m t h e
m an y as i n t h e th e atr e or fr om t h e fe w a s i n t h e m or e
re c o n d it e w al k s of t h e h u m an in t e l l e c t
Th er e ar e l e s s d e
m o n s t r at iv e fo rm s of gi vi n g h o n ou r
Th e m e r e g a z e of t he
ey e i s a s y m b ol of e s t e e m a c c e pt e d a s s u c h b y t h e p ra i s e
thirs ty s ou l C om pl im e n t c an b e c on v ey e d b y im pl ic ati on or
I nnu e nd o a n d i n thi s form i s fre e from t h e obj e c ti on t o op en
a tt e ry w hi c h oft e n s h oc k s a s e n s itive mi n d Th e Wa tch er
th a t ac c om p anie s high h on ou rs i s p robabl y o n e of t h e c ircu m
s t an c e s t ha t m a k e u s r e v ol t fro m t he gr os s e r fo r m s o f p r a i s e
M od ern so c ie ty h a s throw n a c e rta in d is cre d it on th e e nj oy
m e n t of t h e s e l f g r atu l a t ory pl e a s u r e s an d h e n c e a fe e l ing o f
s h a m e i s ap t t o b e e n g e n d e r e d w h e n a p e r s o n i s m a r k e d o u t
a s t h e s u bj e c t o f fo r m al a pp l a u s e
F o r al l th e s e r e a s on s t h e
t ran s fo rm ati on o f t h e o p e n in t o t h e m or e c ov e r t m o d e s o f p ay
i ng h o n o u r h a s b e e n th o u ght a r e n e m e n t Va n ity a n d Vai n
gl ory sig nify th a t t h e i n d iv id u al i s a c tive in t h e cu l tiva tio n
o f s e l f i m p o r t an c e c an v as s i ng as it w e r e for d i s ti n c ti o n
Th e
o p e n b o a s t e r n o t s a ti s e d w ith hi s o w n fe e l i n g s o f e s t e e m
i ns i s ts o n t h e c on c u rre nc e of o th e rs an d if p e opl e d o n ot
c h oos e o f th e ir o w n ac c o r d t o p ay h im r eg a r d h e d e t a i n s th e m
o n e v e ry o pp o r t u nity w it h t h e c ir c u m s t anti al s o f hi s o w n
gl ori c ation
.

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EM OTI ON S

21 2

SELF

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p a s s e d u p on all b re a c h e s of c on ve n t ion al d e c o ru m w e
a r e m o r ti e d w h e n c on s c i o u s o f a s l ip ; w e c an t oo e as il
y
i m agi n e t h e s e n t e n c e th a t w e d o n o t
a c tu all y h e a r
Th e
ch ar a c t e r of t h e p ain o f al l s u c h s itu a ti o ns e x a c tl y a c c o rd s
w ith t h e p ain s o f e x p r e s s e d d i s a pp r ob ati on
1 7 We m ay r em ark b e fo r e c o n cl u di ng ou t h e b e arin g
th at e du c ation an d cu l t u re s h oul d h ave on t h e em o ti on n ow
p a s s e d i n r e vi e w
Having p e rs on al e x c ell en ce for it s prin c ip al Obj e c t a nd
b e ing a l a rg e s ou r c e of hu m an gra ti c a tio n this fe eli n g
p r om pt s p ow e rfu ll y t o s el f cu l tiva tion an d a c tive u s e fu l n es s
Wh at ev e r go od qu al iti e s s tr ik e ou r ow n m in d s or im pre s s t h e
c o m m u n ity th a t We l iv e i n ar e s u r e t o b e s o u ght a fte r w ith
e s p e c i al a r d o u r w hil e th os e th a t ar e i n b a d o d du r ar e k e pt in
s u bj e c ti on
On t h e o th e r h a n d t h e s e n ti m en t of s elf e s te e m
l ik e all o th e r e g otis m s i s i n d u l g e d t o e x c e s s ; th at i s t o s ay
th e re i s a t e n d e n c y t o e ngr o s s an u nfair a m ou n t of t h e c om m on
In g e n e r al it i s m u c h
s t oc k o f p r a i s e h o n ou r o r ad m i r a ti o n
e a s i e r fo r u s t o fall in t o t h e c o m t e m p l a t i o n o f o u r o w n c h a r a c
t e r a n d a c ti o n s th a n t o b e a rre s t e d by t h e g oo d qu al iti e s o f
Th e c h e c k or c ou nt e rp o i s e t o e x c e s s ive a m ou r p r omo
o th e rs
i s t h e s u s c e ptibil ity t o b e fa s c in a t e d a n d t o s ym p a t hiz e w ith
A d mi r ati on l o ve
o u r fell o w s a n d w ith thi n g s aw a y fr om s el f
a n d s ym p a th y i n g e n e r al a r e p o w e r s th a t t ak e u s ou t o f ou r
s e l ve s an d e n a bl e u s t o n d pl e as u r e i n s e e i n g if n o t in a dd
i ng t o t h e g oo d th at o th e rs p o s s e s s
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an d S e l sh n e s s e m b r ace a m u c h l a rg e r c i r c l e o f fe e l i ng s th a n
th os e n ow dis cus s e d A fe w r e m ar k s u p on th es e d es ign a tion s
S elf l o v e i s a
ar e n ot o u t o f pl ac e i n t h e p r e s e n t c o nn e xi o n
th a t m a k e s t h e
s p e c i e s o f s e lf c o n s c i o u s n e s s or s e lf r e g a r d
c oll e c tiv e w a n t s a n d p l e as u r e s o f e x i s t e n ce a n a im a n d a s oli
A s e nti e n t b e ing n ot onl y fe el s hu ngry b u t r e tain s
c itu d e
t h e r e c oll e c ti on o f t h e hu ngry s t a t e a n d o f i t s s t e a dy r e c u rr e n ce
This m e m ory of c on s c iou s s t at es w ith a vi ew
fr o m d ay t o d ay
t o a c ti ng u p o n it is a m o d e o f s elf c o n s c i ou s n e ss
P re s e n t
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21 3

hu nge r pr om pt s t o p r e s e n t a cti on ; th at c on s titu t e s a s ingl e or

i s ol a te d fa c t o f a nim al c ons c i ou sn e s s or fe el ing Wh e n h ow
e v e r t h e s e n s ati o n o f hu n g e r i s r e m e m b e r e d a n d n o t e d as a r e
c u rr in g app e tit e an d w h e n m e an s ar e t a k e n o n t h e l a rg e s c a l e
t o m e e t t h e s u m t o t al o f it s d e m an d s for m an y m o n th s t h e
re gard s t a k e a high e r sw e e p a n d s om e te rm i s n e e d e d t o
e x p r e s s thi s t o t al iz e d o bj e c t th a t i s o p e r a t in g u p o n t h e w ill
Th e w o rd s e l f i s u s e d fo r thi s p u rp o s e a n d s el f l o v e b e c o m e s
id e nti c al w ith for e th ou ght an d p ru d e n ce A m an t re a t s s e lf
i n thi s a c c e pt a ti o n a s h e d o e s hi s c hil d o r his h or s e fo r e s e e ing
th e ir w an t s a nd pr ovi d in g for th em in t h e gr os s We a re
h e r e th e r efo r e b r ou ght fa c e t o fac e w ith th a t e x c e e di n gl y i m
p o rt an t ph a s e of hu m a n c o nd u c t im pl ie d u n d e r su c h te rm s as

p ru d e n c e c al cu l a tion w hi c h al th ou gh a d
for e th o u ght
m itt e d t o b e i n t h e m a in an e s s e n ti al vi rtu e c f hu m a nity i s
s s tigm atiz e d as if it w e r e a vi ce The w o rs hip p aid
so m e tim e
o n p a r ti c u l a r o cc as i o n s t o bli n d s el f a b n e g a ti o n o r e v e n t o
t h e b l i n d n e s s of t h e s e lf a b n e g a ti o n s h o w s th a t th e r e i s s o m e
thing in te re s ting in cos tl y s acri c e th a t m or e th an m ak e s u p
fo r t h e b a d c al c u l ati o n o fte n a tt e n d in g it
Th e fon d m oth e r
w as t e s h e rs e l f p r ofu s e l y i n a tt e n ti on t o h e r s i c k in fa n t a n d
no o n e e ve r r e p r oac h e s h e r fo r t h e p e rm an e n t l o ss t o h e r s el f
a n d t o t h e r e s t of h e r fa m il y w hi c h a li ttl e c on si d e r a t e c al c u
l ati on m ight h a ve s a v e d w ith ou t p e r h ap s l e aving t he o th e r
d u ty u n p e rfo rm e d
1 9 Of t h e n arr ow l o v e o f s e l f c all e d Sel sh n e s s I think it
w or th w hil e t o r e m a rk a g a i n th a t n o thi n g i m p l i e d in it c a n
o ti o n o f a ny o n e s b e i n g a c tu at e d b
e ve r fa v ou r t h e n
y m o tiv e s
If a m an h a s b e e n s o m o v e d
e n tir e l y a p a r t fr o m th e m s e l v e s
by his t e n d e r s e n tim e n t s h is ph il an thropi c l e anings h is l ove
o f j u s ti c e t o in c l u d e am on g t h e o bj e c t s o f hi s p u r s u it a l arg e
m a ss o f g o o d t o o th e r s o r if li k e H ow ard h e m ak e s t h e
r el ie f o f fo re ign m i s e ry t h e o ne aim of h is l ife h e i s s til l
e vi d e n tl y fo l l ow i n g o u t t h e i m p u l s e s o f his o w n p e r s o n a l it
y
w hil e d e se rvi ng t o b e ra n k e d w ith t h e n o b l e s t an d b e s t o f
me n
Th e s el s h n e ss th a t w e r e p ro ac h no t o n l y d o e s n o t
c o m p r e h e n d o th e r s b u t ac t u all y r o b s th e m o f w h a t i s th e i r
.

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EM OTI ONS

214

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21 6

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p art a n d n e ve r c on s i d e r ed
w e a r e arr e s t e d ; s t ar tl e d an d e x c it e d
as o f t h e s a m e c l a s s
i n t o a pl e as in g w on d e rm e n t Tr ave lli ng in n ew c ou n t rie s
w h er e n a tu r e i s di ffe r e n t i n n e arl y al l h e r ph a s e s c li m a t e
v e g e t a ti on a nim al li fe b e in g all c h an g e d an u n e x p e c t e d
c o in c id e n c e a r ou se s u s as w h e n w e r e c o g n iz e t h e s am e g e n e r a
a nd
s p e c i e s u nd e r gr e a tl y al t e r e d m o d e s o f d e v e l o p m e n t
S im il arity in m ann ers a ffe c ts u s w h e n t h e w h ol e b as is of
s o c i e ty i s d i s tin c t a s w h e n w e r e a d t h e hi s t o r
y of p a s t a g e s
A ch ar ac te ri s ti c trait o f ou r
o r t h e h abit s o f s t r an g e r a c e s
c om m on hu m a n ity h a s a s tr iki n g e ffe c t w h e r e w e ar e w ou n d
u
t
o l oo k for t h e e x tr a o r d i n a r y a n d s u p e rh u m a n ; p o eti c al
p
a n d m y thi c a l a n ti qu ity fu r n i s h e s m a n y su c h s u rp r i se s
Ao
c u s t o m e d a s w e ar e by ou r e ar l i e s t i m p r e s s i on s t o s e e g r ea t
d ive rs ity am o n g t h e thi n g s ar ou nd u s e v e ry n e w i d e nti c a ti o n
give s a pl e asing s tim ul u s Wh en t h e y ou n g pl ant ri s es w ith
w h e n w e s e e in c hil d r e n t h e
a ll t h e c h a r a c t e r s o f t h e ol d
fe atu r e s an d c h a r a c t e r s o f th e ir p ar e n t s w h e n l ik e n e ss i s
tr a c e d in u n r el at e d in d ivi d u al s an agre e abl e in t e re s t i s fe l t in
t h e c ir c u m s t a n c e ; o u r a tt e n ti on i s aw ak e n e d an d h e l d fa s t
R e cu r
u p on t h e o bj e c t s w ith a s o r t o f t em p or a ry fa s c in a ti on
rin g form s i n pl an ts and a n im al s re p e titi o n s in t h e s tru c tu re
a n d s tr a ti c a ti on o f t h e gl o b e giv e an an al o g o u s e x c it e m e n t
3 Th e p e cu l i ar m o d e of th e pl e a su r a bl e su rp ri s es v ari e s
w ith t h e s u bj e c t an d I S h al l th e r efo re t ou c h u p on t h e s ev e r al
c l a s s e s o f i d e n ti c a ti o n s al r e a d y d el i n e a t e d in t h e
s e c on d
In t h e id e n titie s
c h a pt e r o f t h e e xp os iti on o f t h e IN TELLEC T

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I h av e d w el t u p on this r es u l t in
m e rl y w e igh e d o n t h e m
Th e l ab ou r of in t e ll e c tu al c om
s p e a ki ng o f the s e o p e r a ti o n s
p r e h en s i on i s r e d u c e d b y e ve ry n e w di s c o ve ry of l ik e n es s ; and
t h e r s t fe e l i ng o f thi s giv e s a ru s h o f d e li ght t h e d e li ght w e
e x p e r i e nc e w h e n r eli e v e d of s o m e l ong s t an di ng b u r d e n
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21 7

bl iga tion If t h e e ffe c t is t o

s ol v e an app a r e n t c o n t r a d i c ti o n th e r e i s t h e s a m e gl a d d e n i ng
G r e at g e n e
re ac t i on fr o m t h e d e pr e s s i o n of e m b arras sm e n t
r a li z a t i o n s s u c h a s t h e a t o m i c th e o r
y o f D al to n giv e a s e n s e
of e n l a rg e d p o w e r i n d e a li n g w ith t h e m u l tip l i c ity o f na tu r e
a nd ar e m o r e th a n a m om e n t a r y su r p r is e
Wh e n n e w k n ow l e d ge h as a Prac ti cal b e a ring t h e e m otion
i s th a t p r o du c e d by t h e m o r e e as y fu l l m e n t o f p r ac ti c al
e n d s an d i s a d e l iv e r a n c e fr o m l ab ou r o r an e nl ar g e m e n t o f
Th e in v e n ti o n o f t h e s t e a m e n gine b esi d e s d i s pl ay in g
e ffe c t
n o v e l ty o f c o n tr iv an c e t o o k o ff i n c al c u l a bl e b u r d e n s fro m
t h e s h o u l d e r s of h u m ani ty a n d i m m e n s e l y in c r e as e d t h e
Thi S i s t h e li t e r al fac t e x p r es s e d in t h e
e f c i e n c y o f l a b o u r
a p o phthegm K n ow l e d g e i s P o w e r
A s im il ar intell e c tu al rel i ef i s affo r d e d b y Ill u s trative c om
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Th e pl e a su r e s of Kn ow l e dg e i n c l u d e a l l th e s e form s of
Th e m e r e n o v e l ty
s a ti s fa c ti o n a n d so m e o th e r e ffe c t s b e s i d e s
o f i m p r e s s i on fr o m b r ingin g fo rw ar d su c h a vas t a rr ay o f fa c t s
A n d t h e gr e at e r
a nd con c e pti on s i s a l ar g e fa c t o r in t h e t o t al
t h e m u l titu d e o f t h e fac t s s u r v e y e d t h e gr e a t e r t h e s cop e for
c o n d e n s in g an d s i m p l ifyi ng th e m by h appy g e n e r a l iz a ti o n s
Th e e m o ti on s of k n ow l e d g e ri s e s till high e r u nde r s u c h
n am e s a s Wo n d e r C u r i o s ity t h e in t e r e s t i n n d ing t h e C au s e s
o f thi n g s
Thi s i s a c o m pl e x a n d vagu e e m otio n al aptitu d e
We m ay tr ac e in it b e s id e s n o vel ty of im pr e s s i on an d s im pl i
c a t i on of gr a sp a s ati s fa c ti o n i n su bj e c ti ng t h e u nk n ow n t o
t h e k n ow n ; in r e du c in g u n d e r ou r o w n ty p e o f c au s a ti o n
w h a t i s as y e t u n e x pl a in e d
Thi s i s a n a dd iti on t o ou r s e ns e
of P o w e r an e m o ti o n th a t c om es u p ag ai n a n d ag ai n i n t h e
an al y s i s of t h e pl e a s u r e of k n o w l e d g e
On c e m or e Th e gr a t e fu l fe e l i ng of Wo n d e r a n d C u ri o s ity
r i s es t o it s h e ight w h en ind u l ging in gran d v agu e u nd e n e d
p os sibil iti e s Ou r a spir a ti on s aft e r n ew in sig ht ar e s tim u l a t e d
b y t h e a n ti c ip a ti on o f s om e thin g m ighti e r th a n w e h a v e y e t
Thi s i s t h e se cre t of t h e el a tion of m in d th at m e n
a chi e v e d
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218

I NS

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t
fel t in t h e p u rsu it of k n o w l e d g e ; i t m ak e s t h e
mom e nt of intell e c tu al bl is s ; a spl e n did ill u s ion w ith j u s t
s u f c i e n t fu l l m e n t t o e n a bl e it t o b e s u pp o r t e d
4 L e a vi ng a n y fu r th e r r e m ark s o n thi s h e a d t o a s u c c e e d
ing c h apt e r d e vo t e d t o F in e A rt i n g e n e r al w e s h all n e x t c o n
s i d e r t h e fe el i ng p r o du c e d by I n c on s i st e n c y
w hi c h se e m s
n a t u r all y t o c e nt r e in t h e in t ell e c t
C on trary s tat e m e n ts
o pini o n s
or a pp e a r an c e s
o p e r a t e o n t h e mi n d a s a p a in fu l
jar a nd s tim ul ate a c orr e s p o nd ing d e s ir e for a r e c on c ili a ti on
Wh e n w e h e ar t h e s am e e ve n t d es c rib ed b y t w o p e rs on s th at
c ontra di c t e a c h o th e r w e ar e s a i d t o b e d i s tr ac t e d or p u ll e d
t w o w ay s a t o n c e
Thi s su s ce ptibil ity i s m o s t fel t in m ind s
w h e r e t h e in t e l l ig e n c e i s highl y d e v e l o p e d ; in d e e d w ith t h e
gre a t m as s of m e n it c ou n t s for v e ry li ttl e e x c ept w ith r e
fe r e n c e t o fu rth e r c on s e qu e n c e s
A ny s tro n g e m o ti on i s
s u f c i e n t t o m a k e t h e u nt u t or e d m i n d s w all ow a co n t r a di c
tion w ith e ase ; b u t th ey tha t h av e b e en a ccu s to m e d t o sift
o pi ni o n s an d t o r ej e c t t h e c ontr a d i c t o ry an d u nt e n a bl e fe el
an i n t e ll e c t u al r e vu l s i on w h e n c o n i c ti ng d oc t r i n e s a r e p r o
p ou n d e d This in t ell e ctu al se nsitiv en e s s u su all y l e a ds t o t h e
a b an d o n m e n t o f o n e o f t h e c o n t r a r i e s
or el s e t o
a t o t al
su s p e n s i o n o f j u d g m e nt th a t i s t o s a y a r e p u d i a ti on fo r t h e
tim e of b o th t h e o n e and t h e o th e r
Th e a b o ve h o w e ve r is n ot t h e o nl y w ay th a t c o n tra dic ti on
w ou n d s o u r s e n s ibili ti e s
A far m or e op er ative e vil is th at
b ou n d u p w ith t h e p rac ti c al c o n s e qu e n c e s Th e trav ell e r
b e nt u p on hi s d e s ti na ti on a nd d ire c t e d o pp osit el y by e qu all y
g oo d au th o riti e s fe e l s mu c h m o re th an t h e p ai n of an in tel
Th e o bl ig a ti o n t o ac t w ith t h e in a bil ity t o
l e c tu al c o n i c t
d e c id e c au s e s a t orm e n t of o pp os ing vol ition s than w hic h in
e x tr e m e c ase s n o a g o n y c a n b e m o r e a cu t e or h e a r t r e ndi n g
Thi s i s w h a t giv e s s u c h im p ort an c e a nd em ph a s is t o t h e virtu e
o f tru th a n d a c c u r a c y i n s t at e m e n t a s t o m a k e m a nk i n d in
g e ne ral u rge nt in e nforc ing it I t is n ot th a t c on tra di c tion
l ac e r a t e s th e s e n s itive i n t el l e c t b u t that w ith ou t c o n s i s t e n c y
i n t h e v ari ou s s h a p es o f p u n c tu a l ity ful l m e nt of p r o mi se s
c orre sp on denc e of s t a tem e n t w ith fa c t t h e op e rations of dail y
h a ve

of e n

'

CH
APTER

EMOTI ONS

0F

X III

AC TI ONP UR S UIT

itu ation of vol u n ta ry ac tivity or w orking for e n d s

w e h a v e e nu m e r a t e d th r e e kin d s o f fe e li n g t h e sa ti sfac ti on
of t h e en d
t h e pl e a s u r e (or p ai n ) o f t h e e x e r c i s e an d t h e
pl e a s u r e of su p e ri or (or p a in of infe rior) p ow e r
Th e r e
r em a in s th e m e n tal a ttitu d e u n d e r a gra d u all y a pp r o ac hin g
e nd a p e c u l i a r c o n d iti o n o f r a pt s u s p e n s e t e rm e d P u r s u it an d
Pl o t in t e r e s t
The c on g e ni al ity o f t h e b o d il y a n d m en t al a ttitu d e d e
s c rib e d i n thi s c h a pt e r i s c o nf o rm a b l e t o w h at w e sh oul d
of
Evol uti on From t he v e ry
e x p e c t o n t h e hyp o th e s i s
b eginning of a nim al l ife l oc om o ti on w ith an en d in v i ew
t h e s e ar c h a fte r fo od a n d o th e r d e s ir a b l e s i s t he s t an d in g
t h e h abitu al a c tivity of e v e ry in d ivi du al
By
o c c u p a ti on
in c e ss an t it eration this m ight b ec om e an e ngrain e d h abit of
t h e a n im al s y s t e m a s e c o n d n a tu r e i n t h e ful l e s t m e a ni ng
So d e epl y r o o te d w o u l d b e t h e t e n d e n c y th a t a n ani m al h ow
e v e r w e ll p r o vi d e d for a n d d e p r iv e d o f t h e o rigi n al p r e t e x t
w ou l d nd t h e p u r s u it o f s o m e thi n g a n e c e s sity o f it s b e i n g ;
a n a r ti c i al w an t an d a r e m e d y ag ain s t e nn u i a n d d e p r e s
If w e w e r e t o fol l o w Mr S p e n c e r i n as c ribi ng t h e
si o n
pl e asu re s of l an d s c ap e t o a n c e s tral a ssoc i ation s w ith hu nting
a n d s hi n g w e m ight a ttrib u t e p ar t of t h e fa s c i n a ti o n o f p l dt
a nd pu r s u it t o t h e fa i n t e c h o e s o f p l e as u r e fr o m c o u n tl e ss
for e g on e g e n e r a ti on s o f ani m al s w h os e u s h o f b ei n g w a s t h e
c h as e
2 Th e s itu a ti o n o f P ur s u it i n o rd e r t o b e p l e a su r abl e
A n i n t e re s ti ng e n d t h e o cc u p a ti o n
n ee d s c e r t ai n c o n d iti on s
o f t h e p o w e r s i n w o rki n g for th a t e n d it s gr ad u al a pp r oac h
B u t t o m ak e
a n d n al a tt ai nm e n t are t h e m ai n r e qu i s it es
t h e m o s t o f t h e sit u a ti o n t h e d e gr e e o f th e s e v a ri o u s c o n
d i t io n s n e e d s t o b e d e l i c a te l y a dj u s t e d
1

IN t h e

C ON D I TI ON S

OF THE

INTERE ST

OF

P URSU I T

221

Whil e t h e in te re s t of t h e e n d sh ou l d not b e t oo trivi al or

i n s ign i c ant it m u s t n ot b e o ve rp o w e ring or e x ce ss ive A n
o v e rp o w e rin g i n t e r e s t d oe s n o t all o w t h e p ati e n t s u s p e n s e th a t
A n e n orm ou s s tak e as
i s n e c e ss ary t o a gr e e abl e p u rs u it
w h e n a m a n s w h ol e s t a tu s i n l i fe i s h a ngi n g d ou bt fu l o n t h e

l
n
h
f
n
e
e
c
ti
o
l l s u p t h e in t e r val w ith u nr e li e v e d
a
n
c
e
s
o
a
c
mi s e ry
Th e o c c u p a ti o n s h ou l d b e s u it abl e t o o n e s p ow e r s a s w h e n
a n a n i m al e m b ar k s i n t h e c h a s e or b r in g s i n t o e x e r c i s e i t s
Thi s is i n its el f an e l em e nt of c on
e n d ow m e n t
s p e c i al
g e ni al ity So t h e am ou n t of t h e e x p e n d itu re s h ou l d b e c on
fo rm abl e t o t h e r es ou r c e s a n d s tr e ng th o f t h e s y s t e m w hi c h
m a k e s all t h e diffe r e n c e b e tw e e n am u s ing o r r e c r e a ting
By a s t e al thy tr an s iti on t h e m oral i s t
o c c u p a ti o n an d t o il
o ft e n d e s c rib es t h e s e c on d in t e rm s b el on gin g t o t h e r s t
Th e e n d s h ou l d a pp r o a c h gr a d u all y ; e v e ry s tr ok e of
To b e m aki ng n o vi s ibl e p r o
e x e r ti o n c ou n ti n g for a s t e p
gr e s s i s t o e n c ou n t e r t h e p ai ns of b af e d e x ertio n o n e of t h e
A t o o ra pi d a pp ro a c h on t h e o th er
mi s e rl e s o f t h e c u r s e
h and cl os e s t h e c h as e w hil e t h e p o w e rs ar e y et e qu al t o
We h a ve a c ert ain di sp os abl e forc e for
farth e r s u s p e n s e
e x e r ti on an d a c e r t a in m e n t al c a p a bili ty fo r e n d u rin g t h e
s tr ain of e ag e r o u tl o o k an d t h e p u r s u it s h o u l d c o n tin u e u n til
th e se p ow e r s ar e fu ll y u s e d u p an d n ot l ong e r
3 Ev er y e n d of p u r s u it w ill s u pp or t a c e r t ain am oun t of
i d e al antic ip a tion a nd ou tl o ok ; th a t i s w ill m ak e t h e m in d
h app y an d c ont e n t e d u p on t h e m e re i d e a w he n c ou pl e d w ith
I t i s b a d e c on o m y n o t t o i n t e r
t h e a pp r o a c h of t h e r e al it y
s p e r s e t h e o c c as i o n s o f r e al gr ati ca ti on w ith th e s e i d e al tr a c t s
Now a s t e ad y pu rs u it for a c e rt a in tim e n ot t oo l ong give s
t h e id e al s a ti s fa c ti on in i t s m os t fav o u r abl e m o d e ; t h e n e a ri ng
p r os p e c t s tim u l a te s an d r e stim u l a t e s t h e i d e a s o a s t o gr atify
Hence w e
th e m in d t o t h e u tm o s t d e gr e e S h o rt o f fru iti on
d o n o t al w a ys w i s h t o h av e o u r w a n ts a pp e a s e d i n s t an
t an e ou s l y
w e p r e fe r t o h ol d t h e p l e asu re for s om e t e in
Th e m o r e p u re l y anim al d e m an d s l e a s t a d m it
t h e p r os p e c t
o f thi s su s p e n s e ; b u t e ve n i n th e m w e p as s a gr e e a bl y th r o u gh
.

EM OTI ON S

2 22
a

se

of

ri e s

A CTION P URSU I T

OF

pp roa ch es b e for e

tt ain in g

t he

cli m a x

of

sa

tis

fa c t i on f

"

t of U n c e rt ain ty in c r e a ses th e in t er e s t of
p u rsu it b y m a king it m o r e e xc itin g This tr en c h e s on fe a r
a n d m u s t n o t b e c arri e d far
Ab s ol u t e c ert a inty u n d u l y
r e l a x e s t h e b od il y an d m e n t al s train th a t is n e e d e d for t h e
m a x im u m o f gr a ti c a ti on
We d o n o t br ing fo rth all ou r
re s ou r c es o f pl e a su rabl e c on s c i ou sn e s s w i th ou t d ippin g sli gh tl y
in t h e w a t e r s o f d r e a d p os s ibil ity
To b e in a m om e n ta ry
d an g e r i s t o e m e rge w ith a b u r s t o f high ton e d d eli ght
M o r e ov e r u nc e rt ain ty i s t h e r e al m of id e al p os sibili ty t h e
s co p e fo r i m a gin ativ e o u tg o in g s
Wh il e n othing i s d e ci d e d
o n e w ay o r t h e o th e r e v e ry thi n g i s a d m i s s ibl e a n d t h e mi n d
ind u l g e s In n u m er ou s i d e al p u r su it s c h e e r e d an d e l a t e d b y
Th e high e s t fo rm o f u n ce rt a in ty i s
s u c h a s p r omi s e w e ll
My s te ry w h o s e c h arm i s d u e t o t h e i d e al c h a se th at it op e ns
l
un
a in ty h a s
al w a y s i t s b a d
S
t
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;
p
t e rro r or a bal an c e of p ro b abil iti e s in fa vou r of e vil I t is
o nl y in s o far a s t h e m in d c a n su s t ain t h e el ati on o f h o p e fu l
p ro s p e c ts th a t t h e u nkn ow n i s an oc c as i on for pu rel y p l e a su r
a bl e s u s p e n s e
4

An

el e m e n

Th e

pl y
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a t t r a ct i on of a

i n t e l l e ct

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i s su e m a y h a v e

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pl
im pl y

t h e im

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xp

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t his feel i ng

o f a n t ag oni s t i c

n u m b er

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for m

pl

ea s u r a b l e

a t i o n.

Any

c a t i on i s

s h o ck o f s u r

i s d isc o ur ag ed ,

h a nd , if t h e i ssu e

of su s

of

t his

en s e , a n d

pl

pp

c o ns e

eas u ra b l e e

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c

b e t w een

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r et t

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w a t c h i ng a t w i g

e d di es ,

a nd

in

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fo r c e s ,

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r ob a b l e .

w h et h er

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w hi c h o e n s u p a n u m b e r of

xp

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u r es t

in t ry i ng t o fo r ecas t a
t h e gr a d u al u n fol d in g of a d iml y c on e c t u r e d
n t u it i on
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a nt i c i

know l e d g e e nough t o d et er m in e w hi ch is t h e m ost

ec a cl es o f s t r u g gl e
c

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we

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a nd

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i s d u e , l a rg el y , t o t h e

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t o fol l o w

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n a r ro w es t s e ns e ,

Th e h igh e s t d eg r ee o f t hi s g r a t i
e v e n t i s n ei t h er t oo i m r ob a bl e a n d u n e
ect e d ,
e

b ew il d e r e d

t h er e i s n o

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w il l

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i nv ol v es g rea t u n ce r t a in t y o f i s su e , h ow e v er li t t l e v al u e t hi s
in it s el f, m a y s t i m u l at e in a l e a su ra b l e m an ne r t h e a c t iv i t i e s

of a t t e nt i on a n d

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EM OTI ON S

22 4
cu l ti e s

OF

A C TI ON P URSUIT

of s c en

ti c in ve s tig a tio n an d th ey h a d in t o xi c a ting

gli m p s e s Of t h e p os sibl e g r an d e u r s Of phil o s o phi c in sig ht
7 Th e s am e s y m p a th e ti c a ptitu d e th a t en abl e s u s t o n d
a c ha rm in w itn e s s i n g t h e p o w e r s a n d e x c e ll e n c e s o f o u r
fe ll ow s giv e s u s an i n t e r e s t in th e ir p u r s u it s
We c an w at c h
w ith e a g e r n e s s t h e a pp r o a c hi ng g o al Of a n o th e r m a n s e x e r
tio n s Thi s i s a gran d e x t e n s i on Of ou r i d e al p l e a su r e s If
o ur i n t e r e s t i s sm a ll c o m p ar e d w ith t h e fe e l in g s Of t h e m a n
i n a c tu al p u r su it w e ar e s p ar e d hi s t oil a n d hi s d r e a d of
fa il u r e
Ou r s o c i a bl e i n t e r e s t c on t a i n s thi s s itu a tio n in l a rg e
Th e a i m s t h e l ab ou r s t h e c o n t e s t s t h e s u c c e ss e s
am o u n t
t h e fa il u r e s Of th os e w ithin ou r k e n t h e r i s e a n d fal l Of in
div id u al s fa m il i e s s tat e s ar e t h e s u bj e c t s Of a p e r s i s t e n t
Thi s is e x t e n d e d by l it e rary n a rrativ e a s in H i s t o ry
c h ar m
A s till gr e at e r o p e n in g i s m ad e by P o e try an d Fi c tion w h er e
t h e ar t s a n d c o n d iti on s Of Pl o t i n t e r es t ar e s tu d i e d w ith a
v i e w t o t h e g r e a t e s t a m ou n t Of ag r e e a b l e s tim ul ati on
i

C H A PT E R X IV

S T HET I C E MO T I O NS

T HE E

b ov e titl e I u nd e rs t an d t he gr ou p of fe elings in
vol ve d i n t h e v ari ou s Fin e Arts and c ons titu ting a cl as s of
pl e as u r es s om e w h a t va gu e l y c ir c u m s crib e d b u t y e t in variou s
re sp e c t s con tr a d i s tin g ui s h e d fr o m ou r o th e r pl e a su r es
A
c o n tr as t h a s al w ay s b e e n c on s id e r e d t o e xi s t b e tw e e n t h e
B e au tifu l a n d t h e U s e fu l A n d w e c a n r e adil y in qu ire w h e r e
in t h e d i ffe r e n c e i s c o n ce ive d t o l i e
The gr at i c a t i on s Of e at
i n g an d d ri nki ng a n d t h e o th e r i n d u l g e n c e s c all e d s e n su al a r e
e x cl u d e d fro m t h e p r e s e n t c l as s a n d in d e e d a r e s e t i n o pp o s i
tion t o gb e m on s e v e r al a s signabl e grou n ds In t h e r s t pl ac e
a s o u r fr a m e i s c o n s titu t e d th e s e b o d il y fu n c ti o n s w h il e in
c i d e n t all y m ini s t e ri ng t o ou r p l e a su r e are i n t h e m ai n su b
s e r vi e n t t o t h e m ai n t a i n i ng Of ou r e x i s t e nc e an d b e in g in t h e
rs t in s t a n c e g u i d e d fo r th at Sp ec i al e n d th e y d o n ot n ec e s
In t h e n e x t pl ac e
s aril y r a n k a m on g g r a t i c at i on s a s s u c h
th e y ar e c o nn e c t e d w ith t h e p ro du c ti o n of w hat is r e pul sive
a n d l o ath s o m e w hi c h m ar s th e i r p u r ity as s ou r c e s Of p l e as u r e
A n d in t h e thir d pl a c e th e y ar e e s s e n ti all y c On n e d i n th e ir
i nu e n c e t o t h e s ingl e in d ivid u al ; for t h e s oc i ab il ity of t h e
t abl e i s a n ad d e d el e m en t Tw o p e rs on s c ann o t e nj oy t h e
o r t h e s am e d r au gh t o f e xhil ar a ti n g
sam e m o r s e l Of foo d
b e ve r ag e Now a m o d e Of pl e a su r e su bj e c t t o one or m or e
ee
Of th e se thr e e c on d iti on s m a y b e l o n g i n an e m i n e n t d e gr
t o t h e l i s t o f u til iti e s a n d t h e e n d s o f i n du s tr y b u t d o e s n o t
A g ai n
c o m e u nd e r t h e c l as s n o w p r o p ou n d e d for d i s c u s s i on
t h e m ac hin e ry o f p r e c au ti on s a g a in s t p ain d is e a s e an d d e a th
Ou r c l o th e s ou r h ou s e s o u r p arap e t w all s ou r e m b ank m en ts
i
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th e m s el ve s n o thing e s s e n ti all y pl e as in g ar e pl ac e d in t h e
S o b o d il y o r m e n tal c u l tiv a ti o n i s n ot
c a t e g or y of t h e u se ful
pl e asu r abl e in it s el f ve ry Oft e n t h e c ontra ry We al th i s
d is qu al i e d by t h e thir d c on d iti on in a s m u c h a s w hil e i n t h e
1

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15

EM OTI ON S

THE ZESTHETIC

226

it is c onn e d t o s om e s ingl e p r opri e tor The

h os e e nj oy m ent
s a m e m ay b e s ai d Of p o w e r an d d ig n ity w

i
ff
u s e d f ex c e pt u n d e r o n e as p e c t t o
c ann o t b e d ivi d e d or d
Affe c ti on i s n e arl y in t h e s am e p r e
b e pr e s e n tl y n o ti ce d
d i c am e n t fro m t h e dif cu l ty o f e x t e n d i ng it t o w ar d s any g r e at
Any thing s o r e s tri c t e d in it s s ph er e of ac ti on a s t o
nu m b e r
c on s tit u t e i n d ivi d u al p r o p e r ty an d giv e o c c a s i o n t o j e al ou s y
d e nv y i s n o t a pl e a s u r e aim e d at by t h e p r o du c er o f n e
an
F or th e r e d o e x i s t Obj e c t s th a t c an give u s d e li gh t a s
ar t
th ei r p ri m ary en d th a t h av e n o d is agr e e abl e or r e v ol ti ng
a c c om p a n i m e n t s an d w h o s e e nj o ym en t c ann ot b e r e s t r i c t e d
t o a s in gl e m in d ; all w h i c h c o ns id e r ati o n s Obvi ou sl y el e v a t e
t h e r an k Of s u c h Obj e c t s i n t h e s c al e of ou r e nj oy m e n t s
Tho u gh th e y a r e n ot s o in t e n s e as some Of th os e o th er ag e n c i es
Of t h e m on o ol i s t c l as s th e i r d i ffu s i o n m ak e s th e m p r e c i o u s
p
li k e t h e fr e e air a n d t he li ght of h e a v e n
2 Th e Ey e a n d t h e Ear a r e t h e gr e a t av e nu e s t o t h e
s s o f i n u e n c e s ; t h e o th e r s e n s es ar e
m in d for t h e ae s th e tic c l a
m or e or l e s s i n t h e m on o p oli s t in t e r e s t
Th e b l u e s k y t h e
gre e n w o od s a n d all t h e b eau ti e s o f t h e l an d sc ap e c an ll t h e
v i s io n Of a c o u n tl e s s th r o n g Of a d m i r e r s
SO w ith t h e p l e as ing
s ou n d s ; th es e c e r t a in l y m ay b e ar ti c i al l y m on op ol iz e d b u t
i n th e ir n atu r e th ey ar e c ap ab l e of b e in g e nj oy e d al ik e by a
n u m e r ou s m u l tit u d e
Oth e r things th e r e ar e th at d o n o t
p e rish w i th t h e u s in g b u t that n e ve rth el e s s c ann o t o p erat e
u p o n a p l u r al ity o f m i n d s at o n e ti m e as fo r e x am p l e t h e
w h ol e cl as s Of t ool s an d i m p l e m e n t s e m p l oy e d in o u r p l e a
A n e as y c h a ir i s t oo l i mi t e d i n i t s a ppl i c ation t o b e
s u r es
an aes th e ti c Obj e c t
3 Th e m u s c u l ar a n d s e n s u al el e m e n t s c an b e b r o u gh t
in to art b y b e ing c on te m pl a t e d in t h e i d ea in pl ac e o f b e in g
e nj o y e d i n t he r e al ity
A p a in te r or a p oe t m ay d epi ct a
fe as t a n d t h e pic tu r e m ay b e vi e w e d w ith p l easu re
C on
t e m p l at e d a t a s u fc i e nt d is ta n c e t h e Obj e c t s of s e n s u al d el igh t
s

h ap e

Of

m on e y,

'

'

Nat i o nal

o w er

m ay b e

p r oa ching t o t h e c o n d it io n Of
rid e , or th e
rid e of ra nk

en o y e d
o ne

of

as

the

c o ll e c t i v e

aes t h e t ic a l

s e n t im e n t ,

fe el ings

t h e re b y

ap

S o m ay famil y

THE E

22 8

STHETI C EM OTI ON S

ir cu m s t an c e Of t h e em pl oym e nt
o f t h e sa m e n ame t o d e n o t e it th r o u gh o u t th e r e i s n o o n e
thin g c om m o n t o all t h e Obj e c t s of b e au ty Had th e re b e e n
s u c h w e s h o u l d h av e kn ow n it in t h e c o u r s e Of t w o th ou s an d
y e ar s
5 Su bl im ity B e au ty Gr ac e H arm o n y M el o d y I d e al ity
Pi c tu re s qu e n e ss Pr op or tion Ord e r Fitn e s s K e e pin g th ou gh
th e y d o n o t all r el a t e t o t h e b e au tifu l ar e all inv ol v e d i n t h e
c ir c l e Of p l e a s u r e s n ow b e fo r e u s ; a n d it i s qu ite Obvi ou s th a t
n o o n e fa c t c an ru n th r ou gh s u c h a v a r ie ty Of d e s ign a ti on s
Th e re m u s t b e a gr e a t m u l titu d e Of ag e nt s w o rkin g t o p r o
du c e th e s e differ e n t im pre s s ion s w hi c h ar e r el at e d t o on e
an o th e r o n l y b y att ac hi n g in c o m m o n t o t h e aes th e ti c c l a s s o f
c om p os iti on s D ou bt l e s s s e v e ral o f t h e n am e s m ay b e p ar
t i al l y s y n on ym ou s ; a s B e au t y a n d G r a c e P r opo rti on Fit
n e s s an d K e e pi ng ; b u t h a r d l y an y t w o t e rm s ar e s yn o n y
m ou s th r ou gh ou t , a n d th e r e ar e d i s ti n c t co n c e pti o n s im p l i e d
i n Su bl im ity B e a u ty Pi c tu r es qu e n e s s F itn e ss a n d t h e
Lu d i c r o u s
6 Thr ou gh o u t t h e p r e c e din g e x p os itio n in this an d in m y
fo rm e r vol u m e I h a v e a d v e r t e d t o t h e e m p l oy m e n t i n A r t
o f t h e v ar i ou s e l e m e n t s p a s s e d i n r e vi e w t h e s e n s ati o n s
Th e
t h e in t e l l e c t u al as s o c i a ti on s a n d t h e S p e c i al e m ot i on s
r s t thi n g t o b e d on e h e r e th e r e fo r e i s t o c oll e c t th es e v a ri o u s
a n d s e e h ow far th e y e x h au s t t h e c a t al o gu e Of
all u s i o n s
aes th e ti c e ff e c t s
Th e L aw s Of all Pl e a su r e h av e t o b e su pp os e d in t h e r s t
in s t an c e Th e n a tu r e of t h e s u bj e c t d em a n d s th at th e s e l aw s
s h o u l d b e m o s t fu ll y u n d e r s t o o d
Th e p ri m a ry Law o f Vit a
li t y i s n ot s p e ci al l y a ppl i c a b l e t o Fi n e A r t
Th e Law o f
a l t e rn a t e a n d
pr op orti on at e S tim u l ati on h a s th e dire c t es t
b e a ring u p on t h e w h ol e c om p a s s o f Ar t p rod u c ti ons Th e
La w Of R e l a tivity i s s o far in cl u d e d i n t h e Law o f S ti m u l a ti o n ;
b u t th e re i s a s u btl e an d i n d e p e n d e nt app l i c ati o n o f it t o t h e
c a s e w h e r e p l e a s u re i s s o u ght i n r e ac ti o n fr o m p a i n
Th e
L aw s Of I d e al Pl e as u r e n e e d al so t o b e c o ns i d e re d ; a s for
e x am p l e t h e t p r o p o r ti o n Of I d e a l ity t o A c tu al ity
M o re
un

ifo rm ch a rac t e r from

,

th e

RI MA RY P LE A SURES

L I GHT

OF

2 29

ver as Art w hil e s e e king t h e pl e a s u rabl e a spire s al s o t o t h e

p a th e ti c pl e as u re s h ou l d b e full y
n o b l e t h e c o n di ti o n s Of s y m
a pp r e c i at e d
7 Of t h e S e n s e s w e m ay t l y s t ar t w ith Sight w h o se
p ri m ary pl e asu re s t ak e r an k in t h e ae s th e ti c c l a s s Th e
e l e m e n t ar y Opti c al e ffe c t s ar e m e r e Light C ol ou r a n d Lu s tr e :
t h e s e i n th e i r s u m h a v e a g r e a t a m ou nt of pl e a s u r e givi ng
How far th e ir e f c a c y i s b orro w e d or d e riv e d from
c ap a c ity
A S r e g a r d s t h e p e c u l i ar
as s o c i a ti o n s i s a c u ri o u s e n qu iry
c harm Of Lu s tr e I thin k th e r e is a n aid fr om t h e su gge s tion
Wh e th e r c e r tain C ol ou rs m ay n ot h a ve th e ir
o f p e r s o n a l ity
p rim ary org an i c in u en c e heig ht e n ed fro m e x tr an e ou s c on
I h e s it at e t o p ron ou n c e ; b u t I think it n ot im
n e c t io n s
p ro b a bl e If th e r e b e a h e re d it ary p re p os s e ss i o n in fa vou r Of
t h e fac e of Na t u r e it w ou l d i m p a r t a n in t e r es t t o b l u e a n d
gre e n in p r e fe r e n c e t o y e l l ow ; an d from l ivin g b e ing s th e re
We re col ou r s in d iffer
w o u l d b e a p e r e nni al in t e re s t in r e d
e n t as r e g ar d s a s s o c i ati o n s t h e s o l e c o n d iti o n Of a p l e as in g
c ol o u r w ou l d b e i t s in t e r m i s s i o n or al t e rn a ti o n w ith t h e o th e r
an d I h a v e a d ii c u l t y i n a c c ou n ting for all ou r
c o l ou r s ;
l
p r efe r en c e s an d p arti ali tie s on thi s grou nd al on e
o

'

ae

rs t

Th e
d e ri v e d fr o m
b ea u t i e s

of

e ffo r t

l ig h t e d

w it h

t o o, t o

su s

col ou r s

for m

ce r t a i n

i d eas

or

Of

m ot i o n

o f a t t e nt i o n

b r i lli ant

r e d o m in a t e s o v e r

an d

(b o t h Of
of

t h ou gh t ), t h e i r

u d g m ent

e v er y o t h e r ,

pl

en d id

of a

in his

e v en

w h i ch r e u ir e ,

c ol o ur in g , o r w it h s

t h at , i n t h e

e ct

bea u ty form e d b y t h e m in d a r e, i n all rob a bili ty ,

o ng b e for e i n fa nt s re c e i v e a ny
l ea su re s fr om t h e

of

ey e

fo r t h ei r

m ay b e

i l l u m ina t i on

r e ce

c au g h t

am

pt i

on, a

an d

de

in cl i ne d ,

t h i s i ng r e d i ent Of b e a u t y
e s t im a t e o f t h e
er fe c t i on s o f t h e
e a sa n t ,

fe m al e for m ; a n d , i n t h e i na ni m a t e cre at io n, t he r e s e e m s t o b e li t tl e el s e
It i s , a cc or din gl y, fr om t h e e ffe c t p r o
w hi c h h e b eh ol d s w it h a ny r a t u re
d u c e d b y t h e r i c h a i nt ing Of cl ou d s , w h e n g il d e d b y a s et t i ng s u n, t h a t

A k e nsid e i nfer s t h e
t ra c e t h e m t o

a ny

xi t

s en c e

Of

b an d b u t t h a t

the

of

s e e d s Of

Nat u r e

Ta s t e , w h en i t is im

A sk t h e

Wh o j ou rn e y s h om ew ar d

fr om

Sw a i n

a s u mm er

d ay

l
a b ou r, w h y fo rg e t fu l o f hi s t o il s ,
g
A nd d u e re os e , h e l o i t e r s t o b eh ol d
on

Th e

O e r all t h e

His

gl ea m ing ,
w e s t e rn s k y

su n s hi n e

ru d e e

xp

as

t h r ou gh

fu l l

s oon ,

ress i on , a nd u n t u t or

a m b e r c l ou d s ,

Iw

a irs,

ee n,

o s s ib l e

to

STHETI C

THE E

2 30

EMOTIO Ns

c rring fa ct o r e qu al in p ow e r t o t h e Opt ical e ffe c ts

1 8 Vi i s ib l e F o rm
w h e th e r i n m o ti on o r in s till lif e
S om e
p art of th e pl e a su r e of fo rm c e rta i nl y i s pu re mu s c u l ar s e n si
b ili t y in t h e highl y e n d o w e d m u s cl e s Of vi s io n ; b u t mu c h
t h e l a rg er p a r t i s a m as s Of a ss oc i ati o n w i t h p e r s on a l a n d
o th e r e ffe c t s
We s ee thi s pl ainl y b y t h e d e p e n d e n c e of t h e
t h e s tr aight l in e i s ag r e e abl e i n
c h ar m on t h e c ircu m s t a n c es
on e s it u a ti o n t h e c u rv e in a n o th e r
Th e o th e r aes th e ti c s e n s e i s H e a rin g
Th e p rim ary pl e a
s u r e s Of h e a rin g i nc l u d e n o t m e r e l y t h e a g r e e a b l e e ffe c ts Of
Th e s e
s im pl e t on e s b u t c on co r d s a n d m e l o d i ou s s e qu e n c es
in t e n sity v ol u m e a n d e m ph as is and as
ar e v ari e d by tim e
s u c h c o n s titu t e t h e g r ou n d w o r k Of t h e m u s i c al ar t
8 Ne x t a s t o t h e c o zo p e r at i o n Of t h e I n t e l l e c t in giv in g
bir th t o t h e tting m at e ri al s of aes th e t i c e m o tion I h a v e
al r e a d y hi n t e d t h a t s e n s a ti o n s Of an infe ri o r r ank ar e c a p a bl e
Thu s w h e n Mu sc ul a r
o f b e in g e l e v a t e d in t o i d e al p l e a s u r e s
ar e m e r e l
e x e r c i s e r e p o s e fatig u e
y s u gg e s t e d t o t h e m in d
d a n c in g s k a tin g &c
as w h e n w e l ook a t gym n a s ti c fe at s
th e y b e c om e s ou rc e s of a m or e r e n e d in t e r es t L os in g al t o
g e th e r th e ir eg o tis ti c n atur e th e y m ay affe c t any nu m b er Of
p e r s on s al ik e s o th a t th e y h a v e t h e fe a tu re o f l ib er al ity s o
Th e s e n s a ti o n s of Organ i c Lif e ar e e x al t e d
e s se n ti al t o A r t
i n t h e s a m e w ay
Whil e th e y are c on n e d t o ou r ac tu al e x
r i e n c e or e v e n ou r r e c oll e c t e d
x
p
r
i
or a n ti c ip at e d
e
e
e
en c e
p
th e y ar e e x c l u d e d from t h e pr e s e nt d om ain ; b u t w h en vi e w e d
i n s u c h a m ann e r as t o b e n o o n e p e r s o n s p rop e r ty th e y
Thu s t h e in te re s t th a t w e
ar e t s u bj e c t s fo r t h e a r t i s t
c on u

B ey on d t h e p ow er o f l a ng u ag e , w ill u nfol d

Th e for m of B eau t y s m il i ng at h is h e ar t
.

A m on g t h e

m os t d eli gh t i n
show

t he

in

n a t u re ,

su n, w h i c h

s e v eral

co l ou r s .

t h an w h a t

oe t s , w h o a r e a l w a y s

m o re

of

t h eir

the B ea u tif u l ,

of a

pit h t f
p g 275
e s

pp

u p of

d iffere nt

c ol ou rs

sa ys

Mr

w it h a

i n t h e h eav en s ,

ea rs

a d d res s i ng

rom

is w h ol l y m a d e
cl o u d s

t h em s el v es in

kind s Of b eau t y
We n ow h ere mee t

t h os e d iffer e n t
s i t u a t i on

A d d is on,

the

ey e

ta k es

m or e g l or i ou s or l ea s i ng
a t t h e ri s in
g or s e t t ing o f
s t a i ns o f

F or t hi s

l ig h t t h a t

re a so n

we

s h ow

nd t h e

t h em s el v es t o t h e im a g ina t i o n, b o r r o w i n
g

t h an fro m

a ny ot h e r

t o ic

S t e w a r t ou

THE ZESTHETIO

2 32

EM OTI ON S

th e ir rs t e x e rci se th e y ar e u n aes th e ti c as b e in g l imi t e d t o

t h e in di vi d u al s ; t h e l o v e Of a p are n t fo r his o r h e r c hil d i s
e x c l u s iv e
Bu t th ey r e a d il y a ss u m e t h e i d e al c h ar a c t e r a n d
a s d e pi c t e d i n a r t o r i n s t o r y th e y giv e pl e a s u r e al l a r o u n d
No t onl y d o th e y ma k e u p t h e ab so rbing in te re s t o f P e rs on
ali ty b u t th e y e x tr ac t thi s in t e r e s t fr o m t h e i m p e r s o n al w o rl d
by w orkin g ou t t o an e x tr aord in ary d e gr e e t h e p e rs on al
s im il it u d e s
The re ar e d ou btl e s s s ou rc e s Of e m o tion of a m inor kind
F or e xa m pl e
o v e r a nd a b o v e th es e t w o m as t e r s o f t h e s ou l
Pl ot int e re s t or P u rsu it d o e s n ot dir e c tl y inv ol ve e ith e r an d
t
a s w e ll as t o o th e r p l e a s u r e s
n
t
it
i
a
g
r
t
a
d
d
iti
o
o
A
r
t
e
s
e
a
y
Bu t Pu rs u it is n o t pu r e l y a n e m oti o n ; it i s c hi e y a m e an s
o f hu sb an d ing an d m a n ip u l a ti n g ou r s u s c e ptib ili ti e s t o e m o ti on
Th e s o c all e d Em o ti on o f P o w e r e n t e rs l arg el y i n to
it t a k e s i n b oth t h e Su b li m e a n d t h e Lu d i c
aes th e ti c e ffe c t s
rou s I h a v e re gar d e d thi s em o tion a s a c om p ou n d of M al e
w hi c h i ngr e d i e n t s in t h e
v ol e n ce L o v e a n d S e n s e A gr e e ab l e s
di ve rsity Of th e ir p rop ortion s m ay i m p art gr eat v arie ty t o th e
c om bin e d e ffe c t
1 0 Th e p e c ul i arl y aes th e ti c in u e n c e Of Un ity in m u l ti
tu d e su pp os e s t h e w orking s o f t h e I n te ll e c t an d yi e l d s a
t h e e s s e n c e Of t h e e ffe c t b ei n g r e l i e f fr o m
co n s i d e r a bl e c h arm
In al l gr e at w ork s ab ou n d ing In d e t ail w e
a m e n t al s t r ain
c r a v e for s o m e c om p r e h e n s iv e pl an th at e n ab l e s u s t o s e iz e
t he w h ol e as w e ll as t o s u r v e y t h e p ar t s
Th e e ffe c t Of L ik e n e s s i n D iv e r sity i s Oft e n m a d e u s e o f i n
Ar t a s w il l b e n oti c e d p r e s en tl y I t yi el d s t h e e m otional
pl e asu r e d u e t o s trok e s of S i m il arity w hi c h i s pr o b abl y al s o
i n i t s m e n tal fo u n d a ti o n s a n e ffe c t o f r e l i e f
Va ri e ty is a n
e s s e n ti al fe a t u r e o f aes th e ti c p l e as u r e b e i n g t h e p ri m ary c on
dition o f c o n s c io u s n e ss ; bu t vari ety h a s a t e n d e n c y t o l oad
a nd o pp r e s s t h e m e n t al c o m p r e h e n s i o n a n d th e r e i s c o u s e
qu en tl y a d em an d t o h av e i t l ight en e d by t h e d e t e c tion Of
s i m il a riti e s
1 1 A s p e c i al Ob s e rv a tio n i s n e e d e d o n t h e l a s t Of t h e
as I h av e e n u m e r a te d th em
th os e of t h e
s i m p l e e m o ti on s

In

'

'

SC I E N CE

NOT E

STHETI C

23 3

I nt e l l e c t Th e fe e l ings of tru th an d cons is te n c y an d t h e

l o v e of k n ow l e d g e a n d s c i e n c e m ight b e c o n c e ive d a s p r e
em i n e ntl y d e s e r vi n g o f b e i n g r an k e d w ith aes th e ti c s e n ti m e n t s
if th e s e c ou r t an al l i a n c e w ith d ignity an d r e n e m e n t
A nd
it i s fr e el y a d m itte d th at n othing c ou l d b e m o r e l ib e r al izing
o r m o r e Op e n
th an s u c h Obj e c t s Un fort u n at el y h ow e ve r
th e y l ab ou r u n d e r t w o sp e c i al dis qu al i c a t io ns o f th e ir o w n
by w hi c h th e y ar e k e pt from a pl a c e in t h e arti s tic circl e
a s m e n are a t p r e s e n t c o n s tit u t e d
In t h e r s t p l a c e th e y
d e m an d a p a inful p r e p a r a t o ry tr a in in g s u c h a s onl y a s m al l
n u m b e r of p e r s o n s c a n e v e r b e i n d u c e d t o p a s s th r o u h
A
n
d
g
s e c on d l y
tru th i s n ot t h e c au s e of u nm ingl e d d el ight a ny
m or e th an s u rg e ry o r di s c ip l in e ; an d p l e as u r e i s n o t i t s i m
m e d iat e e n d
A ny c l as s e s Of tru th s th a t d o n ot fal l u n d e r
t h e b ah o f th e s e t w o d i s qu al i c a t i o n s ar e m a d e w e l c o m e b y
t h e a r ti s t a n d b y t h e c a t e r e r o f ou r am u s e m e n t s
Th e m o re
in t e l l igibl e a n d p op u l ar d is c o ve ri e s o f s ci e n c e ar e in tr o d u ce d
int o t h e e v e ni ng l e c tu r e t h e n ew s p a p e r t h e b oo k o f t h e d ay
or t h e p oe t s il l u s tr a tiv e s i mil e ; and th e r e i s a c o n s i d e r abl e
r e s p e c t g e n e r al l y e n t e rt ain e d for t h e i d e a Of t h e Tru e if no
d i s agr e e a bl e i n s t an c e s ar e p r e s e n t e d t o t h e m in d
Bu t high
s c i e n ti c k n o w l e d g e
m an i fes tl y tr a n s c e n d s t h e s ph e r e Of
Ar t j u s t as a highl y artis ti c form tr ans c e n d s t h e s ph e r e Of
s c i e nc e
If it c o u l d b e o th e r w i s e w e s h ou l d b e g r e a t g ain e r s
If w h a t giv e s u s kn o w l e d g e a n d c e rt a inty a s r e g ar d s t h e
Worl d w e re al s o of e as y c om pr e h e n s i o n an d t h e s ou r c e Of a
l ight a n d fa s c in a ting am u s e m e n t w e s h ou l d b e s a ve d fr om
m an y p a i n s an d t a k e m u c h h igh e r s tri d e s o f a d v an c e m e n t in

t h e h appi n e s s s a n d s e c u rity Of l ife !

1 2 Com bi n a ti ons of S ou n d M esa
On t h e se n s ati o n s o f
H e ari ng is b a s e d t h e l arg e d ep artm e nt of Art n am e d Mu sic
.

'

'

Mr Sp enc er
.

t u re

o f ae s t h e t i c

m u s cu l a r
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a

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vi

w ay

or t o r

m ak e s g r e a t u s e o f t h e no t i on o f p l a y a s t h e o int o f d e ar
l e a su r e s r e m a r ki ng u s t l y t h a t w h e re t h ere i s a su r l u s o f

a ft e r

t h e n e c es s i t i e s

er c i s e a n al o g ou s t o

fro m A rt ,

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as

a nd

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ave

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it

it

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xp

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EM OTI ON S

THE zESTHETIO

2 34

ins tru m e nt al ; tog e the r w ith th e pl e asu rabl e eff e c t

o f S p e e c h co n s i d e r e d as S o u n d
I h a ve al l u d e d t o t h e e l e m en tary s e ns ation s Of agre e abl e
w hi c h as n o w d e mo n s tr a t e d
e s p e c i al l y b y t h e r e
sou n d
S in c e
s e a rc h es o f H el m h o l tz ar e fo u n d t o in c l u d e h a r m o ny
al r e ad y a h arm o n y
t h e in u e n c e o f t h e
a s w ee t n o t e i s
r e cogniz e d m u s ic al c o n c ord s i s n o t s om e thing a b sol u t el y n ew
H e nc e
b u t an e x t e n s i o n of th e s a m e h ar m o nizi n g p r o c e s s
w e now r e g a r d t h e s i m p l e h a rm on i e s a n d m e l o d i c s e qu e n c e s
as sen s e e ffe c t s ; t h e o p e r ati o n o f i n t e ll e c t c o m i n g in a t a
To a n e ar o f a ve r ag e s u s c e ptibil ity th e s e
fa r th e r s t ag e
prim ary e ffe c ts ar e hi ghl y pl e as i ng ; a n d m u si c al c om p ositio n
c on tr iv e s t o yi el d th e m in v a ri e ty a nd abu n d an c e w hil e c o n
tribu ting inte l l e c tu al c h arm s in add ition Th e ul tim a t e fou n
d ation of th e agre e abl e ne s s of t h e el e m e n tary s ou n d s is t o o
s u btl e t o b e a ss ign e d
Al l n orm al s e ns a tion i n d u e al t e rn a
tion and d e gr e e i s pl e asu rabl e ; an d w h e n c om bin a tion a dds
t o t h e p l e a s u re t h e o nl y e x p l an ati o n t o b e Offe r e d c o n s i s t s i n
assu m i ng a m u tu al s u pp o r t o r c o n c u rr e n c e w hi c h i n cr e as e s
t h e c on s c i ou s n e ss w i th o u t i n c r e as in g t h e n e rv ou s w a s t e
We
n d th a t r eg u l a r i ty i s a n e ss e n ti al c on d iti o n Of a gr e e a bl e se n s a
ti on ; and t h e m u s i c al n ot e is m ad e u p o f a s u c c e s s ion of b e at s
th a t ar e e qu al in tim e Wh e n s e ve ral nOt es ar e c onj o in e d in
h a rm on y th e re is s till t h e r e gu l arity Of r e c u rr e n c e w ith t he
Th e s im pl e nu m er ic al r a ti o s
i n c r e a s e o f t h e s tim u l ati on
&
c ) e x p r ess t h e b e s t c h o r d s a n d as t h e r a ti os a r e
g g
farth e r r e m ov e d from s im p l i c ity t h e h arm o ni ou s e ffe c t giv e s
e t o d i s co r d w hi c h i s a t l as t p a i nfu l
l
ac
p
1 3 Th e s e c o n d s t ag e o f m u s i cal e ffe c t a ris es by bringing
i n t o pl ay t h e i n t ell e c tu al d el ight of U n ity in Vari e ty This
C on tr a s t
i s t e r m e d by M r S u ll y t h e b e au ty Of m u s i ca l f or m
v oc al an d

be

al s o

ke d

re m ar

t h at t h e i nt er e st

of s

or t

is d u e

n o t s ol e l y

t o t he

u ne

g ou r i n t h e a c t iv e o rg ans b u t t o t h e e t ra ord i na ry i nt e ns i t y o f t h e
of
u r s u i t , t ha t i s t o sa y, t h e
re d a t ory a nd d e s t r u c t i v e
a ss i o ns

vi

t hes e, t he

Ne

pl

su r

u s v ig o u r

v er th e l e ss ,

m e n t a l b e a r i ng s

m ig h t b e

a ll o w e d

i t w ou ld b e int e r es t ing

of

Sp

o r t, a s a

p p
re

a ra t i o n

for

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ro

ab l e

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to

t he

xh

au s t e d

e m o t i o ns

Bu t fo r

t o w as t e t h rou g h d isu s e
a nd

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ae s t h e t i c

pl

all

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T HE !E S T HET I C EMOTION S

2 36

for m Wh e n t h e m in d i s c ap ab l e o f dis crim i n a tin g

d e n it e s h a d e s of h arm o n y it i s p r e p ar e d for n ew c o ntr a s t s
an d tr a n s iti o n s a n d c on s e qu e n tl y fo r n e w for m s o f u ni ty in
v a r i e ty
A c h ang e fr om p u r e h arm ony t o di stu rbin g di s c or d
c o n s titu t e s t h e
s tr o n g e s t for m
o f m u s i c al
c o n t r as t
w h il e
s e qu e n c e s o f c h o r d s o f s im il ar h a r m o ni c c h ar a c t e r m an if e s t
a c e r t a i n ae s th e ti c u n ity
1 4 Th e th ir d an d l a s t p ow e r of m u s rc i s d e r iv e d fr o m
ex r ess i on
o r t h e r e e x o f t h e hu m a n e m o ti o n s
Mu s i c is
p
n o t i m it a tiv e l i k e p ai n tin g a n d s c u l tu re ; it d o e s n o t r e fer
p
Bu t it i m ita t e s t h e t on e s of t h e
u s t o t h e v i s ib l e w o rl d
h u m an v o i c e w h i c h ar e t h e m os t e x ibl e an d e xp r e s s iv e
s ig n s of h u m an fe e l in g
We h av e a c qu i r e d in o u r li fe tim e
in n u m e r ab l e as s o c i a tio ns b e tw e e n t o n e s a n d e m oti on s ; a n d
th er e m ay b e if Ev ol u ti on b e gr a nt e d an c es tr al a s s o c i ati on s
th a t p r e c e d e ou r w a k e ning in to li v ing c on s c i ou s n es s A n y
s ou n d s h ow ev e r ar i s i n g t h a t a p p r o x im a t e t o th es e s u gg e s ti v e
t o n e s a n d s e qu e n c e s o f t o n e b e c o m e t h e m e a n s o f a w a k e n i n g
t h e fe el ing s th e m s e l v es
Am ong t h e p oin ts of d i r ect r e
s e m b l an c e b e tw e e n m u s i c a n d n at u r al v o c al s ou n d s a r e
h
o f t on e i n t e n s ity or e m h a s i s tim b r e c h a n g e o f
it
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p
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an d du ra ti o n a n d r a p i d ity o f
t o ne A s i n d i r ect r e s e m b l an c e w e m ay in cl u d e t h e fa c t th a t
h ap p y an d p e a c e ful e xp r es s i on w o ul d t e n d t o fall int o for m s
a g r e e ab l e t o t h e e ar
Mu si c i s c ap ab l e of r ep r es en ting em oti on al s tr e n gth or
int en s ity A p ow e r fu l p as s ion i s sh a dow e d for th b y t h e
e n e rg e ti c e l e m e n t s o f t on e
r a i dity
e m p h as i s
r an g e
of
p
i nt erv al an d du ra ti on A gain th e d iff er en c e b e tw e e n p l e as u r e
a n d p a i n c an b e di m l y e x r e s s e d th r ou gh t h e i n d ir e c t a s s oc i a
p
tion s of m el o d y a n d h ar m on y Wh e n e n e r gy o f w il l r a th e r
th an e m o tio n i s t o b e e xp re s s e d t h e m u si c i an r e s or ts t o
i ncr e as e o f a cc e nt a nd h eigh t en ing of p it c h fol l o w e d b y
Wh en a s eri e s o f t on e s i s e ffe c tu al
a b ru p t n e ss o f t e r m i n a ti o n
in s tim u l a ti n g hu m an p as s i on s a n d e n er gi e s b y a n a tu r al
il l u s ion it su gg e s ts a l iv ing s o u l b ehin d p ar tl y r e v e al e d a n d
e e n t er i n t o a k i n d o f s y m
ar tl y m y s t e r i ou s w ith w h i c h W
p

m u s i c al

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FFEC T S

or

C O L O UR

2 37

S
ti
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l
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15

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or

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i m p r ess iv e n at u r al
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b attl e ,

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p r i n c ip l e s o f w h i c h li e

an el e m e nt

y fa c il ity of Pro nu n c i a ti on t h e
Th e e ar i 3 s ym p a th e ti call y a ffe c t e d w ith w h a t
o n t h e s u r fa c e
i s e as y or difc u l t t o p r on ou n c e a n d h a s b es i d e s a n in d e
d
t
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n
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n
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e x i o n o f t h e v o i c e Th e d e tail s ar e b e s t giv e n i n tr e ati se s o n
Rh e t or i c and on El ocu tion T h e r e i s n o n e w artis tic p rin c ip l e
na m e l

at w o r

Ha r m oni es of Sight Th e s im p l e e ffe c ts of vi sion ar e

Ligh t an d S h a de C ol ou r s and th e ir c o n tr as t s Lu s tr e ; v is ib l e
Mo v em en ts an d F or m s
Ligh t an d Sh a de ar e p l e asu r abl e fr om al t er nati on of s t im u
l u s C ol o u r in tr o d u c e s a n e w e ffe c t a n d i s p l e as u r ab l e a s s u c h
Aft er g a zing for a tim e o n a c ou ntry s ce n e w e are d el ight e d
w ith a c o l ou r e d s k y ; i n s u c h c ir c u m s t a n c e s it m a tt e r s n o t
16

h at th e

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is

i ty b ei ng t h e m a in p oin t F or t h e
s am e r e as o n t h e tr an s iti o n fr o m o n e c o l ou r t o a n o th e r a n d
fr o m on e sh a d e t o an oth e r e nl arg e s t h e b as is of s ti m u l a ti o n ;
a n d i n t h e d e ar th o f e ffe c t s a ny c o l ou r i s w e l c om e
Henc e
i ns t e a d of a m o n o ton ou s gr e en or r e d w e l i k e a v ar i e ty of
s h a d e s a n d ti n t s a nd t h e m o r e t h e b e tt e r
Wh e n w e h av e h a d s o m u ch of a c ol ou r as t o fe el s at e d
w ith o n e e ffe c t it i s th e n a r e l i e f t o c h an g e t h e c ol o u r
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here

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t h e m os t

T HETI C EMO T ION S

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gr e e ab l e s timu l u s i s t h e c o m p l e m e nt o f
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o f t h e p r i m ar y c ol ou r s
Thu s t h e tr an s ition fr om r e d t o
gr e e n i s b etter th an fr om r e d t o y ell o w ; gr e en i s form e d o f
y ell ow and bl u e ; and r e d y ell ow a n d bl u e ar e n e e d e d t o
B u t u n til t h e e y e i s j a d e d b y
e xh au s t t h e s p ec tr u m
t h e c om p l e tin g o f t h e s p e c t ru m i s n o t
u nb al a n c e d c o l o u r s
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a n e c e ss ity
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d ar k e n e d tin t w ou l d b e en ou gh Bu t it w ou l d s e e m th a t t h e
n erv e s of v i s i o n n d r e p os e i n thr ow i n g th e s e c o l o u r s o v e r all
Th i s i s a n ot abl e e x c ep ti on t o t h e p r in
o b j e c t s w h at s oe v e r
c ip l e o f b al a n c in g t h e c ol o u r s a c c or d in g t o th e ir p ro p or ti o n s
Ex c ep ting t h e inu e n c e of h ab itu atio n t o
i n w hi t e li g ht
t h e gr e e n e a r th a n d t h e s k y I d o n o t k n o w h o w t h e fac t is
t o b e e xp l a in e d
Th e s im p l e e ffe c t s o f v i s ibl e Mov e m e n t a n d F orm r e
r a igh t a n d c u rv e d for m s t h e
r e s e n t m u s cu l ar p l e as u r e s
S
t
p
t h e w a n i ng
al t ern a ti o n s o f th e s e t h e c h an g e s o f c u rv a tu r e
form s al l ap p e al t o m u s cu l ar s en s ib il ity dul y v ari e d and
al t er n a t e d
1 7 Th e Int e ll e c t u al b e au t i es o f S igh t t h e r e al izing o f
U n ity in V ari e ty ar e nu m e r ou s i n p r op or tio n t o t h e m u l ti
f
v
l
r e w e h av e t o a r r a ng e a
l
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b
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o f s im il ar o b j e c t s
r ow s
ti er s m os ai c w ork a nd u nifor m ar r ay We m ay go
a s t e p far t h e r a n d c o n s titu t e s m al l e r g rou p s a t e qual d i s t a n ce s
from e a ch o th e r an d s u b or din a te t h e w h ol e t o a s im p l e form
or ty p e
Wh e r ev er any li n e ar ob j e c t is di v i d e d w ith a v i e w t o
n g t h e e y e t h e d i v i s i o n m u s t o b s e rv e s o m e r u l e s o f
l
as
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r ti o n t h e d e t e r m i n a ti o n o f w h i ch b e l o n s t o Fi ne A r t
A
t
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g
rs t s u c h p r o p o rti o n s w e r e gu i de d s o l el y b y t h e e ffe c t ; as
m e l o die s w ere c o m p os e d t o p l e as e t h e e ar w ith ou t re fe r e n c e
t o p r ot e

w ea

of

4{

THE

240

E MO TION S

zES THETIc

d isc u s s ing ap p li e s ali k e t o

Nu m b er and S p a c e giv in g t o b o th a n
t he
In t h e c a s e o f a m u l titu d e o f o bj e c t s
ar ti s ti c c ap a b il ity
w e ar r a n g e i n e qu al an d p r op or ti o n a t e in t erv a l s ; a n d w e
s u b d iv i d e i n t h e s am e w a y a b l a n k u n i n t e r e s ti n g e xp an s e
A nd t h e r e i s m u ch o f t h e e ffe c t o f O u tl in e d u e t o t h e s am e
fe e li ng e sp e ci all y a s r e g ar ds r igh t l in e d gu r e s s qu are s
r i angl e s
r all e l o gr am s
t
e qu i l a t e ral p o l yg o n s
o b l o ng s
a
&c
p
a n d t h e s y m m e tr i c al c u rv e s t h e c i r c l e a n d t h e e ll ip s e
In
a ll th e s e t h e e y e i s su p p o s e d t o tr ac e e qu al ity or c o m m e n
A t r i a n gl e o r
su r a b il it y in t h e d i ffe r e n t s i d e s o r d i m e n s io n s
qu adril at e r al w ith all t h e s i de s u n e qu al giv e s n o p l e a s u r e t o
t he e y e a s a for m or o u tl in e (u n l e ss it w e r e li k e a dis c or d i n
m u s i c o cc a s i on al l y in tr o du c e d) ; w h il e t h e s qu ar e a n d t he
t
h
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e e x i g e n ci e s
t h e m in d
ar all el o gr am
of
p
P ara ll el ism is s u s tain e d e qu ali ty a s m u ch a s t h e e qu al ity
The p r in c ip l e
t w o el e m e n t s o f

18

w e ar e n ow

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i n d et erm

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p o s t o n o f t h e nos e
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.

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n es o f 7

c r os s e s

p a ss t h r o u h t h e c ent r es of t h e
o f p l a ce a n d s
e o f t h e orb t s ;
t he

b o u n d a ry

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xi

pp r o m a t el y rep res e nt s t h e p rop or t ons o f a

b eau t fu l ob e c t , o r o f a w or o f a r t , i s t o b e p rov e d o r d s p r o v e d s ol el y b y t h e
Bu t if Mr Ha y m ea n s t o ns n u a t e t ha t
e p e r m e n t al t e s t o f m e a s ur e m e nt
t h e p l eas u ra b l e fe el n o f p r op or t o n i n t h e m n d o f t h e s p ec t a t or i s a fe e l n

i
i

s u ch

p r o p o r t on ed a n l e s , Mr Ha y d e t erm n es t h e b eau t y
He a p p l e s t h e m e t h o d t o t h e p r op o rt on s o f t he Par

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EX P RE SSIVE N E S S

or F R M A ND

O UTL IN E

2 41

in terv al s in a row of obj e c t s Wh en l ine s c onv erge as

in a p e d im e nt w e l oo k for e qu ali ty in t h e t w o c onve rging
s i d e s an d ar e p l e as e d t o d i s c er n s om e fu r th er r eg ar d t o p r o
r ti o n as i n th e e qu ali ty o f thr e e s i d e s of t h e tri an gl e or
o
p
t h e e qu al ity or c om m en s u rab il ity o f th e b as e and p e r p e n
di c u l ar h e igh t
Wh e n an angl e p r om in en tl y arres t s t h e
t o 3 0 as b ei ng al i qu ot p ar t s of a
att e n ti on w e p r e fer 45
Th e ob l i qu e e qu al s i d e d p ar all e l ogr am w ith t h e
r igh t a ngl e
i s an agr e eabl e s u b divi s i on of t h e sm all
a ngl es 4 5 an d
n
e d w in d ow
a
p
Unity in v ari e ty m ay b e s ou gh t i n c ol ou r e d grou p ings
Th ere w ou l d b e t h e s am e
or arr a ng e m e n t s j u s t as i n m u s i c
in t ell e c tu al p l e asu r e i n d e t e cting r es e m b l anc es in d iv er sitie s ;
a n d t h e el em e n t of v i s ib l e fo rm w ou l d n e v e r b e w an ting
In
d e cor ation an d d esign t h e m os t c om p l i c at e d gu r es b e com e
p l e as ing b y r e p e titi o n a n d or de rl y arr a ng e m en t
1 9 F o ll o w ing t h e or d e r l ai d d ow n for s ou n d w e c om e t o
t h e th ir d a n d l a s t d ep ar t m e n t exp r essi on or t h e s u gg es tion
b y v i s i b l e ob j e c ts of fe e l in g s and e m o ti o ns b ey on d t h e p r op er
Th is su bj e c t i s far l arg er for vi sib l e
s e n s ib il ity o f t h e e y e
th an for au dib l e s e n s ati on It s d et a il s ar e d is tr ibu t e d u n d er
A n e xam p l e o r t w o m ay b e giv en
all t h e h e a d s th a t foll ow
i n t h e r s t in s t a n c e
Th e a ss oc i a ti o n s th a t giv e b eau ty t o c ol o u r s h av e b een
Al l th o s e tin ts th a t ar e c o nn e c t e d w ith
a bu n d antl y c it e d
h e al th w ith in fa nc y a n d y ou th w ith t h e c h ar m s o f t h e fair
w ith e n er gy an d v ig ou r ar e a gr e e ab l e b y e x p r ess in g
s ex
th os e qu al iti e s Th e l u s tr e of t h e e y es t h e h air t h e s k in
Th e s igh t of a t e ar
t h e t e e th is s u gg e s tiv e o f p ers o n al ity
drop a w ak en s p a th e ti c fe el ing Th e app e ar an c es th a t in d ic at e
a s o ft s m o o th s k i n b r i ng t o m in d t h e e m b ra c e
2 0 Th e e xp r e ss iv e n es s of F or m an d O u tl in e i s a l ar g e
d ep artm e nt of aes th e ti cs Afte r all ow ing for t h e intr ins ic
m u s cu l ar p l e as u r es of t h e e y e w h i ch ar e t h e s m al l es t p ar t
o f t h e c a s e w e h av e t o t a k e n o t e of t h e a ss o c i a ti o n s o f t h e
c u rv e d fo r m s w ith E as e an d o f t h e s tr aigh t fo r m s w ith c o n
s tr ai n t a n d s e v e rit y
Th e i nt e r e s t o f t h e r el i e f fr om l ab ou r
of

16

T HE

242

E MO T ION S

ZES THETIC

ffor t i s c op iou sl y r e e c t e d fr om ou tw ar d things

Now t h e m o ving m em b e rs of t h e b o dy b e ing l ev e r s xe d at
on e e n d
d e s crib e c u rves w h en ac tin g fr e el y ; t o m ak e a
s tr aigh t li n e n e e d s a l ab or i ou s a dj u s t m e n t o f di ffe r e n t m e m
b er s l ik e t h e r o d s in Wa tt s p arall el m oti o n an d t h e v er y
i d e a o f it b ring s h om e t h e s e ns e of p ainful c ons tra int In
a n o th e r c o n n e c ti on a r o e or ch ain s tr e t c h e d h or iz on t all y
p
c ann ot b e m a d e st r aigh t w ith ou t an e n or m ou s t en si on ; t h e
ab se n c e o f th i s i s sh o w n in a d ow nw ar d cur v e
B ut in all m a tter s of A r t t h e in t er e s t of p er s onal ity e x
c e e d s e v e r y o th e r ; and t h e s u p r e m e c h arm o f t h e cur v e d
o u tl in e i s r e l a tiv e t o t h e h u m a n form a s a d ap t e d for l ov e
S o d eep l y r o o t e d i s thi s in t er e s t th a t w e m u s t p r onou nc e it
in stinc tiv e an d h er e dit ar y ; w h il e i n degre e or am ou nt it i s
t r an s c e n d e n t
In s om e situ ati o n s s tr aigh t l ine s are aes th eti c
We h ave
al r e a d y s e e n th a t a se ri e s o f agr e e abl e e ffe c t s o f u n ity and
p r op or ti o n al ity c an b e Op e r at e d u p on r igh t l in e d o bj e c t s and
for m s In t h e hu m an gu r e th er e u n d erl i e s t h e cu r ve d ou tli ne a
c e r t ain e l e m e n t of rigi dity a n d s tr aigh tness i n d i c atin g s tr e ngth
i n t h e s u p p o r tin g li m b s an d Sp in e
Wh en ev er r m nes s i s
r e qu ir e d th er e m u s t b e a s ol i d s t r u c t u r e an d s trai h tne s s of
g
form i s a fr e qu en t a c c om p anim ent of s ol i dity Th e s traigh t
n o se an d t h e at b r ow ar e su b s i d i ary t o t h e m ov e m e nt s and
t h e s t ab il ity o f t h e face
2 1 Th e dim e n s i on of u p an d do w n h as i t s ou tl in e d e ter
m i n e d by t h e p aram ou n t c o n d iti on o f su s t aining obj e c t s ag ain s t
t h e for c e o f g r avity ; th u s b ri nging i n t h e el e m e n t s o f P r e s su r e
a n d S u p p or t
We ar e s o u nr e m ittin gl y su b j e ct e d t o th a t
gre at p ow er an d s o m u c h o c c u p i e d in c ou nt e r ac ting it that
t h e p r ov i d i n g of su f c i e n c y of S u pp or t on e ve ry n e e d ful oc
c a s i on i s ou r fo r e m os t s ol i c itu d e
Exp er i en ce s oon tea ch e s
t he i nfan t in ar m s t h e e v il of a fail i ng p r op ; t h e fe ar o f
fal l ing m anife s t s it s el f s o e arl y as t o b e v er y g enerall y ac
c ou n t e d a n i n s ti n c t
Bu t n o o th e r e xp l an ati o n of it i s n e c e s
s ar y th an t h e v e r y d e c i d e d m on iti on s o f fal l s and b r u i s e s
an d s tu nn i ng
a i n s of fr a c t u r e s a n d s c a tt eri ng s of c onfu s i o n
p
fatigu e

an d e

THE !
ES

244

T HET I C E MO T ION S

d th at t he su pp or t i s a d e qu a t e Th e ob eli s k i s in thi s
Th e
r e s p e c t a g r and r e n e m e n t u p o n t h e m a s s iv e py r am i d
co l u mn i s a s till h igh e r e ffo r t i n a s m u ch a s it s l ofty s u mm it i s
c ap a b l e o f b ein g c r o w n e d w i t h a m as s t o b e s u s t a in e d b y it
Th e d e v i c e s th a t r e c o n cil e u s t o th i s b ol d p ro c e e ding ar e
a w i d eni n g of t h e fo u n d ati o n an d an e x an si on
i
i
y
n
ll
r
c
a
p
p
p
th a t i s w ith t h e l e as t
o f t h e s u mm it in t h e l ig h t e s t w ay
Thu s t h e c ol um n
m a t eri al th a t w il l an s w e r t h e p u r p os e
h as t h e s l igh tl y e xp an d e d b a s e a n d t h e s p r e adin g c ap it al for
h
n
h
f
h
h
r av e an d
t
su
e
r
i
n
c
u
m
b
e
t
w
e
ig
t
o
t
ar
c
it
r e ce i v m
e
e
p
g
fr ie z e Th e p il as t er i s l igh t e n e d b y b e ing c u t aw ay at t h e
l ow er p art r e s er v i ng b re a dth of b a s e a s b e ing t h e p ri mar y
A s l e n d e r s t e m o n an e x p an d e d b a s e
e l e m ent o f s t abili t y
m ay thu s p rove an e f c i e n t s u p p o r t a nd gra tify th e mi n d
A ll o u r
w it h a l ar g e e ffe c t p r o du c e d at a s m al l o u tl ay
gr ace fu l form s in ob j e ct s th at giv e su p p ort s u ch as v a s e s
drink ing cu p s and t ab l e w ar e in g en er al p r o c e e d u p on th e s e
i
c ip l e s a ffor di n g at t h e s am e ti m e t h e a d di ti o n al p l e a su r e o f
r
n
p
cu rv e d for m s w h i c h i s n o t d e p e n d e n t u p on th i s p ar ti c ul ar
Th e n obl e tr e e w ith i t s s l e n d e r a n d y e t a d e qu a t e
a sso c i ati on
s t em i t s sp r e a ding r o o t s a n d amp l e b a s e s u pp or tin g a v ol u mi n
o u s an d e xp an d e d fol i ag e i s a t el l i ng e x am p l e o f t h e r e c on c ili
a ti on o f a d e qu at e s u s t ain ing p ow e r w ith s m all
ou tl ay o f
m at e ri al a n d a s tri ki ng c o n tra s t t o t h e gr os s n e s s of t h e

m
i
d
!
r
a
py
2 3 S ym m e tr y i s a d e m an d i n s om e c a s e s for m e r e p r o
n
n
t
h
rt
h
r e i s a d i s agr e e
m
r
ti
a
d
a
o
t
er
ti
s
f
o
r
s
u
o
T
e
o
e
o
p
pp
a s su r e

'

Th e l

ight t ip
r

p y ram d al m as s
Th e a r t st u d

od

is

a meli orat on

o od

it h

i j g

ou t

es

d et ra ct

h ow far it is

i gf

ro m

a d h e r en ce

th e

s afe

i
j

res s o n of an e

i g th
p rp d i l

fr o m h av
t he

c u ar

i s di sa

It w a s for m erl y
on s

d es

ig

t h at
n

is

xp ect ed

s at s fy

v ery

b l e t o b eh ol d

k d (C

on ti g u i ty ,

t h e m nd m u s t d ffe r

n n

s ol

id ity

di fferent in s t one, in w o o d ,

o w es

of

the

b ut

an

r on .

i ts

ur

v es

sa

su ch a

t h at t h e

i gt
d i i

p p or t

en c y

rc

e
e

d e cl en s

A h it

dim en

of

id gi t h
f Pi
i q it

o on e s

ac c or d n

r os sn e s s

u at e s u

o w er

t h e b as e

a w al l

i i gt
igt

d e cl

re e a
e

in

Th e l ean

rav

r e m ar

fa ll

e ct

g i t y it h i

e c ent re o f

en

c u l ar

igg

r e du c n

t o g o in

ap p ear a n c e of a d e

t o t h e p er p en d
t a ll ob
sent m e nt now d s cu s s e d

St r c t

im p

t h e h eav y

s ons , w

of

e ct ura

t h e m a ter i a l

t o t he

pa

n ful

st ab l e ,
on

fro m

l p rop or

b ea u t y

of

EA UTY

FITNE SS

or

2 45

ffe c t of viol a t e d p r op or ti ons w h en t h e t w o h al v e s of a

h u m an fac e ar e n o t ali k e ; a w as te d or u n e qu al l im b m aim s
A tr ee w ith t h e fol iage grow n t o one
t h e p r op of t h e g u r e
s i d e i s u n s ym m e tr i c a l i n b o th r e s p e c t s
2 4 B e au ty o f Mo v em e n t gr ow s o u t of t h e c as e s n e w c on
sid e r e d i n c onj u n c ti o n w it h t h e p r i m ar y s u s c e p tib il ity o f t h e
m in d t o m ov m g o bj e c t s as s ee n b y t h e e y e
Th e c u rve d a nd
s tr aigh t ou tl i n e s r e sp e c ti ve l y s u gg e s t t h e s am e e m o ti o n s i n
A cu rvili ne ar
s til l fo r m s an d in t h e tr ac k s o f m o v i n g b o di e s
m ov e m e n t as t h e igh t o f a p r oj e c til e or of a b ird or t h e p a c e s
s tr aigh t m ov e
o f a gr ac e ful d an c e r i s i ntri n s i c a ll y p l e as in g
m e n ts ar e r e n d er e d a r ti s ti c o nl y b y a s s oc i ati o n s o f p ow er
r egu l ar ity t n e s s o r s om e o th e r c ir cu m s t an c e th a t c om m e n d s
th em t o ou r r e g ar d s A n u p w ar d i gh t i s t h e anal o gy t o

ti
if
i
ll
l
e
t h e p u tting for th of a p o w e r t o cou nt e r
u
s
s p p ort n
b y giv ing u s a n i d e a o f gr e a t p r op ul s iv e
ac t g r av ity ; an d
e n e rgy b ec om e s a s tr i kin g s p e c t a cl e
Th e c as e of S u pp or t
2 5 Fi t ness the E s th eti c of Uti l i ty
j u st di s cu ss e d is r e all y a c as e of t h e tting of m a chinery t o a
m e ch an i c al e n d n am e l y, c ou n t e ra c tin g gr av ity
So m u ch
l
u r e d o w e d e riv e fr o m th i s b e in g e ffe c t u all y a n d
e
as
t
as
e
p
y
it ap p e ars t o u s l igh tl y d o n e t h at w e s e t u p s tr u c tu r es for
t h e m e re s ak e o f s e ein g th e m s o s up p or t e d
Bu t all t h e
m a chin er y of hu m an i n du s tr y i s c ap ab l e o f ap p e al ing t o t he
s am e s e n tim e n t o f p ow e r i n t h e p r o du c ti o n o f e ffe c t s w ith a
A w ork m an c om b i ning gr eat
e x p e n d itu r e o f t o il
s m all
s tr e n gth w ith g r e a t s kill w ill e x e c u t e w ith e a s e w h a t a no th e r
m an n d s d if c u l t an d t h e b e h ol d e r d e r iv e s a s y m p at h e t i c
T
h
e p o s se s s i o n o f s u e r i or t ool s
l
u r e fr o m h i s p o w er
e
a
s
p
p
giv es t h e s am e a gr e e abl e d is tin c tion In c ons e qu e nc e of t h e
gr ati c ation s o d e riv e d an ac t or o n t h e s t age fe e l s b ou n d t o
s u p p r e ss all t h e ap p e ar a n c e s o f l a b ou r a n d fa tigu e a nd t o p u t
o u t o f s igh t a s m u c h as p o s s ib l e t h e ap p ara tu s o f t h e s ce n e s
In m ac hin e r y w e d e s i d e r a t e a cl e an p oli sh a n d a no i s e l es s
ac ti on b e c au se ru s t an d n o i s e su gg e s t h a r sh ob s tru c ti on a n d
We p e r s onify t he p ow ers of n atu r e and
l ab ori o u s e ffor t
sy m p ath iz e w ith t h e ap p ar e ntl y e as y o r di f cu l t att ai nm e n t
ab l e e

THE ZESTHETIC

24 6

EMO T ION S

ge ntl e bre e z e giv ing m oti on t o a hu ge m as s of

s o l i d m at e ri al a ffe c t s u s w ith t h e d e li gh tful s en ti m e n t o f a
Th e n o i s y thu n d e r on
li gh t ng er im p ell ing a h e av y b o dy
t h e o th e r h an d i s th ou gh t t o l ab ou r i n a c c om p li sh in g i t s
A g u n p o w d e r e x p l os i on w oul d b e gr an d er w itho u t t h e
w or k
ac ti o n
h avin g s o m u c h t o
u p r oar ;
s till n e s s , or a qu i e t
d o w ith ou r s e n tim e n t o f e x er t e d p ow e r u nl e ss w h e n t h e
Th e p r e s e n c e of t h e
n o i s e i s it s e l f a t o k e n o f t h e p ow e r
s c a ffol di ng w h e r e b y a g r e a t w or k h a s b e e n r e ar e d t a k e s o
from t h e p l e as u r e of t h e w or k it s e l f b y in tr o du c in g t h e u n a c
H en c e
c ep t ab l e ass o c i ati o n o f p a i n fu l an d p r o tr a c t e d l ab o u r
t h e ar t o f c o n c e al i ng ar t so l ong ago ann ou n c e d a s a c riti c al
We l ov e t o h av e r em ov e d from ou r s igh t ev e r y
m a x im
a s p ec t of s u ffe r i n g a n d n o n e m or e s o th an t h e s u ffer i n g o f
t o il ; w e ch e r ish on t h e o th e r h a n d e v e ry ap p e ar an c e h ow
e v er ill u s i v e th a t s u gg e s t s t h e e as y att ai n m e n t o f t h e en d s o f
t o il
2 6 Th e r e ar e c e rt ain th ing s s u b or di n a t e t o t h e su c c es s fu l
r os e cu ti o n o f w or k th a t h av e an i n t e r es t t o t h e sp e c t a t or
p
We h ave s e en al r e a dy th at r egu l arity an d p r op or ti on app eal
T h e y c o m e al s o t o b e
t o a p r im ar y s en s ib il ity o f t h e m in d
v al u e d an d gr e atl y e xt e n de d fr om c on si d er ations of u tili ty
Un d er t h e g e n er al n am e O r d e r w e i nc l u d e all th e p r e ci s i on
r e gu l ar ity a n d s u it ab il ity i n t h e arra y o f S ep ar a t e o bj e c t s s o
e m in e ntl y fav ou r ab l e t o t h e m ar ch o f i n d u s tr i al op e r a ti o n s
S tr aigh t for m s b e co m e ae s th eti c fr om th eir m a n ifol d su b s erv i
Th e agr e e ab l e s e ntim e n t th a t ll s t h e
e nc e t o us e fu l e n d s
m in d of t h e m e r e l o c k e r o n i s c u l tiv at e d i n m any s e at s o f
in du s tr y w h er e a d e gr e e of or de rl iness an d ni s h b eyon d t h e
i s giv e n t o all t h e app ara tu s
a c tu al n e ce s s iti e s o f t h e c as e
c on c ern e d We s e e th i s in t h e trim n es s o f a w ell k ep t h ou s e
an d i n t h e r ig or o u s d i s c ip l i n e an d
or a shep
a c o tt on m il l
C l e anl in es s is b as e d origi
hi gh c on diti o n o f a m an of w ar
n al l y u p o n t h e r e m o v al of m a tt er s in tr in s i c all y i nj u r i ou s a n d
G oing one s t ep far th er it aim s at
l oa th s om e t o t h e vi e w
giv ing l u s tr e b ril l i an c y or p u r e w hit e n e s s of s u r fac e w h e r e
thos e c ons titu t e p l e asing e ffe ct s t aking c ar e t o Wip e off w h a t
of e n

ds

Th e

THE E S

2 48

T HETI C EMO T ION S

ym p ath eti c fe el in g of p ow er Or w e m ay b e h u m b l e d an d
m or ti e d b y c on s c i o u s infer i or ity in w h i ch c a s e t h e s p e c t a cl e
Th ere i s a th ir d c as e w h er e w e
i s p o sitive l y r ep u g n an t
ch e erfu ll y a dm it th a t w e ar e su rp as s e d and y e t e nj o y th e
i d e a of s o gr e at p ow er in a r e gi on w h er e w e ar e at h om e
T hi s i s disinter es t e d a dm ir ati on and c on t ains an e l e m e n t o f
g enu ine s ym p ath y or fell ow fe el ing w ith r enu n ci a ti on of
r iv al r y ; it i s a n e m o ti on b a s e d o n fri e n d s h ip and l o v e
Th e
h o m a g e th a t w e giv e t o s u p e ri or qu aliti e s in t e l l e c tu al or
m oral h a s t h i s c onge ni al c h ar a c t er
A fou rth c as e d e m an ds m ore sp e ci al c on si der ation We
l oo k at ov erp o w e r i n g s tr e ngth i n t h e c o n s c i ou s n e s s o f ou r
ow n l ittl e n e s s w e ak ne s s or i n r m ity ; a n d i n s t e a d o f b e i n g
l if te d b y t h e sp e c t ac l e w e fe el hu m b l e d a n d d e p re s s e d
Th is i s n ot t h e agr e e ab l e s entim ent of t h e su b l im e b u t v e ry
m u ch t h e r e v e rse Th e w or s t for m i s b e ing i n d ang erou s su b
i
n ; i n w h i c h c as e w e c an e x p e ri e n c e o nl y u n m itig a t e d
e
c
t
o
j
t error Th e fav o u r ab l e s i de i s t o b e u n d e r p r o t e c ti on ; in
th at s itu ation ou r fe el i ng a s su m es t h e a sp e c t of t e n der n e s s
verging o n aw e This i s t h e e m oti on su it e d t o a b enign
e ar thl y p ow e r an d t o a n ob j e c t o f w ors h ip
2 8 Hu m an m igh t i s th e t ru e an d l it e r al s u bl i m e and
ity of oth e r th i ngs
t h e p oin t o f d ep ar tu r e for t h e s u bli m
A m an th at t ow e rs ab ov e his fel l ows in for c e w ill e ndu r
t h e sp e c t a t or w ith a n
s e l f d e n i al s tr ik e s
c ou r ag e
an c e
e x al t e d i d e a o f p ow e r w h i c h m ay t ak e a n y o f t h e fo r m s
j u s t m e ntion e d m os t of th em b eing p l easu r e s o f c ons i d era bl e
a m ou n t
Mal e c ent hu m an p ow er is s u b l im e an d agr ee abl e t o b e
h ol d if ou r n a tu r al d el igh t i n t h e p r o du c ti o n of s u ffe rin g h a s
fr e e c ou rs e ; b u t a c cor ding as th e re i s d a ng er t o ou r s el v e s o r
as o u r p ity i s ar o u s e d t o w ar d s t h e v i c ti m s
it b e com e s an
ob j e c t o f h or r or a n d l oat h i n g
S till c ons titu te d a s w e ar e
t h e h igh e s t c h arm of p ow e r s u pp ose s p ai nfu l i ni c ti o n i n
t h e d i s t a n c e ; t h e m i n d s c ar c e l y av o w s t h e fac t t o it s e l f b u t
The d e iti e s o f
y e t c an n o t h e l p a l a t e n t r e fe r e n c e t o it
t h e an c i e n t w orl d ow e d th eir l ofty gr an d eu r m or e t o t h e
s

'

p u ni shm ent
su

U BL I ME o r S UPP O R T
.

of

t h an

e n e m es

bj e cts
In anim at e obj e cts

A CE

SP

T I ME

t o t h e h e l p ing

24 9

of

th eir

ow n

by

t y im it ating hu m an e n ergie s
D i s t an t
t h e fe e l in g of s u bl im ity
b e tw e en a m an an d a v ol c an o a

r em o e l

im p ar t a p e cu l i ar m o d e of
th ou gh t h e r e sem b l ance b e

hu rr i c an e or a c a tar a c t w e o v e rl ook t h e di e r e nc e for t h e

s ak e of t h e v a s t s u e ri ority i n t h e on e c ir cu m s t anc e of m ovin
p
g
for c e
2 9 We m ay t ak e an e x a m p l e r s t fr om t h e s u bl im e of
Su p p or t We h av e al r e ady s e e n w h a t opp or tu n ity grav ity
affor d s for t h e p u ttin g for th o f e ith e r a r e s i s ti n g m igh t or a
r o e ll i n g
Ou r ow n u n ce asi n g e xp e r i en c e t ell s u s
p p
p ow er
th at ev e r y el ev a tio n of m a tt e r ab ov e t he or dinary l e v el
de m an d s an exp e n ditu r e of forc e ; and c on s e qu e ntl y w h er ev er
w e s ee l o ft y p il e s w e im agi n e th e s u p erhu m an e n e r gy th at
r ai s e d th e m
A n u p h e av e d mou nt ain m ass an d a p roj e c til e
sh o t h igh in ai r e qu al l y s u gg e s t a m igh ty o p e r a ting c au s e
Mer e h eigh t is thu s an in c i dent o f su b l imity ; t he e arth s
s u r fa c e b e i n g ou r s t an d ar d w e s u p p o s e e v er ythi ng ab o v e t h e
c o mm o n l ev el c arr i e d th e re an d m a in t ai n e d in it s p l a c e b y
s o m e e x er ti o n o f p o w er
Ac cor dingl y t h e form s of e l ev ate d
ma ss e s th a t are m os t su b l im e ar e t h e l ofty and p re c ip it ou s
a s i m p l ying t h e m o s t i n t en s e e ffor t of s u p p o r ting m igh t
Pr e cip it ou s dep th b el ow t h e s u rfac e h as t h e s am e e ffe c t and
fr om t h e s am e c au s e s ; b y c om p ar i s on w ith t h e b o tt om of a
d e ep p it t h e su r fa ce of t h e grou n d app e ar s su s t aine d at an
e l e v a t ed h e ig h t
3 0 Th e Su b l im ity o f Sp ac e i s vas tn e ss m agnitu de o r
I t h as b e en s u pp o s e d th at thi s an d n ot p w er i s
e xp an s e
t h e fu n d am e n t al fac t o f t h e m a t er i al s u b l im e
T h e r e c an b e
n o gr e at m at e r i al ag e n c y w ith ou t a c er t ain am l itu d e of sp a ce ;
p
b u t s u bl i m ity m ay ap p e ar w ith in a c om p ar ativ e l y s m all c om
A li e n
p a s s b y v ir tu e o f t h e inte n sity of t h e fo r c es at w or k
a s t e am e ngi n e a n in e p o u n d e r gu n a s m el tin g fu r n a c e
a
s i x ty fe e t c a t arac t ar e s u b l i m e a l th ou gh th e ir s p ace d im e
S til l ev ery natu r al ag e nt or e ffe c t i s
s 1 0n s ar e n o t gr e a t
magni e d a ccording a s it is e x ten ded ; t h e r iv er Am az on
.

THE E S

2 50
su

bli m e

b y i t s w i dth

T HETI C EMO T ION S

v ol u m e

a nd

of w a er

Etna is su bli m e
from it s h eight

fr om t h e am p l itu de of it s b as e ; as w ell as
bo th qu al itie s c onsp iring t o d et erm in e t h e for c e of u p he av al
r e r e s e nt e d b
Ex te nt of sp a ce im p l ies c orr e sp ondi ng
p
y it
e ne rgy t o t r av e r s e c om p ass or occ u p y it
Bu t ir r es p ec tiv e o f a c tiv e e n er gy s p a ce is su bl i m e fr om
t h e m ere v ol u m e o r m agnitu d e of i t s c o nt e nt s
The mi n d i s
ll e d an d a s it w er e d is te n d e d w ith v ol u m inou s s ens ation
a n d t h e l ar g e b o dy o f a gr ee ab l e e m oti o n h as a n
an d fe eli ng
e l ev ati ng e e c t
Th er e i s an e x a c t p ar all el i n s ou n d ; v ol u
m in ou s so u n d s a s of a gr e a t m u l titu d e a ful l b an d t h e
th u n de r t h e w in d s t h e r oar of t h e s e a e x er c is e a simi l ar
w
r
A
m
u n t ain
r o s p e c t i s su b l im e n o t fr om m e r e e x
o
e
o
p
p
t ent o f v a cu ity b u t fr om e mb r a cing w ith in a s ingl e gl an c e a
l arg e ar e a o f s ol i d gr ou n d w ith all it s a c tiv iti e s int ere s ts a nd
a s s oc i ati o n s
Nor c an w e e ntir el y s ep ara te t h e n otion of
i
n
h
r ic t e s t s e ns e fr om a v as t p r o s p e c t ; t h e ep ith e t
r
t
o
w
e
t
e
s
p
im p l ie s that w e h ave a s u p eri ority o f intel
c omm an di ng
l e c tu al r ang e w ith t h e r e su l ti ng e l ati on of c on s ci ou s m igh t
A s r eg ar d s t h e Su bl im ity of Sp a c e th er e for e w e h av e t o
a dm it b oth V ol u m i n ou s S e n s at i on
t he S e ntim e n t of
and
Pow er ; t h e t w o al s o su gge sting a nd su p p or ting e ach o th er
Th e st arry e xp an s e i s t h e crow ning gr a n d eu r o f s p a c e t o a
m in d th at c an in s om e de gr e e ent e r i n t o t h e am p li tu d e of i t s
dim ension s
Not
3 1 Gr e atn es s o f T im e h as an e ffe c t of S u b li mity
h ow e v e r m e r e du r ati o n i n t h e ab s tr a ct ; b u t tim e as ll e d w ith
k now n tr ans ac tions and ev ents w hich w h e n s u ggest e d in
H er e
m ass h av e t h e el atin g in u e n ce o f t h e v ol u m i nou s
t o o the r e i s t h e acc om p an im e n t o f i nt ell e ct u al p ow er from
Th e m e r e abili ty
t h e v a s t s u rv e y o f t h e cou r s e of c e nt u r i e s
t o gr asp i n o n e c on ce p ti on t h e d e s tini es o f m a ny g e n e r ati ons
e l e v at e s u s w ith a s p e c i e s o f i nt e l l e c tu al m igh t n o l e ss t han
t h e w i d e r e ac h ing p r os p e c t o f p e op l e d c iti e s
H en c e th os e
o bj e c t s th at ar e a b l e t o re m i n d u s for c ib l y o f a far b y g o ne
tim e or of a dis t ant fu tu r e a ffe c t u s w ith t h e s u bl im ity of
D u r ation Th e r el ics of an ci ent e mp ire s t h e anti qu iti es of t he
,

'

2 52

S HETI C E MO TION S

THE E T
.

c a n onl

r e m ar

k th at

a nu m

b er

of

b ov e

th e

e ffect s a

d e tail e d

t d in to on e w h ol e whil e th er e m ay b e su p er
the
a dde d a c e r t a in h ar m o n y or k e e p i ng th a t h e igh t e n s
ge n er al e m o tion: To nd ou t th e s e h ar m onie s i s t h e v o c atio n
o f t h e p ain t er t o w h i c h t h e t as t e of t h e sp e c t at or r e s p o n d s
3 3 Th e Anim al k ing do m c on t ain s o bj ec t s o f ae s th e ti c
int er e s t i n c ons i d er ab l e m e asu re and a l s o t h e l arge st p ar t of
n atu r e s d e for m iti e s
Mel o dy of sou n d p l e as ing c ol ou r s ou t
l i n e s for m s a nd m ov em e nts m ay b e fou n d am o n g t h e an im al
s p e c i es ; an d as s o c i a ti on s h e igh t e n t h e e ffe c t s
On t h e o th e r
h an d th er e i s s om ethin g t o a c c ou n t for in t h e r e p u g n an c e
th at w e e ntert ain t ow ar d s not a fe w of th e anim al trib e s In
s om e c as e s t h e c au s e i s ob v i o u s and in t ell igib l e b e in g s im p l y
t h e p r e se n ce o f m i sc h i e v o u s qu al iti e s or t h e p o w er of ini c t
i ng p al p ab l e d am age t o p e r son or p r op e rty ; t h e b e as t of p r e y
t h e d e s tr u c tiv e v e r m in t h e sh ar p t o o t h t h e p oi s o n e d fang ar e
abh orre d as ou r n at u r al en em i es T ow ar d s o th e r s w e fe e l a s e n ti
m e nt o f u gli n es s or d e form ity fr omth e ir e xhi b iti ng qu al iti e s in
T
h
i
t
d
o p p os iti o n t o th o se w e c al l b e au tifu l
n
e
e d i ngy Sl u g
o
p
gish sli m y s nail ex cit e s a ge n er al disl i k e Th e e arthw orm i s l e ss
re p u l s i ve ; b u t t h e c r aw l i ng ce n t ip e d e x c it e s a w i d e s p r e ad s e n
Th e fr og i s t he antip a thy of s o m e p er s ons
t im ent of l o ath ing
A bl ac k b e e tl e ap p e aring s u dd enl y on t h e o or w ill m ak e a
Th e e arw ig i s al s o v er y m u c h d is
c h il d s cr e am w ith t err or
It i s not al w ay s e asy t o give a r e a son for th e s e e ffe c ts
l ik e d
A vagu e s entim ent of fe ar i s m anifestl y stirred u p from ou r
c on c eiv ing t h e p ossibl e inic ti on of u nknow n ev il b y t he se
for fam il i arity r e c onc il e s u s m or e an d m or e t o th e ir
cr e atu r e s
n e g r an d s ou r c e o f t e rro r i s th eir p ow e r of i nc a
r ese nc e
O
p
s i on : it i s v er y m u ch p r op or ti o n e d t o t h e r ap i d ity o f th e ir
I t is
m oti on s ; a b l ac k b e e tl e i s t h e ni mb l e s t of c r e atu r e s
i
t
l
e
h
a t ou r s e n se of dig nity m ay b e offe n de d b y
o
s
s
b
t
oo
p
th e ir cros sing ou r p a th or l igh ting on th e p ers on u ninv ite d
Afte r all othe r r e a sons h av e b e e n e xh au st e d w e m ay s till
h av e t o fall b ac k u p o n t h e ac tiv e p rin c ip l e o f d isgu s t an d an
t ip at hy b el o ngi ng t o ou r n a tu r e w hi c h dir e c t e d i n t h e r s t
inst an c e u p on o bj e c t s th at r e all y o ffe n d t h e s ense and insp ire
ar e ac c u m u l a e

THE

l oa thin g,

x t end s itsel f

H UMA N F O R M

2 53

Oth ers

to

w h er e t h e

t xt

r
p e e

is

very

tir el y w an ting
Ou r i nh e r e n t s oc i ab ili ty n d s nu m er ou s ou tgoing s i n ou r
int e r cou rs e w ith t h e anim al trib es S om e w e t ak e as p e t s
o th e rs gr a tify th e hu m a n p rop e ns ity t o ch as e an d d es tr oy
A s s e n ti e n t an d a c tiv e cr e a tu r e s We w at ch w ith i nt er e s t th e ir
m o v e m e nt s a nd th e ir w ays s o l ik e an d y et s o u nl ik e ou r ow n
C oll e c ti ons O f li v in g ani m al s ar e am ong our s t an ding p u b l i c
a m u s e m e nt s
3 4 In t h e Hu m an Form t h e intr in si c e ffe c t s O f p r im ary
s u gg e s tiv e n e s s o f t h e w h ol e
s e n sati on ar e ov e r l ai d b y t h e
Th e gr ac e fu l gu r e i s
w ith r e fer e n ce t o t h e l ov e e m o ti on s
ap p r ov e d o n t h e ar c h it e c t u r al gr ou n d s O f a d e q u a t e y e t l igh t
Th e c u rv atu r e of t h e o u tl i n e p ass e s r e p e at e dl y
S u p p or t
thr ou gh po ints O f c on tr ary e x u r e tu rning fr om cu rv e s t o
c o n c av e an d a g ain r e s u m in g t h e p r e v ail ing c o nv e x
Th e F a c e c o nt ain s c e r t ain e sse n ti al fe ature s th at w e ar e
The se a dm it O f
h ab itu at e d t o as t h e h u m an c o nfor mati on
ar e m or e p l e as i ng th an o t he rs
an d s om e typ e s
v ar i e ti e s
Th e e xp l an ati on of t h e di ffer e n c e is th e th e or y O f fac i al b ea ut y
Th e Gr e e k typ e a d op t s a c e r t ain p rop ortion b as e d on t h e c om
ar at iv e p r o mi n enc e t o b e as s ign e d t o t h e differ e n t fe at ur e s
p
Ac c or ding t o B el l r em ote n e s s fr om t h e anim al typ e w as t he
te ne ss fr om
r ul ing con s i d e r a ti on ; t o w h i c h w e m ay a dd r e m o
A s ort Of ari s to cr ati c
t h e for m s of t h e in fe r i or ra c es O f m e n
mo d el w as d ev is e d and t h e t as t e O f aft er ag e s h as b e en c on
s tr ain e d i n t o foll ow i ng it
In m ov e m en t an d in e xp r e ss i o n t h e s u gge s tiv e n e s s of t h e
feel ings an d e sp ec iall y l ov e is t h e ru l ing c onsi d er ation Of
t h e b e au tifu l
Nothing sh ort o f s tirring t h e m os t p ow erfu l
Th e r e
e m o ti on s c an a m ou n t t o t h e p r ai s e O f s u p r e m e b e au ty
is h ow e ve r a qu al ifying c on s i d e r a ti on O f t h e hi gh e s t im p or t
an c e w hi ch I w i ll p r e se n tl y a d v e r t t o
3 5 B e au ty O f Ch a r a cte r i s a l a rg e s u bj e c t
Th e p oin ts of
d et ail ar e nu m erou s b u t o ne or t w o c ir cu m s t an c es d om ina t e
t he w h ol e
We h av e s till t he everl asting c entr e Of i nter e s t
L ove The e ntir e c om p as s O f al tru i s tic c ond u c t has t h e
s l e n d e r , or e n

EMO TION S

THE JESTHETIC

2 54

ch ar m Of i mp arting b en ets
i ndiffere n t

t o w hi h

no

b e s ai d

on

min d

c an ev er

be

ale
.

S om ethi ng

th e

tru l y ar ti s ti c
Op er a ti on in cl u de d u n de r Im agination and I d eal izing b y w hich
t h e m or e p o w e r fu l e l em e nt s of fe el ing ar e r e ne d from th e ir
gr o s s ne ss w hi l e re ta ining th e ir ch arm Th e int en se s t Of t h e
r im ar y s u s ce tib il iti e s o f t h e m in d are s e n su ali ty an d m al e
p
p
By a del ic ate h andl in g th es e m ay b e k ep t a t a
v ol e n c e
di s t an c e an d y et im p art a su b tl e fas c ination Th er e i s a m agic
w h e r e b y t h e g r oss er fe e l ing s m a y b e s o e xqu i sit e l y m a n i
u l at e d a s al m os t t o b ani sh d esire for t h e l it er al in dul g e n c e
p
Gr e a t b eau ty in t h e hu m an form m ove m e nt and e xp r es s ion
m u s t inv ol v e i n it s d e p th s t h e s e n s u ali ty O f l ov e ; an d y e t w e
m ay so tra n s form it a s t o r ep r ov e t he v er y th ou gh t O f t h e
I t i s t h e ch ar m of t h e infant an d y ou thfu l g u r e
ac t u al ity
t o for e sh a d ow t h e m at u r e typ e w hi l e r e n d er ing im p os s ib l e
t h e l e a s t s u pp os iti on O f s e n s u ali ty w hi ch c an w ith dif cu l ty
b e su p p res s e d i n t h e c on t em p l ati on O f t h e full gr ow n for m
I t w as t h e triu m p h o f Gr e ek A rt t o divert th e mi n d fr om t h e
ur e l y s e n s u al c o n s i d e ra ti o n s b y e nt ert aini n g u s w ith t h e
p
c h ar m O f p r op or ti on s a n d s u p p or t a nd ot h er c ol l at er al a ttr a e
tio ns w hi ch th ou gh u nab l e e n tire l y t o s u b m erg e t h e gr eat es t
a ttr ac ti on O f al l co u l d y e t k e e p it a t a r esp e c tfu l d is t an c e
Ap p l ie d t o th e oth er gr e at s ou rce Of p ow erfu l fe el ing still
m or e d ang e r ou s in it s gross e s t ou tg oings t h e m al e v ol e n t a n d
t h e c r e ativ e im agi n ati on su p p l i e s v eil e d
s an gu in ar y im p ul s e
m o d e s of s tim u l ati on w hi ch c on t ain t he essenti al c h arm
w ith o u t e n c our agin g t h e r e al ity
This c om es w ith in th e art
O f t h e Po e t By t h e p ortra itu re of crim e ther e i s r ou s e d
w ithin u s an i nd ig n a ti on th a t m ay l aw fu l l y b e gr ati e d a nd
t h a t fr om it s v er y c ir c u m s t an c e s t e n d s t o re r ess t h e se nti
p
m e n t Of p u r e m al e v o l e n c e
P erhap s t h e gr e at es t triu mp h of art in d eal ing w ith t h e
36

m u st

n ow

The

r ea d er w

A r t fr om

Ap
s

e ct s o f

c u s s i on

ill

er u sal

p
h ar act er

o n ce
Of

i n t h e p r e sent

m or e d er

Mr

Th e
w or

Su l l y
c on s

id

ve
e

m u ch

x h a u s t iv e

era t ons

n s t r u ct o n

i n t he

t it l

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e s sa y e n
ed
Th e !
Est h et c
invol v e d a re t oo numerou s for d is

T HE

2 54

ch ar m

of

in differ e nt

EMO TION S

ZESTHETIC

i mp arting b en e ts

t o w hi h

no

b e s ai d

on

min d

c an ev er

be

ale
.

S om ethi ng

trul y ar tis ti c
o p e r a ti on in cl u d e d u n d e r Im agin ati on an d I d e al izing b y w h i ch
t h e m or e p o w e r fu l e l em e n t s of fe el ing ar e r e n e d fr om th e ir
gro s s ne ss w hil e re ta ining th e ir ch arm Th e i nt en se st of t h e
r im ar y s u s ce tib il iti e s o f t h e m in d are s e n su al ity an d m al e
p
p
By a del ic ate h andl in g th es e m ay b e k ep t a t a
v ol e n c e
di s tan c e and y et im p art a su b tl e fa sc in ation Th er e is a m agic
w h e r e b y t h e gr oss er fe e l i ng s m a y b e s o e xqu i sit e l y m an i
u l at e d as al m o s t t o b ani sh d e s ir e for t h e l it e r al in dul g e n c e
p
Gr e at b eau ty in t h e h u m an form m ove m e nt and e xp r e s sio n
m u s t inv ol v e i n it s d e p th s t h e s e n s u ali ty o f l ov e ; an d y e t w e
m ay so tra n s form it a s t o r ep r ove t h e v er y th ou gh t of t h e
I t i s t h e ch arm of th e inf ant an d y ou thfu l g u r e
a ct u al ity
t o for e sh a d ow t h e m atu r e typ e w hi l e r e n d er ing im p o s s ib l e
t h e l e a s t s u pp os iti on o f s e n s u al ity w hi ch c an w ith difc u l ty
b e su p p re s s e d i n t he c ont em p l ati on of t h e full gr ow n for m
I t w as t h e tr iu m p h of Gr e ek A rt t o divert th e m in d fr om t h e
ur el y s e n s u al c o n s i d e ra ti o n s
n
u
t
t
i
g
b
e
n
r
a
n
i
s w ith t h e
e
y
p
c h ar m of p r op or ti o n s an d s u p p or t a n d o t h er c ol l at e r al a t t r ac
tio ns w hi ch th ou gh u nab l e e ntire l y t o s u b m erg e t h e gr e at e s t
a ttr a c ti on o f al l co u l d y e t k ee p it a t a r esp e c tfu l d is t an c e
Ap p l ie d t o t h e oth er gr e at s ou rc e of p ow erfu l fe el ing still
m or e d an g e r ou s in it s gr oss e s t ou tg oings t h e m al e v o l e n t a n d
t h e c r e ativ e im agi n ati on su pp l i e s v e il e d
s angu in ar y im p ul se
m o d e s of s tim u l ati on w hi ch c on t ain t h e e ssenti al c h arm
This c om e s w it hin t h e art
w ith o u t e n c our aging t h e real ity
o f t h e Po e t
By t h e p ortr aitu r e of crim e th er e is r ou s e d
w ith in u s an i nd ig n at i on th a t m ay l a w fu l l y b e gr ati e d a nd
t h a t fr om it s v er y c ir c u m s t an c e s t en d s t o re r es s t h e s e n ti
p
m e n t of p u r e m al e v ol e n c e
P erhap s t h e gr eat es t triu mp h o f art in d e al ing w ith t h e
36

m u st

n ow

th e

Th e

r ea d er w

A r t fr om

Ap
s

ec t s o f

c u s s i on

il l

p er u sal

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o n ce
of

a r ac t e r

in t h e p r e sent

m ore d er

Mr

Th e
w or

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c o ns

id

ve
e

m u ch

xh au st iv e

erat ons

n s t r u ct on

i n t he

t it l

Psy ch ol ogy of

e s sa y e n
ed
Th e E st h et c
n vol v e d a re t oo n um er ou s for di s

I MI TATION IN A RT

2 55

r e se ntful
i
on i s s e e n i n t h e w el l k n o w n e ffe c t th at w e
a
s
s
p
d esign ate Hu m ou r He re opp osite s ar e r e c on cil e d ; t h e l ion
i s m a de t o l ie d ow n w ith t h e l am b
Th e ch ar m of ov e rp ow e r ing m igh t i s u n dou b t e dl y m o st
A m ou nt ai n
a cu t e w h e n vi e w e d i n i t s d es tru c tive e ffe c t
m as s a ffe c t s u s i n m any w ay s n ot l e as t i s th e su p p os ition o f
t h e m u l tit u d e of l iv ing b e ing s th at it m igh t c ru sh or im p r i s on
This i s a fe el ing s o r em ot e fr o m any p os sib l e
in i t s b os om
r e al iz at i on th at it m ay b e al l ow e d a p u r el y h arm l e s s i nd u l
g e nc e
3 7 A c er tain nu m b er of t h e Fin e Ar t s d er iv e th e ir su b
f
n
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t
u r al th i n g s
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r
m
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th e s e a r e c all e d t h e IMITA TI V E art s Th e y ar e p rinc ip all y Im i
t at iv e (a s op p os ed t o e ffu s ive ) P oe tr y Pa inting an d S cu l p tu r e ;
t h e St ag e a nd P ant om im e
and a sm all p or ti o n o f t h e ar t o f
D e c oration The re m aining m em b ers of th e cl as s n am el y
Ar ch it e ctu re D ec ora tion Mu si c Re ne d A ddr es s are onl y in a
sli gh t d e gr e e im it ativ e o f or igin al s in n a tu r e ; th e y ap p l y th e m
s e l v es at o nc e t o t h e gr ati c at i on o f o u r v ar i ou s s e n s ib il iti e s
w ith ou t b ei ng e n c u m b er e d w ith a ny e x tr an e ou s c onditio n su c h
I c annot r eg ar d t h e i m it ation
a s d el ity t o s om e p r o t o typ e
h
r l igh t
t
o
e
o f n at u r e o ccu rri ng i n t h e r s t n am e d cl a s s i n a n
y
th an as an a c ci dent ; b u t t h e fac t on c e o ccu rrin g a c er tain
d efer enc e h a s t o b e p ai d t o it Wh ere w e p rofes s t o im itat e
w e ou gh t u n d ou b t e dl y t o b e faith fu l
No t I im agin e b ec au s e
a h igh e r ar ti s ti c ch ar m th er e b y ari s e s b u t b e cau s e o f t h e r e
v ul siv e s h oc k th at m i sr e r e s e n t a ti o n i s l i ab l e t o p ro du c e
If
p
t he p oe t dr aw s fr om re al ity h e o u gh t n o t t o giv e a m i s l e ading
u r e s e e ing th a t We r e c e iv e hi s com o siti on n ot s ol e l y a s
i
t
c
p
p
l
m
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i
g
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t
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ou
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Th er e is dou btl e ss a li mi t
and d e s cr ip ti on s o f h u m a
t o w h a t w e ar e t o e xp e c t fr om an ar ti s t w h o m u s t b e m ainl y
e ngr osse d w ith t h e e ffe ct s p r op er t o A r t an d c ann o t b e at t h e
s am e tim e a b ot ani s t a z o ol ogi s t a g e ol ogi s t a m e t e orol ogi s t
an anat o m i s t an d a g eog rap h er
Al th ou gh I c on c eiv e th a t d el ity in t h e im ita tiv e c l as s
i s t o b e l ook e d u p on i n t h e rs t i n s t an c e a s
o f arts
-

T HE

2 56

i di n g

av o

th er e

a st u m

ar e s

ES

THETI C

bl ing bl o ck
-

th e r th an

im p ar tin g

ch arm

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s om e r esp e c s

til l

ra

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EM

ms t h e t i c p l eas u r e i s
We are draw n b y sym p athy t ow ar ds on e
t o t h e s am e ob j e c t s as ou r s el v e s or th at h a s

it
th at h a s a tt en de d
s e iz e d a nd p u t i n t o v iv i d p r om i n e n c e w h a t w e h av e fel t w ith
Th e c oi nc i d e n c e of mi n d w ith
ou t e x p r e s s ing t o ou r s el ves
m in d i s al w ay s p r o du ctiv e o f t h e l igh t ening c h ar m of m u tu al
su p p or t ; an d in s o m e c ir cu m st an c e s th er e i s a n a dditi o n al
Thu s w h e n an artis t n ot m er el y
e ec t o f a gr e e ab l e s u rp r i s e
r e t h e or d in ar y fe atu r es th at s tr ik e e v e r
r o du c e s i n h i s p i c t u
y
p
on e b u t i n cl u d e s al l t h e min u t e r ob j e c t s th at e s c ap e c omm o n
no ti c e w e s y m p ath iz e w ith hi s att e n ti on w e a dm ir e h is
b
s er v a ti on an d b e c om e a s it w e r e hi s p u p ils in
w
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We
ext e nd ing ou r s tu dy and k n ow l e dge o f n atu r e an d l ife
fe el a p u ng ent s u rp r is e at di s c ov ering for t h e r s t ti m e w h at
h as l ong b e en b e for e our e ye s More ov er w e ar e b rou gh t for
w ar d a s j u dg e s of t h e e x e c u ti on of a d i s tin c t p u rp os e ; w e
h av e t o s ee w h e th er h e th at i s b e n t o n im it atio n d o es th a t
r t o f hi s w or k w ell or ill a n d if ou r v er di c t i s fa v o u r a bl e
a
p
a dm ir e t h e p ow e r di s p l ay e d
Th ere i s t oo a c er tain ex citing
e ffe c t i n t h e r ep r o du c ti on of an app e ara n c e i n s o m e for e ign
m a te r i al as w h e n a p l an e s u r fac e yi e l d s t h e im p r e s
an d c anv as or s t o n e i mi t at e s t he h u m a n
s i on o f s ol i dity
Las tl y w h e n d el ity of r en d erin g i s alli e d
ap p e ar an c e
w ith ar ti s ti c c h ar m t h e s e n ti m e nt o f r e al ity a n d tr u th a s
ap p e al i ng t o ou r
op p os e d t o c ti on or fal s eh oo d
p r a ctic al
u rg e n c i e s di sp o s es u s t o d e r i v e an a ddi ti on al s ati s fa c ti on a n d
Thu s Im it ati on
t o as sign a s u p er i or v al u e t o t h e w or k
w h i ch p r op e rl y s p e ak i ng i s i mm at e ri al t o ar t a s su c h j u s t as
th er e i s li ttl e or n o p l ace for it i n m u s ic ar chit e c tu r e or th e
d e c ora ti on of t h e p er s on b e com e s t h e c e ntr e of a cl as s of
Th e s e e ffe c ts ar e t h e m or e
agr e e ab l e or a c c ep t ab l e e ffe c t s
r iz e d th at w e h av e b e e n s u rfe it e d w ith t h e
r e l y aes th e ti c
u
p
p
We tu rn r efr e sh e d from t he mi ddl e age r om an ce t o
i de al s
t h e g ra p h i c n ov e l of ou r ow n ti m e

u
r
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t
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by

'

THE E S

2 58

THETIC EMOTION S

"

thl e s s c h ar a ct er s n ot in d e e d in r e fe ren c e t o e v ery v ce,

b u t in r e fer en c e t o w h a t i s m ea n ; t h e l au gh ab l e h a s t o d o w i th
w h a t i s d e fo rm e d o r m e an ; it m u s t b e a d e for m ity or m e ann es s
n ot p ain fu l or d e s tru c tiv e (s o as t o p r o d u ce p i t y fe ar an g e r o r
o t h e r s tr o n g fe e li n s
H
e w ou l d h av e b e e n n e ar e r t h e m ark
g)
if h e h ad e xp r e ss e d it a s c au s ing s om e th ing t o ap p e ar mea n
tha t w a s for m erl y digni e d ; for t o d ep i c t w h a t i s alr ea dy
h as l ittl e p ow er t o
u n d er a s e ttl e d e s ti m a t e o f m e ann e s s
r a i s e a l au gh ; it c an m e r el y b e an oc c as i o n o f r e e c ti ng o u r
S om e of Qu in til i an s e xp r e s s ion s
ow n di gn it y b y c om p ar i so n
A s ayin g th at c au s e s l au gh t er i s ge ner all y
ar e m or e h ap p y
b a s e d (o n fal s e r e a s on in g (s o m e p l a y up on w or ds ) h a s al w ays
s om e th in g l ow in it ; i s o ft en p u rp os el y su n k i n t o b u ffoon e ry
R e s e m b l anc es giv e
i s n ev er h on ou r a bl e to th e s u bject of i t
gr e at s c op e for j e s ts an d e sp e c i all y r e s em b l an c e t o s om ething

m ea n er or of l ess cons id er a ti on! C am p b e ll ( P h il os o p hy o f

n r e p l y t o H o b b e s h as m a in t ai n e d th a t l au gh t e r i s
i
ass oc i a t e d w ith t h e p er c e p ti o n o f o ddity a n d n o t n e c e ss ar il y
w ith d e gr a d ati o n or c o n t e m p t
He p r o du c es in s tan c e s of t h e
l au gh ab l e an d c h all e n g e s a n y on e t o n d a nyth in g c on t e mp
tu c u s in th e m
Man y h e s ays h av e l au gh e d at th
ine s
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F or rhy m e th e r u d d e r i s o f v er se s ,
Wit h wh ich , l i e shi p s , th ey s te er t h eir

v d r e a m t th a t

c ou r se s

ti
c
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p
p
o r O p i n i o n d e r i d e d i n th e m
To my m i n d o n t h e c on trar y
th er e i s a n ob v iou s d e gr a d ation of t h e p oe tic art ; in s t ea d of
w or kin g u n d e r t h e m y s t e r i ou s a n d l o fty i n s p ir a ti on o f t h e
Mu s e t h e p o e t i s m a de t o c om p os e b y m ea ns of a vul gar:
m e c h an i c al p r oc e s s
Th e th e or y o f H o bb e s i s w ell k now n an d has b e e n gr e a tl y

a tt a ck e d
L au gh ter h e s ay s i s a s u dden gl ory arising
from su dd en c on ce p ti on of s om e em in e n c y in o u r sel v e s by
c o mp ar i s o n w ith t he i n r m ity of o t h er s or w ith o u r o w n fo r
m erl y
In o th e r w or d s it i s an e xp r e ss i on o f t h e p l e a s u r ab l e
fee l ing of su p e r ior p ow er Now th er e ar e m any c a s e s w he re
t hi s w il l a ffor d a c om p l e te e xp l anati o n as in t h e l a u gh o f vi a
w ho n e e r

t h e r e w as

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C O MI C

THE

A ND THE S

ERIO U S

259

tor y ri dicu l e d er is ion or c ont em p t agains t p er s on s th at w e

ou r s e l v e s h av e hu m il i a t e d
Bu t w e c a n al s o l au gh s y m p a t h e
t i c all y o r w h e r e t h e ac t o f d e gr a di ng r e d o u n d s t o t h e gl or y o f
s o m e o n e e l s e as in t h e e nj oy m e n t o f co m i c li t e r atu r e g e n e r all y
Wh e r e w e h av e n o p ar t i n c au s in g t h e h u m il i ation th at w e
l au gh at
Mor e o v er l au gh ter c an b e e x c ite d agains t c l ass e s
r
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v e n i n a n i m at e
ti
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th ing s th a t b y p er s on ic ati on h av e c ontr ac t e d a s s oc i ations o f
dign ity ; of w h i ch l a s t t h e c ou p l e t of Hu dib r as u p on su nr i s e
r th er t h e d e niti o n o f H o b b e s
i s a s u f ci e n t e x am p l e
A n d fa
is s til l m o r e u n s ui t abl e t o Hu m ou r w h i ch i s c ou n t e d s o m e
th ing g eni al a nd l ovi n g and as far r e m ov e d a s m ay b e from
se l f g l or i c a t i on a nd
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Not h o w e v e r th a t t h e r e i s n ot e v e n in t h e m os t
ge ni al h u m ou r a n el e m en t o f d e gra da tion b u t th a t t h e ind ig
ni t y i s di s gu i s e d an d as it w e r e o il e d b
y so m e k i n d l y in fu
si o n s u ch as w ou l d n o t c on s i s t w ith t h e u n mi tig a t e d gl ee of
e

triu m p h ant su p eri orit y f

R ev e r ting t o t h e s ta t e m en ts in th e p r e c e ding s e c ti on
th at Lau gh t er i s conn e c te d w ith an ou tbu r s t of th e s ense of
Pow er or su p eri ority an d al so w ith a su dd en R el e ase fr om a
s t at e o f c on s tr ai n t, w e s h all n d th at b o th fa c t s o c cu r in t h e
m u l titu d in o u s e x am p l e s of l u di c r o u s d egra d a ti on ; Th e for e
g oing ob s erv a tio ns ap p l y t o t h e r e e c tion of su p erior p ow er
a c tu al an d i d e al
a n d th e y m igh t b e m u c h e x t e n d e d
One
fr e qu e n t o c c asi on of l aug h t er i s t h e p u tting any on e or t he
in to a frigh t ; th an w h i ch th er e i s no
s e e in g a ny o n e p u t
m or e s t ar tl in g r e e c ti on of s u p e ri or ity o n t h e p ar t of s o m e
Ne x t t o a frigh t i s t h e m a king any on e angr y
age n t
w h i ch if n ot d a ng erou s al s o gra t i e s t h e ag e n t s s en se of
,

p ow er
40 Le t
.

Re l e as e fr o m
a c ti o n fro m t h e
of

In

s p ec a l

h e re

Manu al

of

con d it ib ns o f

x t c o n s i d er

l u d i cr o u s

degr a da tion as a m od e
c o n s tr a in t
In thi s vi ew t h e C o mi c i s a r e
S eri ou s Th e digni e d sol em n and s t at el y

u s ne

R h et or

c,

Hu m ou r

l h av e
a nd

ill

s h al l

u s t ra t e d

full y

w h at a p p e ar t o

no t o c c u p y s p a c e

by

m e t he

ig

r ep e a t n

t he

26 0

THE E S

T HETI C

R MOTIONS

ttribu t e s of th ings r e qui r e in u s a ce r t ai n p os tu r e of r igi d

c on s tr a i nt ; an d if w e ar e su dd e nl y r e l i e v e d fr om this p os t u r e
t he re b ou n d of h il ar ity e n s u e s a s in t h e c as e o f c hil d r e n s e t
fr e e fr om s ch o ol I f w e fe el at h ear t t h e s e ntim en t eith e r of
w or s hi p or of s el fj im p or t an c e th a t i s if w e ar e th or ou ghl y
in sp ir e d w ith e ith er s o as t o t a k e t o it o f ou r ow n go o dw ill
th er e is n o res tr aint i n t h e c a s e an d n o w i sh t o b e d eli v er e d
from t h e a ttitu de an d for m al iti e s of r esp e ct On th e con tr ar y
w e r e s e nt an y i n t e r fe r e n c e w ith t h e s a c r e d n e s s o f t h e oc cas i o n
Th e si n c e r e w or s hi p p e r a t ch u r c h is s h o c k e d by t h e intru s io n
of a p r o fan e in c i d e n t
w h il e t h e ir r e v e r e n t an d u n w il lin g
att e n d e r i s c on vu l s e d w ith mir th
S o it i s w ith t h e s e n tim en t
of s el f i m p or t an ce
Th e m in d w h er e in t hi s i s s tr o ngl y
ch er ish e d i s d e ep l y o ffen de d at t h e c ont a c t of an ythin g d e
r a di n g or vu l g ar izi ng w h er e a s a n
n
t
h
a t fe e l s t h e s e n ti
o
e
g
y
I t is
m e n t l igh tl y w ill j oin i n t h e l au gh a t h i s ow n e xp en s e
t h e coer ced for m of s e r i ou s n e s s an d s ol e m n ity w ith ou t t h e
a ct
r e al ity th a t gi v es u s th at s tiff
h
n
n
m
w
h
c
a
c
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iti
f
i
t
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o
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p
w ith tr ivi al ity o r vu l g ar ity r eli ev e s u s t o ou r u p r o ari ou s
d e l igh t We ar e s o m e tim e s ob l ig e d t o p u t on a digni ty th at
w e p e r h ap s d o n o t fe e l a s in a dm i ni s t e r i ng r e p r oo f or c orr e o
tion t o in fe ri or s ; an d s till oft en er h av e w e t o a s su m e an
a ttitu d e o f r e sp e c t a n d r ev e r e n c e t h a t d o e s n ot p os s e ss ou r
i nw ar d fe e l i ngs B o t h t h e on e and t h e o th er s itu a ti o n is a
fa tigu ing t e n s i on of t h e sy s t e m a nd w e h av e all t h e p l e a su r e
o f a b l e ss e d r e l i e f w h e n anyth i n g happ en s t o giv e a r el ax a
tio n Th e el em e nt o f t h e ge nu in e c o m ic is fu r ni sh e d by t h os e
di gniti es th at fr om s o m e c ir cu m s t an c e or o th e r d o n ot c om
m a n d s e r i o u s h o m ag e
F al s e or fa d e d d eiti e s a nd dignitie s
s p l e n d o u r a n d s h o w w ith ou t m e an in g; t h e u n w or th y o c c u p a n ts
o f h igh o fc e ; h oll o w p r e t e n s i o n s a ffe c t a ti on as s u m p ti o n an d
s e l f i mp or t a n c e v an ity a ir s a n d c oxc om b r y ; all t h e w in di n g s
o f t h e hy p o c r i s y t h a t a i m s a t se e mi ng g r e a t e r th an t h e r e al ity ;
a r e a m o ng t h e
a i nfu l s triv in g s t o g a i n gl itt e rin g
iti
n
s
o
s
o
p
p
th ings th at c o m m onl y in du c e l au gh t er w h e n brou gh t in to t h e
I t is tru e
e m b r ac e o f m e a nn e s s a n d d e gra din g i n fe r i or iti es
t h a t for th e s ak e of t h e mir th fu l p l e a s u r e w e ar e o ccas i on al l y
a

E MOTION S

THE ZES THETIC

i g l ght i t
d g di g
mm
ti
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1 8 47

w t h ou t a ny

t h er e

ou t

d em a n d e d

os e d

y,

the

l en t h t h e d ff eren t i nds
t e x t , a s b e n w h at I n o w

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imp

en t s , or

t he

R ev i ew, Oct

at

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ith

ou t

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ig

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r av e

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cu l t

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s u ch

or

ki g

ta

or

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s at or,

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are

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i i

d f

on a

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up

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o n s are

If fu l l y p os s e s s e d o f t h e s ol e m n m p or t o f t h e
s p ec t a t o r s a r e d s p os e d t o s h r n
fr o m t h e s ol e m n
.

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it d
im p

d e p ar t u r e in t h e p ro d u c t on o f t h e l u di cr ou s
l es , d f c u l t es , and d an er s , s cre w u s u p i nt o an a t t t u d e o f earn e s t
a s w ell as of l a b o r ou s e ffor t , a n d t h e r e m s s on of b o th t h e o n e a n d
m a n i s rav e i n t h e p ros p ec t of m s fort u n e or
i s a oy fu l r el ef

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to

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DEGR A DA

mu ch
t he

T I ON

N T IA L

ESSE

h e h a d p ro d u ced su ch a p u n,
Th e J es t book p u b l is h e d b y

w ish

s ort

as

I hav e

M k

c h oos e

TO LA UG H ER

from , y et
c a nn ot n d i n i t
i s p r o du c ed w i th ou t d e gr a d at i on
.

ar

a s ingl e

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n ev er

Lem on i s

an

y et m et w it h one o f
a m p l e st ore h ous e t o

i nst a n ce w h ere

u it e u n d er s t a n d

l a u gh a b l e

t h e l au gh

e ffe c t

p l easu r e
c onfo u n d s t his
of

m e re w it ; b u t no o ne
w i t h t h e g enu in el y l u d i crou s
Wit , w it h all it s b ril l ianc y and ing enui t y ; is
s a dl y w a n t i ng in u n ct i on , if i t t ak e s n o on e d ow n
None of t h e w e ll rem em
b er e d s a y ing s of Sy d ney Sm it h a nd Dou gl as J errol d a r e w it h ou t t h e e ff ec t of

a n d a d m i ra t i o n a t a

fel i c it ou s s t rok e

of

h u m il i at i on

Mr

Sp enc er h as

qu ot ed (p

pro d u ce l au gh t er, w h i c h , h e say s,

p e op l e w oul d sa y t h at t h ey d o
.

399)

c ont a in no

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C HAP TE R X V

EMOTI ONS

THE ETHICA L

IT

is

s c ar cel

y p o ssibl e

to

OR , THE

ent er

u p on

MOR A L SENSE
an

a n al

ys is

of

th e

im e nt or fe eli ng t e rm e d t h e Mor al Sen s e or Mo r al

Ap p rob at io n a n d D i s ap p r o b at ion Wit h ou t r st p rop ou n d i ng
s om e in t e l l igibl e d o ct r i n e i n r e fe r e n c e t o t h e g r e at E t h i c al
i n qu iry Vi z Wh a t c on st it u t e s Mor ali t y D u t y Obl ig a t i on o r
R ight
I c onsid er th at t he p r op er m e anin g or im p or t of t he s e
t er m s r e fe r s t o t h e c l as s o f ac t i on s e nfor c e d by t h e s anc t i o n of
P
e op l e m ay di sli k e a c e r t a in m o d e o f co n d uc t ;
u n ishm en t
p
b u t u nl e s s t h e y go t h e l e ng t h of p u n is h ing s u ch as p u r su e i t
t h e y d o n ot r e c k o n t h e a b s t e nt i on o bli g at or y I a m aw ar e t h at
t h is d e n it i o n ass u m e s a p o int in d i sp u t e ; b u t m y i nt e n t i o n is
a t t h e v e ry ou t se t t o l ay d ow n w h at I d e e m a vi t al d i s t in c t i o n,
If a m an
a nd aft er w ar d s t o vin di c at e t h e p r op r i e t y o f it
t ak e s th e p r op e r t y o r sl an d e r s t h e g oo d n am e of a n e igh b ou r
o u r d i sli k e g oe s t h e l e n gt h o f in s i s t in g u p o n h i s s u ffe r ing a
l
r a in s fr o m c om i ng
h
a
m
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r
s
o
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m
r
r
f
y
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t
y
t
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t
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e
s
e
e
e
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l
b
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n
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;
p
p
forw a r d a c t iv el y t o m in is t e r t o t h e d i st r e s se s o f t h a t n e igh b o ur
w e s t ill d i sl i k e h is c o n d u c t b u t n o t s o as t o d em an d hi s
p u ni shm e n t
Th e p ow e r s t h a t i m p os e t h e o bl ig a t or y s a nc t i o n ar e Law
a n d So c i e t y or t h e c o m m u n it y a c t i ng t h r o u gh t h e G o v e r n
m ent by p u bl i c j u d i c i al a c t s a n d a p a rt fr o m t h e G o v e rn m e nt
by t h e u n of ci al e xp r e ss ion s o f d is app r ob at ion and t h e e x cl u
Th e m u r d er e r an d t h e t h i e f ar e
s i on fr o m s o c i al g oo d o f ce s
u ni sh e d b y t h e l aw
t
h
ow a r d t h e a d u l t e r e r t h e h er e t i c
e
c
p
t h e e c c ent r i c p e r s o n ar e p u ni s h e d by t h e c o m m u n it y a c t i ng
a s p r iv a t e in d ivi d u al s a n d agr e e ing by c on s e n t t o c en su r e an d
A t h ir d p o w e r c o n c e r n e d i n
e x c omm u ni ca t e t h e o ff e n d e r
w h i ch i s an i d e al r e s e m b l a n c e o f
o b l ig at i o n i s C on s c i e n c e
h
rit y
i
n
u p i n t h e in d ivi d u al m i nd
b
i
g
g
u
l
o
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w
c
a
u
t
a nd
r
p
u li ar s e n t
ec
p

T HI CA L

TI ON S

r m:E

2 66

Pr op r i e t y

EMO

on,

T H E M ORAL

SE S E.

Things are
o r I n t ell e c t u al t h e or y o f Mor al s

R ight

R e a s o n, t h e

h
r
a
t
n
l
as
e
s
o
i
n
t
t
o
a
R
i
o
a
i
n
p
p
g
Th e d e t e r m in at i on o f r igh t an d

F i t ne s s

of

w r ong

i s m ad e

an

ac t

of

In

ik e p er c e iv ing e qu ali t y or in e qu ali t y

l n t w o c om p ar e d m a gn it u de s
or d e c i d i ng o n t h e t ru t h o r
fal s e h oo d o f a s t at e m e nt o f fa c t
Now if m or al i t y i s a syst em
o f R u l e s a n ac t of in t ell ig e n c e i s u n d ou b t e d l y n e c e s s ar y t o
t ell e c t ual di sc e r nm e n t , l

ap p l y

t hem

w h e n w e a r e t ol d n o t t o

inj u r e t h e p e r s on , p r o
n e ed the
p ow er of di s

p e rt y o r g o o d n a m e o f o t h e r s w e
t i ngu i shi n g w h at i s inj u r i ou s fr om w h a t i s
,

n ot

It i s a n ot her

v er t o m ain t ain t h at t h e r ul e s t h em sel ve s ar e

fo u n d e d s ol el y o n a n op e r at i on o f j u d g m e n t ; t h e a b s t in e n c e
fr om inj u ry t o ou r fell ow s r e qu i r e s a t b ot t o m so m e m o t i v e n ot
int e ll e c t u al Th e int ell e c t c an d e t ermin e t h e t n e s s o f m e ans
t o s e c u r e an en d
b u t t h e e n d i t s elf m u s t in t h e l a st r e s o rt
b e s om e fe elin g s o m e t h ing d es ir a bl e or u n d es ir abl e s o m e
p l e as u r e t o b e so u gh t s om e p a in t o b e av o i d e d s om e im p ul s e
Th e R a t i o n al Mo r al is t s (C u d w ort h
t o b e foll o w e d ou t
W oll as t on C l ar k e Pr ic e) g iv e n o accou nt of t h e n al end of
m oral it y
Th e s am e c r it i c i s m ap p li es t o th e d ic t um o f K an t
A ct
i n s u c h a w ay t h at y ou r c on d u c t m igh t b e m a d e a l aw t o all
b eing s
He r e is an imp or t ant att r ib u t e or c on d it i on of r igh t
co n d u c t ; n o a c t i on s c an b e app r o v e d t h at m i ght n o t b e g e
n er all y fo ll ow e d
St ill t h e r e i s s om et hi ng not e xp r ess e d ; a n d
t h at s om e t hi ng c on t ain s t h e r e al e s se n ce o f m or ali t y
As
fu ll y e x p an d e d t h e d i c t u m s h o ul d ru n t hu s ; A c t in a w ay
t h at mi gh t b e fol l ow e d by all c onsis tently w i th the gener a l
The g e n e ra
s af ety or hap p i n ess o r other exig ence of s oci ety
li zi ng of t h e a c t i on p u t s all m e n o n t h e s am e l e v el and
e n abl e s t h e fu ll c o n s e qu e n c es t o b e s e e n ; b u t i t d o e s n o t s ay
w h at e n d s s h o u l d b e s o ugh t by t h i s u n ifor m it y o f p r oc e d u r e
It s e t t l e s n o d i ffe r e n c e b e t w e e n m or al u s ages b e t w e en Mo no
W
h
e re v er
am y an d P ol yg am y b e t w e e n C a s t es a n d E qu al i t y
g
a m o r al rul e p r e v a il s t h er e m u s t a t t ac h t o i t t h e c on d it i on o f
u n iv e r s al o b e d i e n c e ; w h a t i s p er m itt e d t o o n e m u st b e p er
mi t t e d t o all t h e m em b ers of t h e s am e e qu al s o c i et y
t h ng, h ow e

'

ESELF I S H T HEOR Y

TH

Hobb es

A c cor d in g t o

N TENABLE

2 67

i g un d er his r e
sp o n s i bil it y t o G o d i s t h e u l t im at e j u d e of r igh t
If h e h ad
g
m e an t m er e l y t h a t Mo r al it y i s a n I n s t i t u t i o n o f Soc i e t y m ain
t a in e d b y t h e a u t h or i t y an d p u ni s hm e n t s of Soc i e t y h e w ou ld
h av e s t at e d w h at I b e l i e v e t o b e t h e fa c t
Hi s t h e or y of go
v er nm e n t h o w e v e r w a s t h a t w h e n m e n t o e s c a e t h e e vil s o f
p
a s t at e o f n at u r e fo r m e d t h e m s el v e s int o s o c i e t y t h e y m a d e
ad e t h e ir l a s t w ill a n d t es t am e nt i n fa v ou r
or s h ou l d h av e m
o f s om e s i n gl e d e s p o t i c ru l e r
Thi s w as t h e p rac t ic al qu es
t i on of Hob b e s s t im e an d w a s d e c i d e d ag a in s t hi m by t h e
t h e S o v e r e i gn ,

ac t n

e v e nt s

4 S
up on e

h av e p r om ot e d a s yst e m o f m or al s b a s e d
Th ey m e an t o afr m
S el f r eg ard ing m ot iv e s

e v e ral au t h o r s

x cl u s iv el y

t h at m e n p e rfor m t h e
d u al
t h er c yw n d

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l ov e

by

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e
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n
l
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I
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i s fou nd e d

it u t i on of hu m an n a t u r e f t h e p l e as u re s
t h a t h av e gr ow n u p by c on s t an t a nd w i d e s p r e ad as soc i a
t i on as w ell a s t h e o rigin al an d p r i m or d i al p l e a s u r e s ; s in c e
b oth t og e t h er go t o c ons t itu t e an d d e t erm in e th e in t ern al
m a n ) T h e r e i s a c l a s s of p l e as u r e s w h o se n a t u r e i t i s t o t ak e
i n o t h er s e n t i e nt b e ing s as i s i m p l i ed i n all t h e s o c i al affe c
t io n s
We h av e fu rther a t e nd e nc y t o ent er int o t h e p ain s
o f t h o s e ab o u t u s t o fe el t h es e as if t h e y w e r e ou r ow n a nd t o
mi n i s t er t o t h e ir r e l i e f e x a c tl y a s w e s h ou l d t r e at o u r p er s on al
s u ffer in g s
Thi s p ow er of s ym p at hy is a fa c t in hu m an n atu r e
o f v e ry e x t e n s iv e op e r at i on a n d i s c o n s t an t l y m o d ify in g,an d
r u nn in g c ou n t e r t o t h e s e l s h i m u l s e s
p
p ro p e rl y s o c all e d
It i s n ot t ru e t h e r e for e t h a t m e n h av e al w a ys p e rfo rm e d t h e ir
d u t i e s onl y s o far a s t h e n ar ro w s el f w a s i m p l i e d in t h e m
a l t h ou gh
of c ou r s e
t h e s e o t h e r i m p u l s es b e l o nging t o our
c on s t i t u t i o n ar e l ik e w i s e ou r
s e l f in a n o t h e r ac c e p t at ion
h e r e i n t h e t er m

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2 68
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w h i c h p r o m p t u s t o in i c t h arm u p on o t h e r s w it h o u t g a in ing
a n y t h in g t o o u r s el v e s
We sh all aft er w ar d s h av e t o p u t in
e v i d e n c e t h o s e s e nt im e nt al a v e r s i o n s
of w h i c h o u r fe l l ow
b e ings ar e t h e su bject s an d on a ccou n t of w h ich w e ov erl oo k
ou r o w n in t e r e s t qu it e as m u ch a s i n d i sp l ay in g ou r s ym p at h i e s
an d a ffe c t i o n s
A c c or d ingl y w e m ay s ay n ot o nl y t h at s e l shn e ss h a s
n e v e r b e e n t h e s ol e fo u n d a t io n of m e n s v i e w s of righ t b u t
e

'

t h at , i f w e w e r e t o p r op os e i t for a c c ep t an c e as s u c h , i t w o u l d
h os e fou n t a n s o f t h e u ns el sh , n ow n am e d , s o
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b e ing of o t h er s Th e c om p ar at iv e for c e of
t h e t w o c l a s s e s o f m o t iv e s v a n e s i n d iffe r e n t in d iv i d u al s ; an d
t h e d ir e c t i on t ak e n by t h e s ym p at h e t i c m ot iv e s m a y al so v ar y ;
A m ay b e p r om p t e d by hi s a ffe c t i on for B t o k il l o r inj u r e C
Bu t w e m ay b e w ell a ss u r e d t h at b ot h w ill e x e r t t h e ir s w ay
i n t h e v a r i ou s ar r ange m en t s of hu m an lif e t h e s oc i al a n d
m or al r e gu l a t i on s in cl u d e d
5 Th e m os t g e n e rall y r e c e ive d d oct r in e c o n c e rni n g t h e
A cc o r d
fou n d at io n s of r ight i s t h e t h e or y of a Mor al S e n s e
i ng t o t h i s t h e r e i s a c e rt a in facu l t y in t h e hu m an m ind t h a t
e n abl e s u s t o d e n e w h at i s r igh t t o b e d on e i n e a ch p ar t i
c u l ar c a se an d t h at h as giv e n b i rt h t o t h e r u l es a n d m a xi m s
of m o r ali t y i n c o m m on c u r r e n c y Th e afr m at iv e i s t h a t h u m an
n at u r e i s u n iv e r s all y e nd o w e d w it h t h is in s t in c t iv e p o w er of
d i sc r im in at in g r igh t an d w r ong w h i c h i s t h e c au s e o f an
all e g e d u n ifor m it y o f t h e m oral s e n t im e nt s s o d e c i d e d as t o
Th is t h e or y
c o n s t i t u t e an e t e r n al an d im m u t abl e m or al it y
i s l i ab l e t o v e r y s e r i o u s
u n d ou b t e d l y t h e fav o u r it e o n e
o bj e c t i on s w h i c h h av e b e en o ft en u rg e d a nd n e v e r c o m
it self

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l
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6

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s e n se , w h c h c om p ar e s

igor ou s
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of

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Th i s

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ETHI C A L

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m u s t b e go t

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at , o r

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m or al it y i s no t

a su

S E NS E

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bj e ct t o b e r e as on e d

it t en ab ou t
7 D r Wh e w e ll ap p e ar s t o p r e su m e th e e xi s t enc e o f c e rt a in
m oral i d e as n ot h a vi ng r e fer e n c e t o an y in d iv i d u al m in d w h at
so e v e r c orr ec t ing e v e r y o n e a n d y e t o r ig in a t in g wi t h n on e
He se t s u p for m orali t y a st an d ar d h avi n g a d egre e o f ind e
d w hi c h
p e nd e n t e xi s t e n c e s u c h as c a n h ar dl y b e c o n c e iv e d an
d o e s n ot e xi s t w it h r e fe r en c e t o a ny t h ing e l s e
We h av e
an d of W
e igh t w hi ch e v e n
of m e a s u r e
s t an d ar d s of l e ngt h
a l t h o u h e m b o d i e d i n m a t e r i al Obj e c t s c a n s car c e l y b e Sa
i
d to
g
h av e t h e ind ep e n d en c e h e r e c ont e n d e d fo r
In c o n s t ru ct ing
t h e im p e r i al ya r d g all on or p ou n d w e ight a c er t ai n n u m b e r
an d t h e s e
o f p e r s o ns c o n c u r in a d op t i ng a d e n it e u ni t
r
e
p
S o n s b e in g e it h e r t h e m s el v e s t h e g ov ern ing b o d y of t h e n a t i o n
or b e in g foll ow e d by t h e a c t u al g ov e r nin g b o d y g iv e t h e l aw
o r di c t a t e t h e s t an d ard for t h e m s e l v e s a nd for a ll o t h e r s
It i s
qu it e t r ue t h at in d iv id u al it y i s c ont r oll ed and o v erru l ed in
t h i s m att e r bu t n ot by a ny a b s t ra ct u n s e e n u np r od u c i bl e
W
w
r
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at w e h av e i s o n e p o rt io n o f t h e c o mm un i t y a gr e e in
o
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E
v er
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d e al e r m u st brin g hi s w e igh t s an d m e asu r e s t o b e t r i e d by t h e
a u t h or it at iv e st an d ard b u t h e i s at n o l oss t o s ay w h o ar e t h e
S o w i t h Ti m e
a u t h or s a n d m a in t ain e r s of t h at s t and ar d
Whe n w e ar e all c all e d u p On t o a d ap t ou r w a t che s t o Gr e en
w i ch t im e it is n o t t o a st an d ar d b ey o n d h u m ani t y
Th e
c oll e c t iv e b o d y o f as t r o n om e r s h a v e a gr e e d u p on a m o d e o f
r e c k oni ng t im e fou n d e d u p on t h e s t ill m or e g e n er al r e c o ni
g
A t Gr een w i c h
t io n o f t h e so l ar d ay as t h e p r in c ip al u nit
Ob s erv a t ory Ob s erv at io n s ar e m a d e t h at d et erm n e t h e st an
d ar d for t his co u n t ry ; an d t h e p op u l at ion in a c c e p t ing t h a t
t h at t h e y ar e foll o wing t h e
s t a n d ar d k n o w
or m ay kn ow
A s t r o n o m er R oy al wi t h hi s s t a ff an d t h e b o d y of as t ro n om er s
n er all y
e
g
8 I m u s t r e m ar k s t ill farth e r u p on t h e all eg e d uni for
mi t y o f m e n s m or al j u dgm e nt s in all age s and c ou n t ri e s a s
indi c at in g a s p e c i al fa cul t y in ou r co ns t it u t i on a nal ogou s t o
or w r

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t o t h e p r o of, t h e r e
c om p l e t e c oll e c ti o n
.

in sp e c t i on a
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NTS

J UD GME

We Shou l d
t o t h e a gr e e m e nt
s u c h a c ol l e c t i on o r
.

xp er im e n t al evi d e nc e a s
In t h e a b s en c e Of
ac t u all y p r ev aili n g
d ige s t I w ill t a k e i t u p on m e t o a f rm t h at t h e s u pp o s e d
u n ifor m it y o f m o r al d e c i s i on s r es ol v e s it s e lf i nt o t h e t w o fol
l ow in g p ar t ic u l ar s
Firs t t h e c om m on en d Of P ubli c S ecu r i ty w h ich i s al s o
ind vi d u al p r e serv a t i o n d e m a n d s c er t a in p r e c au t ion s t ha t
ar e e v e r y w h e r e v er y m u c h a lik e a nd c an in n o c as e b e di s
i
h
m
s or t Of c on s t it u t e d au t h or it y t o c o nt r ol
n
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t
S
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s
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t h e in d iv i d u al im p u l s e s an d t o p r ot e c t e ac h m an s p e r son an
y
m
u s t e xi s t w h e r ev e r a nu m b e r o f h u m a n b e ing s l iv e
r
r
e
t
o
p p
t og e t h e r
Th e d u t i e s s p r i n gi n g o u t o f t h i s n e ce s s ar y arra ng e
Wh e t h e r w e
m e n t ar e e s s en t i all y t h e s am e i n all s o c i e t i e s
l oo k at t h em a s t h e d u t i e s of e ac h m a n t ow ar d s hi s fe ll ow s
or as s u mm e d u p i n t h e c o mp r eh e n s iv e for m of o b e d i en c e t o
th e c o n s t it u t e d au t h ori t y t h e y h av e a p r e tt y u n ifor m c h ara c t er
al l O
v er t h e gl o b e
If t h e s e n s e o f t h e c om m on s afe t y w er e
not su f c i e nt l y s t r ong t o c o n s t it u t e t h e s oc i al t i e of o b e d i e n ce
t o s om e c om m on r e gu l at ion s s oc i e t y c ou l d n ot e xi s t t o t e ll t h e
t al e of an e x c ep t i o n t o t h e u n iv ers al it y o f a c om m o n s t an d ar d
Man c ou l d n o m or e l iv e w it h ou t s oc ial o b e d i e nc e
of r ig h t

m in e a n d t h in e t h a n t h e r a c e c ou l d
and s o m e r e s p e c t for
b e co nt in u e d w it h ou t s e x u al l o v e o r m at er n al c ar e
It i s n o
r oo f o f t h e u n iv e r s al s p r e a d Of a s p e c ial inn at e fa c u l t y o f
p
m or al d i s t in c t i on s b u t of a c ert ai n r at i o n al app r e c i at i on of
w h a t i s n e c e ss ar y for t h e v e r y e xi s t en c e o f e v e r y i n d iv i d u al
D ou b tl e s s if
hu m an b e ing li v i ng in t h e c om p an y o f ot h e r s
t he s a d h i s t ory of ou r r a ce h a d b e en p r e s er v e d i n all i t s d e t ail s
w e s h ou l d h a v e m any e x am p l e s Of t r ib es t h at p er i sh e d fr o m
b e ing u n e qu al t o t he c onc ep t ion of a s oc ial sy s t em or t o t he
r e s t rain t s im p o se d by it
We k n ow e n ou gh of t he r e c ord s of
a n ar ch y t o s e e h ow d i f c u l t it o ft e n i s for h u m an n at u r e t o
c om p l y in fu l l w it h t h e soc ial c o nd it i o n s o f s e cu r it y
b u t i f t h is
w e re n ot com p l i e d w it h at al l t h e r e sul t w oul d b e m u t u al and
t h en

THE

272

ift
e xi s t

ET H IC AL EM O T I ON S ; OR

d e s tru c t i on

sw

Th e r e

THE

S EN SE

M ORAL

a d mi t t e d

m u s t , t h e r e for e , b e

to

b y u n iform s en s e of t h e n e c es s it y of r e co gni zin g

s ome r igh t s o f i n di vi d u al s l ivi n g t o g e t h e r in s oc i e t y a n d o f
t h e Ob l ig a t i on of c ivil Ob e d i e n c e w h i ch i s m e r e l y an ot h er
Th er e ar e t o a c er t ain p o in t
form o f r esp e c t in g th os e righ t s
m o ral j u d gm e nt s on t h os e h e a d s
e t e r na l an d im m u t a bl e
in t h e r ep u d i at i o n o f t h e t h i ef t h e m ansl ay er a n d t h e
b u t t h e ir or ig in im p li e s n o p e cu li ar i n t e rn al fac u l t y b u t o nl y
A s w e ll m igh t w e c o nt e n d for
a c om m c n o u t w ar d s it u at i o n
a u n ive r s al in t u i t i o n as s u gg es t ing t h e u n i fo r mi t y o f s t r u
ctu re
i n hu m an d w e ll in g s
Mor al it y i s n at u r al t o m an in t he s am e
b ot h gr e w ou t of t h e s o c ial s it u at i on
s e n se as L angu ag e
9 In t h e s e co n d p l a c e m ank in d h a v e b e e n s ingu l arl y
f
m
n
ra c t i c e
o
i
os
i
g u p on indi vi d u al
u n an im ou s in t h e
p
p
m em b er s of S oc i e t i e s s om e Ob s er va n c e s or r e s t r ai nt s of p u r el y
S en ti m en ta l or igin h av mg n o r e fer e nc e d ir e c t or i n d ir e c t t o
t h e m a int e n an c e o f t h e s o c i al t i e w it h al l t h e s afe gu ar d s im
i
li
e
d
n
i
t
C
e
r t a in m axim s fou n d e d i n t as t e l i ki ng a v e r s i on
p
or fanc y h av e i n e v e r y c o mm u n i t y k n ow n t o u s b e e n r a i se d
t o t h e d ign it y of au t h o r i t a t iv e m or al i t y b e ing r e n d e re d s o t o

a n d h av e b e e n e n for c e d by
i
u
n
sp e a k t e r m s Of c o m m u n io n
sh
p
Th e s i ngl e in s t an c e of t h e Mu s su l m an w om e n s b e i ng
m e nt
r e qu ir e d t o c o v e r t h e ir fa c e s in p u b li c w il l s u f ce for t h e
a

t ol e r a l

r es ent

t o il l u s t r at e w h a t i s h e r e m e ant

I sh al l d w el l

u on
p
p
t h e p o int i n d e t a il a fe w p a ge s h e n c e
Nob o d y c ou l d p r e t e nd
t o as s o c i at e t h e c o mm o n s a fe t y w it h t h i s p r a ct i c e , w h i c h i s a s
a u t h or it at iv e i n t h e m in d o f t h e Mu ssu l m an as a ny m or al
.

bl igat ion w hat e v er ; s an ct ion e d al ik e by t h e g en e r al c om

m u n it y an d by t h e e d u c at e d c o nsc i e n c e
In o t h e r s o c i e t i e s
Her e h ow
t h e s am e sp e c i e s o f o b l iga t i o n s m ay b e t ra c e d
ev e r t h e u n ifo r m it y l i e s onl y in t h e fa ct o f i mp os i ng s om ethi ng
O

We
p os it ion .

m ust

Th e

m ansl ay er s
m idd l e

t h e p ar t i e s
and soc ie t y

r eb el ,

w er e

ag e s .

n ot,

If

if

s u c c ess fu l ,

is

h ar d l y d i s a p p r o v e d

s ei ed ,

c on c erne d
.

h ow e v er , b e t o o s t r enu ou s in

t hey

s u ffere d

b u t w ere

not

a d m i re d

of

in t h e

a nd

u r g ing e v en

h on ou r ed

Ho m er ic

t h e ful l m e a s u re

p u n is h e d ,

as a

t im e s

t his l im it ed

Th i e v e s
a nd

a nd

in t h e

p riv a t e rev eng e fro m

m a t t er of c ou rs e, b y l a w
of

2 74

EM O T I ON S ; OR

E T H I C AL

THE

THE

di s i n t e r e s t e d

SEN S E

M ORA L

k n o w in g

a c t on s w ou l d ap p e ar

to

w h ol e c ir c u m s t an c e s ,

h e t h er e by g ain s a c orr e ct e s t im at e o f
On e r e m ar k t o b e m a d e on t hi s m odi

w t n es s

t he

i r m o r a l q u al i t y
c a t io n Of t he in t u it iv e t h e ory o f m or al j u d g m e nt s i s t h at
w hil e all o w a n ce i s m a d e fo r t h e b i as o f t h e ag e n t t h e a ss u m p
t i on i s t hat t h e c rit i c i s fr e e fr om e rror o r mi s t ak e
Bu t if
w e l oo k a t t h e m at t e r c l os el y w e s h all s e e t h at t h e r e ar e di s
i
i
t
o
m
i
s
j
u d e o n t h e p ar t o f t h e s p e c t a t or as w ell as
t
o
n
o
s
s
p
g
o n t h e p ar t o f t h e ac t or
The d e s ir e of i m p o s in g r e s t r ai nt s
t r o ng e r i n t h e m in d s o f mos t m en t h an
or p r o h ib i t i o n s i s S
t h e s ym p a t h y w it h e nj o y m e nt a nd t h e im p ar t i al u m p ir e i s
a p t t o in s i s t o n a n in d e n i t e a m o u n t o f s e lf d e n i al
An o t h e r
w e a k ne s s o f t h e sp e c t a t or i s t h e l ook ing a t an ac t i on a s a p i e c e
o f s t a e e ffe c t o r at w h at i s c al l e d t h e i n ter es ti ng s i d e u n d e r
g
w hi ch as p e c t t h e h ap p in e s s o f t h e ag e nt i s m a d e Of li t t l e
l
a c cou nt f
To c o n s t itu t e a go o d moral j u d g e o n e o u gh t t o
h av e t h e s am e qu al i c at i on s a s a r e s o u gh t in a g oo d l e gal
j u dg e s p e c i al e d u c a t io n e xp e ri e n c e c ool n es s i m p ar t i al it y
a n d t h e Ob s e rv an c e o f all t h e m a x i m s o f e vi d e n c e s e t u
p to
h
ro
t
e
c
t
t
e inn o c e n t
p
Bu t t h e c h i ef c o n s i d e r at i o n r e m a ins Th e o bj e c t i on a g ain s t
t h e R at i on a l t h e or i e s o f Mor al s app l i e s w it h all i t s for c e t o
Wh er e d o e s t h e im part ial sp e c t at or g et his
S m i t h s t h e or y
s t a nd ar d ! Whe r e d o e s h e nd t h e r ul es t h a t h e i s im p a r t i all y
t o int e rp r e t ! A j u d g e i s p r o v i d e d by c o m p e t e n t au t h o r it y
w it h a l eg al c o d e ; an d t h e ar b it r at ing Sp e c t at or i s s u p p o s e d
Now t h e w h ol e p oint in
t o b e p rovi d e d w it h a m or al c od e
d i sp u t e i s t h e s o u rc e or fou nd at io n o f t h e m or al c o d e it s el f
This is Op p ose d
1 1 Ne xt a s t o t h e p rinc ip l e o f U t il it y
t o t h e d o ct r in e o f a Mor al S e n s e
It s e t s u p an o u t w ard
s t an d ar d i n t h e r o o m o f a n i nw ar d b e i ng t h e s u b s t it u t i on o f
a r eg ar d t o c o n s e qu e n c es fo r a m e r e u nre as om n
g s e nt ime n t
th e

g o od m an s t ru ggl ing
il l u s t ra t i on t h i s of t h e

c o nd u c t o f o u r

Ind i an w ou l d
I

fell o w s

u n d erg o

t h e e xhib i t io n b y t he

Th u s

w it h a d v ersi t y IS a s ig ht

fo r t h e g o d s
A
w i sh t o m ak e a s t riking s p e ct a c l e ou t Of t h e
i t is t ha t t h e Sp ar tan or t h e y ou ng A m e ri ca n

p hy s i ca l t o rt u re , t o ga in t he
m emb ers of h is t ri be .

a p p l a us e

b es t o w ed up on

T H E ORY
U t il i t y

or

fe el ing:

as

u nd ed ,
r
o
o
p p

and

t he

goo d

su

it

is

al s o

o p p os e d

27 5

s el

t o the

t h e or

sh

for ,

im p l ie s t h e goo d Of s oc ie t y g ene r all y

of i nd ivi d u al in t e r es t t o t h at g e n er al

al w ay s

b o rd inat ion

*6
.

Bu t w h a t i s t h e

h a p p i ne s s

of

t h e m a ny
w h i ch

is ,

x a c t im p or t

Ut il it y

of

t h e p r in c ip l e b y J e re m y B en t h am

g re at es t nu m b e r , h a s t h e m e rit s , a nd

t he

c onc er ns

as

t h e g reat es t
o f t h e d e fe ct s ,

the

as

s om e

A w rong b i a s i s g iv en from t h e v ery ou t s et , i n as s u m i ng i t

t a k e a w ay t h e h a p p in e s s o f a fe w t o gi v e t h e g r eat er h ap p i n e s s t o
Mora l i t y ou gh t s u rel y t o t rea t a l l m e n a lik e In it s real p r ov ince,

of a n e p ig r a m

R ig ht t o

of

Th e s t at e m ent

as

U T I LIT Y

OF

Hap p i nes s

t h e t ot al

n ot

"

as

w h o l e,

b u t S e cu rit y

Pr ot e ct ion, it

or

a ct u al l y

d o es

Leg i s l a t io n ,

so

Bent h am

u nd e r w h i ch

t he d e t er m i ni ng m o t i v e

Mor al s

In
he

ing t h e th eori e s

He

d t h e p rinc ip l e

or igi na l l y at

t h e g re a t e s t h ap p i n e s s of t h e

of

of

c l a ss

s m all e st

p u b li c p ol i c y
Be nt h a m op p os e d t o Ut ilit y , rs t , A s c e t i ci s m ,

Sy m p at h y

c al l e d

ai m e

a nd

n u m b e r w as

A n t ip a t h y

Moral

t he

i n ter ests i n

t h e d ec i s ion s

or

S ens e, t h e Fi t n ess

of

n ext w h at

m ere feel ing, i ncl u d

of

T hi

a nd

ng s ,

R ig h t R eas on, & c

t h at t h e p ro d u c t i on o f p l e a su r e, a nd t h e a v o i d i ng o f p ai n, w e re
t h e o nl y p o sit iv e e nd s, n e v er t o b e s et as i d e in a ny i ns t anc e, e x c ep t i n or de r
t o s e cu re t h em in s om e g r e at e r am ou n t
To aid t h e r e u i s it e c al cu l at ion, he
a ss u m e d

e n d eav ou r e d

Ih

c l a s si fy a n d e nu m erat e ou r

av e e l s e w h e r e s t at e d s o m e o f

Ut il it y
a

to

as

Mor al

t hu s

S ens e

Diss ert at i ons

Be nt h a m
e t h i cal

w ou l d

hav e

cl ear l y

ad

di ti onal

the

m ore t o t h e p r o m o t i on o f s ou nd
p l an of hi s w ork , a n d ent it l ed i t

w ou l d

t h u s h a v e p u t fo rw ard t h e m ore

con t r ib u t e d

On Le i sl at i o n a nd Moral s
g
t angi b l e, a n d m ore fo rm all y
e l u ci d a t e

P a l ey, w it h

d i s cu ss i on, i f h e h a d

t i on, t o

p 8 8 o f t h e Mor a l P hi l os op hy
a n d R Ch a m b er s , Ed i nb u rg h )

(S ee
.

the

b u t w hi ch d o

e xp res s e d ,

p l easu re s a nd p ain s
dif cu l t i es a t t en d ing t h e p rincip l e of
n o t affe c t i t s s o u n d n es s as op p os e d t o

s t ill

rev er s e d

He
a nd

Of c ia ll y

t h e l ess t ang ib l e

c on s t ru c t ed
and

d ep art m ent

u n of ci al

of o bl ig a

d ep a rt m ent

Th ere

p r e ci s e p a ral l e l i sm b et w e en t h e m oral l egisl a t ion of s o c iet y in

i t s p riv at e a c t i o n o n i nd i v i d u al s , a nd t h e p u bli c l eg isl a t io n t h ro u gh t h e g ov ern
m e nt ; a nd if t hi s p a ral l eli s m w ere cl o s el y t ra c e d , w e s h ou l d h av e a m u ch
i s,

as

he

s aw , a

c on c ep t i on

c l earer

of

m oral

p rop erl y s o
c r i t e ri on o f t h e

ob l i g a t i on,

p u ni shm ent i s t h e i ns t ru m ent a nd t h e

l a w d oe s not p re s c rib e a p enal ty , i t d oes
a u t h o ri t i es and s o c i et y

c o n s t it u t e a

m oral

n ot

m ak e

not t h i nk

g en erall y d o

c al l e d .

In b oth

ob l ig at ory .
an d s o

d u ty

c as e s,

Where t h e
w h er e ot h er

p rop er t o p u nish, t h ey d o

no t

ru l e .
r

Th en
a u th or i ty ,

as

t o the

or i gi n

w e ou g ht t o

in s i s t

of
on

m oral
h av in g

e n ac t m e nt s ,
s om e

t to a
t h a t g iv es t h e l a w in t h i s d ep a rt m e n
t o d o so fou n d e d u p on
Is t h e a u t h orit y
'

"

a nd

p osit iv e
c o mm unit y ,

d esp o t i sm ,

t he p rop er
d ecl ara t ion
.

a nd

ena cting

Who is

it

w h at i s t h ei r rig ht

l im it e d m onarc hy ,

or

! Is p u b l i c op ini on app eal ed t o , a nd op e n d i s cu s s ion p erm i t t e d,

m Oral b ill b ec om e s a m ora l l a w
Or ha v e w e r ece i v e d our c o d e f rom

a rep u b l ic

b e fo re
a

v e nerab l e

a nt i qu it y , e mb odi e d

in

o u r rel ig i on, a nd s h u t u p
'

for ever from

27 6

ET H I C AL EMOT I ON S ;

THE

'

m o r al s ! S om e limi t m u s t b e

i t is

bv i o u s

t h at w e

c o n-s

Ch em i s t r y ; b u t
'

It i s

ip

u s efu l

t o m ak e

e xp e r

p o int o f m or al it y,
p r ofe ss i on al d u t y u nd e r t ak e n

t hi s i s

m an

of a

ar t

u s e ful

n ot

im e nt s

an d

in

it b e

u nl e s s

m any

t o t h e p r inc l e , for
e v e r y t h ng a m o r al r ul e

as s ign e d

t h a t w e d o n ot m ak e

id er

S EN SE

M ORAL

OR , THE

pa

id

for

b ook s b u t n ot b e c au se
o f hi s b e in
b
l
i
t
u n d e r a h i h m or al s a n c t i o n
o
e
d
o
d
o
s
o
g
g
g
Ma ny ac t i on s p r e em in e ntl y u sefu l t o s oc i et y ar e p erfor me d
ou t o f t h e fr e e w il l a n d c h o i ce o f i n d iv i d u al s a n d n o t fr o m
an y fe ar
e it h er o f p u n i s hm e nt
A
or o f inw ar d r e m or s e ;
di s t in ct i on m u s t t h e r e for e b e d r aw n b et w e e n Ut ili t y ma d e
com p u l s or y a n d w h at i s l eft fr e e
Th er e ar e v er y d iffere nt d egre es of u r gen cy in th ings
know n t o b e u s e fu l Th e e xt in c t ion Of a bl a z ing h ou s e t h e
arr e s t o f a r i ot or t u mu l t t h e r es i s t an c e t o an inv a d ing a r m y
ar e ac t i on s t h at p r e ss b e fo r e all o t h e r s : Am ong s o c i al a c t i o n s
t h e r s t d e gr e e o f u rg e n c y b el o ngs t o t h o s e al r ea d y a ll u d e d
t o as e s se n t i al t o t h e v e r y e x is t e n c e of s oc i e t y
S oc i al s e c u ri t y m u s t b e ma int a in e d a s t h e h igh e s t n e c e s
s it y o f m e n s e x i s t e n c e In c o m mo n fel l o w s h ip
an d w h at e v e r
m ili t a t e s agai n s t i t m u st b e c on s i d e r e d w r ong
On t h is
fou n d at i o n w e e s t abli sh r igh t d u t y or Obl ig at i on a s a t t ac h
ing t o Ob e di e n c e t o l aw fu l l m e n t o f c o m p a c t s j u s t i c e a n d
t ru t h ; an d w e e m p l o y t h e s an c t i on Of p u n i sh m e nt i n fav o ur
of t h o s e c l a s s es o f ac t i on s
w r et e

J e r e m y B e n t h am

u s e fu l

'

reconsid e r at i on or c h an g e

What ev er t h e

c as e

is, l et

we d esc rib e t h e p ol i t ic al fou n d at ions o f o ur l egal

Mo r e ov er

w e ou gh t t o

h av e

w ise, t h e

t he

p u b li c m oral i t y , o r o f t he
w h a t p a rl ia m en t i m p os es , a nd t h i s

w r it t e n c o d e o f

'

t he p l an

o f e x c l u di n

al l

of w ar o mi t a l l r e fer en ce
offe n ces a n d c ri m e s .

n ess s h o u l d

b e t re at ed

qu ali t y

o f c om p o s it i o n

t rea t i s e,

m or e

c e d u re.

a ny

t he

v i r t u es

t o the

Th e

e n u m er a t i on of

s t ri c t

p ai n o f p u nis hm ent b y ex com m u ni ca t i o n o r o t h e r

t h at a r e n o t p a s s e d o v e r
A s y s t em o f m or al s fer

g e nu ine o ffen c es
g u i d an c e o f t h e i ndi v i d u al m e m b er
'

e x ac tl y a s

s t at e d

co d e .

d u t i es i m p o s e d b y s o ci e t y , ov er and a b o v e
s h ou l d n ot b e a l o o s e l
y w ri tt e n m oral t r eat i s e, b u t
w h at s oc i e t y re u ire s u nd e r

i t be

v ery

o f s o c i e t y , ou gh t

t h a t b ring

v i rt u e s o f

th e

all

t he

aid s

of

h um an

t h at

el o

be

j u st

s o l d ie r, a n d

int er e s t ing e l d

a p a r t , w it h

r e w ar d s ,

to

m ere l y

a r t i cl e s

e nu m er a t e

v irt u e a n d

qu e n ce

t he

as

t h a t h a s no b u si n es s t o b e p r e s e nt i n a
t h a n i n a c r i m i nal c o d e , o r a dig e s t o f us t i ce

c om p os e d o n

can

b es t o w ,

s t ri c t
-

nob l e

o f- p ea-c c

ora l

pr o

ET HI C AL E M O T I ON S ;

THE

278

OR , THE

S EN SE

M ORAL

y w h e r e qu e st io n s ar e s e ttl e d by t he gen e r al voic e

a ft e r fr ee an d o p e n d i s c u s s i o n i t i s d i ffi cu l t t o n d a ny o t h e r
s t an d ar d t h an t h e h ap p i n e s s o f t h e p op u l at i on a s c al cu l at e d
by t hem s el v e s
Th e c om m o n d isl i k e t o U t il i t y a s t h e st an d a r d r es ol v e s
it s el f int o a s e nt im e nt al p r e fer en c e am ou nt ing t o t h e ab ne
A
m
an r e fu s e s t o e m br ac e
t
i
f
r e a s o n i n hu m a n l ife
n
a
o
o
g
s om e l u cr at i v e o c c u p at i on b e c a u s e o f fa m il y p ri d e an d c h oo s es
a l ife Of p r iv at i on an d m i s e ry i n s t e a d ; t h i s i s t h e fal s e c h o ic e
o f s e n t im e n t a s r e g ar d s t h e p r iv at e w e lfar e of an in d iv id u a l
From a fe el ing of av er s ion n ot fou nd ed on any r e a son I r e fu se
t h e p r ofe s s io n al ass i s t a n ce o f s o m e o n e Sp e c i al l y qu al i e d t o
e xt r i c a t e m e fr om a s i t u a t i o n of m i s e r y ; s o p r es e n t in g a n
s am e
ant it h e s i s o f s e nt im e nt an d u t ili t
e x am p l e Of t h e
y
Bu t t h e r e ar e s e nt im e n t s r e c k on e d SO l oft y d ign i e d a n d
e nn o bl in g an d t h e r e ar e u t il i t i e s r e c k o n e d s o l o w a n d gr o v e l
l ing t h at i t i s c o n c e iv e d n o c o m p ar i son e xi s t s b e t w e e n t h e
Thu s t h e p r in c ip l es o f j u s t i ce t r u th an d p u r it y c on
tw o
s id e r e d i n a c er t a in i d e al for m ar e su pp o s e d t o p r e d o m in a t e
imm e a su r abl y ov er w orl dl y p r osp e rit y; Let j u s t ic e b e d on e
i s t h e h igh e s t igh t of s e n t i
t h ou gh n a t u r e Sh ou l d c oll ap s e
a

c ou n t r

m e n t al i s m f

ase o f t h e

in d iv id u al t h at w ou l d r at h er s t ar v e th an
a b at e a jo t o f hi s fam il y p r id e t h er e i s r e all y n o t h i ng t o b e
If h e d o es n ot
s a id ; as a fr e e m an h e h a s m a d e hi s o w n c h o i c e
invol v e any ot h er p er s on s in hi s d e s t it u t i on his fr ie n d s m ay
r e m on s t r at e w i t h h im b u t n o on e i s e n t it l e d t o g o a n y fa r t h e r
A n d s o w i th a ny n u m b er o f m e n e a ch c arr ying ou t i n hi s o w n
c ase w i t h o u t d e t r im e n t t o o t h e r s a s e nt im e nt al p r e fer e n c e
Ev en s u p p os ing t h e m t o b e m u ch l es s h ap p y t h an t he e m an
c ip a t i on fr om t h e ir p e c u l i ar l ik ing or d i sl ik e w o u l d m ak e t h e m
u s t d e c id e
s t ill a s m e n b e y o n d t h e st at e o f t u t e l ag e t h e y m
A p h il an t h r op i c r e for m e r w ou l d d o u b t l e s s
fo r t h e m s e l v e s
w i s h by an im p r ov e d e d u c at i o n o r in o t h e r w ay s t o fr e e hi s
In t h e

'

S ee

an

Fl et c h er , t h at
b ase t h ing t o

cr i t ic i s m

a d m i rab l e

he

sa ve

w o u ld

it

b y J a m es

l o s e h i s l ife t o

F r a g m en t

on

s e rv e

Mill
h is

Ma ck i ntosh

on

t he

cou nt r y

267

s ay ing

of

b u t w ou l d

A nd rew
n ot

do

D OUBLE F OUN D ATI ON

EXI STI N G M ORAL RULES

OF

279

itiz e ns from t h e incu bu s of a d el e t e riou s s entim e nt

s u p e rs titi o n a n tip a thy or t h e l ik e ; b u t s o l o n g a s e a c h o ne
c o n n e s t h e op e ra ti on of t he feel ing t o him s elf l ib erty i s in
fa vou r o f a b s ta ining fr om any thin g l ik e i nte rfe r e n c e i n t h e
m a tt e r
Bu t w h e n o n e m an e n d e a v ou r s t o im p os e his l iking s
or d i s l ik e s u p on an o th e r or w h e n a m e r e s e n tim ent al p r e fe r
e n c e e n t e r t a i n e d by t h e m aj o rity i s m a d e t h e l aw for e v e ry
on e th e r e i s a v e ry s e ri ou s in frin ge m e n t o f i n d ivi d u al fr e e d om
on t h e o n e h a n d w ith n o thin g l e gitim at e t o b e s e t a g a in s t it
H e rein l ie s t h e re al opp o s ition of
i n t h e w a y o f a d v a nt a g e
t h e t w o p rin c ip l e s a s a ppl i e d t o l e gi sl a ti on an d m o r al ity
If
a m an h as a s tr on
an tip ath y (l ik e w h at p r e v ail s a m o n g
g
l arg e s e c ti on s of m an kin d ) t o a pig thi s i s a go o d r e as o n
t o him for n o t k e e pin gpig s or e atin g p o r k ; b u t i f a s u f c i e n t
n u m b e r j o in in t h e an tip at hy t o m a k e a ru l i ng p ar ty in t h e
soc i e ty th at th e y b e l ong t o an d c a rry t h e thin g so far as t o
th e y c o n v e r t
c o m p e l e v e ryb o d y t o p u t aw ay thi s a n im al
a n d th e r e b y c o m
a m e r e phy s i c al d i sl ik e int o a m or al r ul e
This i s ve ry d if
m it a gr os s o u tr ag e on in divi du al l ib erty
fe r e nt from s u c h an a ct a s t h e p u bl i c p r ohibitio n o f t h e s al e
o f ar s e n i c
Nay if one w e re t o l e gi sl a t e for t h e Am eri c an
Indian s it m ight b e c om e a grave qu e s tion w h e th e r o r n o t al c o
h ol i c l i qu or s s h oul d b e u tt erl y forb idd en s i m pl y b e c au s e o f t h e
w an t o f m or al p ow e r i n t h e n ativ e s t o r e s i s t t h e i nd u l g e n ce
t o th e ir ru in
S u c h a m e asu r e w ou l d ha ve u til ity for i t s pl e a
1 3 Th e fo re g o ing o b se rva ti ons on t h e d iffe r e n t Ethi cal
Th e orie s ar e in t en d e d t o p av e t h e w ay for thi s c on c l u s i on
n am el y th at th e m or a l mol es f ou n d t o
p r ev a i l i n m os t if no t
fe ll o w

'

a l l comm u n i ti es, a r e

in

S en ti m ent

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t er m s

ob s er v e d

fo m e d
r
to

We

pp

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w ell or

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as a

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t o b e b en e cial ,

u t ili t y

gr ou nd ed p a r tly on Uti li ty/

w e p u t as i d e t h e qu e s ti o n

a nd

a r t ly

p
to

as

t he

ill , in t h e w ork ab o v e u ot e d , r em ark s t h at m ora l a n d im m oral

a
l i e d b y m e n,
r im a r il , t o a c t s ,
t h e e ffect s o f w hi ch w e re
y

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t h e re fore , t h ey d esi r e d

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t en d en cy i n m any w r it ers t o
c ere m o ni a l

r el i gi ou s r it e .

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u s age s ,

as

s om e t i m es

in t h e
sa i d

ru l es

ress ion
s ee

s h ou l d

b e p er
o ri g in al l y h ad re fere nc e
i s not a n u nc om m on on e

k ou t

s y st em

in d efence

s om e

rac t i c al

of a b l u t i o n s o
of

t he

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r ev a l e nt

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a

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E THI C A L EM OTI ONS ;

THE

28 0

l e giti m a t e

d efen s ibl e b as is

an d

of

M ORAL SE N SE

THE

OR ,

M o r al s

an d a sk s

i m pl y w h at
ex i s tin g w e

give n bi rth t o t h e c o de s n o w or form e rl y

ar e I thi n k c om p e l l e d t o a d m it th at U til ity i s n o t t h e s ol e
If
al th ou gh fo r m in g a v e ry i m p o r t an t fa c t o r
e x pl an a ti on
ho w e ve r w e a d d S en tim e nt an d Tr a d ition w hi c h is t h e
we
c o nti nu i ng in u en c e o f som e fo rm e r U til ity o r S e n tim e n t
c an r end e r a c om p r eh e n s iv e a c c ou n t o f t he e xi s tin g p r ac ti c e s
Th e ru l e s m a nife s tl y fou n d e d o n U til ity ar e al l th os e th a t
pr o te c t the p e rs on s p ro p e rty g oo d n a m e &c of t h e m e m b e rs
o f e ac h s o c ie ty fr o mvi o l a ti o n ; th a t e n fo r c e ju s ti c e a n d t h e
ful l m en t o f b arg ain s an d e ng ag e m e n t s th a t u ph ol d v e r a c ity
an d in t e g rity ; th a t m a in t a i n o b e d i e n c e t o c o n s tit u t e d a u th o r
th at e x t en d pro t e c ti on t o t h e h el pl es s ; an d so forth
it y
1 4 A s al r e a dy r e m ar k e d t h e c as e s o f S e n tim e n t c o nv e rt e d
in t o l aw a nd m o ral ity d iffe r w id e l y a c c or d in g t o pl ac e an d
ti m e S om e h ave th eir o rigin in s e n tim e n t al li/ei ngs c arri e d t o
t h e l e ngth of p u bl i c c o n s e cr a ti o n a s t h e v e n e r ati on o f t h e
H in d oos fo r t h e c ow ou t of w hi c h h as aris e n a c om pu l s o ry
h om ag e w ith s e ve re p e n al ti es for di s re s p e c t Th e Bu d d his t
r e v e r e n c e for anim al l ife i s of t h e s am e n atu r e Th e abs ti
n e n c e o f t h e Br a hm i n s fr o m a n im al foo d h as b ee n p r o m pt e d
by this s ac r e dn e s s 1 St il l m ore nu m e rou s ar e t h e m oral
f ee b l c k s
w hit e p opu l t io n o f t h e Un it d S t t s t o t h e p e s ons o f t h

h as

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eas

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is

r e tex ts

u s u al l y a p
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p g
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ro

of

has

b e en

n ev er

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s e nt im e nt a l

for

ar e n t

d re a d

en y

ce

d et e r io ra t i ng t h e w h ol e b r e e d b y
w h i c h t h e re l y i s , t h a t t h e c on s i d e r a t io n

s r ing s ou t o f a w h o l e s o m e

m i tu re w i t h

a d v anc e

a e

re

rt a

a r u li ng

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u i re m e nt s ,

c o n s id era t i o n

u su a l e n ou h
g

b u t the

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l e n d s i t s el f t o

a id

th e duty

o f s oc i al ob e d i e n ce , w h os e

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fou n d a t i on i s i n t h e high e s t d e g re e ra ct i c al or u t il it a ria n
a nd d i v i n e r i h t o f m o n arc h s a n d d y n as t i e s a r e s c a r c e l y e t i n c t a s fe e l in s
g
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n d e e d , i t i s fr e u e nt l y s ai d , t h at w it h ou t t h e h e l
of
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Th e

to b e

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ch er i s h e d

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c on

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rel ig i ou s s e nt i m en t , c i v i l o r d er c ou l d n o t

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2 82

ETH I C A L EM OTI ON S ;

THE

M ORAL SE N SE

ve r e s t p e n al ti e s Th e h a tr ed s of
Opp os it e r e l igi ou s s e c t s h a v e b e en s om e tim es s o in t e n s e th a t
any in d ivi d u al m e m b e r
s h o w i n g a c ool n e s s o n t h e p o in t
e xp o s e d hi m s e lf t o s er i ou s d ang e r at t h e h an d s o f hi s c c
rel igi oni s ts ; w e h av e s e en thi s in t h e c as e of R om an C a th ol i cs
and P r o t e s t ant s
Th e re h av e u su all y b e en c ert ain m o d e s of in d ul g en c e n ot
at all affe c ti n g t h e w e lfa r e o f s oc i e ty th a t h a ve e x c it e d fee l
in g s o f di sl ik e s o s tro n g an d s o in fl u e n ti al as t o pl a c e th e m
u n d e r t h e b an o f a u th o r it a tive m o r ali t
Win e an d anim al
y
foo d h a v e b e e n t h e s u bj e c t s o f t o t al p r o hibiti o n
Th e r e h as
b e e n a ve ry p re va ili ng disp o s iti on t o r e s tri c t t h e in d u l g e n ce s
of s e x
S o m e pr ac tic e s ar e s o v i ol e n tl y abh orre d th at th e y
ar e n ot p e rm itt e d e v e n t o b e n am e d
S o c ie ty i s ap t t o l oo k
w ith a s e v e r e e y e a t u n s h are d e nj oy m e nt s g e n er all y u s ing
o d i ou s t e rm s s u c h as
gl u tt o n t o s tigm atiz e a l arge e at e r
an d d e n o u n c i n g t h e p u r s u it o f w e al th a n d t h e l o v e o f p r ai s e
as u n w or thy s p r in g s o f ac ti on
1 5 I s h al l n o w a d ver t i n far th e r ill u st r a ti on o f t h e vi e w s
h e r e a d va nc e d t o the p r oces s of en a ctm en t of m or a l r u les
This w ill b ring int o l ight w h a t t h e a d voca t e s of a m or al
s e n se l e a v e i n t h e d ar k t h e r e al i m p os in g p ow e r
or t h e
s u p r e m e s t an d a r d t o w h i c h t h e i n d ivi d u al c on sc i e n c e h as t o
a d apt it se l f
H i st ory e n abl e s u s t o ge t a t t h e o rigin o f s om e
p a rt s of ou r ac tu al m o rali ty and b y a nal ogy w e c an s u rm is e
t h e g r ow th of o th er s
On e w e ll k n o w n s ou r c e of m or al ru l es i s t h e di c t at or shi p
o f a r el igi o u s p r o ph e t l ik e M ah om e t
G aining som e h ow or
o th e r a c o m m a n d i n g i n u e n c e o v e r a l ar g e c o m m u n ity su c h
a o n e i s e n a bl e d t o p r e s c r ib e t h e p r ac ti c e s th a t s h al l bi n d t h e
a c ti o n s
a n d s h a p e t h e c on s c i e n c e s
of hi s o w n a n d fu tu r e
g e n e ra ti on s Th e l ikin gs a n d d i sli k ings p e rs on al t o him s el f
a r e m i x e d u p w ith h i s vi e w s o f p u bl i c u til ity i n t h e m o r al
c o d e th at h e c a r v e s o u t
A s k a M a h o m e t an w h a t i s t h e s t a n
d a rd t o s e ttl e a n y d iffe r e n c e s th a t m ay a ri s e am on g in d ivi d u a l
an d
h e re fe r s y ou t o t h e K or an in o th e r
c on s c i e n c e s
w or d s t o t h e d i c t a t o r s hip of M a h om e t m o d i e d o nl y by
w as

m a d e li abl e t o t h e

THE

OR ,

se

THE

M ORAL LEG I SLATOR

2 83

th oriz e d i nt e rp r e t ers of his w r iting s So in C hin a

C o nfu c iu s is k n ow n t o h a v e giv e n t h e m oral t on e an d sp e
c i c p r e c e pt s t o a s e c ti on Of t h e C hi n e s e ; a n d i f w e k n e w
t h e origi n of Br a h m i n i s m an d B u dd hi s m w e m ight n d i n
th em t oo a s im il ar d i c t a to rial au th ority B u t m or al e n a c t
m e n t s h a v e al s o S p r u n g fr om ci v i l au th o rity e m b o d i e d in a
S ingl e p e rs on w h o ha s r e n d ere d his j u d gm e nt s an d fe el in gs
m att e r s of o bl ig a ti o n
Wh e th e r su m m on e d l ik e S ol o n or t h e
tra d iti on al Ly cu rgu s t o s e ttl e a d is tra c t e d s oc ie ty or ga ining
p ow e r by h er e d it ary a s c e n d enc y or c o n qu ering m ight a c ivil
d e sp o t m ay s o m e tim e s n ot onl y r e gu l a t e t h e p u bl i c l aw s b u t
m ou l d a fr e s h t h e m or al s e n ti m e n t s o f hi s tim e
Thu s it w a s
th a t t h e r el igi o n Of Eu rop e and t h e a c c o m p any in g moral
c o d e w e r e c h ang e d by i m p e ri al p o t en t a t e s ; i n thi s c a s e a d o pt
in g w h at h a d b e e n al r e a dy p r om u l g a t e d fr om o th e r s ou r c es
Th e a s s e n t of t h e c o m m u nity a t l a rg e i s n e c e ss ar y t o co m pl e t e
t h e l egi s l a ti ve p r o c e s s w hil e e v e ry n e w g e n e r a ti on m u s t b e
d is p o s e d t o h ol d fas t w h a t h as thu s b e e n d e li v e r e d
Th e
p rop e r answ e r th e r efor e t o t h e qu e s ti on
Wh at is t h e m oral
s t a nd ar d ! w ou l d b e th e ena c tm en ts of the exi s ti ng s oci ety a s
d er i v ed f r om s o m e on e cl othed i n hi s d a y w i th a m or a l l eg i sl a
ti v e a u thor i ty
Th e v e ry s am e r em ark s a ppl y t o r e fo rm e r s
an d t h e fou n d e r s o f n e w sec t s g e n e r all y w h o fr om c au s e s
qu it e a s signabl e b y hi s t ory h a v e o bta in e d in u e n c e o v er a
b o dy o f foll ow e rs Th e c ons c i e n c e of t h e Qu a k e r i s r e gu l at ed
b y t h e m or al c o d e r e c e iv e d fr om G e org e F o x and c o ntin u e d
i n t h e s oc i e ty from h i s tim e
In s u c h an in s t an c e as thi s t h e
p op u l ar c oncu rr ence w a s m or e s elf pr om pt e d th an in th e
a n c i e n t r e l i i ou s d i c t a t or s hip s an d th er e w as t a c itl
g
y r e s e r ve d
b y t h e s o c i e ty a righ t t o r e c o n s i d e r t h e origi n al t e n e t s
Th a t
p art of ou r m or al c o d e r el ating t o m arri ag e an d t h e r el ati on s
o f t h e s e x e s c an b e hi s t o ri c all y tr a c e d fo r t h e m os t p ar t a n d
t h e r e s p on s ibil ity o f m ai nt ainin g it i n it s p r e s e n t s h ap e c a n b e
b rou ght h o m e t o t h e p ro p e r p a rti e s I t is m er e triing t o l l
o u r im a gi n a ti o n w ith an u n s e e n u n p r o d u c ibl e s t a n d ar d o f
m o ral ity w e n e e d o nl y t o l oo k a b ou t u s a n d r e a d hi s t ory t o
g e t at t h e r e al au th ority th a t n ow m a in ta in s an d t h e o ne th a t
t he

'

au

2 84

THE

E TH I C AL EM OTI ON S

OR

THE

M ORAL SE N S E
.

rigin al l y p re s crib e d al m o s t any m o r al pr e c e pt n ow r e cog

ni z e d a s bi n d i n g
I n s t e a d of tr e atin g m o rali ty a s a w h ol e
o n e a n d i n d ivi s ibl e l e t u s t a k e t h e e n a c t m e n t s i n d e t a il
an d
w e c a n w ith r e as o n a b l e p ro b a b il ity as c en d t o t h e fou n t ain
he a d in al m os t e v e r y c as e
l 6 Th e ch a ng e t h at h a s c om e o v e r m e n s s e ntim e nt s on
t h e s u bj e c t of Sl a v e ry w o u l d p r o v e a n in t e r es ting e x a m pl e o f
t h e gr ow th o f n e w m o r al fe e l ing s
U ntil l e s s th an t w o c en
tu r ie s ago t h e a bh orre n c e of t h e u s ag e of h ol d in g hu m an
b e ings as s l a ve s d i d n o t e x is t ; a n d n ow t h e r e p u g n an c e t o
t h e p r a c ti c e h a s a l m o s t r e a c h e d t h e h e ight o f a m o r a l s e n ti
m e nt Th e p r o c e s s w h e r e b y thi s n e w a n d m or e l ib e r al th e ory
i
o f t h e right s o f hu m an it
r
t
h
p
d
it
s
lf
n t h e mi n d s o f
e

s
s
a
e
y
s c a tt e r e d i n d ivi d u al s an d c a m e b y d eg r e e s t o l e a v e n t h e m a s s
m ight p r o b abl y b e (an d h a s b e e n p arti all y ) tr a c e d o u t b y t h e
hi s t ori a n ; and i f s o w e s h ou l d h a ve a s u f c i e nt a c c ou nt of
t h e orig in o f on e p r ev ail ing m or al i de a o f t h e p r e s e n t tim e
Thi s i s a c as e th a t h as j u s t s t opp e d s h o rt o f t h e c o m pu l s o ry
s t ag e
Ma ny p e opl e am on g u s w ou l d w il l in gl y go t h e l ength
Of m aki n g a n ti s l a v e ry Opi n i on s a
t erm o f c omm u n i on a nd
p rohibit al l in t e rc ou r s e w ith p ers o n s c on c e rne d i n t h e p ra c ti c e ;
b u t t h e c l a ss h ol d in g su c h e x tr e m e vi e w s i s n ot s u f c i e ntl y
nu m e r o u s or i n u e n ti a l t o c a rry th e ir po i n t a n d th e r e fo r e t h e
d e vel opm e nt of t h e fe e l ing i n to a m oral s en tim e nt i s n ot c om
m
h
l
t
Th
bi
ll
h
a s n o t b e c o m e l aw
Y
e
t
t
e
e
x
a
p
l
e is no
e
e
e
p
l e s s g o o d as an ill u s tra ti o n
fo r a ny c on s i d e r abl e a dd iti o n
m a d e t o t h e i n t e n s ity o f t h e fe el in g w ou l d p r ob abl y s u f c e t o
pl ac e it in t h e ran k of t h e o bl ig at o ry
1 7 Th e a br og a ti on of m or a l r u les m ay n e x t b e a ddu c e d
Eith e r s o m e thi ng h as h app e n e d
a s a m o s t ill u s tr a tiv e fa c t
t o m o d ify t h e s e n tim e nt s o f t h e m a s s o f t h e c om m u nity or a
m in or ity b e c o m in g s tr o ng e r h as m a d e a s u c ces s fu l r e v o l t
Ep oc hs l ik e t h e Pro te s t ant R e form a tion and t h e rs t Fre n c h
R evol u ti on ar e p r e gn an t w ith s u c h ch anges Wh e n a r e s t r ic
tion i s k e pt u p n o t by t h e for c e of t h e l aw b u t b y t h e d i ffu s e d
fe e l i ngs an d u s ag e s o f s o c i e ty a n u m b er o f p e r s o ns b an d i ng
t og e th e r m ay s e t t h e g e n e ral o pini o n a t d e an c e and tru st t o
o

THE

2 86

ETH I C A L EM OTI ON S
Th e fe e li ng

M ORAL SE N SE

o f e n co u n e

t ri n g c e r t a in p a i n
m a d e u p o f b o th phy s i c al a n d m or al e l e m e n ts th at i s t o
s ay b o d il y s u ffe ri n g a n d d i s p l eas u r e i s t h e r s t m o tiv e p ow e r
o f a n E thi c al ki n d th a t c a n b e t r ac e d i n t h e m e n t al s y s t e m o f
Th e r e ar e o th e r im pu l s es in t h e mi nd th a t ind u c e
c hil d h oo d
a r eg a r d t o t h e fe e l ing s of o th e r s ; b u t w ith r e s p e c t t o d u ty
s tr i c tl y s o c all e d t h e in fan t c o n s c i e n c e i s t h e li n ki n g o f t e rr o r
A s t h e c hil d a d v an c es in t h e e x
w ith fo rbi d d e n a c ti o n s
h
t
e h a bit o f a c ti ng an d t h e d r e a d o f
r i e n c e o f a u tho rit
e
p
y
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Ne w e l e m e nt s
s e n s e o f d u ty g r ow s s t r o n g e r a n d s tr ong e r
c o m e t o b e i n tr o du ce d t o m o dify thi s a c qu ir e d r e p u gn an c e t o
w h a t e ve r i s p ro hibit e d by p ar e n t s a n d t e a c h e r s a n d o th e rs i n
A s e ntim en t of l ov e or r e s p ec t tow ard s t h e p e rs on
a u th o r ity
o f t h e su p e ri o r i n fu s e s a d i ffe r e n t S p e c i e s o f dr e a d fro m w h a t
w e h av e j u s t s u pp os e d t h e d r e a d o f givi n g p a in t o a b el o v e d
S om e tim e s thi s i s a m ore p ow e rfu l d e t e rrent th an
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t h e o th e r
We c all it a highe r or d er of c on s c i e nc e t o a c t
fr om l o v e th an t o a c t fr o m fe ar Wh e n t h e y ou ng mi n d i s a bl e
t o t ak e n o ti c e of t h e u s e an d m e anin g o f t h e p r o hi biti on s
im p o s e d u p on it and t o app ro ve o f t h e e nd in te nd e d by them
a n e w m o tiv e i s a d d e d an d t h e c on s c i e n c e i s th e n a tr ipl e
u e s ti o n w ith a th r e e
c o m p ou n d a n d b e gir d s t h e ac ti o n i n q
fol d fe ar t h e l as t i ngr e d ie n t b e ingp aram ou nt i n t h e m atu rity
A l l tha t w e u n d e rs t a n d
o f t h e s ym p a thi e s a n d t h e r e a s on
by t h e au th ority of c o ns c i e n c e t h e s e n tim e nt of o bl ig a ti on,
t h e fe el ing o f right t h e s tin g o f r e m or s e ca n b e n othing el s e
th an s o m an y m o d es o f e xp r e ss ing t h e a c qu ire d a ve rs ion an d
d re a d t o w ar d s c e r tai n a c ti o n s as s o c i a t e d in t h e m i n d w i th
Tra ce ou t as w e m ay t h e gre a t
t h e c on s e qu e n c e s n ow s t a t e d
varie ty o f form s a s su m e d b y t h e s e ntim e n t t h e e s s en ti al
Th e d r e a d of an ti c i
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p a te d e vil op e ra tin g t o r e s train b e for e t h e fa c t a nd t h e p ain
r e al iz e d aft e r t h e a c t h as b ee n p e rform e d a r e p e rfe c tl y in
t e ll igib l e p ro d u c t s o f t h e e d u c a ti o n of t h e m in d u n d e r a
s y s t e m o f a u th o rity a n d o f e x p e ri e n ce o f t h e g o o d a nd e vil
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p on th e fear of pu n is hm e n t t h e ag o ny of r emorse m eans

S im pl y t h e appre h ens ion of t h e p en al ty in cu rre d a s w hen t h e
s ol d i e r h a s l a p se d in t o a br e a c h o f m il itary d i s c ip l i ne o r w h e n
t h e w or s hipp e r u n d e r a r el igi on o f fe ar p ou r tr a y s t o him self
If l o v e e s t e e m a n d r e ve r
i ni c t i o n s b y t h e o ffe n d e d d e ity
e n c e e n t e r l arg e l y in t o t h e c a s e t h e r e m o r se w ill c o rr e s p ond
t o t h e su ffe ri ng e n du r e d fr om in i c tin g a w o u n d on th o s e w e
If t h e d u ty p r e s c rib e d h as b e e n
l o v e r e s p ec t or v e n e r at e
a pp r o v e d of by t h e m in d as p r o t e c tiv e o f t h e g e n e r al i n t e r es t s
t h e vi ol a ti on o f this
e ng agin g o u r s y m p a thi e s
o f p e r s on s
o n o u r p a r t a ffe c t s u s w ith all t h e p ain th a t w e fe e l fr om
inic ting an inj u ry u p on th os e int e r es ts
1 9 Th e V arie ti e s a ssu m e d b y t h e s e n tim e n t o f obl ig a tio n
in i n d ivi d u al s ar e qu it e e n dl es s b u t e v e ry o ne o f th e m m ay
b e r e fe rr e d t o s om e in t e ll igibl e o rigin i n t h e c on s titu ti o n o r
Th e r e fe r en c e t o a
t h e e x p e ri e n c e an d e du c a ti o n o f e a c h
n arr ow o r a w i d e c i r c l e o f in t e r e s t s m a rk s o u t o n e i m p o r t an t
dis tinc ti on ; th e o pp osition of t h e fam il y t o th e c om m u nity
a nd o f t h e s m all s o c i e ty t o t h e g e n e r al w e lfar e o f m a n ki n d
b ring s o u t t h e rel ativ e s trength o f t h e c ontrac t e d an d t h e e x
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P ro
fe s s ion al h o nou r or e ti qu e tt e i n t h e s ol d i e r o r th e l aw y e r
s o m e tim e s e v e n c o n i c ti n g w ith t h e ge n e r al l a w a s in r e g ar d

an d th e s e n ti m e nt s p e c u l i a r t o s p e c i al s e c t s or
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m e an s o f th e di sc ipl in e e x e r c i s e d i n e a c h s o ci e ty o ve r i t s
m e m b e rs a n d by t h e h abitu al a s c ripti on of p ra ise t o s o me
ac ti on s a nd of bl am e t o o th e r s th a t t h e c o d e of t h e s oc i e ty IS
s t amp e d on t h e i n d ivi du al m in d an d giv e s bir t h t o a c on
s c i ence c o rr es p o n d ing
Th e R e l igi ou s c on s c i e n c e i s c h ara c t e riz e d by t h e p r e se nce
an d p r e d o m in an c e o f t h e r e l igi ou s s e n tim e n t o f m i ngl e d l o ve
a n d fe ar t ow a r d s t h e D e ity ; an d o w e s i t s p o w e r t o this 011
cu ms tanc e Th e fe el ing of d isapprob ation w ou l d re s ol ve its elf
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2 88

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S o m e tim e s t h e
t u re d b y a n y th ing t e n d in g t o in i c t h ar m
m in d in cl in e s w ith s p e c i al t e n a c ity t o t h e l e tt e r Of t h e p r e
c e p t s o f m o r al ity so th a t a b r e a c h Of fo rm g iv e s a v i ol e n t
Whil e o th e rs a c cu s t o m th e m s el v e s t o l o o k
s h o c k o f r e ni or s e
a t t h e i n t e n ti o n a n d s pi r it o f t h e r e qu irem e n t a n d fe el m o s t
If th e r e w e r e in t h e hu m an
a c u t el y a n y d e p ar tu r e fr o m thi s
m in d a fac u l ty o f c o n s c i e n c e b y it s e l f w e Sh ou l d n o t m e e t
w ith s u c h w i d e d iffe r e n c es in t h e s tr es s l a id u p o n p a rti c u l ar
d u ti e s ; t h e d i s p o s iti o n r a th e r w o ul d b e t o o b ey w ith n earl y
e qu al s t r e n gth o f d e t e rm in a ti on w h at e v e r w as c om m an d e d by
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fo rm e d or In d e p e n d e n t c o n s c i e n c e or th a t v ari e ty o f t h e
m o r al s e n ti m e n t th a t i s n ot in u e n c e d e ith e r b y fe a r Of o r by
r e v e re n ce t o any s u p e ri o r p ow e r w h a t s oe v e r O n t h e s u p
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e x p l ai n in g t h e c a s e s w h e r e t h e i n d ivi d u al i s a l aw t o him s e l f
Bu t th er e i s n o thi ng v e ry fo rm i d a bl e i n thi s app ar e n t c o n tr a
Th e s e n tim e n t at r s t form e d an d cul tiva t e d b y t h e
d i c tio n
rel a ti on s of a c tu al c o m m an d an d ob e di e n c e m ay c o m e at l a s t
t o s t an d u p o n a n in d e p e n d e n t fou n d a ti on j u s t as t h e s tu d e n t
e d u ca t e d b y t h e i m p li c it r e c e pti on o f w h a t h e l e a r n s fr o m
h i s t e a c h e r s c o m e s b y a n d by t o b e l i e ve th e m or d i s b el i e v e
the m o n e vid e n c e of hi s o w n n di ng Wh e n t h e y o u n g m in d
a c c u s t om e d a t t h e ou t s e t t o i m pl i c itl y o b e y i n g a n y s e t o f r u l e s
i s s u f c i e n tl y a d van c e d t o app r e c i a t e t h e m o tiv es t h e u tili ti e s
t h e c h a r a c t e r of
or t h e s e n ti m e n t th a t l e d t o th e i r im p os iti o n
t h e c o n s c i e n c e i s e n tire l y tra ns form e d ; t h e m o tiv e pow e r is s u e s
R e g ard i s
fro m a di ffe r e n t qu a rt e r o f t h e m e n t al fr a m e w o r k
n o w h a d t o t h e i n t e n t a n d m e a n i n g o f t h e l a w an d n o t t o t h e
me re fa c t o f i t s b e ing p r e s crib e d b y s om e p ow e r A n i nt e lli
ge n c e of su p e ri or e n e rg y w ill o c c as ion al l y d e t e c t s om e in c on s i s
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g at io ns w ith o u t r e fe rri ng t o an y o n e of t h e s p e c i al m o tives
a b o v e a d ve r t e d t o
Th er e m ay n ot b e p r es e n t t o hi s min d
e ith er t h e fe a r o f r e t r ibu ti o n t h e r e s p e c t t o t h e au th o ri ty
c om m and ing affec tion or s ym p athy t ow a r ds t h e p e rs ons or
in ter e s t s for w h ose s ak e t h e d u ty i s im p os e d hi s o w n a d v an
ta ge indir e c tl y c o n c e rn e d his r eli giou s fe el ing his i n d ivid u al
s en tim e n ts i n ac c o r d w ith t h e s pirit o f t h e p r e c e pt t h e inf e c
tion of e x am pl e or any o th e r op e rating in gre di e n t p rom pting
t o t h e a c ti on o r p l a nting t h e s ting for n egl e c t
J u s t as i n t h e
l ove o f m on e y for i t s ow n s ak e o n e m ay c o m e t o f orm a h a bit
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min d This doe s n ot prove th a t th e re e xis ts a p rim itive s e nti
m e n t of d u ty in t h e a b s tr a c t any m or e th a n t h e c on du c t of
t h e m i s e r p r o v e s th a t w e ar e b o rn w ith t h e l o v e of gol d in t h e
a b st r a c t
I t i s t h e t e n d e n c y of as s o c ia tion t o e re c t n e w
c e n tr e s o f fo r c e d e t ac h e d fr om t h e p ar ti c u l ar s th a t o r igin all y
g a ve th e m m e an ing ; w hi ch new cr e ati on s w ill s o m e tim es
as s e m bl e r ou n d th e m se l ve s a m o r e p o w e r
fu l b o d y o f s e nti
m e n t th an c o u l d b e i n s pir e d by a ny o n e of t h e c on s titu en t
re ali ti e s No thing th a t m o n e y c ou l d p u rc h as e affe c t s t h e m i nd
o f t h e m o n ey g e tt e r s o s tr o ngl y as t h e a r ith m e ti c a l e nu m e r a
tion of hi s g ain s So it is w ith t h e h abitu al s e ntim e nt of du ty
in a c ert ain cl as s of m i n d s a n d w ith t h e gr e at a b s tr ac ti on s of
tru th j u s tic e pu rity and t he li k e Th es e c ann o t b e p ro ve d
t o b e p rim o r di a l s e n ti m e n t s ; n e v e r th e l e s s w e n d th e m in a
v e r y high d e g r e e o f p r e d o m i n an c e i n p ar ti cu l ar in s t a n c e s ; a nd
p e rs on s u n ac c u s t om e d t o m en t al a n al ys i s ar e ap t t o s u pp os e
th a t th ey m u s t b e im pl a nt e d in ou r c ons titu tion from t h e rs t

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2 91

p ar ative r a r i ty of s u ch hi gh t one d se ntim e nt s t ow ard s

a b s tra c t m o r ali ty i f d u l y r e e c t e d on w ou l d s a ti s fy a n
n
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inqu ire r th at th e y ar e n ot p ro vid e d for in t h e o riginal s ch em e
of t h e m i n d ; w hil e t h e p o ss ib il ity o f ac c o u n tin g fo r th e ir
d e v el op m e n t w h e re v e r th ey o c cu r r en d er s i t u np hil o s oph i c al
t o r es o rt t o s u c h a n hy p o th e s i s
2 2 H ith e r to I h a ve s u pp o s e d t he c on s c i e n c e t o Op e r at e
s ol el y o n t h e ind ivi d u a l s o w n s elf i n c iti n g t o a c t o r p u ni s hi ng
fo r n e gl e c t
Bu t t h e e x p o s ition i s n ot c om pl e t e w ith ou t
re fe rri ng t o o u r m or al j u d gm e n t s r e s p e c ti n g t h e c on du c t o f
ot h er s al th ou gh th e r e i s n o thing a b s tru s e o r d i f c u l t t o e x p l ain
in thi s n e w c as e I m u s t pre mi se h ow e v e r in this c onn e x i on
that t h e inquiry Sh oul d b e as t o t h e s entim e nt n ot o f m oral
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thing b u t i s e nforc e d by t h e s an c ti on of s om e p en al ty I t is
t ru e t h at p r a c ti cal e thi c s i s m a d e t o e m br a c e p r ec e pt s o f hu m an
vir tu e a nd n obl en e s s w hi c h u nd ou b te dl y d es e rv e t o b e i nonl
c a t e d ; b u t t h e c o m p li a nc e w ith th os e p r e c e pt s co n s titu t e s m e r it
a n d e arn s r e w ar d s w h il e t h e n o n c o m p l i an c e d oe s n ot e n t ail
p u ni s h m e nt or c en su re Th e qu e s ti on a s t o t h e m or ali ty of
s o m e l i ne o f c ond u c t i s D oe s it in spi r e a fe e l i n g o f d i s ap p r o
b at i on as vi ol ati ng t h e m a xim s r e cogniz e d t o b e bin d ing
If s o
t h e s u pp os iti o n i s th a t t h e s am e s e n s e o f d u ty th at o p e r a t e s
u p on o n e s o w n s el f a n d s ti ng s w ith r e m o r s e an d fe ar in c as e
o f d i s o b e d i e n c e Sh ou l d c o m e i n t o pl a y w h e n s o m e o th e r p e r so n
Th e fe e l i n g th a t ri s e s u p t ow a r d s th a t
is t h e g u il ty ag e n t
p erson i s a s trong fe eling of d i spl e asu re or d isl ik e prop ortion e d
Th e re aris e s
t o t h e s t r e ngt h o f ou r r e g a r d t o t h e vi ol a t e d d u ty
a m or al r e s e nt m e n t or a d i s p o s iti on t o i n i c t p u n i s h m e n t
I t i s t h e re ad in e s s t o pu n i s h th at fo rm s
u p o n t h e o ffe n d e r
t h e crit e ri o n o f m o r al d i s app r o b a tio n or m ark s t h e b o u n d ar y
b et w e e n a m or al se ntim e nt an d a n al l ow abl e d iffer e n c e of
i on
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This bri ngs u s r ou n d a ga in t o t h e rs t i m p o sition of m or al
rul e s A p articul ar l i n e of c on du c t is so in t e ns el y d isl ik e d
for s o m e r e as on o r for n o n e th a t w e ar e p r e p ar e d t o r es en t it
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29 2

E TH I CAL EM OTI ON S ;

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p erform an ce w ith al l ou r m ight A m aj ority

o f our fe ll o w c itiz e n s t ak e t h e s a m e s tr on g vi e w an d ac tu all y
e m p l oy th e i r p o w e r as t h e m aj o r ity t o p r e v e n t it a b s ol u t el y
w h e r e by a n e w a rti c l e in t h e mo r al c o d e o f th at c om m u n ity i s
A s a m a tt e r of c ou r s e any o n e c om m ittin g t h e for
se t u p
bidd e n d e e d i s di s appr o ve d of an d h an d e d o v e r t o b e pu n is h e d
E ve ry m an w h os e ow n c ons c i e n c e t alli es w ith t h e p re vailing
mor al ru l es vi s it s w ith hi s in dign ation t h e vi ol ati on s of th e s e ;
w h e r e as t h e m an o f i n d e p e n d e n t vi e w s o f d u ty j u d g e s ac co rd
i ng t o hi s o w n S p e c i al c on vi c ti o n s w h e th e r i n his o w n c a s e o r
as r e g ar d s o th e r p e r s on s ; o nl y n ot h a vi n g t h e c o mmu nity
w ith hi m h e i s p ow e rl e ss t o e n fo rc e hi s j u d g m e n t s i n as
m u c h as t h e s e n tim en t o f a n i n divi du al th o u gh n e v e r s o w e ll
fo u n d e d d o e s n o t a m ou nt t o l aw

2 3 Th e phr as e m o r al a pp r o b ati on s tri c tl y c on s i d er e d i s

A s w e ll mi gh t w e t al k of l e g al a pp r o
d e v o i d o f m e a ni ng
bati on it b e ing kn ow n th at t h e l aw s n e v e r app ro v e b u t onl y
Wh en a m a n d o e s hi s du ty h e e s c ap e s p u nis hm e nt ;
co n d e m n
t o as se rt a nythi ng m o r e i s t o o bl it e r a t e t h e r a d i c al d i s tin c tio n
b etw e e n d u ty an d m e rit I t i s fr e el y a d m itt e d th at the r e m ay
b e m e rit i n t h e p e rform an c e o f d u ty w h e n t h e c ir c u m s t an c e s
a r e su c h a s t o r e n d e r thi s s o v e ry a r d u ou s th a t t he g en e r a l ity
A m an m ay thu s d is tingu i sh him
o f p e o pl e fall s h o r t o f it
b u t t h e e x c e pti o n h e re
s el f an d ri s e i n t o t h e o r d e r o f m e r i t
p rov e s t h e ru l e as s h ow ing th a t w e pr ais e w h a t w e think it
w ou l d b e h ar d or u nr easo n abl e t o e x a c t r e qu ir e or e x p e c t fr om
Merit att ac h e s it s elf o nl y t o s om e thing th at
e v eryb o d y
n ot ou r d u ty th at s o m e thi ng b e i n g a v al u a bl e s e r vi c e r e n d e r e d
Po s itive b en e ce n c e is a m e rit S O
t o o th e r h u m a n b e i ng s
w ith g o o d ofce s a n d w ith e ve ry ki n d o f g r a t u it ou s l a b ou r for
b e n e c ial p u rp o s es Th e s e ar e t h e Obj e c ts of e s t e e m h on ou r
re w a rd b u t n ot o f mor a l app r ob a ti on Po s itiv e g oo d d e e d s
a n d s e l f s acr i c e ar e t h e p r e s e rvi ng s al t o f hu m an lif e ; b u t
th e y t rans c e n d t h e r e gi on of m or al ity p r op e r a n d o c c upy a
Wh at s oc i e ty h a s s e e n t t o e nfo rc e
s ph e r e o f th e i r o w n
w ith all t h e rig o u r of p os itiv e in i c t i o n s h a s n o thin g es s e n ti all y
m on w ith th os e v ol u nt a ry e ffor ts o f hu m a n d is i nt e r e s t e d
i n c om
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ETH I C A L EM OTI ON S

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2 94

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A ll
oss e s s ing i m u l s e s t o a c t fo r t h e g o o d o f o t h e rs
for our
kn o w , have hel d t h e s am e vie w , al t hou gh
u t il it arian s , s o far a s
w ith s om e im or t ant d iffe re n c e s
Th e real it y o f t hos e fe e l in g s t hat c arry u s ou t of ou rs el ve s, a nd
id e nt ify u s w ith ou r fell ow m e m b ers o f S o c ie t y , c ou ld n o t b e more

s tr o ngl y n or m ore ap t l y e x
p re ss e d t han in Mill s c ha t e r on t h e
Th e rm f ou n
S anc t io ns o f Ut il it y U t ili t arianis m c h a
d at ion o f t h e u til it arian m oral it y , h e s ay s , i s t h e s oc ial fe e l in g s o f
m ankin d t h e d e sire t o b e i n u ni t y w it h ou r fe ll ow c re a t ur e s , w h ic h
i s a l rea d y a o w e rfu l rin c i l e in hu m an n at u re , an d ha il y o ne o f
it hou t e x ress inc u l c a
t h os e w hi c h t e n d t o b e c om e s t ro ng er, e v e n W
Th e s o c i al s t at e
t ion , from t h e in u e n c e s o f a d van c i ng c ivil i z at i o n
i s at on c e s o n at ur al , s o n e c e s s ary , an d s o h abit u a l t o m an , t hat ,
e x c e t i n s o m e u nu sua l c ircu m s t an c e s , o r b y a n e ffort o f vol u nt ary

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a b s tract i o n , h e n e ver c o c iv
Th e w hol e assage s h oul d b e c onn e d b y
&c
me mb e r o f a b od y
thic s
e v e r y s t u d e nt o f
Wit h s o s trong an a s s ertion o f ou r s ocial im ul s e s , it m ay s e em
a m att e r o f l ittl e c on s e que n c e , h o w t h e y ar e re so l ve d , i n t h e na l
This w ou ld b e s o , p rovid e d t h e an aly s is
s y c ho l ogi c al a n al y s i s
give n d oe s n o t all o w the m t o s l i t hr o u gh
ft e r d i s l a y i n g h i s u s u a l s u b t l e t y i n t h e d i s c u s s i on o f t h e
e st i o n , w he t h er or n ot t h e d i s int e rest e d im u l s e s a r e , a t b ott om,
u
q
e g o t is t i c a l , Mi ll arri v e s a t t h e fol l ow ing c on c l u sio n : It re s u l t s
from t h e rec e d in g c on sid erat io ns , t hat there is in re a l it y n o t hing
Wh at e ve r i s d e sire d o the rw is e t h an as a
d e s ir e d e xc e t h a ine s s
m e an s t o s om e e n d b e y on d it s e lf, a n d u l tim at e l y t o ha i ne ss , i s

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D I SI NTERESTED I M P ULSES

2 95

it sel f a p art of h a ppin e s s and is n ot d esire d for it s el f

Th o s e w h o d esire virt u e fo r i t s o w n s ak e
un t il i t h a s b e c o m e s o
d es ire i t e it h er b ec a u s e t h e c o n s ci ou s n e ss o f i t i s a p l e a su re or b e
c au se t h e c o n sc i o u s n es s o f b e ing w it h o u t it i s a p a in o r fo r b qt h
re ason s u nit e d ; as i n t ru t h t h e p l eas u re an d p ain s e l d om e xist
b u t al m o st al w ay s t og e t he r t h e s a m e p e rso n fe e l ing
s e p ar a t e l y
p l e a s u re in t h e d e gre e o f Virt u e at t ain e d a n d p ain i n n o t h avin g
If o n e o f t h e s e gave h i m n o p l e asu re an d t h e ot h e r
a tt ai n e d m o r e
n o p a in h e w o u l d n o t l o ve or d e si re vir t u e o r w o u l d d e s ir e i t o nl
y
for t he o t he r b e n e t s w h ic h it m igh t p ro d u c e t o him se l f or t o p er
so n s w h om h e c are d fo r
This c on clu s ion m a y or may n o t b e s u f c ie nt for t h e pu rp os e
cf u p hol d ing t h e s oc i al fe e l ings 3 b u t s o fa r a s I a m ab l e t o ju d g e
t h e y ar e w ho l l y d is t in c t fr o m t h e
o f our d is in t ere s t e d i m p ul s e s
a tt ainm en t o f p l e as u r e a n d t h e a v o i d a n c e o f p a i n : Th e y l e a d us
I b e l ie ve t o s ac ri c e p l eas u r e s a n d in c u r p ains w it h ou t any
c om p e n s at i o n 3 t he y p o s it i v e l y d e t rac t fro m ou r h a pp ine s s
It ) vil l b e a ll o w e d t hat in a ny a c tion d ese rving o f t h e n ame
dis int e r e s t e d w e s u rre n d e r a c e rt ain p ort io n o f o u r o w n p l e a s u r e
d e s ir e d

as

"

It w il l a l s o b e a ll o w e d , t hat i n su c h
for t h e b e n e t o f a n ot her
su rr e n d e r, i t o ft e n h a p e n s t h at w e d o n o t , a s a ma t t e r o f c ou rse ,
l e a s u re
S omet im es w e d o ; a s m rare c a s es
att ain an
equ a l
o f s t r o n g a ffe c t i o n, a n d in ca s e s w her e t h e s a c ri c e c a n b e m a d e
l e as u re o f
it y , or b y t h e t hankfu l n es s o f t h e
up b y t he m e re
.

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Mill s p os it ion i s t e nab l e onl y o n th e grou n d t hat th e 077523 32072
o f a d is int e re s t e d ac t t ha t w e ar e incl in e d t o w ou l d g ive u s s d n iu hh
pa in t hat it i s o n t h e w hol e for ou r c o m for t t hat w e s hou ld m ake
The re i s p l a u sib il it y in t hi s s u pp os it io n
th e re qu is it e s ac ri c e
If w e f e e l o u rs e l ves u rg e d t o p e rform a c ert ain ac t t h e n ot d o ing

Bu t as in t h e form e r c a s e t h e a t t a in m e nt o f
it give s u s p ain
pl e as u re b y b en e c ent c ond u c t t h e d oct rine b re ak s d ow n wh en
A m an g oe s f or w ard t o cert ain
w e t r y it u p o n ext re m e c ase s
d e at h l ike t h e s e rge an t t h at su s p en d e d t h e b ag o f g un p ow d e r o n
A r e w e t o s u pp o s e t h at if h e h ad k e p t b ack
t h e g at e of D e l hi
and s u rvive d hi s re m orse w ou ld ha ve b e e n s o gre a t t ha t a ll h i s fu t ure
l ife w oul d hav e b e e n w ors e th a n d e at h ! Or w h e n an y o n e r es rg ns a
c o nge ni a l p os it i o n for a d is t a s t e fu l on e t o gra t i fy a p are nt s w hi m
is it s o l e l y b e ca u s e t h e p ain of re fu s a l w o u l d b e gre a t e r t ha n t h e
d isl ike o f t he n e w s it u a t ion 3 A l l t hat p e o pl e u s u all y s u ffe r from
im p u l s e i s t o o sl ight a nd t ra nsient t o b e
s ti ing a g e n er ou s
pl ac e d again s t an y im p ort ant s a cri c e If Ho w ard h ad remained
at h o m e e njo y ing t h e p l eas u re s o f h i s p o s it i on h e w oul d I d o u b t
n ot h ave b ee n a m u c h ha p p ie r m an in s p it e o f h i s l o n gingS t o
r e l i ev e t h e m ise ri es o f m a nkind
The s e l onging s w ou l d h ave
1 b een a n ab a t e m e nt fr o m h i s
p l e a su res b u t n e e d n o t h av e ma d e
his life mi s erab l e as c o m p are d w it h his a c t u al c a r e e r
rec

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2 96

It s e em s
t he re a r e i n

E TH I C AL EM OTI ON S 3

M ORA L SEN SE

OR , THE

t o m e t hat w e m u s t fac e t h e

p rad

s e e m ng

that
ha ppi

o x

m in d , m ot ives t h a t u l l ag ain s t o ur
It w il l n o t d o t o s ay t ha t b eca u s e w e a ct S o an d s o , ther ef or e
ne ss
ine ss l ies i n t hat c ou rs e This beg s t h e very qu es
o u r great es t ha
Th e t he ory of d i s in t er es te d a ct io n, in t h e o n l y
t ion in d i s u te
form that I c a n c on c e ive i t , s u o s e s t h at t h e a c t i on of t h e w ill
in ess d o n ot s qu are throu gho u t
Th ere
a n d t h e a tt a inm e n t o f h a
is a n e xc e t i ona l c orn er , n ot ve ry l arge in t h e m ass o f m e n, w h ere
When o n c e w e all ow
m o t ive an d ha in ess c om e in to c on i c t
this , hu m an a ct ion be c om e s in t ell igibl e 3 th ere n ee d s n o s tra inin g t o
a c c o u n t f o r t h e e x t re m e in s t a n c e s o f d is int e re s ted c ond u c t, t h e
r
e a t e s t n o bil it y o f vi rt u e
g
This i s t h e o n l y vie w c o m a t ibl e w ith ou r hab it o f rai s in g a n d
rew ard ing a c t s o f virtu e If a m an w ere in a s g oo d a os itio n ,
e rfo rm e d it, We
u n d e r a n a ct o f gre a t s e l f d e ni al , a s if h e ha d n o t
If h e h a s rathe r g a in e d t h an l os t b y
m i ght l e ave hi m u nnot ic e d
t h e trans a c tio n , h e c ou l d d is e n s e w it h any re w ard fr o m u s
No
d ou bt it might b e s a id t hat t he an t ic ip at e d u b l ic a ro b at io n w as
r
t
o f t h e c as e , t h e t u rni ng c irc u m s t a c e t h a t m a d e t h e a c t io n
a
p
n
e re ag a in , h o w e ve r, t h e ob se rva t io n r e c u rs , th a t
no t a l osin g o n e
w hi l e for s m al l sa cri ce s , th e m o t ive m a y b e s u f c i e nt , f or great
s ac ri c e s , i t i s w h o ll y in a d e qu at e 3 w hil e s o m e o f t h e grea t e s t s a cri
c e s o f al l have fail e d t o gain u bl i c a rob a t ion
Ou r g e nu in e l y d is intere st e d a c ts ar e ofte n erform e d w it h ou t
c al c u l at i on , w it h ou t a t ho u ght o f w hat w e a r e t o g ain or l o s e ;
an d , i f the re b e c a l c u l a t i o n , t h e c o n sc io u s ne ss t h a t w e s ha l l l ose
It is im o s sib l e t hat w h at w e d o , u nd er t ho s e
d o e s n ot d e t e r u s
l e as u re s a n d in
c ir c u m s t an c es , s h al l b e e x a ct l y c o m e ns at e d i n
Whether t he y w ill or w ill n ot , is n o art o f o u r c on
e x e m t ion s
c o u n t i n o u r m o tives
I
n ou r l e s s
s id e ra tio n 3 d o e s n o
u re l
y
t
d e vot e d m oo d s , w e d o c al cu l ate a n d co n s id e r, an d t h e l o s s t o our
ven th en, w e m ay d eli b e rat e l y
s e l ve s e nt ers in t o o u r d e c is i on
incu r u nc om e ns ate d l o s s 3 w e s e l d om su ose t h at t he ain o f an
o m itt e d a c t o f b e n e c e n c e w ou l d b e s o hard t o b e ar, th a t t h e h e avi e s t
l os s i s n o t t o o m u c h t o b u y it o ff
I hold , t he re fo re , t hat hu m an ac tions inc l u d e a ll t h e fol l ow ing
u re l y s e l f s e e kin
n
c l a s s e s , o ve r a n d a b o ve
c
o
d u c t , o r w hat i s c a ll e d
g
s e l shn es s z F i r s t , a c t io n s d on e t o o t h e rs for t h e
os it ive
l
e a sur e
p
S e c on d , ac t io ns d one t o othe rs, b e c au se t he ir om iss io n
t he y b rin g
Third , ac ti ons d o ne t o o t he rs , i rre
w o u ld l e a ve a s tin g b e h in d
l e as u re or a in 3 t his al o n e is t he u re or t y ic al
s p ec t i v e o f e ith e r
form o f d is in t eres te d c on d u ct , and With o u t a c e rt ain s h ar e o f this ,
Vh a t is t h e re l at ive ro or
so c ie t y w ou l d n o t b e he ld to g e th e r
tion o f t h e t hre e c l as se s c ou l d har d l y b e s ta te d for an ind ivid ual
m in d 3 and th ere are t h e gr ea t e s t d iffere n c e s b e t w ee n o n e m an and
a no ther.
Bu t e ach cl as s is a se nsibl e qu ant ity in t h e s u m of hu man
,

h u m an

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2 98
w or

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to

E TH I CA L EM OTI ONS ;

s ol

A d if

ve it

M ORAL SEN SE

on, THE

Ind e e d
gre a t c ann ot b e n ew
o l d es t o f a ll qu es t i o n s t h e e x i ste n c e o f

l ty

cu

so

it i s b u t a bra n c h o f t h e
e vil
It a d m it s o f n o e x a ct s ol u t i on
A s t h e d iffic u l t y h a s a l w ay s b e e n fe l t , l e t u s a sk in w hat w ay s
it h a s be e n m e t
F or on e thin g , s o ci e t y , b e in g w e l l aw are t ha t d u t y
o ft e n in vo l ve s sac ri ce , h a s a l w a y s e n d ea vo u r e d t o m a ke c om e ns a
t io n b y r e w ard s
Th a t g o od m e n s h o u ld s u ffer for t h e S h ort c om ings
of b a d m e n , h as b ee n d e e m e d a n a n o m al y t o b e re c t i e d t o t h e
u t m o st
oss ibl e d e gre e
Th e fra m e w o rk of hu m an l ife h as be en
c o n s i d er e d a s i n n ee d o f b e in g im r ove d , u n t il s u c h t i m e as a ll m e n
Ne xt t o t h e a ttainm e nt o f e rfe c t jus t ic e
s h oul d have t he ir d e s e rt s
i s t h e d i s t rib u ting o f d efa l c a t io n s e qual l y , in s tea d o f m akin g vic t im s
o f a fe w
Thus , o n e o f t h e w ay s of d e al in g w it h t h e d if cu l t y i s
th e i d e a l e rfe ctin g o f s o c i e t y

n o t he r m o d e i s ex ac t l y r e re s ent e d b y Mill s t h e o r y o f virt u e ,

t o w h i c h , ac c ord i ng t o him , m an kin d are t o b e ed u cat e d m o re and
m ore , n a m e l y , t o d e rive a re al l easu re fro m n o bl e c o nd u c t , s o t h at it

s hall n o t b e fe l t as a s acri c e
If
a ny l arg e n um b e r o f
e rs on s
,

c o u l d at t ain t h e s t a t e o f m i n d im l i e d in
ill s g l o w in g ic t ur e of
t h e fu t u re , t h e o ve r l u s o f s p o nt aneo u s g o o d ac t i ons w o ul d m ak e
up
fo r all t h e d e c ien cies 3 an d s el f sac r i c e in t h e li t e ral s e nse
w ou l d b e u nn e c es s a ry
Th e re have b e e n rare ins t an c es o f m a rty rs
a nd h er oe s s o in t o xic a t e d w i t h t h e ir ow n v irtue , t ha t t h e
y w e re
ha ier in t heir se l f d e votion t han in a ny s h ere o f su c ce s Sf111
w o rl d l y s e l s h n es s
It i s t o o m u c h t o s a y t ha t t his is t h e u su al
o e ra t i o n o f
S u c h m en are e x c e t i on
gre a t v irt u e u o n t h e m in d
a ll y c on s t itu t e d , a n d t h e kin d o f se l f d en i a l m u s t b e s u ch as t o
c h im e i n w i t h t h e ir
e c u l i ar b e n t
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d e pth s Of t h e n e rvou s org a niz atio n th e r e i s a n a rr an ge m e nt
p erm itting e ith e r t o b e a c t e d on w ith ou t t h e o th er Th e ow
Of c e r e b r al p ow e r can o c c as i on all y r e a c h t h e S in gl e c h ann el
r e qu i s it e for r ai s ing t h e right arm w hil e t h e oth e r r em ains
u nm o ve d 3 w e r e thi s n ot t h e c as e w e S h o u l d n e v e r a tt a in t h e
vol u n tary c o m m an d Of th e m singl y Th e m o vem e nt s Of t h e
tru nk and h ea d ar e ap t t o go in u ni on b u t n ot SO as t o e x c l u d e
t he p ossibili ty o f i s ol ati ng th e m ; s ingl e m o ve m e n t s m ay b e
p erform e d as w ell a s c om bine d on e s ; im pl y in g di s tinc t
p rimi tive cu rre nt s fr om t h e org ans Of c entral p ow er Th e
e xi on s an d e x te n si on s Of t h e tru n k a
n d t h e v ari ou s m o ti on s
Of t h e h e a d a r e Of thi s i n d e p e n d e n t c h ar ac t e r i n t h e hi gh e r
a n im al s al th ou gh b el o ngin g t o an o rg an iz e d s y s t e m Of r h y t h
m i c al ac ti on
Th e s e p ara bili ty Of t he d i er en t g r oup s Of a c tive m em b e rs
i s Of a v e ry high ord e r no tw ith s tan d in g t h e t e n d e n c y o f t h e
e n ti r e b o d il y fr am e w o rk t o ac t t o g e th e r w h e n e ver a n y o n e
p art t ak es a l e a d Thu s t h e V oi ce Is In a gre at d e gr e e
i s ol at e d s o a s t o b e t h e su bj e c t Of an ex cl u si v e s ti m u l ati on
Th e s am e m ay b e sai d Of t h e To n gu e t h e M ou th a n d t h e J aw
Th e t ongu e i s an o rg an Of gre a t n a tu ral ac tivity b e in g e n d ow e d
w ith m any m u scl e s an d h a vi n g a w i d e r an g e of ac ti on ; t h e
n e r vou s c o mm u n i c a ti on s b e t w e e n it a n d t h e br ain ar e c on
si d e r ab l e 3 a n d t h e i s ol a ti o n o f i t s m o v e m e n t s i n t h e p ri m itiv e
d is ch arg e s Of Sp o ntan e ou s p o w e r c orr e s p on d s t o t h e re m ark
a bl e d e gr e e Of v ol u n t ar
A
y c ontrol s u b s e qu e n t l y a cqu i red
l ik e c ap abil ity Of i sol a ti on b e l ong s t o t h e m ove m e nt s o f t h e
e y e b all s w hi c h c o m e v e ry e arl y t o t h e s t ag e Of m atu r e vol iti on
If th e s e m o ve m e nt s w e r e s o c l os e l y l i nk e d w ith oth e r s a s t h e
v e to e s ar e l i n k e d to g e th e r it w ou l d b e e x c e e d in gl y d ifcu l t
t o a tt ain a v ol u n t a ry c o m m an d Of t h e ac t Of vi s i on
We s e e
t h e p r o o f o f thi s in t h e u nit e d ac ti on Of t h e t w o b a ll s w hi c h c an
n ec t e d

THE

31 0

P RI MI TI VE ELEMENT S

VOL I TI ON

OF

r by th es e h av e s h are d t h e sp o n tane ou s
S h ou l d th e org an
s ti m ul a ti on of t h e o th e r v ol u n t ary m u sc l e s
at a ny tim e b e m o v e d o f i t s o w n a c c o r d th a t i s t h e in s t a n t
for e st abl i shing a b e gin n in g of v ol u nt a ry c o n tr ol an d if t h e
att e n ti on w e r e di r e c t e d u p o n it e v e r y tim e t h e S p o n t an e o u s
im pul s e w as rep e a te d w e S h ou l d in t h e e nd brin g thi s p ar t Of
t h e s ys t e m int o t h e s a m e s u bj e c tion as t h e o th e r v ol unt ary
o r g an s
th e au ral

mu s cl e s

w he e

Ci r cu msta nces g ov er ni ng the sp on ta neous di scha rg e

4 : I t i s r e qu i s it e fo r t h e fu r th e r p r os e cu ti on o f t h e p r esen t
.

v e rt sp e ci c al l y t o t h e c on di tion s th a t d e t e rmin e
We have t o
t h e d egr e e of vi g ou r o f t h e c e ntr al d i s c h arg e
pre p are t h e w ay for r e n d erin g an a ccou n t of th os e o c c as ions
w h e n t h e w ill o p er a t es w ith a p r om ptn e ss o f e n e rgy r es em
bling t h e e x pl os i o n o f gu n p ow d e r
Th e r s t c ir c u m s ta n c e d e s e rvi ng Of m e nti on i s t h e Natu r al
Vigou r of t h e cons titu tio n Th e r e ar e as w e h ave s e en m en
an d a nim al s SO c on s ti tu t e d as t o giv e fo r th a m o r e th an u s u al
s tr e am o f a c tivity ; a n d all c r e a tu r e s h av e th e ir p e r i o d s of
gr e a t e r or l e s s ab u nd anc e of d is c h arg e You th an d h e al th
t h e pl e ntifu l n o u ri s hm e n t a n d ab se n ce o f d r a in t h e d a mmin g
u p o f t h e a c c u m u l ati n g c h a rg e by t em p o
rary r es tr aint ar e
p re d isp os in g c au s es of a gr e at an d su d d en ou t bu rs t du rin g
w hi c h t h e i n di vi d u al s ac tiv e c a p a bil ity i s a t t h e high e s t pit c h
We s ee thi s w ell ill u strate d in t h e d a il y e xp e ri en c e of chil
dre n w h os e e xu b eran c e is m a nife s t e d at th ei r rs t aw ak en
i ng in t h e m o rni n g afte r m e al s an d o n r el e as e fr om l e ss on s
On all s u c h oc cas i on s w e s e e e vid e n tl y n o thin g e l se th an t h e
d i s c h arg e o f a n acc u m u l at e d s tor e o f in w a rd e n e rgy
I t is n ot
an y p e c u l i ar in cit e m en t fr om w ith ou t th a t i s t h e c au s e Of a l l
thi s v e h e m en c e Th e e ffe c t i s e xpl os ive l ik e a S h o t or t h e
b u rs ting o p e n o f a ood gat e I t w ou l d n ot b e d if cu l t at
those m om e nts, in d e e d it w ou l d b e t h e n atu ral thing t o p er
Th e b oy l e t ou t fr om s c h o ol i nc ont i
form s om e gr e a t fe a t
ue n tl y l eap s o v e r d it c h e s br e a k s d ow n b arri e r s a n d d i s p l a c e s
h e a vy b o di e s ; a nd sh oul d th ese op er ati on s b e r e qu ir e d at t h e
in qui ry t o
,

ad

GR

AD UATI ON

S P ONTAN EOUS D I SCHAR GE

OF THE

31 1

xtraordin ar y s tim u lu s Woul d b e

n e e de d t o b rin g t h e re qu i s it e p ow e r in t o pl a y
Th e n e x t c ir c u m s tan c e t o b e c o n s id e re d i s w h at i s
te rm e d E xc ite m e n t Thi s m e ans an u nu su al ow of t h e
c e ntr al n e r vou s e ne rgy
b ro u ght on by v ari ou s c au s e s an d
foll o w e d by e xh au s ti o n o r p r em atu r e l oss of s tr e ngth
It is a
p rop erty app are ntl y c o e xt e n s ive w ith m ent al l ife th at by
so m e me an s or o th e r t h e Ord in a ry a n d e nd ur ing cu rr en t s Of
act ivity c an b e c o n v e r t e d i n t o an e x tr a o r d ina ry di s c h arg e o f
Short du ration at t h e e xp en s e of t h e fu tu re Wh e n w e sp eak
o f an e x c it a ble n atu r e w e m e an an e s p e c i al p r o n e ne s s t o thi s
Th e e xcitin g cau s es ar e s om e
t ful r s p a smo di c ex al ta ti o n
tim e s phy sic al a s int oxica tin g d ru gs and s tim u l ant s di s e as e
&c and som e tim e s m en t al or s u c h a s Op er at e th r ou gh t h e
s e n s e s a n d e m o ti o n s in c l u d in g a l arg e p r o p o r ti o n of ou r p l e a
Wh ate ver m ay b e t h e c au s e of a s t at e of
s u r es a n d p ai n s
e x c it e me nt o n e e ffe c t ari s ing from it i s a n in cr e ase i n t h e
veh e m en c e Of al l t h e s p ont an e ou s im pu l s es o c cu ring at t h e
mom en t A n y a cti on the n p erform ed is do n e w ith m ight
H en ce w he n an occ as i on for a v i gor ou s d is pl a y springs up
o n e w ay of p r e p ar ing t h e s y s t em t o m e e t it i s t o i n d u c e
this d ir e c t e d in t o
a g e n e r al
e x c it e m e n t of t h e s y s t e m ;
th e r e qui s it e ch ann el s u ppl i es t h e a d d ition al su c c ou r th at is
w ant e d
Th e cl as s of pr op er m en ta l s tim u l a n t s d e m an d s a
Fi rst in ord e r w e m u s t pl a c e t h e
s p e c i al c o n s i d e r a tion
ca u s es of Pl e a su r e Wh e th e r u n de r t h e l aw of S e lf C on se rv a
tion or u nd e r t he su ppl e m e n t ary l aw of S tim ul ati on not c on
s e r v a t iv e w h a t e v e r give s u s p l e as u r e giv e s a t th e s am e tim e
an e x al t e d t o n e t o s o m e p o r ti o n o f ou r vit ali ty (IN S TI N C TS
If t h e pl e as u r e b e gr e at a g e n e r al e x c ite m e n t o ve r t ak e s
t he sy s t em in w hi c h t h e m u s c u l ar e n e rgi e s m u s t p a rti c ip a t e
If it b e ac u t e a n d s till m or e if it b e s u dd e n t h e s tim u l u s i s
A su d d e n s trok e Of su c ce s s el ate s
Of a v e ry p ow e rful kin d
b o th m ind and b od y an d p r ep a re s for a d is c h arg e of ac tive
m om e nt,

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312

THE

P R I M ITI VE ELEME N TS

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rt s hoc k n ot pl e as u rabl e a nd y et n o t p a infu l w a k e n s u p

A
a c tivity an d qui c k e n s all t h e m o v e m e n t s for t h e tim e
h o rs e m ay b e s tim u l a t e d t o a l e ap b y a t ou c h o f t h e w hip o r
S pu r at t h e right m o m e n t Th e r attl ing dru m a l ou d b ell
S h arp s c re am s s u d d en as hin gs Of li ght e x cite t h e w hol e
b o d y throu gh t h e S ingl e s e n s e
Th e e xc iti ng e ffe c t Of qu i c k m o v e m e n ts e v e n w h en l i mi t e d
A hu rri e d
t o a s i ngl e o rg an h as b e e n fo r m e rl y d w e l t u p on
a r ti c u l a ti on
thro w t h e b ody int o a g e n eral
o r r a pi d gl a n ce s
fe r vou r ; all th e m o v e me n ts ar e qu i c k e n e d
Third l y Pain i s a s tim u l u s w ithin c e rt ain n arrow lim i t s
If w e k e e p ou t o f Vi e w i t s a c ti o n o n t h e w ill w hi c h i s t h e
ph e nom e non t o b e e xpl ain e d t h e m or e n e a rl y it i s c o n n e d
t o n e u t r al p u n g e n c y t h e b e tt e r it a n s w er s i t s e n d
R e s i s t anc e ob s tru c tion or opp o s iti on is a s tim u l u s t o t h e
a c ti ve p ow e r s ; thi s h o w e ve r i s p r o b a bl y n ot a n o r igi n al b u t a
d e rive d e ffe c t A ny c on t ac t u p on a s e ns e su rfa c e e x c ite s r e e x
a nd o th e r m ov em e n t s a n d t h e m o r e i n t e n s e t h e c on t a c t w i th
(
qu al i c ation s) t h e m o r e vi ol e n t t h e m o v e m e nt s
Ag ai n
b e ing thw art e d or b au l k e d in s o m e Obj e c t in s pir es r en e w e d
w h i c h m ay b e far th e r a u g m e nt e d by t h e r ou s in g
e ffo r t s ;
e m o ti ons P ri d e a n d An g e r
5 Th ese v ari ou s c ir c u m s ta n ce s p r e p are t h e w ay for a n
e x pl an a tio n o f t h e c o m p a s s a n d e x ib ili ty so t o S p e a k Of t h e
Sp ont aneou s ou t ow of n e rvo u s in u e nc e s We s e e variou s
m o d e s Of p ro m pting l arg e e ffu s i o n s t o m e e t th o s e e m e rg e n c i e s
w h e re a n ord i n ary or a v e r a g e ow w ou l d b e in su f c i e n t
Nor
i s it di f cu l t t o u n d e rs ta n d h ow w e m ay co n tr a c t h a bits Of
e m itti n g t h e h igh e r d i s c h arg es u p on p a r ti cu l a r oc c as i o n s ; for
this p ar t of ou r c on st it u t ioi r i s a s m u c h su bj e c t t o t h e gre at
p rin c ipl e of ad h e siv e as s o ci atio n as a ny o th er TO b ring on
a n ac tiv e b u r s t in t h e r s t i n s t an ce t h e p r e s e n ce Of s o m e o f
t h e p ow e rfu l ag e n t s n o w d e s c rib e d w o u l d b e n ec e s s a ry ; b u t
a ft e r a tim e t h e e ffe c t w ou l d c o m e a t t h e i n s tan ce o f s om e
o th e r c i r c u m s t an c e h a vin g o f it s elf n o e fc a c y t o e x al t t h e
a c tive t o ne
Th e h o rs e a t rs t d e m an d s t h e s p u r a n d t h e
w hip t o p re p ar e hi m for a l e ap 3 b y a nd b y t h e S i h t of th e
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b od y ar e br ou ght in t o a ct io n in d is p l ay ing t h e s t ro ng er
d e gr e e s Of e m ot ion ; t h e ar m s g e s t i cu l a t e in m an y m o d e s t h e
l im b s ar e t h r o w n o u t a n d r e t ra c t e d t h e t r u n k an d h e a d ar e
a it a t e d i n m an y w a s t h e fe at u r es ar e e s ec i all y a c t e d o n
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t h e v o i c e i s s t im u l a t e d t h e m u sc l e s Of res p ir a t io n ar e a ffec t e d ;
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m ay b e a s k e d h av e r e c ou r s e at al l t o t h e d o ct r in e o f p u r e
s p o n t a n e it y in or d e r t o Ob t ain a r s t c o m m e n ce m e n t o f a c t i o n
i n t h e m e m b e r s d e s t in e d fo r su bj e ct i o n t o v ol u nt ar y c o n t r ol
A s t h e ch i e f d ifcu l t y s e em s t o b e t o m ak e t h e m u s c l e s a ct
a nyh o w a t t h e o u t s e t or
p r e vi ou s t o t h at c e me n t in g p r o c e s s
w h i c h g iv e s t h e m a d e ni t e a n d p u rp o s e d d ir e c t i on i t i s b u t
n at u r al t o in qu ir e i f t h e se pr o m p t in g s Of t h e e m o t io n al
e x c i t e m e nt w o u l d n o t
fu rn i sh t h e ne e dful s t ar t in g p o int
Thu s t h er e ar e t w o vi e w s p r e sent e d of t h is p r ep ar at ory s t age
i n t h e d e v e l op m en t o f v ol it io n ; on e t h e i n d e t er mi n at e s p on
t an e it y e xp ou n d e d a b ov e t h e o t h e r t h e d et e r mi n a t e e xp r e s
s i o n o f o u r s p e c i a l e m o t i o ns
Not w it h s t an d ing t h at t h i s l at t e r hyp ot h es i s p r ovi d e s one
v er it abl e or ig in of m ov e m en t s I s t il l t h in k it n e c ess ary t o
re c o g n i z e t h e o t h er an d m or e p rim or d i al s ou r c e nam el y t h e
s p on t an e o u s o c c u rr e n c e o f c e n t r al d is c h ar g e s i n d ep e n d e nt o f
e m o t io n al e x c i t e m e n t
In s u p p or t of t h i s v i e w I r e fe r in th e
r s t p l a c e t o t h e p r oofs al r e a d y a d d u c e d for t h e fa c t of sp on
t a n e it y am o u nt in g t o a fo r ce Of ar gu m en t n ot t o b e s e t as i d e
We h av e d ir e c t an d su fc i en t e vi d e n c e t h at t h er e i s su ch a
t hi ng a s a t e n d e n c y t o p u t for t h m u s cul ar p ow e r i n th e
in t h e

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t o a c ir c u m s t a n c e a l r e a d y in s i s t e d o n a s a p p e r t a ining t o t h os e
m ov e m e n t s t h at ar e d e v e l op e d i n t o v ol it i o n s ; n am e l y t h e
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or g an s at o n c e ; w h il e t h e r e se e m s n o p o s s ib il i t y o f i ni t i a t i ng
v ol u n t ary c o nt r ol u nl es s w e c an c at ch an op p ort u n it y Of a m e m
b er m ov ing by it se lf
We h av e s e e n t h at t h is l a s t is th e d is
t in c t i o n Of t h e for e n g er an d Of s e v e ral o t h e r p a rt s ; b u t t h e
c on c u rr e nt s t im u l at i on o f m any o r g a n s a t t h e s am e m o m e nt
w h i c h i s t h e p e cu l i a r i t y Of a n e m o t i on al w av e m ak e s t h e
fe eli ngs a b a d s c h oo l for b eginm n g t h e w or k of v ol u n t ar y
b er of t h e
as c e n d e n c y o v e r e v e r y s e p ar at e in d ivi d u al m e m
ac t iv e s y s t e m
8 Th i s p r e li m in ary qu e s t ion being di sp o s e d o f I t u rn t o
th e s e co n d or v ol it i on al br an c h Of t h e Law Of C o ns e rv a t i on
v e m e n t s s on
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t an e ou sl y b e g u n an d acc i d e n t all y c au s in g p l e as u r e ; w e t h e n
a s su m e t h at w it h t h e p l eas u r e t h e r e w ill b e an in cr eas e o f
vit al e n ergy in w h ich incr e a se t h e fort u nat e m ov e m e nt s w il l
s h ar e
an d t h e r e by in c r e a s e t h e p l e a su r e
Or o n t h e ot h er
h an d w e su p p o s e t h e Sp o nt an e ou s m ove m e n t s t o giv e p a in
and ass u m e t h at w it h t h e p a in t h e r e w ill b e a d e c r e a s e o f
e n e rg y e xt e n d ing t o t h e m ov e m e n t s t h at c au s e t h e e vil a nd
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i s t h e d oc t r ne Of Sp o n t an e i t y i n a v e r y c o n tr a c t e d s h a p e ;
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h av e a d v e r t e d t o t h e in fe r i orit y Of t h e d iffu s e d w av e ac c o m p a ny i ng a
c e n t r a l i m p u l s e , w h e t h e r ac t i v e or e m o t i o n al , s u ch a s i s h e r e assu m e d
If a n o t h er s o u r c e Of c h a nc e m u sc u l ar m ov e m e n t s c a n b e ass ign e d ,
a n d if t h a t s o u rc e p r e s e n t s a d v a n t a ges o v e r t h e d iffu s e d d is ch ar g e ,
Th e qu e s t i on t h e n r e s o l v e s
w e o u gh t t o in c l u d e i t i n o u r h y p o t h e s i s
i t s e lf i n t o t h e s u f c i e n c y o f t h e p r o o fs t h at I h av e u r ge d in fa v o ur
o f t h e d oc t r i n e o f S p o nt an e it y , a s I h av e re p ea t e dl y e x p l ai n e d i t
Mr Dar w in e x p r e s ses w h at is t an t a mou nt t o t h e sp o n t a n e it y o f
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m u sc l e s o f t h e b o d y ar e g e n e ra ll y t hr o w n i n t o v i o l e n t a c t i on
In v o l u n t ary an d p u r p os e l ess c on t r ac t i ons Of t h e m u s c l es o f t h e
ch es t a nd gl ot t i s , e x c i t e d i n t h e ab o v e m a nn er , m a y h a v e r s t g i v e n

x p re s s i o n ,
r i s e t o t h e e m i s s i on o f v o cal s o u n d s
pp 8 2
h s i s s p on t an e ou s c o m m e n c e m e n t u n d e r c ir c u m s t a n c es o f s t r o n g
e x c i t e m e nt ; b u t I h av e e n d e av ou r e d t o s h o w t h a t e x c i t e m e n t i s
u nn ec e s s ar y , a n d t h a t s p o n t an e it y i s a fa c t o f t h e Ord ina r y w o r k i ng
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d ra u gh t Of n e rv o u s e n er gy t o w ar d s t h e o r g a n s e m p l oy e d
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h ap p e n e d i n t h i s c as e t o p a s s , hav e op e n e d a n e w w a y t o c e rt ai n
a nd , c o n se qu e n t l y , t h e
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Th e t e n d e n c y fo r t h e di ffu s e d d i s c h arg e t o foll o w t h ese

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x em p l ifyin g t h e ac qu ir e d p ow ers Of t h e w ill T ak e

t h e p ai n o f R e s t r a in e d m ov e m e nt s a s w h e n s p on t a n e it y i s
ch e c k e d by c o n n e m e n t
Un d er s elf c on s e rv at ion t h is p ain
w ou l d n o t s u gg e s t t h e t ru e r e m e d y b u t w o ul d r a t he r w or k t h e
c o n t r ar y w ay ; ac t i o n a n d n o t qu i e s c e n ce i s t h e t h ing n ee d e d
We m u s t h e r e su pp o se t h e r is e Of a n a c c id e nt al m ov e m e nt of
s u ch a k in d a s t o e x t r i c a t e t h e c r e a t u r e fr o m t h e c o n n e d
h
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r o u n d a n a n i m al n d s a n
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d o or ; t h e m o v e m e n t o n c e c om m e nc e d i s k e p t u p u n d er
e l at i o n o f r e l i e f, u n t il p er h ap s an o t h e r Ob s t a c l e r e in s t a t e s

Op e n

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th e p a n
and t h e

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ed
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s n

a nd

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t e nt a t

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iv e s

r o m ot e d , s o
p

y y iel d r el ief If n ow w e s u p p os e t h at s om e on e
d e n it e m o v e m e nt i s a c on s t an t r e m e d y for t h e p e n t u p ir ri
t at i on as w h e n an a n im al h as e v e ry d ay t o m ak e a w ay o u t
Of t h e s am e c o n ne d sp ot t h e r e p e a t e d c o nn e xi o n b e t w e e n t h e
fe e l in g a n d t h i s o n e m o v e m e nt (at r st ac c i d e nt all y s t u m bl e d
o n ) w ou l d e n d i n a rm a s s o ci at i on b e t w e e n t h e t w o ; t h er e
w ou l d b e n o m or e fu m b l ing a n d u n c er t ain t y ; t h e r a n d o m
t e nt a t iv e s ar i s i n g t h r ou gh s p o n t an e i t y a nd t h e s p a s m o di c
w r i t h ing Of p a in w ou l d g iv e p l a c e t o t h e o n e s el e c t e d a n d
and w e
a p p r op r i a t e m o v e m e n t
sh ou l d h av e a fu ll gr o w n
v ol it i o n a d a t e d t o t h e c a s e
p
2 P ro c e e d i ng n e x t t o t h e Se n sat i on s p r op e r w e b eg i n
w it h Org ani c L ife
Th e m u s c l e s b e s i d e s t h e fe e l ings b e l o ng
ing t o t h e i r d i s t in c t iv e fu n c t i on are li abl e i n co m m on w it h
t h e o t h e r t i s su e s t o p a in s fr om inj u r y an d d i s e ase
Th e se
i
n
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w
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p
c l as s
We s h all h er e n ot ic e t h e ir al l ian c e w i th v ol u n t ary
A t t h e ou t s e t o f l ife n o s p e c i al c o n n e ii i o n e xi s t s b e
a ct ion
t w e e n a ny On e k in d o f p h y s ic al s u ffe r i ng an d t h e a c t io ns
t h e r e i s t h e g e n e r a l t e n d e n c y t o ab a t e
c al c u l a t e d t o r e l i e v e i t
vit al it y o n t h e w h ol e qu al i e d by sp asm o d i c ou t b u r s t s fr om
n er v o u s irri t a t i o n
A l l t h e s p e c i a l r e m e d i e s m u s t a r i s e t h r o u gh
F o r ill u s
t h e u s u al p r o c e d u r e o f t h e e d u c a t i on o f t h e w ill
t r a t i o n l e t u s s u p p o s e a h u r t in a n y p a r t o f t h e b o d y e x t e r
l o ng

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ul d t e n d t o m ov e m e nt s t h at m i h t w i t h d r a w
e m o t i o n al
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)
t h e m e m b e r b u t t h a t p o s s ib l y m igh t a ggr av at e t h e m i s
exc

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p r o t e c t iv e
v ol i t i o n i n t h e a b ov e c a s e i s t yp i c all y s h o w n b y s u p p o s in
g
t h a t a li m b i s in p ai n t h r o u gh p r ox i m it y t o a h o t b o d y an d
t h a t i n t h e c ou r s e Of r an d o m s p o n t a n e it y t h e l i m b i s w it h !
Th e s e n s e Of r e l i e f w o u l d
d r aw n b y an i sol a ted i mp u lse
t h e n Op e r at e t o c on t i nu e a n d h e igh t e n t h e im p u l s e
Le t a
s im il ar c o nj u n c t i o n h ap p e n a s e c o n d t im e
We sh ou l d st il l
h av e t o w a it u p on t h e a c c i d e n t s for t h e c o m m en c e m e nt o f t h e
w
r o e r r e t r a c t at i o n
an d m i h t l o n
a it in v a in ; b u t o n c e
p p
g
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t h e c o m m e n c e m e nt d i d t a k e p l ac e b r in ging w it h it t h e s a m e
fe e l in o f r e li e f t h e r e w ou l d b e gi n t o b e form e d a l i nk o f
as s o c i a t i on w h i c h w o u l d
o on s t r e ngt h e n in
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at l a s t l e a r n d e n it e l y t o w it h d r aw e ach m e m b er Of t h e b o d y
fr om a p ain fu l c o nt a c t A m e r e r e e x s t im u l u s m igh t op e r a t e
t h e w r ong w ay ; t h e e d u c a t e d w ill op e ra t e s w it h e qu a l
an d
w it h t h e n e e d fu l p r e c i s i on
Th is c o n s t it u t e s
e n e r gy
o n e c l ass Of o u r v o l u n t a r y ac qu i r e m e n t s in c o nn e x i on w it h
a c u t e p a in s
It i s i m p o s s i bl e t o s ay w h at n u m b er Of c h a n c e c onju n c
t i o n s ar e r e qu i s it e t o g e n e r a t e a c on t igu ou s a d h es i on s t r on g
e n o u gh t o r a i s e u s a b o v e t h e u n c e r t a in t i es o f t h e s p o nt a n e o u s
co m m e n c e m e nt
Mu ch d e p e n d s on t h e fel i c it ou s s ingl ing ou t
of t h e p r op e r m ov e m e n t s ; a ny irr e l e v an t ac c o m p an im e n t s
w o u l d s t a n d i n t h e Wa y o f t h e c or r e c t u n i o n
If t h e p r op er
m o v e m e nt i s n e v e r w h oll y s e p ar at e d fro m o t h er s t h e i s ol at in g
assoc i a t i on m u s t d ep e n d on it s b e i n g p r e s e n t m or e fr e qu e n t l y
t h a n a ny o n e e l s e
Th i s Ob st a cl e b e ing got ov er t h e p r ogre s s
w o ul d b e fav ou r e d b y t h e m e nt al e x c it e m e nt Of t h e fe e l ing of
re li e f
We know h ow in aft er lif e a h ap p y c onj u nct ion
w av e , as

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32 2

V O LU N TA RY P OWE R

OF

x em p l ifying th e ac qu ir e d p ow er s of t h e w ill Tak e

t h e p ai n Of R e s t r a in e d m ove m e nt s a s w h e n s p on t an e it y i s
c h e c k e d by c o n n e m e n t
Un d er s elf c ons e rv at i on t h is p ain
w ou l d n o t s u gg e s t t h e t ru e r e m e d y b u t w oul d r a t h e r w or k t h e
c o n t r ar y w ay ; ac t i o n an d n o t qu i e s c e n c e i s t h e t h in g n e e d e d
We m u s t h e r e su p p o se t h e r is e Of an a c c id ent al m ov e m e nt of
s u ch a k in d as t o e x t r i c a t e t h e c r e a t u r e fr o m t h e c on fin e d
p o s i t i on a s w h en b y t u r n ing it s e lf r ou n d a n a n i m al n d s a n
m u scl e s

d o or ; t h e m o v e m e n t on c e c o m m e n c e d i s k e p t u p u n d er
e l at i on Of r e l i e f, u n t il p e rh a p s an o t h e r Ob s t acl e re i n s t a t es

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y y iel d r el ief If n ow w e s u p p os e t h at s om e o n e
d e n it e m ov e m e nt i s a c o n s t an t r e m e d y for t h e p e nt u p irri
t at i on as w h e n an a n im al h as e v e ry d ay t o m ak e a w ay ou t
of t h e s am e c o n ne d s p o t t h e r e p e a t e d c o n n e xi o n b e t w e e n t h e
fe e l in g an d t h i s o n e m o ve m e n t (at rs t ac c i d e n t all y s t um bl e d
o n ) w o u l d e n d i n a rm a s s o c i at i o n b e t w e e n t h e t w o ; t h e r e
w ou l d b e n o m or e fu m b l i ng a n d u n c e r t a int y ; t h e r a n d om
t ent a t iv e s ar i s in g t h r ou gh s p o n t an e i t y a nd t h e sp a s m o di c
w r i t h ing Of p a in w ou l d g iv e p l a c e t o t h e on e s el e c t e d a n d
and
w e s h ou l d h av e a fu ll gr o w n
ap p r o p r i a t e m o v e m e n t
v ol i t i o n a d a t e d t o t h e c a s e
p
2 P ro ce e d ing n e x t t o t h e Se n s at i on s p r op e r w e b e gi n
w it h Or g a ni c L ife
Th e m u s c l e s b es i d e s t h e fe e l i ng s b e l o ng
ing t o t h e i r d i s t in c t iv e fu n c t i on a r e l i abl e i n co m m o n w it h
t h e o t h e r t i s s u e s t o p a i n s fr o m inj u r y a n d d i s e as e
Th e s e
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r e u s e d t o t y ify t h e w h ol e c l a s s Of a c u t e p h y s i c al
a
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p
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We sh all h e r e n ot i c e t he ir al l ian c e w i th v ol u n t ary
A t t h e ou t s e t Of l i fe n o s p e c i al c o n n e xi on e xi s t s b e
a c t io n
t w e e n a ny o n e k in d o f p h y s i c al s u ffe r i n g a n d t h e a c t i o n s
t h e r e i s t h e g e n e ra l t en d e n c y t o a b a t e
c al c u l a t e d t o r e l i e v e i t
vit al it y o n t h e w h ol e qu al i e d by sp a sm o d i c ou t b u r s t s fr om
n e r v ou s ir ri t a t i o n
A l l t h e s p e c i al r e m e d i e s m u s t ar is e t hr o u gh
F o r il l u s
t h e u su al p r o c e d u r e Of t h e e d u c a t i on o f t h e w ill
t ra t i o n l e t u s s u p p os e a h u r t i n a n y p a r t o f t h e b o d y e x t e r
l ong

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3 24

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V O LU N TA RY P OWER

m any

in e ffe ct u al t ri al s s t rik es h om e at once

a nd s ol v e s t h e d i fc u l t y fo r e v e r
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A n at t a c k o f c r a m p 1 n t h e
c h ar ac t e r is t i c m u s c ul ar p ai n s
l im b s d o es n ot s u gge s t t h e al l e v i at ing m ov e m e nt s
O wi ng
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up on t h e p r i m it iv e c o u r s e o f t r i al a n d e rr or
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cl ass o f p a in s a nd n o n e for a n o t h e r o f e v e n gr e at er av er ag e
s ev e r it y
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a b l y s it u at e d for t h e p r oc e s s o f a c qu i s i t i on i n t h e on e c as e
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Th e m os t c h ar a c t e r i s t i c s t a t e i n c o nn e x i on w it h t h e
int en s e
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or g a n i s s u o c at i o n i n i t s v ar i ou s d egr e es o f Vir u l e n c y
v ol u n t a r y a c t i on r e qu ir e d for a i d in g in s u c h a n e m e r e n c y is
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thi s i s n o t l ik e l y t o b e p oss e s s e d i n e arl y i nfan c y P ro b a bl y
t h e r e qu i s it e c om m a n d o f t h e c h e s t by v ol u nt ar y ag e n c y i s r s t
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sp o n t a n e ou s I m p u l s e s a r e v e r y l i k e l y t o c om e t o w ar d s t h e
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su c h in t e n se s u ffer in g w o u l d b e m a in t a i n e d a n d s p e e d il y
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e ffo r t s o f b r e at hi ng i s s o e x c e e dingl y v ar i o u s t h at t h e o r d e r
of t he ir a c qu i sit i o n m ay n o t b e at all u n ifor m
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d e n it e p r o c e d u r e d at e s fr o m a n e ar l y p er i o d o f l ife
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of t h e an i m al t r ib e s e m p l oy e d t o s t a v e Off t h e m i s e r i es o f c ol d
o r t o r e t ain t h e s at i s fac t i o n o f w ar m t h
4 I c o m e n e x t t o s e n s a t ion s o f t h e Ali m e nt ary C an al
Th e s e ar e n e c e s s ar il y t h e c e n t re of a w i d e c ir cl e of v ol u n t ary
e xe r t i o n s a n d fu r n i sh a p p o s i t e e x am p l e s o f t h at o b s c u r e in it i a l
s t a ge Of t h e w il l w h ic h I a m n ow l ab ou r i ng t o b r in g t o t h e l ight
Th e e arl i e s t ac t io n s i nv ol v e d in i m bi bing n o u r i shm e n t ar e t o
b u t a c e r t a i n a m ou n t Of v o l i t i on i s
a gr e a t d e gr e e r e e x
e x t e nd s i t s s p h e r e
r es e nt a t t he v e r y b egi nn i ng an d ra i d l
p
,
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t he

r s e o f s p o n t an e ou s

326

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ne

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V O LU NT AR Y P O W E R

Su ck in g i s g e n e r all y s a id t o b e p u r el y
in fan t Th e ac t of s w al low ing r em ain s

ac t of

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or n

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in t h e

re

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id b e for e t h e giving ov er Of s u c k ing

w h e n t h e r e i s n o l on g er a n y r e l i s h i s v o l i t i on i n t h e g e r m
t h at v e ry t yp i c al fa c t t h a t I h av e all al o ng i n s i s t e d u p o n a s
h
T
h
r e p r e s e n t in
t
e w h ol e
e p r oc e e d ing s o f t h e infa n t a t
g
t hi s s t age ar e m o s t in s t ru c t iv e
Th e v ol it i o nal s t im u l u s
s u s t a i n i n g a m o v e m e n t o n c e b e gu n s o l o n g a s p l e a s u r a b l e
r a t i c at i o n i s t h e c o n s e qu e n c e m u s t b e p r o n ou n c e d t o b e i n
g
Op e r a t i o n fr o m t h e r s t h o u r o f l ife if i t b e a fac t t h a t t h e
c e a s in g t o s u ck i s a t al l d e p e n d e n t o n t h e c h il d s o w n fe e l in gs
It m ay b e t h a t t h e p u r e l y r e e x a c t i o n th a t u p h ol d s t h e

l as t

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t o t h e fe e l ings , an d t h a t

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im p u l s es

Op e r a t e an d c om e u n d e r

w av e o f s e n s a t o n

co n c u r r ng

ne ou s

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ar se

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B u t w h at e ve r b e t h e

of a
e x ac t

mo m ent w h en a p r esen t fe el ing r s t in u en c e s a p r e sent

t h at i s t h e m om e n t o f t h e b ir t h o f v ol i t i o n
a ct i o n
We
Hav ing r e a ch e d it t h e
r e a c h t h i s p o i n t b y i n w ar d g r o w t h
e d u c a t i on o f t h e w il l i s t h e n c e for t h a p r o c e ss a c t u a ll y b e gu n
a n d r e a d y for
im p r o v e m e n t
S u c k in g i s t h e o n l y p o w e r
e x e r t e d b y t h e in fa n t in co n n e c t i o n w i t h i t s o w n no u r i s h m e n t
Th er e i s in t h e a c t a
a t t h e o p e n in g o f s e n t i e n t e xi s t e n c e
r t i c ip at i o n of t h e m ov e m e n t o f th e l u n s ;
i
a
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or
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p
g
v a cu u m c r e a t e d i n t h e e x a n s i on o f t h e c h es t d u r i ng
ar
t
i
a
l
p
p
in sp ir at i on t h at d et erm in es t h e ow o f m ilk t o t h e m ou t h
If all t h e a c t i on s c o n ce r n e d v i z t h e c l o s ing o f t he lip s a n d
n o s t r il s ag ain s t t h e i n gr e s s o f a ir t h e a id ing m ov e m e nt o f
t he t ongu e w h i ch b y a n air t igh t c o n t a c t w i t h t h e Op e ni ng
o f t h e n ip p l e w o u l d c au s e a ow o f l iqu i d o n b e ing p u l l e d
a w a y t h e i n s p ir a t i o n ma d e a l i t t l e s t r o n e r t o m a k e u
g
p for
t h e e x t r a r e s i s t a n c e t o b e o v e r c o m e w e r e p u r e l y a n d Wh o ll y
r e e x b o t h o n t h e r s t a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e m o u t h t o t h e b r e as t
a n d o n su c ce e d i ng o c cas i o n s t h e y n e v e r c ou l d b e c o m e v ol u n
t a ry a ny m o r e t h a n t h e a c t i o n o f t h e h e a rt o r t h e i nt e s tin
es
A s i n t h e b r e a t h i ng a c t i o n i n g e n er al t h e r e m u s t b e a c e r t ai n
a m o u nt o f re e x o r au t o m a t i c m o v e m e nt w i t h a m i x t u re o f
.

GR OWT H

32 8

go ing

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V O LUN T AR Y P OW E R

OF

ro c e s s

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5 Ne x t t o s u c k i ng c o m e s t h e p ro ce s s o f Ma s t i c at i o n
Her e w e h av e in t h e rs t ins t an c e t h e p l ay of t h e t ongu e for
Th e fu ll m at u r it y o f t h e
r oll ing t h e m or sel i n t h e m ou t h
w ill i s s o on a rriv e d a t in t hi s c a se ; t h e s t r o n g fe e l ing of t as t e
a n d r e li sh o nt h e o n e h a n d an d t h e p e c u l i ar r e a d i n ess of t h e
t ong u e t o c om e i nt o a c t io n o n t h e o t h e r s p e e dil y d e v e l op a
x e d j o in t all ian c e Th e t e n t a t iv e s ar e a c c om p an i e d w i th l e ss
We m u st su p p o se
t h an u s u al c o m p l i c a t i o n or am b igu it y
t h at for fos t e r in g t h e a s s o c ia t i o n o f t h e t w o e l e m e n t s in
qu est i o n t he m os t fa vou r ab l e c a s e i s w h en a fe el ing s tr ong
an d u nm ix e d c o e xi s t s w i th t h e o n e s ingl e m o v e m e n t t h at
i m m e d iat el y t ell s u p on it all ot h er organ s b e ing p erfe ct l y
s t ill
Th e c ir cu m s t an ce t h at in d i c at e s c au s e a n d e ffe c t in
t h e i sol a t i ono f t h e s e qu en c e i s t h e
e x p er im e nt al p h il os op h y
t h ing t h at e n ab l e s t h e p r imi t iv e v ol it i on al in s t i n c t t o op e r at e
fa irl y an d t o b egi n t h e p e rm an e n t all i an c e t h at c on s t i t u t e s
v o l u nt ar y
Now t h e m ov e m e nt s of t h e t ongu e s e e m t o
p o w er
b e r e m ar k abl y d i st in gu i s h e d for i n d e p e n d e n c e o r in d ivi d u al i ty:
Th er e Is n o ot h er or gan l e ss d isp os e d e it h er t o b e a foll ow er
Of c oll a t e r al o rg a ns o r t o d ra g t h o s e i nt o ac t i o n w i t h it se lf;
Th e c hil d h a s go t in it s m o u t h a su g ary m or sel
If n o
m ov e m e nt o f t h e t o ng u e ar i s e s a t t h at m om e n t a s i s qu i t e
NO
p o s s i bl e t h e m or s e l w ill s im p l y m el t aw a y at r and o m
d ou bt e v e ry i nfa n t p a s s e s t hr ou gh a n u m b er Of t h o s e e x p e ri
a e
h
o
uld
h
o w ev e r
e n c e s d u r ing i t s p r e v o li t i o n al
S
an
g
im p u l s e ar is e at s u ch a m om e nt t o el e vat e t h e t ongu e s o a s
t o p r e ss t h e m o r s e l t o t h e r oof o f t h e m ou t h a n ac c e s s i on of
r e i s i n s t an t l y fe l t w h i c h a c c e s s i o n i s t h e a n t e c e d e nt
l
e
a
u
s
p
for i n d u c i ng t h e c on t in u an c e o f t h a t s p e c i al m ov e m e nt
As I
h av e r e p e at e d l y s a id t h e m or e i s ol at e d t h e ac t i v e i m p u l s e h as
b e e n th e m or e u n m ist ak abl e i s t h e C onj u n ct ion Sh ou l d t h e
c h il d for in s t an ce by a b u r s t o f c e r e b r al s p o nt a n e i t y e x ec u t e
a t t h e s a m e t i m e s o m e o t h e r m o v e m e n t p e rh a p s e v e n m o re
d e c i d e d t h a n t h e o n e s u p p o s e d t h e a u g m e n t e d p l e a s u r e m i gh t
l e a d i n t h e r s t in s t anc e t o t he c o nt inu anc e o f t h at mov e m e n t
l a st

al on e

'

"

MA S T I C A T I ON

32 9

It m igh t b e a m ov e m e n t of t h e ng e r s or of t h e ar m or o f t h e
e y e b a ll s
Th e m i s t ak e n c oin c i d en c e w ou l d for a m om e nt s u s
,

ta n

an d

e
r
p

i m p u l s e Bu t t h e n c o m e s i n
Of t h e s it u at i on ; fo r t h e a b s e nc e o f a ny
o f t h e a gr e e a b l e se ns a t i on w ou l d p e r m i t

t h e w r on g

t
e
p u at e

t h e corr e c t ng p o w e r

fart h e r

e nh a n c e m e n t

t h e fa l s e
en co u r a

a c c o m p an

g e m e nt

ap p ar e n t

i m e nt s

t o d r op , fr om t h e w an t

t h e t ru e

an d

c au se

Of

far t h er

m ight t h en m ak e

it s elf

il y l at e w ith t he
hu m an infa nt Th is c ir cu m s t an c e c ou nt s in favou r o f t h e
e a s y c o m me n c e m e n t o f t h e v ol u n t ary e ffort ; in as m u ch as
Wh e n t h e
p r ac t i c e im p r o v e s al l t h e sp ont an e o u s t e n d e n c i e s
c h il d b e gins t o c h e w t h e s a m e fe e l in
n
h
n
l
a
u re
o
f
e
a
c
e
d
e
s
g
p
t h a t p r o m o t e d t h e a c t iv i t y o f t h e t ongu e su s t ai n s t h e c o Op e r
at io n e f t h e ja w ; e xp e r i enc e t h e n c e m en t s t h e c on n e c t i on
bet w ee n t h e s e n s at i on an d t h e m o v em e n t s p r op e r t o p r di ong
A n a u s ea t in g or b i tt e r m or s el h as e x a c t l y
and in c re a s e i t
t he op p o s i t e t e n d e n c y arr e s t i ng a n d al m os t p ar al yz i ng t h e
c on cu r ring a c t i on Of t h e jaw a n d t o n u e a t t h at m om e n t a n d
g
v eh e m entl y s t im ul at ing any o t h e r t h at m ay h app en t o ar is e
o f a ki n d t o giv e r e l i e f
Th e e nt ir e p r oc e ss o f m a st ic at i on i s
t hu s a n e x am p l e Of t h e s p o n t an e o u s p a s s ing t h r o u gh t h e
u su al
s t ag es i n t o t h e v ol u n t ary
Th e m e m b e rs e m p l oy e d
h a v e in a hi gh m e a s u r e t h e c h ar a c t e r i s t i c o f i n d iv i d u al i z in g
s p on t an e it y ; W
h il e t h e s e n s ib ili t y d e v e l o p e d i s Of t h at s t r on g
a nd c om m a n d in
rt
h
t
h
x e r im en t s v e r y
so
t
a
t
r
n
d
e
r
s
e
e
e
g
p
t e ll ing an d d e c i d e d
Th e c on s e qu en c e i s t h at a ft er a br i ef
a t i on m ar k e d w it h t h e u s u al s t r u gl e s t h e c h il d e n t e r s
o
b
r
p
g
up o n t h e fu ll v ol u n t ar y c o n t r ol of t h e m a st i c a t i ng or gan s ; a s
soo n as a m ors el i s fe l t in t h e m ou t h it i s m ov e d a b ou t a n d
c arrie d b ac k w ar d s u n d e r t h e in c r e as ing r eli s h u n t il i t n all y
Thr ou gh ou t t h e al im e n t ary c ana l
p as s e s i nt o t h e p h ar y nx
t he p r op u l s i o n i s in v o l u nt ary u n t il t h e t er m in a t io n w h e n t h e
w il l ag ain c om e s in t o p l ay
In t h i s n al a c t al so w e m ight
e l u c i d at e t h e g e n e r al p r in c ip l e s Of v ol u n t ar y a c qu i s it i on al l
w h i ch ar e fu l l y a p p li c abl e t o t h e c a s e
Th e c om m en ci n g
h el p l e s sn e s s t h e sp ont an eou s m ov em e nt s l a i d h ol d of an d
Th e

u s e of

the

jaw

in

i g is

ch e w n

n e c e ss ar

GROW T H

33

h a p p e n in g

s u st a n e d , w h e n

in g

of

t he l

V O LUN T A RY P OW E R

or

in k

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t he

at

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m ig ht

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an d

t h e fu ll

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i
n t e d ou t a s b el o n gi n g
o
g r o w n v o l it i o n a t l a s t ,
p
i n a v e r y m an i fe s t w a y t o t hi s p ar t o f ou r m at u r e a bil i t y
.

b se rv at ion s

In t h es e

s e n s at o n s ,

h av e

t he

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so

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s e n s e of

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alim e n t ar y
as

t o l e an

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i n t h e s am e w ay a s r e l is h e s a n d d i sgu s t s
In a d d it i on t o t he
e xe r t i o n s Of t h e t o n gu e a n d jaw n o w d e s cr i b e d w e a c qu ir e at
a l at e r
r i o d t h e m o r e d i f c u l t a c t Of ej e c t i ng an ill t a s t in g
e
p
s u b s t an ce fr o m t h e m o u t h
P r i o r t o t h i s a t t ai n m e n t t h e
c h il d c an d o n o t hi n g b u t c e a s e t o m a s t i c at e an d w i t h an Op e n
l it tl e t o b e

aid

re

m o u t h h ol d t h e m o r s e l

w ry
of

t he l p s,

we

as

c o n s t ant l

s ee

p e r h ap s l e t i t ow
In v a in d o w e t e ll

s u sp e n d e d ,

ou t
an

infant t o sp it t he t h ing ou t w e ant i c ip a t e it s v ol u n t ary e d u

c a t i o n w h i c h h as n o t y e t r e a ch e d t h a t p o in t
It i s afr me d
by Hart l e y t h at c hil dr en c ann ot h a w k sp it or bl ow t h e nos e
for s om e y e ar s
6 Th e s e ns a t i on s o f Sm e ll co n t r i bu t e t h e ir qu ot a t o t h e
e l u c i d a t i o n o f ou r t h e m e
Th e s w ee t an d agr e ea bl e o d ou rs
p r o m p t t o t h e e x er t i on fo r c o n t in u in g t h e e nj o ym e nt of t h e m
i f s u c h an e x e r t i o n i s o n c e h i t u p o n
He n ce w e co ntr a ct t h e
h ab i t o f s n u f ng t h e air w h e n l a d e n w i t h fr e s h n e ss or b al m y
s c ent
Th is i s an e n e rgy Of t h e l u ng s c ou p l e d w it h th e cl os
.

i ng
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,

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GROW TH OF

3 32

fe e l ings
t he

re

of

th e l OV e

qu is it e

em

c on t ac t

O LUN TA RY P OW ER

br ac e

Th e m ov e m en t s fo r

t h e m os t

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'

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by sp ont an eit y an d t h e m o s t l iabl e t o

b e s t ir r e d u p in t h e d i s ch ar g e o f t h e d a il y s t o re o f gat h ere d
h
r
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e s w ing o f t h e li m b s
a rm s
an d t ru n k i s n ev e r
w
e
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p
n e gl e c t e d fo r a s ingl e d ay i n t h e h e al t h y s t at e ; t h e c en t r al
r c oll e c t e d o v e r n i h t i n a r o b u s t i nfa n t w o u l d n o t n d
w
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Thu s it i s th at t h e sp on t ane it y Of
m u sc l e s o f l o c om o t i o n
e ar li e s t

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ft

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is

in d u c e d u n d er som e m ov e m e nt it is not d if cu l t t o u nit e t h e

t w o i n t o a m at u r e d v o l i t i o n
Th e c h an c e s o f a t ol e ra bl y
fr e qu e n t c on c u rr en c e an d t h e d e c i d e d n at u r e o f t h e c on sc i ou s
r e s u l t ar e t h e t w o c o n d i t i on s t h at s e c i al l y
p
p r om ot e a sp e e d y
b on d of a ss o c iat i on Th e l e a st fav ou r abl e p art Of t he c as e
p e rh ap s i s the w a n t of u n ifor m i ty i n t h e e ffe c t o f t h e act i on
Th e c on t ac t b e ing s om e t im e s o n on e s i d e an d s om e t im e s on
t h e o t h e r w e c ann ot as s o c i at e i t w i t h any o n e m ot iv e i m p u l s e
We m u st in fa ct as s o c iat e it Wit h a gr e at m any u nt il su ch
t i m e as w e l e ar n t o l o c al i z e ou r s e ns a t i o n s t h a t i s t o c onn e c t
e ac h p a r t o f t h e s u r fac e o f t h e b o d y w i t h t h e s p ec i al m o v e
B e for e
m e nt s t h at p r ot ru d e or r e t ra c t t h at p ar t i c u l ar p ar t
t h i s p o in t i s r e ach e d w e m u s t r e sort t o t h e n e v e r faili ng
r e s ou r ce Of t r i al a n d er r or
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t h e s am e e ffe c t n am e l y hu ddli ng t h e l im b s an d b o d y c l os e
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c o me f i m t h e irr it a t e d c e n
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If t h e c e s s at i on o f t h e p a in h a d n o p o w e r t o ind u c e a c o nt inu
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h av e g oo d r e as o n t o s u p p o s e t h at t h e form in g o f o n e v oli t ional
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s u c c e e d i n t h e a tt e m p t b u t t h a t t h e s u ffer ing im p o s e d w oul d
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3 34

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t h e c a s e m os t c o m m onl y p r ese n t e d i s in t e m p e r a t e c r yi ng
an d gr i e f
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est im a t i n g t h e t im e r e qu ir e d t o c o m p l e t e t h e as s o c i a t i n g b on d
b e tw e en a s en s at ion of p ain and t h e m ov e m e nt t h at give s a
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t h e t ou c h of t h e w h ip or t h e s p u r an d ch e c k s it t o t h e t igh t
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t r u e im p u l s e
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m e nt s ar e s o rm l y as s o c i at e d t h a t t h e d e s ir e d p ac e c om es
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it i s al w a ys e as y t o fall b ac k u p on t h e p r i m i t iv e for ce o f
n a t u r e an d t o a p p l y a p er s i s t e n t s m ar t t i ll t h e w r o n g c ou r s e
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i s d e s i s t e d fr o m a n d t h e r igh t o n e a s s u m e d
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w h e n , n o t fac in g i t d ir e c t l y , b u t se e in g it b y a s i d e l o n g g a ze
t h er fa c t w o ul d , t o m y m in d , s hOw t h at t h e p o w er t o foll o w a
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s id e w a y s , t h e e y e i s t ur n e d t o t h e m
o f t u r ni n g t h e h e a d s h o u l d p r e c e d e t h e p ow er o f t u r ning t h e e y e
t h e r s t b e i ng s o e ar l y as t o a m o u n t t o a fu ll for m e d in s t in c t
wh le
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t h e s e c on d t ak e s t im e t o m a t u re
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w e m ay b eh ol d
t h e s t e p s g on e t hr o u g h in t h e s e v e n w e eks ; b e ng t h e p e r o d fo r
c om p l e t i n g t h e e d u c a t i on o f t h e e y e w i t h re g ar d t o t h e t w o s u p er
c i al d im e n s i on s o f v i s ib l e s p ac e t h e s w e e p ov er t h e e l d of v i e w ,
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r gh t a nd l e ft , u p a n d d o w n
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t an c e
t h e m o t v e t o ch ang e t h e e y es fr o m o n e a dj u s t m e n t t o a n o t h er , i s
w h c h s u p p o s es s o m e p l e a
t h e s u p e ri or d s t in c t n e s s o f t h e im ag e
s u r e c o nn e c t e d w i t h t h e b e t t e r d e n e d fo r m o f a fa m l i a r o b j e c t
Th e a dj u s t m e nt w it h t h e s in gl e e y e Op er a t e s o nl y w it hi n t h e d is t a n c e
a n d i s m o s t m a r k e d w h e n w e ar e e n d e a v o u r in
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a t t hings w t h in a fe w i n c h e s o f t h e e y e
a n Ob j e c t a t t w o o r t h r e e fe e t or m ore i s p r a c t i c a ll y d is t i nc t e nou gh
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c u l a r a dj u s t m e n t t a k e s p l a c e , a nd t h e p e n al t y Of n o t m ak ng t h is
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Th e l igh t o f a c an dl e h as n o t a c h ar ac t e r t o l o s e b y b a d
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Th e a c qu i s it i o n is rap id an d w e
like t h e o t h e r v ol u n t ar y p o w e rs
are o f c ou r s e a t l i b e r t y t o a ss u m e a n i n s t in c t i v e or h e r e d it ar y p r e
di s p os it i o n ; b u t t h e r e a d in e ss t o a dj u s t t h e e y e s a t o n ce t o e v e r y
Va r y i n g d i s t an c e su pp o se s a h os t o f a s s oc i at i o n s t oo n u m e r ou s t o
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n e x i on b e t w e e n a s c al d an d t h e s igh t o f a am e m ay b e x e d
a t a v e r y e ar l y d at e i n t h e m in d o f t h e infa nt o r t h e y o u ng
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n e c e s s ar y c onn e xi on a s w ell a s a n a d h e s iv e li nk in t h e m ind
b e t w e e n t h e t w o Thu s t o t a ke ag ain s om e of t h e p r im it iv e
Th e c h il d a ss o ci at e s t h e agr e e abl e
an d p e r en n i al s e n s at i o n s
s t at e o f w ar m t h w i t h t h e r e i t s c l o t hi n g t h e b at h or o t h e r
c oll a t e r al s ; an d i t s m ov e m e n t s ar e d e t e r m in e d in t h e di r e c
Th e al l i m p o rt ant s e n s at i on s o f
t io n o f t h es e V ar i ou s Obj e c t s
s at i s fy i n g h u ng e r ar e s e e n t o co nn e c t t h e m s el v e s w it h m a ny
To t h e infan t n ot m e r e l y
v ar i ou s Obj e c t s a n d ar r ang e m e n t s
t h e s igh t o f t h e b r e a s t b u t t h e fa c e a n d gu r e o f t h e m ot h e r
a nd h e r v ar i o u s a c t i o n s in g iv i ng su c k ar e a p ar t o f t h e a ss o
S o m e w h a t l at e r t h e app e ar an c e o f t h e o t h e r ki n d s
c i a t i on
o f foo d a d m i n i s t e r e d t h e d i sh e s an d d iffe r e nt p r ep ar a t i o n s ar e
rm l y ass oc i at e d w it h t h e ali m e nt ary fe el ing s Th e v ol u n
t ar y a c t ivit y of the ch il d or t h e a ni m al n ow a d d r ess es i t se lf
t o s o m e of t h os e i nt e r m e d i at e e ffe c t s t h at h ol d t h e p r i n c ip l e
in t r a in
The op e n ing o f th e m o u t h t o r ec e iv e t h e m or s el i s
a n a c t o f t h e in t e r m e d i at e c h a r a c t e r i m l yi n g a s t e
p
p Of as s o
c i at i o n b e t w e e n t h e m a in e ffe c t an d o n e t h at h as b e e n fou n d
s u b s i di a r y t o i t
St ill m or e a d v a n c e d i s th e e ffort of s e i z i ng
a m ors e l i n t h e h a n d t o c on v e y it t o t h e m ou t h
Mu c h m u s t
b e go n e t h r o u gh b e for e s o c o m p l e x a s u c c es s i on c an b e form e d
in t o a c h ain A s e c on d ary fe el ing of an i nd iffer ent nat u re
h a s b e c o m e a n e nd ; a n d an a c t i o n r e m ot e in it s in u e n c e i s
t h e m ac h in er y m a d e u s e o f
Wh at n ow r u les t h e v ol it io n
i s t h e s ight o f a m ovi ng t h ing app r oach ing t h e m o u t h ; t h e
im p u l s e t h at d e t erm ine s t h is app ro ach is s u s t aine d by Virt u e
a c c o m p an

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G R OWTH
1

WE h ave
ill

o r V OLU NTA RY

n ow

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P OWER

( Co ntinued )

t h e far t h er d e v el o pm e nt

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l
y b e en m a d e t o th e t r a n s fe rr ing o f a
m o v e m e n t e s t abli s h e d in on e c onn e x i on t o o t h e r c onn e x i on s
A ny c o n s t i t u t e d b o n d b e t w e e n a n a c t an d a fe e li ng
and u s e s
bring s t h at a c t m or e fr e qu e nt ly in t o pl ay t h an if it w er e l e ft
t o m e r e s p o nt a n e it y a n d t hu s a d ds t o t h e c h an c es o f n e w alli
a n oe s
Th e s a m e m o ve m e n t m ay h app e n t o an s w e r s e v e r al
n c e e ffe c t e d n o m a t t e r
e m e r g e n c i e s a n d i n t r o d u c t i o n s b e in g o
Th e m o t i on s of
h o w t h e gr o u n d w or k o f fu t u r e u n i o ns i s l ai d
t he h e a d a n d t ru n k at r s t p u r e ly s p o n t a n e o u s b r1 ng a b ou t
a n d ar e v e r y s o on a s s o c i at e d
a gr e e a bl e e ffe c t s o f w ar m t h &c
w i t h t h o s e s e n sa t i o n s s o a s t o b e c all e d ou t a t t h e ir i n s t i ga
t ion
On s u c h o c c a s i on s o t h e r e ffe c t s ar e d i sc ov er e d a t t e n d
ing t h e m a s for e x am p l e t h e e x p os u r e t o l i gh t an d t h e y ar e
n o w t h e re for e e s p ou s e d by a n e w i n lu e n c e w h i c h in t im e
f
c o m m an d s t h e m e x a c t ly as t h e r s t di d
Th e s e lf c o n s e r vi ng
t e nd e n c y i s al w a y s r e a d y t o c a t c h at t h e c oi n c i d e n c e o f a n
a c t iv e i m p u l s e w i t h a h e igh t e n e d pl e a s ur e or a n a b a t e d p a in
a n d t h e p r o b ab il i t i e s of s u c h c oi n c i d e n c e s ar e i n c r e as e d a s t h e
v ar i ou s m ov e m e nt s ar e m or e fr e qu e n t ly l e d ou t T a k e t h e
fer t il e t h e m e o f a ni m al l oc om ot i on
This p ow er i s a t r s t
p u r e ly s p ont an e ou s b u t c er t ain p ar t i c u lar m o d e s of it s oo n
fo rm lin k s o f a t t a c h m e n t w i t h t h e an i m al s s e n s a t i on s t h e s e
m o d e s ar e t h e n l o n ge r s u s t ain e d a n d o ft e n e r e v o k e d t h a n if
t h e r e w er e n o t hi n g b u t s p o n t an e i t y i n t h e c a s e
Th e ac c i
d e nt s o f fu r t h e r c o nn e x i on s ar e t h u s gr e at ly e x t e n d e d j u s t as
a m or e a b u n d an t s t r e a m o f t h e u np r o m p t e d c e re b ra l d i s c h ar g e
w ou l d e nl arg e t h e o p e n ing s fo r a c qu i s it i on
I h ave for m e rl y
r e m ar k e d t h a t gr e a t n a t u ra l a c t iv it y i s s ingu l ar ly fa vou r a b l e
t o t h e gr o w t h of a s s oc i a t e d a c t i o n s fro m t h e n u m b e r o f t r i a l s
All u s io n h a s

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TR ANS FER ENC E or

t h at

U I R ED M OVEM ENTS

A CQ

34 1

qu en c e Wit ho u t t h e pr im or d i al in
s t i nc t t h at s u s t a in s a n d r e p r o d u c e s w h a t c hi m e s i n w it h a
pr e s e nt pl e as ur e or pres e n t r e li e f fr om p a in t h e s e t ri als w ou ld
e n d in n o t h ing
b u t w it h t hi s t h e y ar e i n t h e high e s t d egr e e
fru it ful in t h o s e sp e c i al c onn e x i o n s t h at m ak e u p o u r v ol u n
t ar y p ow er
A n ac t i o n fr om t h e r s t highly s p o n t a n e o u s
lik e t h e c as e of loc o m o t i on n o w su pp o s e d b e c om es r ap id ly
as s oc i a t e d w i t h a nu m b e r o f se n s a t i o n s an d r e n d e r e d o p e n t o
vari ou s s ol i c it at i o n s w hi c h c an n e ve r b e far off In a ny d if
h at e v e r u s e c an b e
cu lt y it w ill s t ar t u p t o b e t r i ed a n d W
s e r v e d by it i s n o t lik e ly t o b e l o ng u ngr at i e d
The c h il d s oo n
p os s es s e s a nu m b er of t h os e ac t i on s th e r e c u rre n c e of w hi c h
is m ad e m or e fr e qu e nt by a s so c i at i on w it h it s v ar i o u s fe e ling s
Su c h p ar t s as t h e h an d t h e t o ng ue t h e m ou t h t h e ja w t o
h
r w i t h t h e h e a d t r u n k an d l i m b s h a v i n
a t t ai n e d t h at
e
t
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g
p ar ti al d egr e e of volu n t ary c on t r o l c ons t it u t e d by s p e c i al
alli a n c e s ar e s o m u c h t h e m or e Op e n t o a n e x t e n s i o n o f t h e
Every ac t iv e organ g oe s on in t his w ay e nl arg
s am e p r o
ce s s
i ng it s b on d s o f a tt a c h m e n t t o st at e s o f p ain or pl e a s u r e s o a s
t o w a k e u p at t h e ir in s t iga t io n a n d b e co m e s t hu s a n i n s t r u
m e n t of fr e e w il l t o t h e e x t e nt t h at t hi s d e t ail e d a c qu i s it i o n has
b e e n c arr ie d Su c h ins t an ce s of su b j e c t io n t o s ep ar at e d fe el
i n g s m i g h t b e s o m u l t ip l i e d a s t o a n s w e r e v e r y e n d o f t h e
a ni m al s e x i s t e n ce
a n d t h e e d u c at i o n o f t h e w ill w o u l d t h e n
b e p r a c t i c all y c o m pl e t e
B u t i n hu m an b e i n gs e sp e c i all y
t h e c o n t r ol o f t h e w il l b e co m e s so t o s p e a k g e n e ra liz e d
by a s er i es of a c qu ir e m e nt s d iffer e nt fr om t h os e hit h e rt o
d e s c r ib e d t o s u pply t h e s p e c i al w ant s o f t he living s ys t e m
This ge ner al c on t rol h as now t o b e t rac e d t o it s c om p on ent
e le m e nt s
2 I c o m m e n c e w i t h t h e Wo r d o f C om m a n d s in c e t h at
a p p l i es t o t h e gu i d a n c e o f a n i m a l s a s w ell a s o f m e n
Thi s is
a s t e p r e m o v e d fr o m t h e d i s c ipl i n e o f t h e w hip w hi c h h ow
e v e r s e r v es a s a s t ar t i n
A c e r t a in
g p oin t i n t h e ac qu is it i o n
s o u n d fa ll i ng o n t h e e ar o f t h e a n i m a l m a y b e i n it s e l f s o
p a infu l a s t o s p u r it s m o ve m e nt s ; w h e t h e r t his b e t r u e o f t h e
I am u nabl e t o s ay
c r a c k of t h e F r e n c h p os t illi o n s w h i p
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ar e

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GR OWTH

3 42

UNTAR Y P OWE R

OF VOL

h arsh abru pt and s t u nn ing s ou n d s of t h e hu m an v o i c e

a r e p r ob a bly p a in fu l t o t h e e ar o f a n a ni m al u n d er t r ai n i n g
a n d t h e r e for e s e r ve t h e s a m e e nd a s t h e s m ar t in g o f t h e s ki n
Bu t t h e m e d i at i on o f t h e w hip e n a ble s u s t o a s s o c i at e s ou n d s
qu it e in d iffe ren t i n t h em s e lve s w i t h t h e ac t i o ns t h a t w e d e sire
Th e a ni m al s o on l e ar ns t o c o nn e c t e a c h
t o b r ing a b ou t
o ve m e n t i n t e n d e d by i t b e i n g s t im u l at e d
u t t e ra n c e w it h t h e m
t o t h a t m ov e m e n t by t h e a cc om p an yi ng a pp li c a t i o n of a n
Thu s t h e h or s e is t au ght t o a d van ce or t o h al t
a cu t e s m ar t
t o d e vi a t e right or l e ft t o qu i c k e n or s l a c k e n it s p a c e a t t h e
ins t an c e of t he r i d e r s l a ngu age of c o mm and Th e a n im al on c e
in it ia t e d in t his voc ab u l ar y by t h e s c h oo ling of p ain a pr o c e s s
o f ass o c i a t i o n g i v e s t o t h e m e r e s o u n d a ll t h e for c e o f th e in
i c t e d s u ffer i ng A ny d e fe c t i n t h e g oo d n es s o f t he b o nd i s s u p
plie d by re v e r t ing t o t h e Origin al i n s t r u m e nt ali t y w hi c h t h e
b e s t e d u cat ion m ay n ot w h oll y su p er s e d e B y a c ar e fu l proc e s s
o f t r a ini ng a ve r y gr e at n u m b e r o f t h os e co nn e x i o n s b e t w e e n
la ngu age an d m o ve m e nt s c an b e e s t abli s h e d in t h e m in d s of
t h e m or e d ocil e s p ec i e s
Th e cou r s e o f p r o ce e d ing i s t h e s am e
for all ; b u t t h e d iffe r e n c e of s u s c e p t ibili t y t o s u c h t r ai ni ng
b e t w e e n in d i vi d u al s i s w i d e
Th e e xp l a n at i o n i s e s s e nt i all y
w h a t w ou l d b e giv e n for hu m an b e ing s a ccor d in g t o t h e La w
o f C on t i u i t y
A go o d e ar for t h e c har ac t e ri s t i c t on e s a nd
g
a rt i cul a t i o n s m a d e u se o f s o a s u n e qu iv o c a lly t o d i s cr i m in at e
Th e o t h e r c o n d it i on i s
e ac h fr o m all t h e r e s t i s o n e r e qu i s i t e
t h e p u r e ly i nt e ll e c t u al o n e o f a d h e s ive gr o w th aft e r a c e rt ai n
fr e qu e n c y of c oi n c i d e n ce a p r op e r t y b e l ongi ng i n v ar i ou s
d e gr e e s t o t h e a n im al o r ga ni z at i o n g e n e r ally
G r a nt ing t h e s e
t w o e l e m e n t s i n s t r u c t i on in a n sw e r i ng t o t h e w or d o f c o m m an d
m a y b e c a r r i e d t o a ny l e n gt h
In t h e hu m a n s u bj e c t a ve r y
larg e nu m b e r o f s u c h c on n e x i ons ar e form e d ; t h e d i sc rim ina
t i o n of v o c al s o u nd s by t h e e ar b e ing p r o b ab l y s u p e r i or t o
w h at b e l ongs t o t h e m os t h ighl y e n d o w e d o f t h e b ru t e s w hil e
t he r api d it y o f ac qu i sit i o n i s al s o gr e at
Th e e ar li e s t i ns t a nc e s
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GROWT H

3 44:

V O LUN TAR Y P OWE R

OF

vo king t he e nergie s of t h e w ill Ve ry oft e n it m ay h app en

t h a t a n infant or an a ni m al fa il s t o p e rfor m m o v e m e n t s i n
o b e d i e n c e t o u r g e n t n e ce s s i t i es w hil e t h e s e w ill s p r i ng u p a t
o n c e if t h e a c c u s t o m e d d ir e c t i o n fall s u p on t h e e ar ; t h e ass o
c i at i on 1 n t h e on e c a s e by n o m e a n s i m plyin g t h a t i n t h e o t h er
e r y o f d e t ail ; t h e l e ar n in g o f a fo r ei gn
Th e w ill is a m ac hin
t o ngu e i s n o t m or e a m at t e r o f m ul t ipli e d a n d s e p ar at e ao
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u is it i ons
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abl e t o s e t go i ng a ny a c t i o n on t h e s l ig h t e s t w i s h i s t h e c u l
m inat io n o f a v a s t r an g e of d e t a il e d as s o c i at i on s w h o s e hi s t o ry
Thi s su bj e c t i on of t h e
h a s b e e n l os t s igh t of or for g o t t e n
vari ou s m e m b er s of t h e b o d y t o voc al d ir e c t i on h as b ee n
t hr ou gh a l on g s e r i e s o f s t r u ggl e s a n d
a c hi e v e d s t e p by s t e p
la b or i ou s it e r at i on s w hi c h all d is app e ar fr o m t h e v i e w w h e n
w e ar e pr ac t i s i ng u p on fu ll gr ow n h u m ani t y
3 Th e n e x t gr e at s t r i d e in v ol u nt ar y p ow e r i s ac hi e ve d
I h av e form e rly
t hr ou gh t h e a c qu ir e d fac u l t y o f I m it at i o n
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g
h ave b ri ey ill u s t r at e d t h e gr a d u al for m at ion o f it t hr ou gh a
s e ri e s o f s t ru ggl e s s u c h as a t t e n d e v e r y v o l u n t ary c o mm e n ce
I m it at ion i m p lies t h e e s t a blis hm en t of a b on d o f
m ent
c o n n e x i o n b e t w e e n t h e a pp e ar an ce p r e s e n t e d by a m ov e m e n t
as e x e c u t e d by a n o t h er p e r s o n an d a n i m p u l s e t o m o v e t h e
s i s so fa r a s r e ar d s t h e a c t io n
Thi
s am e o r a n i n ou r s e lv es
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o f t he li m b s t ru n k h e a d m o u t h e y e s a n d fe a t u r es ; for t h e
c a se o f v o c a l im i t a t i o n t h e alli a n ce i s b e t w ee n a s o u n d o n t h e
e ar
a n d an i m p u l s e d i r e c t e d t o t h e m e c h an i s m o f s p e e c h
Th ere is n o b e t t er e x am pl e for s et t i ng fo rt h t h e pr o c es s of
volu nt ar y ac qu ir e m e nt t h an i s affo r d e d by t h e b e gi n ni ngs o f
t h e i m it at i ve fa c u l t y
If w e m ak e Ob s e r va t i o ns u p o n t h e
r s t e ffo rt s t o s p e ak w e s h all nd t h at t h e c o u r s e s o o ft e n
d e s c rib e d a b o v e i s t h e o n e i n vari a bly foll o w e d
Sp on t a n e ou s
art i cu l a t i o n t a k e s t h e l e a d ; Wh il e a s ou n d o n ce u t t e r e d i m
p r e ss e s t h e e a r a s an e ffe c t and i f t h at i s a pl eas ing o n e t h e
v oc al s t im u l u s is lik e ly t o b e s u s t ain e d A few r e p et i t ions
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h e s ive a s s oci at ion t o grow u p b e t w e en t h os e t w o

e l e m e n t s s o t h a t t h e or d e r m ay a t l as t b e i n v e r t e d a n d t he
h e ar ing of t h e s o u n d pr o vo k e t h e u t t e r an c e
This w ou ld b e
t h e cou r s e p u r su e d i f t h e c
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for c ing pr o c e ss i s u s u a lly b r ou gh t t o b e ar in or d e r t o qu i c k e n
t h e a c qu i s it i on
Th e m e t h o d alr e a d y d e s c rib e d for t e ach i ng
s u bj e ct i o n t o t h e l an u a e o f c o m m an d
is m ad e u s e of t o
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w it h t h o s e t o n es o f u rg e n c y t h a t h av e t h e e ffec t o f p a in in
a c t iv e
s t im u l a t i n g
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Su c h a t t em p t s ar e u su all y
Th e
b egu n s o p r e m a t u r e ly as to b e for a l o n g t i m e fru it l e s s
u t t e r w an t o f a s p e c i c c o nn e x i on b et w e e n s ou n d s h e ar d an d
m ov e m e nt s o f t h e l ar yn x r e n d e r s t h e l e s s on s e nt ir e ly ab ort iv e
If h o w e v e r t h e p r op er s ou n d s h ou l d c h a n ce t o c om e o u t t h e
s t r e am of n e r v o u s
p ow e r o w ing in t h at d ir e c t i on m ay b e k e p t
u
p a nd a c e rt a in a d v an c e m ay b e m a d e i n as s oc i at i ng i t w i t h
t he au d i b l e e ffe c t
Tw o or t hre e fa v ou r abl e a c c i d e nt s o f t hi s
ki n d r e n d e r t h e t w o el e m e nt s t h a t h ave t o b e c onj o in ed le s s
s t r ange t o e a ch o t h er
It i s n ot t h e n s u ch a h o p el es s bu s in e ss
t o forc e o n t h e rig ht d ir e c t i on of c e r ebr al p ow er by t h e u rge nt
pr e s ent at ion of t h e s ou nd d es ir e d We m ay s t ill fail in t h e
E very
at t e m pt
b u t t h e c h an c es of s u cc e s s ar e in cr e as ing
o c c a s i on t h a t b r i ngs t h e a c t iv e u tt er a nc e an d t h e d i s t i nc t p er
c e p t i on o f t h e s ou n d in t o c o m p an y in t h e m in d d i sen ga g e d by
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r t u n e fo r t h e p u rp o s e i s a m o m e n t fav o u r abl e t o t h e
g
w or k o f a d h e s i o n ; a n
d a lim i t e d nu m b er of t h os e o c c a s i on s
r e n d er s t h e a d h e s iv e n es s c o m pl e t e
Th e r s t ar t i c u la t ion s
t h a t t h e c hil d i s a bl e t o c o m m an d s o a s t o p r o d u c e t h e m
im it at i ve ly ar e s om e of t h e s im pl er c l ass or t h os e t h at t h e
litt le r ang e of t h e org an s c a n r e a d ily giv e b irt h t o Su ch
s ou nd s a s ba ll t a h n a h ar i s ing ou t o f e as y s i t u a t i o n s o f t h e
t o ngu e an d m ou t h ar e t h e in i t i al e ffor t s of sp e e c h
A gre at
d e al o f s p o nt an eou s pl ay o f t h es e ve r y m ob il e m e m b e r s m u s t
pr e c e d e e ve n t hi s e l e m e nt ar y s t age ; an d w e n d th at it i s
t ow ar d s t h e e nd o f t he r s t y e a r t h at t h e p r e li m in ar y
Th er e i s n o x e d ord e r in
s p o nt a n e i t i es u su al l y br e a k o u t
t h e m anife s t at i o n of t h o se s im pl e ar t i c u l at i o n s ; t h e l abi als
c au s e

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(inv olvi ng d t or n) s e e m
a b ou t
e qu all y
a c c e s s ible
t o t h e d aw n ing ap t it u d e s
Th e
gu tt u r als
9) a r e on t h e Wh o l e p er h a p s m or e dif c u l t an d
l a t e r b u t oft e n v e r y litt l e s o
Th e m a t e r i al fa c t h ow e v e r
fo r ou r p r e s e n t p u rp os e i s t h at t h e u t t e r an c e i n e v e r y c as e
m u s t r s t c o m e by n
at u r e in o r d e r t o b e c ou pl e d w i t h i t s
e ffe c t o n t h e m i n d
a n d s o t o fu r n i s h a h a n d l e fo r b e i n g
i m i t a t iv ely r e p rod u c e d I k now n o c as e b e tt e r a d ap t e d for
p r o ving o r di spr ovi ng th e t h e ory h e r e in m ain t ain e d r e sp e ct ing
t h e w ill t h an t h e s e v oc al a c qu i s i t i o n s
The y ar e p art i cu lar ly
op e n t o i n s p e c t i o n
n o p ar t o f t h e p ro c e s s i s s hr ou d e d in t h e
r e c e s s e s o f t h e c hil d s o w n c o n s c i o u s n e s s
Th e e p o c h o f t h e ir
o c c u rr e n c e i s n e it h e r t oo e ar ly n or t oo l at e
Th e p rim it iv e
r m o f v o l it i on i s s t ill in s u ffi c i e n t p u r i t y t o m an ifes t it s t ru e
e
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c h ar a ct e r
A ll t h e Ci rcu m s t an c e s c onc ern e d i n t h e e st a bli sh
m e nt of a li n k of v olu nt ar y c ont rol are app ar e n t t o t h e v i e w
t h e s p o nt a n e ou s c o mm e n c e m e n t t h e r e p e t it i ons ma d e e ac h
t im e w i t h l e s s d if c u l t y t h r o u gh a grow i ng a tt achm e nt an d
t h e li n k n a lly b e c o m e c o mpl e t e
It c an b e s e e n w h e t h er t h e
i n t e r va l e l ap sing b e t w een t h e r s t r and om u tt er an c e and t h e
im it at ive fa cil it y c onsu mm at e d i s su c h a s w ou ld b e n e ces sar y
for t h e gro w t h o f a n a d h e s iv e a s s o c i at i o n ac c or d ing t o t h e
u s u a l r a t e o f s u c h gr ow t h
A s eri e s of ob s e r v at i o n s c ar e fu lly
i n a v ar i et y o f in d ivi d u al c a se s m igh t s e tt l e
c on d u c t e d
b e y o n d t h e p oss ibilit y of d i spu t e t h e ac t u a l or der a n d ge ne si s
o f o u r v o l u n t ar y e n e r i e s
h
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e
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s aril y t h e b e s t for t h e p u r p os e In vi e w ;
a d v an ce m u s t n e e d s r e p o s e u p o n t h e s am e o r igi n a l p ri n c ipl e
Th e m o di
s li gh t ly m o d i e d by t h e a n t e c e d e n t a c qu is i t i on s
fy in g c ir cu m s t a n c e c on s i s t s i n t hi s t h a t aft e r t h e c hild h a s
le arn e d t o br ing fort h a v ari e t y o f v oc a l u t t eranc es on t he
in s t i gat i o n o f t h e au d ibl e s ou n d t h er e w ill b e a t e n d e n c y t o
m ak e som e LOCCLZ exer ti on w h e n ne w ar t i c u la t i on s ar e u rg e d
h o m e w h e re a s at t h e o u t s e t t h e c onn ex i on b e tw e e n h e aring
I nd ee d I am d is p os e d t o a dm it
a n d v orce w a s u n for m e d
t h at t h e r e i s a c e r t a i n i n s t i n c t i v e t e n d e n c y i n t hi s d i r e c t i o n
p
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3 48

OF V

O LUNTA RY POW E R

pr e ss e s th e w r o ng vo c al iz at ion t h e s ens e of u m s on fost ers

a n d m a i n t ai n s t h e r igh t o n e
4 Th e im i t a t i on o f M o v e m e n t s at s igh t in c lu d e s a l ar e
p art of ou r e arl y v olu nt ar y e d u c at i on Th e pr o ce s s is s t ill
t h e s am e
Th e c h il d m o v e s i t s a rm s h an d s a n d nge r s by
n a t u r al s p o n t a n e i t y
a nd s e e s t h e
app e ar a n c e o f t h e m s o
m oved
Su c h a pp e ar an c e s l e a v e a d i s t i nc t r e coll e c t i on o r
i m age on t h e m i n d a n d ar e a p ar t o f t h e s t or e o f i nt ell e c t u al
im p r e s si o n s p er s is t ing a n d r e c o ver abl e as i d e as A m ong a
v ar i e t y of o t h e r u s es t h e s e id e as b e c om e u l t im at e ly t h e
h an d le for r e nd ering t h e act ions t h em s elve s a m e n a bl e t o
volu n t ar y c o nt r ol Se e ing t h e m o ve m e nt s e x e c u t e d by t h ose
ar o u n d i t
t h e c hil d d i s c e r n s w h e n t h e y c o in c i d e w it h i t s
o w n an d if a n y pl e a s u r e h a p p e n s t o a tt en d t hi s c o in ci d e n c e
o r an y r e li e f fr o m p ai n t h e r e i s a m o t iv e fo r c o nt in u in
g t he
pr op e r ac t an d r efr a in ing fr o m t h e r e st Thu s i n t h e c as e o f
bri nging t h e t w o h and s t og et h e r as for h ol d ing s om e t h ing
b e t w e e n t h e m it i s ver y e a s y t o p er ce ive w h en t h e e ffe c t i s
p r o d u c e d ; an d if a p l e a s u r e ar i s es i n c ons e q u e n c e or a p ain
i s a rr e s t e d t h e p os t u r e o n c e hi t u p o n i s a d h e r e d t o a s a m a t t er
of c ou r s e
All t h e m o v e m e n t s of t h e a r m s ar e s o br o a dl y
ap p ar e n t t o t h e e y e t h a t a ft e r a fe w m o n t h s d e v e l o p m e n t o f
t h e s e n s e s a n d t h e ir i n t el l e c t u al c on c e p t s t h e r e i s a g oo d
fou n d at i o n l a i d fo r i m i t a t i o n al pr og r e s s i n t hi s d e p ar t m e nt
Th e fo r c i ng sy st e m m ay al s o b e res or t e d t o w i t h ad v an
t ag e
Th e i m i t at iv e Wi ll c ann ot w or k w i t h ou t an a pp r o
p ri at e s t i m u lu s ; e it h e r s o m e pl e a su r e m u s t r e s ul t fr om
b ringing ab ou t an i d e nt i t y w it h t h e m od el or s om e p ain b e
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m o t iv e c a u s es w e s h all s o o n a t t ain t h e d es ir e d e nd
Le t
t h e r e b e a w ell m ar k e d gr at i c a t i o n at t en d ing th e lift ing of
t h e ar m t h e c l os ing o f t h e h an d t h e j o in i ng o f t h e t w o
h an d s an d t hi s a lt h ou gh n o t a t t h e o u t s e t s u f c i e nt t o b ri ng
on t h e m ov e m e nt
w il l k e e p i t g o i ng i f o n c e c o mm e n c e d
I m it a t i on for it s ow n s a k e i s b ar re n t o t h e infa n t m ind ; s o m e
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so m e agr e e abl e e ff e c t s e e n t o ar i s e fr om a p ar t i c u l ar a c t i o n ;
as for e x a m pl e p u t t in g a b all i n m o t io n p r o d u c i ng a s o u n d
t am p e r i ng w it h a am e g e t t i ng s om et hi ng t o t h e m ou t h
In t h os e im i t a t i on s an d in v o lu nt ar y a c t i o n s ge n e r all y
it i s n ot m e r e ly a p r o p er d ir e c t i o n t h at w e w ant ; t h e r e m u s t
Thi s d o e s n ot alt e r
li k e w i s e b e a c e r t ain s t r e n gt h o f im p e t u s
We
t h e n at u r e of t h e c as e or t h e s t e p s of t h e a c qu ir e m e nt
m u s t w a it for t h e m om e n t o f a s t ron g im p u ls e h app e nin g
s p on t an e o u sly a n d k e e p u p t h at d e gr e e o f e n ergy by t h e s u s
t a i n in g n e x u s o f v o lit i on j u s t as w e m u s t k e e p u p t h e s t r e a m
We a t t a in a c o m m and o f gr a d u at e d
in t h e r igh t d ir e c t i on
e m ph a s i s e x ac t ly a s w e c o mm a n d t h e r i gh t m u s cl e s t o b e
m o ve d
Th e s e n s e of e ffe c t i s e ve r a t h a n d as t h e c or r e c t iv e
of t h e s t ill i m p e r fe c t l e ar n er ; an d w h e n t h e d eg r ee i s w r o n gl y
pit c h e d t h e pr e s e nt im p u l s e 1 s m a d e t o g ive pl ac e t o s o m e
e nt i s n ally s at i s e d
o t h er u n t il t h e u r g e n c y o f t h e m om
We m igh t c arr y on t h e e x p o sit i o n of im it a t ion int o all
t h e p o s t u r e s g e s t i c u l at i o n s an d m ot i on s o f t h e b o d y a t l ar ge
A s r e gar d s t h e l o w e r li m b s an d t h e t r u nk t h e r e is n o e s s e n t i a l
Th e fe e t s e e m
d iffe r e n c e fr om t h e c a s e a lre a d y d w e lt u p o n
m u c h l e ss p r e p ar e d ori gin ally for v ar i e d v o l u n t ar y m o ve m e n t s
t h a n t h e h a n d s t h e ir ac c o m pl i s h m e n t s ar e b o t h m o r e li m i t e d
Th e d if c u lt y o f
a n d m or e l ab or i ou s as w e s e e i n d an c ing
im i t at io n i s gre at es t of al l in t h os e p art s n ot Wit hin t h e
fe a t u r e s
a s t h e h e ad an d
So m e ot h er
s w e e p of t h e e y e
m e d iu m of d is ce r n ing t h e m o v e m e n t s m u s t b e h a d r e c ou r s e t o
i n t h e s e p ar t s
A m ir ror i s o n e w ay of o ve r c o mi ng t h e d i f
c u lt y
A n o t h e r w a y i s t o h a v e s o m e o n e al w a y s a t h a n d t o
s ay w h e n t h e p r op e r m o v e m e n t i s hi t u p o n
A m ong t h e b e s t
e x am p l e s o f t h e e m pl oy m e n t o f a n a rt i c i a l m e d iu m o f
i
u
g d
a n ce i s t h e t e a c h i n
B e i ng t h e m s e l v e s
g o f t h e d e af t o s p e a k
i n c ap abl e of kn ow ing w h e n t h e ir vo ca l e ffo r t s c orr e s p o nd w it h
t h e alph a b e t i c s ou n d s a s h e a r d an d pr o n o u n c e d i t i s n e c ess a r y
it

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e ar

GRO W T H

3 50

t o in d i c at e t o t h e m

by

V OLUN TA RY POW ER

OF

l
p a n t h at t h e y

ight o r w rong
Su p p o s e a d e af m a n t au gh t a vi sibl e al p h ab e t by t h e u s u a l
m e t h o d s e m pl o y e d for t h e d e af ; t h e n e x t t hi ng i s t o m ak e
hi m a r t i c u l at e s o m e t h ing a n d sh o u l d t hi s c oinc i d e e x a ct ly
w it h a n y al phab e t i c s o u n d h e i s di r e c t e d t o k e e p it u p an d t o
r e p e at i t b e i ng m a d e a w ar e a t t h e s am e t i m e w h i c h l e t t e r h e
A n a s s o c i a t i o n t hu s g r o w s u p b e t w e e n t h e
h as ar t i cu la t ed
var i ou s u t t er an c e s a nd t h e c h a r a c t er s a s t h ey app e ar t o t h e
s om e

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i n a d e
n i t e w ay as w h e n I w il l t o r a i s e m y h a n d t o s t an d u p t o
Thi s ca s e r e a c h es t o t h e s um m i t
o p e n m y m ou t h an d s o on
b e p ro n o u n c e d o n ly
o f v o l u n t ar y c on t r o l ; it m a y h ow e v e r
I n s t e a d o f an a c t u a l
o n e d eg r e e i n a d v a n c e o f t h e fo r e go i ng
m ov e m e nt s e e n w e h a v e for t h e gu i d ing a n t e c e d e nt a m o ve
Th e a s s o c i at i on n o w p a s s e s t o
m e n t c on c e iv e d o r in i d e a
t h o s e i d ea l n ot i o n s t h at w e ar e abl e t o for m of ou r v ar i ou s
a c t i o n s a n d c o nn e c t s t h e id e as w i t h t h e a c t i o n s t h e m s e lv es
A ll t h a t i s t h e n n e c e s s ar y i s a d e t e r mi n i n g m o t ive t o p u t t h e
S o m e p l e a s u r e o r p a i n n e ar o r r e m o t e i s
a c t i o n i n r e qu es t
o r e v e r y c h a n g e fr o m
e s s e n t i al t o e v e r y v ol i t i o n al e ffor t
qu i e sc e n c e t o m o v e m ent or fro m o n e m ov em ent t o an ot h er
We fe e l for e x am ple a p ainfu l s t at e of t h e d ige st ive s yst e m
w i t h t h e c on s e qu e n t v olit i o n a l u r g e nc y t o all ay it ; e x p e ri e n c e
d ir e c t i o n an d im it at i on h ave c onn e c t e d i n ou r m in d s all t h e
in t er m e d i at e s t e p s an d s o t h e t rain o f m ov e m en t s i s s et on
On t h e t abl e b e for e m e I s e e a gl ass o f li q u i d ; t h e i n fan t
ne v er s o t h ir s t y c ou l d n o t m a k e t h e m o v e m e nt fo r b r ing ing i t
t o t h e m o u t h: B u t i n t h e m a t u ri t y of t h e w ill a li nk i s
for m e d b e t w e e n t h e a pp r e c i at e d d i s t an c e an d d ir e c t i o n o f t he
l
a s s a n d t h e m o v e m e n t o f t h e ar m u p t o t h at p o i n t ; a n d
g
u n d e r t h e st im u lu s o f p a i n or o f e xp e c te d pl e asu r e t h e m ov e
m e n t i s e x e c u t e d Th e m in d i s l arg e ly ll e d w i t h as s oc i a t io ns
o f t h i s n at u r e c o nn e c t i n g e v e ry c o n c e iv a bl e m o t i o n o r p o s i t i o n
o f all th e o rgan s w i t h t h e p r e c i s e i m p u l s e fo r r e al i z i ng t h e m

in

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3 52
in

r eal

ROW TH or VO LU N T A RY P O WE R

it y I h a ve s a id t h at t his i s a g u i d i ng or de t e rmi ni ng
a s soc i at i o n b e c au s e i n fa c t w e n d t h a t t h e p r o p er s t im u l u s
o f t h e w il l n a m e ly s o m e v ar i e t y o f pl e a s u r e or p ain i s n e e d e d
t o g ive t h e im p e t u s
That p rim ar y c on st it u t ion s o m u c h
in si st ed on u nd er w hi ch ou r a ct ivi t y i s p u t in m ot ion by ou r
fe e li ngs i s s t ill t h e Sa m e t o t h e l a s t
H o w e ver w el l a c o n
n e x i on m a y b e form e d b e t w e e n t h e c o n c e ivin
a n d t h e d oin
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o f a n a c t i on t h e i n t e ll e c t u a l l in k i s n o t s u fc ie n t for c au s i n
g
t h e d e e d t o ri s e a t t h e b e c k o f t h e i d e a (e x c e p t i n c as e o f a n

id e
j u st a s in i m it at i on w e d o n o t n e c e s s arily fall
i n w it h e v er yt hi ng t h a t i s d o n e i n o u r p r es e n c e by o t h e r s
Shou ld a ny pl e a su r e s p ri ng u p or b e c o nt in u e d by p e r for m ing
a n a c t i o n t h at w e c l e arly c on c e i v e t h e c au s at i on i s t h e n c o m
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Th e i d e a o f g iving a ki c k c o n c u rr in g w it h an o b s t a c l e at t h e
fo ot i s e no u gh in t h e ab s e nc e of c ou n t e r a c t i ng m ot ive s t o
br ing on t h e act
A m o ng t h e i n s t in ct s o f t h e qu ad r u p e d r ap id ly m at u r e d
by i t s e xp e r i e n c e are t h e all i an c e s b e t w e e n it s lo c o m ot ive
m ov e m en t s a n d t h e a pp e ar a nc e s o f t hings a ppr oac hin g t o or
In bir d s t h e c on n ec t i o n b e t w e e n
t h e ey e
r e c e d i ng fr o m
m o v e m e nt s an d V i si bl e ap p e ara n c e s w ou l d s e e m s t ill m or e
s e c u r e fro m t h e r s t ; a t l e a s t w it h in t h e n ar ro w r an g e o f
p e c ki ng for food Th e r e m ay b e in m an a c e rt ain am ou nt
o f i n s t i n c t iv e t e n d e n c y o f t h e s am e kin d b u t a c qu i s i t i on pl ay s
by far t h e l arg e r p ar t Thi s is o n e of t h e sp e ed ie s t a nd
s u r e s t o f ou r a c q u i r e m e n t s ; i n a s m u c h as al l o u r m o v e m e n t s
b r ing ab ou t d e nit e c h an ge s o f V i ew w hi c h ar e at on c e as s o
Th e k n ow l e dg e o f s p a c e r e l a t i on s i m pli es
c i at e d w i t h t h e m
t h e s e ac qu i r e d c onn e c t i o n s b e t w e e n m o v e m e n t a n d vi s i bl e
ch an e
g
7 Th e ac qu ire d ac t io n s o f hu m an b e ings ar e m or e v ari ou s
a n d c o m p l i c at e d ; for w hi c h r e a s o n a m o n
g ot h e r s m an i s a
l a t e l e ar n e r
Th e m o vab l e p ar t s of o u r fra m e w or k ar e g re at ly
m or e nu m e r ou s a nd In t h e e n d m or e v ar i o u s ly b r o u gh t
int o pl ay s o t h a t t h e m e r e i d e a s t h at w e h av e t o for m a s t h e
h and m a id s of th e w il l ra nge o ve r a gre at co m p a s s M or e o ve r
.

GUI D ED B Y

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it i s t o b e

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E FF ECT S

P R EOONC EIVED

8 53

t h at t h e s e

int ell e c t u a l ac c es s ories t o volit i on

ar e n o t c o n n e d t o i d e as o f t h e a pp e ar an c es o f t h e m o ving
o r g a ns ; t h e w ill t o r ai s e t h e a rm i s n o t n e c e s s arily l e d by t h e
n o t i o n o r m e nt a l pi c t u r e of a ra i s e d ar m
a lt h o u gh t hi s
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t h e se w i t h t h e a c t i on t h a t b rin gs t h e m o n
Thu s t o p l u ck a
ow er w e h a ve a s t h e int e ll ec t u al a nt e ce d ent t h e id e a of t h e
o w e r h e l d i n t h e h an d a n d m o v e d a w a y ; t h e r e b e i n g at t h e
s a m e t i m e a n o t i on of p ow e r e x e r t e d in s om e d e ni t e m u s c l e s
We h a ve n ow d ep ar t e d from t h e p i c t u r e o f t he m o ve m en t s
o f t h e h a n d an d arm a n d fas t e n e d t h e m e nt al t i e b e t w e e n
t h e c h a ng es m a d e o n t h e t hing t o b e o p e ra t e d o n a n d t h e
S O in d r iving a n a il ; a lt h ou gh o n e m ay
o p e r ati ng ac t i on

u t for t h t h i S e n e r y u n d e r t h e l e a d of t h e i d e al m o t i on o f
p
g
t h e ar m a n d t h e h a n d i t i s d o n e i n fa c t u n d e r t h e l e a d of t h e
na il c on c e i v e d a s S in king in t h e w oo d a t e v er y s t r o k e
In
w a lki ng fr om o n e e n d Of a s t r e e t t o t h e o t h e r u n d e r s om e
s t i m ul u s of fe e li n g t h e g ui di ng a nt e c e d e nt i s t h e p i c t u re o f
t h e s t r e e t t hr ou gh t h e v ar i ou s p h as es e n c ou nt e r e d a s w e p as s
This is t h e int e lle c t u al e l em ent of t h e vo lit ional
al o n g it
a s s o ci at i o n w hi c h al ong w i t h t h e p ro m p t in g o r m ot iv e g iv es
t h e p ow er o f e ff e c t iv e ly w illi ng t o go fr om o ne p l a c e t o
a n o t h er
Su c h i s th e ge n e r al c as e i n al l ou r m e c h an i c a l
pr oc e e di ngs b eing in fac t t h e l as t s t age of vo li t ion al a c qu ir e
I h a v e a m ot iv e for d r aw i ng a c irc le aft er an e d u c a
m e nt
t i on al c ar e e r o f m a n y d iffer e n t s t e p s I n d t h a t t h e m en t al
c o n c e p t i o n o f t h e d es ir e d c ir c l e i s a s s o c i a t e d i n m e w i t h a
s e r i e s o f m o v e m e n t s a n d c o n gu r at i on s o f t h e h a n d a n d arm ;
a n d t hi s m ak e s u p m y a bili t y t o d r aw t h e gu r e w h e n i n s t i
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Th e s en s e of c hil l n e ss u r ges m e t o s om e a c t i on
fo r r e m ov ing it ; t h e in s t ru m e n t ali t y a t t h e m o m e nt i s s t irr in g
t h e r e ; t h e i nt e ll e c t u a l a n t e c e d e nt in it i a t i ng t h e r e qu i s it e
m o v em e nt s i s t h e ap p e ar a n c e o f t h e r e n ow c ou pl e d w i t h
t h e v i s i on o f a br igh t e r bl a z e an d o f t h e ap pli c at i o n o f t h e
p ok er The su b s t it u t ion of t h e s e a nt ece d ent s for t h e pi c t u r e
,

23

GROW T H

OF

V O LU N TARY P O W E R

i t o t h e c i r c u m s t an c e t h at t h e
a t t e n t i on i s x e d u p o n t h at p o in t w h ere w e c a n j u d g e o f t h e
In l ift ing a w i n d ow t o a d m it t h e air w e
e ffe c t p r o d u c e d
h av e in t h e m in d t h e Siz e o f o p e ning t o b e m a d e w hi c h Is
s u f c i e nt t o giv e t h e l e a d t o t h e p r op er m u s c l e s an d t o im p ar t
t h e p r o p e r am ou nt of im p u l s e t o e ac h s u bj e c t t o t h e c orr e c t
i n g p ow e r in h e r e n t in t h e or igin al or ga n iz at ion o f t h e w ill ;
w hi c h c orr e c t i ng p ow e r i s alw a y s a t h an d t o s u pply e v e r y
Th e w o r k m an
d e c i e n c y in t he v oli t i on al a ss o c i at i on s
l o oking at t h e m ass b efor e h im h as in h i s m ind an as soci
at i o n b e t w e e n t h e fr a c t u r e h e i s t o m a k e an d t h e p r ec i se
im p e t u s t o b e t hr ow n int o t h e m u s cl es of t h e ar m an d a t
A n o t h er p e rs o n
h e pr o d u c e s t h e e x ac t e ffe c t
o ne bl ow
l es s e x p er i e n c ed in t hi s p ar ti cu lar d e p ar t m e nt d oe s t oo li t t le
h aving in vi e w t h e e nd c on t in u e s t o
or t oo m u c h ; b u t
o p e r a t e u nt il h e s e es i t a c c o m pli s h e d
8 We m ight p u r s u e t h e e x a m p l e s t hr ou gh t h e gr at i ca
t i o n of e v er y s e n s e a n d t h e p r o vi d ing a ga i n s t e v er y p ai n i n c i
d e n t t o h u m an n at u re ; b u t t h e p ri n cipl e s in v olv e d w ou ld s t il l
b e t h e s am e
We h ave t o d e al w it h pl e asu r e an d p ain in t h e
s t a t e o f i d ea: as w e ll a s of a c t
B u t i t i s a p r op e r t y o f o u r
int e ll e c t u al n at u r e t h a t for all pu rp os e s of a c t i o n t h e r e m em
b ran c e not i on or ant i ci p at i on of a feeli ng c an op e r at e i n
e s s e n t i a l l y t h e s a m e w ay a s t h e r e a l p r e s e n c e
Th e b i t t e r
t a s t e i n t h e m o u t h in s pir e s t h e e ffor t s o f r i dd an c e
t h e s am e
t hing for e s e e n in i d e a c h e c k s t h e m ov e m e n t t h at w ou l d b r ing
i t n e ar
Th e c hil d e nj oyin g t h e s u gar y s avou r k e ep s it u p
by e ver y m e ans w it hin t h e r ang e Of it s volit i on a l at t ain m en t s
aft e r t h e ac t u al s t i m u l at i o n o f t h e s e n s e h as c o m p l e t e ly s u b
s i d e d t h e liv e ly r e c o ll e c t i o n m a
y u r ge a fu r y o f e n d e a vou r t o
r e viv e t h e fu l l e nj o ym e nt
A s w e m a k e p r ogr es s in y e ar s w e
h av e m or e an d m or e t h e i d e al pr e s e n c e o f t hings t h at give u s
d e l ight or s u ffe ring ; c o n s e qu en tly o u r v olu n t ar y im p u l s es
c o m e in t o a n e w s e rvi c e
w h i l e t h e ir c h a r ac t e r r em a i ns t h e
s am e
With ou t s om e an t e c e d ent of p l e a su r a bl e or p ainfu l
fe e ling a c t u al or i d e al p ri m a r y o r d e riv at iv e t h e w ill
c ann o t b e s t i m u l at e d
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falli ng o n t h e e ar w i t h t h e p r e c is e v o c al im p ul s e t h at r e p ro
d u ce s i t
In ou r fu rt h e r p r ogre s s h ow e v er w e c an di s p e n s e
w i t h t h e a c t u al h e a ri ng o f t h e n o t e o r ar t i c ul a t i o n ; w e c an
s u m m o n u p t h e v oc al e x e r t i o n a t t h e l e a d Of t h e m e r e i d e a o r
r e c ol l e c t i on o f t h e s ou n d
A s t il l high e r e d u c a t i o n c o nn e ct s
t h e m ove m e nt s o f t h e l ar ynx w it h t h e Sigh t of t h e m u s i c al
So w it h ar t i cul a
s t a ve an d t h e pl ac e o f t h e n ot e t h e r e on
t io n
We p as s from t h e s t at e o f im it at ing a pr e s ent u tt era n c e
t h e v oli t i on a l a s s o ci a
t o t h e r e p r o d u c ing o f o n e r e m e m b er e d
Th en c om e s t h e p ow e r of
t io n s h a vi ng t ak e n an o t h e r s t r i d e
pr o n ou n c ing w or d s t hr ou gh th e sight of t h e ir vi si bl e c h ar a c
t e r s w h i c h p ow e r i s m e r e l y a fu r t h e r s t ag e o f ou r v oli t i o n al
U su all y t h e volu nt ar y c omm an d of sp e e c h
ac qu ir e m e nt s
m ay b e s aid t o c o n s i s t i n a s e ri es of a s s o ci at i on s fo rm e d
b e t w e en t h e w ord s of o u r langu a ge in t h e ir i d e al s t at e an d th e
Thi s id e al form m ay e it he r b e au r al or
ac t u al e n u n c i at i o n
vo c al or b ot h ; t h a t i s t o s ay t h e n ot ion of t h e n am e Su n
m ay b e t h e i d e a o f t h e s ou n d o f i t on t h e e ar Or t h e i d e a o f
i t s ar t i c u l at i on by t h e v o i ce or o f t h e Sigh t o f i t o n a p rin t e d
p ag e Wh e n w e w ill t o pr on ou n c e t hi s w or d t h er e i s alr e a dy
pr e s e nt t h e i d e a of i t in s om e of t h e s e s h ap e s an d t h er e b e in g
a w e ll k ni t t ie o f c o n t igu ou s a d h e s i on b e t w e e n s u c h n o t i on o r
id e a an d t h e s e l e c t s t re am of c er e br al p o w er o w ing t o t h e
a r t i c u l a t i n g m e m b ers all t h at i s w an t e d i s a m o t iv e urg e n c y
of t h e n a t u r e d e m an d e d by t h e w il l in or d e r t o c o n s u m m a t e
Wh e n w e h ave any ple as u r e t o pr ocu r e or p ain t o
t he ac t
w a r d o ff by u t t e r in g t hi s w o r d t h e t r ai n o f in t e ll e c t ua l c o n
This
n e x i o n i s s o w ell l ai d as t o b rin g o n t h e r e s ul t a t o n c e
is as r egar d s t h e m at u r i t y o f o ur e d u c at i on i n sp e e c h ; for i t i s
e a s y t o g o a li t t l e w ay b ac k a n d c o m e u p o n a t i m e in o u r
i nd iv i d u al hi s t o ry w h en t hi s a s s o c i at i on w as b u t h alf for m e d
:
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o r d id n o t e x i s t at all
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m e c h a ni c al ac t s
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t h e v ar i o u s ph as e s o f an Op e r a t i o n a n d t h e l angu ag e o f dir e c
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a w or k w e ll or ill d o n e w e giv e o r d e r s a s k qu e s t i o n s i m p ar t
inform a t i on t hr ou gh a d ir e c t l in k o f c o nn e x i o n b e t w e e n t he
In t his s e n s e t h e W
s u bj e ct ma tt e r an d t h e v ocal c u rr e n t
or k
o f v o l u n t ar y ac qu i s i t i o n i s a d v an c in g d u ring t h e w h o l e o f
life e ver y n e w a c t i ve fac u lt y t hat w e t a k e On i s a bran c h of
t h e e d u c a t i o n o f t h e w ill w hi c h i s h om oge n e ou s i n i t s ch a
We m u s t h ave in e v er y c as e t h e t w o
ra c t e r t hr ou gh o u t
el e m e n t s a p r o p e r m ot i v e an d a c h a nn e l o f c o m m u n i c at i o n
fo rm e d b e t w e e n t he p r e s e nt n o t i o n a n d t h e d e s ir e d a c t i o n :
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m ov e m e n t s an d o f t h e c h a n ge s t o b e Op er at e d on o u t w ar d
t hi ngs c o m pl e t e s t h e e d u c at i o n Of t h e w ill a n d w e s e e m
t h e n c o m p e t e nt t o an yt hing ; o r at all e v e n t s t h er e i s n ot hing
(w it hi n c er t a in li m it s ) t h at w e m ay n ot b e r e nd er e d c ap abl e
I m a y n ot
of d o in g by in s t ru c t i o n an d d ir e c t i o n fr o m o t h e r s
b e abl e t o play o n t h e G e rm an u t e b u t m y m ou t h m y c h e s t
e S O far am e n abl e t o i m i t at i o n
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w i t h ou t g o i n g t hr ou g h t h e fu l l in i t i a l
ac qu ir in g t h e p ow e r
p ro c e s s of w or king m y o w n w ay by t r i als an d fa ilu r es Not
t h at w e c an e v e r w h o lly d i s p en s e w i t h t h e n e c es s it y for su c h
c or r e c t i on s i n h e r e n t i n o u r c on s t it u t i o n ; b u t by be ing a bl e t o
fo ll o w t h e l e a d o f an ot h e r p e rs o n w e a ppr ox imat e a t on c e t o
f t e nt at iv e s or gro pi ngs
t h e r igh t a c t i on and li m it t h e r a ng e O
Th e a ss o c i a t i o n s t h a t h a v e e n a bl e d u s t o g o so far d o n o t
s u p e r s e d e t h e n at iv e s t i m u l u s o f t h e w il l ; t h e y ar e d ir e c t iv e

Th e y ar e r eason t h e car d not p as s i on

a n d n ot im p u l s iv e
t h e gal e
Mu ch y e t r em ain s t o b e c on s i d er e d We h a v e n o t ad
ve r t e d t o t h e ob s t ru c t i on s t h at m ay b e e n co u nt er e d by t h e
volit ion al pr om p tin g ; h av ing all al ong a s su m e d t h at if onl y
t h e w ay h a s b e e n p r e p a r e d t o t h e p r o p e r a c t i o n t h at a c t i o n i s
Bu t var i ou s c ir c u m s t an ce s m ay oc cu r t o
c er t a i n t o e n s u e
Th e phy s i c al fr am e w or k m a y b e
d i s a p p oi nt t h i s e x p e c t a t i o n
t o o m u c h e x h au s t e d t o m a k e t h e e ffor t . Th e o r gan s m ay b e
v e he m ent ly e ngag e d i n s om e o t h er di r e ct i on ; a s w h en u n d e r
a r api d w al k w e ar e i nd i s p o se d t o s t o p an d ex am in e a w ay s i d e
1

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3 60

ON T RO L

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i h m u s cul ar mo ve m e nt s t h at w e c an Oft en
Thu s t h e e v a cu a
s t im u l at e or Ch ec k t h e m by m e a n s o f t h o s e
t i on o f t h e l a cr y m al s ac of t h e bl a dd er &c i s u n d er t h e i n
u e n c e of m u s c l e s
Th e in v o lu n t ar y ac t i on o f s obbing w hi c h
t h e a c t or on t h e s t age c a n c o m m an d w it h ou t a ny e m o t i o n c o r
r c e d o n by v olu n t ar y m o v e m e n t s of
i
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t h e p ar t s c o n c e r n e d ; a l t h ou g h s om e o f t h e mov e m e nt s a r e Of
Wh e r e t h e c on n e xi o n b e t w e e n a n or
m u s c l e s n o t v o l u n t ar y
a n i c p ro ce s s a n d t h e v o lu n t ar y or g a n s i s w a nt in g o r v e r y
g
re m o t e a s i n t h e h e ar t s a c t i o n t h e g a s t r i c s e cr e t i o n &c n o
vol u nt ar y p ow er i s p o ss e sse d B lu s hing c a nn o t b e in d u ced
F r om s u c h n a t ur al c o nn e x i o n s as
o r r es t r a i n e d by t h e w il l
t h os e a b o v e n ot i c e d a n d fr om o t h e r s t h at g ro w u p a r t i c i al ly
t h e r a n g e of v o l u n t ar y c o nt ro l i s e x t e n d e d a c on s i d e r a bl e w ay
b e yo n d i t s origin al sp he r e and y e t w it h ou t di s p arage men t t o
t h e V i e w n ow i n s is t e d o n a s t o t h e o r igin a l l im i t s of i t s Sw a y
We h e ar of s u c h e x t raor d in ar y t hin gs as p e opl e sim u l at ing a
s w o o n or an e p i l e p t i c s e iz u r e a n d of t he s t il l m or e S i ngu l ar
r of s o m e o f t h e H i n d o o F a k e er s w h o c an in du c e t h e
w
o
e
p
s t at e o f t ra n ce an d a ll o w t h e m se lv e s t o b e bu r i e d in t h e e art h
for s e v e r a l w e e k s b u t s t ill in all p ro b ab il it y t h e m e d iu m o f
in d u c ing s o gr e at c h an g e s in t h e organi c c o nd it i o n s i s s o m e
m o d e o f d ir e c t ing t h e v o lu nt ar y o rg ans
3 A s r e gar d s t h e n t h e c o m m an d of t h e e m o t i o n al s t a t e s
t h e o n e t h in g c l e ar ly p r ac t i c abl e i s t o c h e c k or t o fu rt h e r a l l t h a t
ar t o f t h e d i ffu s iv e m ani fe s t a t i o n t h a t i s m a d e up o f t h e m o v e
p
Th e p l a y o f t h e fe a t u r e s t h e vo c al
m e n t s o f vo lu nt ar y o rg ans
e xc l a m a t i o n s t h e g e s t i c u l a t i o n o f t h e a r m s & c c o m e u n d er
B y m o t iv e s s u f c ie nt ly p ow erfu l
t h e d o m a in of o u r v o liti o n
o n t h e o t h er
a hil ar i o u s de m on s t ra t i o n c an b e a r r e s t e d o r
h and al l th e m o ve m ents e nt ering int o it c a n b e pu t On w i t h
It i s a p o in t o f c o n s i d e r a bl e i nt e r e s t
ou t t h e i n w ar d fe e li ng;
b o t h t h e o r e t i c al and p r a c t i c al t o d e t e r m i n e h ow far th e o t h er
c on s t it u e n t s o f a st a t e o f e m o t io n a l e x c i t e m e nt ar e all i e d w i t h
th e m u s cu l ar d iffu s i o n SO as t o r ec e ive a c h e c k w h e n t h at i s
Th e m o v e m en t s ar e n o t t h e w h ol e
c h e c k e d o r t h e c o nt r ar y
o f t h e phy s i c al em b o d im ent ; t h e re ar e o rg ani c e ffe c t s i n a d d i
a r e so c onn e c t ed

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m or e o ve r t h e r e i s t h e agi t at i on of t h e Wh ole
s y s t e m l e a d i ng t o t h e o u t w ar d d i spl a y
This l a st
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t ar y i n
ac t i o n o f t h e v a r i o u s m u s c l e s m ay b e
su sp e nd e d
b u t it d o e s n ot foll o w t h at th e n er v e c u r r e nt s
o f t h e e m o t i o n al w a ve S h a ll a t o n ce c e a s e b e c a u s e t h e fr ee
co u r s e o f t h e m i s o b st ru c t e d
Ex p e rie n c e a lo ne c an t e ll u s
w h at h app e n s u n d er t h os e c ir cu m s t an c e s
We n d t h at a
fe e bl e w a ve t h e p ro d u c t o f a m o d e r at e o r faint e x c i t em e n t
t he
i s s u s p en d e d inw ar d ly by b e ing a rr e s t e d o u t w ar d ly
c u rr e n t s o f t h e b r ain
di e
an d t h e a git a t i on o f t h e c e n t r e s
a w a y if t h e e x t e r n a l v e nt i s r es i s t e d a t e v e r y p oint
It i s
by s u c h r e s t r aint t h at w e ar e in t h e h abit o f su ppr e ssing pit y
ang e r fe ar p r i d e o n m an y t r i i ng o c c a s i o n s
If s o i t is a
fac t t hat t h e s u pp r essi on o f t h e ac t u al m o v e m e nt s ha s a
t e n d e n c y t o su p p r e s s t h e n e r v ou s c u rr en t s t h at in c i t e t h em
s o t h at t h e e x t e r n al qui e sc e n ce i s fo ll o w e d by t h e i n t e r n al
T h e e ffe c t w oul d n o t h ap p e n i n a ny c ase if t h er e w e r e n ot
s o m e d e p e n d e n ce o f t h e c e re br al w av e u p on t h e fr e e o u t w ar d
ve nt or m anife st at ion An o pini on h ow e v er p r e va il s t h at for
Ve r y i nt e n s e ex c i t e m e n t i t i s b e t t e r e v e n w it h a v i e w t o t h e
mos t r ap id m o d e o f s u pp r e s si o n t o giv e fr e e c ou r se for a t i m e
U nd e r a sh o c k of joy or grief
t o t h e fu ll e xt e r n al d i spla y
a b u r s t of ang er o r fe ar w e a r e re c o m m e n d e d t o g i ve w ay for
a li t t l e t o t h e t orr e n t as t h e s afe s t w ay of m aki ng it su b s i d e
In s o far as t h i s vi ew i s c orr e c t t h e r e i s n o t hi ng m or e i m plie d
t h an t h e fa c t t h at a n e mot i on m ay b e t o o s t r ong t o b e r e
If
s is t e d an d w e o n ly w a s t e o u r s t r e n gt h i n t h e e n d e a v o u r
w e ar e r e ally abl e t o s t em t h e t o rr e n t t h e r e i s n o m or e r ea so n
for r e fr a in ing fr om t h e att e m p t t h an i n t h e c as e of w e a k e r
fe e li n gs
A n d u n d ou b t e dl y t h e ha bi tu a l c o nt ro l of t h e e m o
t i o n s i s n o t t o b e a tt ain e d w i t h ou t a s ys t e m at i c r es t r a in t
It i s a l aw of o u r c o ns t i t u t i o n
e x t e n d e d t o w e a k an d s t r ong
t h at t h e i n w ard w a v e t e n d s t o d i e aw ay by b e ing r e fu s e d t h e
ou t w ar d v e n t ; a n d w it h t h is t h e fe e li ng i t se lf d i s a pp e ar s fr om
t h e m i nd if it b e t ru e as I b e lie v e a nd h av e e n d e a vou r e d t o
prov e t h at t h e d i ffu s e d n er ve cu rre nt s are in d i sp e n sa ble t o
s t an c e

is

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i t s o r i gi n t h e

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C ONT RO L

3 62
t h e m e n t al

ING S

OF FEEL

A ND
of

T HO UGH T S

t he

ph e nom en on Th e
l e ; t h e y m e r el y i n
e x c e p t i on al c a s es d o n o t in v ali d a t e t h e r u
di c a t e s om e s p e c i alit y of cir c u m s t an c e t h at n ee d s t o b e all ow e d
for
Un d er t h e p ain o f a gr e at loss or c ala mi t y a c ert ain
fr e e v e nt t o t h e fe e ling s i s n e c es s ar y fro m t h e c o n s i d erat i on
t h at i n d u l g e nce blu nts ou r s e n s ibil it y t o t h e s t in g s o t h at w e
ar e a bl e aft e r a t i m e t o r e cu r t o t h e p a in ful in c i d e nt w i t h o u t
I w il l
a r e n e w a l o f t h e d is t r e s s in all i t s p r i s t in e s ev e r i t y
n o t u n d e r t ak e t o s ay h ow far a s y s t e m of r e s t r a i n t an d s u p
pr e s si on w oul d b e of u s e in s u ch a s t at e of t hings b e cau s e
I c an not m e asu r e t h e e x ac t rang e of t h e p r inc ipl e n ow all u d e d
to
A ft er gr e at in d u lge n c e pl e as u r e t o a c er t ain d e gr e e l o s e s
i t s c h ar m an d p a in i ts s t ing ; e x c it em e nt o f e ve r y Sor t p r o d u c e s
a t l as t a d u l n e ss of t h e s e n s ibil it y from w hi ch c on s e qu e n c es
fa vo u r a bl e an d u nfav ou ra bl e e n su e ; a n d thi s w ou l d s ee m in
s o m e m e a s u r e t o j u s tify a fr e e e x pr ess i on o f s orr ow u nd e r a n
irr e p ar abl e c a lam it y A c c or d i ngly w e s pr e ad ou r l am ent at ion
for lo s t fri e n d s o ve r a w i d e s u r fa c e by s u p e r a d di ng t h e p a ra
h
rn al i a o f m o u rn in
e
p
g t o t h e n at u ral l angu ag e s u gges t e d by
t h e p r iva ti on
It w o ul d t hu s app e ar t h at t h e w il l o p erat ing t hr ou gh its
o w n p r o p e r in s t ru m e n t s t h e v olu nt ar y m u s c l es r e ac h es t h e
d e e p r e c e s s es o f e m o ti o n an d by s t illing t h e di u s e d w a ve
ca n s il e n c e t h e c on s c i ou s s t at e m ai nt a in e d by i t
A r e s o lu t e
d e t e r m in at i o n t h a t i s t o s ay a p ow erful m ot iv e i m pul s e m ay
t r am ple ou t e nt ir e ly a b u r s t of p i t y o f a nge r or of r e m or s e ;
t h e r e being a p r o p e r a ll ow a n c e o f t im e a n d pe rs e v eran c e
B y t h e v e r y s am e int erp o s it i on w e m ay su mm on u p a
d orm ant fe eli ng
B y a ct ing o u t t h e ex t ernal m an ife s t at i ons
w e g r a d u all y i nfe c t th e n e r ve s l e adi ng t o t h e m an d n ally
w a k e n u p t h e d i ffu s ive c u rr e n t by a s or t o f i nd u ct i on a b extr a
This i s t h e r esu lt p artl y of an origin a l t en d e nc y t o d raw ou t
t h e n er v e c e nt r e s by c om m e n cing t h e m o v e m ent s pr e c i sely
an al og ou s t o t h e
a b o v e m e n t i o n e d p r i n c ipl e o f r e s t r ai ni n
g
t h e m a nd p a r t ly d ou b t l e s s o f a s s o c i a t i on w hi c h br i ng s i nt o
r e l at i on t h e e x t er n al a n d i n t er n al s t ill m or e c l o s e ly
Thu s
it i s t h at w e ar e s om et i m es abl e t o a ssu m e a c h eerfu l t one
or

c on s c ou s e e m e nt

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C ON TRO L

3 64
to be

n d o c t r nat e d

OF

A ND

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pp r es si o n of a t l east
vi ole nt e m o t i o n an d i s t t o b e d i s c ip line d t o t his w hen
ve r y fe w vo l it io n al li n k s ar e a s y e t e s t ab li s h e d By a st rong
m o t i v e br ou g h t t o b e ar i n t h e S h ap e o f p ai n or p l e a sur e
i m p u ls e s t e n d ing t o n e u t r aliz e the m o v em e nt s of a t of Cr y
i ng m ay b e e n c ou r age d an d s u s t a in e d t il l t h e e n d i s a c c om
li
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No d ou b t t h e c a s e i s o n e of a m or e s eri ou s d ifc u l t y
p
t h an t h a t as su m e d i n t h e o t h e r c o m m en c i ng m o v e m e n t s
No t m e re ly ar e t h ere w an t e d S p on t an e ou s i mp u l s es of t he
r i ht s o r t w hi c h h a v e h e r e a l s o t o b e w ai t e d for in t h e r o u nd o f
g
c h a n c es b u t a n e x t ra or d in ar y d e gr e e o f e n er y m u s t b e t hr ow n
g
i nt o t h e m t o o v e r c o m e t h e vio l e n c e o f t h e e m o t i on al Wa v e
S e v e r e p r ac t i c e m u s t b e h ad r e c ou r se t o at t hi s c rit i c al s t ag e
S t r o ng m o t i v e s o f p l e as u re on t h e on e h an d an d o f p a i n o n
t h e o t h e r m u s t b e p li e d t o m a k e t h e n a s c e nt p o w e r s of v ol i t i on
a m a t c h for t h e p l a y o f a s t r o n
Ne v er t h el e ss it i s
g e m ot i o n
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bl e t o ini t iat e t h e b ab e of t e n or t w e lv e m
on t h s
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i nt o t h e s u p p r e s s io n o f it s n o i s y o u t bu r s t s
In t h e s ec on d
ye ar a ve r y c o ns i d e r a bl e pr o gr e ss is a t t ain abl e Th e m ann e r of
pr oc e e d ing is p r e c i s e ly t h at s o oft en d e s c rib e d t h e d if c u lt i e s
i
h
r i ht i m u l s e u n der
are t h e s a m e a s r e g ar d s t h e
n
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w e i g h ; t h e m e t h o d o f k ee p i n g t h a t i m p u l s e a t w o r k w h e n
i s lik e w i se t h e s am e w i t h t h e d iffe r e n c e n o w
o n c e fou n d
Th e t r e a t m e nt a d ap t e d for t h e y ou ng r e s t i ve h or s e
s p e c i e d
w ou l d a p p ly t o t h e b e gin ning s o f s e l f c on t r o l i n t h e infa n t
In p r op ort i on t o t h e fu r y o f t h e m an ife s t atio n s t o b e s u ppre s s e d
m u s t b e t h e s pu r a pp l i e d t o t h e c o u nt e ra ct ing m o v e m e nt s Th e
Th a t s po n
d if c u l t i e s o f t h e c as e ar e n o t t o b e c on c e al e d
t an e it y t h a t w e c ou nt u p o n for r s t b r ing ing t og e t h e r i n
t t in g c onj u n c t i on a fe eling an d a m o v e m e nt i s fa v ou r e d
by t h e s till n e ss o f t h e s ys t e m a s r e gar d s s t r ong em o t i o n
B e ing t h e d i s c h a rg e Of su rpl u s p ow e r i nt o t h e v ar iou s ac
t iVe m e m be rs if t h e s y s t e m i s o t h e r w i s e d r a w n u p o n i t i s
lia bl e t o s u b s id e ; a n d w it h out som e e x t raor d in ar y s t im u la
St ill t he
t ion w e c a n n o t h o p e t o c al l i t a de qu a t e l y for t h
e l e m e nt s o f su c c e s s i n t h is i m p o r t a n t e n d e a v ou r are w it hi n
t he c om p a s s of t h e org ani z a t i o n e v e n a t a v e r y e arly age and
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voli t i o n

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fo r c ing o n t h e d e ve l op m e nt o f t h e li n k b e t w e e n a s u p pr e s s ive
e ffor t a nd a c er t a i n in d i c at i on b a c k e d by p a in w e m ay b e gin
A ft e r a fe w ab or t ive t ri al s
t h e d i s c iplin e w h e n w e p l e as e
t h e c hil d w ill fall u p o n t h e c o nn e x i o n d e s ir e d t o b e e s t ablis h e d
Wh at
a nd w il l h ol d by i t w h e n d r iv e n by s u ffer ing an d fe ar
w e w a nt pr i n c ip all y t o a c t u p o n i s t h e fu r y o f t h e v o c al ou t
burst in a chi ld as b eing b o t h an e vil i n it s e lf and t h e
A c c or d ingl y w e a pply o u r
k e y o f t h e e n t ir e m an ife s t at i on
s e lv e s t o t h e t a s k o f qu e lli n g t h e e x c it e m e nt a t t h i s p o in t
a n d by c on c e n t r at in g t h e e n d e a v o u r s s o w e c a n v e r y s oon
A
e s t abli s h a d e ni t e lin k o f p o w e r w i t h t hi s s p e c i al r egi on
c e r t ai n nu m b e r o f r e p e t it i o n s w ill e n a bl e t h e c hil d t o c o nn e c t
th e i m p u l s e o f v oc a l s u p p r e ss i o n w i t h t h e c e s s at i on o f t h e
p a infu l u rge nc y br ou ght t o b e ar u p on i t ; an d alt h ou gh it is
a h ar d t hin g t o c o n v e r t a c ru d e v oli t i o n i n t o a p ow er a bl e t o
c o m p e t e w i t h a vi ol e nt w a v e o f e m o t i on y e t by t h e gr an d
i ns t ru m e nt al it y o f ac u t e s u ffe ri ng t h e w ill m ay b e g o a d e d
Th e d i s cip li ne m ay b e c om
i nt o e qu al it y in t h e c ont e st
me n Ce d on an e nt i r e ly i n d e p e n d e nt fo ot in g t h at i s w it h o u t
w ai t ing for an y o th e r v oli t i o n al a c qu i s it i o n s t o fou n d it u p on
Or w e m ay d el a y i t u nt il a fe w link s h a v e b e e n e st abli s h e d
s u c h a s t h os e b eginn i ng s in t h e s u bj e c t i on o f t h e v oi c e t o
If w e s u p p os e
e x t er na l c o mm an d m a d e for ot h e r p ur p o s e s
t h e c hil d al r e a d y fam ili ar w i t h t h e d ir e c t i o n t o hu s h t o
or if t h e c h ann e l h a s b e e n for m e d b etw e e n c e r t ain
s il e n c e
i m p r e s s i o ns m ad e o n t h e e ar an d a s t im u lu s t o t h e voi c e
t hi s me d iu m c an b e h a d r e c ou r se t o i n r e d u c ing a t of
inordi n at e c r ying Th e int el le ct u al b ond b ein pr e p ar e d
w e ne e d on ly t o s u pply t h e p ro p e r i m p u l s e o f t h e w ill in
Wh e n t h e c hil d
s u fc i e nt i n t e n s it y t o m e e t t he o c c a s i o n :
d is t in c t ly c om p r e h e n d s t h e m e anin g of t h e t e rm s il e n c e

hu s h or h ol d y ou r t ongu e t his impl i e s t h at t h e w ay

or
h a s b e e n l ai d o p e n t o t h e e x a c t o r g a n s t o b e m o v e d t h a t t h e
r an d o m s p on t a n e it y h a s b e e n re cl a im e d i n t o a r e u l ar r o ad
g
A s u f c i e nt d e gre e of v o li t i o n al p r om p t ing wil l t h e n give t h e

w t

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C ON T RO L

366
n e e d fu

t he

OF F EELING S A ND

T HO UG H T S

Th e d e t e rm in at i on p u t for t h t o e s cap e fr om
in i c t e d , w ill r a is e a c o n i c t w it h t h e fury o f

l p ow e r

s m a r t in g s

l a s t g a i n t h e d ay
We c anno t b u t
fe e l a c er t ain r e l e n t ing p it y i n u rging t h e s u pp re s s i ve e ffor t
a t t h e e ar l y s t a e o f u n for m ed a lli a n ce b e t w e e n o u r i n di ca t i on s
g
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int en d e d ; w h en t h e c hi l d s o t o Sp eak
h as n o k n ow l e d g e o f w h at w e r e qui r e ; in o t h e r w or d s w h e n
n o as soc i at i on h a s b e e n for m e d for gui d i ng t h e c ou r s e o f
p ow er in t o th e t ru e c h ann el We in s pir e s t ru ggl es in d e e d
b u t i t m ay b e l o n g e r e t h e t
a n d e n e rg e t i c m o v e m e n t s
t ing o n e i s li gh t e d o n ; a n d h e n ce a n in t e r v al of s u ffe r ing
St ill p a in i s a s u r p ri s in g qu i c k e n e r o f t h e
t o n o p u r p ose
in t ell e ct u al pr ogre s s Th e coinc i d e n c e b e t w e e n t h e c es s at i on
t t h at i n s t ant w ill b e a n
o f s u ffe r i n g a n d t h e m o v e m e n t a
i m p r e ss i ve on e an d n o t m an y Su c h c o in c i d e n c es w ill b e
Th e r s t
w an t e d t o c o m pl e t e t h e a d h e s i on for t h e fu t u r e
l e s son s in t h e c o n t r ol o f t h e p as si on at e ou t bu r s t s ar e u n av o i d
Ev er y c on sid erat e p e r s on n at u r ally t r i e s t o
a bly s e v e r e
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p
pr e ss i on s h ou l d b e at te m p t e d
5 Th e o ve r c o m ing o f gr i ef a nger in c on t i n en t ani m al
c o n t i n u e s t o b e a p ar t O
f t he d i s c ipli n e o f s e lf
s pir i t s & c
c o n t r o l an d i s c ar ri e d o n t hrou gh t h e m e d i u m o f t h e v ar i ou s
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t i on al s p u r s t r on g e n o u gh for t h e e m e r ge n c y
On e o f t h e
m os t c o mm on d if c u l t i e s w i t h c h il d r e n o f a c e rt ai n t e m p e r a
m e n t i s t o r es t r ain l au g ht e r ; t h e o u t b u r s t b e ing m ad e u p o f
in volu nt ary a s w e ll as of vol u nt ar y m o ve m e nt s t h e cont r ol is
b u t p ar t i al a n d o c c a s i on all y b r e a k s d o w n
Th e s am e m ay
b e s ai d of a t o f s o bbing w hi c h i s a s e r i e s o f c on vul s iv e
s p as m s e x t e n d ing t o p ar t s t h at ar e n o t u nd er t h e g o v e rn m e n t
Th e r e is a p e cu li ar i nt e r e s t in s t u d ying t his w h ol e
o f t h e w il l
d ep ar t m e n t of se lf r e s t r ain t fr om t h e c ir c u m s t an ce t h at u nd e r
an d

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C ON T RO L O F F EE LI N G S

3 68

Th e y

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It m at t e r s n o t t h at in t h e ir r s t or iginat i on t h e y w ere
voli t i on al We m ay gr ant t h at t h e
a s D ar w i n s u p p os e s
s c re a m o f p ai n w as p r im ar ily t h e e x e r t i o n o f t h e v o i c e w i t h
b u t a s t h e s y s t e m i s now c on
a vi e w t o p r o c u r e as si s t an c e
s t i t u t e d i t ar i s e s as m er e e x p r e s s i on w i t h ou t a n y s u c h e n d ;
al t h o u g h by a s e p ar a t e i m pu l s e t h e an i m al m ay s t ill e m pl o y
i t for t h a t p u r p os e A d og h o w l s t hr ou gh t h e m e r e u n e a si n ess
of b e i ng c h a in e d u p ; w h il e t h e h o p e o f p r o c u r in g r e l e ase w il l
l e ad t o a n e w a n d d i s t in c t o u t bu r s t So t h e fro w n m ay h ave
b e e n origin ally a vo lit i on a l e ffe c t t o p r ot e c t t h e e y e s fr om t oo
m u c h li gh t ; i t i s n o w an e m o t i o n a l e ffe c t a nd an aec om
L
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w h a t e v e r m ay b e i t s p r i m ar y e x pl a n at i on
Wh e n w e ar e i n p ain h ow e ve r w e p u t fort h t ru ly vo li
t i o n al e ffor t s w hi c h ar e s u p e r a d d e d t o t h e s e v ar i ou s e x pr e s
i
H e nc e
s i o n s an d are gu i d e d by t h e r e su l t in g fe e li ng o f r e l ef
t h e r e a r e m a n y v ol un t a r y ac t i o n s an d a t t i t u d e s t h a t ar e s o
fr e qu e n t l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c e r t a in m e nt a l s t at es t h a t t h e y ar e
r e c k o n e d p art an d p ar ce l o f t h e ir r e gu l ar e x p r e s s i o n
A m o ng
t h e s e I m ay s p e c ify i n t h e r s t pl a c e t h e or d in ar y m o ve
m e nt s o f p r ot e c t i o n fr om at t a c k
A n e xt r em e in s t a nc e i s
fu rn i sh e d b y a c o m b a t a n t in t h e p os t u r e o f d efe n c e ; a p os t u r e
ve r y e x pr e ssi v e b u t w h oll y a ri sing ou t of th e Op e rat i on of t h e
w ill u n d e r a p ar t i c u l ar e n d
In a n y a pp r e h e n d e d d an ge r
t h e at t i t u d e t ak e n i s su c h a s t o c o v e r t h e p ar t s lik e ly t o b e
i nj u r e d ; t h e h and i s r ai se d t o pr o t e c t t h e h e ad ; t h e b od y
s t oo p s or i n c li n es t o o n e s i d e t o b e o ff t h e li n e o f as s au l t
Th e a c t of w i n c ing u n d e r an i m p e n d ing bl ow i s o f t h e s am e
c l as s an d i t e x t e n d s e v e n t o a r e m ot e o r i d e al d a n e r ; w e
g
w in c e u n d e r d i s agr e e a bl e p oss i bilit i e s s u d d e nly s u gg e s t e d o r
e v e n u n d e r t h e r e c o l l e c t i o n o f p a s t i n c i d e n t s o f a d i s t r e s s i ng
kind Th e e x p re s s iv e g e s t u re o f t u r ning a w ay t h e h e ad i s

vol i t i on al in i t s o rigin ; i t i s a m o d e of g e tt ing o u t o f t h e w ay

o f so m e t h ing t h a t d i s pl e as e s u s
Lo o k ing u p t o t h e ro of i s a

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the

FEEL I N G

EX PR ESS ON o r

3 69

va d e a d is agre e a bl e obj e c t
Th e g e s t u r e o f l o a t hing i s c ho s e n w it h a Vi e w t o s ignify t h e
a c t o f r e p e lli n
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e x e m pli e s a vo lu n t ar y d e t e r m in at i on u ni t e d w i t h e m o t i o n al
Th e a t t it u d e o f su ppli c at i on s h ow s a s i m il ar m ix t u r e
sign s
To t u r n ab o u t r e s t le s sly fr om o ne s i d e t o t h e o t h e r t o ge t u p
a n d w al k t o a nd fr o a lt h ou gh t o a s p e c t at or e x p r es s i v e o f
me nt al s t ru ggl e ar e s t ill of t h e n at u r e of v olu nt ar y ac t s
Wh a t is c alle d d g et s i s p u r e ly vo lit i on al ; c on s i s t ing o f
m o v e m e n t s for d e li v er i ng u s fr o m o rg ani c u ne a s in es s an d
e sp e c i al ly fr o m t h e d i s co m for t o f r e t ar d e d c i r c u l a t i o n a t t h e
pl a ces w h er e t h e b o d y i s pr e s s e d Sc ra t c hing t h e h e ad w h e n
u zz l e d i s r e s or t i ng t o a p u ng e n t se n s at i on t o c on s ol e t h e
p
y
So m an y t hings o f t h e
m i nd i n it s h ar r a s s e d c o n d i t i o n
Pu tt ing t h e nge r s t o t h e m ou t h for in st an c e
s a m e t e n or
i s o ft e n m e ant t o s o ot h e u s in ou r di s t r e s s by a pl e asu r e o f
t ou ch
On t h e s i d e o f pl e as u r e t h e r e i s t h e s am e m ix t u r e o f t he
Th e att i t u d e of i nt e nt ly g az ing
e m o t i on a l a n d t h e v olit i o n a l
o r li s t e n i ng i s v olu n t ar y a n d y e t s ig ni e s pl e a s u r e a s d e c i d e d ly
a s t h e in s t in c t iv e or t r u ly e m o t i on al e ffe c t o f s m il in
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Th e u p w a r d g a z e of t h e p i ou s d e v ot e e i s a na c t
t i on al k in d
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p
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24

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C ONTR OL OF F EEL

irr ele vant t h ou gh t s a lt h ou gh ar i sing in

My p ow e r in t his r e s p e c t i s not
t h e curr e nt o f a s s oc i at i ons
u nli mi t e d
a ny m o r e t h an m y p o w e r o f s e l f c o nt r o l in t h e
s u ppre s s i on o f fe e li n g ;
b u t I d o p o ss e s s it in a c e rt ain
m e a s u r e h a ve m ore c i it p e rh ap s t h an s om e m e n a n d l e s s of
I r efer t o a b oo k o n a p ar t i cul ar su bj e c t l ook
it t h an o t h ers
u p t h e t abl e of c o n t e nt s or t h e i n d e x ; t hi s s t ar t s m e o ff in a
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p u r p o s e or e n d at t h e t i m e
It w a s s ai d in t h e pl ac e ab ov e qu ot e d t h at t hi s in u e n ce
Wh a t
a l t h o u g h g e nu in e an d d e c i d e d i s s t ill o nly i n d ir e c t
t h e w i l l c an d o i s t o x t h e A t t e nt i o n
A s w e c an u n d e r a n
a d e qu at e m ot iv e o b s e r v e o n e p o in t in t h e s ce n e b e for e u s a nd
n egl e c t e v e r y t hing e l s e ; as w e c an S ng e ou t o n e s ou n d an d
i l
b e d e af t o t h e ge n er al hu m as w e c a n a pply o u r s e lve s t o t he
a pp r e c i at i on o f one a v ou r in t h e m i d s t o f m an y
or b e aw ar e
o f a p r e s su r e o n a p ar t i cu l ar p ar t o f t h e b o d y t o t h e n egl ec t
of t he r e s t
s o i n m e nt al at t e nt i on w e c an x o ne i d e a r m ly
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On t h e su pp o s it i on t h at t h e i nu en c e o f t he w ill i s lim it e d
t o t h e r e gi on o f t h e v olu nt ar y m u s c l e s an d p ar t s in a lli an c e
t h er e w it h s o m e t hi ng n e e d s t o b e s aid in ex pl an a t i on o f t his
It i s n ot o bvi ou s a t r s t s igh t
a pp ar e n t e x c e p t i on t o t h e r u l e
t h a t t he ret e n t i o n o f an ad m in t h e m in d i s op era t e d by v ol u n
t ar y m u s c l e s
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o r r e c o ll e c t ing St
P au l s
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t h e m e n t al or r e vive d i m ag e o c c u pi e s t h e s am e pl ac e i n t h e
br ain and ot h er p art s o f t h e s ys t em a s t h e origin al s ens at i on
di d a p os it i o n s u pp or t e d by a nu m b er o f r e a s o n s a dd u ce d in
m y fo rm er v olu m e (OONTIGUITY
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m u s cu l ar e l e m e nt i n o u r s e n s at io n s e s p e c i ally o f t h e high e r

t o u c h h e ari ng and s igh t t hi s e l e m e n t m u s t s om e h o w

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3 72

C ONTR OL OF

FEEL I N GS

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m u sc u l ar m ove m e n t s , i s x i ng t h e m in d u p o n o n e
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l e ave s ; w e k e e p t h e s am e at t it u d e , a n d c o n c e ive t h e s am e p oint s
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w i t h e x t e n s i o n , a n d m u c h w it h c o in h e ri n
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t h at r e as on t o o m it i t fro m t h e li s t of ap t i t u d e s fall in g u n d er
o u r p r e s e n t d e p ar t m e nt ; for e v e n t h e r ar e i n s t an c e s Of m ani
fe s t ing it i n a h igh d e gr e e ar e t o b e c h er i s h e d as p r e c i ou s
1 1 Th e qu e n c hi ng a n d t h e r ou s ing o f em o t io na l d i sp l ays
w hi c h w e h a v e s e e n t o b e pr act i c ab l e t o a c er t ain l e ngt h by a
d ir e c t i m p u l s e t o w ar d s t h e p art s c on cern e d are v e ry m u c h
a s s i s t e d b y m e a n s o f o u r c on t r o l o v er i d e a s
It m ay n ot b e e as y
t o arr e s t a hil ar i ou s o u t bu r s t by a m ere v olit i on a d d re s s e d at
On c e t o t h e m u s c l e s ; b u t by c arr yi ngt h e m in d aw a y t o s o m e
q u art er of s er i ou sn es s t h e c ent r al e m ot ion i s all a ye d an d t he
Wh en w e h av e t o
c u rr e n t s d r i e d u p at t h e fou nt ain h e ad
c alm d o w n a ver y t r o ubl e s om e agit at i on w e c o mm o n ly b r in g
b ot h m e th o d s int o pl ay t h e di r e ct r est raint of t h e m u s cul ar
m o ve m e nt s a n d t h e t r an s fe r o f t h e m e nt a l at t e nt i on t o id e a s
su gg est ive Of t h e Opp o s it e m e nt al c o nd it i on
Th e c u st om of
c o e rc ing t h e ow o f id e a s a nd t h e a tt it u d e of a t t e n t i o n i s a n
,

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i s w h a t h e cal l s t h e ex p u l s i v e p ow er o f a n ew a fis c

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t h a t in s p ir e c on d e nc e a n d e a s e, t h e rs t

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p o w er e d b y t h e r i s e o f t h e s e c ond . Bu t w h en w e t u rn asi d e

t orr ent o f e x ci t e m ent , b ec au se o f s om e h a rm t h at w e are s u e r

d ire ct l
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pp re s s a

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t h e t e x t m igh t a r is e in d ep en d ent l
p a s si ng e v e nt , o r b y s om e t hing h ea rd
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3 80

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int e ns e p l e a s u r e k e ep s t he a t t ent ion x e d e x c lu

s i v e l y u p o n o n e t hi ng a s w h e n li s t eni n g t o m u s i c or g a zin
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i n u e n c e ; i t i s t h e pr o p e r s t im u l ant o f t h e w ill i m p e llin g t o
v olu n t ar y a ct s Som
e a c u t e p ai n t o b e w ar d e d Off w o ul d
pr o ve a n e qu al ly en erg e t i c s p u r t o t h e b o d il y or m e nt al
at t e n t i o n
Now is no t t hi s e x a c t l y w h at h ap p e n s w h en a
bu rs t o f s t r ong e m ot i on s u c h as t e n d er n es s a d m ir at ion s elf
e x a l t a t i on
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p os s e s se s t h e mi nd
Is it n o t
t h at w e c l e a v e t o w h a t e v e r su s t a in s t h e c h arm Of t h e m o m e n t
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Cl e arly w h en a n
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s t ro n gl y e ng age d t o m a i
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We nd t h at a n
e x c e e d ingl y p ai n fu l c o n d it i on w ill s o m e t im es o e r a t e s o as t o
p
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d e t a in t h e v e r y c au s e s Of t h e p ain
H app y w ou ld it b e for t h e t err i e d w r e t c h
in st an c e i n p om t
if t h e ago n y o f h i s c o n d it io n c oul d d r iv e a w a y fr om h i s e x
d hi s fe ar s
c it e d vi s i o n t h e i m ag e r y a n d o bj e c t s t h at o rigi n a t e
Th e u su al c ou r s e of v ol it i o n i s m an ife s t ly h e r e p e r ve r t e d a n d
S
O a g a i n w i t h a ng e r
r a l yz e d by s o m e for e ign in u e n c e
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s w a y t o t h e o u t g o ings o f r e s e n t m e nt b u t t h e e n e rg y o f r e t ali a
t i on i s Oft en ou t Of pr op o r t i o n t o t h e p ai n a v e r t e d o r p l e a su r e
I s p e a k n ot of t h e c al cu l at i on o f fu t u r e c on s e qu e n c e s
so u g h t
w hi c h in t h e gre a t m aj o ri t y o f c a s es w ou l d s h ow t h a t i n s o
far a s c o n c e r n s t h e h a pp in e s s o f t h e i n d ivid u al t he a n gr y
for e v e n as r eg ar d s t h e m o m e n t
e b u lli t i on i s a m i s t a k e ;
t h e a c t i on s p r o m p t e d a r e n ot a c cor d ing t o t h e m e as u re Of a
I
n s h or t t h e r e i s i n
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u i n e e s t i m at e Of p a in o r p l e asu r e
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e n s om e

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d irect i on

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d ire c t ions ,

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p l e a su r ab l e em ot io n, e m ot io n an d v ol it i on a c t in t h e s am e
c a s es o f p a i n fu l e m o t i o n, t h e t w o a c t i n d iffe re n t a n d o p p os i t e

c a s es o f

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FEEL I N GS

II E

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GMENT

3 81

hi c h y e t e x e r c is e s a c ont r o l o ve r act ion a nd t h o u gh t

It i s c e r t ainly n o t fr o m a pl e a su r abl e s t i m u l u s t h at all t h e
t h ou gh t s e nt er t ain e d by t h e m ind t o w ar d s t h e p e r s o n w e a r e
s i s a p ro p e r t y
Thi
a n r y w i t h ar e o f t h e u n fa v o u r abl e k i nd
g
o f t h e fe e l in g i n i t s s tr i c t ly e m o t i on al c h ar a c t e r a n d n o t a s
o n e Of t h e m o t iv e s o f th e w ill
A n e m o t i o n p er s i s t s in t h e m in d a n d d om in at e s t h e c ou r s e
o f t h e t h ou g ht s n o t b e c au se it i s p l e a s u r a bl e or p ai nfu l bu t
b e cau s e i t i s s t ro ng This is t h e a sp e c t o f e m ot ion t h a t w e

Th e n e r v ou s p r e ssu r e i s
e x c it e m e nt f
e x p r es s by t h e n am e
a c c u m u l a t e d i n s o m e o n e r e gi on o f t h e br a in i n co nn e c t i o n
w it h o n e cl a ss o f t h o u ght s ; a ny id e as b e l o ngin g t o t h a t c l ass
w il l ar i s e w it h fa c il it y o t h e r s o f an in c o m p a t i bl e ki n d a r e
k e p t b ac k U nd er a s t at e of el at i on t h e t h ou gh t s ar e c h e er
fu l and s angu in e ; on ly s u c h are al l o w e d t o c om e i nt o t h e
e l d of vi e w
In d ep r es se d or m e l an c h oly e x c it e m e n t t h e
t h o u gh t s c or r es p o n d
Wh en t h e el a t i on Or d e pr e s sio n i s i n
a s w h e n t h e e x c it e m e n t i s d u e t o
a n y o n e s p e c i al i n t e r es t
s o m e u c t u a t i on i n b u s in e s s t h e t h ou gh t s t h a t c o m e for w ar d
a r e by p r e fe r e n ce t h o s e r e l at e d t o t h at s i ngl e s u bj e c t
In s u c h a s t a t e t h e m in d i s n o l o n ge r i n i t s c al m c e rit r e ;
t h e j u d gm e n t s an d c o n vi c t i o n s ar e l i a bl e t o p e r v e r s i on or bi as
A so u nd d e c i s i o n su pp os e s t h at t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o n all s id e s
c o m e for w ar d i n t h e ir p r op e r st re ngt h ; w h i c h i s p os s i bl e o nl y
w h en t h e n e r v ou s c u rr e n t s a r e of e qu al i n t e n s it y e v e ryw h e r e
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t h e p e r fe c t b al an c e o f t h e m e nt al a n d n e r vou s s ys t e m
Th e
d i s t u rb an c e Of an e m o t i o n a s p e c i al e x c it e m e n t a x e d i d e a
at o n c e i nt e r fe re s w i t h t h e e qu a l r e r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e
p
v a r i o u s i n t e r e s t s ; an d a n y d e c i s i o n t h a t i s c o m e t o i s p a r t i a l
le
Th e s u c c e e d i ng c h a p t e r w ill c on t ai n far t h er
o r on e s id e d
il l u s t r at i o n s of e m ot i on al p e r v er s i on as b e ar i ng o n t h e m o t i ve s
t o t h e Will
Th u s it is t h at in t h e vo lu nt ary c on tr ol Of th e t h o u gh t s
w e h a v e fr e qu e nt ly t w o p ow e r s ag a in s t o n e t h e t e n d e n c y Of
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int ell e c t
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M OTIVES

3 84

EN DS

OR

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it i o n of m in d or am o ng
t h e Em ot i on s c o n s id er e d in t h e p r e s e nt v o lu m e w e s h ou ld
nd an a c c ou nt o f all t h e s u s ce p t ibil it i e s pl easur abl e o r p a in
fu l t h a t c a n o p er at e as s t im ul an t s in t h e m ann e r s u pp o se d i n
Th e p r op e r e m pl oym e nt o f t h e a c t ive
t h e fo r e go i n g c h ap t er s
p art o f ou r fr am e m ay b e s a id t o b e t h e w ar d ing Off o f t h e
l a rg e arm y of p o s sibl e p a in s w hi c h t hr e at ens u s at t h o se
n u m er ou s p o int s an d t h e c h e r i s hi ng r e t ain i ng a n d re p r o d u c
i ng o f t h e p l e as u re s at t ain able t hr ou gh t h e s am e c h an n e l s ; TO
br i e y t o t h e en u m er at ion as ac t u all y gi ve n
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We
a h os t Of t ro u bl e so m e s u s c e p t ibili t i es
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I nju ri e s an d an ot h er c l a s s o f p ain s c on se qu e nt on t o o m u ch
A ll t h e s e ar e so m an y p o i nt s for a v oid a n c e w h e t h e r
e x e r t i on
Ou t o f t h e s am e
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Th e p r o t e c t i o n fr o m s t ar
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Here t oo w e h ave t h e
su r fa c e o f s oli c i t u d e a n d e n d e a vou r
c a t al ogu e o f ill s t h at e s h i s h e ir t o an d h e re li e s t h e g r a n d
Th e u r ge n c y o f t h e e n d s t hu s in c l u d e d
s t a k e o f lif e a n d d e a t h
i s n e c e s s ar il y gr e a t a n d e ngr os s ing c om m an d ing a l arg e s h ar e
Th e c u lt iv at i o n Of pl e a s u r e
o f e ve r y o n e s v o lu nt ary l ab o u r
i s m at e ri al ly t r e n c h e d u p o n by t h e a m ou nt o f t oil e x p en d e d
in w ard i ng Off o rg a ni c su ffe r i ng and d i s e as e w it h t h e ir c o n
s e qu e n c e s
Th e in t e r e s t s o f t h e o t h e r s e n s e s a r e b u t s e c on d i n
p oint Of u rgen c y t o t h o s e c om pri s e d i n t h e org ani c gr ou p ; s t ill
a c co r d i ng t o t h e i r s e v er al fo r m s o f pl e as u r e a n d p a i n, d o t h e y
e n a e o u r v o li t i o n al e x p en d it u r e
We h ave t o r e pu d iat e :
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Th e p l e a su re s o f w ar m s oft T o u c h e s a r e
o pp o s i t e s p e c i e s
c h e r i s h e d by u s w i t h c o n s i d er a bl e fo r c e o f p u r os e w hil e w e
p
h av e t o r e p el t h e p u ng e nt a nd s m art i ng c ont a c t s by e ve ry 2
m e an s in o u r p o w e r S O w i t h t h e pl e as u ra bl e a n d t h e p ainfu l i n
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p l e as u re s n o l es s t h a n i t s u t il it y a s t h e c on d i t i o n o f a t t ai ni ng
m any o t h e r e n d s w hil e t h e v ari e t i e s o f s p e c t ac l e m o v e m e n t
s c e ni c e ffe c t
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d ar kn e s s a n d ou r v o li t i o n al e n e rg y i s k e p t a live in w ar di ng
P a s s i n g n e x t t o t h e s p e c i al E m o t i o n s
Off s u c h p r e di c am e n t s
a s l a i d ou t i n t h e p r e c e d ing d ivi s i o n o f m in d w e m i gh t n a m e
u n d e r e v e r y o n e o f t h e m s t a t e s o f w ell m a r k e d pl e a s u r e o r o f
t h e o p p os it e a t w h o s e i n s t a n c e t h e w ill m u s t fr e qu e nt ly t a k e
pr o c e e d i ngs Nove lt y a n d t h e M ar ve llou s ar e fr e qu e n t l y
inve st e d w it h t h e h igh es t c h a rm a n d ar e t o t h at d egr e e
TO p a s s fr om r e s t r ain t t o
e nd s o f o u r v olu n t ar y e x e rt i o n s
Lib e rt y i s a n o c c as i o n al Obj e c t t o e v er y o n e an d i s a gre at ly
pr iz e d ble s s ing Th e S ex u al fe e lings e x e r c i s e t h eir sh ar e Of
inu e n c e Un d er t h e T en d er e m o t i o n t h e r e ar e d e c i de d plea
sur e s w hi c h o n e i s di s p o s e d t o u s e m e an s fo r r e a p i n g in a b u n
d an c e as w h e n on e s u rrou n d s o n e s s e l f w i t h fam ily an d fri e n d s
M al e v ol e nc e
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in i t s v ar i ou s for m s i s a r s t c l a s s m o t iv e
S e lf c o m p l a c e n c y
a pp r ob a t i on p r ai se t h e s e n t im e n t of P o w e r a n d s u p e r i o r i ty
int ens e r e li s h pr om p ting t h e w il l w it h
ar e pr o d u c t iv e Of
ar d ou r an d i n c i t ing t o so m e o f t h e gr ea t e s t e ffor t s t h a t hu m a n
t h e r e b e ing a c o r r e s p on d ing e n ergy
n a tu r e i s c ap a bl e o f
The a c t ive p ar t Of o u r
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ou gh t t o b e c on t ai n e d ; o t h e rw i s e t h e c l a s s i c a t i o n o f h u m a n
s e n s ibili t i es i s no t c o m pl e t e
Ev er y s t at e d e n om ina te d p ai n
o r pl e a s u r e a n d t e s t e d by Op e r a t i ng o n t h e w ill i s e i t h e r a
m us c u l ar fe e lin g a s e n s at i o n or o n e o f th e s p e c i al e m ot i o n s ;
t h er e b e i ng a l s o m od e s o f fe eli ng of a n e u t r a l or in e r t c h ar ac t e r
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3 A s p e c i c re fe r e n c e m u s t n e x t b e m a d e t o t h e i d ea l
p er si s t e n c e of t h o s e vari ou s fe e lings w he r e by t h e y ar e r e n d er e d
I h a v e n ot i c e d
e i c a c i ou s w h il e t h e r e a li t y i s s til l r e m o t e
t his p e c u li ar it y t hro u gh ou t th e d e sc r ip t i o n s Of t h e fe e li n gs
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e ng a g e t h e w ill i n i t s b e h a lf
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t he m e m or y m ay i n s pir e o u r u t m os t e n d e av ou r s at t h e m o m e n t s
o f i t s o c c u rr e n c e ; b u t b e t w e e n t i m es s m all a tt e n t i o n w il l b e
p ai d t o pr e v ent i t On t h e ot h er h an d w h e n t h e r e c oll e c t i o n
Of s o m e for m Of m i s e r y i s
g oo d t h a t r e c oll e c t i o n w ill be a
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o p e n i ng for a p r e c au ti on ar y s tr o k e
Thu s i t i s t h at w e ar e
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joy m e n t s or t o plu nge u s in to o u r s p e c ial av e r s i ons Th ere
a r e s o m e t hi ng s in e v e r y b o d y s lif e t h a t m a in t ain a c on s t an t
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in t e ns ity a n d t he r e p e titi o n We m ay b e s o s itu at e d th at
t h e i d e a o f t h e p l e as u r e or t h e p ai n i s u nd u l y m a d e t o r e c u r
as w h e n w e h av e fr e qu e n t oc c a s i o n t o s e e o th e r s a ffe c t e d w ith
e ith e r t h e o n e o r t h e o th e r
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We al thy on on e h an d an d o f t h e s tru ggl in g p o or on t h e o th e r
k e e p al ive t h e vol iti on al ard ou r in t h e d ir e c ti on of w orl dl y
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/i s t hu s a s i n t e ll igibl e a s u n d e r t h e p r e s s u r e o f t h e ac tu al s t ate
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r i d e r s w hip b e c au s e o f t h e ac t u al s m a r t ; t h e b oy a t s ch ool
l e a rn s hi s l e s son s i n t h e e v e nm g t o a v e r t t h e m a s t e r s c an e i n
Th e m o r e c o m p l e t e l y ou r in t e ll ig e n c e s e r ve s u s
t h e m o r n in g

in r e ali z i ng fu tu r e c o n s e qu e n c e s g o o d o r b a d t h e m o r e d o w e
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ti on M o d e s o f fe el ing th a t ar e in th e ir n atu re li ttl e r e m e m
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s u it s fr e qu e n tl y g r o u p e d t og e th e r a n d r e p r e s e n t e d by s om e
on e c o m p r e h e n s iv e a im o r e n d
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i s t h e all p u r c h a s i ng M oney t h e in s titu ti o n o f c ivili z e d c o m
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me d iate goal t o b e l oo k e d t o a s gui d in g ou r e x ertio ns Th e
l ab ou r e r s t e ppi n g ou t i n to t h e el d s t o c om m e n ce h i s d ay s
w o rk i s oc c u pi e d n o t s o m u c h w ith t h e u l ti m a t e s e n sa ti o n s o f
ex i s t e n c e as w ith t h e pi e c e o f l and th a t h a s t o b e pl o u gh e d
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t he m or e ar e w e c all e d u p o n t o w or k for e n d s th a t are o nl y
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irres is tibl e impul s e, ar e t e rms indi c a ting this c ir cu ms ta n ce
Th e t e m pt ati o n th a t s e iz e s m an y p e op l e w h e n o n t he b rink
of a p r e c ipi c e t o th row th e ms e l v e s d ow n i s s tro ngl y in p oin t
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t h e pr o p e r c ou rs e o f v ol it i on i n t h e u n d u e o r m or bi d p er
Th e o bl i qu ity i s i n t el
sis t e nc y of c e rt ain i d ea s i n t h e m ind
l ectu al in t h e rs t i ns t anc e an d th e n c e e x t en d s its el f t o ac ti on
A c ert ain obje ct h as b y s ome m e an s or o th er gain ed p o s s es
s io n of u s ; w e a r e u nab l e t o d is mi s s it : wh e n c e b y p e r s i s ti ng
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m o n o m an i a c ar e t h e t h o r o u gh g oi n g il l u s tr a ti o n s of a f orc e
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e xc i t e m e nt
A n y su dd e n a n d gr e a t d el ight m ay giv e ri se t o
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l e a d i n g t o a d i s p r o p o r ti o n a t e s tra i n of i n t e ll e c tu al and a c tive
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t o i n s pir e n o e n d e a vo u rs b e y o nd w h a t t h e g e n u i n e c h arm of
t he m o m e n t j u s ti e s a n d no t t o c a s t i n t o t h e s h a d e ot h e r
pl e a su r e s n or t o bin d u s t o coming p a in s Th e m an th at c a n
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a r e r o u s e d b u t s o m e o th e r e n d al s o v al u ab l e i n i t s t u rn g o e s
t o t h e w a ll
Ne v e rth e l e s s it i s a fac t th a t al m o s t e v e ry
hu m an b e ing h a s o n e or m or e pl e as u r e s th a t ar e n e v e r e njo y e d
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Un d e r s t r o ng em o t io n o f
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EVI LS

IM PA SS I ON ED M OTI VES

OF

Wh a t e ve r thi s pl e a su re b e th at t o u che s t h e se ns ibil ity s o a s

t o a gita te t h e fr a m e w e a r e t o a c e rt ai n e xt e n t vi c ti m s t o it
G re a t and val u abl e m ay b e t h e c on tribu tion a ris ing t o o ur
h appin ess fr om s u c h a c au s e b u t t h e p u r s u it th a t i s k e pt
u
This el e m en t of ou r w ell b eing
p i s ou t o f d u e p r o p orti o n
i s o ve r ra t e d an d t h e r es t u n d e r r a t e d
Am o ng t h e e nd s th at
co mm o nl y i n d u c e a h e a te d a tm o s ph e r e ar ou n d th e m w e m ay
ran k a s u s u al a nd p rom in e n t p e rs o nal a ffe cti on w eal th am
b it i on fa m e k n o w l e d g e s p ort or s om e varie ty o f t h e aes th e ti c
S e xu al ity is a s triking in s t an c e p e r
ci rc l e of e m o ti o n s
hap s t h e m o s t s tr iking A ny on e o f th e s e m ay b e s ou ght afte r
w ith an e n e rgy p r op orti on e d t o t h e gr a ti c a ti on r e ap e d fr om it
o r th e r e m ay b e a t e n d e n c y t o t a k e o n an e x c it e d a n d e x a gg e
ra t e d c on c e pti on in w hi c h c a s e th e r e is a l o ss of pl e as u re or
ac de s s i o n o f p a i n in s o m e o th e r qu art e r
Th e s u s c e ptibili ty
o f s p e c i al i n a
m a t i o n o n s om e o n e p oi nt a s s e xu al l o v e
d ignity r e p u t atio n or fa vo u r ite s p or t i s a p e c u l i a rity o f h u m an
Wh e n
n a tu r e m o r e or l e s s d e v e l o p e d in m os t in d ivi d u al s
ve ry m u c h s o w e h a ve w h a t i s c all e d t h e p as s i on at e t e m p e ra
m e n t for w hi c h a goo d d e al h as b e e n a d van c e d i n t h e w ay
I t i s h o w e v e r a s o m e w h a t o m in o u s
o f c o mm en d a ti o n
circ u m s t an c e th at t h e e x tre m e d e vel op m en t of thi s c h ara c t e r
i s o n e o f t h e ph a s es of in s a n ity
We h e ar of p e rsons b e ing
hu rri e d on by s o m e d e m on or infatu ati on in s pit e o f pre s e nt
Th es e ar e al l s o m any ab no rm al
a n d p r os p ec tiv e m i s e r y
p o s itions of hu m an n a tu re a nd y e t t h e fou n d ati on o f th e m all
I t i s t h e t e m p o rary e x al t a ti on of
i s ve r y m u ch al ik e
t h e b rain a n d all i e d fu n c ti o n s in favou r o f s om e o n e o bj e c t
s om e tim e s b u t n o t n e c e s s a r il y an o bj e c t o f in t e n s e pl eas u r e ;
t h e e ffe ct of w hi c h i s t o m agnify all th a t i s r el a t e d t o it
Th e p oe t an d
an d t o r ed u c e t h e es ti m a t e o f w h at i s n o t
t h e m or al i s t ar e in t h e p r ac ti c e o f d il atin g on t h e i m p o r
t a n c e of thi s d is tu rb an c e o f t h e m e n t al e qu il ib riu m p r o
v i d e d o nl y t h e o bj e c t a p p e ar s t o th e m a g o o d o r n o bl e o n e
Eith e r d e sp airing of th e e nd e avou r t o ind u c e a c al m an d
dquab l e c u rre n t and a s t ri c tly e s t im at e d r egar d in t h e p u rs ui ts
of c ha
of l ife o r not c o nsi d e ring s u c h t o b e t he
.

3 94

MOTI VES

OR

DS

EN

th e y h av e b e e n m a rvell ou sl y a cc or d ant in p r ai s e of
Now it i s im p os s ibl e t o g ain s ay
a ru l ing p ass i o n w ell pl a ce d
c e r t ai n a d v a nt ag e s th a t m ay b e u rg e d in su pp or t of thi s
pr e s c ription If w e are s tr ongl y b ent u p on s e c u ring s om e on e
s p e c i al e nd an d a r e t o se t a t n ou ght e v e ry o th e r in c o m p a ri
s on t h e pl an i s n o t m er el y t o d e pi c t t h e p l e a si n g an d v al u a bl e
r e s u l ts gro w i ng o u t of it w hi ch w ou l d b e t o give it a fa ir and
t h e w ill ; b u t t o ki n dl e a bl a z e of
ith
o nl
a fa i r c h an c e W
y
e x c it e m e n t an d fu ry w h i c h o v e r r i d e s all c o m p ari s o ns a n d
Thi s i s th e pro c e e di n g of a
annihil a t e s all c o u n t e r m o tiv es
P e t e r t h e H e rm it a D ani el O C onne l l or oth e r i m p ass ion e d
A s r e g ar d s t h e w o rk t o b e d o n e
a d voc a t e o f a c au s e
n o thing c an b e m o r e e ec t u al ; a s r e g ar d s t h e h appin es s o f
E
t h e ag en t t h e im m ol a ti on i s o ft en r e m or se l e s s
A n i mp as s io n ed pl e as u r a bl e e n d i s t e st e d n o t m e r e l y by
t h e gl ow o f e cs t a ti c e x c it e m e nt b ut al s o by t h e d i s p l ay of t h e
p a infu l p ass i on s w he n anyth ing c o m e s t o thw ar t it Th e fe a r
a n g e r an d ab h orr e n c e i ns p ir e d by o pp os iti on are a j u s t m easu r e
o f t he u n d u e e x al t ati o n o f t h e s s t e m i n fa v o u r of t h e o bj e c t
y
Ve ry oft e n th e s e e x tre m e an tip athie s ar e dir e c te d in t h e d e fe nc e
of s o m e thi ng th at d oe s not gi v e a ny e x tr ao r d i n a ry s e n s a ti o n of
d e l ight as w h en th ey ar e l e t l oos e u p on t h e vi ol ators of s om e
v e n e rate d c e rem o n ial ha ving n o thing b u t u s ag e t o c o m m e nd
it intrins i c all y a nd d e riving an e x trin sic su pp o rt throu gh t h e
Th e r ep u l s i on of
in am m ati on of th ese m o d e s o f antip athy
t h e J e w i s h an d M a h o m e t an m in ds t o t h e pig i s a c a se i n p o in t
So m u c h fo rt h e c on si d e r a ti on of End s o r M o tive s u nd e r
P r e s e nt p l e a s u r e
t h e v ari ou s m odi c a ti ons th a t the y u n d erg o
o r p a i n fu tu r e an d t h e r efor e c o nc e ive d p l e asu r e s or p ai ns

rac t er ,

In t h e
o od

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ch.

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ur

t h e g o o d o f ot h er s , or ev en o ur
i n su f ci ent c u l t i v at i on o f t h es e from t h e

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h as b e e n

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Th e gr and d i f c u l t y i s , a nd a l w ay s w i l l b e ,
e ag g e r a te d i m re s s i ons t o t h es e l a u d a b l e d es ig ns

t ha t t he

It i s d e s i rab l e t o fos t e r t h os e fe el ing s ,

c a s e s om ew h at r es e mb l e s

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MOTI VES

3 96

on

EN DS

id e r a tion s I m ean th e c on ic ts of vol ition Th e m otive s

tha t in u e n c e l iving b e ing s a r e s o nu m e rou s th at w e S hou l d
e x p e c t b efo r e h an d t h e oc c u rr e n c e o f fr e qu e n t c ol l i s i on s w h e n
of c ou r s e e ith e r n o r e s u l t e n su e s or o n e o f t h e fo r c e s giv e s w ay
Thi s l e ad s t o t h e d e n omin a ting of som e m otor s t ate s a s
s tr ong e r th a n o th e r s
A sc ale of m o tive s is c ons tru c t e d w ith
r efe ren c e t o indivi du al s or t o cl as s e s of s e nti e nt b eings a o
c ording t o t h e r el a tiv e p ow e r of s tim u l a ting t h e e x e c u tiv e ,
Th e i nn e r l ife of e ve ry
a s t e s t e d b y t h e ac tu al e n c o u n t e r
o n e i s a s or t o f b a ttl e gr o u n d or s c e n e o f i n c e s s an t w a rfar e
a n d t h e i ss u e s o f th o s e r e c u rri ng c o n t e s t s ar e m o m e n t o u s
b o t h t o t h e p e rs o n s s el f and t o o th er b ei ngs The e s tim a te
th a t w e form of a ny c r e a tu r e as an a gent de pen d s u p on th e
m o tiv e s th at p r e d om in a t e in t h e a c ti on s o f th at c r e a tu r e
Th e tra i ni n g of t h e y o u ng h as a p rin cip al r e fe r e n c e t o t he
d e v e l opm e n t o f c ertain m o ti v es i nto s u p e riority o ve r t h e r es t
In s h o rt t h e gr e a t d e p a rt m ent s of D u ty Edu c a ti on an d t h e
Es tim at e of Ch a r ac te r c entre in c ons id erations re l ative t o
t h e r an k as signe d t o p ar ti cul a r m o tiv e s i n t h e ou tg oing s c f
A c c ord ingl y it is ne c e ss ary for u s
t h e vo l u nt a ry e x e c u tiv e
to s e t for th th e s e c oni c ts o f t h e w i ll in s om e d eg re e of d t ail
c o ns

CHA PT ER VI

THE

C ONF L ICT

OF

MOTIVES

feeling c om e tog e th er if th ey ar e of
t t
t h e s a m e n a tu r e w e h av e a s u m t o t al as w h e n t h e oc c u r
r e n c e of t w o pl e asu r e s giv e s a gr e at e r pl e as u r e Wh en a p ain
c on cu rs w ith a pl e asu re w e nd a s m a tte r of fac t th a t t h e
A n a gr e e abl e r eli s h in t h e
o n e c an n e u t r al iz e t h e o th e r
s h a p e o f s ome s w e e t t as t e s oo th e s t h e in fan t s i rr it a t e d m in d
a n d all th r ou gh l ife w e a ppl y t h e g r a t efu l t o s u b m e rg e t h e
In t h e c o ni c t of t h e t w o On e w ill b e e x t in
d i s a g r e eabl e
u i sh e d an d t h e o th e r l ow e r e d i n it s e f cac y ; t h e r s t b e i ng
g
p ro n o u n c e d t h e w e ak e r and t h e s e c o n d t h e s tro ng e r Wh e n
t h e c h arm o f t h e l an d s c ap e m a k e s u s in s e n s ibl e t o hu ng e r
an d fa tigu e t h e p l e a s u r a b l e p ar t o f t h e co n s c i ou s nes s i s c ou n t e d
m or e p o w e r fu l th an t h e p ainfu l ; if an i nt e r es ting ro m anc e
fail e d t o s u b d u e t h e s am e p ainful s ol ic ita ti ons w e s h ou l d s ay
th a t t h e l an ds cap e g ave more d e l ight than th e r o ma n cie ; a
fair an d u s u al m o d e o f e s tim ati ng t h e c om p ar ativ e i n u e nc e
I am h e r e a s su m ing th e v oli tio n a s
o f o bj e c t s o f d e l ight
d o rm ant t h e w hil e a n d d es c ribing w h a t h app e n s i n t h e m e e ti ng
Nor i s thi s a
o f o pp o s it e s t at e s c on s i d e r e d p u r el y as F e e li n g
M any of ou r p ains ar e c ou nt er a c t e d
m e r e h y p oth e ti c al c a s e
by enj oy m e n t s an d n ev e r p ro c e e d t o t h e s t ag e o f s tim ul ating
We u s e b y tu rn s ac c or d ing t o c ircu m stan c e s e i th e r
t h e w il l
Mu c h d ep e nds u p on t h e in d ivi d u al c on
m o d e o f all e vi ati on
S om e of u s from h avin g gr e at e x c es s of vol u n t ary
s t i t u t ion
e n e rgy d e al w ith s u ffe ri n g by a c tive m e a su r e s of r e m o val
an d p r e v en ti o n ; o th e r s m or e l e th a rgi c a n d d e v e l o p e d p r in
c ip all y o n t h e s i d e o f t h e e m o ti o n al m an ife s t a ti on s s e e k t o
o v e r c o m e m i s e ry b y fr e qu e nti ng t h e s ou r ce s o f d e l ight o r
by ind u l ging i n a variou s and s oo thing e x p res si on o f w oe
2 We w il l c o n s i d e r r s t t h e c o ni c t of a vol u ntary s tim u l u s
w ith t h e S p on t an e ou s i m p u l s es c o ns i d e re d in the ir p rimitive

WHEN

tw o

s a e s of

'

THE

3 98

C ON FL I CT

or

MOTIVES

r t r a s gro w in g ou t of th e pu rel y phys i c al c on ditions of

t h e n e rv o u s a n d m u s c ul a r s ys t e m s
In thi s r e s p e c t sp o n
t a n e i t y i s a s e p ar a t e a ge n c y t o t h e v e ry l a s t
Afte r e ve ry
night s r e p ose a n d aft e r t h e n ou ri s h m e n t of a m e al t h e ac tiv e
o rg a n s ar e c h a rg e d w i th p ow e r r e a d y t o exp l ode i n a ny dir e c
tio n I w il l n ot r e it e r at e t h e p roofs al re ady pr o d u ce d on this

h e a d Su i c e it t o s ay th a t thi s el e m e nt of ou r a c tivity
b ro u ght int o fre qu e nt c ol li s i on w ith t h e genui n e im pu l s e s of
t h e w ill th os e d e riv e d fr om pl e a s u r e s a nd p ain s
Th e d
c h ar g e o f e xu b e r an t a c tivity i s o pp os e d by su c h m otive s as
u rg e on e t o r e m ain i n s till n e s s a nd co n n e m en t
Th e c on ic t
is s e e n w h e n t h e h e al thy b oy h as a hu r t r e n d e rin g hi m
I t is s e en w h en
u n t t o j o in t h e s p or t s of h i s pl a y m a t e s
t h e h or s e or t h e h o u n d is k e pt i n e h e c k ih t h e fu l n e s s of t h e
Th e m or e a c tive t h e a nim al o r t h e m o r e
m orn i ng s vig ou r
highl y c onditi on e d in all th at r egar d s h e al th n ou ri shm e nt
an d p r ep a r a t o ry r e p o s e t h e gr e a t e r i s thi s e x pl o s iv e t e n d e n c y
th a t c arri e s it in t o a ctio n w ith ou t a ny r efe re nce t o e n ds or
m o tiv e s of t h e t ru e v o l u n t ar y ch ar ac t er ; an d th e gr ea t e r i s
t h e s ti m u l u s w h e th e r o f s m a r ting p a i n or o f pl eas ur abl e c h ar m
To r e co n cil e t h e yo u ng t o a
n e c e s s ar y t o c he c k t h e ou tbu r s t
d ay of i n d o or c o nn e m e n t w e h av e t o c at e r l arg e l y for th e ir
Wh at eve r a ny on e s p e cu li ar a ctivity c on sis t s in
am u s e m e nt
a c o n s i d e r a bl e fo r c e o f m o tiv e h as t o b e s u pp l i e d in o r d e r t o
r e s tra in t h e e x er ci se of it w h e n t h e organs ar e fu ll y refre sh e d
I t i s s o w ith m in d as w e l l a s w ith b o d y w ith t h e e x erc is e o f
L o ng res train t
t h e m a nu al a n d t h e i nt ell e c t u al p ow e r s al ik e
pre p ar e s t h e w ay for a fu riou s de m on s tra tion a t t he m om e nt
Th e c o n i c ts thu s a ri s ing a r e a m o ng t he p ai ns o f
of l ib e rty
e arl y d i s eip li n e ; for it i s i m p os s ibl e t o r e c on c i l e t he p roc e s s o f
e s of pow er
e d u c a ti on w ith t h e fr e e d i sc h a rg e o f al l t h e c e n tr
S om e p ar t o f t h e
e x a c tl y a t t h e m o m e nt of th e ir p l e nitu d e
irk som e n e s s of e ve ry profe ss ional pu rs u it of e ve ry c ontinu ou s
u nd e r t akin g a n d o f t h e fu l l m e n t of e v e ry c ou r s e of d u ty is
In s o far as w e ha ve t h e r e gu l ation
o w i ng t o t h e s am e c au s e
o f o u r d a il y life i n ou r o w n h a n d s w e e n d e avou r t o s u it o u r
tim e s of ac tive e x e rtion t o th ose p e ri od s o f nat u ral vigou r ;
c ha a c e

'

'

'

THE

4 00

C ON FL I C T

M OTI VES

til at a c e r tain pit ch o f d e pl e tio n

Th e a s s oc i a ti o n s e s ta bl i s h e d
n o far th e r d i s c h arg e i s p oss ibl e
in t h e g r ow th of vo l iti o n b rin g fo r th a c ti on w h e r e n on e w ou l d
o th e r w i s e ; t h e h o r s e th a t h a s p a r t e d w ith a ll hi s
a pp e ar
s u rp l u s p o w e r a n d w ou l d p r e fe r t o l i e qu i e t c an u n d e r t h e
pr ick of a sh arp p ain give fo rth an ad d iti on al a m ou nt this is
t h e s t ag e o f co n i c t g row in g m or e an d m o r e p ai nful un til
t h e anim al d r o p s d ow n
3 Le t u s n e x t pr o c e e d t o c on s i d e r in d e t ail t h e c a s e of
Opp os in g V o l iti o n s p ro p e r w h e r e t w o pl e asu r e s o r t w o p a in s
or a pl e a s u r e an d a p a in s ol i c it t h e v o l u n t a r y e x e c u tiv e i n
Th e in s t a n c es o f thi s c o ni c t m ay b e as
opp o s it e w ay s
n u m e r ou s as t h e v a r i ou s c o n c u rr e nc e s o f t h e hu m an fe el i ng s
In e ve ry s e p ar a te p oin t o r r e gi on o f ou r s u s ce ptibili ty a n
o pp os iti on m ay ar i s e an d t h e a r e n a o f co ni c t m ay b e in d e
nitel y e x t e n d e d by t h e c o n c u rr e n c e o f im p r ess i on s o n d if
Th e m u s cul a r
fe r ent p ar ts of o u r s e n s itive fr am e w o rk
fe el ing s m ay b e d ivi d e d ag ai n s t th e m s el v es ; t he o rg an i c
grou p m ay b e m u tu all y opp o s e d ; tas t e s or s m el l s m ay c on
i c t w ith o n e a n o th e r ; s o w ith t ou c h es s o u n d s o r s ight s
Und er t h e s am e e m otion t end e r iras c ibl e e go tis tic aes t h e t i
c al &c th e r e m ay b e e nc ou n t e ri n g o bj e ct s d r aw i ng t h e s y s t e m
Th e e m o tio n s th a t i n c ite u s t o d u ty an d
i n c o n t r a r y w ay s
i m i c al a tta c k s b o th from
p ru d e n c e ar e n ot oriou sl y li a bl e t o in
o n e an o th e r a n d fr o m t h e r es t o f t h e fe e l in g s ; w e m ay h av e
o pp os i n g d u ti e s as w ell a s o pp os in g a ffec ti o n s o r t as t e s
A brie f e xe m p l i c at ion w ill s u ffi c e for t h e c as e of t w o
a ctu a l s t a t es pl e a s u r ab l e o r p ai nfu l con c u rri n g a t t h e s a m e
Th e s e n s ati on s o f
m om e n t t o s u gge s t i n co m p a tibl e a c t s
Th e pl e a s u r e s a n d
Org ani c Life fu rni s h c a s e s in p o i n t
p ain s o f c ol d and h e at ar e e s p e c iall y l i abl e t o min c ount e r t o
In a w a rm r oom w e a r e s u bj ec t t o
o th e r o r ga n i c in t e r es t s
d e p r e s si o n from t h e cl o s e a n d h e at e d air
Ou t o f d oo rs i n a
w i nt e r d ay t h e c ase i s r e v e r s e d : t h e l u n g s an d n e rv e s ar e th e n
e xhil ar a t e d w hil e p e rh a p s t h e m i s e ry o f c hil l n e s s i s s u e ri n
p
Now t h e r el ative s tre ngth o f th es e c ont rad i c to ry i m
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c au se

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If I re m ai n
o u t o f d oors i n c u rri n g t h e w i n t e r c hill n e ss it i s b e cau s e t h e
e a su r abl e e x hil ar a ti o n throu gh t h e l un g s i s m o r e th a n a
l
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b al an c e for t h e p ain s of col d An o th e r p ers o n i n t h e s am e
m u s t n e e d s b e c o n s titu t e d
c i r cu m s t an c e s a c ti n g d i ffe r e n tl y
differe n tl y ; t h e e xp e rim e n t d e t e rm ine s a fac t of c h ara ct er
as r ega r d s r e l a tive s e n s ibili ty t o th o se i n u e n c es
In t h e s am e w ay w h e r e v e r t w o p r e s e n t s e n s a ti on s di c t a t e
o p os it e c o u r s e s th ere Is a n e x p e ri m e n t u p o n t h e r e l a tiv e
p
S trength o f t h e t w o The r es u l tin g voli ti on d is cl o s es t h e
an d i s t h e u l tim a t e c ano n o f app e al
A Creatu r e
s tr on g er
l e ft t o fr e e w ill u n d er t w o i n u e n c e s g ive s e vi d e n c e w hi c h i s
t he
o r e an d w hi c h t h e l e s s a c c e pt a bl e
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wi n d ow a nd t h e c h o ic e b etw e en a r ep as t an d l ib e rty r e p r e
s e n t s t h e gr e a t e r p l e as u r e
In c r os s in g a d irty s tr e e t w e ar e
s oli cit e d by t w o o p p os m g m o tive s o n e t o
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thu s i a s t for sp or t d is r e g ar d ing for a l o n g d ay fa tigu e c ol d
w e t hu ng er p r o v e s t o u s a s a fa c t th a t t h e o n e pl e a su r e ou t
we ighs t he m a ny p ains I t i s from th es e c onj u nc tu re s th at w e
o bt ai n o u r k n ow l e d g e of o n e Im p o r t a n t r e gi o n o f ch ar ac t e r
t h e r egi o n o f li ki ng s a nd di sl iki ng s i n o th e r w o rd s of c o m
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d ition of t he in d ivi d u al an d in th e ab se n c e of extrane ous
a dj u n c t s an d x e d id e as t h e r e su l t g ain e d i s l o oke d u p o n as
c onc l u s iv e a n d r a r e l y n e e d s t o b e r e v e r s e d ; s u c h i s th e c o n
s t an cy o f t h e m e nt al c h ar a c te r Eac h a ni m al h as i t s favou r it e
am ou n t of e x e r c i se
t em p er atu re reli s h e s t a s t es s mel l s, and
s o on ; a n d w
h ol e trib e s a re fou n d t o agr e e in th e ir ch oi ce
on th e s e h e a d s
S o w ith p a i n s w h e n s e t ag ain s t pl e a sur e s or
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THE

or

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k e ep s u p a ch ase u nd er gre at fatigu e ent ers u p on a dange rou s

c ont e s t or ov e r com e s s om e gre at av e rs io n
4 If w e c om p ar e t h e v ol u nt ar y s ti m u l ati on u n d e r pl e asu r e
f
o r p ain t aki n g p l a c e on d if er ent o c c a s i o n s w e ar e l i abl e t o fall
into mi s t ak e fr om t h e v ary in g c on d iti on of t h e a c tiv e o rg an s
I t d o es n ot fol l ow th at b e c au s e on e thi n g w ak en s u p t h e
a c tiv i ty i n t h e m o rning w h il e an o th e r fail s t o e x
c it e a ny e ffort
i n t he e v e nin g t h e r s t i s intrin s i c all y a s trong er fe el in g
Th e re are tim es w h e n th e e x e cu tive of t h e w ill i s e sp e c iall y
p r one t o s timu l a tion an d tim es w h en t h e opp os it e h app e ns
We m u st th erefor e m ak e th e e xp e rim ent as n e arl y as p os s ibl e
i n t h e s am e b odil y an d m e n t al c on d iti on o r r e p e at it s o
fre qu e ntl y a s t o o bt ain an a ve r ag e u nd e r all c on d iti on s
H avin g s e en th e pre d om inating e ffe c t of s om e on e pl e asu re
fo od w armth m u si c s o c i ab il ity
su ch a s b o di l y e x e r c i s e
s el f c o m pl a c e n c y p ow e r or k n ow l e d g e u n d e r c ircu m s t an c es
s o v ar i ou s a s t o e li m in at e all t h e d i ffe r e n c e s o f g en e r al or
con s titu ti onal a c tivity w e p ron ou n c e o n e or o ther of tho s e t o
h av e a s u p eri or rank in t h e s cal e of s ens ibility of t h e s u bj e c t
E xc e pting th at t h e a ctiv e a bil ity l ie s m ore i n s om e org a ns
th an in o th er s in l im b s h an ds voi c e &c t h e w il l is on e
w hil e t h e s e n s ib ili ti es a r e m any ; t h e e x e c u ti v e i s c omm o n
a n d t h e on e t h at c arri es it for t h e
an d o p en ali k e t o all
m om e n t i s p r op erl y e s tim at e d t h e s tr ong es t at t h e ti m e
Th e c o m p ari s on b e tw e en on e p e r s on a n d an oth er bring s in
t h e e l e m e n t o f v ari e ty in t h e c ons titu ti on of t h e w il l it s e l f ;
in c on s e qu en c e o f w hi c h t w o m e n u n e qu al l y m ov e d u n d e r t h e
s am e se n s ati on or e m o ti o n are n o t th e r e by s h o w n t o di ffe r i n
In s om e as oft en r e m ark e d t h e
e m o ti on al s u s c e ptibil ity
w e pr onou n c e th is t o b e t h e
ac tiv i ty i s e s p e c i al l y d e v e l o p e d
c a s e w h e n w e s e e a d i s p os iti o n t o b e p u t i n ac ti on by all
m otive s in di ffe r e n tl y a n d t h e o pp o sit e c h ara c t er i s re ad i n a
g e n e r al in ac tivity of t one u n der e ve ry vari e ty of s tim u l ati on
On e m an w ill b estir hi m s e l f an d g o throu gh in du s tri al t o il ;
b u t hi s feelin g s of c ol d a nd hu ng e r n e e d n ot b e a w hit s tr ong e r
th an n or e ve n s o s trong as tho s e of anoth er m an th at m ak e s
no e ffor t at all
We c annot the refore ju dge b e tw een t he
,

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THE

4 04;

C ONFL I CT

M OTI VES

or

tim e s m as siv el y d ep r e ss ing ;

b u t if t h e re c oll e c tio n of t h e s u ffer in g van is h e s w ith t h e r e ali ty
the re is n o thin g t o c ou n t erac t t h e pl e a su r abl e im
p e tu s t o r e p e a t
t h e w h ol e r o und o f in du l ge n c e
Th e th o r ou ghl y e du c a t e d
m an in this r e s p e c t i s h e th a t c an c arr y w ith h im a t all ti m es
t h e e x ac t e st im at e of w h at h e h as e nj oy e d or su ffe r e d fr o m
e v e r y o bj e c t th a t ha s e ve r a e c t e d hi m
an d
i n c a s e of
e n c o u n t e r c a n p r e s e n t t o t h e e n e m y as s t r on g a fr on t a s if
S u c h i s on e of
h e w e r e th e n u n d e r t h e g en u in e i m p r e ss i o n
t h e p oin t s o f s u p e ri o rity th at age c o nfe rs ; b u t as form erl y
r em ark e d th e r e m ay b e a s p e c i al re t entiv e n e ss o n this h e a d
s o a s t o b rin g o n a p r e c o c i o u s m at ur ity of p r a c ti c al w i s d o m
j u s t as w e m ay s e e a pr e c o ci ou s m a th e m a ti c i an p ain t e r
p o e t Wh en w e n d p er s on s m anif e s tin g en erge ti c voli ti on s
o n al l t h e p o int s b e ari n g u p o n t h e m a in t e n a n c e o f H e al th w e
Th er e m ay
m ay i nt erp r e t th eir c o n du c t on vari ou s gr ou nd s
b e in t h e c o n s titu ti o n a r e m ark a bl y a cu t e s e n s ibil ity t o d e
r ange m en t s of e v e ry kin d s o th a t t h e v ol u n t ary a c tion s ar e
s tr on gl y s ol i c it e d in t h e w ay of p r e v e n tin g s u c h in fr a c ti on s
t h e s am e c ir c u m s t a n c e o f a c u te s e n
o f t h e sou n d c o n d iti on
s ib ili t y al s o l e a d s t o a n abi d i ng r e coll e c ti on th a t s e r ve s in
If t o thi s b e a d d e d a p ru d e n ti al t e n de n c y (a s for
a b se n c e
m e rl y an al y s e d ) t h e c au s e o f p r o t e c ti on i s s till farth e r s tr e ngth
e n e d ; w hil e e v e ry fr e s h e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e ev il s of ill h e al th
In s u c h a s t a te of thin g s
a d d s fo r c e t o t h e i d e al r e p r e se n t ati o n
t h e m o tiv e o f p r e se n t p l e asu r e m u s t b e s tr on g ind e e d t o o v e r
th row a b u l w ark s o c onr m e d ; an d ve ry a cu t e p a in in o th e r
d e p ar tm e n ts w il l b e b orn e ra th e r th an su rre n de r this fortr e ss
T ak e an o th e r c ase P over ty b rin gs w ith it a r ou n d of d is
c om fo r t s a n d p r iva ti o n s fe l t in s o m e d e g r e e by e v e ry hu m a n
b ei ng al thou gh c o n s titu ti on s diffe r e x c e e d ingl y in th e ac u t e
Sc an ty or ind iffe r e nt food p oor
n e ss o f t h e s u s c e ptibili ty
s h e l t e r an d c l o th in g fe w d e l ight s a p o s iti on of c o n tu m e l y
ar e all p a i nfu l ; b u t th e y d o n o t ac t u all y o p e r at e at e v e r y
Th e s ti m u l u s o f t h e w ill t o w ar d th e m o ff by
m om e n t
in d u s try fru g al ity t em p e ra n c e or any of t h e o th e r w ay s t o
i s a t c e r t a in m o m e n t s s u pp l i e d from t h e p re ss u r e o f
w e al th
s om e

great,

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s u s t a in i ng

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r e m a n ng

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m i s e r ie s m u s t b e t h e

TH I DEA L

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i d e al

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If t h e r e b e

ib il it y t o al l th ose ev il s conj oine d w it h a r e p u g

n an ce t o c o nt in u ou s a n d r e g u l ar l ab ou r o nl y o n e r e s u l t c a n
e n su e t h e s l ot hful n e s s a n d d e g r a d a t i on o f t h e l o w e s t r ace s
Th er e m ay h ow e v e r b e a c on s id era bl e s e ns e of t h e su ffer ings
of p enu ry u n d e r t h e a c t u al p r e s s u r e o f hu ng e r c ol d 0r p r iv a
t io n w i t h a n i nt e ll ig e n c e s o d e p l or a bl y u nr et e nt iv e a s n o t t o
re p r e s e n t t h o s e m i s e r ie s t o t h e w ill in t h e in t erv al s o f t h e ir
Th e c o n s e qu e n c e i s t h at t h e p r e v e nt iv e e ffor t s ar e
c e s s a t i on
A n in t ell ige n c e
t fu l u n c e r t a in a n d t h e r e for e in a d e qu a t e
o f a n o t h e r c as t k e e p s t h em e v e r i n t h e e y e of t h e m in d c o n
fr o n t ing t h e m w it h e ac h c o u n t e r m ot iv e o f p l e as u r abl e e a se
an d p a infu l t o il ; w h e n c e e m er g es t h e m a n o f un f al t e r ing
r s e v e r in g in d u s t r y
e
p
6 Th e p l e a s u r e s of A ffe c t i o n Am it y P e ac e an d G o o d
By s o m e t h e y a r e
w ill co n s t it u t e o n e o f ou r l e a d ing mot iv e s
fe l t an d r e p re se nt e d s t r ongl y ; b y o t h er s v ery s l ight l y When
s t ro ng t h e y ov e r b e ar m u c h o f t h e in fe r i or k in d o f s e l s h n e s s
a n d s u p p r e s s a ll h a s t y e b u lli t io n s t h a t d i s t u r b o u r p e a c e fu l
r e l a t io n s
Al t h o u gh t h e s e p l e asu r e s c o u nt am on g ou r n o bl e s t i m
u l se s t h e y d o n ot r i s e t o t h e p it c h o f p u r e l v d i s int e r e s t e d
p
c o n d u c t ; y e t w e m u s t r e cog n i z e i n t h e w e ll co n s t it u t e d m i n d
t h e e xi st e n c e o f d i s in t e r es t e d n e s s p u r e an d s im p l e a p o w e r
i n p e rp e t u al c o n ic t w it h a l l t h e s e l f r e g ar d ing i m p ul s e s
Su c h c o n i c t i s al m o s t b u t n ot al t og e t h e r c oin c i d e n t w it h
It i s in t h e
t h e e t ern al s t r u ggl e b e t w e e n D u t y a n d I nt e r e s t
c o n s id er at i o n o f Sy m p a t h y t h at w e c a n b r ing t o l igh t t h e c i r
c u m s t an c e s t h a t a u g m e nt t h e fo r c e of t h e d i s int e r e s t e d m o t iv e s
d u l n e ss

o f s e ns

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h a v e p u t t h e c as e o f a c o n
ic t o f t h e i d e al w it h t h e ac t u al , a s w h e n a p r e se n t g rat i ca
t i o n o f t h e se ns e i s o pp os e d t o a fu t u r e r e p r e s e nt e d by t h e

7 In
.

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c o n i ct s
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ill u st r at ion t o o t h er
Th e o p p o s i ng m o t iv e s m ay b o t h b e id e al as w h e n
r o s p e c t iv e d a y of p l e asu r e i s c ou p l e d w it h t h e a rr ay of s u b
p
.

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THE CO F L C

4 06

or

MOT I VES

qu e nt p ains Our d e c is ion d ep end s r st on t h e comp ara

t iv e int e n s it y of t h e t w o a s for m e rl y e x p e r i e n c e d n e x t o n t h e
fait hfu l n e s s of t h e r e c oll e c t i o n o f e ac h
I f m em ory h a s
r e t a in e d t h e
l
a s u r e in all t h e c ol o u ri n
l
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e
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f
t
h
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p
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w h il e t h e p a infu l p ar t i s s c ar c e l y at al l r e m e m b er e d in it s
d e t e rr ing p ow er w e s h al l b e su r e t o give w ay t o t h e p r om p t
ings of t h e s id e of in d u l g e n c e e v e n al t h ou gh in a n ac t u al
c o n i c t t h e o t h e r w e r e s t r o n g e n ou gh t o p r e v a il
Ne it h e r i s
t h e c a s e u n co m m o n of a p r o s p e c t iv e p ain d e b arr i ng u s fro m a
o w in g t o t h e
c ou r se o f e nj o y m e nt
c ir c u m s t a n c e t h at t h e
e nj oy m e n t i s fe e bl y r e p r e s e n t e d in com p a r i so n o f it s r iv al
I
m ay u n d e rr at e t h e s at i s fac t i on t h at I sh all d er iv e fr om jom
i ng i n s o m e a m u se m en t b e c au s e I h av e n ot a s u fc i e nt r e c ol
l e c t i o n o f m y p r e vi ou s e xp e r i e n c e w hil e I r e t a in s t r o ngl y t h e
a i n o f l os s o f t im e o r t h e r e m i s s i o n of s o m e o t h e r oc c u a
p
p
We ar e t hu s t h e vic t im s of
t i o n t h a t e ng ag es m y m in d
Th e w e l l s t am p e d a n d fa m ili ar p l e asu r e
u n fa ir c o m p ar i son s
i s ap t t o m ov e u s t o s e t a s id e s om e st ill gr e at e r d e l ight n ot
a d e qu at e l y c o n c e iv e d b e c a u s e i t i s s el d om r e p e at e d a n d l a s e s
p
int o a re m o t e and forgo t t en p ast He t ha t h a s h ad few
o c c a s i o n s o f e x c it in g s p o r t m ay n o t d o j u s t i c e t o t h i s p l e asu r e
a s a m ot iv e e s p e c i all y w h e n t h e v e r y l a t es t e x p e r i e n c e i s n o w
I t is n o d ou b t p os si bl e t o m ak e u p for t h e
l ong gon e b y
w a nt o f re p e t it i on i n t h e a c t u al by r ep et it io n in t h e i d e al ;
a s w h e n o n e or t w o d ay s o f s u c c e ssfu l p l e a s u r e ar e a bl e t o
s u s t a in t h e m s el v e s i n t h e fo n d r e coll e ct i on o f m a n y s uc c ee d
ing y e ar s
8 A s re gar d s t h e Aggr e gat e d or C om p r e h e n s ive e nd s
P r op e rt y He al t h Soc i e t y E d u c a t i o n Worl d l y p o s i t io n &c
Th e ir for c e d e p en d s u p on t h e
n ot m u c h n e e d s b e s a i d
u l t i m at e p l e a s u r es t h at t h e y s u p p l y a n d t h e p ai n s t h a t t h e y
a cc or d in
a n d w e a r e u rg e d by t h e m
r e bu t
g t o ou r s e n s e
o f t h e s e ; al l o w an c e b e in g m a d e for t h e t e nd e n c y o f s om e o f
t h e m t o t ak e o n a n i n d e p e n d e nt c h a rm fr o m t h e p a r t i c u l ar
We m ay b e t oo l it tl e m ov e d b y
c h ar ac t er of t h e aggr e g a t e
t h e s e gr e a t o bj e c t s o f p u r s u it as w e l l a s t o o m u c h
On e m ay
n o t b e cau s e o f
so m e t i m e s s l igh t t h e ac q u i s i t i o n o f w e al t h
se

'

C HA P TER
.

D ELIBER A T I ON

c o m p li c at o n o f

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D ELIBER ATI ON
1

VII

v ol u n t ar

m ot i v e fo r c e s

on e op p o s ng

a c t , u n d er

FF OR T

c on c u rr e n ce or

Th er e i s im p li e d in t h e r s t
c ou p l e o f fe eli n g s n e it h e r b e in g

i g a s t o ov er r id e t h e o t h er I t i s a su p p os abl e
c as e e m b o d ie d in t h e im m o r t al ill u s t r at i o n of B u ri d an t h at
t h e t w o h os t il e m o t iv e s m ay b e s o e v e nl y b al a n c e d t h a t n o
a c t i on e n su e s
Th e an im al s h u nge r i s b au l k e d b e c au s e t h e
t w o b u n d l e s o f ha y ar e s o e qu al i n a tt r a c t i o n t h a t h e c ann ot
A p l e a su r e m ay b e o p p o s e d t o a p ai n w it h
t u rn t o e it h e r
s u c h a p re c i s el y a dju s t e d e qu iv al e n c e t h a t w e r e m ain a t r e s t
Thi s i s c all e d b e ing u n d e c id e d an d i s a v er y u s u al ev e nt
B u t d u r ing t h e m o m e n t s of a b e y a n c e or s u sp e n d e d a c t i on t h e
c u rr en t o f t h e t h ou gh t s b r in g s fo r w ar d s o m e n e w m o t iv e t o
t h r ow i t s w e igh t in t o o n e s ca l e ; w h e n c e ar i s es a p r e p on d e r
A r s t p r e s e n t at i on of t he c a s e giv e s a n e qu al it y
an c e
o r if t h e rs t v i e w
se con d t h ou gh t s e s t a bl is h a s u p e r i or it y
n
t
r e a t i n e qu al it y t h a t w o u l d l e a d t o i m m e d i a t e
r
e
s
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s
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d ec i s i o n y e t if t h e a c t i o n i s n ot at o nc e en t e r e d o n s u b s e
qu e nt cons id er at ion s m ay l e ad t o e qu ali t y an d su sp e n s e
K n ow ing al l t h is fr o m ou r ow n e x p er i e n c e w e c o m e t o s e e
t h at i t i s d a ng er o u s t o c arr y i nt o e ffe c t t h e r e su l t of t h e r st
t of o pp os ing for c e s ; a n d t h is ap p r e h e n s i o n of e v il
c om b a
c o n s e qu e n c e s is a s ti m u l an t o f t h e w il l li k e a ny o t h er p a i n
Th e
Ac c o r d in gl y I t e r m t h e d e l ib e r at iv e p r oc e ss v ol u n t ar y
r o m p t ing o f p ro b a bl e e v il fr o m g iv ing w ay t o h a s t y d ec i s i o n
p
a rr e s t s a c t i o n e v e n al t h o u gh a gr e a t p r e p o n d e r a n c e o f o th e r
im p u l se s i s i n f av ou r of a p ar t icu l ar c ou r s e In m any in s t an c es
a t h ir d el e m e n t i s i nt r o d u c e d o f s u f c i e n t p o w er t o n e u t r a
Th u s
l i z e t h e asc e n d an c y o f t h e s t r o n g e r o f t h e t wo o t h e r s
t h e n e it h e r i n an e qu al b al a n c e w h i c h nu ll i es a ll a c t i on o r
i n a n u n e qu al c on t e s t w h e r e e xp e r i e nc e s u gge s t s t he p oss i
s o com m a n d n

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THE

MOT I VE

b e ing ot h er

TO DEL BER A

T I ON

4 09

id er at ion s t h an t ho se at pr es ent
b efor e t h e m in d t h er e i s a p er iod of su sp en s e an d an op p or
t u nit y for t h e r i s e o f n e w s u gg e s t i on s t hro u gh t h e t r a in s o f
as s oc i a t i on o r n e w o b s e rv at i on s o f r e l e v ant fa c t ; y e t i n t h i s
o p e r at i on o f d e l ayi n g t h e n al a ct i on t h e r e i s n o t h ing e x
It
t ra n e ou s t o t h e n a t u r e o f t h e w il l as hi t h e r t o d e s c r ib e d
i s t h e m e m or y o f p a s t p a in s fr om t oo r ap i d l y p r o ce e d i ng t o
ac t t h at c on s t it u t e s a s t im u l u s t o t h e vol u n t ar y o r g a n s by
a s a b r e a k er a h e a d
s u g ge s t i n g t h e re n e w a l o f t h os e p ai n s
Th is i s n o th in g m or e t h an t he r e m e m br ance of a sl e e p l e s s
n igh t r e s t r ain in g o n e fro m r e p e at ing t h e m i s t a k e t h at c a u s e d
it
Th e m ot iv e of th e d e l ib er at ing v ol it i o n i s som e t im e s an
e x c it e d o ne
for t h e e v il o f a t oo qu i c k d e c i s i o n be in g onl y a
r
b
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o f t e rr o r w it h i t s e x ag g e r at e d i n u e n ce u p o n t h e t h ou ght s
a n d t hr o u gh t h e m u on t h e w il l ; a n d t h e p os t p o n e m ent of
p
I t i s o ne of t h e
a c t i o n may b e c ar r i e d t o a n a b su r d l e n gt h
m
ak e
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d e c i s iv e e s t im a t e of t h e am oun t of t im e a n d th ou gh t t o b e
a ll o w e d for t h e i n ux o f c o n s i d e r a t i on s o n b o t h s i d e s o f t h e
c as e an d a t t h e e n d of s u ch r e a so n ab l e t im e a n d t h ou gh t t o
giv e w ay t o t h e s id e t h at t h e n a pp e ar s t h e st rong er Am ong
t h e e rr or s t h at m e n l n g e n e r al a re l i abl e t o a r e h as t y d ec i s i o n
Th e
a n d p r o t r ac t e d i n d e c is i on on t h e ot h e r
on o ne h a n d
d i f c u l t y o f al l o w ing s p a c e for d e l ib erat i on i s m an ife stl y i n
c r e as e d ac c o r d ing a s t h e m ot iv e for in s t an t p ro ce d u re i s v e r y
h
an d o f p as s 1 o n b ro o k s n o
r e at
T
he i m e t u o s it y o f y o u
t
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p
d el a y t h e fe e bl e r s en s ib il it i es o f ag e a n d l a n g u or o f t e m p er a
We m ay
m e n t m ak e h es it a t i on a m at t e r of l itt l e an n o y an c e
s a y n o t w it hs t an d ing t h at t h e ill fr u i t s o f a c t ing b e for e al l
t h e opp os ing p l e a s u r e s an d p a in s i nv ol v e d h av e be en fa irl y
a rr ay e d i n t h e v i e w
c o n s t it u t e an e n d o f av o i d an ce of t h e
I nt e r m e d i a t e c l a s s w h i c h n d s a p l a c e i n t h e l i s t o f p r om p t e r s
A d oor
t o t h e w il l i n {ev e ry w e ll c o n s t it u t e d hu m a n b e in g
i s t hu s op e n e d t o a v ery gr eat e nl arge m e n t of th e s p h er e
Th is on e m ot iv e originat es im p u l s es
o f v ol u nt ary a c t i o n
t o p r ev e nt m any p ai nfu l c on se qu en c e s of w h i ch ind ee d
b il it y

of

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'

41 0

DEL BER A

T I ON

i
Fr om it s
o p e r at i o n s p r i n g s t h e o
r t u n it y for ou r v ar i ou s s ou r c e s o f
o
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su ffe r ing o r d e l i h t t o c onfr on t on e an o t h er i d e all
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y b e for e
com ing t o a c on i c t act u al l y
We ar e t h en l e ss and l e s s t h e
sl av e s of is ol at e d or i n iv i d u al im u l s e s or t o u s e t h e c om m on
p
d
l angu ag e w e t ak e a hi gh er r ank a s fr e e ag e nt s
By int r o
d u c ing t h e p r o c e s s o f d el ib e r at i on a n d su s p en s e of j u d gm e n t
ou r d e c i s i on s ap p r o x im at e m or e t o ou r int e r est s or h app in e s s
su mm ar

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im p l e e x am p l e A d em and su d d e nl y ris es
t o a r el at iv e fr i e n d or s o m e o n e in t h e
.

i
of our sy m p at hy an d e s t e e m
We ar e h er e p l ac e d
b et w e e n a sacri c e invol v ing p ain or p r ivat i on t o s el f an d t h e
i mp u l s e sp ringing ou t of ou r t e n d er fe eli ng t ow ar d s anot h er
A n in s t an t an e ou s d e c i s i o n w ou l d s h ow w h i c h fe e l ing w a s
s t r ong e s t at t h e m o m e n t of t h e r s t p r ese n t a t i on of t h e c as e
Exp er i enc e h ow e v er h as t au ght u s t h at p a infu l c on s e qu en ce s
and
ar e a t t o e n su e fr om t h o se i n s t an t ane ou s d e c i s i on s
p
w it h o u t p e r ill i ng t h e i nt er e s t t h a t m ay b e at s t a k e w e s t op
for a l it t l e t im e an d p e rm i t t h e in u x of o t h er c o n s i d e ra t i ons
a r i s in g ou t of t h e c as e
Th e d es e r t s an d c on d u c t o f t h e p e r s on
in qu e s t i on ar e l o o k e d a t on all s id es P e rh ap s t h e a s s i s t an c e
d e m and e d w il l b e w a s t e fu ll y e m p l oy e d w it h o u t r e n d e rin g
su b s t a nt i al g oo d ; w h i ch c on s t i t u t es a m o t iv e for ce ag a in s t t h e
d e m and
P e r h ap s w e ou r s e l v e s h av e b e e n t h e r e c ip i e n t o f
fr e qu e nt b e ne t s a t t h e h an d o f t h e s am e p erson ; w h i c h c o n
s id er at i o n ri s i n g u p t o t h e m ind s t r e n gt h e n s t h e i m p u l s e o n
t h e o t h e r s id e
A g ain w h a t i s w a n t e d m ay am ou n t t o a
s er i ou s r e d u c t i on o f ou r ow n m e an s s o a s t o a ffe c t o u r i n d e
h
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s o m e fa c t t o n e u t ra l i z e s o m e
p r e c e d ing o n e a n d t o re d u c e t h e
m agn it u d e o f t h e o p p o s ing arr ay
Eve ry n ew s u gge st ion t e nd s
t o a d d t o o r t o s u b t r a c t fr o m o n e s i d e or t h e o t h er A t on e m o
m e nt a m o t iv e a p p e a r s in gr e at for c e at t h e n e x t a c ir c u m s t a n ce
c o m e s t o v i e w t h at t ak e s aw ay h al f i t s ur e n c y
Th e w e ll
g
d i s c i p li n e d d e l ib e r at iv e Wil l m e anw h il e re s is t s t h e p r o m p t i ng
o f t h e s t ro ng er s i d e u nt il n o t h i ng n e w an
y l o nge r p r es e n t s
c r cl e

12

'

'

DEL BER A
'

T I ON

id e al d ist an c e s o t h e r s t m om en t of t h e ris e of a m ot iv e int o

vie w i s t he m os t e fcac io u s an d a t r a ini ng i s w an t ed t o p r e
v en t ou r a ct ing t hi s ou t t o th e 1 njur y of t h e ot her s The
t h e r efo r e b e ou r m o ni t or
s e n se of b a d c o n s e qu e n c es m u s t
h er e t oo
Many a sh arp e x p er i e n c e h as t au ght u s t h at t h e
d t h e fe e li ng s o
l at es t t h ou gh t i s n o t n
e c e s s aril y t h e b e s t ; a n
a r is in g i s a p r om p t er o f t h e w ill t o r e s i s t th e t o o gr e at i m p r es
s i v e n e s s of t h e n e w l y
s p r u ng u p su gg e s t i on
Th e mi nd by
d e gr e es u n d er g o e s a d i s c ip l i n e t o k e e p b ac k t h e im p u l s e o f
t h e s t r o ng p r e s e nt an d p ut i t o n a l e v el w it h t h e fa di ng p a s t
T h u s t o t a k e an e a s y
in t h e d e c i s i on s t h at l e a d t o ac t i on
Th er e i s p r op os e d t o on e t h e al t er n at iv e of a l ife
e x am p l e
of l ibe r t y w i t h s m all m e an s a n d a lif e o f co n s t r aint w i t h
c o n s id e r a b l e a ffl u e n c e
Su p p os m g t h at t h e r e i s n o ov e r
r i n g s t r e n t h o f fe eli ng on e it h e r s i d e s u c h a s a n i nv e t e
w
o
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p
g
r at e l o v e
of fr e e d o m or an all a b s or b i ng l ov e of w e al t h
t h e c a s e d e m an d s a c er t ain d e l ib e r a t i o n
Tim e be ing all ow e d
for t h e su rv e y an d e s t im at e of all t h e p ar t i c u l ars fav o u r
t h e r e i s gr a d u all y
on b o t h si d e s
abl e a n d u nfav ou r ab l e
an d w h e n
ac c u m u l at e d a s u m o f m ot iv e p ow erp r o an d ( on
e v er y t h ing th at c an affe ct t h e d e c i s i on h as c om e for w ar d
t h e a c c o u n t i s c l os e d an d t h e r es ol u t i on a d op t e d s h o w s
I t m ay h ap p e n th at e it h er t h e
w h i ch s i d e i s t h e s t r o n g e r
i
r r e s tr a in t
or t h e mi s e r i e s of
v e rt y
m
ay
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n
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s
a
p
p
for th i n ac c i d e nt al p r o m in e nc e a t t h e t im e of t h e d e c i s i o n an d
t u r n t h e s c al e on t h e s id e t h a t i s w e a k er o n t h e w h ol e . A
know l e d g e of t hi s p o s s ibi l it y w ou l d in d u ce an e x p er ie n c e d
t
t
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r e s ol u t i on
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of d e c id in g i n s u c h c ir c u m s t an c e s c o ns t a n t l y e x e m p l i e d b o t h
by s ingl e ind iv id u al s an d b y p u bli c b o di es So d ifcu l t d oe s it
ap p e ar t o b e t o c on qu e r t h e t e n d e n c y t h at w e ar e o ft e n o bli g e d
t o ac c e p t a s a s u f c i e nt ex c u s e for s om e w r ong j u d gm e nt t h at
t h e m in d s o f m e n w er e u n d ul y im p re s s e d w it h s o m e s t irr in g
Th e c o n d e m n at i o n by t h e
e v e nt t h at j u s t t h e n h ap p e n e d
At h e n i an s of t h e t e n g e n e ral s aft e r t h e b at t l e o f Ar gin u s ae
b e c au se in a fu ri ou s s t or m t h e y h a d no t r e s cu e d fr om d r ow n
ing t h e s e am e n o f t h e ir d i s abl e d s h ip s w as d e c id e d o n u nd er
,

'

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N K LI N S MORAL

FR A

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A LGEBR A

41 3

b u r s t of fam il y fe el ing t hat ac com p anie d t h e fe s t iv al

o f th e Ap a t u r i a
Th e h i s t or i an sp e a k i ng of t h e At h e n i an
l
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rall y w hil e r e b u t t ing t h e c h ar e of c k l e n es s a n d
g
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inc onst an c y m a d e ag ain st t h e m ac cu s es t h e m of t h e w e akn ess
for w e akn e s s i t i s of b e in
n gl y u r e d by t h e
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im p r e ssio n u pp e r m os t at t he m om e nt A ny e x c it ing qu e s
t i o n r a i se d t h e m t o t h e im p a s s ion e d p it ch a n d t h e r es ul t w a s

s o m e t h in g t h a t t h e y h a d o ft e n t o r e p e n t of !
4 It is i n t r u t h n o e a s y m att er i n a c om p l i c at e d c as e
i c e l y b al an ce d t o r e t a in i n t h e m in d t h e:j u s t v al u es of al l
t h e o p p os ing c on s id e r a t i on s s o as at t h e in s t ant o f c l osi ng
Th e
t h e a c c ou n t t o ha v e a t r u e s u m t ot al o n e a c h s i d e
r e at g e n iu s o f p ru d e n t i al
c
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h a s l e ft o n r e c o rd a r e mar k abl e l e tt e r a d d r e s s e d t o J os ep h
of
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P r i e stl e y e nt it l e d Mor a l A lg ebr a
or m ethod
d ou btf u l m a tter s w i th on e s self i n w h i c h h e re com m e n d s t h e
u se
in d ail y l ife qu es ti ons o f t h e ar t i c i al m e t h o d s p r ac
I qu ot e t h e l e tt er e nt ir e
t is e d i n m o n e y a c c ou nt s
In t h e affair of so m u ch im p or t an c e t o y ou w h e r e in y o u as k
m y a d v i c e I c a nn ot for w an t o f s u f c i e nt p r e m i s e s cou n s el y o u
w h a t t o d e t e rm in e ; bu t if y o u p l e a s e I w ill t el l y ou how
W h en t h o s e d if c u l t c as es o cc u r t h ey ar e d if cu l t ch ie y
be c au se w hil e w e h ave t h em u nd er c on s id er at ion al l th e
r e a s o n s p r o a n d con ar e n o t p r e s e n t t o t h e m in d a t t h e s a m e
t im e b u t s om e t im es o n e s e t p r e s e nt t h e m s e l v e s an d a t ot h er
He n c e t h e v ar i ou s
t im e s a n o t h e r t h e r s t b e i ng ou t o f s ight
a nd t h e
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u n c ert a int y t h a t p e rp l e x e s u s
To get ov er t h i s m y w ay i s t o d ivi d e h al f a sh e e t of p ap e r
by a li n e int o t w o c ol u m ns w r it ing ov er t h e on e p r o an d ov e r
t h e ot h e r con ; t h e n d u r i ng t h re e o r fo u r d ay s c o n si d e r a t i on I
u t d o w n u n d e r t h e d iffe r e n t h e a d s sh or t h i nt s of t h e d iffe r e n t
p
m ot iv e s t h at a t d iffe r e nt t im e s o c c u r t o m e f or or a ga i ns t t h e
When I h av e t hu s g ot t h e m al t oge t her in on e v i ew
m e a su r e
I e n d e av ou r t o e st im at e t h e ir re s p e c t iv e w e igh t s an d w h en I
n d t w o (on e on e ac h s i d e ) t h at s e e m e qu al I s t r i k e t h e m
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t h e p r ec i si on of al ge b r a ic q u an t it i e s y e t w h e n
e ac h i s t h u s Cons id er e d s e p arat el y a n d c o m p ara t iv el y an d t h e
w h ol e l i es b e for e m e I t h in k I c an j u d g e b e tt e r a n d am l e s s
l i abl e t o t ak e a fal se s t e p ; a n d in fac t I h av e fo u n d gr e at
a d v ant ag e fr o m t h i s k in d o f e qu a t i on in w h a t m ay b e t e rm e d
o c cu r s

on e

'

m or a l

or

ru

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a lg ebr a

i g th e

g by t h e
In b u s in e s s and
n o t t o b e d e sp is e d
r e fou n d in d i s p e n sa b l e ;
i n s c i e n c e a u x il i ar i e s of t h i s n at u r e a
t h e hu m an m ind c ou l d n ot h av e t ak en t h e s t r i d e s o f im p r ov e
m e nt t h at w e n ow b en e t by w it h ou t a v e ry l ar ge a m ou nt o f
Hav ing t h is convi ct i on I w il l v e nt u r e t o
form al p ro c e d u r e
s u ggest anot h er d e v i ce o f a s imi l ar n at u r e w h i c h m ay b e
I t is m or e p art i cu l arl y
r es o rt e d t o i n d i f c u l t d el i b e r a t i o n s
a im e d a t t h e w e ak n e s s l a s t d e scr i b e d o u r b e in g t oo mu c h
im p r e ss e d by t he m ot ive s p r e se nt at t h e m om e nt w h e n t h e
I w ill s u pp os e t h at w e h av e a c e r t a in l e ngt h
c as e i s cl ose d
of t im e all ow e d for d e c id ing b et w e e n t w o d iffer e n t c o u r s e s o f
a ct i o n s ay a m ont h of t h irt y o n e d ay s an d t h a t t h e m in d i s
at w or k e v e r y d ay e n t e r t a i n ing t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a n d fe el in g s
We m ay or m ay n ot e m p l o y
on t h e t w o op p os it e s i d e s
Frankl in s m et ho d of u s ing a b al an c e sh e e t ; t h at h as it s
s ep ar at e ad v ant age s w it h o u t i n t er fe r i ng w it h t h e p l a n h e r e
int end e d Wh at I sh ou l d su gges t is t h at e v ery :e e ning w e
r e c or d t h e i m r e s s i o n o f t h e d a
p
y or p u t d o w n t h e s 1 d e w hi c h
p r e p on d e ra t es a c c or d in g t o t h e b al a n c e o f m o t iv e s p as s ing
t hr o u gh t h e mi nd in t h e c ou r s e o f t h a t d a
i
a
n
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
s
y ;
r e c o r d s h oul d b e c on t in u e d d u r i n
g t h e w h o l e p e r i o d t h a t t he
d el i b e r at i on l as t s
I t w oul d h ap p e n t ha t s om e da y s w e
fe el t h e p r e s s u re o f t he m o t iv es m or e a cu t e l y on one s id e
5 Su ch a me t h o d
a rt i c es o f fo r m al i t y, i s
.

of

ai d n

u n d e r s t an di n

'

'

41 6

DEL BER A

goo d m e tho d of go ing t o w ork

Th e r e c o r d i ng of t h e d a il y i m p r e ss io n s i s o f s o m e u s e as
s h o w ing h o w t h e t h ing ap p e ar s t o t h e mi n d in t h e m aj or it y o f
d ay s b u t t he r e m ay b e a fal s e c ol ou ring p r e v al e nt fr om r s t
To ge t at t h e a c t u al e x p e r i e n c e or g e nui n e fe e l in g s
t o l a st
o f a n u m b e r o f p ers o n s t h at h av e p asse d t h r ou gh t h e s am e
c ar e e r i s o ne v al u abl e d a t u m ; an d if w e c an n d a ny o n e
We
c o n s t it u t e d v e r y n ea rl y l ik e ou r s e l v e s so m u c h t h e b e t t er

t m e w an t e d for t h

is

T I ON

b u t al s o

h av e t o o m u ch m att e r

c an n e v e r

of

fa c t in for m at i o n , w h e n

it t ing ou r s e l v es t o an u nt rie d c ar e er The c h o ic e of a

h
h
ng e o f o n e s c ou nt r y b y e m igr at i on
r o fe ss i o n
t
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p
u n d e rt a k in g of an e x t e n s i v e w or k t h a t w e c an not g o b ac k
fr om t h e c ont r a c t ing o f t h e irr e v o c ab l e t i e o f d o m e s t i c lif e
ou gh t all t o b e l oo k e d a t w i th r e fer e n c e t o t h e fa c t s a n d t h e
fo r e gon e e x p e r i e n ce o f t ru s t w or t h y n arr at or s w h il e t h e d eli
b er at ion m ay b e tl y aid e d an d p r o t e c t e d b y form al it ie s su c h
Th e fe e l ing s o f t h e m o m e n t m u s t b e
a s t h os e n o w s e t fo r t h
r e s i s t e d b y t h e m a c h in e r y o f t h e int e lli g e n c e a t l e as t t o t h i s
e x t e nt t h at t h e r e s ol u t i o n di c t at e d by t h r e e d ay s c o n s i d e ra t i on
s h all n ot h a v e e qu al w e igh t w i t h t h e d e c i s i o n s c o m e t o i n v e
c om m

o t h e rs

bj e ct of D e l ib er at ion t h ere for e th er e is

n o e x c e p t i o n fu r nis h e d ag a in s t t h e g e n e ral t h e or y o f t h e Wi l l
m ain t a in e d i n t h e pr e v i o u s p age s t h at in
or t h e d o ct r in e
v ol it ion, t h e e x e cu t iv e is u nifor m l y p u t in m o t ion by s om e
n
r e se n t or a
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Wh e n i n s t e a d o f a c t i n g o u t t h e r e s u l t o f t h e r s t
e x c it e d
c l ass o f m o t iv e s w e r es i s t t h e im p u l s e s t o a c t i o n an d a w ai t
t h e in c u r s i on o f t h e o t h er m o t iv e s ap p e r t a ini ng t o t h e c as e
a
i
t h e e x e rt i on i s a t ru l y v ol u n t ar y a c t
a
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p
pp
co n c e iv e d n am e l y t h e p ain s u gg e s t e d by fo r e g o n e e x p er i e n c e
a s l i k e l y t o a ri s e fr om hu r r i e d a c t io n i n a c o m l i c
t
a
e d m a tt e r
p
s p u r s t h e ac t ivi ty t o r es i s t t h e p r o m p t i ng o f t h e s t r o n e r o f
g
Th er e i s no e ss enti al d iffe r e nc e b e t w e en
t w o p r e s ent im p u l s e s
t h is op e r at i o n o f a d e t e r ri ng im p u l s e a n d t h e v ol u n t a ry p r o m p t
i ng t o k e e p o u t o f an y ot h e r m o d e o f im p e nd i ng h ar m
Th e
d is t i nc t i o n l ie s in t h e highl y i nt e ll e c t u al ch ar a c t er o f th e s e n
7 In t hi s
.

w h ol e s u

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No EXCEPT

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WI LL

41 7

E ith e r a c ar efu l s e ries Of ob s ervat ions on t h e

c on s e qu e n c e s o f ou r o w n a c t i on s an d t h e ac t i on s o f o t h e r
p e op l e or t h e i m b i bi ng o f t h e n a rr at e d e xp e r i e n c e o f t h e p a s t
h a s im p r es s e d u s w i t h a fe e l i ng o f e v il or mi s chi e f ar i sing
fr o m p r e c ip it at e d e c i s io n s b y n o m e ans a u su al e d u c at i o n
a n d t h e c o n c e t io n o f b a d c on s e qu e n c e s t a k e s t h e r an k o f a
p
p a i n i n u e n c ing t h e w ill a n d c as t ing i t s w e igh t i nt o e v er y
c on i c t o f m o t iv e s
In t h e e arl i e r s t ag e s o f l ife t h i s art i c i al
s e ns i b il it y i s b u t fe e b l y d e v el op e d ; t im e c ar e fu l t r a in i ng o ne s
o w n o b s er v a t io n s a n d r e ec t io n s b r ing o n t h e e ffe c t iv e m a t u r it
y
o f t h e fe e l ing a n d g i v e it t h at en d u r i ng h ol d o f t h e int ell e c t
w h er e b y it t a k es i t s s t an d i n arr e s t i ng a h as t y j u d gm e nt
8 Le t u s n ow m a k e a fe w o b s e r v a t i o n s o n t h e m e an ing o f
R ES OLUT I ON a s a p h as e o f ou r v ol u n t ar y a c t i o n s
Th e cl o s e
de l ib e rat iv e p r oce s s im p l i es t ha t t h e p r om p t ing t o d el ay
b eg o tt en of t h e s en s e Of d a nge r n ow d isc u s se d c e as es its e x i
g e h e i s s b e i ng fu l l y s at i s e d Th er e w o u l d t h e n fo ll o w a c ou r s e
o f a c t i o n i n a c co r d an c e w it h t h e m o t iv e s t h at p r e v a il
J u st
a s h av in g e x ami n e d s e v e r al ar ti cl e s i n a s h o p w e p u r ch as e
s ib ilit y

i n vol v e d

the

t h at p l e ase s u s m os t , s o i n e v er y o t h er c as e
m i na t e d c o n c t , a c t on fol l o w s as a n e c e s s ar r es u l t
on e

of

t er

Th e r e

int erm ed iat e s t ep s t o b e d e s c rib e d n or any p ow er t o b e

c o n s u l t e d i n p a s s ing fr om a fe l t p l e a s u r e o r p a in t o t h e a c t i o n
r e co n i z e d a s
I t i s t h e n at u r e o f
g
p r o p e r t o t h e e m e rg e n c y
t h e w il l t o c o nn e c t a t o n c e a n d d e c i s iv e l y a p l e asu r e w it h
t h e e x e r t i o n t h a t s u s t a i ns or i n cr e a s e s it a n d a p ain w i t h t h e
Wh e n su sp e n se ar ise s it i s t hr ou gh
e x er t i on t h at re li e v e s it
s om e n e w i n u e n c e t h a t c h e c k s t h e r e gu l ar an d o r d in ar y c our s e
Th e d e li b e r at iv e v e t o i s a m o d e o f
o f t h e v ol u nt ar y fac u l t y
iv
i
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u t t h i s w it h d r aw n a c t i on e n s u e s
T
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i s n e v e r t h e l e s s o n e s it u at i o n o f s u sp e nse t h at l e a d s u s t o
r e c og ni z e an int e r m e d i at e s t at e o f d ec is i on w it h ou t e x e c u t i o n

n am el y w h e n w e h av e d el ib er at e d o n a c ou r s e o f p r oc ee d i ng
s t ill fu t u r e so t h at t h e e x e cu t i o n m u s t w a it t ill a g iv en t im e
h a s e l ap s e d
In t h i s co n d it i o n o f t h ing s w e g iv e a n am e
t o t h e u n e x e c u t e d d e t er mi n at i on ; w e t e r m i t a R es ol u t i on
Th e m i n d h avi ng for m e d a re s ol u t i on t h at i s h avin g d el ib e
a re n o

27

41 8

R ESOLU

r at e d

t h e r e u p on

p r oce ed

w hi ch

fel t

an d

u rge d

p on

ou t

to

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mi n ar y

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.

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t h e w h ol e , i s

c ann o t

w or d s , t h e t r a n o f e

o th e r

at

onc e

x e c u t iv e

im

m o di c at i o n w hi ch may b e d e
I ns t e ad of d o in g at on c e w h a t i s su gge st e d ,
c er t a n

t a k e s p l a c e , n am e l , t h e a c t
w a t ng th e m o m e nt , kn ow n

ii

or

er

vol it i on

for w a t chi ng

com m e n c e

id e

c ou rs e

i t ; in

p u l s e s u n d er g o e s
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t h e m ain

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h a n d w hi ch c l as s e s h e s hall e nt e r
Th e d e c i s i on i s p r ob a bl y
for t h e

u n v ers

it y

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of op e n n g

i
s ay p r op e r l y t h at a d e c is i on

If we c an n ot foll ow ins t a n
t h e w ll n e v e r go e s t o s l e ep
t ane ou sl y t h e n at u r a l p r om p t in g of t h e s t r on e r m p ul s e , l eft

of

i
i n t h e as c e n d an t by t h e c e s s at i on Of t h e d e li b e rat i v e v e t o w e
ass u m e t h e at t it u d e of a tt e nt i on t o t h e t im e w h e n e x e c u t i o n
R e s ol ut i on t h e r efor e m e an s t h e p r eli m in ary
t o b e gi n
v oli ti on for as c e rtaining w h en t o e n t er u p on a s er ies of act ion s
Th e in t e rr u p t i on ar i s ing i n t hi s w a y i s
n e c es s ar il y d e fe rr e d
a p u r e l y ac c i d e n t al c i r c u m s t an c e an d in n o d e g r e e c hang e s
t h e p r o p e r c har act e r o f t h e w ill w h i ch i s t o e x e c u t e a t o n c e
w h at e v e r a m ot i v e e xis t s fo r
9 In foll ow ing ou t a d e c is i on of im p or t a n c e it m os t
fr e qu e n t l y h ap p e n s t h at t h e op er at i on s ar e p r ot r ac t e d o v e r a
I u n d e rt ak e a p i e c e of w ork li k e l y t o o c cu p y
l o ng t im e
m e s i x m o n t h s a n d m y r e s o l u t i o n m u s t s u s t a i n m y a c t iv e
ll t h at t im e
Nay w e h av e r es ol u t ions c ont inu
e n ergi es a
i ng t hr o u gh ou t o u r l i v e s as in thos e rul es t h at we p rop ose t o
o u r se l v e s a s t h e me ans o f a b at i ng the e vil s a n d e n h a n c ing t h e
Virt u e Wa s d e n e d by C ic ero as a
s a t i s fac t i o ns o f l ife
Vo l i t i o n s
p erp et u al w ill of ac t ing o u t v irt u ou s p r e c ep ts
o f t h i s c on t in u ous c h ar ac t e r a r e i n d a ng e r o f b e i n g o c ca
t h e se n s e of fa t igu e
si o n all y o v e rp ow e r e d by i n d ol e n c e
n
l
ea
r e s a nd s oli c it at i on s o f v ar i o u s k i nd s ; w hen c e it
i
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s
s
u
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42 0

R ES OLU

i
e q u al

ot h e r

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so
s e e m e d at t h e
t i m e a n al l p o w e r ful in u e n ce
1 0 We e x i s t fr om d ay t o d ay u n d er a h os t o f r es ol u t i on s
Th e in t e lli ge n c e i t s elf p u t i n m ot io n b y a gr an d v ol it i o n
h aving for i t s e n d t he h ar m on y o f t h e w h ol e l if e w h i c h m e an s
t h e av o i d a n c e of c l a s h in gs a n d fail u r e s ar r ange s t h e w or k t o
b e d on e fo r e a c h d ay a n d t h e a ct i on t o b e p er for m e d u n d e r
e v e r y s it u at io n ; a nd as t h e s u c c e ss iv e m o m e n t s a r r iv e t h e
m e m or y p r es e nt s t h e Op e r a t ion w it h it s ani m at ing m ot iv e an d
t h e or gan s a r e in sp ir e d a c c o r d ingl y
Th e r e sul t o f t h e w h o l e
i s m an ifo ld an d c om p l e x b u t t h e m e nt al l aw s ar e fe w an d
s im p l e
We m u st h ave a c ert ain d ev el op m e nt of t h e in
t el lig e n c e in t h e sh ap e o f m e m or y Of t h e su c c e s s i on t o b e
o b s er v e d o f t h e b eh avi ou r t o b e a d o t e d u n d e r e a ch d e n i t e
p
c ir cu m s t an c e an d of t h e
p a i n s a n d pl e a s u r es t h a t s u s t a in t h e
r equ i s it e l a b ou r
We m u st h av e an e d u cat e d e x e cu t iv e or
an as s o c i a t i o n
b et w e e n t h e v ar iou s s en s at ion s of ou t w ar d
t h i ng s a n d t h e ac t s p ro p e rl y s u it e d t o e ac h c as e as w h e n
t h e s ol d i e r o b e y s t h e w o r d o f c omm an d or t h e s o u n d o f t h e
t ru m p e t
E a ch m an s e n t ou t for a d ay s w or k a nd ac t u all y
ful ll ing i t i s p r ov i d e d w i t h all t h e s e r e qu i s it e s
He kn ow s
w h at t o t a k e u p r s t s e c on d an d t h ir d ; a p ar t i c u l ar h ou r i s
s p ec i e d for on e t h in g a n d h i s m e m or y r e t a in s t h e c o nn ex i o n
s o t h a t w h e n t h e h o u r s t r i k e s h e p r oc e e d s w i t h t h at ; an d
s h o u l d a c e r t a i n e v e n t u al it y h ap p en h e i s p r ov i d e d w it h an
a s s oc i a t i o n s u gges t ing w h a t c h a n g e or a d ap t a t i on h e m u s t
m ak e t o m e e t it a n d h e i s al so ali v e t o t h e p l e a s u r e o f d o i n g
o r t h e p a in o f n o t d o i ng t h e a pp oi nt e d a c t s o t h at a v ol i
t i on al sp u r e qu al t o t h e o c c as i o n Is n ot w a nt ing
Su c h i s a
An
r ou gh d e s c r ip t i o n o f o u r i n d u s t ri al l ife fro m d a y t o d ay
e d u c at e d a c t i v i t y m o t iv e s t o t h e w il l a nd an in t e ll ig e n c e t o
r e p r e se n t t h o s e m o t iv e s w h e n t h e y ar e n o t a c t u al p a in s o r
u r e s an d t o h ar m o n i z e t h e su c c e s s ion o f ou r Op er a t io n s
l
eas
p
ar e t h e g e n e r al fo u n d at i o n s o f all t h o s e m u l t i far io u s d o ing s
t h a t co n s t it u t e t h e s t re am of o u r ac t iv e l ife
1 1 I h av e r e se rv e d for t h e cl os e o f t h i s c h ap t e r t h e fa r th e r
,

'

MUSCULA R

N I

C O SC OUS

N ESS

DUR

ING

AC

T I ON

42 1

id er at ion of t h e fe el ing of EFFOR T u p on w h ich s o m u ch

s t r e s s i s l aid in t h e t h e or e t i c al qu es t i on s ar i s ing o n t h e s u b
o l u n t ar y a c t (as w e ll as s o m e a c t s n o t
i
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a cco m p an i e d w i t h c o n s c i o u s n e s s or fe e l in ; o f
v ol u n ta r y
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)
The or ig in al m o t iv e i s s o m e
w h i c h t h e r e m ay b e s e v e r a l s o r t s
h
r
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n
x p er i e n c e d or c on c e iv e d
T
a c t iv e e x e r t i o n
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p
p
i s a c c om p ani e d w it h t h e m u s c u l ar c o n s c i o u s n e s s agr e e a bl e in
s t a t e s o f vig o u r p a in ful u n d e r e x h au s t i o n o r fa t igu e
and
Now w h i ch o f
oft e n as re g ar d s p l e a s u re or p a in i n d iffe r e n t
t h e s e m o d e s o f c o n s c i ou s n e s s i s p r op er l y d e s ig n at e d by t h e
P r o b a bl y i t i ncl u d e s all t h e p h as e s of e xp en d e d
t e r m Effor t
e n e rg y p l e a s u r a bl e e x e r c i s e t h e p a in o f a c t in g u n d e r fa t i u e
g
b u t m o r e p a r t i c u l ar l y t h e
a n d t he t r a c t s o f m e r e i n di ffe r e n c e
h
T
e r e i s a co mm on p h r a s e c os t ing n o e ffor t
s e n s e o fat igu e
f

l ab ou r p a ins
t aki n g t r o u bl e w hi c h ar e
u s e d i n c on t r a s t t o
S o t h a t e ffo rt r e all y m e an s t h e m u s c u l ar
m o d e s o f e ffor t
a nd
c o n s c i ou s n es s a c c o m p a n yi ng v ol u n t ar y a c t iv i t y
m or e
It i s a c a s e of c o n i c t b e t w e e n
e s p e c i al l y in t h e p a in ful s t ag e
a m o t iv e u r g in g u s t o a c t a n d a mu s c u l ar o r o t h e r p a in t h a t
w o ul d k e e p u s fr o m a c t in g
Th e c on s c i ou sn es s of E ff o rt h as b e e n p u t forw ar d a s a d e
o is i v e c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n fav o u r o f t h e m e n t al o rigi n o f a ll m ov i n
g
c ons

p o w er

In

p as s age i n Sir

He r sc h e ll

J oh n

As t r o n o m y

I t i s o u r imm e d iat e c on s c iou s

n e s s o f e or t w h e n w e e x e r t fo r c e t o p u t m a t t e r i n m ot i on
o r t o op p o s e a n d n e u t r ali z e fo rc e w hic h g iv e s u s t hi s in t e r n al
c o ns c i o u s n e s s o f p ow er an d ca u s a ti on s o fa r a s i t r e fe rs t o t h e
m at e r i al w orl d a n d c om p e l s us t o b el i e v e t h a t w he n e v er w e
s e e m at e r i al o bj e c t s p u t i n m o t i o n fr o m a s t a t e o f r e s t , o r
d e e c t e d fro m t he ir r e c t ili n e al p a t h s an d c h a ng e d i n t h e ir
v e l oc it ie s if al r e ad y i n m o t i o n i t i s in c o n s e qu e n c e o f su c h a n
E FF OR T som eh ow e x e rt e d t h ou gh not ac c om p ani e d w it h ou r
Th is r ais es t w o v e ry gre at is s u es Fir s t t he
c o n s c iou s n e s s
a u t h or h ol d s m in d t o b e a p u r e l y i m m a t e r i al e x i s t e nc e y e t
a b l e t o o r ig in at e or e x e r t p h y s i cal for c e ; a s u p p os it i on t h a t
Bu t fa r t h er
c a n n o t w e ll b e m a int a i n e d in t h e p re se n t d a y
h e a s s ert s t h at t he m oving p ow e r in t h e in ani m at e w o rl d
o ccu rs

t h e fol l ow

i ng s e nt e n c e

42 2

EFF OR

yi ng m ent al e nergy thu s gr avit y

is n o t a p r op e r t y of m att er b u t t h e e xe r t i on of a c on c e al e d
m in d : a h yp o t h e s i s s t ill m or e gr a t u it ou s ; h av ing in d e e d
n o t h ing a
t all t o r e s t u p o n e x c e p t t h e a n al o gy b e t w e e n t h e
in ani m at e w orl d a nd s e nt ie nt b e in gs on t h e m er e p o int of
u tt in g fo r t h m e ch an i c al for c e or m o vi n g p o w er
p
Mind an d B od y ) I h av e di sc u s s e d
In a s ep ara t e w ork
at fu l l t h e c on c om it a n c e o f p h y s i c al op e r at i o n s w i t h m e nt al
r o c e s se s a n d d o n ot h e r e r ep r in t t h e a r u m e n t s i n re p l y t o
p
g
He r s ch ell in m y p r evi ou s e d it i on s
A n o th e r ap p l i c at i o n o f t h e c o n s c i ou s n e s s of E ff or t i s t o

m ak e a c as e for Fr e e Will a s ag a in s t D e t e r m ini s m o r t h e

e xc l u s iv e d e t e r m i n at i on of t h e v o l u n t a r y a c t i on s b y p r i or
m ot iv e s
Th e b e ar ing o f t h e p o in t
s t a t e s o f fe eli ng t h at i s
u p on t hi s c o n t rov e r s y w il l b e c o n s i d e r e d in t h e c h a t er d e
p
or

iginat e s

in

s o m e ac co m p an

v ot e d

to the

A t p r e s e n t I r e m ar k t h at E ffor t h as a
w i t h m o t iv e s i n t h e p r op er s e n s e of t h e w o r d

s u b e ct

xi on
If w e a r e r e s i s t e d i n so m e Obj e c t an d if t h e o bj e c t i s of l it t l e
val u e w e s u c cu m b or y i e l d t o t h e opp o s it i o n
If t h e o bj e c t
i s o f g r e at v al u e ,w e d o n o t s u c c u m b b u t m ak e an e ffor t
Th e gr ea t nes s o f t h e e ffort t h e p er s i s t e n ce in it t h e r e n e w al
o f i t w i t h a c c u m u l a t e d e n e rg y ar e (t o ap p e ara n c e a t l e a s t
)
g ov e rn e d by t h e s t r e n gt h o f t h e m o t iv e a n d t h e c h an ce s o f
n al l y o v e r co m in g t h e r es i s t a n c e
Ou r s t r iv in gs a ft e r an y
Effort s
t hin g ar e t h e me as u r e o f t h e v a l u e w e p u t u p o n i t
b e y on d t h e v al u e w oul d b e al t og et h e r irr at ion al On ou r p art
i f w e w er e m o v e d by a ny e x t r an e ous c au s e or b y n o c au s e a t
all t o p u t fo r t h an e x e r t i on n ot j u s t i e d by a s u it a bl e m o t iv e
ou r c o n d u c t w o u l d b e n o t p ru d e n ce o r d u t y b u t in s a n it
If
y
w e d o n o t p u t for t h an e ffor t in a c c or d an c e w i t h th e v al u e of
a t h in g i t i s b e c au s e w e d o n o t a d e qu a t el y fe e l i t ; an d t h e
m o t iv e n e e d s t o b e s t r e ngt h e n e d by a c ou r s e of r e e c t i on
If
w e d o fe el t h e m o t iv e a n d d o n ot ac t a cc or d ingl y t h e r e i s
s om e t h in g d e fe c t iv e in ou r c o n s t i t u t i o n w h i c h m a
y or m a y
n ot b e r e m e d i abl e ; b u t t h e r e m e d y w h a t e v e r i t i s c a n b e
ass ign e d an d r e a s o n e d a b ou t lik e a n
h
r
h
o
t
e
p en om enon o f
y
s t r ct c onn e

c au s e an d e ffe c t

4 24
v
a

DES R E.

ar c e

xp re sses

t he

n ot

frui t i on , b u t

th e

u rsu

it

of

Th er e i s n o n am e for t h e p u r e p l e a s u ge of k n ow
S o w it h
l e d g e ; c u r i os it y s ign i e s t h e s t at e Of ac t iv e d es ir e
t o in d i c a t e t h e r e al gr at i c at io n w e a r e o b l ige d t o
a m b it io n ;

t h e s e nt i
t h e p l e as u re o f p ow e r
u se c o m p l e x p h ras e s a s
I t w ou l d b e t o
m e n t o f p ow er p osses se d an d e xe r c i s e d
h
a s b e e n al r e a d y s a id res p e c t i n g t h e re gul ar
r e e a t w h at
p
o p er at i on o f t h e w ill t o e x e m p lif y d e s ir e i n c on n e c t i on w it h
Th e o nl y fo r m r e m aini n g t o b e con s i d er e d
a c t iv e p u r s ui t
i s t h e c a s e w h er e t h e t h ing s ou ght i s ou t o f r e ac h
Th e qu e s t i on t hu s ar is es Wh a t ar e t h e c ou r s es Op en t o
u s ! V e r y fr e qu e n t l y w e e x p e r i e nc e p a in s t h a t p r o m p t t o
o r w e fe e l a ct u al
ac t i on i n v a in a s r e g ar d s t h e ir all e vi a t i o n
e
f
or
e
w
h
av
h
a
d
u
r

ll
i
i
g
b
a
w
a
e
e
o
of t h em ;
l
n
r
s
s
u
l
e
as
e
y
pp
p
Ne it he r
or w e c o n c e iv e id e al p l e as u r e s n ot t o b e r e ali z e d
by p r e se nt e x ert ion n or b y p o s tp on e d b u t s u r e op p ort u nit ies
o f ac t io n c an w e o b e y t h e m an d a t e t o w or k for p l e a s u re o r
t o r e m o v e p a in
3 Th e r st al t e rn at iv e i s d e s cr ib e d by t h e n am e s end u r a n ce
ac qu i e s c en ce
co nt e n t m e nt
r es igna t io n
p at i e n c e for t it u d e
In c o n s e qu e n ce of t h e p a in o f t h e c o n i c t a n d t h e Im p o s s i
b il it y o f t e r m in at ing i t b y fru it i o n t h e w il l i s u rg e d t o s u p
l
n ging i t s e lf b y d i s m i s s ing t h e i d e a fr o m t h e
t
h
o
r
ss
e
e
p
Th e c r avi ng for u n at t ain a bl e w e al t h or for a h op e
t h ou gh t s
l e s s a ffec t i on m ay b e m e t b y a gr an d e ffor t n o t t o e n t e rt a in
Th is i s t o in d u ce
t h e id e al a s a s u bj e c t of c o nt e m p l at i on
Wh e n t h e l o ng ing is for fa nc i e d
t h e s t at e o f contentm ent
bl i s s a s w h e n p eop l e s igh aft er h on ou r sp l e n d ou r p ow er or
u nu s a bl e w e al t h t h e c oe r c i o n o f t h e in t ell e c t u al t ra in s m a
y
It i s d iffere nt
b e su c h a s t o r e s t or e t h e qu i e t of t h e mi n d
w h e n w e ar e u n d e r t h e p r e s s u r e of s o m e a c t u al p a in as
y
i
c al a g o n y d es t it ut i o n
c o n t u m el y op p r e s s i o n
h
s
t h e p ri
p
v at i o n o f w h at w e ar e a cc u s t o m e d t o ; for g ra nt in g t h a t w e
s u pp r e s s t h e t h ou ght o f r e l i e f w e h a v e s t il l t o b e ar u p ag a in s t
Th e c ou nt e r v o l it i on o f e nd u ran ce n ow c o n
t h e ir r it a t i o n
s i s t s in o u r b e ing u rg e d b y t h e p ai n s o f s p a s m o d i c g e s t i c u l a
r e s t r a ini ng b o t h
t ion an d frui t l e s s e nd e av ou r t o re m a i n s t ill
w e al t h

E DUR A

N CE

42 5

ive m anife s t a t ions and t he va in at t em p t s at r el ie f

U nd er t h is s t er n r egi m e n t h e s ys t em m or e qu ic kl y a d ap t s
it s e l f t o t h e n e w S it u at ion and t h e fort it u d e is r ew ar d e d by a
m i t ig at i o n of t h e p a in
Th e m i s e r y o f fr u it l e ss e n d e av ou r i s n o t t h e s ol e m ot ive
insp iring t hi s forc e d co m p os u r e of t h e irr it at e d fr am e Th e
w as t e o f val u a b l e s t r e ng t h i n t h e s e s t r u ggl e s t h e fe e l i ng o f
d ignit y as s o c i at e d in t h e mi n d w it h e nd ura n c e t h e ap p rob a
t io n t h at i t b r i ng s a n d t h e r ep r ob at i o n s o o ft en g iv e n t o t h e
imp at ient t em p er all c on cu r in m ovi ng t h e c ou nt er r e s ol u
t i o n of for c e d qui e t i sm
Th e hi st ory o f t h e w o rl d i s fu ll o f
w on d er ful fe a t s o f e n d u r an c e an d t h e s e n o t li mi t e d t o c iv i
l i z e d p e op l e s
Th e for t i t u d e o f t h e o l d Sp ar t an in p h y s i c al
su ffe r n
a n d p r iv a t i o n i s r iv all e d o r s u r a sse d by t h e I n d ia n
g
p
i
fa k e e r an d t h e Am er i c an s av age
En d u r an ce i s t al k e d of as b e ing e ith er p h ys ic al or m oral
Th e fac t i s t h a t i t ap p l i e s t o e v e r y on e o f t h e l o n g c at al ogu e
o f o u r p oss ib l e p a in s w h e t h e r t h o s e t h a t are s o in t h e ir r s t
o rig in o r t h os e t h a t ar i s e fr o m t h e p r i v a t i o n o f s om e p l e as u r e
A l l t h e d i s ag r e e abl e s r e a ch i ng u s t h rou gh t h e s e n s e s an d al l
t h e m o d es of e m o t i on t h at b el o ng t o t h e s i d e of su ffe r i ng
s t im u l a t e t h e w ill in t o a c t i on
a n d if an e ffe c t u al m e a n s o f
If t h e m e an s ar e
all e v i a t i o n i s k n o w n t h a t i s fo l l o w e d ou t
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by t h e su ering o f ab or t ive
a n d b y t h os e o t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s t h a t m a k e u p a
a c t ion
rfu l ar r a y o f m ot iv e s i n fav ou r o f t h e p at i e nt at t it u d e
w
o
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p
Th e s am e c ou nt e r a c t iv e m ay b e b r ough t int o p l ay w h e n w e
a r e t or n a n d e x h a u s t e d by t h e e x tr e m e ou t bu r s t s of t h e e m o
t i on al m ani fe s t a t i o n
It h a s b ee n s e e n t h at p a in m ay in o n e
s e t of c ir c u m s t a n c e s ru n ou t i nt o viol e n t e x p r e ss i o n a n d in
In b o t h c a s e s w e m ay in cu r n e w e v il
o t h e r s t o v ol i t i o n
t o a gre at e r e x t e nt t h a n w e o b t ai n r el ie f a n d h en ce aris es a
a c t of w

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426

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m o t iv e fo r t h e t o t al

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t h e d ffu s

iv e

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m ov e

by br inging a for c e t o b e ar u p on
t h e v ol u n t ar y m e m b e r s in t h e rs t in s t an c e a n d b y t h at c o n
t r ol of t h e t h o u gh t s t h at i s t h e m ost d ir e c t m e t h o d ac c e s
s i bl e t o u s for a ffe c t in g t h e s t at e s o f c o n s ci ou s n e s in t h e ir
i nm o st r ec e s s e s I t m ay ind e e d b e a qu e s t ion w h e t h er or
n ot t h e s e co nd ar y fo r c e b e s t r ong e n ou gh t o c op e w it h t h e
r im ary t h a t b e i n g e it h e r a v ol u n t ar y s t i m u l u s or an em o
p
Any t h in g l ik e t h e c om p l e t e e n d u r anc e of a ll
t i o n al w av e
t h e i nc u r a bl e p a in s t h at c o m e o v e r t h e h u m an b ein g is n ot a
u su al e n d ow m e n t n or can i t b e b r e d w it h ou t a s u p er i or fo r c e
o f v ol u n t ar y d e t e rm in a t i on s g e n e r all y as c o mp ar e d w it h t h e
t o g et h e r w i t h a p r o t rac t e d
o t h e r i m p u l s e s of t h e s y s t e m
h e ad
Th e r e ar e som e m ind s
s p e c i al
e d u c a tio n o n t h i s
i all y s e n sit iv e t o t h os e se c o n d ary p a i n s n ow all u d e d
sp e C
t o w it h w h om t h e r e for e t h e m o t iv e t o qu i e t i sm h a s m or e
t h an o r d in ar y e ffic ac y
G oe t h e m ay b e qu o t e d a s a c as e in
i
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o c o n s t it u t e d as t o su ffe r a cu t e l y t h e n e r v ou s
n
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s u ch m in d s a r e s t ro ngl y i n
e x h a u s t i o n o f i n t e r n al c o n i c t
d u c e d t o t hr o w t h e w h o l e w e igh t o f t h e v ol u nt ary i m p e t u s
i nt o t h e s c al e o f p r e v e n t i o n or t o c o n c e n t r at e in o ne co n i c t
t h e d e c i s i o n o f t h e m i n d in s t e a d o f s u ffe r ing t h e di s t r a c t i on
I t is p o s s ibl e e ven t o form a p a s s io n at e att achm ent
o f m an y
t o a s e r e n e m o d e o f l ife s o a s t o su rr e n d e r m an y p o s it iv e
l
a s u r e s r at h e r t h an n o t r e al i z e t h e e n d
e
p
4 SO m u c h for o n e sol u t io n o f t h e p r o bl e m o f u n gr a t i e d
im p ul s e or d es ir e d It i s n ot give n t o e v e ry on e to s u c e e d i n
m e nt s

o f a s t r o n g e m o t o n,

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n ot

t o Desi re w i t h

in t ro d u c e d i nt o t h e t e xt

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a ny n ot i ce o f

Th e

u ne a s i n ess o f

m a y b e qu en ch e d b y d raw i ng u p on s om e o f ou r
t h i s w a y t h a t w e a pp ea s e t h e l o ng i ng s o f i n fa n c y ,
r a m p a nt a p p e t i t e

t h os e

a nt id ot e s c om m o n

i neffec t u al

of

c rav i ng

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p l ea su re
a nd
p rev e n t t h e m is ch i e fs o f
s t or e s

A s it is t h e p rerog a t iv e o f p l ea s u re t o n e u t ra li e t h e
s t i n g o f p a i n , w e a pp l y p l e a su r e t o s il e n c e t h e r es t l e s s ne ss s ec o n d a r
y t o su ffer
i ng , as w el l as t h e p rim ary i r r it at i on
Th e m ind ac c ep t s a s ub st i t u t e for w ha t
i s l o ng e d for
a

t oo

A n ot h er d e v i c e

from t h e

su b e c t

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42 8

DES R E

h ou l d d o if t h e
A ny s e n t im e n t t h a t i s n at u
o ffe n d e r w e r e t o c r os s ou r p at h
r a ll y lux u ri a n t i n t h e c o n s t it u t i on b e i n g n o t lik e l y t o b e m e t
i n all i t s fu l n e s s by t h e r e ali t y m a kes u p for t h e d e fe c t by a
Th e
s e r i e s o f id e a l v o l i t i on s c or r e sp o n din g t o i t s d e m an d s
Ea c h on e
s e n t im e n t o f p ow e r is a s ig n al e x a m p l e o f t hi s
w h o s e sp h e r e fall s b e l o w w h a t t hi s fe e l i ng l e a d s hi m t o w i s h
n d s in i m agin e d d o m ain s an o u t l e t for t h e i n s at i abl e c ra ving
a n d s u c h m a y b e t h e p e c u li ar i t y o f t h e i n d ivi d u al t h a t e m pir e
in c o n c e p t i o n m ay go s o m e w a y t o s u p ply t h e vo i d
5 Th e c o m p ari s o n n ow in s t it u t e d b e t w e e n t h e p hy s i c al
w a n t s a n d c e r t ai n of t h e e m o t i o n s or s e n t i m e nt s s u gg e s t s a t
o n c e w h a t t h e c ir c u m s t an c e i s t h a t e n abl e s u s t o n d g r at i
R eferring t o a for m er
c a t i o n o r r e li e f i n i m a gin ar y a c t i on s
D EA L E M OTI ON i t w il l b e r e m e m b e r e d t h a t a fe e lin
c h ap t e r
I
(
)
g
p e rs ist ing aft e r t h e fa c t or r e c o v e r e d by m er e as s o ci at ion
w i t h o u t t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e p r o p e r s t im u l u s c a n s o m e t i m e s
a
l
x e r i e n c e ; s o m u c h s o t h at
h
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w e a r e c o nt e n t i n m a n y i n s t an ce s w it h t hi s b ar e c o n ce p t i on
or i d e al r e su s c i t at i o n
Th e r e coll e c t i on of a t i m e of gai et y
a n d e x c i t e m e n t o f s o m e i nt e r e s t i n g c o n v e r s a t i o n o r d i s c o u r s e
or o f a b o o k t h at w e h a v e r e a d m ay g iv e su c h a n a m ou n t o f
t h e fe e l ing o f a c t u al e x p e r i e n c e t h at w e r e s t s at i s e d w it h t h a t
re w e
a n d w i s h n o t hi n
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a m a tt e r t h er e for e
w
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h a ve a p o w e r o f r e s t oring m en t ally t h e fu ll t on e d d e light of a
r e a l ex p er i e n c e i t i s e as y t o c o n v e r t m e m or y i nt o i m agin a t i o n
a n d t o c on s t ru c t fu t u r e gr a t i c a t i o n s o f t h e s am e s or t w i t h o r
w i t h ou t a b a s i s o f r e a l i t y
We sp e a k oc c a sion all y of su c h
a n d s u c h a o n e h a vin g a s t r o ng i m agin a t i on w h e n w e m e an
t h a t h e c an s o b o d y for t h a n i d e al pl e a su r e a s t o d e ri v e fr o m
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p ain ; b u t t h e a c t u al in t h e s e c a s e s i s t o o s t rong
for t h e m os t h ighl y s t i m u l a t e d c ou n t e r id e al
We h ave t hu s
t w o Opp o s i t e e x t r em e s a m o ng our m u l t i t u d i no u s se ns ibili t i es ;
o f a n e u r al gi c

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42 9

h e r e a ct u a li t y alon e c an ll u p t h e ach ing void th e

o t h e r w h e r e t h e m e r e i d e a a m ou n t s t o t h e fu ll d e m a n d s of t h e
sy st e m
a n d b e t w e e n t h ose e x t r e m e s l i e s t h e w h o l e r a ng e o f
i m agin ar y vol it i on p u t in m o t i on at t h e in s t an c e o f p ain s or
pl e asu r e s su c h as w e c ann ot w or k for in t h e r egu l ar c om p as s
o f o u r v o l u n t ar y e x e r t i o n
So w i d e i s t h e o p e r at i on of t h es e i d e al ou t g oings t h at
t h e c h i e f d if c ul t y li e s i n s e l e c t i ng a g o o d i n s t a n ce t o s h ow
h o w fai t hfu ll y a c our s e o f vol u n t ar y ac t i on i s r ep e a t e d i n t h e
i d e a T ak e t h e d e s ir e of W e alt h Th e m ot ive gr ow ing ou t
by w orld ly a bu n
o f pl e a su re s e c u r e d an d p ain t u r n e d a si d e
d an c e st im u l at e s p e rh ap s t h e l ar g e s t s h ar e o f t h e a c t ivi t y o f
To w or k t o hu s b an d t h e fr u it s o f to il t o c o m b in e
m a nk in d
int e lli g en c e w it h h an d icr aft t o e x e r c is e s el f d eni al and s u r

f
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voli t i on al n at u r e u n d er t hi s c u m u l at i ve e nd Th e m ot i ve
h ow e v er m ay e x is t w he r e t h e m e ans of a t t ainm ent ar e fr o m
vari ou s c au s e s r e st ri c t e d A m an m ay fe el very k e en ly t h e
s u ffe r i ng s t h at w e al t h c oul d a l l e vi at e an d m an y h a v e a n a p
b
ut
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zin
c o n c ep t i o n of p l e a s u r e s t h a t i t co u l d c o m m a n d
e
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m ay b e s o si t u at e d as t o b e u n abl e t o c o m p a s s t h e d es ir a b l e
o b j e ct
It i s t h e n t h at i m agin at i o n o v e r l e a p s t h e b arr i er an d
ll s t h e m in d w it h t h e i d e as o f t h os e t r an s a c t i on s t h at in o t h e r
c ir c u m st a n ce s w o u l d b e r e p r o d u c e d i n r e al i t y
If t h e y o u n g
m an s o bs t ac l e a t s t a r t ing i s t h e w an t o f a c e r t ai n c a pi t al t o
t r a d e u p o n hi s im agin ing s t a k e t h e for m o f c h al ki ng o u t h i s
l in e of op er at i on s w e r e h e in a ct u a l p o s s e s s ion o f t h e am ou nt
If t h e d if c u l t y i s t o o b t ain a c e r t ain o f c e
d e s id er at e d
n all y l e d t o a s
e x a c t l y a d ap t e d t o hi s a b ili t i e s h e i s o c c as i o
s u m e t hi s d i f c u l t y o v erc om e a n d t o s k e t c h i n hi s m i n d t h e
It i s s t i ll t h e s t im u l u s
a c t i v e p r oc e e d i ng s c on s e qu e n t t h er e o n
o f v ol it i o n t h at i s t h e p ri m e m o v e r o f t h e ac t ivit y ; a n d t h e
a c t i vi t y i t s e lf i s e sse n t i all y v olu nt ar y a lt h ou gh t r a n s fe rr e d fr o m
Thi s
t h e a c t u al o p e r at i on s t o t h e i d e al r e h e ar s a l o f t h e m
i d e al v oli t i on i s i n p oint of fa ct an e s s e nt i al p r e lu d e t o t h e
lift ing of t h e h an d an d t h e p er for m i ng of t h e a c t u al bu si n e s s
Th e m an t h at h as gain ed h i s c a p it al o r h i s o f ce
a s i t ar i s e s
w

on e

'

43 0

DES R E

p e n d a c e rt a in t im e in t h e m ent al w or k of d elib er a t i o n
u n d e r c o n i c t ing i m pul s e s b e fo r e t ak in g t h e r e al p r o c e e d in g s
a n d t h e d r e am er m o v e d by t h e s a m e o rig i n a l m o t iv e s g o e s
t hr ou gh t h es e id e a l p r e lim in ari es e ve n w h e n t h e y c an e n d in
n o t hi ng r ea l
Th e t e n d er a ff e c t i ons c o m pl ac e n c y h o n o u r an d t h e s e n
t im e n t o f p o w e r a s e x i s t i n g i n t h e a v e r ag e o f p e r s o n s ar e
a ll
s u i t e d t o i m agin ar y a c t ivi t y
So a re t h e art i s t i c fe e l
i n g s a n d t h e l o v e o f k n o w l e d ge
B u t t h e r e i s p er h a p s
h ar d ly an y s en si bilit y of hu m an n a t u r e t h at m ay n ot p ro ve
a b as i s for d a
r
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t h e fee ling s n ow m e n t i on e d m ay fail i n t h at r e s p e c t
It m ay
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o r t o dr e a m o f fa m e
for t u n e an d p ow e r
A s m ere id eas
t h e s e m a y fail t o b ri ng o n a n a gr e eabl e gl ow ; t h e y m ay
s i m ply r ep r o d u c e t h e p ain o f p r iv at i on a s w h en w e su ffer
fa t igu e hu ng er or c ol d
Th e r e i s m oreo ve r a sent i m e nt of
n am e ly t h e
o u r n a t u r e t h a t r e vo l t s fr o m e x c es s i v e i d e ali t y
In
d i s lik e t o e x t r em e d i sp ar i t y o f t h e i d e al a n d t h e ac t u al
mi n d s al iv e t o t h e c o n t r a d i c t i on t h e s u ffe ri ng t h at i t gi ve s i s
s o ac u t e a s t o b e a m o t iv e p o w er h o s t il e t o t h e ou t g o ing s o f
We c al l t hi s a h e alt hy c h e ck
t h e mi n d i n va i n i m a gi n m g s
fr o m t h e fa c t t h at t h e d u t i e s a n d t h e in t er e s t s of lif e ar e p u t
i n p e ril by t h e li c e n s e o f ro am ing d e s ir e
It i s e a s y t o u n d e r s t a n d h o w P ain g e n e r a t es a v oi dan c e in
t h e i d e a l a s w e ll a s in t h e a c t u a l
Th e o nly r e qu i s it e i s t h at
t h e r e c oll e c t i on o f t h e p ain fu l qu a li t y b e t ol e ra bly v i vi d a s
w h e n w e e ar n e s t ly r e e c t h ow t o k e e p a t a di s t an c e p e nu ry
B u t a s re gar d s t h e m o t ive s fro m Pl e as u r e t h e r e i s
o r s h am e
s om e t h in g t o b e e xpl a in e d
If I h a ve i n m y m ind t h e vivid
c o n c e p t i o n o f s o m e fa v o u r i t e d e l igh t a s o f m u s i c s p e c t ac l e
w h s h ou l d I n o t r em ain c o nt en t w i t h
or s oc i a l i n t e r co u r s e
y
w h a t I r e m e m b e r o f it ! It i s qu i t e t ru e t ha t t h e r e m ay b e
s t ill hi gh e r d e gr e e s o f gr a t i c at i o n t h a n m in e b u t su c h w oul d
This l e ad s
b e t h e c a s e w h at e ve r fe li cit y I m ight at t ai n t o
u s t o c o n s i d e r m o r e c l o s e ly t h e n at u r e o f t h a t s t at e o f m i n d
w h e r e i n a pl e as u r e i n i d e a c r av e s t o b e c om e on e i n r e ali t y
h as t o

4 32
a

DES R E,

s e n se of

d d i t i on al d r au gh t ; th e

sh ort c om n g o f

the

r ec ol

p er a t e s for it s ow n
If t h at a m ou n t o f e x ci t e m e n t s t irr e d u p b y t h e
me m ory o f s om e h appy d ay g on e by c oul d e x i s t i n t h e m i n d
w i t h ou t an y c om p a r a t iv e r e fe r e nc e w e mi gh t pr o b a bly fe e l
l
a dd en e d w it h o u t a ny s p u r o f d e s ir e ; i t i s t h e i d e a o f s t ill
g
r e a t er d e lig h t s t h at m ar s t h e p e ac e o f t h e m i n d
g
6 Le t u s e n qu ir e n e x t in t o t h e Pr o v oc at iv e s o f D e s ir e ,
To c l e ar t h e w ay
w hi c h i n vo lv e m a ny s u b t l e c o n s i d er a t i on s
m ay n ot i c e r s t t h e p h y s i c a l d es ir e s c all e d A pp e t i t e s
In t h ese t h e p r o vo c at i o n i s pr im a r ily t h e phys i c al c o n di t i on s
o f t h e s e ve ra l o rg an s
In t h e m or e p r omi n ent in s t an c es a s
foo d m u sc u l ar e x er c i se a n d r e p o s e r e s t t h e n e r v ou s s ys t e m
h ol d s only a s e cond place It i s t h e c on d it i on of t h e d ige s t iv e
o rg a n s t h a t b ri n gs o n hu ng e r ; o f t h e m u s c u l ar or g a n s t h a t
br ings on t h e d e s ir e of e x e r c i s e or t h e opp os it e a n d so for t hw
Th e n e r v ou s c e n t r es ar e in d ir e c t ly o r s e c o n d a rily c o n ce r n e d in
mus cul ar a pp e t it e t h e y ar e m or e imm e d i at e ly an d p rim arily
c on
c er n e d in t h e a pp e t i t e o r d e s ire for m e nt a l e x e r t i on o r
m e nt al r es t
Th e ne r ve c e n t r e s g o t h r o u gh t h e s am e a lt e rn a
t io
n o f e x p e n di t u r e a n d r e p l e t i o n as t h e m u s c l e s ; w he n t h e y
a r e i n t he r e p l e n i s h e d c o n d i t i o n t h e r e i s a c e r t ain u r g e n c y t o
d isch arge t h e e n e rg y; an d an a c c om p a nyin g pl e asu r e ; w h e n
t hey ar e e xh au s t e d t h er e i s a n ur ge n c y t o b e c o m e qui es c e nt ;
s l eep i n c l u d es t h e n er v e s a s w e ll as t h e m u sc l e s
In w h a t

i t i s t h e r s t l a w of
e v e r t er m s w e m ay e x p r e s s t hi s fa c t f
h ap p in e ss and of d e sir e i t i s qu ali e d an d m od i e d y e t n ot
s e t a s i d e by o t h er l a w s m or e e s p e c i all y by t h o se t h a t e x p r e s s
t he w ork ings o f s t i m u l a t i on a n d e x c it e m e n t
S t art in g fr omt h e a lt e rn a t i o n of ne r vo u s e x p e n d it ur e a n d
r e n e w al vi e w e d c o m p reh e n s i v el y w e h a v e n e x t t o all o w fo r
s p e c i c m o d e s o f e x p e n d i t u r e ; t h e r e b e i n
g in e ac h c on s t it u
t i o n s om e d ir e c t i on s w h e r e a c t ivit y i s a b o v e a v e rag e e it h er
by n at u r e or by c u lt iva t i on Th e r e m ay for ex am pl e b e a
h igh or d e r of m anu al act ivi t y of vo c al ac t ivit y of t h e a c t ivi t y
a n d w h e r e t h e s e e x is t t h e t en d e n c y t o r e n e w
o f t h e s e n se s

S p en c e r
P ychol gy
1 26

l e c t i on i s
r e m o v al

of

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of

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and c o n t nu e

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TA STED P LEA S R E

o r d n ary

pp e t it e o r
d e s ir e
A t p r e s e n t w e ar e n o t in c l u d ing t h e co n si d e r at i on o f
t h e sp e c i a l m o d e s of pl e a s u r e t h a t m a y ac c om p a n y t h e s e
It i s a m or e c o m pli c at e d a s p e c t o f t h e p r o bl e m t o e x t e nd
t h e g e n e r a l p r in c ip l e o f n e r v ou s e x e r c i se a n d r e p os e t o t h e
fe eli ngs a n d e m o t i on s
Th e e l e m e n t o f pl e a s u r e a n d p ain in
i t s s i m pl e s t for m c o m e s u n d er t h e g e ner a l l aw o f t h e w ill ;
w h e n pl e a s u r e i s p r e s e n t i t s c o n t i n u a n c e i s d e s ir e d w h e n
p ain is p r e s e nt i t s ab at e m e nt i s d es ir e d u n d e r al l c i r cu m
s t an c e s
In o r d e r t o p r o vo k e d e sir e u n d e r t hi s p rin c ip l e i t i s
S i m ply r e qu i s it e t o
g iv e t h e t aste o f a p l e a su r e o r t h e t as t e of
a p a in
In t h e t o t al a b s e n c e of b o t h t h er e i s n O d e sir e ; a n d
t h e r e a r e c ir c u m s t an c es t h a t m ay n e u t r aliz e t h em e v e n w he n
pr es en t
It i s a n o t o ri ou s fa c t t h at t h e s t an d in g s o u r c e o f D e s ir e i s
ple as u r e t as t e d O ur D e s ir e s in s t e ad o f b e ing c on n e d t o
t h e g e ne r a l a i m o f ge tt ing p l e as u r e s o m e h ow a n d o f r i dd i ng
o u r s e l v e s o f p a in t a k e s p e c i c a n d in d ivi d u a l for m s i n c o n
n e c t i on w i t h p a r ti cu l ar k in d s o f p l e a s u r e a n d p a i n t h at h av e
b e e n o n c e e x p er i e n c e d M er e c ap abilit i es o f p l e asu r e d o n ot
e vo k e d e s ir e ; w e m ay b e s o c o n s t i t u t e d a s t o t a k e pl e as u r e
in m u s i c i n p i c t u r e s i n s c i e n c e b u t if w e h a v e b e e n u t t e rly
d e b ar r e d fr o m t h e s ligh t e s t t a s t e o f s u c h t hi ng s d e s ir e d o e s
n o t a ri s e
Th e l aw o f n er v o u s c h arg e a n d d i s c h arg e d oe s n o t
b ring ou t a c r a ving w h e r e t h e r e h a s n e ver b e e n a s t im u la
t i o n a ppli e d
P o s s i bly if o n e w er e c o n st it u t e d wit h a nu m
b e r o f s p e c i a l fac u l t i e s o f p l e a s u r e a n d if al l o f t h e m w e r e
r e fu s e d e v e n s o m u c h a s a n a pp e t izin
h
l
liv
t
s
t
d
w
a
e
e
s
ou
e
g
a l ife of j o yl e s s n es s o r o f e n n u i ; t h e r e m a i n in
p
i
a
t
t
u
d es
g
a lt h ou g h s t im u l a t e d an d p r o vi d e d for
b eing t o o lim it e d t o
b e a s a t i s fying p or t i o n
Th e e l e m e n t o f e x p e r i e n c e d pl e a s u r e e nt e r s i nt o t h e A pp c
t it e s a n d in cr e a s es t h e i r fo r c e as m o t iv e s
Th e ir gr at i c a t ion
o r d i n ar ily yi e l d s
p o s it ive s a t i s fa c t i on a s w e ll a s r e li e f fr om
u ne a s in e ss ; s o t h at lif e i s h a p i e r w i t h t h e m t h an w it h o u t
p
t he m
If t h e c r avin g i s all ow e d t o d e ve l op its e l f t o t he p oi n t
t h at p r o d u ces a gr a t e ful r e ac t i o n a nd n o fa rt h e r a n d if t h e
.

m or e t h a n

'

28

43 2

DES R E.

it ional d rau ght ; th e s e n s e of th e sh ort com ing o f th e r e c ol

l e c t ion is o f t h e n at u re o f a p ain an d o p er a t e s for it s ow n
r e m o va l
If t h at am o u n t o f e x ci t e m e n t st irr e d u p by t h e
m e m or y o f so m e h appy d ay gon e b y c oul d e x i s t i n t h e m in d
w i t h o u t a ny c o m p ar a t iv e r e fe r e n c e w e m ight p r o b a bly fe e l
i
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d e s ir e t o re vive t h at pl e a s u r e in t h e ful n ess o f ac t u al i t y
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e x e rc i s e
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o f t h e e as i e s t e x pl an a t i o n
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kn ow n d e li ght s an d c er t a in kn ow n p ain s a nd w e c an e a sily
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a n d p ar t ly fr om ou r ign or a n c e w e a tt r ib u t e t hi s s t at e o f t hi ng s
t o a c e r t a in w o r l d ly p os it io n al t h ou gh w e h a v e n ot oc c u p i e d
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t h a t p o s it i o n
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lim it s ; it w ou ld n ot apply t o any r ad i c all y ne w ple as a n
s u ch as t h e s ex u al o r t h e m a t e rn al
Th e s e are d ou b t le s s
m o d i c at io n s of t h e g e n e r al l o v e fe e li ng ; b u t t h e p ar t i c ul ar
m o d e an d in t e n s it y c a nn o t b e c o n s t ru c t e d ou t of pr i or s t at e s
It i s n o t n ec e s s ar y t o b e a m o t h e r t o t a k e d eli g ht In c ar e s sm g
a c h il d ; b u t it w ou l d b e s h e e r p r e s u m p t i o n for an y on e t o
p r e con c e ive t h e r e al e x p er i e n c e o f m a t e r nit y
A n ot h e r l aw h a s s t ill t o b e c i t e d
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of o n e pl e as u r e i s o ft e n t h e b eg i nn i n g o f a s e ri e s o f w a v e s o r
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o f d e s ir e
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s t im ul a n t c ou nt s for m u c h m or e p l e as u r e t h a n w h at i s d ue
B u t r e m e m b er e d o r i d e a l p l e asu r es b e i ng i n s o
t o it s e l f
m a n y in s t an c es c on s ci ou s l y in fer i or t o t h e a c t u al t o s u gge st
Wh en c e i t h app e ns t h at o ur
t h e m i s t o b r ing o n D e s ir e
high e st m om e nt s of blis s ar e m i x ed u p w i t h l ongi ng s ; n o t t h a t
d e s ir e i s n e c e s s ar y t o pl e a s u r e b u t t h at a g r e at v o lu m e o f
pl e a su r e t h e r e s u l t an t of m u lt it u d in ou s e c h oe s of t h e p as t c o n
t ain s a t m a n y p oin t s t h e s e n se o f d e l ig h t s r e aliz e d i m p e rfe c t ly
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It i s re
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n o t t h e r e l i e f o f p a i n a n d t h e a tt a i nm e n t o f p l ea su r e b u t s i m p l y
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c o m m o nl y a tt e n d e d w i t h a n agr e e ab l e fe e ling o f m o r e o r l e ss int e n s it ;
y
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t o b e al w ay s se l f cons cio us :if w e are in p a in, ob j e c t ivit y is

r e m e d i al ; if w e are in p l e a su r e , it p re ve nt s t h e t o o s p e e d y e x h aus
t i on o f t h e p l e a s u r ab l e s e ns i b i l it y
Ther e i s n o thi ng in all t his t o in t er fer e w it h t h e l aw o f t h e
i l l , n or t o d e s t r o y t h e s t ri c t p r op o r ti on b e t w e en o u r s t r e ng t h of
d es ire o r e n e r g y o f p ur s u it an d t h e p l ea s u r e e x p e c t e d fr o m i t ; in
s ho r t , n o t hin g t o d e s t r o y o u r c h ara c t er as r a t i on a l b e in gs , w hi c h i s

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Th e fo o d i s a m e ans t o a n e nd , an d i s l o ok e d a t w i t h
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Th e m o s t s e l s h m an t ha t e ver
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a n d , i n t h e ac t o f t aki n g f o o d , m u s t b e ,
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ab l e d e v o t e e s o f t h e s e gr e a t r e s u l t s fo u n d an y p l ea s u re a t a ll c om
m en s u r at e w it h t h e ir d e vot i o n , o r w e r e u n d er t h e ill u s i on tha t t h e y
Th e se c ond p r em iersh ip o f t h e
w e r e g e t t ing , or w e re t o g e t p l e a sur e
l at e Lo r d D e rb y , in a ll p r ob a b il it y , s h or t e n e d h is life
i t c er t ainl y
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I c on c u r w it h Mr S id gw i ck in h i s re m ark t hat t he se lfr egar di ng
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p o int o f ob t ain in g ot h er p e o p l e s s ervi c e s a n d re g ar d s
t an e ou s g e n er os it y , p r o m p t i ng u s al w ay s t o b e r e ad y t o d o a g o o d
a c t i o n , w i t h o u t t h ink i ng o f a ny r e t u rn , is t h e b e s t w a y o f o b t a inin
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he e d l es s o r ind is c riminating ; ot he rw is e w e s hall have m ore l e s s

We m u st a fter a fe w trial s c eas e t o w ork for un
t h an g a i n
B u t a r ea d in es s t o s h o w kin d n es s at al l h and s
t h a nkf ul s u b je ct s
i s a g oo d inve s tm e n t w he n k e p t u n d er t h e c h e ck of a r at io na l
It w oul d a pp ear t h at a t ho ro u g hl y
r e g a rd t o o n e s o w n h a pp i ne ss
s e l s h p ers o n i s n e v e r s o fa r s ee ing as t o g ain t h e m o s t t h a t i s t o b e
A l it tl e h on e s t y b y n at u re
g o t b y c o n s ul t ing t h e w e l fa re o f o t h e r s
i s u s u a ll y fou n d i n t h o s e t h a t m ake h o n e s t y p a y

Whil e al l ow ing t here for e t ha t t h e p l e asu re o f virtu e i s one

that c a n o nl y b e o b t ain e d o n t h e e x pres s c o n d it ion of it s n o t b eing
I d o no t a d m it that t his h as a ny t hing w h at eve r t o d o w ith
s o u gh t
It i s m ere l y on e o f a hu n d re d m e l an c h ol y pr o o fs
t h e l a w o f D e s ire
O ur d e sires d o
o f t h e fe e bl e n e s s a n d s h o rt s i gh t e d n e ss o f ou r n a ture
ind e e d fa st e n u p on t h e ind iffer e nt o bjec t ive ac c om p a nim e nt s of o u r
p l easure s b ec au s e in t he n a t u r e o f t hings t h e y c ou l d not d o any thin g
e l s e ; b u t t he y d o n o t s e t u p t he s e i n d i ere nt ac c o m p a n im e nt s a s
e n d s o f p u rs u it e v e n w h en d ivorc e d fro m t h e p l easu r es t ha t bro u ght
Wh e n a m an l o ses his e njo y m en t in h un t ing h e
t h e m i nt o n ot i c e
d o e s n o t c ont in u e t o d e s ire hu nting l o ng h a bit an d as s o c ia t io n w ill
iv
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t o di sc ove r a m ong hu m an m ot ives s o m e t h at d o

l e as u re a n d ain m ay b e w e l l m e an t i t m a y b e all in
n o t i nvol v e
Th e s a me m a y b e s a id o f t h e F r e e w ill d o c
t h e in t e res t o f vi r t u e
far th e r , a n d s ee ks t o e s t ab l is h ac t i on s
t rin e , w hi c h g o e s a s t e
B o t h s c he m e s are o e n t o o n e
wi th ou t a ny m ot iv e s w ha t e ve r
In av oid in g s e l s hn e s s , b y t his m e a ns , are w e
c o m m on r e m ark

t hr o w n i nt o t h e arm s o f virt u e ! Whe n a m an s m otive is n ot

s e l s h , or w h e n h e w o rk s w it h ou t m ot ive , ar e w e su re t h a t virt u e
r e c e i v es t h e w h o l e b e n e t ! Is i t n o t ra t he r a c as ti n
g l o os e u o n
u n c e r t ain ac c id e n t s , l e a d in g , it m ay b e , t o vi c e , a s o ft e n as t o virt u e !

Wh at I s hou l d d e sire in t h e intere s t of m ankind , w ou ld b e , n o t a

in d iffere nt , n or y e t ac t i on w itho u t a s e c i c
u r su it o f t hin gs
rom t in g , b u t a m ot i v e h avin g t h e g o o d o f m ankin d for it s e x r e s s
o b je c t , a n d a l w a y s t o b e c o u n t e d o n in t h a t d ire c t ion
Of t his
n a t u re a r e ou r s y m a t hi e s , s o fa r a s t he y ar e d e ve l o e d w it hin u s
t he s e c arry u s i n t h e righ t c ou rs e , an d , w he n t he y c eas e , t h ere i s n o
o t h e r se c u rit y t h at I c an d isc o ve r f or o ur g oo d c o n d u c t , e x c e t
e n t o c o in c i d e
w h e r e o u r se l s hn ess an d t h e g o o d o f ot he rs ha
Th es e fe t e h es o f in d iffe re nt ism t h at o ff er n o g u arant e e s for v ir t u e , I,
fo r o n e , w o u l d m u c h ra t he r d is e n s e w it h 3 ju s t as I w o u l d , i n t h e
int ere st o f m a nk ind , rather b e w it h ou t t h e F ree w il l im u l s es t h a t
P ro m t ing s t o in d iffere nt t hin g s ,
t r a n sc e n d al l a s s ign ab l e m o t ive s
a n d a c ti on s w it h o u t m o t ive , m u s t , i n t h e l o ng r u n , b e c ou n t e d
By t h em , w e re n ou n c e t h e u r s u it
e qu al l y f or vir t u e a n d fo r vi c e
l e a s u re t o s e l f, a nd d o n ot s e c u re t he w e lfare o f a n y on e e ls e
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vol u m e I g ave a fu ll e x p os iti on of t h e p rin

c ip l e o f ou r c on s tit u ti o n th a t l i e s a t t h e b a s rs o f a l l ou r a c qu ir e d
p o w e rs r e s e rvin g how e v e r th e c a s e of m o ral a cqu isi tion s til l
I t i s w ell kn ow n th at t h e pl a s ti c p ro c es s e x
a l ate r s t ag e
p resse d u n d e r t h e Law o f C on tigui ty o p e ra t es in t h e c on i ct s
o a s t o i n c r e as e t h e p o w e r o f o n e m o tiv e o v er t h e
o f t h e w il l
s
Th e ch il d i s t o rn as u n d e r w ith t h e d ifc ul ty o f x i n g
o th e r
of ti m e u p on o n e thin g ;
t h e fu ll
a tt en ti o n for a l e n gth
gr ow n m an or w om an c eas e s t o h av e e v en t h e s e m bl anc e o f
Th e a ppl i c a ti o n s o f t h e p r o c e ss t o c o n rm b oth
a s t ru ggl e
pru d en ti al vol itio n s o f m e n t al g row th an d thos e tha t r es p e c t
t h e in t e r e s t s of o th e r s c on s titu t e a n im p o r t an t c h a pt e r of t h e
hu m an m ind
Th e p r in c ipl e of c oh es iv e n e s s i s p r e c i s el y t h e s am e in t h e
pr e sent cl ass of a c qu isiti on s as in th os e form e rl y t r e at ed of
Th e r e m u s t b e a ce r t a in am ou n t o f r e p e titi o n w hi c h m ay b e
a i d e d by o th e r fa v ou ri n g c i r cu m s t a nc e s (Se e C ON TI GU I TY an d
Th e m os t c on s i d e r a bl e o f th e s e ac c es
a l s o I DE A L E M OTI ON )
s o ry c o n d iti on s a p a r t fr o m n a t u r a l d i ffe r e n c e s o f c h a r a c t e r i s
t h e d i s e n g ag e m e n t o f t h e m in d fro m o th e r thin g s a nd t h e
Ot h e r a i d ing cir c u m
a b s or pti o n o f it in t h e m att e r i n h a n d
a n d y ou th
Th e p e c u li a rity o f
s t a n c e s ar e nu t riti o n h e al th
t h e m o r al h a bit s c on tr a d i s ti ngu i s hing th em fro m t h e in t e ll e c
tu al a c qu isiti on s i s t h e p re s en c e of t w o h o s til e p o w e rs on e t o
I t is
b e gr a d u al l y r ai se d in to t h e as c e n d a n t o v e r t h e o th e r
n e c e ss a r y ab o v e al l thi n g s i n s u c h a s itu a ti on n e ve r if p o s
E v e r y g a in o n t h e w ro n g s i d e u n d o e s
s ibl e t o l o s e a b a ttl e
Th e es s e n ti al pr e
t h e e ffe c t o f m an y c o n qu es t s on t h e right
c a u ti o n th e r e fo r e i s s o t o r e gu l a t e t h e t w o o pp o s ing p o w e r s
th a t t h e on e m ay h a v e a s e ri e s of unint e rru pt e d su c c e ss e s
u n til r ep e t iti on h as fOr t i e d it t o s u c h a d e gr ee a s t o e na b l e:
1

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44 2

x er cis es w h e re s om e on e c ons i d er a tion IS m ade t o ov er

b e ar s e n su al s ol ic ita tion s i n a n u nbro k e n s e ri e s of tri al s a
c o n rm i ng s t r e a m o f t h e n e r v o u s p o w e r w ill giv e n e w fo r c e
t o t h e vi c t o ri ous s i d e e n a bli ng it t o c op e w ith s tr on g e r a d v e r
s ari e s w hil e t h e s e n s e of s tru ggl e a n d e ffo r t g r a d u all y d i e s
a w ay
Th e c o n tr ol ov e r a pp e tit e d e m an d e d by a r e g ar d t o
h e al t h s o dif c u l t in e arl y l ife or e ve n in m i ddl e a ge m a y
by t h e a id of h ab it b ec om e s o c om p l e t e th at t h e i nd ivi d u al
s c a r c e l y s u ffe r s t h e tw i ng e o f t e m pt a ti on
3 T a k e t h e p r ac ti c e o f r e g u l a r e a rl y ri sing : H e r e w e
h a v e on t h e o n e h a nd t h e v o l iti o n al s ol i c it a tio n s o f a m as siv e
in du l g e n c e } a n d on t h e o th e r t h e s tim u l u s of p ru d en ti al
vol i ti on as r e g ar ds t h e c ol l e c tiv e in t er e s t s o f life : I w ill
a v o i d a l l e x tr e m e s u pp o s iti o n s th a t w ou l d m ar t h e ill u s t r a ti on
o f t h e p oi nt in h a n d an d w ill as s u m e th at th e r e i s n e ith e r a n
r an
u n u s u al i n d i ffe r e n c e t o t h e in d u l g e n c e o f l yin g l a t e n O
u nu s u al fo r c e of d e t e r m i n a ti o n in fa v ou r o f t h e p u r su it s an d
i nt e r e s t s of t h e d ay In o rd er th e n t o c on su mm a t e a h abit
w e r e qu ir e i n t h e r s t p l ac e
a s tr ong a n d
o f e arl y ri s i n g
This i s n ot a c a s e for an e a sy an d gr ad u al
d eci d ed i ni ti a ti ve
tra i n in g I s h o u l d n o t c o u n t m u c h u p o n t h e pl a n o f x ing a
c e r t ain h ou r n o t d if c u l t t o g e t u p at an d a ft e r a ti m e a d v a n c
Th e p r o p e r m e an s i s
i ng by a qu ar t e r o f a n h ou r and s o o n
e ith e r a v e ry s tr o n g p u tti n g fo r th o f v ol iti o n o n t h e p a r t o f
t h e in d ivi d u al or a n i m p e r ativ e u rg e n cy fr om w ith ou t w hil e
t h e h o u r th a t i s t o b e n al s h oul d al s o b e i ni ti al
S om e
co m p el s a m an fr o m
n e c e s s ity th a t th e r e i s n o e s c api ng
his e arl y y ou th t o b e o u t o f b e d e v e ry m orn ing a t s i x o cl oc k
F e r w e e k s a n d m on th s an d p e rh a p s y e ars t h e s tru ggl e an d
M e a nw hil e t h e h an d o f p ow er
t h e s u ffe rin g ar e a cu t e l y fe l t
A n d n ow
i s re m o r s el e s s i n t h e u n ifo rm ity o f i t s a pp li c a ti o n
i t i s th a t th er e c r e e p s o n a c e rt ain h a bitu d e o f t h e s ys t e m
m o d ifyi ng b y i m p e rc e ptibl e d e gr e e s t h e bitt e rn e ss o f th a t o ft
r e p e a te d c on i c t Wh a t th e in d ivi du al h as had t o ac t s o
many ti m e s in on e w ay bring s o n a c u rre nt o f n e rv o u s p ow e r
a n d s a ppi ng t h e v a n q u is h e d im
c o n r m in g t h e vi c to ri ou s
p ul s e Th e forc e of d e t erm in ation tha t u nit es t h e d e ci sive
of e

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44 3

j u m pin g ou t of b e d w ith t he p e r c e pt ion of t h e

a pp o in t e d h o u r i s i n vi g or a t e d s l o w l y b u t s u r el y
I te ra ti on i s
s o ft e n in g d ow n t h e h ar s h e x p e ri e n c e o f t h e e arl y r i s e r an d
b rin ging a b ou t as tim e a dvan c e s an a pp roach t o t he nal
c o n d iti o n of m e c h an i c al p u n c tu al ity a n d e n tir e 1 n d iffe r e n c e
Ye ars m ay b e w ant e d t o arrive at this p oint b u t s oon er
o r l at e r t he p l as ti c e l e m e n t o f ou r c o n s titu ti o n w ill su c c e e d
No t h o w e v e r I th i nk w it h ou t t h e t w o m a in c o n d iti o n s of
a n a d e qu a t e i n iti a tiv e a n d a n u n b r o k e n p er s i s t e n c e
If t h e
p ow e r appl i e d in t h e rs t ins t an c e i s in c on s t an t or m e r el y
o c c as i o n al a nd if p e ri o d s o f in d u l g e n c e ar e a d m itt e d t o b r e ak
t h e c ar e e r o f t h e l e a rn e r th e r e i s ve ry l ittl e h o p e o f e v e r
A gr e at ch ang e in
a tt a i n i n g t h e c o n s u m m a ti o n d e s c rib e d
t h e d ir e c ti on o f t h e vit al it y o f th e s y s t e m i s n e e d e d in o r d e r
th at t h e fe e bl e s pu r of d ail y d u ty m ay o v e rp ow e r w ith ou t
a nd
a n e ffo r t o n e o f t h e s tr o ng e s t Of o u r e s hl y i n d u l g e n c e s
i n or d in a ry c irc u ms t an c e s w e c an c a l c u l at e u p o n no thing l es s
t h a n t h e p e r s i s t e n ce o f y e a r s t o e s t a bl i s h s u c h a d ive r s i on
H e re as in t h e i n t el le c tu al a c qu i s iti on s th e re ar e gre a t in di
vi d u al differe n c e s o f p l a s ti c p o w e r M or e ov e r t h e c ir cu m
u r or i m p e d e t h e e f c a cy of it in s u c h
s t a nc e s o f l i fe m a y fa v o
If a m an s e x i s t e n c e i s r e gu l a r
a n i n s t a n c e as t h e p r es e n t
fr ee fr o m o ve rw or k an d h ar as s in g tr ou bl e hi s m o r al h a bitu d e s
E ating c are s an d e x c es s ive t oil in
w il l pr o sp e r acc o rdi ngl y
j u r e t h e s ys t e m a t s om e p oin t or o th e r an d t h e inj u ry m ay
h a pp e n t o li ght u p on t h e pr operty of pl as ti c ad h e s ive n e s s
Fu r th e r it is t o b e c on si d e r e d th at t h e g e ne ral t e m p e r and
fe e l i ng s of t h e mi n d m ay c o n c u r w ith a s p e c i al d i s c ipl in e or
I t m ay b e an o bj e c t Cong en i al t o m y pr e v ail ing
ct
m ay
e m o ti o n s a n d t as t e s t o fa ll in t o a m e c h a n i c al p u n c tu al ity o f
l ife a n d t o r e c l ai m t h e m orn ing h o u r s for fa v o u rit e p ur s u its
If so thi s w il l e n h a n c e t h e c u rr e n t s th a t t e n d t o t h e h abit in
qu e s ti on S h ou l d I on t h e c on t rar y n e v e r fe el any l iking o r
in t e re s t in t h e a tt ai nm e n t o f thi s h abit t h e a b s e nc e of any
s u c h s u pp or tin g s ti m u l a ti on w i ll m ak e t h e ac qu i r e m e n t p r o
p orti o n al l y t e d iou s
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the

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tion of hab its ru nni ng c ou n t e r t o st rong app e ti t e s

The d i f c u l ti e s t o b e o v e r c om e ar e v e r y m u c h t h e s am e i n t h e
o th e r i n s t a n c e s 5 n am e l
y t h e p ow e r of t h e app et it e i t s e l f, t h e
i n a d e qu a c y o f t h e i n iti a tive t h e o cc a si on al b a c ks l i di ng s , and
t h e w a n t o f a ny s t r o ng in c l in ati o n i n t h e m in d t o w a rd s t h e
p o in t s t o b e g ain e d b y a c om pl e te c on trol With r e ga rd t o
t h e in iti a tin g in u e n c es t he m os t p ow erfu l u n d ou bt e dl y i s
e x t e r n a l c o m p u l s i on ; n e x t t o w h i c h w e m a
r
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m o r al su a s i on and th os e o t h e r m o d e s w h e r e by w e ar e ac t e d
L a s tl y in a
o n by fe ll o w b e i n g s w ith ou t a b sol u t e c o e r c i on
l a rg e n u m b e r of i n s ta n c e s t h e s o l e ag e n c y m u s t b e t h e m ind s
o w n v o l iti ons d e t e r m in e d by t h e p l e a sures a n d p a i n s o f i t s
ow n e x p e r i e n c e an d by m o tiv e s w h e r ein oth e r m en s vi e w s
Wh en th o s e th a t h a v e gon e b efor e u s di c t a t e
h ave n o p a rt
fo r o u r g u i d an c e t h e m a x im s r e s u l ting fr om th e ir e x p e ri en c e
w e tru s t o u r fu tu r e t o th e i r w i s d om r ath e r th a n t o o u r o w n
a n d thi s i s n ec e s s a ril y t h e p r e d i c am e n t o f t h e y ou ng !
c ho i c e
R ou s s e au in his Emi le ha s c a rri e d ou t t o e x tre m e l ength s
He
t he Opp o s ite p rin c ipl e of p u r e l y se lf d e t e rmi n in g for c es
p ro p o s e d th at n o in c l i n atio n of a c hil d s h ou l d e ve r b e d ir ec tl y
c u r b e d b u t th a t s o m e m e th o d sh o u l d b e f ou n d of b r in gi n g it
u n d e r a c o u r s e o f t ri a l a n d e rr or in e v e ry in s t a nc e s o th a t i t s
He w ou l d
o w n r e vul s i o n fr om p ai n s h ou l d b e t h e s ol e che c k
a l l ow it t o fe e l ac tu a l l y t h e i nj u r i ou s c on s e qu en c e s o f mi s
pl a c e d d e s ir e s i ns t e ad o f thw ar tin g th e s e by t h e h an d of
fa v ou r of
Un qu e stion abl y m u c h may b e s ai d
a u th o r ity
t h e su p e ri o r fo r c e of d e ar b ou ght e xp e ri e n c e , a s c omp ar e d
w i th m e r e a d vi c e p e r s u as i o n or e x am pl e
b u t t h e Sc h em e o f
Ro u ss e au is u tt e rl y im p ra c ti c abl e if from no o th er r e as on th a n
t h e im p os s ibil ity of r e ali zin g in s u fc i ent tim e all t he e vil
B esi d e s s o m e of th e s e ar e s e
c o n s e qu e n c e s o f i m p r u d e n c e s
We
s e v e r e th a t it i s a n o bj e c t t o s av e t h e c h ild fro m th e m
b y an y a m ou n t o f ing e n u ity pl a c e infan c y i n t he
c a nn o t
p o siti on o f fre e s el f d e t e rm in ati on o c cu pi e d im ma tu re l ife
M or e ov e r al th ou gh au th ority m ay b e c arri e d t o o far in hu man
l ife g e n e r al l y y e t as n o h u m an b e ing i s e v e r e m anc ip at e d from
t i t s s w a y a n e d u ca ti on i n s u b m i s s i o n i s a s e s s e n ti al a p r e p a r a
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4 46

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b e c o m ing i ndiffe r e n t t o w h a t at t h e ou ts e t c au s e d pl e as u r e
We c an n e ve r b e fr e e from im p re ss ions of tou c h
o r p a in
Th e oc c u
b u t w e c o n tr a c t t h e h a bit o f in a tt en ti o n t o th e m
p a t i o n o f t h e m in d u p o n thi n g s fo re ign d raw s o ff th e cu rre n t s
o f p o w e r fr om
t h e t a c til e Su sc e ptibili ty w hi ch i n c o n s e
qu e n c e b e c o m es s o s t ar ve d th a t e ve n w h e n th e r e i s l ittl e el s e
t o e ngr os s t h e att e n ti on w e ar e s c ar c e l y at all aliv e t o t h e
e x t e n s iv e a c ti o n o f o u r c l o thi n g u p on t h e su r fa c e of t h e b o dy
A s till m or e rem arkabl e in s t an c e i s p re s e n te d by t h e e ar
S ou n ds b e ing in ge n er al m o re a cu t e in th e ir im pr e s s ion th an
t ou c h es it i s n o t so e a sy t o c on tra c t an i n s e n s ibili ty t o th em
We m ay h ow e ve r ac qu ir e this p ow e r u nd e r fa vou r abl e c ir
c um s t a n c e s
I t i s p o s s ibl e t o c on tra c t t he habit o f n ot att e n d
i ng t o n oi s e s a nd c on v e r s a ti o n
To a rr iv e at thi s p o in t We
m u s t n o t b e o v e r s e n s itive t o sou n d fro m t h e rs t o t h e r vvis e
t h e i n iti atio n w ou l d b e e x t r e m e l y d ii e u l t
Th e re s h ou l d b e
s o m e o n e thi n g s o far c a p abl e o f e n gr o s s in g t h e a tt e n ti o n a s
t o o v e rp o w e r fo r t h e t im e t h e b u zz o f c o n v e r s a t io n or t he
d i str a c ti on Of n oi se S om e m ind s ar e s o su sc eptibl e t o s ou nd
th a t n o thing c an e ve r pl a c e th e m in this s itu a ti on of in s en si
b ili t y e v e n for a s ingl e h a l f h ou r ; an d i n th e ir c ase th e
n w ou l d b e im p r ac ti c a b l e for w a n t o f a c o mm e n c e
ac qui s iti o
If w e c an b u t m a k e a b e ginnin g or n d a ny o c c as i o n
m e nt
w h e r e i n d i ffe r e n c e c an b e i n d u c e d fo r a s h or t ti m e t h e h abit
w i ll foll o w
Th e s ol i c it a ti o n s of s ight h a v e t o b e m e t i n t h e
We
s am e w a y a n d t h e v e ry s am e re m ar k s ar e a pp li c abl e
h a v e t o as s u m e a n a ttitu d e o f ind iffe r e nc e t o t he g re a t e x p a n se
o f t h e vi s u al s ce n e e v e r y fe at u r e o f w hi c h p r o b a bl y s tir s t h e
i nfan t m in d w ith s tron g and e ngr os s in g e m o tion We l e a rn
t o w ith s t an d t h e v ol iti o n al i m pu l s e th at w ou l d d ive r t t h e e y e s
t o a m o r e p l e as an t p o in t o f t h e s c e n e ar o u n d u s an d t o a bi d e
by t h e u na ttr ac tive Obj e c t u nd er o u r h an d s L iving in a
We w al k a b ou t i n
n e ighb ou r h o o d fu ll o f o bj e c t s o f b e a u ty
e x c e pti n g in th os e
n e a rl y t o t a l i n d i ffe r e n c e t o t h e c h a rm
s p e c i al m o m e n t s w h en w e giv e o u r s e l ve s p e rm i ssi on t o d w e l l
u p o n th e m
7 Many of ou r h ab its ar e d ir e c t e d a g ains t t h e p rim itive
in

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in s tin c tive m o vem e nts Of t h e b o dy I h ave e n d e a v ou r ed t o

Sho w that t he rh yt hm o f th e l i m b s is a n o riginal pro visi on of
t h e o rg aniz a ti o n a nd al so th a t th e r e i s a p ri m itiv e t e nd e n c y
t o c om m u nity o f a c tio n th r ou gh o u t t h e e n tire s y s t e m (IN
This l as t e sp e ci all y d em ands e d u c ati on al c on
S TINC TS
trol We h av e t o s u ppr e s s th os e m ov e m en ts o f th e li m b s
th a t i ns tin c tivel y ac c om p an y t h e pl ay of t h e vo i c e ; t o r e s is t
th at in amm at ory a c tion w h e re b y a m e re l oc al e xc it e m e nt
kindl e s a g en e r al a c tivity Th e s e a c qu ir e m e n t s h ow e ve r are
s o m u c h akin t o t h e m e r e m e c h ani c al e d u c a ti o n al r e a d y di s
c u s se d u n d e r t h e Law o f C o n tig u ity th a t I d o n ot d il a t e u p o n
th e m i n thi s pl a c e
8 The E m o ti o n s p r es e n t a w i d e e l d fo r t h e e l u c i d a ti o n
We h av e h ad t o c on sid er th e con trol
o f t h e gr o w th o f h a bit
a n d s u pp r e s s i o n o f e m o ti o n s by v o l u n t a ry p o w e r ; a n e ffo r t
r e nd e re d mor e or l e ss e asy acc o rd ing as su pp re s s io n or in
Th e va ri ou s d e m a n d s o f lif e
d u l g e n c e i s t h e p r e vaili ng fa c t
g
a n d aft e r
a r e t h e m o ti ves fo r d iv e r ti n g t h e e m o ti o n al c u rr e n ts
a l a p s e o f y e ar s t h e c o m me n c i n g s t r u ggl e s ar e m o di e d by t h e
pl a s tic fo rc e n ow u n d e r c o n s id er ation A fe w re m ark s u p o n
t h e e mo ti o ns i n d e t ail w ill b ri ng o u t th e ir d i s tin c tiv e p ee n
li a ri t i e s a s c o n c e r ne d w ith t h e in i ti a ti o n a n d form a ti o n o f

or

b r tion m ay rs t b e m a d e a ppl i c a bl e t o e m o tional

c u l tu r e in g e n eral
I t is p o s s ibl e by e d u c ati on t o r ai s e or t o
l o w e r t h e p o s iti on o f e m o ti o n re l a tiv e l y t o t h e t w o o th e r d iv i
s i o n s o f t h e m in d
Each p e rs on c om e s in to t h e w o rl d w ith
a c e rt a i n r e l a tiv e p r o p o r ti on o f t h e th r e e g r e a t d e p a r tm e n t s of
t h e m e n t al n a tu r e a n d this p ro p o r ti on m a y b e e ith e r r e t ain e d
or d e p ar t e d fr om in aft e r life
Th e p rim itiv e ru s h o f p ow e r
i n s o m e o n e d ir e c ti on m ay b e C h e c k e d or e n c ou r a g e d by t h e
c ir c u m s t an c e s th a t t h e i n d ivi du al i s p l a c e d i n
Th e n a tu ral
c o n s e qu e n c e in t h e a b s e n c e o f i n t e rfe r e n c e fr o m w ith o u t i s
th a t t h e pre va ili ng b e nt s tre ngth en s it se l f an d w h a t w a s
o rigi n all y fe e bl e b e c om e s fe e bl e r s til l
Th e origi n all y p o w e rfu l
i ntell e c t b y ass e r ting i t s ow n e x erc is e m or e a n d m ore d e e p e ns
t h e p e nu ry of t h e e m o t ion al n at u r e w hil e t w o of t h e e l e m e n t s
An

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titu ti on all y w e a k in t h e e m o tio n al re gion as s h ow n

b y s u c h t es ts a s b e ing li ttl e re d by t h e c om m o n pl e a s u r e s
Of m a n kin d l ittl e giv e n t o t h e p r o fu s e d i s pl ay of d em on s tr a
tio n an d e xp r e s s i on n ot c on s ol e d un de r p ain by t h e r e s ou r ce s
o f l au ght e r o r t e a r s m a y b e t ak e n i n h an d s o as t o b e e d u
Th e m o s t
c at e d i n t o a h igh e r d e v e l o p m e n t in th a t r e gi o n
e ffe c tiv e m o d e o f c om m e n c i n g Op e r a ti on s w o ul d b e t o p l y t h e
in u en c e of e x a m p l e s y m p a thy a n d m u l tipl ie d p l e a s u r e s i n
s u c h a m ann e r as t o e n c ou r a g e t h e w e a k s i d e a n d di s c o u r ag e
t h e o th e rs
Me r e au th ority w ou l d n ot b e r el evan t an d t h e
i n divi d u al s ow n voli tion i s n ot l ik el y t ob e e x e rt e d t o c h ange
In l ik e m ann e r by a
t h e v e ry fou nd a ti on s of his c h ar a c t e r
j u di c iou s s t arvin g regim e n a n o ve r e m o tion al n a tu re m ay b e
t o ne d d ow n an d fu ll er pl a y given t o in t el l e c t an d v ol itio n a n
o p e r a ti o n p e r h a p s m o r e t ryi n g t o t h e p a ti e n t
A n e x c ee d
i ng l y u s e fu l p a rt o f o u r m or al di s cip l in e r e l a ting t o thi s h e a d
i s t h e r e s tr a in t Of th o s e e x c iti ng m o tiv es m or e th an o n c e
r efe rre d t o w h e r e by t h e w ill i s prom pt e d t o ac t t o a d egre e
di s p ro p o rti on e d t o t h e r e al e nj o ym e n t o r s u ffe rin g o f t h e
in divi d u al E v e ry initi a tive w ithin r e ac h s h ou ld b e b rou ght
t o b e a r for t h e e s t a b l i s h m e nt o f s o v al u ab l e a h a bit ; a n d t h e
difcu l ty of t h e c as e r e n d e r s all of th e m n ot t oo m u c h The
s y s t e m a ti c c al mi n g d o w n o f phy s i c al e x c it e m e n t c a nn o t b e
o v e r i n c u l c at e d in e d u c a ti o n n o r t oo s tr o n gl y aim e d a t b y
Th e hu m a n p o w e r s a tt ain th e ir m a xi
e ac h o n e s o w n v o l iti o n
m u m Of e f c ie n c y o nl y w h e n a c o n rm e d s u p e ri ority i s g ai n e d
o v e r u rry e x c it em e nt n e e d l e ss fe ar s an d e x tr a v ag an t e b u l
l iti o n s b u t as thi s i s a triu m ph o v e r o n e o f th e v e ry gr e a t e s t
o f h u m a n w e a k n e s s e s t h e w h o l e fo r c e o f fa v ou rin g c i rc u m
s t a n c e s m u s t c hi m e i n w ith t h e ac qu i s iti o n
G o od initia tive s
s u pp o r t e d by t h e a i d s t o p l a s ti c g ro w th i n th e i r fu l l m e as u r e
m u s t b e In vo k e d t o t h e s tru ggl e

9 Ne x t as r e ga rd s th e e m o ti on s i n d e tail so m e thing o f
w h at h a s n ow b e e n s ai d o n t h e g e n e r al s u bj e c t a pp l i e s m o re
or l e s s t o e ac h
We c a n by t h e i n s tru m e ntal ity of e du c a
tion al t e r t h e d e gre e of pro m in e nc e of on e of th e m in rel a ti on
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ha ve th e nat u r al br a ve ry s tr e ngth e n e d b u t a pr em atu re or

e xc e s s ive e x p osu r e m igh t l e a v e t h e s u bj e c t m o r e s u s c e pti b l e
th an e ver Th e ini ti a tives in c a rry ing o n thi s p ar ticu l ar
E x am pl e en c ou rag em ent
d i s c ipli n e n e e d t o b e v e ry g o o d
g e n tl en e s s h e al th an d an u n d i s t rac t e d m o d e Of l ife ar e t h e
gre a t re qu is it es in t h e p re s e n t a s in e ve ry o th e r d if cu l t
Ju dging from t h e phys i ol ogi c al d iffe r e n c e s
m or al ac qu is ition
o f a n i m al s a n d o f t h e s e x e s it w ou l d app e a r th at t h e qu al ity o f
co u r ag e r e p o s es u p o n a p e c u l i a r m o d e o f n e r v ou s vig ou r a n d
c o n s u m e s a d e n it e p o r ti o n o f t h e n o u ri s h m e n t Of t h e fr a m e
To i n s til t hi s qu al ity w h e r e b y n atu r e it i s b u t fe e b l e w ou l d
pr ob a bl y d em an d a c o n si d e rabl e d ive rsi on of th e gro w ing a n d
p l a s ti c e n e rgy of t h e sys t em an d h e n c e few e xa m pl e s o c cu r o f
ve ry su c ce s s ful a tt em pts t o er e c t it o n an a c qu ir e d b as is
1 1 Th e T e n d e r E m o ti o n s u ppl i e s a t h e m e (s o al so w o u l d
t h e S e x u al ) for r e p e a tin g a s i m il ar c ou rs e Of r e m a rk s a s t o
t h e p oss ibili ty o f e x al ting o r d e p r e s s in g t h e o rigi nal d e v e l o p
If s tr ong fr om t h e c om
m e n t as s ig ne d t o it by n atu r e
me n c e m ent and s u ppl ie d w ith Obj e c ts t o ch eri s h it the re
w ou l d i n e vi t abl y foll ow a p r og r e s s iv e e nl a rg e m e n t of t h e s u s
A p e r s o n s o s ituat e d wou l d n d a g r e at an d
c ep t ib il it y

inc re a s ing e njoy m e nt in a e c t i on s o ci a bil ity a n d hu m an e

im pu l s e s an d w o u l d as a p a rt o f t h e s am e e n d o w m e nt b e
a bl e t o k e e p u p t h e e x c it e m e n t o v e r c o m p a r a tiv e l y l e ngth e n e d
p eri o d s Th e c u rre nt s of e n e rgy w ou l d g o l arg el y int o this on e
c h ann el l e aving o th e r r eg i on s su c h as in t ell e c t a nd v ol iti on
s o m u c h l e s s s u pp l i e d w ith p o w e r
On t h e o th e r h a nd a
t h e rs t m ig ht b e
c h a ra c t e r d e c i e n t in t e n d e rn e s s fr om
n t o an a v e r a g e d e v e l o p m e nt p r o vi d e d a ttr a c ti o n s
c h e r i sh e d
a r e giv e n a n d t h e m in d n o t s u ffe r e d t o b e t oo m u c h a b s o rb ed
i n t h e d ir e c ti o n of gr e a t e s t s t r e n gth
We m ay thu s rai s e or
l o w e r t h e s e n s ibil ity as a w h ol e a n d r e n d e r it a m o r e or l es s
im p ort a nt it em in t h e s o u r c e s of e nj o ym e nt or s uffe ring ; w hic h
is an e ffe c t e n tir el y d i s ti n c t fr om t h e h ab i t u al d ir e c t i on o f it
t ow a rd s p a rti c u l ar p e rs o n s or things t e rm e d Obj e c t s of a tt ac h
m e n t or a ffe c ti on
NO d ou bt t h e on e e ffe c t is r e ad y t o g o
al o ng w ith t h e o th er b u t t h e t w o ar e no t t h e re fo r e t h e same
to

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TEND E R EM OTI ON

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45 1

th er e ar e c e rt ai n things th a t in s pire t e nd e rn es s at t h e ve ry
rs t p r e se n t a ti o n a s for e x a m p l e i n fa n cy s o a ssoc i a tio n c o n
s t i t u t es m an y n e w o bj e c t s a n d i n c r e a se s t h e i n u e n c e o f all
A n y c irc um s tan c e s th a t d e t e r m in e t h e e m o ti o n t o b e fr e qu e n tl y
fel t i n o n e c o nn e x i o n c au s e a p ow e rfu l a d h e s i on t o gr ow u p
s o a s t o d e v e l o p i n th a t s p e c i a l
qu ar t e r a p r e e m i n e n t p o w e r
t o s ti r u p t h e fe e l i ng
an d w e m a y h a v e a c e r t a i n n u m b e r o f
th o s e s tr o ng a tt a chm e n t s t o p e rs o n s or t o in anim at e thing s
w ith ou t ri s in g a b o v e o u r o rigi n al s h a r e of t h e g e n e r al su s c e p
t ib ilit y
F or e x am pl e s elf c om pl ac e n c y i s a h a bitu al t e n d e r
r e g ard t o s elf a s a n o bj e c t d i s pl ay ing attr a c tive an d a d m irabl e
qu al iti e s Th e p rim itiv e fu n d o f t en d e rn e s s m ay n ot b e v e ry
gre a t b u t in c on s e qu e n c e o f it s ow in g in c e s s an tl y in this
p arti c u l ar c h ann el th e r e m ay a ris e a c o n s id e rabl e gl ow o f
e x c it e m e n t in th a t r e l a ti on n ot e x p e r i e n c e d i n a n y o th e r
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pr ogre s s w h e n on c e t h e b e n t h a s s e t i n Th e ou t w ar d e x p re s
s i o n c a n b e c h e c k e d b u t t h e i nw a r d c ou r s e i s n o t m u c h a ffe c t e d
th e r e b y F oll ow in g c l os e u p on s el f t e n d e rne s s w e n d van ity
an d h e r e
a n d al l t h e fo rm s o f l o v e o f a d m ir a ti on a n d a pp l au s e
th e r e i s m ore s c op e for c on trol B y in d u l ge n c e t h e fe el ing o f
p r ai s e m ay b e p am p e r e d b e y ond all l im its w hi l e b y a c a re
fu l s tin t e d r e gim e n th e re i s a p os s ibili ty of k e e pi ng it v e ry
Th e in divi d u al s o w n v ol iti on h o w e v e r i s
m u c h u nd e r
w an t e d t o c o n cu r i n t h e s u pp r e s s i o n ; it b e i n g SO e a s y t o g e t
o u t o f s ight o f a s e co n d p e r s o n a c ti n g a s m o ni t o r a n d t o fal l
int o s te al thy in d u l gen c e s
1 2 Th e M al e vo l e n t s e n tim e n t i n t h e for m o f l u s t o f
P ow e r i s o n e of t h e gig an ti c e g o tis m s of t h e hu m an mi n d
Mo r al c ul tu r e i s a ppli e d t o cu rt a il it s d ev el opm e nt ; b u t t h e
e ffo r t s o f t h e in s tr u c t o r ar e b a f e d by t h e h y d r a h e a d e d c h a r
S trong s e l f r e p r e s s i on w ill a fte r a tim e
a c t e r of thi s fe e l ing
o bt a i n t h e ai d o f h a bitu a ti o n a n d m a k e s o m e w a y in t oni n g
F or t h e m a s s o f m an kin d
d o w n t h e vi ol e n c e o f t h e e m o ti o n
o p e n r es i s t an c e i s t h e p ri n c ip al ch e c k a ppli e d t o t h e d omi n ee r
i ng s p iri t
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h ave th e nat u r al b ra ve ry s tr e ngth e n e d b u t a p r em a tu re or

e x c e s s ive e xp osu r e m ight l e av e t h e s u bj e c t m o r e s u s c e ptibl e
t han e ve r Th e ini ti ative s in carry ing o n thi s p articu l ar
d i s c ip l in e n e e d t o b e v e ry g oo d E x a m pl e e n c ou r ag e m e n t

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gre a t r e qu is it e s in t h e p r e s e nt as in e ve ry o th e r d if cu l t
Ju d g ing from t h e phy s iol ogi c al d iffe r e n c es
m or al a c qu is ition
o f a n im al s a n d o f t h e s e x e s it w o u l d app e a r th at t h e qu a l it y o f
c o u r a g e r e p o s e s u p o n a p e c u li a r m o d e of n e r v ou s vig ou r an d
c o n s u m e s a d e n it e p o r ti o n o f t h e n ou r i s h m e nt o f t h e fr a m e
To in s til thi s qu al ity w h e r e b y n atu r e i t i s b u t fe e bl e w o u l d
prob abl y d em an d a c on s id era bl e d ive rsi on of th e gro w in g a nd
pl as tic e n e rgy of th e s y s t em an d h e n c e few e xa m p l e s o c cu r of
ve ry s u c ce s s fu l a tt e m pt s t o e r e c t it o n an a c qu ir e d b a sis
1 1 Th e T e n d e r Em oti o n s u ppl i e s a t h e m e (s o al s o w ou l d
t h e S e x u al ) fo r r e p e a tin g a s im il ar c ou r s e o f r e m a rk s a s t o
t h e p o s s ib ili ty of e x a l ting or d e p r e s s ing t h e o rigi nal d e v el o p
m e n t a s s ig ne d t o it b y n atu r e
If s tr o n g fr o m t h e c orn
me n c e m e nt an d su ppl ie d w ith Obj e c ts t o c h eri s h it th e r e
w ou l d i n e vit abl y foll ow a p r o g r e s s iv e e nl a rg e m e nt of t h e s u s
A p ers on s o s itua t e d wou l d n d a gre at an d
c e ptibil ity
in c r e a sing e njoy m e nt i n a ffe c ti on s oc i a bil ity and hu m an e
i m pu l s e s an d w o u l d as a p art o f t h e s ame e n d o w m en t b e
a bl e t o k e e p u p t h e e x c it e m e n t o v e r c om p ar a tiv e l
l
e n gth e n e d
y
p eri o d s Th e cu rr ent s of e n e rgy w o u l d go l a rg el y in t o this on e
c h ann el l e avi n g o t h e r r e i on s s u c h a s i n t e ll e c t a n d v oli ti on
s o m u c h l e s s s u ppl i e d w ith p ow e r
On t h e o th e r h an d a
t h e r s t m igh t b e
c h a r ac t e r d e c i e n t in t e n d e rn e s s fr o m
n t o a n av e r a g e d e v e l o p m e nt p r o vi d e d a tt r ac ti o n s
c h e ri s h e d
a r e giv e n a n d t h e m in d n o t s u ffe r e d t o b e t o o m u c h a b s o r b e d
i n t h e d ir e c ti o n o f g r e at e s t s tr e ngth
We m ay thu s rais e or
l o w e r t h e s e n s ibil ity as a w h ol e a n d r e n d e r it a m o r e o r l es s
i m p orta n t ite m in t h e s our c e s of e nj o ym e nt or s u ffe ring ; w hi c h

is an e ffe c t e n tir e l y d i s tin c t fr om t h e h a bitu al d ir e c ti on o f it

t ow a rd s p arti c u l ar p e rs o n s or th ings t e rm e d o bj e c ts o f a tt a c h
m e n t or a ffe c ti on
No d ou bt t h e on e e ffe c t is r e ad y t o g o
al o n g w i th t h e o th er b u t t h e t w o are not th e re fo r e t h e sam e
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4 52

M ORAL H AB ITS

pl e a su r e s in ci d en t t o A c tion w e r ank e d
Pu rsu it a nd Pl ot in t ere s t w h os e fas cin ation s om e tim e s b e c o m e s
t oo g r e a t a n d r e qu ir e s t o b e r es tr a in e d A c e r t a in c h e c k m u s t
b e p l a c e d u p on t h e e x c it e m e nt of sp or t an d t h e e n gros s m e n t
o f s t o r y i n y ou th a s e n e nde r ing a S p e c i e s o f d i ss ip a ti on ih
g
c o n s i s t e n t w ith t h e s o b e r e n g a g e m e n t s o f life
Wh e n all ow e d
t o r u n ri o t t h e i nt e r e s t in m e r e n a rr ativ e a n d pl o t b e c om e s a
s ou r c e o f s e ri o u s anno y a n c e
I t i s n e e d l e s s t o s ay w h at ar e
t h e m e an s o f in iti a tin g a h a bit o f r e s t r a in ing th i s a pp e t e n c y
I h a v e al re a d y m or e th an o n c e m ention e d al l t h e m o d e s of
initi ati on a n d all t h e c ircum s t an c e s fa vou rabl e t o a s u c c e s sfu l
i ss u e
1 4 The Em o tio n s o f I n t el l e c t l ik e I n t ell e c t it s el f a re for
t h e m o s t p art m o r e i n w a n t o f b e i ng c h e ri s h e d th a n o f b e in g
A c ong e n i al atm osph e r e of s oc i e ty ac c e ss t o b o ok s
che c ke d
a n d m e an s o f c u l tu r e fr e e d om fr o m c ar e s a n d t h e a b sen c e Of
s tr on g c o m p eti n g t as t e s w ou l d e n ab l e o n e t o c u l tiv at e t o a d
vant age t h e origin al g e rm s o f c u ri osity an d of t h e l o v e of tru th
and c o n s i s t e n cy i m pl an t e d by n a tu r e
1 5 Th e r e gi o n o f Ta s t e an d IEs t h e t i c cu l tu r e i s s ubj e c t
t o t h e s ame g e n e r al l aw s o f p l as ti c ity a n d h a bit
Th e s e
e m o ti o ns a s a w h ol e m ay b e nou ri s h e d or s tin t e d
or s o me
o n e m ay b e s e l e c t e d fo r e s p e c i al agg r an d iz e m e n t
Ta k e a
man m o d e r at e l y e n d o w e d b y n at u r e i n thi s d e p artm e n t a n d
p l a c e him in t h e a rtis ti c a tmosph e re of R om e Or Fl oren c e
w ith ou t m u c h t o e ng r oss h im o th erw i s e a n d w ith ou t a ny
p e cu l i ar b en t in a d iffe r e nt dir e ct i on an d h e w i l l by d e gre e s
w a r m u p u n d e r t h e i n u e n c es ar ou n d him a n d e n d i n b e i n g
a m a n o f d e c i d e d aes th e ti c t as te s a n d s u s c e ptibili ti e s
On t h e
o th e r h a n d pl a c e a n a r ti s ti c n at u r e i n an ag e o f high Pu ri
t a n is m
w ith d r aw e v e ry i n u e n c e th a t w ou l d fo s t e r t h e l o v e
o f a r t ; s p u r t h e m i n d in t o d i s cr e a n t p u r s u it s an d in al l
p
p r ob a bil ity t h e o rigin al p rop orti on s of t h e c on s titu tion w ill
I t i s w ithin p os s ibil ity t o im pl a nt
u l ti m a t e l y b e r e v e r s e d ;
a n d t o r oo t u p t h e m o s t d e e p s e a t e d o f h u m an p l e a s u r e s a n d
We m u s t n ot forget how e v e r th at Op e ra ti on s
d i s p os iti on s
SO r e v ol u ti on ar y a r e n o t p e rfo rm e d w ith o u t v e ry g r e at c o s t
13

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45 3

th an o ne su c h rare l y t ak es pl ac e i n a S i ngl e
l ife
Th e p ow e r o f e d u c a ti on i s l im it e d b ec au s e t h e u p
bu il d ing fo rc e is its el f l imi t e d We c anno t Co nc e ntr a t e t h e
pl as ti c p o w e r an d array t h e ou tw ar d c irc u m s t an c es u p on t w o
I t w o ul d h ardl y
o r th r e e d ive r s e Obj e c t s o f g r e a t m a g nit ud e
b e p o s s ibl e t o imp ar t a rti c i all y t o t h e s a m e p e rs o n t h e s pirit
o f s c i e n c e a n d t h e l o v e o f ar t b o th b e in g fe e bl y c a s t in t h e
mi n d orig in al l y no r c ou l d w e h o p e t o m a k e h e a d ag ain s t t w o
d i s tin c t m or al w e ak n e s s e s s o as t o m a k e m o r al p o w e rs ou t o f
b oth
Th e c ul tiv ati on of t h e p o e ti c i n t e r es t i s o ne of t h e s o ur c es
This b el on gs t o ou r m o d e rn d ev el op
of a r e n e d p l e a s u r e
m ent
Ou r gr e a t n atu r e p o e t s a s B y r o n C ol e ri d g e Wo rd s:
It
w o rth Sh el l e y a r e t h e c hi e f in s t ru m e n t s i n thi s c u l tu re
i s a p r e e m in e nt e x a m pl e o f t h e i n c r e as e o f an e m o ti o n a l s u s
Th e p r ogr e ss i n thi s c u l tu r e
c e p t ib ili t y by a s s i du ou s tr a ini ng
i s e x act l y d e n e d by t h e l aw s o f I d e a l Em o ti on ; a nd t h e
l e a d in g c ir c u m s t an ce th at m a k e s it e r a ti on fru itful i s t h e di s
e n g a g e m e n t a n d d e v o ti on of t he m e n t al e n er gi e s fo r t h e w o r k
To n d p l e as u re i n Vi r tu e i s a m u c h h a rd e r t a s k th an t o
S pin o z a r em ark ed i n him s el f a
w o rk u p ae s th e ti c fe e l ing
g rowi ng a bili ty t o c ont e m pl at e w ith d e l ight t h e r emain bom un ;
b u t this r e fe rr e d r a th e r t o t h e s e nti m e n t th a n t o t h e p rac ti c e
o f tr u th a d vi r t u e
1 6 I t m ay b e e x p e c t e d tha t I Sh o u l d s ay a fe w w or d s On
t h e s e gr e a t a n d s u d d e n c h a ng e s s o m eti m e s o p era t e d i n t h e
h u m an c h ar ac t e r c h ang e s th a t ar e in s triking co n tra st t o t h e
Th e
l a b ori ou s p ac e a c c o r d ing t o w hi c h h a bits ar e b u il t u p
e x p l an a ti o n o f s u dd e n c on v er s i o n s i s n o d ou bt t o b e s o u ght
i n s o m e o v e r p o w e ri n g i m p r e ss i on u p on t h e m in d th a t s u ppl i es
a n e w a n d e n e rg e ti c m otiv e t o t h e w il l th e r e by i n iti a ti n g a
If w e c an onl y s t rik e a bl ow w ith s u c h
n e w l ine o f c o n d u c t
p ow e r a s t o s e iz e p os s e s s ion of a m a n s e n tir e th ou g ht s a nd
v o l u nt ary di sp o s itio ns for a c er t a in l ength Of tim e w e may
s u c c e e d i n l au n c hin g h im i n a n e w c a re er a n d i n k e e pin g
h im in th a t c ou r s e u ntil th e r e b e ti m e for h a bits t o c o m m e nc e
a n d u ntil a fo rc e i s a rr ay e d in fav o u r of t h e p r e se nt s t a t e of
a nd

t h a t m or e

M ORAL H A B I TS

THE

4 54

thin g s a bl e t o c op e w ith t h e t e n d e n c i es and gr ow th of t h e

S u c h c h a n g e s o c c a s i o n a l l y h ap p e n b u t n o t
form e r l ife
w ith o u t t e rri c s t ru ggl e s w hi c h p r o v e h o w h ar d it is t o s e t
u p t h e v o l iti o n s o f a d ay a g ain s t t h e b e n t o f y e ar s
1 7 We m ay n e x t ill u s tr a t e t h e c l a s s o f h a bit s r el at e d t o
Th e
t h e m o r e p u r e l y v o l iti o n al i m pu l s e s o f o u r n at u r e
S p on t an e ity form erl y d w e l t u p on a s a n e s s e n ti al e l e m en t of
t h e w ill i s m o di e d i n v a ri ou s w a y s d u r in g t h e a pp r e n ti c e s hip
t o l ife
Origin all y t he s p o n ta n e ou s o u tbu r s t s m u s t b e s u p
p o s e d t o foll ow t h e c ou r s e o f n u triti on and ac c id e nt al s t im u
l an t s
We h a ve t o l e arn t o s u pp r e s s m ov em e n t s a t tim e s
w h e n t h e lr e p l e n i sh e d c o n d iti on o f t h e c e n t r e s w ou l d b rin g
th e m on an d at oth er tim e s t o p r o tr a c t th e m b ey on d t h e
p erio d w h e n th e y w ou l d b e d is p o s e d t o c e as e Th e o p e r a ti on s
o f I n d u s tr y c a n n o t b e s u s t a i n e d w ith ou t gr e a t a d d iti o n s o f
p ow e r t o s om e c e ntr e s p e rh a p s a t t h e e x p e n s e of o th e rs Th e
s u s t a i n e d u s e o f o n e o r g a n s u c h as t h e v o i c e o f a s i ng e r or
or t h e a r m o f a b l ac k s m ith i m p l i e s th a t
a p u bl i c s p e ak e r
a ft e r a n u m b e r of y e ar s a o w of vit al p o w e r m a n y tim e s
gre at e r th an t h e o rigin al m e a s u r e n ow t ak e s pl ac e t ow a rd s
I t i s a n e l e m e nt in
e v e r y p a r t i nv ol v e d i n th e s e ac tiviti e s
e v e ry m a n s p r o fe s s i o n al a c qu i r e m e n t t o b e a bl e t o c o n t n u e
i
w ith ou t fa tig u e t h e ac tivity o f s om e s p e c i al o rg a n ; m u c h l o n g e r
th an w ou l d b e p oss ibl e w ith ou t a s p e c i al e d u c a ti o n The re is
p eram e nt w i th
s u c h a thi ng t oo as c h a n gi n g t h e n a tu r al t e m
re g ar d t o t h e m a nner of a c ting A s p o n t an e ity p r one t o v eh e
m e n t a n d e x h au s ting d i s c h arg e m ay b e t on e d d o w n t o a
s l ow e r p a c e a l th o u gh c o n s i d e r i n g t h e d e e p s e a t e d n es s o f t h e
p e c u l i arity t o b e c h a ng e d it m u s t b e a w o rk Of n o l ittl e tim e
a n d e ffo r t
1 8 Th e s u bj e c t o f D e s ir e b ri ng s t o o u r n o ti c e v a ri o u s i m
p ort an t m oral a c qu is itions A h a bit of En d u ran c e a s ag ain s t
i rre m o v abl e p a in s g e ne rall y or ag ain s t s p e c ial p a i ns of m o re
tha n u s u al r e c u rr e n c e ma y b e e s t a bl i s h e d u n d e r t h e u s u al
c ond ition s I t i s a h ard thing t o s u pp ort a c u t e or m a s siv e
s u ffe r i n g by a m e r e u n ai d e d vol iti o n
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d inary in t e n s ity o f th e ir na t u r al im p u l s es w hil e th e y a r e p r o
b abl y l e ss e n d o w e d w ith t h e pl a s ti c qu ality o f th e b r ain th an
Th e im p ar ti ng o f a h a bit
t he m e m b e r s Of t h e c an in e fa m il y
of d o m e s ti c a ti on t o th e s e fe r oc i o u s c r ea t u r e s w o ul d s im pl y r e
qu ir e a v e ry l ong su st ain e d a nd s e v e r e di s c ipl in e su c h a s w e
A c r e atu r e m u s t b e s u bj e c t to t he
d o n ot c h o o s e t o e n fo rc e
p as si on of fe ar in o r d e r t o b e effe c tu all y t am e d by t h e h an d
of m a n
Th e h or s e a nd t h e d og h a v e a c e r t a in am ou n t o f
timi d ity in th eir di s p os iti o n w hic h w e l arg el y a va il ou rs el ve s
w h e r e as w e s e l d om t a k e i n h an d t h e t a m in g o f a n i m al s
of
e n d o w e d w i th gr e at n a tu r a l c ou r a g e
2 0 The o pp o s itio n t o I n t ell e c tu al tr ain s o r t o t h e s tr e am
o f i d e as u s h e r e d i n b y C o n tig u ity a n d S i mil a rity i s w ithin t h e
ran ge of v ol iti on and m a y b e c o n rm e d into h a bit Tw o
int e r e sting c as e s m ay b e spe c i e d Th e rs t i s t h e c o nc en tra
tion of t h e th ou ght s u p o n o n e s u bj e c t a s ag a i ns t w an d e ri ngs
digr es s ions and c h an ce s ol i c itati on s a thin g difc u l t t o
c om p el in e arl y l ife and in u nt u t or e d m in d s Wh e r e th e re i s
fr e qu e n t o c c a s i o n for t h e e x e r c i s e o f t h e fa c u l ty an d s tr on g
mo tiv e s i n a dd iti on t h e l ap s e Of ti m e w ill n d t h e e ffo rt g ra d u
a ll y d im i n i s hi n g a n d a t l a s t t h e p o w e r w il l b e co m e co m p l e t e l y
Thi s i s a p a rt Of t h e a pp r e n ti c e ship of e ve ry
d o m i n ant
hi ghl y i nt e ll e c tu al p r o fe s s io n an d m e r e l y foll ow s u p in t o t h e
w orl d o f i d eas t h e abil ity t o c o m m an d t h e a tt e n ti o n a g a in s t
t h e d iv e rtin g in u e n c e o f o bj e c t s o f s en s e
Th e s e c ond i ns t an c e is t h e p ow e r o f d i s m is s in g a s u bj e c t
To b e ab s o rb e d w ith a m a tt e r o f
from t h e m in d at pl e a su r e
b us i n e s s a ft e r it h as c e as e d t o b e o f any p ra c ti c al im p or t Or
t o k e e p t h e th ou ght s g oi ng u p o n it i s a w ea kn e s s t o b e o v er
Th e fo r c e o f t h e w ill c a n b e i nt e rp os e d t o
c om e if p o s s ibl e
c l e ar ou t s u bj e ct s l oit e rin g u nne c e s s aril y i n t h e e l d o f
v i s i o n a n d a l th ou gh t h e r s t a tt e m pt s o f thi s ki n d w ill b e
met w ith c o n s i d e rabl e r e si s t an c e a fair a m ou n t of p e rs e ve r
In t h e a c tiv e bu si n e s s
an c e w il l n o t b e w ith ou t i t s r e w ar d
of li fe m e n a r e fr e qu e n t l y c al l e d u p o n t o t u rn r api dl y fr om
on e s u bje c t t o a n oth e r fo rg e tti ng w h a t h a s j u s t b e en s e ttl e d
t h e li e n

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thing ne x t in tu rn Th e
m e r e a c t o f t h e wil l in a b so l u t e l y s u sp e nding al l c on s id e r a ti o n
o f w h at h as b e e n e ngr o ss ing t h e i d e a s for s e v e r al c o nse c u ti v e
h o u r s i s a h igh a n d i m p e ri o u s di c t atio n no t b y a ny m e ans
o b e y e d in t h e e arl y s t a ge s o f o n e s ap p re n t i c es hi
p
2 1 In b ri ng i n g thi s c h ap t e r t o a cl ose I Co n cl u d e at t h e
s a m e ti m e t h e e xp os iti o n o f t h e forc e o f C o n tigu ity R e t e n tiv e
ne s s or A c qu i si ti o n
I t h as n ot b e e n the obj e c t of t he p r es en t
d is cu s si o n t o b ri ng forw ar d e v er y p ow e r of t h e n a tu r e o f a
m or al h ab itu d e b e l o n gi n g t o ou r co n stitu ti on I migh t h av e
t r o d u c e d t h e m e n ti o n o f a v a ri e ty o f o th e r s n o t i nfe ri or t o
F or e xa m p l e h ab its o f O b e di e n c e ar e
a n y o f th o s e s e l e c t e d
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d en e y t o foll o w ou t o n e s p r e v ail in g t e m p er
Habits of
Au t hor ity h av e t o b e a c qu ir e d in sp ite of t h e di sp os it i on t o
s ym p at h iz e w ith ou r fe l l o w b e i n g s u nd er al l c ircu mst an c e s
Hab it s of Pr o m p titu d e Ac tivity a nd A l er tn es s ar e fr e qu e n tl y
t h e r e s u l t o f a l o ng c o n tin u e d c o n tr a di cti o n o f t h e n a tu r al
c h a r a ct er
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m a ny p ers o n s a gr ow th for c e d entir e l y fro m w ith ou t an d n o t
c oinciding w ith a s ingl e t en d e n c y o f t h e n atu r al m an My
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th at r e p e titi on s u s t ain e d for a l e ngth of tim e i s a {si n e qu t n on ;

th e r e i s n o t t h e s a m e a d e qu at e re c o gniti on o f t h e n e e d o f an
i niti at iv e s o s tro ng and so w e ll ma n ag e d as t o c arr y t h e d ay
i n e v e r y s ep ar at e c o n ic t u ntil s u c h tim e a s a c o n s i d er ab l e
Nor d o w e al w ays a dv e r t in p r a c
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6 A s r e g ar d s a ny Obje c t th a t a p er s on t ak e s u p a s t h e
gr e at or crow ning e n d O f li fe h e w ill b e di sp os e d m or e or l e s s
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tim e We k n ow fu r th e r h o w ev er th a t if any fri en d m on it or
o r p e r s on h av i n g au th or ity w ith him t a k e t o h e ar t t h e fa il u r e
th u s e xh ib it e d h e m ay p l y him w ith e xtra m oti v e s w hi ch
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We kn ow
b e si des th at if t h e p e r s o n him s el f fe e l s r em or s e an d s el f crim i
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n e w m o ti v e i n fav ou r O f hi s h igh p ur p os e o n t h e n e x t o c c a
s i on
Aft er a few e xp e rim ents w e c an t ell p r e tty cl os el y w h a t
i s t h e val u e O f r e p e n t a n c e a s a m otiv e u p on t h e i n d iv i d u al
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In s om e w e n d th a t r e m or s e is a p ow e r fu l s p u r t o
t h e w il l for a l o ng tim e a ft e r an d i n o the r s w e h av e t o s e t i t
d ow n a s n o thi ng a t al l A s ou r Op p or tu n iti e s of w a t ching
a p e r s o n a r e i n c r e as e d w e a r e t o th a t d e gr e e e n ab l e d c er t a i n l y
t o fo r e t e l l h o w h e w il l b e h av e a n d t o t ak e o u r c ou r s e a cc or d
ingl y
I f t h e e v e n t e v er dis ap p oin t s u s w e d o n ot a s cri b e it
t o any u n c er t ai nty in t h e s e qu e n c es o f m o ti v e a n d a c ti o n b u t
t o ou r n ot b ei ng ab l e t o for es ee a c c u r a t e l y t h e m o ti v e s t h a t
w er e p r e se n t
In s p e cu l a ti n g b e for e h a n d o n t he d e ci s i on s O f
a d e l ib er a tiv e b o d y w e m ay k n ow t h e op i n i on s a n d i n c l in a
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Th e ir as cib l e t e m p era m en t may a cc i d e nt a l l y p a s s b y a n a ffr ont ;
o r t h e p e nu ri ou s man m a y s ur p r i s e u s b y hi s l ib eral i t y
N0 one
e v e r s u p p os es that th e s e e xc e p tio n s imp l y that the c onn ex i on
b e tw e en mo tiv e a nd act i s fo r t h e ti m e s u sp e nd e d by a c ap ric e
O f nature or t h e rel axat ion of the u su al l ink o f ant e c e de nt a n d
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ent e r t ain i ng i s t he p r e s e n c e O f som e s ec o nd mo t iv e th a t for
t h e ti me h o l d s t h e p rev a ili n g b i as i n c he ck
We sh oul d not
th ink of cou n t enanc ing t h e su p p o s itio n th a t a man int en s el y
av ar i c i ou s i n t h e main c urre nt O f h is l i fe d o e s n e v er th el es s
o n c ert a i n d a y s b e co me p aral y ze d t o th e l o v e of m one y; b e
h av ing in all th ing s a s if t h e ch ar act e r c o ul d ne v er b e at t ri
ity o f h u m an a c ti ons t oo
b u t e d t h im
We k now t he u nifor m
w ell t o m ai nt ai n t h e p o ss i b i l ity o f an ab s ol u t e s u sp ens i o n o f
mot ive w hi l e w e ar e not l e s s p r ep are d fo r t h e oc c as i o n al
de fe a t O f s o m e O f t he s t ron g es t Of m e n s u su al im p u l s es : Th e
rog ue a n d foo l b y t s is fair an d w i s e

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7
a ty
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n a t ur e
ob l ig ati on a ll p o i n t t o th e i nt e r es t s O f ou r fe ll o w b e ings w h i ch
w e h av e t o re s p e c t w h il e in t h e p ur s u it O f o u r o w n
J u sti c e
tru th fu l l m e nt of con tr ac ts ab s t aining fro m v i ol ence t o
t h e p e r s on or ch ar ac t er of ou r n e igh b our r e s p e c t t o oth er
m e n s p rop er ty a n d righ t s O b ed i e n ce t o l eg al au thor ity are
s o m a n y m o d es o f c on du c t en for c e d up o n u s a s me m b e r s o f a
i
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ty b o u nd t og e th er for c o mmon p ro t e c ti on Th e r e a re
c
in h u ma n n ature ce rt ai n p r i m ar y im p ul s es t h at :
w o u l d di c t a te
a c ti o n s fal l in g u n d er t he h e a d s n ow i n d i ca t e d
Our Affe c tion s
a n d Sy m p a th ie s i d e n tify u s w ith th e p l e a s u r e s a nd p a in s
of s e n ti e n t b e i n g s a t l ar g e a n d s u pp l y a m oti v e t o w o rk for
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ac ti on s th at

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a b ou t u s
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m a k e a d e e p and c h ara c t e r i s ti c im p r e s s i on w e h av e a p e c u l i a r
n oti o n a tt a ch i ng t o the m a n d t o t h e i n div i du al p e r s on s t h e
au t h o rs O f t h e a tt e n d a n t
i ns
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t ow ar d s w h a t i s th u s for bi dd e n b y p e n al ti e s r Ism g w ith
tr an sgr es si o n
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a d mi ni s t e r t h e
i n Is a l s o O f t h e n a t u re o f dr e a d ; w e t e r m
a
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it u su all y t h e fe el in g O f au th or ity Fr om r s t t o l a s t thi s
i s t h e ess e n ti al for m a n d d e nin g qu al ity O f t h e c on s c i e n c e
al th ou gh it i s m i xe d u p w it h o th e r i n gr e d i en t s
A s du ty i s
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u n i sh m e n t s o t h e s e n s e O f O b li g a ti o n h as
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a v o i d a n c e o f c on d u c t p r oh ib it e d b y p e n al ti e s
i n d oc trin at e s t h e n e w l y in tr o du c e d m em b e r O f s o c i e ty w i th
t h e s e n ti m e n t O f t h e f or bi d d en w h i c h b y a n d b y t a k e s r o ot
an d e x p a n d s i n t o t h e s e n tim e n t O f m om l d i s ap p r oba ti on ; h e
th e n joi ns w ith t he o th e r m e m b er s O f t h e c om m un ity i n
im p os ing an d e nfor c i ng t he p r oh ib iti ons th a t h av e b e e n
st am p e d a n d b r a n d e d i n t h e c o u r s e o f his o w n e du c a ti o n
D u ty th e n m ay b e s ai d t o h av e t w o p rim e su p p or ts in t h e

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t o b e ar u p on i n d i v i d u al s (w h o m u s t b e t h e s m all er nu mb e r)
O r d er
n o t su f c i e n tl y p r o m p t e d b y t h e o th e r s e n ti m e n t
b e ing on c e e s t ab l i sh e d i n a s oci e ty th a t i s t o s ay t h e p r ac ti c e
o f ob e d i e n c e b e i ng h a b itu a l t o t h e m as s O f t h e c o m m u n ity it
1 3 o n l y n e c e s s ar y t o a
l
p p y a d i s c i p l inin g p ro c e ss t o t h e y o u ng
t o p r e p ar e th e m for t h e s a m e a c qu i e s c e n c e i n t h e p u b l i c
m or al ity
Th e i m p o s iti on O f p e n al ti e s b e g e t s at o n c e t h e
s e n s e a n d a v o i d an c e o f t h e fo r b i dd e n a n d t h e a we of au th or ity
a nd th i s i s r e t ai n e d t h r o u gh l ife a s t h e b a s i s O f t h e i n d iv i du a l
con s ci en ce t h e e v er for e m ost m oti v e t o ab s tain fr om a c ti on s
de s igna t e d as w r ong
9 I t i s n ot i m p l i e d t hat c on s c Ie n c e i s n e v e r a nythi ng e l se
are

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D I SIN T ERE S T ED IMr uLsES N ECE SSA RY

46 9

tha n t h e a ctual a nd i d e al av oi d a nc e an d dr e a d O f p unish

O th e r e l e me nts c on cu r s o me tim e s s o l arg el y as t o
m ent
o b li t e r a t e In t h e V i e w t h e p r i m a r y g e r m a n d c h arac t e r i s ti c
typ e O f t h e fa cu l ty Th e r e ar e m o tiv es th a t s u p e r s e de th e
Op e r a ti on O f p u n is hm ent in a v a riety O f in s t an ce s ; a s w h e n
w e c ontr ac t a p o sitiv e s e n ti m e n t o f g o o d w ill t o w a r d s th o s e
th a t t h e l aw for bi d s u s t o inj u r e Ev en th e n w e d o n o t l os e
t h e s tr o n g fe el ing i m p l an t e d in u s r e sp e c ting t h e forb i dd en
a nd t he a u t h or it a ti v e ; We s i m p l y a r e n o l o n g e r i n t h e p e el
tion O f b e ing m ov e d b y th a t al o n e Ou r t e n der feel ings ou r
t h e e q u al an d t h e
o u r s e n ti m e n t s of t h e fair
s ym p a thi es
consis ten t if l ib er al l y d ev el op e d an d w el l dire c t e d imp el u s
as it w e r e O f ou r o w n a c c o r d t o r e s p e c t th o s e i nt e r es t s o f
ou r f el l o w b e i n g s th a t ar e p r o t e c t e d b y t h e e na c tm e n t s o f
Mo r e o v er a s al r e a dy s aid th er e i s a c er tain m atu r e
s o c i e ty
s t ag e o f t h e w ell di s p o s e d m in d at w h i c h w e e n t e r t h e c om
an y Of t h at m aj or ity s p o n t an e o u s in th e ir o w n O b e di e n c e
p
fr om a r e cognition of t h e c om m on s afe ty a nd co m p e ll ing
d i ss e nti e n t minoriti e s by for ce or p u nish m e nt
Th e c o n
w h i ch w a s a t r s t d e r iv ed a n d i m p l a n t e d i s n e w
s ci e nc e
Th e j u dgm e n t O f t h e in di
in d ep e nd e n t or s el fs us t ainin g
v i du al a pp rov e s o f t h e c o m m o n p r oh ib iti o n a g a i n s t fal s e h o o d

inj u s ti c e b re ac h O f b arg a in and o th er inj u r i e s as a p r ohi b il

ti on e s s e ntial t o his o w n s e c u rity In c om p an y w ith t h e r e s t
o f t h e s o c i e ty ; a n d c o ns c i e n c e th e r e for e p a s se s i n t o a h igh er
gr a d e Of t h e p ru d e nt ial m otiv e
At this s tage h ow e v er it i s h a rdl y p o ssi bl e t o e x clu de
e n tir e l y t h e g ene r o u s o r di s in t er e s t e d i m p u l se s a s e l e m e n t s in
Th e m o s t c on s u mm at e p r u d e n c e w ou l d d o n o m or e
t h e c a se
th a n m ak e e a ch m an l o o k t o h im s el f in t h e t o tal ity O f hi s o w n
int e r e s t s SO l ong as his p u blic d ut i es c oin c i d e d w i th his
r iv a t e w el far e h e w o u l d p er form th e m t o t h e fu ll b u t if the
p
c on tr ary h e w oul d not n e c es s aril y d o so I f h e s aw th a t b y
s om e a c t O f v i ol e n c e t o a n e igh b ou r o r s o m e a c t o f d e a n c e t o
f
t h e s u p r e m e au th o r ity h e w oul d b e s i d e s r u n ni ng t h e r i s k O
ur t h e ch an c e of a s t a t e O f th ing s w h er e in hi s
u n i sh m e nt in c
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Ow n s e cu ri ty w ou l d p e ri sh hi s p r ud e nti al s e n s e w oul d b ee
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DUTY

47 0

t i t

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Not S O w h e n a c r ime w o ul d
p on him
w ith ou t e ith er p u ni s h m e nt t o h i m s el f or
.

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ity th at h e sh ar e s in Th e re ar e m a ny
c as es w h e r e a m an s S oc i al O b e d i e n c e t h e fu l l m e nt of hi s
b ar g ains hi s j u s ti c e v e ra c ity r e s p e c t t o o th e r m e n s r igh ts
c os ts him a s acri c e w ith ou t a r e tu r n w h il e t h e o m i s s i on do e s
S im p l e p ru d enc e w ou l d at su ch a m o
no t l e a d t o a p e n al ty
me nt su gg e s t t h e cr im i nal c ou r s e We se e m e n c on s t an tl y
b e cau se t h e l aw is u n abl e t o e nfor c e
e v a din g O b l ig a ti on s
th e m n ot t o m ent ion t h e cr i m es c om m itt e d in t h e b el i e f Of a
I f e a ch o ne We re di sp o s e d t o a c t on a
sh r ou d of s e c r e c y
l ati on Of w h at w as for hi s o w n in div i du al gr a t i c a
s tr i c t c al c u
tio n al l s oc i al du ti e s th a t br o u gh t no m or e go o d th an r e
i
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o u tl ay w ou l d b e s u rr e n d e r e d w h il e n O s el f s a c r i ce
t
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In a s o ci e ty o f in t el
for p u b li c O b j e c ts w oul d e v e r h ap p e n
l ig e nt s el f s ee k e r s s o m e v ir tu e s m igh t b e b e tt er a tt e n de d
t o th an w e a c tu al l y n d th e m t o b e a s me n ar e c o ns tit u te d
I t i s Often rem ar k e d h ow a c er t ain ki n d of tr u thf u l n e ss
fr om t h e s e ns e of
e n abl e s a m an t o p r o sp er i n hi s b u s in es s
c o n d e n c e c r e a t e d t h e r eb y ; n o t th at a ny o n e n ee d s b e a
w or shi p p e r o f tru th i n t h e a b s tr ac t or g o all l e ngth s w ith

ho n e s ty i s t h e b e s t p ol i c y ; b u t tha t h e
t h e m a x i m t h at
s h ou l d se e cl e ar l y h ow far t ru th a nd h o n e s ty re all y s e rv e d
On t h e w h ol e h ow ev e r it
hi m a n d th er e l im it his d e v o ti on
m ay b e fairl y qu e s ti on e d w h e th er s o c i et y c ou l d b e m a in t ain e d
o n t h e p r in c i p l e o f a r ig or ou s a n d f ar s e e in g s el s h n e s s if it
w e r e o nl y for th i s c ir c u m s t an c e th a t e ach g e n e r a ti o n m u s t p ay
s o m e r e s p e c t t o t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h o s e th a t a r e t o foll ow
We
m u s t i n cl u de i n th a t s e n tim e nt o f t h e m a tu r e m i n d th at
a do p t s t h e
so c i al du ti e s as i t s o w n ap p r ove d c o n d u c t a
m ix tu r e o f p r u d e n c e as r e g ar ds s e l f a n d o f g e n e r o s it y a s
Th e el e m e n t o f g en e r os ity w h i c h a s I h a v e
r e g a r d s o th e r s
o ft e n s ai d i s in t h e n al a n al y s i s S ym p ath y m igh t b e al m os t
e n tir el y w a n ti n g an d th e n w e s h ou l d h a v e a m
e m b er o f t h e
i d eal s oc ie ty of int el li ge nt s el f s e e k e rs c on ce i v e d ab ov e Or
t h e g e n er ou s im p u l s es m ay h a v e a h igh a n d a s ce n d an t d e
v e l op m e n t giv ing b ir th t o a c t s O f s el f s ac ri c e a nd d e vo ti on
c om m on

t he

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47 2

D UT

woul d

i
of
a R u s s 1 an s e r f a s o f a s u bj e c t o f X e r x e s o r T i b e r iu s is a
s e n t im e nt o f p u r e d r e a d ; t h e c o n s c i en ce o f an Eng l i s hm an
a n An gl o Am e ri c a n m u s t c o n t a i n a ce r t ai n app r ov al o f
t h e l aw s h e i s c al l e d o n t o o b e y
1 0 Ha vi ng th u s d i s t i ngu i s h e d t w o l e a d ing m o d e s o f th e
s e n t i m e nt o f m oral o bl ig a t i on t h e Sl avi sh C o n s c i e n c e a n d
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d ir e c t i on s ou ght

t h e di s c u s s mn

h as

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ch ap t e r

s am e

w th t h e

in t h e

brou ght

I h av e now
of

t he

t h er e i s n oth ng l e ft for hi m

a n t e c e d e n t s , an d
u

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to

I NAB ILI TY

NfOR A L

47 8

i
i

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a n e w an d
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bu t

o
t
p ent

b i n a t i on

s o as

v erg e
of L i b er t y

t h e w ill t o t h e

w t h i t , t h e p r o l em
een n t e nd e d t o
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p p

MOR A L
fe e l in gs

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s t an c e s

and ,

a c co r d ngl y ,

to

v ar

y the

s p u r sh all

u n d er

ar se

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I h av e now

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s am e

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g

t h at

s u re

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s ou

ght

c rc u m

l e ft fo r hi m b u t
a n e w an d

r e v o u s c om
p

in t h e d ir e c t i o n

brou gh t

the

t here is

a n t ece d e n t s , a n d

b e m ix e d

t o t u rn t h e

I I TY

INA B L

p o t ent

bi na t ion

s o as

is cu s s ion of t h e w ill t o t h e v erge

o f t h e l a st p r o bl e m c o nn e c t e d w it h i t t h e p ro bl e m of L i b er t y
for w h i ch t h i s ch ap t er h as b een i nt e nd e d t o p r ep ar e th e w ay
th e d

C HAP TER X I

LIBER TY
1 .THE

A ND

NEC ESS ITIU f

i
o n in v ol v e d i n al l t h at h as b e en a d v an c e d
p
re s p e c t in g t h e v ol u nt ar y a c tio n s o f l ivin g b e in g s i s t h e p r e
v al e n c e o f Un ifor m i t y or Law i n t h a t c l a s s o f
h
n
e
n
m
e
a
o
p
m aki ng all ow an ce for t h e c om p l i c at i on o f nu m e r o u s a nt e ce
Th e p ra c t i c e o f l ife i s in
d e nt s n ot al w ay s p erfe c t l y k n ow n
e
n
ral a c c or d an ce w i t h t h e t h e o ry ; s o m u c h s o t h a t if a ny
e
g
o t h e r t h e or y h a d b e e n b r oa d l y p r o p ou n d e d t h e e xp e r i e n c e a n d
r o c e d u r e o f m an k in d w oul d i n all p ro b a b il it y h av e o ffe r e d
p
E ve r s inc e men c am e t o li v e in s oc i e t y t he y h ave
a n e g a t iv e
b e e n in t h e h ab it of p r e d ict in g t h e fu t u r e c ond u c t of e a ch
Th e c h ar a c t e r s a ffi x e d t o in d ivi d u al
o t h e r fr o m t h e p a s t
m e n c ov e r ing t h e w h ol e o f t h e ir m at u r e l ife c o u l d no t b e
W hen
s u s t a in e d e x c e p t o n s u c h a p r i n c ip l e of u nifor m i t y
w e s p e ak o f Ar i s t i d e s a s j u s t o f So c r at e s a s a m or al h e r o o f
Ner o as a m on st e r of c ru el t y a nd o f t h e C z ar Ni ch ol as a s
f
t
e
rr it ory w e t a k e fo r
r an t e d a c er t a in
i
r as in
o
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st e n ce
g
p
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an d r e gu l ar it y a s t o t h e op e r a t i on o f c e r t ain m o t iv e s m u c h
t h e s a m e as w h e n w e a fr m t h e a t t r i b u t e s of m at e r i a l b o d i e s
t h a t b r e a d i s a n ou r i s h i n
r t i cl e o f foo d o r t h at s m o k e
a
g
How c o m e s it t h e n t o w h at fa t al it y i s it ow ing t h at
a s c e nd s
a n e n or m o u s t h e or e t i c al d i ffi c ul t y a m e t ap h y s i c al d e a d l o ck a
u zzl e an d a p ar a d o x o f t h e r s t d e g re e a n i n e x t r i c a bl e k n ot
p
s h ou l d h av e b e e n c o n s t it u t e d w h e r e i n p r ac t ic e t h e w o r st t o b e
s a id i s t h a t t h e n um b e r a n d c o m p l i cat i o n o f m o t iv e fo r ce s
m ay e l u d e o u r k n o w l e d g e a nd r e n d er p r e d i c t i on u n c er t a in
an d p r e c ar i o u s ! T h e r e a r e p r o b l e m s c o nn e c t e d w i t h t h e
w orl d t h at h av e s e v e r el y t r i e d t h e h u m a n in t el l ig e nc e ; b u t
t h e n th e d if cu l t i es h a v e b ee n fe l t ali k e i n t h e or y an d i n
a ss u m

On t h e

e f c a c i o u s

p l an o f t ra c ing a n error t o it s r oot s ,

t o p h il os op hy b y hi s s ea r ch ing r e v i e w

h as d on e gr e a t s e rv i ce
t h e Fre e Wil l Do ct rin e

S ee

Se nsa t io n

a nd

nt u it ion

Mr
of

J a m es Su l l y

t h e gr ow t h

Es s ay V

of

480

L BER

r ac t c e
p

d i s e ase i n

N ECES SI T Y

A ND

i o f t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f h e al t h a n d
t h e an i m al b o d y w a s fr o m t h e r s t an d i s n o w
t o arr iv e at ; a n d t h e c o n s e qu e n ce i s t h a t t h e

Th e

TY

e x p l a n a t on

v ery h ar d
h e al ing art
i t s i n fan c y

h as p r ogr e ss e d or e v o l v e d s l ow l y , an d i s
Th e p r e d i c t i o n of t h e p l ac es of t h e s u n

s t ill

in

m oon

l
a n e t s fo r p r a c t i c a l e n d s h as g o n e al ong w i th t h e or e t i c al
p
In l i k e m ann er t h e p r obl e m s o f hu m an s o c i e t y
a s t r on o m y
t h e p h il o s o p h y o f h i s t or y a n d t h e t h e or y of s t a t es m an s h ip
and

v ery u n c e r t ain ; t h e d e c ie n cy b e in g as gr e at i n p r a c t ic al
ins igh t a s i n t h e or e t i c al c o m p r eh e n s ion
2 Th er e ar e n ot w an t i ng e x a m p l e s o f a n o t h e r cl as s o f
d if c u l t i es s o far p ar all e l t o t h e qu e s t i o n b e fo r e u s as t o mak e
On
it w or t h w h il e t o r e fe r t o t h e m b y w ay o f e l u c i d at i on
c e rt ain s u bj e c t s t h e r e h av e g r ow n u p t h e or e t i c al a n d fa c t i t i ou s
u zzl es t h a t h av e n o t i n t e r fe r e d w it h p r ac t i c al ap p l i c a t i o ns
p
Th e
w h il e t as k in g s p e c u l a t iv e ing e nu i t y t o t h e u t m os t
s op h i s m s o f Z e n o t h e El e a t e r es p e ct ing m o t i o n ar e e x a c t l y
T h i s p h i l o s o p h e r o r i g i n a t e d a d e m o n s t r at i o n a s h e
i n p o int
c on c e iv e d o f t h e i m p oss i b il it y o f m o t i on al t h o u gh t h e fac t
it s el f i s fel t b y e v e ry on e a s a m o ng t h e m o st c e rt ain of all
He s a id t h a t a b o d y m u s t m ov e e it h e r
h u m an e x p er i e n c e s
ar e

i n t h e p l ac e w h e r e it i s , or i n t h e p l ac e w h e r e i t i s
On t h e
t h a t i n n e it h e r c a se i s m ot i on p o s s i bl e
.

i t ion th e b od y l e av e s it s
fe s t l y ab s u r d fo r h o w c an a

p os

it d oe s

Th e
by

i ng t h e

n ot

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al l ,

l ie !
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no

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o t h er, a

t he

i c al

on

e h and

d e m o n s t r at i o n

b v i ou s
t ha
t b el i es

fa c t ;
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an o

of

t h e fa ct

co n d i t i o n o f a

a n d app l y o nl y

su p

p l ac e ; a n d t h e s e c o n d i s m an i
t h i ng m o v e i n t h e p l ac e w h e r e

on

t h e or e t

rs t

m ot i on fr om t h i s p u zzl e o f l a ng u ag e i s , a ft e r
h a r d o f a c c o m p l is h m e n t
It w il l b e s een t h at Z e n o , i n e x p re s s

e x t r i ca t i on o f

m e ans

is ,

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e m p l oy s
.

t er m s t h a t

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y p re cl u d e m ot i o n,
s u pp osi t i o n t h a t t h e b o d
y

He

p u ts t h e
d e nit i o n o f r e s t ,

a nd e x t i n u i s h e s m o v e
g
p l a c e , b u t t hi s i s t h e
m ov in
m en t a s m u ch as i f w e w ere t o u s e t h e p h r a s e a t r es t
g b o d y is
n ot i n a p l a ce : t h e e ss e n c e o f t h e p h e n om e non i s c ha ng e o f p l a ce , a nd w e

m u st b e i n

c a nn ot

r es or t

t o t h e l a n g u ag e

of

d e m o ns t ra t i on i s t ant am ou n t t o

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it is

r e p ea t i ng o f

at

t he

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s am e

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Z e no

s a y i ng ,

w i t h ou t

d e nyi ng m o t io n i t s el f

i t i s i m p os s i bl e for

m o v ing ; w h ic h is
o t h er l a n u ag e
g
.

His

b o d y t o m ov e ,
e v id e nt e n o u h , b ein
g
g on ly a
a

482

L BER

m u ch

and

exp r e s s e d

i t in t h e

of

su

A ND

bt l e t y

I a d m i t t h at i t i s

N ECES SI T Y

of

t h e p h e n om e no n t o b e
n o t a n e a s y m a t t er t o r e n d e r an

i
o f t h e h u m an Will b u t n o
m o r e i s i t e as y t o s e i z e t h e a b s t r u s er p h a s e s of t h e u n d e r s t a n d
i ng
Th e r e m ay b e a l itt l e m or e or a l it t l e l e s s p a in s r e qui s it e
t o s ol v e t h e o n e p r o b l e m o r t h e o t h e r ; b u t I d e ny t h at t h e r e i s
a n y su ch p e c uli a r i t y i n t h e w ill a s t o r e n d er i t in s ol u b l e
s u p p o s in g (w h a t t o b e s u r e h a s n o t a l w a y s b e e n a d m i tt e d
)
o t h e r p ar t s o f t h e mi n d t o b e su sc e p t ibl e o f s c i en t i c e x p l a
n a t i on
Th e w h ol e o f th e p r e s e n t B o o k i s m y j u s t i c a t i on
for s ay i n g so ; an d gr an t ing a n y am ou nt o f im p e r fe c t i on i n
t h e e xp o s it i on h e r e at t e m p t e d I app r e h e n d t h at t h er e i s n o
r a di c al in fe r i or i t y i n i t as c o m p ar e d w i t h t h e e xp l a n at i o n
i
I
v e n o f t h e r e m a in in g d e p ar t m e nt s of t h e h u m a n m in d
g
s h al l n ow g o o v e r i n d e t a il t h e d i ffer e nt p h ra s e s in u s e o n t he
s u bj ec t o f fr e e w il l an d n e c e s s i t y, w it h t h e vi e w of s h o w in g

t h at t h e y ar e for t h e m os t p ar t i n ap t e x p r e ss i on s of a
h
n
m
e n on t h at i s n e i t h e r i n c o n s i s t e n t n or u n in t e ll ig ibl e
e
o
p

e
i
i
r
ee
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o
F
r
e
W
l
Th e n o t i on o f a m an s
F
L
b
er
t
l
3
m
y
b eing fr e e in his ac t ion s app e ar s rs t a m ong t h e St oics a n d
Th e virt u ou s
aft e r w a r d s in t h e w r it in g s o f P h il o J u d aeu s
m an w as s a i d t o b e fre e a n d t h e v i c i ou s m an a s l av e ; t h e
i nt e nt ion obviou sl y b e in g by a s t r ong m e t ap h or t o p ay a
l o ft y c om p li m e nt t o vir t u e a n d t o x a d e gr a d ing s t ig m a o n
Vi c e In s o far a s e x p l ain ing t he hu m an w ill i s c o n c ern e d
an a
no t h i ng c ou l d b e w or s e c h os e n t h an t h e s e n a m e s
pp li
h ow e v er n e v e r m e a nt by t h os e t h at or ig in at e d t h e
c a t i on
It w ou l d b e qu i t e a s c orr e c t a n d i n s o m e i ns t an c es
n am e s
m or e c orr e c t t o s ay t h a t t h e vir t u ou s m a n i s t h e sl av e an d
t t h e m a n t h at a c k n ow l e d g es
t h e v i c i o u s m an fr e e s e e ing t h a
fe w e s t r e s t ra int s h as t h e gr e at e st l ib er t y Th e d oc t rin e o f
Fr e e d om w as r s t el a b or a t e d int o a m e t ap h ys i c al s c h e m e
im p l y ing i t s o p p o s it e Ne c e s s it y b y S t Au gu s t i ne ag ai n s t
P e l a giu s ; in a l a t er ag e i t w as di s p u t e d b e t w e e n A r m inia n s a n d
C al v in ist s ; an d fo r c e nt u r i es i t h as b e e n a c ap it al c o nt r ov er s y
b o th in Th eol o gy and in Me t ap h y s ic s On e an s w e r t o b e m ad e
t o t h e ad v oca t es o f F r ee w ill is I c on c e i v e t h e u tt e r in ap p r o
e

x ac t

TY

of

a c c ou n t

t he

op e rat o ns

'

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N SUI TABLE TER M

FR EEDOM A N U
r
i
a
t
n
e
ess of
p

t h e n am e ,

4 83

or n o t o n,

xp r e s s

t h e p h en om e n on
a ny a m ou nt o f m y s t e r y ,
t ra n s c e n d e nt al s m b
in
to

We m ay p r o d u c e
in c omp re he n s ibil it y in s ol u bil it y
i
y
s is t ing o n k e e in
up a
h
r as e ol o y o r a t h e o r e t i c al r e p r e
p g
p
g
s c u t a t i on t h at i s u n a d a t e d t o t h e fa c t s
n
m
n
m
I
i
i
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a
e
s
o
e
p
g
v ot a r
y o f t h e n o t i o n t h a t p ol a r for c e (a s i n t h e m agn e t ) i s
t h e t yp e a n d e s s e n c e o f al l t h e p o w er s o f n a t u r e n d ing t h e
d if c ul t y o f b r i ngi ng gr av i t y u n d er i t an d t h e r e u p on d e c l ar
i ng t h at t h e c a s e of gr av it y i s an in s o l u bl e p r o bl e m
Now
it s o h ap p e n s t h at t h e t h e or y o f grav i t a t i o n e x e m p l i es t h e
p e rfec t form o f a t t a in a bl e k n ow l e d ge ; i t i s im p oss i bl e t h at
in

qu e s t ion

p h e n o me n o n c an e v e r b e m or e t h or ou ghl y c o m
p r eh e n d e d b y t h e hu m an m in d , t h an t h i s h a s b e e n s in c e t h e
n at u r al

an y

of

t me

New t o n

We

m igh t

r e n d er

th

is in t elli gibil it y ob s c u r e

b y t w i s t in g t h e p h e n om e n o n int o s o m e u nn at u r al
a s p ol ar it y ; a s i t n o w s t an d s n ot h in
m
re
i
s
o
g

s h ap e , s u c h

im p l e In
l i k e m an n e r I b el i e v e t h at t o d e m an d t h at o u r v ol i t i on s
shall b e s t at e d as e i t h e r fr e e or n o t fr e e i s t o m y s t ify a n d
e m b r oil t h e r eal c a s e a n d t o s u p e r a d d fa c t it i ou s d i c ul t i e s t o
Un d er a c ert ain
a p r o bl e m n ot i n i t s o w n n a t u r e in s ol u b l e
m ot iv e a s h u n g e r I ac t i n a c e r t a in w a y t ak in g t h e foo d
t h a t i s b e for e m e go ing w h e r e I s h al l b e fe d or p e rfor m ing
Th e s e qu e n c e i s s im p l e
s om e o t h e r p r e l im i n ar y c o n d it i o n
br ing in t h e id e a of Fr e ed o m
an d c l e ar w h e n s o e xp r e s s e d
W h at
a n d t h e r e i s i n s t an t l y a ch a os an i m b ro gl i o a j u m bl e
i s t o b e s a i d t h e r e for e i s t h at t h i s i d e a ou gh t ne v e r t o h av e
c o m e in t o t h e t h e or e t i cal e x p l an a t io n o f t h e w ill a n d o u ght
Th e t e r m Ab il it y i s inn o c ent
n o w t o b e s u m m ar il y ex p ell e d
L ib e r t y i s
b u t t h e t er m
an d h a s i n t e lli gibl e m e an i n gs
br ou ght in by m ain for ce and i s al t og e t h er in com m en su r
B y t h e a d op t i o n o f a c o u r s e
a bl e w i t h t h e p h e n o m e n o n
s im il ar t o w h at h as t ak e n p l ac e i n t h e h i s t or y o f t h i s w or d
n am el y by c o nv er t ing a m e t ap h or i n t o s c i e n t i c l a n g u a g e
w e m ight h av e h a d c o nt r o v e r si e s a s t o w h e t h e r t h e w ill i s
r i c h or p oo r n o bl e o r ig n obl e s o v e re ig n or su bj e c t ; s e e in g
t h at v irt u e h a s b e e n s ai d t o m a k e m e n n ot o nl y fr e e b u t
all w h i c h w ou l d h a ve e nd ed in t ran
r i c h nobl e a nd r o y al
,

'

'

4 84

LIBER TY A ND

NECES S TY

imp os s ibili t y of r e c on cili ng

t h e m w i t h t h e fa ct s o r of ass ignin g a d e c i s iv e r e a s on in fa vo u r
u n d e rs ta nd
o f o n e or o t h e r of t h e c o n t ra s t ing e i t h e t s
W
e
p
t h e d iffe r e n ce b e t w e e n sl av er y a n d fr e e c it i z e n s hi p b et w e e n a
c e n s o r s h ip a n d a fr e e p r e s s and b e t w e e n d esp o t i s m i n a ny
sh ap e a n d t h e l ib e r t y of t h e s u bj e c t ; b u t if a ny o n e as k s
w h e t h e r t h e c ou r s e o f v ol i t i on i n a m an or an an i m al i s a c a s e
of d e s p ot i sm or a c ase o f fr e e d o m I ans w er t h at t h e t e r m s
Th e qu e s t i o n
h av e n o ap p l i c at i on w h a t s oe v e r t o t h e s u bj e c t
u t i n t o s o m e o n e s m o u t h by C a rl yl e
I
r t u e t h e n a g as
vi
s
p
Le t e a ch
i s n o t t oo r i d i c u l ou s a p ar o d y u p o n t h e for e go in g
m
h
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a c t l y s u it ed t o
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Le t a
i t s n at u r e i s s u r e l y a m a xim of s ou n d p h il o s o p h y
p h e n om e n on b e t w is t e d in t o a s ch e m e of e xp r e ss io n a t v ar i an c e
w it h it s v e r y e s s e nc e can n o t b e t h e p ol i c y of a ny o n e b u t an
m y s t e ri e s fr o m t h e

Sc en d e n t al

s am e

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s ubj e c t

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di s cu ss e d i n ot h e r l angu a e, all t h e d s p u t ant s w ou l d

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Mr Grot e w ell r em a rk s o n t his p oi nt
is one m a in d e fe c t p erv a d ing t h e Pl a t o ni c Ph il eb u s t h e v i ol ent p r ess u r e em
p l oy e d t o for c e P l eas u re s a nd P a in s i nt o t h e same c l a s sify i ng fram e w ork as
c o ni t i v e B e l i e fs t h e t ru e a nd t h e fa l s e
.

In t h e A pp e n d i x t o m y fo rm er v ol u m e ,
e xp r e s s e d g r e a t m i sg ivi ng s a s t o
t h e p r op r i et y o f a p p l y in g t h e t erm s Ex t er n al a n d nt erna l , d er iv ed fr om t h e

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o f m i n d it s el f a s i n m u c h o f t h e

e n c l os u re o f

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th e or i e s re sp ec t ing t h e na t u re
m at eri a li s m t h at i m p l y an ex ten d ed s u b s t a nc e, w er e g u il t y o f t h e b l u nd er o f
T h e c o n t r a s t o f m a tt e r a nd m in d t u r ns u p on t h e
i na pp ro p r ia t e p re di c at i on
os e

Ext ens i on ; t h i s i s t h e fu n d a m ent al q u a l i t y of t h e obj ect

A c:
c ord ing l y , i t w a s a n a d v a n c e i n c o r r e c t t hi nk i ng (m a d e b y S t A u gu s t in e a nd
o t h ers in t h e 5t h c e nt ur y ) t o d e c l ar e in fa v ou r of t h e Unex tend ed m i nd

a t tr ib u t e

of

48 6

L BER

t h er e for e w e
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c ann o t a f r m

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t h e l aw

o f c au s at o n as a

Gr an t ing t hi s h o w e v e r i t i s

e n ou gh

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t h a t w e h av e

b ot h in
m a tt e r a n d i n m i n d an d t h at n o c as e o f a n ar ch y h as e v e r
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m ad e m an ife s t w e ar e e nt it l e d t o p r es u m e t h e u n iv e r s ali t y o f
t h e r ul e a c c or di n g t o t h e m ax im of p hil osop hi z ing l a id d ow n
by Ne w t on an d ac c ep t e d in t h e s ch ool s of s c ie nc e
St ill it i s c o m p e t e nt for a ny on e t o c on s t it u t e t he hu m an
Wil l a r eg ion of an ar chy p r ov id e d h e t hinks t h er e ar e fa c t s
t h at b e ar o u t t h e c on c l u s io n
Wh at I m ost s t r ongl y c ont e n d
for a t p r e s e nt i s t h e di s c ar d ing o f t h e ol d d r ap ea u u n d er
w hi c h t h e c o n t e s t h a s b e e n s o l ong c ar r i e d o n
b e i n g p e r su a d e d
t h at t h e c o nt r o v e r s y w ill t h e n a ss u m e a v e ry di ffe r e n t a sp e c t
a n d if i t b e n ot s p e e d il y a dj u s t e d w ill a t l e a s t b e d iv e s t e d o f
a ll i t s
a
r a d o x t r an s c e n d e nt ali s m a n d in c o m r e h e n s ib il it y
p
p
5 Neces s i ty A s imi l ar l in e o f c r it i c i s m m a y b e p u r s u e d
In s o far as it e x p r e s s es t h e
w i t h r e fe r e n c e t o t hi s w or d
n e g at i on o f Fr e e d o m i t i s e xp o s e d t o t h e v e r y s am e o bj e c t i o n s
Mor e o ve r I v e r y m u ch d ou bt w h e t h er t h e w or d ou ght t o b e
r et ai n e d in a n y o f t h e s c i e n c es
h
l
r al ; n o t hi n g is
y
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m
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ca
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We sp e ak of m at h em at ic al n e c e s sit y b u t
e v e r g a in e d by i t
w e mi gh t c o nv e y t h e s a m e i d e a by l ang u ag e e qu all y g oo d if
In c o m m o n li fe t h e w o rd h a s a t ol e r abl y x e d
n o t b e tt er
m e an ing s ui t e d t o o r d in ar y e m e r ge n c i e s ; an d t o t h at sp h er e
I c ann ot b u t t h ink t h at e v er y
w e s h o u l d d o w ell t o c o n n e i t
h as
s c i e nt i c d i s c u ss i on w h er e in t o p e op l e h a v e in t ru d e d i t
b e en p erp l e xe d by it I s e e n ot h ing b u t c on fu s ion in su ch
qu e st ion s a s w h et h er t h e a x iom s of Mat h em at ic s ar e n eces

a nd
t h e n ecessa r y c o nn e x i on o f c au s e a n d e ffe c t
sa r i
the
di sp u t e s o n s u c h p o in t s w o u l d p r o b abl y b e s h or t e n e d by
d e p art fr om t h e p r e s e nt fo rm o f p r e d i ca t i o n
a r e e ing t o
g
B e c au s e a t er m h a s o n c e go t foo t ing in s c i e n c e i t s u r e l y
d oe s n o t foll o w t h at a v e s t e d int e r es t h as b e e n cr e at e d c o m
n g u s t o r e t a in t h a t w or d a ft e r w e h a v e d i s c o v e r e d i t s
l
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t
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w it h a vi e w t o ab at e in a s l igh t d egre e
o u s c o n t o r t i on s
e

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id e p ort ion

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h
e n o m en a ,
p

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th e

x ce ss

t h e m a l ap r op

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os

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of

MEA N S

C HO CE PR OP ER L

487

Th e t e n d ern e ss t h at

w e sh ow

qu i s i t e

t ow ar d s

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c a nn ot

re

in anim at e in st ru m e nt s I c o nsid er th e w ord n e c es s it y a s

n o t h i ng Sh or t o f a n e n cu m br an c e i n t h e s c i e n ce s o f t h e p r e s e nt

d ay f

Th e w or d c h o i c e g iv e s u s o n e
Del i ber a ti on
6 Choi ce
o f t h e m o d e s o f d e s ign at i ng t h e s u p p o s e d li b er t y of v ol u n t ar y
a c t i on s
Th e r e al m e an ing of t h i s w or d t h at i s t o s ay t h e o nl y
r e al fa c t t h a t c a n b e p o in t e d at i n c orr es p o n d e n c e w it h i t i s
Wh e n a
t h e ac t in g ou t o n e o f s e v er al di ffer e nt p r om p t ing s
r s on
r ch a s es an ar t i c l e o u t o f s e v e r al s u b mi t t e d t o v i e w
e
u
p
p
t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s o f t h at o n e ar e s a i d t o b e gr e at e r t h an o f
t h e r e s t a n d n o t h in g m or e n e e d s r e all y b e s a i d i n d e s cr ib i ng
t h e t r an s a c t i o n
It m ay h app e n t h a t for a m o m e nt t h e
Op p o s i ng a tt r ac t i o n s ar e e x ac t l y b al a n c e d a n d d e c i s i on i s s u s
Th e e qu ip o i s e m ay e v e n c o n t i nu e for a
p e n d e d t h e r e by
l o ng t inue b u t w h e n t h e d e c i s i on i s a c t u all y c om e t o t h e
fac t an d t h e m e an i n g a r e t h at s om e c on s i d e r at i on h a s r i s en
t o t h e m in d giving a s u p e r i or e n e r gy o f m o t iv e t o t h e s i d e
T h i s i s t h e w h ol e s u b s t a n c e o f t h e
t h at h as p r e p on d e r a t e d

Th e d e sign at i o n l ib er t y o f c h o i c e h a s n o
a c t o f c h oos in g
re al m e ani n g e x c e p t a s d e n yin g e x t r an e o u s i nt e rf er e n c e
If
I am in t e rfer e d w it h b y an ot h er p e r s on c om p ell ing m e t o a c t
in o n e w ay t h e n i t m ay b e s a i d i nt elli g ib l y e n ou gh t h at I
h av e n ot l ib e rt y o f c h o i c e t h e c h il d m ay b e t ak e n t o t h e Sh op

'

d r e s s i s t o b e p u r ch as e d , b u t s om e o n e el s e m ak e s
Bu t , a s b e t w e e n t h e d iffe r e n t m o t iv e s of m y
s el e c t i on

w h er e a

the

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an d

as

m e an t t h a t t h e t e rm

c om p o s i t i on.

t i c

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n ot

a f r m a t i o ns ,

er e

n a m es

a re

qu e n t

w hi ch

from

s p eec h

c o nt en d

for i s , t h a t ,

as a

t h e p re s en t d a y ; I m a y
u o t e a s e x am p l es ,
u n c o n d i t i ona s e u en ce a nt ec e d ent co n e
s
,
,
,
at

p re c i s i on o f m eani ng , an d a n ab s en ce o f c on fu s i ng
If t erm s o f t hi s c l as s are e m p l o y e d i n t h e l e a di ng p r o p o s it i on s ,
ass o c i ati o n s
i t m a t t er s l e s s t h at v a gu er w or d s ar e o cc a s i o n al l y i ntr o d u c e d in c o nn e x io n s
,

all

e x cl u d e d

o nd it i ona

b e w h ol l y

p r i n c ip a l te rm i n s c i en
i t ou gh t t o b e d r op p ed , a s b ein g i n cu r a b l y i na p p r op ri a t e
w h o se m eaning i s ad ap t e d t o t h e p h en om en a o f t h e w or l d ,
I

s c i e nt i c al l y

e xp l a in e d

u niform

What

s h ou l d

ha v e

t ha t
u p on

be

t he

e xa c t s e n s e

i n t en d e d

s ci e nt i c

e x p o s it i o n ,

do

sh o w

r e p e a t e d o n ev e ry

o c c a s i on.

n ot

Th e r h e t ori c a l

all ow

t h at t h e

c on d i t i on s ,

on e

i m p ose d

app r o p ria t e

e v en

w or d s h al l

L BER Y A ND

m in d ,

N EC ES S I TY

i g

in
li b er t
o f ch o c e
t h e re i s n o m e a n n
a r ou s m o t
e s p r e s e nt o r p r osp ec t v e p l e a s u r e s a n d p ai n s
c o n c ur i n u r in m e t o a c t t h e r e s u l t o f t h e c o n c t s h ow s
g g
ow n

V i

iv

ger t h an an o the r an d t h at i s t h e w hol e

A n y p e r s on w at ch ing m e a t t h at m om e nt an d kn o w in g
c as e
e x a c t l y t h e di ffer e nt p r o m p t ing c on si d e r at i on s Wou l d t a k e a
l e s s on a s t o m y c h ar ac t e r fr om t h e t r i al an d w oul d h a ve s om e
gu id an ce as t o Wh at m ight b e e xp e ct e d fr om m e o n s im il ar
o c cas io n s
He w ou l d n e v e r t h ink of e it h er li b er t y or n ecess it y
u nl e s s i n t h e e x c ep t i o n al c a s e o f m y b e ing s o o v e rp o w er e d by
c o m p u l s i o n fr o m w it h o u t th a t m y o w n l i k i ng s o r di sl ik ing s
h a d n o t h in t o d o w i t h t h e c o n c l u s i o n
E
v
e n t h e n n e c es s it y
g
it w o ul d b e m or e c orr e ct t o
w ou l d b e a b a d t i t l e t o e m p l oy
s a y t h at m y w ill w as c om p l e t e l y su s p e n d e d i n t h e m att er
Th e qu e s t i o n in s u ch
t h a t I w a s n o p ar t y in t h e d e c i s ion
n o t w h e th e r m y w ill
i s fr e e b u t
c ir c u m
s t an c e s r e a ll y i s
w h e t h er the a c t i on i s mi n e a t all o r w h e t h e r i t b e l o ng s t o
s o m e o t h er p er s on u s in g m e a s a n e x ec u t i v e in s t r u m e nt
Th e
su c h a o n e h a s n o w il l
e x p r e s s i o n i n c om m o n s p e e c h t h a t
i s c or re c t a n d i nt e l l igib l e o n t h e s u p p os it i on
i n t h e m a tt e r
Wh en a s tr on g m ot iv e
of an irr e s i s t i bl e p o w er fr om w it h ou t
is br o u gh t t o b e ar i n t h e s h ap e of c om m and or d i ct a t i on
u n d e r p en al t i e s a n d w h e n t h at c o m m an d i s r e s i s t e d w e c a n
o nl y p r o n o u n ce t h at t h e c ou nt e r m o t iv es a r e s t r o n g e r t h an
t h e d e t err ing p r o s p e c t o f p u n i s h m e nt
S o t h at in w h a t e v e r
r e d i c a m en t a m an o r a n a n im al m ay b e p l ac e d t h e r e i s a
p
s i m p l e a nd s t r i ct l y ap p os it e m o d e o f e x p r e s s
g th e c o n i c t o f
In v e r y fe w c ir c u m s t anc e s
m o t ive s a n d t h e i ss u ing d e c is i on

ar e t h e t e r m s l i b er t y a n d n e c es s it y i n a ny w ay s ui t a bl e a nd
i n n o n e ar e t h e y t h e b es t w h il e i n t h e gr e at m a s s t h e y s erv e
No t h ing c o u l d h av e b e en m ore
o nl y
t o b r e e d c on fu s i on
th a t

on e

gr ou p

is

s t r on

t h e m o s t g e n e r al
o ft e n s e t fo r t h i n t h e for e

fa t al t h an t o

v o l it i o n

so

p h r a s e o l og y

c l ot h e

g o i ng

fu n d a m e n t al fa c t
c h ap t e r s ,

in

of

s u ch a

il
fr om p a in ar e th e ul tim a t e fa c t s a n d m o s t c o m p r eh e n s iv e
t yp es or r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f v ol i t i on ; b u t I a m u n a bl e t o s ee
h o w t h e y c a n b e br ou gh t u nd e r a ny d es crip t ion invol v i ng
,

Th e fol l ow in g

an d

up

of
,

l
p e a su re ,

a nd

t he

r e co

LI BERTY

4 90

NECESS I TY

A ND

tio n s u pp os e s t h e mi n d a c te d o n b y a d e c id e d p r e p ond eranc e

o f i n c l i n a ti o n t o o n e o f t w o o r m o r e c o u r s e s
b u t al s o s u bj e c t
t o t h e c o n s i d e ra tio n o f t h e e vil c o n s e qu e n c e s o f d e c idi n g t o o
qu ic kl y A n ew a nd di s tin c t m o tive i s thu s p r es e n t t o c ou n
t e r w or k for a c e r t ain p e ri o d t h e s tr o ng i n cli n a ti o n th at w o u l d
o th e r w i s e b r i n g a b o u t i m m e di a t e a c ti o n
Th e r e is t h e s am e
g e n e ral fac t of v olition e xe m pl i e d i n p o s tp on in g a n ac t fro m
t h e a v oi d a n c e o f p r os p e c tiv e e vil a s i n a ny o th e r c ir c u m s t a n ce
w h e r e pl e as u r e o r p ai n p r o m pt s t o s e c u r e t h e o n e a n d t o e s c a p e
Aft e r a p rop e r int e rval t he s en s e of d a nge r fro m
t h e o th e r
p r e c ipit a t e e x e cu tio n i s s a ti s e d and c e as e s t o o p era t e w h e re
u p o n t h e ac ti o n i s t ak en a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s t r o ng e s t u rg e n c y ;
o r a s t h e fac t m ight b e m or e c o rr e c tl y r e n d e r e d t h e a c ti o n
s h o w s w hi c h i s t h e s t r on g e r d e c i s i on b e i ng t h e o nl y a tt a in
a bl e c r it e ri o n o f s tr e ng th o f m o tive

e
e
d
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er
m
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7
lf
p
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t ro d u c e d in t o t h e d is c u ss i o n of t h e w ill as ai d s t o t h e th e o r y
o f l ib e r ty w hi c h th e y ar e s u pp o se d t o e l u c i d a t e a n d u nfo l d
Th a t th e re i s s u c h a thin g a s s p ont an e ity i n t h e a c ti on o f
v ol u n t a ry ag e n t s h as b e e n s e e n in t h e for e g oing p a g e s Th e
s p o n t an e ou s b e ginni n g s o f m o v e m e n t a r e a r e su l t o f t h e phy
s i c al m e c h an i s m u n d e r t h e s ti m ul u s o f n u t riti o n ; a n d th e y
a r e l ai d h ol d o f and li n k e d t o t h e p l e a s u r a bl e a n d p a inful
Th e
fe e l ing s i n t h e m ann e r a b o v e in d i c a t e d a t fu ll l e ngth
s p o n t an e ou s t e n d e n c y o p e r a t e s all th r o ugh l ife a n d h as a d e
In s tu dyin g t h e c o n i c t o f
n it e i n u en c e u p o n t h e a c ti o n s
v ol ition s w e fou n d it r e qu is it e t o all ow fo r this el em e n t Aft e r
n u tri ti o n a n d r e s t e v e ry a n i m a l t e n d s t o br e a k o u t i n t o s o m e
fo rm o f a c tiv e d i s pl ay if t h e o th e r m o tiv es ar e i n d iffe r e n t o r
e qu al for m o v e m e n t an d for s till n e ss t h e c e n t r al e n e rgy d e c i d e s
To r e s i s t it a c e r ta in m o tive for r e st m u s t b e
for m o v e m e n t
p r e s e nt Th e r e i s n o thing i n al l thi s th a t e ith e r t a k es h u m an
a c ti o n s ou t o f t h e s w e e p o f l a w or r e n d e rs l ib e r ty a nd n e c e s
Th e phy s i cal o r nu tri
s it y a pp r o p ri a t e t e r m s o f d e s c r ipti on
ti v e s tim u l u s i s a fac t of ou r c on s tit u ti on c ou nting at e ac h
m o m e n t for a c e rt ai n a m ou n t a c c o rd ing t o t h e b odil y c o nd i
tion and if a ny o ne kn ew e x ac tl y t h e c on d ition o f a m an or
.

SELF DE TERM I N ATI ON C OM PATI BLE WI TH M OTI VES

4 91

thi s r e sp e c t , a c o rr e c t all o w an c e m ight b e m ad e in

In a g e n e r al w ay w e
t h e c om p u t ati o n o f p r e s e n t m otiv e s
d o c al c u l at e thi s el e m e n t in t h e in s t a n ce s o f p r on o u n c e d s p on
Th e s c h o ol
t an e it y as i n y o u th a n d a c tivity o f t e m p e r am e n t
m a s t e r k n o w s w e ll t h e ti m es w h e n h i s p u pil s ar e r e s tive ; t h e
h o rs e m a n kn o w s t h e tro u bl e s o f m an aging a s t e e d t oo l ong
c on n e d t o t h e s t a bl e
S el f d e t e rm in a ti on as s u m e s s om e thin g m o r e th an s p on
t a n e i t y h a vi ng a l u rki ng r e fe r e n c e t o s o m e p o w e r b e hi n d t h e
s c e n e s w hi c h c a nn o t b e s t a t e d u n d e r t h e fo r m o f a s p e c i c
Th e r e i s on e s e n s e o f t h e t e rm th a t r e p r e
m o tiv e o r e nd
s en t s a g e n u i n e fa c t o r d i s tin c ti o n o f c h a ra c t e r t o w hi c h a
b rie f all u s io n m a y b e m a d e th a t i s t h e opp o s itio n of p er m a
n en t a n d e n d u ri ng m o tiv e s t o t emp or a r y a n d p a ss i n g s o l i c i
Wh e n a p e rs o n c o n tinu e s at o n e t a s k u n d e r a v ari e ty
t a t i on s
o f t e m pt a ti o n s t o l e a v e it ; or r e t a in s a x e d c h a r a c t e r th r o u g h
m an y i c i ss it u d es o r a x e d p u rp o s e u n d e r e ve ry v a ri e ty o f
v
o n e w a
f
o u t w ar d c ir cu m s t a n c e s
o
e x p r e s s i n g t h e c h ar a c t e r
y
is t o r e p r e s e n t i t a s h a vin g gr e at s e lf d e t e rm in ati o n
No t
th at a ny n e w a nd d i s tin c t s p e c ie s of v ol un t a ry a c ti on i s
im pl i e d ; b u t th e m o tive s grow ing ou t o f t h e d is t an t t h e
fu tu r e a n d t h e c oll e c tiv e end s ar e s o p o w e rfu ll y r e t a in e d a n d
s e t for th b y t h e t e n ac ity o f t h e i n t e ll e c tu al h o l d th a t th e y
c ou n t e r m o tiv e s of p r e s e n t a n d l ivi n g
a r e a m a t c h fo r all
Thi s p e c u l ia r c as e c ou l d n o t h a ve b e e n o m itt e d
s e n s a ti on
fr om an e x p os iti o n o f t h e w il l p r e te n d ing t o an y thin g l ik e
c o m p l e t e n e s s ; a n d a b u n d an t a ll u s i o n h as b ee n a l r e a d y m a d e
Th e o pp o s iti o n o f t h e c o m p r e h e n s iv e e n d s o f l i fe t o
t o it
t h e d es ir e s g e n e r a t e d b y thin g s p as s i ng a r ou n d u s i s o n e l a rg e
r e gion of v ol iti o n al c o ni c t w hi c h ou ght n ot t o p a s s u nn o ti c e d
On e m an i s s a i d t o b e t h e c r e a tu r e of c ir c u m s t an c e s an o th e r
Th e d i ffe r e n c e i s m a d e b y t h e p r e s e n c e o f d e e p s e a t e d
not s o
e n d s a d h e r e d t o th r ou gh a ll t h e v a ry i n g c ir c u m s t a n c e s an d
m o o d s o f t h e o u tw ar d l ife
8 If S el f d e t e rm i n a ti o n i s h e l d t o i m pl y s o m e thing
d i ffe r e n t from t h e o p e r ati o n o f t h e m o tiv e fo r c e s of p l e a s u r
a bl e a nd p ainfu l s e n s ibil ity c o u p l e d w ith t h e c e n t r al s p on te
an

im al

in

-.

L I B ERTY A N D N ECESSITY

4 92

th e r e i s a n impu t a tion o n t h e su f ci en c y
o f th e c o m m o n a n al y s i s Of t h e m i n d
F ee li ng V ol itio n an d
I nt ell e c t as e xpl a in e d w ith fu ll d e t ail i n t h e pr es e n t w o rk
m u s t s till l eav e a r e g io n u ne x p l o r e d
A fo u rth or r e s idu al
d e p ar tm e n t w ou l d n e e d t o b e c o n s titu te d t h e d ep ar tm e n t of
s e lf
or Me a ti o n a n d We s h ou l d s et a b ou t t h e i n v es tig a ti o n
o f t h e l aw s (or t h e a n a r c h y
r e v a il in
t
h
r e as i n t h e thr e e
e
p
)
g
re m ain in g b ra n ch e s Th e p r el i m i nary qu e s tion h ow ev e r h as
t
o
e d i s p o s e d o f w h e th e r th e r e b e a ny re s i d u u m w h e n
t
b
e
y
t h e ph e n o m e n a c o m
p ri s e d u nd er t h e c o m m on divisi on are
t ak e n away I c ann o t l ight u p on anything o f t h e s o rt ; an d
in t h e s e tting u p o f a d e t e r m in in g p o w e r u n d e r t he n am e of
s elf a s a c o n t r a s t t o t h e w h ol e r e gi o n o f m o tiv e s g e n er a t e d
i n t h e m ann e r d e s c rib e d I s e e o n l y a n e rr o ne ou s c o n ce pti on o f
:
Th e p r o p e r m e an ing o f s el f c an b e n o thi n g m o r e
t h e fa c t s
th a n m y c o rp or e al e x i s t e n c e c ou pl e d w ith m y s en s ati on s
th ou ght s e m o tion s a n d v ol itions s u pp os ing t h e c l as s i c a tion
e x h au s tiv e a n d t h e s u m o f th e s e in t h e p a s t p r e s e n t a nd
E ve ry thin g o f t h e n atu re of a movin g p ow e r b el on g
fu tu r e
Th e a c ti o n o f t h e l u n gs
i ng t o thi s t o t al ity i s a p ar t o f s e lf
an d w h e n I
t h e m o v e m e n t s o f t h e h e a r t a r e s e l f d e t e r m in e d
t
h

re t o
e t w a r m l i e d o w n u n d e r fa ti gu e a s c e n d a
o
t
o
e
g
g
h e ight for t h e s ak e of a p ro s p e c t t h e ac tion s a r e as m u ch
No on e
s e l f
d e t e rm i n e d a s it i s p o ss ibl e for ac ti o n s t o b e
c an v ouc h for a n in s c ru t a b l e e n tity i n t h e d e pth s o f on e s
b e ing t o w hi c h t h e n am e I i s t o b e di s tinc tivel y a ppl i e d an d
w hi c h c o n s i s t n o t o f a ny b o d il y o rg an or fun c ti on o r a n y On e
m e n t al ph e n o m e n on t h a t c an b e s p ec i e d
We m ight as w el l
t al k o f a m i n er al a s d iffe r en t from t h e su m o f all it s as s i gn
A pi e c e of qu ar tz is an aggre g ate o f in er tia
a bl e p r o p e r ti es
h
ar d n e s s
t
r
a n sp a r e n c y o r
c r y s t alli e fo rm
s p e ci c g r a vity
n
c h e m i c al r e a g e n c y c o nj o i n e d i n
O p a c it y c o l ou r i n fu s ibil ity
o n e d e n ite s it u a ti o n ; a n d i f th e r e b e an y o th e r k n ow n p r o
p e rty w e i nc l u d e it in t h e l i st Th e aggre g a t e is th e qu artz s
o w n s e l f e s s e n ce o r w h a t e v e r o th e r d e s ig na ti o n m ark s it Off
I t i s i m p oss ibl e th a t any o bje c t c an b e
fr o m o th e r m in e ra l s
m o r e th a n t h e a s s e m bl ag e of i t s k n ow n p rop e rtie s ; if th e re
n e it y o f

the

sy s e m ,

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L I BERTY A N D

4 94

NEC ESTITY

ve rw h el m ing d e m on s tr ati on in fa vou r of D e t e r

mi ni s m as t h e l a w of hu m an c on d u c t
This al m os t o ve r w h e l m in g c u m u l a tiv e p ro of s e e m s h ow
e v e r m o r e th an b a l a n c e d by a s ingl e a rg u m e n t o n t h e o th e r
s id e ; the i mm ed i a te a r m a ti on of consci ou s n ess i n the m om en t
I t i s im p os s ibl e for m e t o think a t s u c h
of d el i ber a te v o l i ti on
a m o m e n t th at m y v oli ti o n i s c o m pl e t e l y d e t e r m i n e d by m y
fo rme d c h a r a c t e r a n d t h e m o tiv es a c ti ng u p on it
Th e
Opp o s it e c o n vi c ti o n i s s o s tr o n g a s t o b e a b s o l u t e l y u ns h ak e n
I a m c on s c i ou s th a t I
b y t h e e v i d e n c e b rou g ht ag a in s t i t
h abitu al l y thin k u p on thi s s u bj e ct in t w o c o n i c ting m ood s
b e tw e e n w hich I c a nn o t p r e t e n d t o Offe r a ny r e c on c il i atio n
Bu t it s e e m s p os s ibl e t o r e d u c e thi s c o n i c t w i thi n n a rr o w e r
l im it s th an it s o m e ti m e s o c cu pi e s by s c r u tini zi ng c a r e ful l y
thi s c o n s c i ou s n e s s of Fre e d om an d as c er t ai ning e x a c tl y t h e
e x t e n t Of i t s a frm at i o n
A c c ordi ngl y M r S id gw ic k p o ints ou t th at t h e m om en ts of
D e l ib e r ati on are th os e w h e n t h e c on sci ou s n e s s o f Fre ed om is
p r e s e n t a nd e s p e c ial l y if t h e s elf c on s c i ou s n e s s i s i nt ens e He
fa r th e r a d m it s th a t fr e e d o m d oe s n ot s h o w it s elf (1 ) in m e r e
m u s cu l a r m o v e m e n ts fo r c h a n gin g thing s i n t h e o u t e r w o rl d
n or (2 e v e n in t h e c o n tr ol Of o u r t r a i n s o f th ou g ht an d o f o u r
)
fe e l in g s Th e p e c u l i a r e ffe c t th a t h e p u ts t h e s tr e s s u p o n i s t h e
Thi s fac t h e c o ns i d e rs t o hav e
al t e r a ti o n o f c h ar ac t e r
b e e n o v e rl ook e d by P sy c h ol o gis ts A n d y e t it i S p ra c t i c al l y
D ou bt
t h e m os t i m p ort a n t for t e stin g t h e p o w e r of t h e w ill
l e s s o f all t h e thing s th at a m an h a s g ot t o d o t h e m os t vital
i s t o i m p r o v e h i s c h ar ac te r I t i s all ow e d th a t e a c h r e s ol v e h a s
o nl y a l i m it e d e ffe c t ; y e t it w ou l d b e c o n t r a ry t o e x p e ri e n ce
S u c h r e s ol v e s d o
t od e n y al t o g e th e r this e ffe c t o f v o l iti o n
s om e tim e s s u dd e nl y c h a n g e ol d h a bits ; a n d w h e n th e y fa il
o f thi s th e y g e n e r al l y su b s tit u t e fo r s m oo th a n d e as y i n d ul
ge n c e a p ainfu l s tru g gl e N ow this e ffe c t s ee m s t o b e Ofte n
S om e tim e s ind e e d it i s d u e t o e x t rane ou s
s tr i c tl y v ol iti o n al
a p o w e r fu l e m o ti o n a l s h Oc k ; a n d h e n c e
b
c a u s e s Op e r ati n
y
g
t h e in fe r e n c e m ight b e th a t in all c as e s a p o w e rfu l e m oti o n al
im p res s io n is w h a t w orks th e c h a ngc i t h e w il l m erel y co
t r

af e

an

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V OLUN TA RY CHAN C E

CH A RA C TER

OF

4 95

p e r ating by xing t h e a tt e n ti on o n t h e b e n e ts t o b e gain e d

a n d t h e e vil s t o b e a vo i d e d th e r e by i n t e n s i fy i n g t h e i m p r e s
B u t g ra nti ng t h e v al u e o f su c h v ol u n t ar y c on t e m pl a
s ion
ti on as a n a u x il i a ry w e c an dis tingu is h b e tw e e n thi s an d t h e
r e sol u ti on t o m ak e t h e c h ang e
1 0 S u c h i s M r S i d g w i c k s c a se
I w ou l d r e m ark u p on it
i n t h e r s t p l a c e th at t h e i nt e rp r e ta ti on h e r e p u t u p o n ou r
t h e vi e w s o f
c o n s c i ou s n e ss i s c on s i d e r a b l y d i ffe r e n t fr o m
I d o n o t infe r th a t th e re
t h e u s u a l s u pp o r t e r s of Fre e w il l
for e it m u s t b e w r o ng ; b u t a ny a rg u m e n t fr o m c o n sc i ou s n es s
i s m u c h im p a ir e d w h e n th e r e i s n o n a gr e e m e n t as t o t h e
c on t e n t s o f t h e c on s c i ou s n e s s
I w ou l d m y s e l f p re fe r M r
S i dgw i c k s r e a d i ng t o m o s t o th e r m e n s ; b u t a g oo d m a ny
o b s e r v e r s ou ght t o c on c u r i n t h e s am e r e a d i n g t o m a k e it o f
a ny g r e a t w e ight
Now t h e Ol d s u pp ort e rs o f Fr e e w ill g av e
i t a m u c h w i d e r s c o p e ; th e y did n o t r e s t ri c t it t o t h e s i n gl e
Th e y c e rt a inl y t o o k
p o in t Of w ill i ng t o c h a n g e t h e c h ar a c t e r
i n t h e s ph e r e Of g o o d a nd b a d ac ti on s g e n e r al l y : w h e n a
m an g e t s i nt o x i ca t e d in d u l g e s m ali c e o r o ve rr e a c h e s a
n e i ghb ou r
th e y w oul d t el l him th a t his w ill w as fre e t o
A n d I thi n k th a t s o l o n g as Fr e e w ill is
a v oi d th e s e fau l ts
i n vo k e d a s a l e v e r t o vi rtu ou s c o n d u c t t h e a b s tin e n c e fr o m
p arti cu l ar b ad a c tions i s as imp ort ant a s a g en e ral r e s ol u tion ;
b eing o n e w oul d s ay a p e rfe c tl y h om o ge n e ou s pr oc e e d in g
S e c on d Al tho u gh I a m qu ite aw a re o f t h e d iffe re nc e
b etw e e n vol u nt aril y thinkin g o ve r g o o d an d e vil c on s e qu e nc e s
s o a s t o i n am e t h e m o ti v e s for g o o d a n d t h e p e c u l i ar m ov e
m e n t j e rk o r j u m p th a t c o ns titu t e s a d e c Is1v e R e s ol u tio n :
I c ann o t d r aw b e tw e e n t h e m t h e v e ry b r o a d li n e th a t M r
S id gw ic k d r aw s ; l e aving on e t o b e d ispos e d of b y D e t e r
I c ann o t
m inism an d r e s e rvi ng t h e o th e r for Fr e e w ill
e m an cip at e t h e s e c o n d c a s e fr o m t h e i n u e n ce o f e ve r y m e n
I thi nk t h e o nu s l i e s u p on h im t o s h ow th a t
t al a n t e c e d e n t
t his i s a c a s e o f Fr e e w ill acc or d i ng t o s om e d e ni t e s t at e
m e n t o f w h a t Is m e a nt b y t h e d o c tr in e
B e t w e e n t h e t w o c as e s p u t on w h os e fu n d am ent al op
i
i
on F re e w ill i s t o s t an d or fa ll I s e e o nl y t w o d i ffe r e n t
s
o
p
t
o

LI BERTY

N ECESS ITY

AND

t g e s in th e op erati on of t h e w il l Whil e d w el li n g u p on th e
b a d c on s e qu e n c e s of an e vil h a bit t h e m o tiv e t o c on qu e r it
t
s s tr o ng e r a n d s tr on g e r ; s till th e r e r e m a in s t h e fa c t th a t it
e
g
Is a h a bit th a t it h a s s w a y e d u s u p t o thi s p o in t a n d c a nn o t
Th e s itu a ti o n o f t h e
b e o v e r c om e w ith ou t a p ainf u l c o n i c t
m o m e n t i s d el ib e r ati on a n d i n d e c i s io n ; it m ay e nd i n n othi n g ;
it m ay h ow e ve r e nd in t a king a res ol u ti on t o th w a rt an d
n all thi s I s e e o nl y t h e u su al c o u r s e o f
c on qu e r t h e h a bit
I
t h e w il l u n d er c oni c t o f m o tiv e s ; e x ac tl y su c h a c o n i c t a s
I c ann o t
a b u r gl a r m ight su ffe r b e fo r e r i s ki n g a r o bb e r y
d i s c e rn Wh a t Ou ght t o b e b r o a dl y a pp ar e n t t h e d i s t in c ti o n
b e tw e e n m a king a r e s ol ve t o c on qu e r a h a bit an d m a ki ng a
r e s o l v e t o e mi g r a t e or t o b e c o m e a fre e m as o n
Th e o r d i n ar y a n d I thin k s u fc i e n t e x pl an a ti on of a
m an s c h angin g hi s c h ar a c t e r fo r t h e b e tt e r b y t h e for c e o f a
r e s ol u tion is th at s u c h a ma n al th ou gh t h e vi c tim of b a d
h a bit s h as in him vir tuo u s su s c e ptibili ty an d th at thi s m a y
i n a c e r t ain a s s ig n abl e s itu at i o n b e p o w e rfull y w r ou gh t u p on
Wh e th e r
so as t o a tt ai n a h igh pit c h o f m o tiv e e f c i e n c y
ight al m os t
a ny gi v e n p e r s o n w o u l d b e s o w r o ug ht u p o n m
b e p re d i c t e d b y a n in tim a t e c o m p ani o n ; th e r e a r e s y m ptom s
S till
w he r e by t o d i s c rimi n a t e h o p e fu l fr o m h op el e s s s u bj e c t s
su pp o s e d p e r s on
e a si e r w o u l d it b e t o s ay w h e th e r t h e
w ou l d a d h e r e t o hi s r es ol u ti o n ; n o thi ng a b ou t a m an i s m o r e
t en a c ity of p u rp ose
T hu s
o p e n t o Ob s e r v a ti on th an hi s
t h e p oss ibili ty of th es e re fo rm in g r e s ol u ti o n s i s a fac t of
c har ac t er a s p r e d i c t ab l e as a ny o th e r fa c t o f t h e lik e am ou n t
o f c o m p l i c a ti on
il l p o in t o u t w ith s e e m ingl y
1 1 Th e Opp o n e nts of Fr e e W
o v er p ow e ri n g fo r c e t h e Ine x tri c abl e a b s u r d iti e s a tt e n di n g e v e ry
D oe s it
fo rm o f s t a ti n g t h e d o c trin e i n d e nit e l a ngu ag e
s s p r i ng fr o m n o thi ng ! Th a t
a frm th a t o u r b e s t r e s ol u ti on
in a p e rfe c tl y i d e n tic al s itu a ti on w e fo rm a to tall y d iff e r en t
r e s ol u tion ! Or th a t th e re c om e s from a n u nk now n sou rc e
a n d o n n o l aw o r r u l e o f c o m i ng a n a c c e s s i o n o f s t r e ngth t o
If w e c ou l d b el i e v e thi s l as t vi e w o ur
e a k m o tiv e !
a W
rs e w ou l d b e t o w ait for t h e i nvis ibl e m e ss e ng e r and m ak e
c ou
s a

L I BERTY AN D N ECESS ITY

4 98

ve w ay or d ec i d e d in fav ou r of on e al tern ativ e We

can n o t r e m em b e r th a t w e m ad e a b ol t i n t h e di r e c t i on
v i r tu e w ith o u t feel in g a c o rre s p on d in g s t r engt h o f v i r tu ou s
m otiv e
We b el i e ve th at if t h e s am e s itu ation w er e t o re cu r
w e s h ou l d ac t in t h e s am e w a y ; w e d o n ot r e m e m b e r b e i ng
u n d e r an
y m y s t e ri ou s vi s it atio n th a t t o o k u s ou t o f t h e p l ay
of t h e op p os m g m o tive s a n d m a d e u s d e c i d e for vir t u e w ith
ou t r e fe r e n c e t o th e s e
1 2 In a n a r ti c l e in t h e D u bl in R e vi e w Ap ril
the
a rg u m e n t s fo r a n d ag ai n s t F r e e w i ll ar e c l e arl y s u mm a ri ze d
Th e w rit e r h o w e v e r t oo
a nd s o m e n ew a s p e cts o p e n e d u p
m u c h id en ti e s D e t e rm in i sm w ith t h e U til it ari an T h eory q r
M or al s or in d e e d w ith p u re s el shn es s for h e re gard s F r e e
Now
w i ll a s t h e o nl y k n ow n c ou t e r p oi s e t o s e l s h a c ti ons
it i s t ru e tha t i n ill u s tr ating t h e Op e r ation of m otive s t h e
pl e as u re s
Opp on e n t s of F r e e w il l d es c r ib e th e s e u s u all y as
p ain s b e in g a c o n v e nien t su m m a ry an d r e p r es e n t ati o n
or
Bu t th e y d o n ot th e r e for e m ain t ain
o f al l p os s ibl e m o tiv e s
th at a l l c o n du c t is n e c e s s aril y s elf se e king ; m an y an ti li b e r
t a r i an s as s e r t in t h e s tro n g e s t m ann e r t h e e x i s t e n c e o f p u re l y
Bu t t h e qu oti ng o f th e s e d is in t e re s t e d
d i sint e r e s t e d i m p u l s e s
m o tiv e s for e x a m pl e pity a n d h e r oi c s e lf d e v o ti on w ou ld n o t
a l t e r o n e w hit t h e s t a t e o f t h e ar g u m e n t
A s m otiv e s th e s e
h ave a p ow e r t o u rg e t h e w ill a n d w h e n p r e s ent, al on e th e y
d e t er m in e it ; in t h e c a s e of a c on i c t, o ne s id e W
ill s u c c e e d
w h i c h i s th e r e by s h ow n t o b e t h e s tro n g e r a nd w ill p r o ve s o
a g a i n sh ou l d t h e s itu a ti o n b e r e p e a t e d
R e m arki ng u p on t h e as s e rti on of t h e D et erm inis ts th at
t h e nu m b e r a n d t h e c o m pl e x ity of t h e m o tiv e fo r c e s ar e t h e
o nl y o b s t a cl e s t o ou r for e s e e i ng t h e c ou r s e Of any o n e s v ol u n
t a ry d e c i s ions t h e w rit er thr ow s u p on u s t h e b u r d en of
s h o w ing th a t a n y u n c e r t a i n ty or p r e c ar i ou s n ess o f p r e di c ti on
i s d u e t o this an d n o t t o t h e fr e e d o m o f m e n s w ill
We r epl y
th a t this b u r d e n on eve ry p rin cipl e of e vid enc e l ie s u p on
Th e ru l e in Natu re i s u niform ity ; this i s t o b e a c
hi m
c e p t e d in al l d o u btfu l c a s es u n til a n e xc e pti on i s m a d e g o o d
Th e w rit e r i s s u rp ri s e d th a t n o o ne h a s r e m ark e d w h a t he

we

a
g

'

'

STR EN GTHEN I N G A M OTI VE I NTELLI G I BLE

d m its

t o b e,

di fcu l ty i n Fre e

w ill , n am e l

49 9

y th at t h e p ow e r
o f r e s i s ti n g vi c i o u s i m p u l se s i s s o r a r e l y e x e r c i s e d
Th e tru th
is in t h e e y e s Of t h e s c i e n ti c p s y c h ol ogi s t F re e Will m ain
t a ine d p u r e l y as a n a i d t o vir tu e i s a n an om al ou s p o s iti o n
a n d i s no t c ap a bl e o f b e i n g a rg u e d on t h e o r d i n ary gr o u n d s o f
m e n t a l d o c tr i n e s
If ou r c o n s c i o u s n e ss s e e m s t o s how s om e
thing d i s tin c t fro m t h e u n iform s e qu en c e o f m o tiv e an d ac t
it s h ow s th a t e qu al l y for al l s ort s o f c on du c t th e res trictio n
t o vir t u ou s c o n d u c t i s pu r el y a rbitr a ry an d a s al r e a dy s ai d
i s n o t a p s y c h ol o gic al b u t a th e ol o gi c al a s s u mpti o n
Lib e rt a rian s a d m it th a t t o s tr e ngthen a virtu ou s m otiv e
n
u l ca ti on o r o th e r m e a n s
n
b
g
oo
d
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
i
c
n
bv
e
r
l
y
a
d
o
s
e
( y
)
t o w e a k e n s om e v i ci ou s m o tive w ou l d h a v e t h e v e ry s a m e
e ffe c t a s t h e s u pp os e d ou tb u r s t o f fr ee a n d un c au s e d w il l
Why n ot th er e fo r e b e c ont e n t w ith a n a s su m ption tha t i s
th orou ghl y c on s i s t en t w ith t h e w hol e of natu r e s w o rki ng
ra th e r th an intro d u c e an e x c eption al p rin c ipl e th at h ardl y
D u b l in
a d mi t s Of i n t e ll igib l e w o r d i n g ! Th e w rit e r i n t h e

all ow s th a t
i n p r op o rtio n as m e n h a ve p ass ed
R e vi e w
throu gh t h e e arl ie r p ar t of th e ir pr o b ation an d e s t abli s h e d
rm h a bits of vir tu e i n th a t p r op o r ti on th e ir r e si st an c e t o
p red o m in an t t e m pt a tio n ( bu t on ly w i thi n cer ta i n li mi ts m ay
Bu t if g oo d h abit s and
b e pr e d i c te d w ith m u c h c on d e n c e
go o d traini ng d o s o mu c h h o w d o w e kn o w th at th e y ar e n ot
a n d h ow c an
t h e s ol e a n d su fc i en t c a u s e o f m or al g oo d n e s s
w e n d ou t w h e r e th e ir i n u e n c e c e a s e s a n d t h e i nu e n c e of
a n u n p r e d i c t a b l e v ol iti o n b e gin s ! Th e e x i s t e n c e o f s u c h a n
u r a g e as t o e n c ou r ag e
u n c e r t ai n p o w e r i s a s l ik e l y t o d i sco
t h e u n d e r s t oo d m e an s o f vir t u ou s t r a in ing u nl e s s w e s u pp os e
th a t t h e Fr e e w ill im p u l s e i s a gr an t prop ortio n e d t o t h e
go o d ne ss of t h e pr e vi ou s training On this s u pp os iti o n it i s
a n e n c ou r a g e m e nt t o vi r t u o u s e du c a ti o n b u t th e n it l ose s
i t s Fre e Will c h ar a c t e r ; it h a s n o l o ng e r t h e m y s t e ri ou s
u n c e r t ai n ty th a t b af e s
S O th a t a c c o rd i ng
all p r e di c ti on
a s w e r e d u c e Wi l l t o l a w
w e fo s t e r g oo d h abit s ; a cc or d i ng
a s w e w ith d r aw it fr om r eg u l arity an d p r e d i c ti on w e u n
s e ttl e t h e p u r su it Of v i r tu e
a

LI BERTY

5 00

N ECESS I TY

AND

T h e r e ar e m an y o c c as ions w h en an ai d give n t o vol it ion

i n r e info r c e m e nt o f w e ak m o tive s w ou l d b e v ery d e si r a bl e
Tot a k e a bitt e r d rau ght o f p h y s i o i s a dr e ad fu l t ri al t o t h e
Will ; by s tr en gth of m otiv e w e ge t thr ou gh it A b u rgl ar
n e e di ng no o th e r
e n du r e s t h e a g o ni e s o f a l on g ni ght o f c ol d
Th e b e nig n
fo rtifying c o n s i d e r a ti on th an t h e h op e o f a p r iz e
gift Of an a c c e s s i o n of m o ral p o w e r c ann o t b e a s su me d i n his
th e n may n ot a s a in t or a m i s s i on ary in w h om
c as e ; w hy
d e v ot e d n e s s i s s tr o ng fa c e h ar d s hip s u p on m e r e a d e qu ac y o f
Wh er e ar e w e t o d r aw t h e l in e b e tw e e n Will a id e d
mo tive
virtu ou s ac tio n s an d u n aid e d s el s h or in d iffer e nt ac tion s
Was t h e h e ro i c p e r s e v er an c e o f Living ston e d u e t o a he r oi c
n a tu r e w e ll fo rti e d by g r a n d as pi r a ti o n s ; or d id h e g o ou t
b el ie ving i n t h e c ap ri c es of a Fr e e Will ; s om e thing th at n o
m an c ou l d p r e di c t a n d th e r efo r e th a t n o man c o u l d tru s t t o
What if this In s c ru t abl e s e l f d e t e r m in ati on c am e t o h im at
t h e tim e w h e n h e c om m itt e d hi m s e lf t o go t o Afri c a a n d
fors oo k h im i n s o m e criti c al m o m e n t w h e n h e m os t w ant e d
it l e av ing hi m on l y h i s c al c u l a bl e s tre n gth Of m o tive
Th e r e m ay b e s u btl e tie s i n c on c e ivin g th e m od e of a ction
o f t h e Will ; b u t a p o w e r th a t c o m es fr om n o thin g h as n o
b e ginn ing foll ow s n o ru l e r e s p e c ts n o k nOw n tim e or o c cas io n
Op e r a t e s w ith ou t i m p ar ti a l ity i s r e p u gn an t al ik e t o o u r In
t e l lig e n c e a n d t o ou r m or al s e n ti m e nt
In p r a c ti c e w e n e ve r
tru s t su c h a p ow e r TO s t re ngth e n a m otiv e thi s w e c an
u nd e r s t an d ; b u t i f a ft e r w e h av e s tr e n gth e n e d a m o tive a
goo d m otive th er e c om e s a p ow e r b e hi n d t o s ay w hic h of
e ve r a l p r e s e n t m o tiv e s w e ar e t o
ith
t
r
r
c
w
o
u
f
n
o
b
e
e
e
t
e
o
s
g
y
t h e i r s t r e ng th w e ar e b af e d b y an in u e n c e th a t w e c a n t a k e
n o a c co u n t o f
th a t We d o n o t k n o w h ow t o c o n c il i at e or
a pp e as e ; a n In s c ru t a bl e fa t e
r e al izi ng all t h e w ors t r esu l ts
tha t h a ve e ve r b e e n a ttrib u t e d t o t h e s t ern es t d el iv er an c es o f
th e Ne c e s s it ari a n or t h e F a t al i s t
1 3 Mor a l A g ency R esp on si 6ili ty By a c o m m on p hr a se
hu m an b e ing s a r e d e s c r ib e d as m or al and r e s p on s ibl e ag en ts
Th e w o rd m o ral h as h e r e Obvi o u s l y t w o m e ani ng s t h e o n e
na rrow as Opp os e d t o i mm oral t h e o th e r Wi d e r a s o p o s e d to
p
,

'

L IB ERTY AN D N ECESS ITY

5 02

t e rm I n st e a d t h e re for e o f r e sp ons ib ili ty

I w ill su b s titu t e p u n i s h a bil ity ; for a m an c an n e v e r b e sai d
t o b e r e s p on s ib l e if y ou a r e n o t p r e p ar e d t o pun is h h i m w h e n
h e c ann ot s a ti s fac t oril y a n s w e r t h e c h a rg e s m a d e ag a i n s t h im
Th e o n e s te p d e n o t e d b y r e s p on s ibil ity n e c e s s aril y s u pp os es a
pr e vi ou s s t e p a ccu s ab il i t y an d a s u b s e qu e n t s t e p l i abili ty t o
p u nis hm e n t A ny qu e s ti on th e r e for e gr ow in g ou t of t h e
t e rm in d i s c u ss io n is a qu e s ti on o f a c cu sin g tryi ng a nd
u n i s hing s o m e o n e o r m o r e i n d ivi d u al b e ing s
p
Th e d e b at a bl e p oi n t a ri s in g h e re i s as t o t h e li mi t s an d
c on ditio ns of t h e i m p os iti on of p u n i s hm en t Th er e ar e c e rt ain
i n s t an c e s iw h er e p u nis hm ent i s all ow e d t o b e j u s t an d p rop e r
a s i n t h e c o rr e c ti on o f t h e y o u n g a n d t h e e nfo r c in g o f t h e l aw
Th e r e ar e o th er in s t an c e s w h e re
a g a inst o r d i n ar y c r i m in al s
t h e p r o pri e ty o f p u ni s hi ng i s di s p u t e d ; a s i n v e ry y ou ng
i nfan ts t h e in s an e an d t h e phy s i c all y in c ap ab l e Th e re ar e
h o w e ve r t w o v e ry d iffe r e n t gr ou n d s of Obj e c ti on th at m ay
Th e r s t a n d p ri n c ip al g r ou n d i s th a t t h e ac ti o n
b e tak e n
r e qui re d u nd e r m e n a c e o f p u ni sh m en t i s n ot o ne w ithin t he
i n o th e r
c a p a bil it y Of t h e i n d ivi d u al n ot a v ol u n t a r y a c ti o n
It
w o r d s n o a m o u n t o f m o tive c an i n s tig at e s u c h a n a c ti on
m ay n o t b e w ithin t h e r an g e o f t h e in divi d u al s p ow e rs
On e
m ay b e a s k e d t o d o a w o r k th a t s u rp a s s es t h e phy s i c al s tr e n gth
u n d e r t h e s t r o n g e s t s p u r th a t c a n b e a pp l i e d ; a n u n s ki l l e d
Workm an m ay b e t as k e d w ith an u n d e rt aking r e qu iring s kil l
a m e ch ani c s kill e d i n h i s a r t m ay b e d e p r iv e d of hi s t o ol s
a n d y e t e x p e c t e d t o d o hi s w o rk
A l l th e s e ar e o b v rou s
So t o o a s t a t e
c a s e s o f t h e i n a d m i s s ibil ity o f p u n i s h m e n t
o f mi n d th a t c an n o t c o m p r e h e n d t h e m ea n in g Of a n e n a c t

n
l
t
or
a
p
e
a
ty
as i nfa n c y i d i oc y i n s a n ity Ig n o r an c e o f
n
me
t h e di al e c t s p o k e n e x c u s e s t h e i n d ivid u al fr om p u ni shm e n t
A s e con d gr ou n d o f o bj e c tion i s n ot t h e im p oss ibility
o f b ri ngin g a b o u t t h e a ct i o n by a m e r e m o tiv e u rgi n g t o
it b u t t h e v e ry gr e a t s e ve rity Of m otiv e n e c es s ary Y ou
m a y e x ac t fr o m a m an s om e thing th at h e c an b ar el y c om
p a s s e v e n w h e n u rg e d t o t h e ve ry u tm os t by t h e s trong e s t
Yo u m ay th r e a t en t o
m o tiv e s th at it is p oss ibl e t o p r o v i d e
em

pl o y

'

t h e li t eral

R ESP ONS

I B I LI TY

5 03

you r sl a ve if h e d o e s n ot e x e r t hi m s el f
b e yon d t h e p oint o f u t t e r e x h au s t io n ; w h er e by y ou w il l p r o
b ably su cc e e d in g e t t ing a li tt l e m or e ou t of hi m Th e qu e s t i o n
n ow i s o n e o f j u s t i c e e x p e d ie n c y a n d h u m an i t y a n d n o t o f
m e t aphys i c al p o ss ibili t y
Pu nis hm ent i s a thing c om p et en t a
t hing n ot nu g a t or y w h e ne v e r t h e a c t c an b e in d u c e d by m e r e
n e v e r t h e l e ss t h e r e m ay b e
nd
e
a
t
r
a
u rg e n c y o f m o t iv e
g
bj
i
n s o n t h e s c or e o f j u s t a n d h u m an e p r i n c i pl e
e
c
t
o
o
r
e
v
a
g
D r ac on i an c od e s a n d b ar b arou s
t o t h e a ppli c a t i o n o f i t
i n i c t i on s m ay a n sw e r t h e ir e n d t h e y m ay c on ne t h em
se lv es t o w h at m e n h a v e i t in t h e ir p ow er t o d o o r t o r e fr ai n
fro m w h e n o v e ra w e d by su c h t err or s ; t h e y ar e n ot on t h at
t ak e

aw a

of

life

t he

to b e

ac c ou n t

c ont r ol ,

t o m a n for hi s b eli ef,

ot h e rs ,

War d l a w s

Treat is e

B rough am

Lor d

of

ov e r w hi c h

w a s t h e o c ca s i o n o f a s er i o u s c on t r o v ers

a m on g

B el ief: Th e d i c t u m

f or

a c c ou n t ab l e

l ong er

(S ee

'

b zl zty
eSp ons z

R
no

d e fe n d e d

tha
t

h e h a s hi m s el f

t h e t im e it w as

at

R e d u ce d t o

on

Th e p o in t , t h ere for e , i s , how f a r i s b e li ef a

i t i s k now n t o ev ery one t h at t h e w il l d oes t o some

b el i e f i s

b eli ev e

No w

op i ni on ,

the

ab su r d ,

or

c ons e

or

of

an d

t h e i nt e rn al

so

e x t er na l

u e nt

c onv i c t i on,

a c t i on s

m a nifes t at i on s
on s uf c i ent

c on s e
a l o ne

a g ai ns t

p r o ceed ing ,

b el ie f

t he

ou t w a r d

u e nt

th at

u p on
s oc i et

m ot i v e , t h e l a w

s u p p r ess mn a ccor d ing l

t o m ak e l aw s

t he

are

ar e s u p p r ess ibl e ,

l e a d t o t h eir

a nd

t ha t m ot iv e,

v ol u n t ar

it i s t h es e

o f, an d as

n u g at or

m a y b e t ru e

a t ev er

s i on o f

h ol d

in

e x t en t

I Wh
.

n ot

v ol u nt ary

u enc e i t

no

u tt er e d

m ea n ing i s a m an s b eli ef b eing i nv ol u nt ary, h e i s

p re c is e t er m s t h e
i
s h ab l e for it
u
n
p
fu n ct io n ! for

m a n is

It i s

for if

c an

l ay

c a n su p p l

e x p r e s s i on

ev e r

t h er e for e,

n ot ,

p r ofe s
w hat w e

of

b e k ep t d ow n, t h e p u rp os e i s ful l y

c an

s er v e d .

11
t he

in

It h a s b e en

sl a v es

e ct s

in

o f c i rcu m s t a n c es

a p p eal

t h a t d o n ot

one

ys open t o r em ark

al w a

in t h e

d ire c t l

to

c om p l et el

h ow

y hu m an b eing s are

p ini on s t h at t he ent e r t ai n u p o n
t h e s en s es an d d ail y e x p eri en c e

We see

y one s et o f b el iefs h and e d d ow n u nch ang e d for g enera t i ons and

c o u n t ry a t o t all y diff er en t s et e qu all y p er s i s t e n t
S eei ng t h en

c ou n t r

a n ot h er

k ind , i t i s

t h at t h ere i s

so

l it t l e

ev i d e nt l

s el f- or ig ina t i ng , or

y p ossib l e

by

e x t er nal

i nd ep en d e nt ,

m e ans ,

a nd

ju d g m ent

s om e

on e

o p i ni on

am o n

t he p ow er
m i g ht b e

g m an
of m ot i v e s , t o

p rev a il ra t h er t h an a n ot h e r
Ca t h oli c b orn , y e t w it h a m in d s o c o n st it u t ed as i rre s is t ib l t o
Bu t if
am u n d e r a
P r o t e s t an t fa it h o n e xam i ni ng i t s cr eed

m ak e

a l l su b

R o m an

e m b r ac e
r eg im e
'

t he

t hat

p e n al t i es t o m y b e com ing a P r ot est ant , t h e e ffe c t m ight b e

t o d et er m e fro m e v er r e a di ng a b ook , o r l is t e ni ng t o a p rea c h er, or h eari ng
It i s i n t h e p o w e r o f m y w il l t o
an y a r g u m en t o n t h e P r o t e s t a n t s i d e
a p p en d s

h e av

Op e n or s h u t

my

e y es , al th ou gh

w h at

am

to

s ee w h e n

d o op en t h em is

I BER TY

04

n ot v ol u nt a r

A ND

NECESS ITY

Th e l eg isl a t or , t h er e fore , in h e d g i ng
m a y b e a t yra nt , b u t h e i s n ot a fo ol

h eav y p en al t i es ,
Th e re are m a ny

b el ie f

on e

rou n d

w ith

ying m e n s c onv i c t ions Lo ok a t t h e w h ol e

Lo ok a t t h e
a rr a y o f w e a p on s i n t h e ar m ou r y o f t h e sk il ful r h et or i c i a n
C on s id er a l s o t h e e ffe ct
p ow er s o f b rib ery a n d c or ru p t io n i n p a rt y w a rfa r e
o f c on s t a n t l y h ea ri ng on e p o i n t o f V l e W t o t h e e x c l u s i o n o f al l ot h ers
Th e r e

of s w a

a rt s

i s t h e gr e at es t s c o p e for t h e e x erc i s e o f a r t s i n s w a y ing m e n from t h e ir o w n

It w ou l d b e i n t h e l a s t d e g r ee
g enu ine t en d en ci e s i nt o s om e p re sc r ib ed p a t h
i n c or re c t t o s ay t h a t p u n i s h m e nt cann ot s u c ce e d i n in d u c i ng b e li e f, b u t w h e t h e r
.

i t b e r ig h t t o e m p l o
a nd s oc ia l l i b er t

Th e r e i s
c onv i ct i o n s

fo r t h at p u rp os e

It i s

si x

Is

m er el y t h e

ol d

qu es t i on

of

p oli t ical

l e ngt h t h at

t im e s fou r i s

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.

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5 07

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t ac i t ap p e al t o a c t i on i n t h e b e li e f e n t e r t a i n e d r e s p ec t i ng all
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p r e d i c a m e n t w h e r e i n w e ar e s a i d t o h av e c o n d e n c e o r t r u s t
in s u c h a m e d i u m w e e nj o y a p os it ive s at i s fa c t i on in t h e t o t al
a b s e n c e o f p ain fu l fo r e b o d i ng s
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t a k e n t h e fo r m of v e h e m e n t d e s i r e
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a n d h ap py t on e of m i n d
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Wh e n i t i s s aid t h e d e vils b el ie ve an d t rem b le t h e s u b
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t h a t t h e s u n w ill r i s e t o m orr ow w e a kly p erhap s t h a t i t w i ll
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Ou r b e li e f t h at m on e y
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5

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in t ell e ct u al t rains fu rn is h gu id an c e o r d ir e c t i on b u t not

m ot ive p ow e r ; t h e only e x c ep t i o n hi t h e r t o n o t i c ed i s t h e t e n
d e n c y o f t h e id e a t o b e c o m e a n ac t u ali t y a v e r y i m p or t ant
e x ce p t i o n b e ar i ng u p on ou r v o l u n t ar y a g e n c y a n d t h e r efor e
u p o n o u r b e li e f
6 We ha v e s e e n t h at B e li e f i n it s m o s t ord in ar y a s p e c t
m e ans ou r con d e n c e i n t h e or d e r o f t h e w or l d or t h e cou r s e
Of e v e n t s w h e t h e r m at e ri al or m e nt al Thi s c on d e n c e i s v e r y
variable not onl y ar e s om e afrma t i on s m ore s t r ongly b eli ev e d
t h an o t h ers b u t t h e s am e a frm at i o n i s b e li e v e d i n d i ff er e nt
d e gre e s b y d iffe r e nt p er s on s a n d by t h e s am e p e r s on o n
F or all t hi s s om e p s yc h ol og i ca l e xpl ana
di ffer e nt oc c as i on s
t io n i s d es ire d
Th e r e ar e als o h ow e ve r a nu m b er of cu ri ou s an d su b t l e
i
t
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a v e e x e r c i s e d m e t ap hy s i c i an s e v e n m or e t h a n
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F o r e x am pl e t h e m in d i s Oft e n t h e vi c t im
t h e m a m t h esIS
o f I l lu s i o n or D e lu s i o n m i s t a ki n g t h e r e ali t y o f t hin s an d
g
b eli e vi ng i n s e m bl an c e s an d s h a d ow s as i n S u p er s t i ti on s t h e
d e lu s io n s of t h e I n s an e D r e a m s or Vi s i o n s an d t h e m is t ak e s
A n o t h e r n i c e p r o bl e m i s t h e b eli e f in
of r at i o n al m i n d s
Mem ory or t he gr ou n d s of t h e d is t inc t i on t h at w e m ak e b e
t w e e n ou t i d e a s o f w h at h as b e e n a n d o u r i m ag in ar y c o n c ep
in w hic h a l s o i s im p li c at e d t h e b e li e f i n ou r P e r son al
t i on s
I d e nt it y Th e gre at qu e st ion of t h e e x ist e nc e of an in d e p en
d e n t M at e r i al W o r ld c o nt ai ns a r efe r e n c e t o th e l a w s of
B e li e f
Th e b e s t cou rs e for t he Ex p o s i t ion t o fo llow i s t o d e al
r s t w it h t h e ph e n om e n on i n it s t yp i c al or n or m a l c h ar a ct er
Ta king it t h e n in t hi s c h ara ct e r I s h all give t h e s ou r c e s or
Int u it iv e t e n
fo u n d at i on s o f B e li e f u n d er fou r h e a d s
d en c ie s (2 ) In t e ll e c t u a l for ce s (3 ) t h e F e e lings (4) t h e
A c t iv it y
7 I Th e l e a d ing fac t i n B eli e f ac c or d ing t o m y vie w o f
i t is ou r Prim it iv e C r e d ul it y
We b egin by b elie ving e very
If t hi s m o d e Of r e gar d in g b eli e f
t h i n g ; w h at e v e r i s i s t r u e
b e c h al l e nge d as a p ar a d ox or e l s e a m e r e e pigram i n a s m u c h
Th e

51 2

B EL EF

b elie ve e ve r yt hing i s t o b e li e ve n ot hing I r e ply t h at

t h e s t a t e o f b e li e f i s d i s t i ngu i s h e d w h e n w e s u ffe r t h e s h o c k
o f a c o n t r a d i c t i o n a c h e c k or d i s a
pp om t m en t i n s om e c ar e e r
Th e s u p p os it i on u n d e rl ying b eli e f i s t h at w e ar e
o f ac t ivi t y
w or ki ng t o a l e a d foll o w i ng o u t s o m e e n d by t h e m e an s t h at
a nd t h at
s o l on g a s w e a r e s u c c e s s fu l
e x p e r i e n c e s u gg e s t s
w e r a i s e n o qu es t i o n s a s t o t ru t h or fal se h o o d ; w e b e li e ve
w i t h o u t k n o w in g i t
Th e a nim a l b or n in t h e m o rn ing o f a
as s u m e s t h e
s u m m e r d a y p r o c e e d s u p o n t h e fac t o f d a ylig ht
p er p e t u it y o f t h at fa c t Wh a t e v er it i s d i s p os e d t o d o i t d oes
If i n t h e m or n ing it b e g an a r ou n d o f
w it h ou t m i s gi vi ng s
h ou r s u n d er t h e fu ll b en e t o f
o p e r at i on s 1 c o n t i n u i ng for
d aylight it w ou l d u n h e s it at ingly b e gin t h e s a m e r ou n d i n t h e
It s s t at e O f m in d i s pr a c t i c a lly on e o f u n b ou n d e d
e v e n i ng
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ble e x p eri e n c e le ad ing t o n e w in s igh t To b e t h w art e d

a n d o pp o s e d i s on e o f o u r e ar li e s t a n d m o s t fr e qu e n t p a i ns
It d e v e l op s t h e s e ns e of a d i s t in c t i o n b e t w ee n fr e e a n d Oh
s t ru c t e d i m p u l s e s ; t h e u n c on s c i ou s n e s s o f a n o p e n w ay is
e x c h ang e d for c o n s c i ou s n e s s ; w e ar e n ow s a i d p r o p er ly t o
b e l i e v e in w h a t h as n e v e r b e en c ont ra d i c t e d a s w e d is b eli e ve
We b e li e ve t h at aft er t he
i n w h a t h as b e e n c on t r a d i c t e d
d aw n o f d a y t h er e i s b e fo r e u s a c on t inu a n c e o f l ight w e d o
n o t b e l ie v e t h a t t hi s li g h t i s t o c on t i nu e fo r e v e r
Thu s t h e vit al c ir c u m s t an c e i n b el i e f i s n e ve r t o b e c on
Th e n u m b e r o f r e p e t it i o n s
t r a di c t e d n e v e r t o l os e p r es tig e
c ou n t s for l i t t l e in t h e p r oc es s : w e ar e as m u c h c o n vi n c e d
a ft e r t e n a s a ft e r ft y ; w e ar e m o r e c o n vi n c e d by t e n u n
br o k en t h an by fty for and o n e ag ain st
A ft e r w e h a ve
o ft e n s e e n fa ir o p e n i ng s s u d d e nly bl o c k e d w e c o n t r ac t a s t a t e
o f p ai nfu l m i s givi ng a b ou t a pp e ar an c es g e n e r all y ; a n d t h e
u a nc e
c u r e fo r t hi s s t at e i s fr e que n t r e p e t i t i o n or c o nt in
Th e
n u m b e r o f e x a m pl e s t es t ifyi n g i n o n e d ir ec t i o n i s u se d as o u r
b e s t cr it er i on o f u nifo rm i t y ou r b e s t pr e s ervat ive agains t t h e
p ai nfu l an ti cip at ion of a c h e c k
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514

B EL EF

i
j oy ou s t e m p er am e n t t h e s h oc k of c ont r a d i c
t i o n i s li gh t ly t a k e n a n d s o o n o bli t e r a t e d ; i n t h e o pp o s it e
fr a m e of m i n d t h e s a m e s h o c k h a s a n a bi d i ng h o l d
1 0 Le t u s n ow l o ok mor e c lo s e ly at t h e op e r a t i o n o f Ex
It m ig ht s ee m a n a t u r a l
p e r i e n Ce in s t r e ng t h e nin g b eli e f
s u pp os i t i o n t h a t b e li e f b e i ns w i t h e x p e ri e n c e i s a t r s t v e r y
g
s l ight b u t g r o w s s t e a d ily w it h r e p et it i o n o f t h e fa ct s ; i n a
w o r d t h at c o n vi c t i on i s i n t h e e x a c t r a t i o o f k n o w l e d g e
Thi s h ow e ve r i s a n u n t en a bl e vi e w It w ou ld b e m or e e as y
b e l i e f is fr e qu e n t ly gr e a t e s t
t o u ph ol d t h e ve r y o pp o s i t e
w h e r e kn o w l e d g e i s l e a s t
a s i n t h e c r e d u l i t y o f t h e ig n or a n t
S t ill t h er e i s r e a s o n t o s u pp os e t h a t e x p e ri e n c e c on rm s t h e
t he c o n n e c t i o n
t e n d e n c y t o p r o c e ed i n a gi v e n d i r e c t i o n
fo r m e d i n t h e m in d b e tw e e n a n an t e ce d e n t a n d a c o ns e qu e n t
m u s t b e c o m e s t r o ng e r by i t e r at i o n ; t h e i nt e ll e c t u al li n k i s
Th e t e s t o f t h e i nvi go rat i ng
c ap a bl e o f b e i ng a m o r al p o w e r
pr o c e s s i s t o o ver c o m e t h e s h o c k of an e x c e p t io n t o pro c e e d
i n t h e o l d p at h n o t w i t hs t an d i ng a r e v er s e
Ex p e r i e n c e a n d
re p e t i t i o n w o u l d n o t or ig in at e w h a t i s i m p li e d in b eli e f ;
w o u l d n o t g iv e t h e d i s p o s it i o n t o a c t i n a p a r t i c u l ar w ay w i t h
Bu t
r m as s u ran c e or a nt i cip at i o n o f a g iv e n c o n s e qu e nc e
t h e r e b e ing a p ri m or d i al t e n d e n c y t o foll o w ou t a l e a d t o
ac c e p t w h a t e v e r o p e n i ng is p r e s e n t e d t o d o ag ain w h a t h a s
o n c e b e e n s u c c e s s fu l t h e e ffe c t o f r e p e t i t i o n w o u ld
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r m t h at b en t ; t h e c o n r m a t i o n b e ing u nn e c e s s a r y an d u n
a pp ar e n t u n t il t h e r e i s a n o bs t ac l e
H en c e all n a t u r a l fa c t s
t h at h a v e b ee n s t e a di ly an d inc e s s an t l y w i t n es s e d s u c h as t h e
f
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g
t h e s e e d t h e r ou t in e o f anim a l life a t t a i n i n t h e m ind t h e

p o s it i o n o f ov e r w h e l m ing a s s ur an c e Oc c a s io n al a pp e ar anc es
t o t h e c on t r a r y a r e e as il y go t o v e r w h e n t h e r e i s s u c h m a ni
fo ld it e r a t i o n
In t h es e c as e s w e a r e t e m p t e d t o as s ign a
p u r e ly i n t ell e c t u a l or igi n t o b eli e f o r t o a c c ou n t a s t r ong

a s s o c i a t i o n s u f c i e n t for b u il d i ng u p t h e r m e s t a s s u r an c e
Th e m o r e appr o pr i a t e fu n c t io n o f E xp e ri e n c e h ow e ve r i s
t o d e a l w i t h h o s t i l e s h oc k s t o r e s c u e t h e m in d fro m t h e c l as h
o f co n t ra d i c t i o n s
R e p e t it io n s tr e ng th en s ou r b e li e f by r ai si ng
th e

s a ng u n e or

UNC TI ON

51 5

OF EX PER ENCE

b ove t h e d re ad o f t h os e c h e c k s t h a t w e so oft e n en c ou n t e r
A ft e r a fe w su c h
i n fo l l o w i ng ou t a fair c om m e n c e m e n t
c h e c ks
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e n e r ah z m g I m p e t u s (t h e p r im i t iv e c r e d u l it y)
g
m ak e s u s su s p e c t a li o n i n e v e r y p a t h c o n d e n c e i s s h ak e n
Th e u n e x
e ve n In c ou r s e s t h a t h av e n e v e r b e e n o b s t r u c t e d
p e c t e d d i s c o ve r y o f vil l a in o u s t r e a c h e r y i n a s ingl e i n s t a n ce
for t h e t i m e lo w e r s on e s c o n d e n c e i n h u m an n a t u r e t h at i s
i n p e o ple w h os e goo d b e h a vi ou r h a s b e e n u nfa l t e r ing
It i s
t h e fu n c t i o n o f in t e lli ge n ce an d o f en l arg e d e x p e r i e n c e t o
t e ac h u s t h e d iffe r e n c e b e t w e e n m an y r e p e t it i o n s a n d fe w ;
t h e m an y r e p e t i t i o n s ra i s e u s a b o v e t h e d r e a d o f m e e t ing c o n
t r ad i c t or y i n s t a n c e s t h e fe w d o n o t
A cc or d in gl y t h e a f r
m at ion i s c orr e c t (w i t h s u it a b l e all ow a n c e s ) t h a t b el i ef gr o w s
w i t h e x p e r i e n c e ; b u t t h e p r o c es s i n s t ea d o f b e in
s im pl e a n d
g
d ir e c t i s c o m p l e x a n d c ir c u i t ou s
Th e m e n t a l s t at e o f ig n or
a n c e o r o f s m al l e x p e r i e n c e i s a s t a t e o f e x a
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Th e s am e p r i m i t iv e cr e d u li t y t h at p a s s e s b e y o n d
t h e r e al it y o f t hi ngs w h e n t h e r e h as b e e n n o ap p ar e n t c h ec k
u n d e r es t im a t e s t h e c on s i s t e n c y Of t hin s w h e n t h e r e i s a
g
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Th e o n ly b a s i s o f a r b i t r a t i o n i s c om p ar a t ive fr e qu e n c y
an d t hi s i s w h a t t h e m in d m u s t r e s o r t t o a n d w h a t i s s u
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In t h e e ar ly s t age s Of t h e h u m a n
m in d t h e r e i s t o o m u c h b e li e f at o n e p oi n t a n d t oo l it t l e a t
a n o t h er
Th e a nt hr o p o m or p h i c e x pl a n at i o n o f n at u r e is an
o v e r b e li e f i n a p ar t i c u l a r u n ifo rm i t y
t h e d o c t r in e o f s o c al l ed
fre e w ill i s a n u n d e r b e li e f i n x e d l aw s o f hu m an a c t i on
1 1 Ex p e r i e n c e i n t h e form o f c ar e fu l a t t e nt i o n an d D i s
c ri m i n at i o n h a s a n al l im p o r t an t fu n c t i o n w i t h r e fe r e n c e t o
b e li e f In t h os e c h e c k s and int e r ru p t ions o f t h e p ri m it i ve
t e n d e n c y e x p e r i e n c e c o m e s t o t h e r e s cu e by p ur ifyi ng a n d
c orre c t i ng t h e s e qu e n c e a n d gi v in g i t a s h ap e t h a t n o l o ng e r
b ri n gs d is ap p oi n t m e n t
Wa t e r i s fou nd t o all a y t hir s t t o
s u p p ly a r e fr e s hi ng c o o l ne s s u n d e r gr e at h e at
b u t w at e r
fro m a b o ili ng k e t t l e fail s in t h e s e r e s p ect s
E x p e ri e n c e
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51 6

B EL EF

t h at is t o
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v i c t i o n i n t h e s e qu e n c e
Y e t it i s n o t p r o c e e d ing fr o m t h e
r i h t e n d t o s a y t h a t t h e e x t e n d e d k n o w l e d e t h a t e n a bl e s u s
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M an y Of ou r p ri m it iv e e xp e ct at i on s b e ing w h olly fal s e
s o o n s u ffe r t o t a l s h ip w r e c k i n t h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s t h a t t h e y
A t r s t w e ar e j u st a s r e a d y t o t a k e u p w it h a
e n c o u nt e r
c a s u a l c o i n c i d e n c e as w i t h a l a w o f n a t u r e : B y a n d b y w e
a r e d i s ab u s e d of t h e o n e a n d c o n r m e d i n t h e o t h e r
Yet
as a c o in c i d e n c e m ay b e c a s u a l a n d y e t c o n s t an t w e a r e
t o t r a n s fe r c au s a t i o n t o u n c o nn e c t e d t h i n gs ; w hil e a
ap t
b e ing m a s k e d by a c co m p a n yi ng c ir c u m s t an c e s
u n ifo r m i t y
Th e h ig h e r d e gr e e s o f k n o w l e d g e o h
m a y b e di s b e l i e v e d
t a in e d fr o m a d v a n c e d r e s e ar c h e s ar e n e c e s s a r y t o d i s p e l t h e s e
We d o n ot n ow c o nn e c t t he p o sit i on s o f t h e
m i s t ak e s
pl a n e t s w i t h h u m a n d e s t iny ; an d w e s e e t h at t h e t id e s a r e
u n i fo r m l y c o n n e c t c d w i t h t h e r o t a t i o n o f t h e e ar t h i n c o n
n e c t i on w i t h t h e m o o n a n d t h e s u n
Whe n o n t h e on e h an d w e h av e g o t h old of an in var i abl e
s e qu e n c e a n d o n t h e o t h e r h av e d i s c o v e re d a w a n t o f s e qu e n c e
w e a r e i n t h e e x t r e m e p h a s es o f b e l i e f t o t al a ss u r a n c e a n d
t o t al d i s t r u s t
If k n o w l e d g e w e r e p e rfe c t if w e h a d t h e gift
n i s c i e n c e t h e s e w ou l d b e o u r t w o a l t e r n a t i v e s
of om
Th e r e
i s b u t a s i ngl e m o o d o f m i n d for a n u nv ar yi ng u n iform i t y
a n d a s i n gl e m o o d fo r t o t a l d i s c o nn e c t i o n
B u t in t h e im
p er fe c t s t a t e of ou r k n o w l e d ge w e oc c u py int e nm e d i a t e p osi
t io n s
w e e x i s t i n m a ny g r a d a t i o n s o f c o n d e n c e a n d ar e n o t
al w a y s e qu all y a ffe c t e d by t h e s am e c as e
A n o m ni s c i e n t
m i n d w ou l d b e i n o n l y o n e o f t h e t w o e x t r e m e m o o d s a s t o
t h e i s su e o f a n i m p e n d i ng b a t t l e
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51 8

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p rom is e or a dj u stm en t of t w o Op p o s ing s id e s or t e n d en c i es

e a ch o f w hi c h h as a c e r t ai n e f c a c y w e s h a ll s e e t h a t a n
y c ir
c u m s t an c e t h a t t e nd s t o al t e r o u r e s t i m a t e o f o n e d i s t u r b s t h e
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w e m ay u t t e rly fo r g e t t h e c a s e s o f i n t e rr u p t i o n t o s o m e
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On t h e o t h er
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ly a v e r y fe w o f t h o s e t h at c o n s t it u t e
c as e s an d r e m e m b e r o n
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Now w e
e x p ec t at i on c orre s p o n ding t o a s m all p r o b a b il i t y
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w it h i n a v ar i e t y o f w ay s
S o m e Of t h e i n u e n c e s ar e p r o p e rl y
a nd s t r i c t ly In t e ll e c t u al o t h e r s a r i s e i n t h e F e e li ng s
w hi l e a
c e r t a i n am ou nt o f t h e s a m e e ffe c t m ay b e d u e t o t h e A c t ivi t i e s
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s ou r c e s o r fo u n d at i o ns o f B e li e f
1 3 I I U n d e r I n t el l e c t t h e m ost i m pr e s s iv e s it u a t i o n i s
a c t u a l o r p r e s e n t e x p e r i en c e o f a fac t
Th e a b sOI b i ng p o w e r
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s w a y a m an s c o n d u c t a n d b e l i e f
On go ing t o a n e w p la c e w e
ar e s t ro ngly b i a s e d by r s t e x p eri e nc e s a lt h ou gh w e m ay k n ow
t h a t m os t o f t h e in c id e nt s ar e p u r e ly t e m p ora r y a n d ac c i
d e n t al
It i s a s t an d i ng w e a k n e s s o f t h e hu m a n m in d t o
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Th i s fa c t a lr e a d y e n cou nt e r e d in o t h er c onn e c t i o n s
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o n e ; s o m u c h s o t h a t e v e n i n a d e p r e s s e d m o m e nt w e ar e
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s h o u l d h a v e m a d e it e n t i r e l y s u p e r u o u s b ut for t h e c ir c u m
s t a n c e t h at w e h a d no t m u c h o c c a s i on t o c o n s i d e r d i ffe r e n c es
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m os t p u r p os es t h at t h e id e a i s r e viv e d : i n t h e p r ese nt s u bj e c t
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b e m a d e s tr o n gly p r e s e n t by w it n es s i ng a s t o r m fo ll o w e d by
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u n d u ly p o w e r fu l for t h e t i m e
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1 5 II I
E m ot i o n s on B eli ef Th e fa ct is n ot or iou s an d pr on ou n c e d ;
a n d w e h a v e h e r e t o t r a c e t h e m a nn e r o f i t s o e ra t i o n a c c or d
p
m g t o l aw s o f t h e m in d a s w e ll as t o I n d i ca t e t h e m ag ni
t u d e o f i t s w o r kings
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u nt i l a Co n t e s t a r i s e s b e t w e e n Opp os in
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s a m e w it h o u t t h e m
Wh en h ow e v e r t h e r e i s a c o ni c t o f
t e nd e n c i e s w h e n c h e c k s h a v e b e e n e n c ou n t e r e d t h e e m o t i o n s
n o l e s s th an e x p er i e n c e w il l p l a y a p a r t
Th e fe e l ings h av e
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5 22
fac t

p er a t ive in e v er y s ph er e of
A m on g it s m or e s p ec i a l m o d e s w e m a y s ig n al i z e
t h e c o nfou n d i n g of i d e as o f I m agin at io n w i t h i d e a s of M e m or y
r e a t c au s e o f ill u s i o n a n d d e lu s i o n
one
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g of t h e
viva ci t y an d c ir c u m s t ant i al it y of id e a s of t h e M e m or y an d a
m in d d i s qu ali e d by e m o t i on fo r n e d i s t in c t i o n s i s l e d t o
c o nfo u n d t h e t w o
Ih a l e s s e x c it e d s t a t e o f m i n d t h e
d i e r e n c e w o u l d b e f e lt
1 6 It i s s c arc e ly a s e p ar at e fa c t ; a lt hou gh h avi ng a
s e p ar at e as p e c t t h at Em o t i o n o r F e e li n g h e i gh t e n s t h e i n
t e n s it y o f an i d e a Con t r ib u t in g t o t h a t p e rs i s t e n c y o f h o l d
a lr e a d y d e s cr ib e d a s a r e s u lt o f i nt e ll ect u a l for c e s
A n id e a
i s a ve r y p o o r t hing a s c o m p ar e d w it h i t s o r igi n a l ; n o t w i t h
Bu t
s t an d ing t h at for m an y p u r p o s e s it a n s w e r s a s w e ll
by e m o t i o n al in u e n c e s it m ay b e i nt e n s i e d t ill it a ppr oa c h
n e ar e r in c h ara c t er t o t h e or igin al ; u n t il for e x a m p l e i t r o o t
it s e l f in t h e pr e s e nt c o n sc i ou s n es s m o re rml y t h a n any o t h er
in u e nc e e x i s ti ng at t h e t im e It is p o s s ibl e by h eigh t e n e d
ne r v ou s p r e s s u r e t o r a l s e t h e c u rr e n t s c o nn e c t e d w i t h an i d e a
t o t h e p it c h of r e al it y ; t h e e x t r e m e c as e b e i ng fe bril e or o t h er
d i s e a s e d e x c it e m e nt u n der w hi c h t h e d e r a n ge m e nt a m ou n t s
A n or d in ar y e m ot i o n i s far b e l o w t hi s ; y e t it
t o illu s i o n
h a s a n e f c a c y i n r ai si ng t h e in t e n s i t y o f t h e i d e a m u c h
b e yon d it s s t at e u nd er a c ool or u nim p a s s io ne d r e vi val In
th e gu r e of s p e e c h c all e d V i s i o n a s c en e or p e r s o n m e r ely
t h o u gh t o f i s s u pp os e d t o b e s o v i v i e d u nd e r e m o t i on as t o
s e e m a c t u all y p r e s e nt
Wh e n as i n al l d ou bt ful m att er s t h e r e ar e a pp e ar an ce s
fo r a n d ag ain s t a g iv e n u nifo r m i t y e m o t i o n l e n d ing it s e lf t o
o n e s i d e m a k e s t h a t s i d e a pp e ar t h e s t ro ng e s t fo r t h e t i m e
Wh a t i s c om m onl y c alle d lo ve
a n d s w ay s b e l i e f a c c or d in gl y
o f t h e M a r v ell ou s w hi c h i s r e a ll y t h e i d e a l em o ti o n of S u b
li m it y or gr e a t n e s s d is d a ins all ap p e aran c e s th at give a
h u m bl e ac c o u nt o f a ny t hin0 as i n t h e t r e at m e n t of c h ar a c t e r s
a n d hi s t or i c a l e v e n t s
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t og e t h e r
Wh e n e ve r a fe e ling s t ro ng l y o c c u p i e s t h e m in d t he
o bj e c t s in h ar m o n y w i t h it ar e m a i n t a i n e d i n t h e V i e w a n d
a il o t h er s ar e r e p e ll e d a n d i g n or e d
Th e r e i s a ght b e t w e e n
a n e m o t i o n a l e x c i t e m e n t a n d t h e n a t u r al c ou r s e of t h e i n t e l
l e c t u a l a s s o ci a t i o n s fac t s c on s id e r ati o n s a n d app e ar a n c e s
t h a t w o u l d a ri s e by vi rt u e of t h e s e a s s o c i a t i o n s a r e k e p t b ac k
It i s n o t t h at t h e
a n d a d e c i s i o n i s c o m e t o i n t h e ir a b s e n c e
m i n d d e c l ar e s t h a t t o b e a fac t w h e r e o f t h e co n t r a d i c t i on i s
a c t u all y b e fo r e i t ; i t i s t h a t u n d e r a o n e s i d e d fu r y t h e c o n
t ra di c t i o n t h a t w o u l d o t h e rw i s e c o m e fo r w a r d r e m ai n s in
E m ot io n t a m p er s w it h t h e i n t e ll e c t u al t r ains a s a
o blivi on
c u l p r i t w o u l d fa i n d o w it h t h e w i t nes s e s in h i s c a s e k e e pi n g
o u t o f t h e w a y a ll t h a t ar e a a i n s t him
1 8 Wh at e v e r c au s e r a is e s t h e a n i m al s pi r it s r ais e s at t h e
It i s t h e
s am e t i m e t h e c o n d e n t s i d e o f t h e u n c e r t ai n fu t u r e
n a t u r e o f s o m e c o n s t i t u t i o n s t o m a i n t a i n t h e h i gh b u o y a n t
t o n e as a pr ev a ili n g qu al it y t hrou gh a ll vi c i s s it u de s o f e ve n t s
Phy s i c al c au s e s m ay c c o p e r at e or may b e in a nt ag on i s m w i t h
m or a l
t hi s h a p p y di s p o s it i on : s o t o o w i t h w h a t i s t e r m e d
m e ani ng t h e r e by t h e m e nt al e m o t i o n s ; o f w h i c h
c au s e s
fail u r e in e n t e r p r is e s m ay b e m e n t i o n e d a s
su cc e s s and
Wit h r e g ar d t o m att er s o f e x p er im e nt a l
fa m ili ar e x a m p l e s
d em o n s t rat ive c e r t a in t y t h e s e u c t u at i o n s o f m e n t al
or
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r m n or i m p air ou r c o n d e n c e in t h e r e fr e s h in g p o w e r o f
As w e
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s s fr o m t h e h i gh e s t o r d e r o f c e r t a int y t hr o u g h t h e s t ag e s o f
a
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p r o b a b i l i t y d ow n t o t h e d e p t h s o f t o t a l u n c e r t a i n t y w e c o m e
m o r e an d m or e u nd er t h e d om in a t i o n o f t h e p hy s i c al a n d
t
m or al c au s e s t ha t m ain t ai n o r d e s t ro y t h e c h e e r fu l b u o y an
Th e m an o f m u c h k n o w l e d g e a n d
a n d h ap p y fra m e o f mi n d
e x p e r i e n c e i nu r e d t o re e c t io n a n d t o t h e h a n d l in g of e vid e n c e
w it h h ab it s o f s u b m i s s i on t o p r o o f c a r r i e s h i s t o n e o f r a t i o n al
co n vi c t i o n a c on s i d e r abl e w ay i n t o t h e r e gi o n o f p r o b a b ili t y
w or

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B ELI EF

5 24

l arg er t r a c k fr o m t h e d om ain w h er e t h e f e e lings

of t h e m om e
n t g iv e t h e c u e
b u t in t hi s as In o t h e r t hi n g s
t h e r e i s only a n a p p r o xi m a t i o n t o t h e a b s o lu t el y p e r fe c t
Th e s ol d i e r i n a c a m p aig n C h e r i s h in g a n d e nj o yi ng l ife i s
u n m o v e d by t h e p r o b a b ili t y of b e ing s o o n c u t o ff
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t h o se mo m e nt s w h e n h u ng e r a n d fa t ig u e h a v e d e p r e s s ed hi s
fr am e o r w h e n t h e s igh t o f d yin g an d d e a d m e n h as m a d e
h im t r e m bl e w i t h a w e I fo r m e r ly qu o t e d a h a pp y e x p r e s s i o n
w h e r e y o u k n o w n o t hi ng p l ac e t e rr o r s ;
o f A r t hu r H e lp s
b u t give n t h e s a ng u in e b u o y an t a n d c ou r a ge ou s t e m p e r a
m e n t ; give n y o u t h s p ir i t s a n d i nt o x i c at i on ; g ive n a c ar e e r
o f p r o s p er i t y a n d s u cc e s s a n d w h e r e y ou k n o w n o t hin
g y ou
Un d e r t his hyp ot h e s is of n o p osi tiv e
w il l p l a c e high h op es
e vi d e n ce e l e v at i o n o f t o n e a n d b e li e f o f g o o d t o c o m e ar e t h e
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s a m e fa c t
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Ply t h e r e s o u r c e s t h at su s t ain t h e b r igh t cl a ss of
e m o t i on
fe eli ngs a n d y ou s u s t ain a m an s t ru s t i n t h e fa vo u r a b l e vi e w
o f t h e u n k n o w n ; l e t t h e s ys t e m s ink d ow n t o n e r v o u s a n d
m e nt a l d e pr e s s i o n an d h o p e p a ss e s t o d e s p o nd e n c y
1 9 IV We gl an c e l a s t l y at t h e w ay t h a t b eli e f i s
We m u st h er e d is tingu ish b e t w e e n
s w a y e d by A c t ivi t y
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Th e c hi e f e ffe c t o f Sp o n t an e it y or r a t h er th e dis p os i t i on
t o ac t w h i c h i s u n e qu al in d i ffe r e n t p e r s on s a n d i n t h e
s a m e p e r s o n at d iffe r e n t t i m e s i s t o c o ns t i t u t e a m o t iv e o r
p re
d il e c t i o n for a ny c o u r s e t h at g iv es s c op e for a c t i on
O th e r
t hi n gs b e ing t h e s a m e a p e r s o n i n t h e fu l n es s o f a c t ive
e n e r gy h a s an i n c l i n at i o n t ow ar d s t h e s i d e t h a t p ro m i s e s an
o p e n i ng for t hi s s u p e r a b u n d a nt for c e
Th e s am e p e rs o n w ill
m a k e l igh t of d if c u lt i e s a n d o b s t ru c t io ns
Th e e n erg e t i c
t e m p er a m e n t a s su c h i s s angu in e o f s u c c es s in any a c t iv e
an d n o t r e a dily ac qu i e s c en t in F a bi an or d il at or y
e n t e rp r i s e
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5 26

by t h e s a ngu in e t e m p e r a m e nt an d m ay b e n eu t ra liz e d or r e
v e r s e d by m e n t a l d e pr es s i o n Ou r am bit i ou s longi ngs as
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2 1 R e v e r t ing t o ou r o r igi n al posi t i o n r e s p ec t ing B e l i e f a s
inn a t e c r e d u li t y t e mp er ed by c h e c k s w e c a n e a sil y u n d e r
st a n d h o w t h e F e eli n gs a n d t h e A c t ivit i e s m ay e i t h er p a lli a t e
o r e x agge r a t e t h e b e ar in g o f t h e s e c h e c k s u p on t h e m e n t a l t o n e
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b e ing t hw ar t e d in a agr e e abl e e x p e c t at io n ; a m e la n c h ol y
t o n e aggr a v at e s t h e i m p r e s s i o n r e n d e rin g i t m o r e i n u e n t i a l in
d i s int e grat ing t h e pri m ary b eli e f C o n t r a d i c t i o n s h a ve a ve r y
light e ffec t u p on t he s angu in e a nd e m o t i on a l m in d ; t h e y pr e s s
m o s t s e v er el y u p o n a mi n d li t t l e b u oy an t a n d u n a ble t o a ffo r d
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t h e ri s k s o f b a d c al cu l at i on
fra m e c a n b e i m agin e d w h er e in t h e in u e n c e o f h o s t il e S h o c k s
i n w hi c h c o n d i t i o n th e i n t e ll e c t
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ou r o w n w i ll w e a frm t h at all m o v e m e n t an d for c e ori gi n a t e s
a nd m u s t o r igin a t e in m i n d ; i n w hi c h c on cl u s i o n t h e p r i m i
t iv e t e n d e n c y i s s u pp or t e d by c er t a in fa c t i t i ou s a s s o c i a t i o n s o f
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s hip o f A r i s t o t l e b e y on d a h a bit o f b el i e f w hi c h h as d e p e n d e d
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by t h e o t h e r b u t t h e i n s e p ar a bl e as s o c i a t i on foll ow s t h e
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t ive cr e d u l i t y a nd n o t fro m a n y o f t h e o t h e r ag e n c i e s o f b e l i e f
t h a t w e c o n s t i t u t e o u r se lv e s t h e m eas u r e a n d s t a n d a r d o f
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5 28

may b e w an t ing in d em ons t ra t iv e c ert a int y b esid es t h e w or k;

i ng o f t h e p rim i t i ve c r e d u li t y (s h ow n c hi e y In o u r b e li e v i ng
i m plic it ly w h at h a s b ee n o ft e n it era t e d a n d li t t l e c o n tra d i c t e d )
t he e m o t i o n s a n d s e lf i nt e r e s t e x e r ci s e a c o m m a n d ing s w a y
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in u e n c e d phi los ophi c al t h e ori e s p o int s qu it e as

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o n e r u l e a n d o n e i d e a p r e v a il e v e r y w h e r e e x ac t ly C hi m e s i n
Wit h t h e c r e d u lou s i m p u l s e s w hil e it s ave s u s int el le c t u al
l ab ou r w hi c h i s in it s e lf a s t ro ng t e m p t at ion t o it
A mo ng t h e fo r m s o f bi a s ar i s i ng t h r o u gh t h e F e e li ngs is
t he p r on e n e s s t o c o n c e iv e l o ft y i d e al s of t h e w or l d a n d t o e x
p e ot t h e m t o b e fu l ll e d No b o d y w il lingly a c qu i e s c e s in
M ankin d are
l o w n arr ow p e nu r i o u s e s t i m at e s o f t h i ng s
n o t or i ou s ly s u s c e p t ibl e t o g li tt er i ng p r o m i s e s
A n y c h an c e
o f b e tt e r i ng ou r c o nd i t i o n i s for t h e m om e n t e m b r a c e d
m i nd s
n o t w e ll for t i e d by k n o w l e d g e o f t h e r e ali t i es o f t hi n gs ar e
s u r e a t o n e t i m e or o t h e r t o b e V i c t im iz e d by d e l u s i v e e n t e r
p ris e s
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p e r v e r t o u r vi e w s of t h e w or ld ar e t h e t w o n ow m e n t i o n e d
t h e p r i m a ry c r e d u li t y i n c o nj u n c t i o n w it h i nt ell e c t u a l fe e bl e
n e s s a nd l o v e o f e a s e a n d t h e d e s i r e t o m ak e t h i n s b e tt e r
g
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t h an t h e y a r e
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t h a t a dd s t o t h e w e igh t o f w h a t e ve r d e p r e s s e s t h e t o n e a nd
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t o p u t for t h s o m e e ffor t o f ou r o w n t o a t t ain it o r t ow ai t a
c e r t a i n t im e at t h e l ap s e of w hi c h w e S h a ll
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t h e fu ll fr u it i o n
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hi m s elf all t h e d elight s t h at h e w ou l d f ol l ow o u t if h e ha d
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e x e c u t i on o f a c e r t ain t a s k h e s h a ll Obt ai n a r e l e a s e h e b e l i ev
i ng t his d e c l ar at i on p ro c e e d s t o t h e w or k w i t h t h e a l a cr it y o f
p er son g ai n i ng at e v e ry m om ent t h e ve ry s e n s a t i ons of t h e
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h e h as b u t a s u r m i s e Wit h s o m e pr ob a b il it y h e m a k e s o n l y
e ali z at i on
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t i on of t h e m en t a l t o n e ; it i s a pl e asu r e gi ving age n c y a n d
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531

m o m e nt

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m e n t e d a n d i n o n e s e n s e t hi s i s t ru e b u t t h e r e a l fa c t i s t h at
o u r p l e a s u r e h as b e e n a u m e n t e d
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p
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fr e s h t e s t im o n y or gr e at e r im p r es s i ve n e s s give n t o t h e fa vo u r
a bl e s i d e Of t h e c as e
A p u r e ly i nt e ll e c t u a l c o m m u ni c at i on
m ay a s a ffe c t i ng b el i e f h a ve th e gr e at e s t e m o t i o n a l co n s e
Wh e n a n ep id em ic d is or d er h a s b r ok e n ou t t h e
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bro a d e st d i s t i n c t i on k n ow n t o t h e hu m an i n t elli g e n c e
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A s c i e n t i c d e n i t i on i s n o t t o b e
w or d i n cu rr e nt s p e e c h
c o nt r oll e d by u n s c i e n t i c u s ag e ; b u t a t t h e s am e t im e w e
m u s t for t h e s a k e Of b e i ng i n t e lli gible k e e p a s c l os e l y a s w e
We w a nt
c a n t o t h e m e a n ing s t h a t h a v e o b t a i n e d c u rr e n c y
t o m ak e t h o s e me a n ing s p r e c i s e so far as t h a t i s p o s s i bl e ;
w h e r e t h a t is n o t p o ss i b l e w e m ay t h e n h a v e t o a d op t a n e w
phra s e ology
F ir s t C o n s c i ou s n e s s i s a t e rm for t h e w a ki ng livi ng m in d
a s di s t in gu i s h e d fr o m d r e a m l e s s s l e e p fai n t in g i n s e n s i bili t y
Th e t o t al c e s s a t i o n o f e v e r y m e nt a l
s t u p or a naes t h es i a d e a t h
e n e r gy i s e x p r e s s e d by u n c o n s c i o u s ness a m o n g o t h e r phr a s e s
In r e viving o r b e c o m ing a w a k e t o s e n s at i o n e m o t io n i d e a o r
v olu nt ar y a c t i on w e ar e s ai d t o b e c om e ag ain c on s ci o u s Th e
t e r m i s t hu s i d e nt i e d w it h t h e w h ol e ran ge o f fu n c t i on s i n
ale
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54 0

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i s p e rh ap s t he m o s t in te n s e a n d d e c i d e d m a ni fe st at i o n o f
c o n s c i ou s n e s s
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pl e as u r e i s t h e d e gr e e o f fe el ing or c o n s c i ou sn es s
Wh e n w e ar e st r ongly exci ted a b ou t a t hing w it h ou t r efer
e n c e t o pl e a s u r e or p a i n w e m a y b e d e s c r i b e d a s i n a hi ghl y;
c o ns c i o u s c ond i t i o n
Th e m en t al fu nc t i on i s f or t h e t im e

b ei ng e x alt e d i n t o u nu s u al e n e rgy I am v e ry langu i d fin s

d i ffe r e n t or s l e e p y o v e r a t as k o r in p r e s e n c e o f a s p e c t a cl e ;
I am d e c l ar ed
an o t h e r p e rs on i s a n im a t e d e x ci t e d r o u s e d
t o b e s c ar c e ly c o n s c i o u s h al f a s l e e p or t h e l ik e ; th e o t h e r
i s r e ga rd e d a s m or e t h an or d i n arl y al i v e aw a k e c on s c i ou s
Th e m e an in gs now gi v e n n a m el y p a in p l e a s u r e ; an d
exc it e m e n t g e n e r a ll y c o rre s p o n d t o t h e m e n t a l d e p ar t m e n t
,

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p a s sin g by u nh e e d e d i s Oft e n c h ara ct eri z e d b y th e n ame c on
Th e c l o c k s t rik e s a n d a p e r s o n s i tt i n g n ea r i s ;n ot
s c io u sne s s
a w a r e o f it
I s u r v e y t h e Ob j e ct s in a ro omb u t i t aft e r w ard s
a pp e ar s t h at s e v e ral t hi ng s w hos e p i ctu r e m u s t h av e fa ll e n on
m y re t i n a h a ve n o t b e e n r e c og ni z e d by m e
It is c omm on
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t o c l a s s t h e s e fa c t s u n d e r t h e u nc on sci ou s
ar e
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and
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Wi t h re fer e n c e t o t he s p e ci al s en s es We m igh t
t h e lik e
s ay t h a t w e d o o r d o n o t h ear se e &c ; o r t h a t w e d o n ot
p e r c e i ve t h e e ffe ct or o bj e c t in qu e s t i on
F ou rt h Th e t a k in g n o t e o f d i f er e n ce o r a g r eemen t a mong
Pe op l e oft e n s ay t h e y ar e n ot co n s c iou s of a d is tinc tion
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I U

542
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int e ns e c on s c i ou s n e s s t o s o m e t hi ng n ot far off fr om t o t a l nu

c o n s c i ou s n e s s
C o m p ar e t h e c hil d s e arli e s t a t t e m p t s a t a
w it h t h e a r i t h m et i c a l proc es s e s of an e xp eri e n c e d a o
su m

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c ou n t a nt

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ou t

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a n d u n thi nki n

h e e d l e ss of t h e r e sul t or o f t h e m a nn er
o f a c t i ng
a n ot h er i s a n x i ou s b o t h a s t o t h e r e s u l t a n d
Th e di ffe r e n c e i s d e s c r ib e d a s a l e s s o r a
as t o t h e m a n n e r

r e at er d e r e e of c on s c i ou s n e s s
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I
r e a s h o t a t ra n d o m
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n o t t r ou bling m y s e l f w h e r e t h e b all i s t o s t r ik e I e x e m p li fy
t h e qu alit y i n i t s fa in t d e gr e e
If I h a v e a m ar k b e for e m y
e y e s an d g a z e s t e a d ily u p o n t h a t w i t h i n t e nt t o st ri k e i t I
m ay b e s a i d t o b e m o r e c o n s c i o u s
If in a d d it i o n I h a v e in
m y m i n d c e r t ai n r u l e s o r d ir e ct i on s fo r t h e a t t i t u d e I a m t o
as s u m e
an d t h e m ann e r o f h o l di n g m y gu n s o as t o b e o h
I a m t h e n m os t
s e r v an t o f my o w n m o t i o n s a n d p o s t u r e s
It i s a p r ac t i c e of s o m e w r i t e r s t o l avi s h
c on s c i o u s o f a l l
r
a t p r a i s e u p o n a c t i o n s u n e n c u m b er e d w i t h t he t hi n ki n
e
g
g of
m o d e l s or gu i d an c e in t h e m a nn e r o f t h e m ; a n d i n
ru l e s
b e ing c o n sc i ou s t h e y imp ly
s t ylin g t hi s l a s t ac co m p a ni m e nt
a r e p r oac h
No b od y d e ni es t h at it is b e t t er if o n e c an w ork
w it h ou t b u r cl e n ing t h e a t t e nt i o n w i t h t h e c o n s i d er a t i on o f
ru l e s ;
t h e o nly qu es t i on i s w h a t i s r e qu i s it e to h a v e t h e
Th e u s u al c o u r s e i s o bvi ou s ly t h a t m e n
w or k w ell d o n e
t i on e d i n t h e fo r e go ing p a r agrap h b e gi n ni ng i n on e pr e d i
a n d t o s t i m a t iz e a r e c ru i t
c am e n t a n d e n d i ng in t h e o t h e r
g
is
a t h i s r s t d a y s d r ill b e c au s e h e i s i n t e n s e l y c o n s c i ou s
m er e ab su r d it y
Th er e i s anot h er c as e w h er e c on s c iou s ne s s i s a d i s t u r bing
e l e m e n t in t h e m e nt a l pr o c e s s e s
Wh en p e rfo rm i ng a v er y
d e li c a t e o p e r at i on i n v olving c om pl e x a dj u s t m e nt s o f t h e
o rg a n s a ny e x c i t em e n t o c c u r r ing a t t h e m o m e n t i s a t t o i n
p
d u c e fail u r e
Th e r e is n ot hing in t hi s b u t t h e wit h d r aw al of
n e r v ou s pr e s s u r e fr o m t h e o r g a n s t h at h a ve t o b e s t i m ul at e d
a nd a dj u s t e d
l n c ro ss ing a c h a s m on a n a rro w p l ank i t is
l
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c ar e e ss a n d

i mp u lses,

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'

M EA NI NG S

5 43

b es t t o l ook at t he far e n d a n d no t t o t hi nk o f ou r s t e p s ;
t h e s e ar e m or e c orr e c t ly a dj u s t e d by t ru s t i ng t o p re vi o u s
h abit s t h an by s t u d ying t h e m a t t h e m om e nt
Eight h It is a varie t y of t h e for eg oing i d e a w h e n self ex
or i nn oc e n c e i s
a m i na ti on a s t o on e s m ot iv e s m e r it s gu il t
A m a n n o t o nl y ac t s b u t i n s t i
d e s ign at e d c on s c iou s n e s s
t u t e s a s t u d y of hi s a c t i on s a n d m o t ive s by c o m p ar i ng t h e m
We n ow
w i t h s u c h an d s u c h e x a m pl e s s t a n d ar d s or r u l e s
h ow e ver m or e and m or e c l o se ly t o t h e m o st
a pp r o a c h
Sp e c i a l ac c e p t a t i o n o f t h e t e rm n am e ly t h e o cc u p at i o n o f t h e
m in d w i t h o n e s elf as a s u bj e c t o f c o n s id e r at i on or s t u d y
Nint h Th e in d u lg e n c e of t h e e m o t i o n s t h at h a ve s elf for
t h e ir o bj e c t i s a c a s e fo r t h e e m p l o ym e nt o f t h e s am e w or d
Th e s t at e of s e lf co m p l a c e n c y o r t h e o pp o s it e t h e t hin ki ng
o f h ow w e a pp e ar in t h e e y e s o f o t h e r s t h e h u n t i ng for a pp r o
b at io n t h e m ix in g u p w i t h a n o p e r a t i o n t h e vi e w of o u r o w n

i
r
i
n
t
ar e b e i n
t
m
e
i
r
or
d e m e a n ou
g c o n s c i ou s i n o n e p r e v a
le nt m eaning o f t h e w or d A p er s o n l i t t l e give n t o a ny o ne
o f t h es e e m o t i o n s n o t e nt e r t a inin g t h e m a s e n d s o r i n t ru d i n g
t h e m in t o t h e c om m o n b u s in e s s of life i s o c c a s i o n a lly d e
sc r ib e d as li t t l e c o n s c i ou s
T e nt h Th e t hr e e la s t m e a nings br ing m e t o t h e d e ni
t io n of c on sc i o u s n e ss t h a t h a s be e n a d op t e d by m a n y c f t h e
Le t m e qu o t e fro m D u gal d
w ri t e r s o n t h e hu m a n mi n d
This w or d d e n o t e s th e i m m edi a te know ledg e w h i c h
S t e w art
t h e m i n d h a s o f i t s s e n s at i on s a n d t ho u gh t s a n d i n g e n era l
e
e
F
i
n
S
e
m
l
o f all it s p re s e nt o p e r at i on s
(
g s Vo c ab u l ar y o f
Phil o s op hy for a nu m b er of qu o t a t i on s t o t h e s a m e e ffe c t )
Th e s t u d y of t h e hu m a n m i n d i s t hu s s ai d t o b e a n a ffa ir of
c o n s c i o u s n e s s ; im plyi n g t h at t h e s t u dy o f t h e e x t e r n a l w orl d
d o e s n ot in v ol v e t h e sa m e p ro p e r t y
El e vent h C ert ain of ou r b e li efs t er m e d i n tu i ti ve are s aid
This al s o is a s igni c a
t o b e gr ou n d e d o n o ur c o n s ci ou s n e ss
t io n p e c u li ar t o t h e s c i e n c e o f t h e hu m a n m in d a n d t o t h e
H e r e h ow e v e r
m e t aph y s i c al d o c t r in e s m i x e d u p w i t h it
t h e r e i s c l e ar ly a s t e p in a d v an c e u p on t h e d e ni t i o n l a s t
qu ot e d ; for t h e m er e c ognit i on of ou r ow n m e nt al pr o c e s s es
,

'

'

I U

5 44

C ONS C O SNES S

i t h e kn ow le d ge in vo lve d in t h os e in t u it iv e
j ud g m e nt s Wh e n St ew art s a ys
Th e c h a ng e s w hi c h I p e r
c e iv e i n t h e u ni v e r s e i m p r e s s m e w it h a c o nv i c t i o n t h at s o m e
H er e is a n ih
c au s e m u s t h a v e o p e r at e d t o pr o d u c e t h e m
t u i t i v e j u d gm e n t i n v olving t h e s im p l e id ea of ca u s a ti on h e
p oin t s t o s om e t hing b e y on d t h e m er e s t u d y of t h e m e nt al
It i s im p os s ibl e by n e ve r s o m u c h a t t e n t i on t o
op e r a t i o n s
t h e ph e n o m e n a o f m y o w n mi n d t o g a t h er infor m a t i on a s t o
t h e o r d e r o f e v e n t s i n t h e s o c all e d e x t e rn a l u n iv e r s e
Th e
b e s t t h at w e c a n h op e for i s t o at t ain a t h or ou gh kn ow l e d ge
It i s t h e r e for e s o m e t hi ng n e w a nd
o f o u r o w n m e n t a l life
d i s t in c t t o s ay t h at c on s c i ou s n e s s a f r m s su c h a j u d gm e n t as
t h at no w qu ot e d
Tw e lft h It i s a nat u ra l t r an sit i on fr om t h e fo r eg oing t o
a t t a c h t h e m e a n i n g o f bel i ef g e n e r ally t o t h e w or d c o n s c i ou s
A s t ro n g afrm at i on i s n ow a n d t h e n e x p r e s s e d by
ne s s
It is t h e i n s ti n c
t h e p hr a s e b e i n g c o n s c i o u s o f s o a n d s o
t i v e t e n d e n c y o f ou r n a t u r e t o b e li e v e a n u m b e r of t hings
b e for e w e h av e go n e t hr o u gh a ny l ar g e t e ac hings o f e xp er i
Th e b e l ie v in g fu n c t i o n i s t hu s a p r o m in e nt at t r ib u t e
e nc e
We ar e s c ar c el y a bl e t o fe e l o r t o a c t
o f m e n t al a c t i vi t y
w i t h ou t t h e o p e r at i on o f b e li ef o r w i t h ou t m a ki ng as s u m p
We b el i e ve rst and
t i on s in a nt i c ip a t i o n o f t h e re ali t y
F
ar fr o m d e ny i n
i
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v
n
t
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t
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e
r o v e o r d i s ap p r o v e a ft e r w ar d s
g
p
j u d gm en t s a n d a s s er t ion s t o b e an or igin al a nd s p o nt an e ou s
I a d m it th at t h e m in d g en e r a t e s
e m an a t i o n o f t h e m i n d
t h e m i n gre at p r ofu si o n ; I o nly r e fu s e t o t h e m v ali d it y
c e r t ai n t y o r au t h o ri t y i n t h e a b se n c e of g oo d p os i t iv e e v i
d oes

c o nt a n

n ot

d enc e

Thirt e e nt h La s tly m em ory i s o c c a s i on all y d e not e d b y

We s ay w h e n w e d o n ot r em e m b er
t h e t e r m i n qu es t i on
w e ar e n ot c on s c i o u s of i t s
s o m e t hin g t h at h a s h a pp e n e d
h avi ng t ak en p lac e Th e con ne ct ion of t h e t w o m ea ni ng s
i s an e x pli c able o n e for in or d e r t o a n a bi d ing a n d fu t u r e
i m p r es s i on o f a n Obj e c t i t i s n e c e s s ar y t h a t t h e r s t im p r es
o r s h o u l d fu lly e n r o ss
s i o n s h oul d b e d i s t i n c t l y c o n s ci o u s
g
If a sou n d fall s u nh e e d e d
t h e w a king m i nd fo r a c e r t a in t im e
,

I U

54 6

C ONS C O SNES S

pri ncip al sign i c a t ion i s not di cu l t t o ex plain We

h a ve for mer ly h ad o c c a si on m or e e s p e c i ally w it h r e fere n c e t o
Pu r sui t a nd Plot int ere s t t o a d ver t t o t h e anaes t h et i c c h ara c t er
It i s i n t h e r e m i s s i o n o f t h os e r e g ar d s
of t h e o bj e c t re g ar d s
t h at fe e hn g a n d o t h er s t a t e s o f t h e eg o a t t ain t h e ir fu ll
d e v e l o p m en t Ev e n Pl e as u r e a n d P a in are i n ab e y an c e d u rin g
a m o m e n t o f i n t e n s e o bj e ct ivi t y
as in a im i ng a bl o w or i n
w at c hi ng a r a c e
A n i c e qu e s t i o n i s t h e r e u p on s u g ge s t e d
A r e w e c ons c i ou s i n any s h ap e w h en e ngage d e x cl u s i v e l y
u p o n t h e o bj e c t w o r l d ! It s ee ms t o m e t h a t w e a r e
an d I
d e sign at e t hi s t h e o bj e c t c o n s c i ou s n e ss t o d i s t in gu i s h i t fr om
t h e e l em e n t s of t h e s u bj e ct c o ns ci ou s n e s s
t o t he

'

'

I U

I G

C ONSC O SNES S , A S F EEL N

1
3

Th at

The P a ss i v e Sta tes

w e ar e c o n s c ou s w

h en

u n d er

Pl e a s u r e

P a in i s
fe eli ng by

or

h and s Th e s e ar e ou r s t at es o f
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a v e a lw a y s c o n t e n d e d In a d di t i on for t h e
m
I
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p
e xi s t e n c e o f s t a t e s of Ne u t r al e x c i t e m e n t ; w h e r e w e ar e m e n
t all y aliv e an d i t m ay b e t o a n i nt e n s e d e gr e e
P e r h ap s t h e
b e st ex am p le of t h e s e is t h e e x c it e me nt o f a su r p r i s e Th er e
a r e pl e as u r abl e a n d a l s o p a infu l su rp ri s es b u t t h e r e ar e m an y
A nd
t h a t a r e n e i t h e r ; a n d y e t t h e y are g e n u i n e e m o t i on s
e v e n o u r e m o t i o n s t h at h av e pl e as u r e or p a in fo r t h e ir u su a l
c h ar a c t e r o ft e n p as s i n t o n e u t ra l ph a s es w i t h o u t d i s ap p e ari n g
I m ay b e u n d e r
or c e as i ng t o o p e r a t e as m e n t al e x c i t e m e nt
a n a t t a c k o f fe ar a nd s o m e t hin g m ay o c cu r t h a t t a k e s aw a y
t h e p a infu l p ar t o f t h e s t at e b u t I a m n o t t h e r e by r e s t or e d
t o t h e qu i e s c e nt i n d i ffe r e nc e t h at p r e c e d e d t h e Sh oc k
S o ou r
m o m e n t s o f pl ea s u r able e la t i o n v e r y o ft e n los e t h e e l e m e n t o f
d e li gh t l o ng b e for e t h e s ys t em s u b s i d e s in t o t h e c on d i t i o n o f
p e rfe c t c alm We fe e l m e nt ally a live on all t h o s e o c cas ions
b u t n e it h e r e nj o y nor s u ffe r
A gain n e u t ra l e x c it em e n t h a s i t s e m o t io n al w av e or d if
T
h
h
k
f
a s u rp r i s e
u s i on a s m u c h as t he o t h e r kin d s
e
s
oc
o
f
c au s e s a n an i m a t e d e x p re ss i o n a n d s t i r of m o v e m e nt s a n d
adm

it t e d

al l

on

P R OPER T ES OF

NEUTR A L EXCI TEM ENT

54 7

hi c h ar e v e ry m u ch t h e s am e w h e t h er w e ar e
ple as e d or o t h e r w is e Wh e n t h e t r e m or of a gre a t e x c it e m e n t
i s t h o r o u ghly r o u s e d t h e s y s te m c o nt inu e s t o b e agit at e d
w i t h i t fo r a l ong t i m e n o m a t t e r w h e t h e r w e lik e i t o r n ot
Th e i n w ar d o r c o ns c i o u s c o nd it i on i s a lli e d w i t h t h e c o rr e s
p o n d ing o u t w ar d e m b o d im e n t a n d t h e t w o ar e s u s t ain e d
t og e t h e r
Wh e nc e t h e phys i c al c hara c t ers or e x p r e s s i o n
w hi c h ar e t h e n a t u r a l a c c o m p a n i m e n t o f a n e m o t i on al w a v e
S h o w t h e m s e l v e s i n c on n e x i o n w it h t h e n e u t ra l
as w ell a s
w i t h t h e pl e a s ing ; or t h e p a i nfu l
Ne x t i t i s t o b e n ot e d t h a t a s r e gar d s t h e occup yi ng of the
mi n d t o t h e S hu t t i ng ou t of o t h e r s t a t e s t h e n e u tr a l s or t o f
e x c it e m e n t a v a il s q u it e a s m u c h a s p ain or
Und er
p l e asu r e
an
i
n
f
i
k
d
o
s
t
m ul at i o n we ar e m e n t ally ro u s e d a n d e n gr os s e d
y
a n d s o m u c h t h e l e s s o p e n t o s u b s e qu e n t i m p r e s s i o n s
A
s t i m u l a t i on i n i t s e l f i n d iffer e n t as r e g a r d s e nj oy m e n t
m ay
ind ir e c t ly c o n t rib u t e t o ou r pl e a su r e by d isp l ac i ng a p ain fu l
m o d e of o cc u p at i on a n d o n t h e o t h e r h a nd it m ay p r e v e nt
o u r fal l ing u n d er a r e al pl e a su r e
Th e m in d c an t hu s b e
t ak e n u p w i t h w h a t i s n e i t h er a gr e e abl e n o r d i s agr e e a bl e a n d
i t m ay b e a m at t e r o f d i f cu lt y t o n d r oom for a n y Obj e c t
p os s e ss ing on e o r o t h e r o f t h es e qu a lit i e s
4 F u r t h e r t h e w a v e o f n e u t ra l e x c it e m e n t h a s an ef c a c y
a s r e ar d s t h e i n tel l ect w hi c h s h ou l d by n o m e a n s b e o mi tt e d
g
It i s n o t m er e l y p l e a s u r e a n d p a i n
a s a p o s i t iv e C h ar a c t e r i s t i c
t h a t k e e p t h e m i n d a liv e t o i n t e l l e c t u a l i m p r e ss i o n s a nd
t h at d e e p e n t h e s t am p o f t h e m fo r a ft er t im es ; t h e s t a t e
A n o bj e c t t h at c an
n o w b e for e u s h a s t h e v e r y s am e p o w e r
s t ri k e u s w i th s u r p r i s e s e iz e s h o l d o f o u r m in d t o t h e e x c lu
To r ou s e t h e a t t e n t i o n t o a p art ic u l ar
s i o n o f o t h e r o bj e c t s
t hi ng d o e s n o t i m pl y n e c es s ar ily e i t h e r s u ffe r i ng o r d e lig h t
Th e a s t ro n o m e r
b u t m e r e ly a d e gr e e o f m e nt al a n im a t i on
Ty ch o w al king ou t one e v e n i ng c am e u p o n a gr ou p o f p e r
Th e y w e r e arr e s t e d a nd d e t aine d
s o n s g a z i ng o n a ne w s t ar
t h e y c ou l d n o t qu it t h e t h in g
u nde r t h e e m o t i o n of Su r p r i s e
We c ann ot
t h at h ad s o p o w e r fu l l y w ak e n e d t h e ir at t e nt i on
s ay w h e t h er t h e y w e r e p a i n e d or pl e a s e d ; t h e y m a y h a ve
e
t
u
re s,
s
g

I U

54 8

C ONS C O S NES S

p as s e d t h rou gh m om ent s of b ot h t h e on e c on d it i on an d th e
o t her
Su c h m o m e n t s h ow e ve r w ou l d b e a c c id e n t al t o t h e
oc c as i o n ; w h a t w as e ss e n t i al w as t h e e x c it e d d e t e nt i o n o f
t h e ga z e r e sul t ing i n a p r op o r t i on at e d e p t h o f e n d u r ing i m
pr e ss i on of t h e o bj e ct t h at ga ve t h e s u r pr is e All t hr ou gh
life t h e r e m em br anc e of t hat nig h t w o u ld pr o b a bl y b e fr es h
Wit h ou t e i t h er s e n s i bly a d d ing t o t h e ir h a pp ine s s or c au s ing
t h e m m i s e ry t h e n e w s t ar w ou l d o c c a s i on a lly r e c u r t o t h e ir
r e c o ll e c t i o n a n d o c cu py t h e m e n t al t ra in s an d d e t e r m in e t h e
m e n t al a tt i t u d e for a c e r t a in t i m e a s d i d t h e orig in a l o n t h e
Th ey m ight r is e t o
n igh t i t r s t b r o k e u p o n t h e ir vi e w
t h e pl e a s u r ab l e p it c h o f t h e s t at e o f w o n d e r o r t h e y m ight
e x p e r i e n c e s o m e o f t h e p a i n s o f t e r ro r ; b u t w it h o u t e i t h e r
t h er e w ou l d b e a n e m o t i o n arou s e d a n d a n i d e a e ngr ain e d
.

The A cti v e S ta tes

I h a v e fr e qu e n t l y sp o k e n of th e c o n s ci ou s n e s s of e n e rgy
p u t for t h a s t h e b as i s o f t h e o b j e c t i ve a t t it u d e t h e m e d iu m of
c o n i z in
g
g E x t e n s i o n F o rc e a n d t he o t h er a t t ri bu t e s of t h e
Thi s d o e s n ot in v olve pl e as u re or
s o c a ll e d Ex t e r n a l W o r l d
p ain ; t h e r e m ay b e pl e a s u r e s a n d p ai n s o f e x e r c i s e b u t t h e
m i n d w h e n g i v e n u p t o t h e s e h a s l a p s e d i nt o a p u r e l y s u b
j c e t c o n d it i o n : It i s a ki n d of n e u t r al ex c i t e m e n t having for
i t s s p e c i ali t y t h e fe e li n g o f d e gr e e s o f e x p e n d e d e n er gy ; t o
w hi c h i s a d d e d in t h e c o n i t i o n of t h e E x t e n d e d U n iv er s e a
g
va s t r a ng e o f as s oc i a t i on s of p ot e n t i a l o r p os s ibl e e n ergy
5

THE

INTELLEC TUA L

I U

C ONSC O S NES S *
.

Th e gr a vam e n o f t h e p r e s e n t s u bj e c t ce nt r es i n t h e i n
t el l ectu a l as p e c t o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s
Th er e i s a gr e at t ran s it i on
6

'
9
The

Vol i ti ona l Consci ou s nes s

It m i g h t b e

e x p e c t e d , o n s om e s h o w

of

p l a u s i b ilit , t h a t a c h ara c t eri st i c for m o f c o n s c i ou s n e s s s h ould a t t a c h t o Vol i

t i o n, a s w e ll a s t o t h e t w o o t h e r d e a r t m e nt s o f m in d , w h e r e a m ark e d
p
a n t it h e s i s e x i s t s .
up

in t h e

It i s

not s o,
'

y a c t i on

c ou r s e o f v ol u nt a r

i nt e l l e c t u a l

We h a v e

w it h t h e e x er cis e

h ow ev er
ar e

Th e m o d es

fu ll

o f c o n s c i ou s nes s

d e s c r ib e d

as

e it h er

g ro w in g
e m ot i o na l or

in t h e rs t p l a c e , al l t h e p l e as u r e s a n d p a in s c o nn e c t e d
o f t h e a c t iv e or a ns , w it h t h e
g
p u rs u i t o f e nd s , w it h d es ire,
,

I U SNESS

5 50

C ONS C O

id e nt s an d n o t e ss ent i al s Th e
fa c t t h a t I a m di ffe r e n t l y a ffe ct e d by b l u e a n d r ed by t h e
b ar k o f a d og an d t h e c ro w i ng o f a c o c k m ay b e a c c o m p am e d
w i t h pl e asu r e
b u t t h e m e n t al ph e n om e n o n i s t h e r e i n all i t s
We are
fu l n ess i n t h e ab se n c e ali k e o f ple a su r e a n d o f p ain
aw a k e al i v e m e n t ally a l er t u n d e r t h e d i s cr i m i n at i v e e x e r c i se
Th e p o i nt i s
a n d a c c or d in gly m ay b e s a i d t o b e c on s c i o u s
t o c o n n e c t i f p o s s i b l e t hi s n e w m o d e o f c o n s c i o u s n e s s w i t h
w h a t i s c e r t ai nly t h e br o a d t ypi c al fo r m o f i t r e p r e s e nt e d
by e mot i on al s t at es
8 It i s a g en e r al l aw o f t h e m e n t al c o n s t it u t i o n m o re
le
t hat
or l e s s r e co gn iz e d by in qu ir e r s i n t o t h e hu m an m i n d

r es s i on i s e s s e n t i al t o c o n s c i ou s n e s s i n e v e r y
h
f
i
m
p
o
a
n
e
c
g
This i s t h e La w o f R el at ivi t y s o o ft e n all u d e d t o in
for m
Th e re ar e no t abl e e x am p l e s t o Sh ow t h at
t h e p r e s e nt w ork
o n e u n v aryi ng ac t i o n u p o n t h e s e n s e s fail s t o giv e a ny p e r
T a k e t h e m o t i o n o f t h e e ar t h a b o u t i t s
c e p t i o n w h at e v e r
a x i s an d t hr ou gh s p ac e w h e r e by w e ar e w h ir l e d w i t h imm e n s e
v e lo cit y b u t at a u niform p a c e b e i ng u t t erl y i n s e ns i bl e o f t h e
SO i n a s hip a t s e a w e m ay b e u n d e r th e s am e
c ir c u m st a n c e
in s e n sibil it y ; w h er e a s in a c arri age w e n e ve r l os e t h e fe eling
Th e e x p l an at i o n i s o b v i ou s
It i s t h e
o f b e ing m o v e d
i n t hi s

m er e

c o n n e x o n ar e

acc

'

'

S e n se t h e r e fore
e rl
s o c al l e d , m u s t n e ces s ar il
, p ro p
,
p et u a l v ar ie t of p h a nt a s m s , t h a t t h e m ay b e d i s c e rn e d

of

s h ou l d s u pp o se a

F or i f w e

o rg an s o f s ig h t

hi s

y h av e

h e s h o u l d l o ok

o nl

w ell

y u p on

g ur e , w it h o u t t h e l eas t

m a n t o b e m a d e w it h

c l e ar

di s p o s ed , b u t
on e

p p e ara n c e o f v a ri e t
s e e , n o m or e t h a n

al w a

ys

the

of

h e w ou l d

a nd

all

e nd u e d w i t h n o o t h e r s e n s e

t h i ng , w hi c h i s

p er
fr o m a not h e r

one

ye s

in it

s am e

s e em

t he

r es t

an d

t ha t

c ol ou r

a nd

t o m e , w h at

s ee m

t o m y s e l f t o fe e l t h e b on e s
o f m y ow n l im b s b y m y or g a n s o f fee l i ng ; a nd y e t t h e s e b o n e s are a l w a s
m i g h t p e r h ap s s ay
a n d o n a ll s id e s t o u c h e d b y a m o s t s e n s ib l e m e m b ra n e
s o e v er o t h er s

m ay

s ay,

to

w a s as t o n i sh e d

he

i t bei ng

a nd n o t

thi ng

F or
are

al m os t

ye d

s am e

t im e ,

t hem

a t o nc e .

o b ects

both

a ll

as

and

on e

t h e n a t ure

a b ou t

l ook e d

f or

t o be s en s i bl e

s e ei ng

em p l o

( l)

o ne

it ; b u t
be a l w a ys

u p on

m a n to

at a ll o

a n y thi ng

o f s en s e

c on s i s t s

ob e c t ,

the

s hou l d

be

not

sens i b l e o

i n m ot i o n

c a nn o t

as

he

it ;
a nd th e s a me

s ay

on e

l on g

as

saw

t he

m o v e d b y a n ot h e r
s in ce r e p h a nt a s m o f

so

ga ns
at t he

or

t o m ak e b y b o t h t h e i r m o t i o n s o n e
ea c h o f
A n d t h e re for e t w o sev er a l p h a nta s ms w i l l n ot be m a d e by tw o

w or ki ng togeth er , bu t on l y on e p h a n ta s m comp ou nd ed

Hob b e s

El em ent s

of

Phil o sop h

y B od y
,

f r om

th e

a cti on o

C hap X X V S e cs 5, 6
.

I M PR ES SI ON

LA W or C HAN E or

ib ilit y a nd
A u n ifor m c o n d it i o n as
f ro m m o t i o n t o r e s t
c o n ve r s ely
r es p ec t s e i t h e r s t at e i s d e v o i d o f a n y qu ic k e n ing in u e n c e o n
A n o t h er illu s t r at i on i s s u ppli e d by t h e pre ss u re of
t he m i nd
t h e a ir o n t h e s u r fac e o f t h e b o d y H e r e w e h a v e an e x c e e d ingly
Th e s kin i s
p ow er fu l e ffe c t u p o n o n e o f t h e S p e ci al s e n s e s
u nd e r an i n u en c e e x a c t ly o f t h at n a t u r e t h a t w ak e n s t h e
fe eling Of t ouc h ; b u t n o fe eli ng c o m e s
Wit h d r aw a ny p or
t ion of th e pr e ssu re as i n m ou nt ing i n a b all o on a n d s e n si
A c on s t ant im pr es s io n i s t h u s t o t h e
b ili t y i s d eve l o p e d
m ind t h e s am e as a bla n k
Ou r p ar t i al u nCons c i ou sn e s s as
t o ou r c l ot hi ng i s c o nn e ct e d w ith t h e c o n s t anc y o f t h e Obj e c t
Th e sm all e s t ch a n ge at a ny t i m e m ake s u s s e n s ibl e Or aw ak e
t o t h e c ont a c t
If t h ere w er e s om e o n e s ou n d of u n v ar yi ng
t o n e and u nr em it t e d c on t inu an c e fa ll ing o n t h e e ar fr o m t h e
rs t m o m e nt o f life t o t h e l as t w e s h oul d b e as u nc o n s c i o u s
o f t h e exi s t e nc e o f t h at in u e n c e a s w e a r e of t h e p r e s s u r e o f
t h e air
Su c h a s onoro u s age nc y w ou l d u t t e rly e sc ap e t h e
k now l e d ge o f hu m an b eings u nt il as i n t h e ot h er c as e s o m e
a c c i d e nt o r s o me di s c o v er y in e x p er im e nt al phil o s o phy h a d
e n abl e d t h e m t o su s p e n d or t o c h ang e t he d e g r e e o f t h e i m
pr ession m ad e by it Ex cep t u n d er sp e c i a l c ir c u m s t an c e s w e
a r e u nc ons c i ou s o f our ow n w e ight ; n e v er t h e l e ss o u r w eigh t
It i s t hu s t h at age n c i e s m ight e xi s t
c a n ne v e r b e ab s en t
w it h ou t b e ing p e r ce i v e d ; r e m i ss i o n or ch an g e b e i ng a p r im ar y
It m ight s e e m s om e w h a t d if cu l t
c ond it i on o f o u r s e n s ibil i t y
t o im agin e u s al t o ge t h er i ns ens it iv e t o s u c h an i nu e n c e a s
ligh t an d c olour ; a n d y e t if som e one h u e h a d b e e n pr e s e nt
o n t h e r e t in a fr om t h e c om m e n c e m e n t o f life w e S h ou l d in
c ont e st a bly h a v e b e e n b l in d a s fa r a s t hat w as c o n c e r n e d
9 Pr oc e e d ing t h en u p on t h e pr in c ipl e o f c h an ge a s t h e
c o nd it i o n o f c o n sc i ou s n e s s l e t u s s u p p os e a s u d d e n s h o c k
u n c o n s ci ou s n e ss ;
for e x am p l e a ligh t
u p on
s u p e rv en i ng
bu r s t ing ou t in d ar k ne s s Th e aw a k e ning t h at t a k e s pla c e
m ay b e pl e a su r abl e i t m ay b e p a infu l o r it m ay b e m e r e
In an y c a s e i t is a F e e li ng ; a n e m ot i o n al r at h e r
e xc it e m en t
We m ay t erm it a Sho ck a st ar t
t h an an in t ell ec t u al s t at e
from

c h ange

r es t

t o m o t i o n t h at w a k e n s

ou r

s en s

I U

5 52

C ONS C O S NESS

a su r r se
p

t h e r e is

Wi t h

Th e r e i s th e d iffu s e d w a ve of phy s ic al e ffe c t s and

m e n t a l e ffe c t w h o se c h ar ac t er is t i cs w e ar e fa mi li a r
,

In t hi s

o f c ou r s e a

s a r il
as

b ol d

p e ct

t ra n s i t io n fr om t h e

fr o m fe e bl e

s c io u s, o r

is

r an d

c o n s c ou s n e s s

i gs

; t he

ou t g o n

and

t o t he

c on

i s in t e n s e t h e r e
,

t h e m in d i s n e c e s

an d

b u t it d o e s

p u re ly

ar e

su ch as

to

d i ffe r e n c e o f s t at e

g
o f t h e d iffe r e n c e

aw ar e

u n con s c ou s

d w ell

p on t h a t
p rop erl y e m ot i on al ;
n ot

b e y an c e
Le t u s n e x t s u p p o s e a n e w t r an s it i o n s u f c i e n t l y s h arp
o r s u dd e n t o m a k e a n i m p r e s s i on b u t n o t e n o u g h t o m a k e a
n e w e m o t i o n al w a v e
V i e w e d a s e m o t i o n t hi s w o u l d b e o f
n o v alu e ; as m e r e v ar i e t y o f s t a t e i t m igh t h a v e a v a lu e
Wh en ever c ons c iou sn e s s c hange s t h e r e is t h e fa ct o f d is cri
Th e
m i n at i o n w h e t h e r or n ot w e m ak e a ny a c c ou n t o f i t
u e s t i o n ari s es Wh at i s i t t h a t in d u c es u s t o p u t s t r e ss u p o n
q
t h e ac t o f d i s cr i mi na t ing so a s t o gi v e i m p or t a n c e t o a t r a n si
t i o n c h a nge or s t ar t w h os e p ow e r w a s n o t s u f c i e nt t o c r e a t e
F e e l i ng s e n s at i o n e m o t i o n a r e t h e
a n e m o t i on a l w a v e
nal e n d o f life t o r e c e i v e t h e pl e as u r a bl e t o av o i d t h e p ai n
fu l t o m an i pu l at e t h e n eu t ral
D i s c r im in a t i o n i n t h e c a s e
s u pp os e d g iv e s n o pl e as u r e
G r e at t r an s i t io n s ar e di s cr i m in
a t e d ; b u t t h e i r w or t h i s i n t h e i r e m o t i o n a l e x c i t e m e n t
and
Sm all c h ang e s t h at j u s t su fc e
n ot in t h e ir d i s c r i mi n a ti on
for b e in g d i s c r i mi n a t e d are in t h e m s el v e s u ni m p o r t an t
In ou r m at u r e life t h e v alu e o f d i sc ri m i n a t i o n as s u c h
lie s in b e ing t h e m e an s t o e n d s Wh e n w e aim a t p l e asu r e
i n d ir e c t l y o r by c ir c u i tou s r o u t e s w e n e e d d i s c r i mi nat i o n
Ou r pl e a su r es c o m e t o u s t hr ou gh m e d i a t h at r e qu ir e u s t o
e x e r c i s e t h e s e n s e o f d i ffe r e n c e ; a n d t h u s d i s c rim i n a t i o n
We have from t h e r st t h e ap t it u d e
r i se s i nt o i m p or t a n ce
for d i s c r i m in at in g w i t h m or e or l e s s d eli c a c y b u t w e d o n o t
u t i t in t o a ct i v e o p e r at i o n t ill w e h a v e t o d r aw d i s t i n c t i o n s
p
Thu s
i n t h e c o u r s e o f g ain i ng pl e as u r e o r r e li e vi ng p a in
w hi l e t h e l arg er d i ffe r e n c e s are e m o t i o n al t h o s e t h a t ar e t o o
s m all fo r e m o t i o n or fe e li ng s u f c e for in te ll ige n c e appli e d t o
t he

di ffe r e n c e i s i n

c o n s c ou s n e s s o f

r e m ot e e nd s

I U

f5 54

C ONSC O S NES S

10

i s t hu s

im p or t an t di er e nc e b e t w een fe e ling
as
p l eas u r e o r p ain a n d t he e x c i t e m e nt t h at s t a m p s in t e ll e c
t u a l d i ffer e n c e
I nt e ns e d elight a b s orbs th e m e nt al e n er gi e s
a nd t h e ch i e f i nt e ll e c t u a
l c ons e qu en c e i s a c e rt ain im p r e s si v e
n es s le n t t o t h e o bj e c t s t h a t c on t r ib u
Wh en
t e t o t h e s t at e
fe e li ng i s s t r on gly r o u s e d i n e it h e r of t h e t w o o p p o s i t e form s
t h at c on s t i t u t e ou r h ap p in e s s a n d m i se r y t he n eu t r al for m s
ar e t h row n i n t o t h e s h a d e
A m e re su r prise t h at h as no
e ffe c t t o i m p r e s s a d iffer e n c e b e t w e e n t w o fe e li n s i s b u t
g
c ol d l y e n t e r t a i n e d a t s u c h a t i m e
We m u st t o a c ert ain
e x t e n t b o t h for e g o d e l igh t s
an d b e fr e e fr o m e at ing c ar e s
i n o r d e r t o d w e ll l arge ly a m o ng th e n e u t r al e x c it e m e n t s t h at
s t a m p d i ffe r
en c e u p on t h e m in d
Th ere is t hu s u p on a
c o m m o n m e n t a l b a s i s a s p e c i c d i ffe r e n c e o f ki n d a m o u n t i n
g
t o a n t it h e s i s b e t w e e n t h e pl e as u r a bl e o r p a i nf ul e x c i t e m e n t
a nd
Thi s c onc lu si on i s no t
t h e in t e ll e c t u al e x c it e m e n t
fo u n d e d o n any do p r i o n c on s i d erat i on b u t o n an i n d u c
Th er e i s a l arge ex p e ri e n c e t h at c ann ot
t ion fr om fac t s
Th e d e v o t i on o f t h e
b e in t e r p r e t e d in a ny o t her w ay
m ind t o i n c e s s ant pl e as u r e an d t h e pr e ssu r e o f m i s e ry a nd
c are
ar e w h o ll y a d ve r s e t o t h e g e n era l c u l t i v a t i o n o f t h e
i n t e ll e c t a c u l t iv at i on t h a t i n t h e l a s t r e s or t r e p o s e s o n
t h e r e ad y se n s i bili t y t o d i ffe r e n ce
Th e b e s t a t m o sph er e
for a h igh c u l t u r e i s a s e r e n e c o n d it i on of m in d w it h n o
m or e p a in t h an i s n e c e s s ar y t o s t im u l a t e p u r s u it a n d no
m or e pl e a s u r e t h a n i m p ar t s a n in d u c e me nt t o go o n w it h
l ife
Th e e n e rgy o f t h e br ain i s t hu s r e s e r v e d for t h e
n e u t r al s t i m u l at i o n t h at i m p r e s s e s e v e r y kin d of d iffe r e n c e
a n d i n t hi s w a
t
r e s t h e int e ll e c t w i t h d i s t i n c t iv e i m a e s
o
s
y
g
Th e max i m u m o f i nt e ll e c t u al e x c e l l e n c e im pl i e s a t o n ce a
s p ar i ng r es ort t o pl e as u r e a n d a t o l e ra bl e e x e m p t i o n fr om
*
m i se r y
Whil e ad m it t ing t hat b ot h pl e su re nd p ain h av e a c ert in int ell c t u l
f c cy in i m p s ing on u w h t c nc rns t h e m s l es a s w h en a m n et ins a
l iv e l y i m p e s s i n o f
s ce n e t h t d l ig h t e d hi m s im p l y b c u s eo f t h d l i h t
g
of
d m it
p ers on t h t inju d h im s i m p l y b e c u se f t h e i nju ry w m u t al s
.

Th er e

an

'

re s

re

or

t h at

e v e n a n e u t ra l e x ci t em en t

t iv e

s e n se o f ch a ng e .

e v

m ay

y may

s om e t im es s t a n d a ar t
p

n ov e l t

s et

s t i rring

me

o ff

o a

from t h e d i s c r i m ina
in

of s u rp ris e,

I M I LAR I TY A M ODE
S en se

11

The for e go ing

5 55

or D FF ER ENC E

A g r eem en t

k s p r o c e e d o n t h e assu m p t i on
t h a t a c ont i nu ou s o r u n b r o k e n im p r es s i o n s u p pl i e s n o e l e m e n t
o f t h e c o n s c i o u s n es s
a nd t h at c h a n e
n o v e l t y v a r ie t y ar e
g
w h at in c it e t h e m e nt al b e i ng i n t o w a k e fu l m an ife s t a t i on
Th e r e are n e ve r t h e l e s s c a s e s w h e r e A gr e e m e nt i m p ar t s t h e
s h o c k r e qu i s i t e fo r r o u s i ng t h e in t e ll e c t u al w a v e
I t is h ow
e v e r a gr e e m e n t i n a qu al i e d s e n s e in d e e d s o qu al i e d a s t o
b e r e all y a m o d e o f d iffe re n c e
We h a ve s e e n a t l arge in t h e
e x p os it io n of t h e Law o f S i m i l ar it y
t h a t t h e d i s c ov e r y o f
id e nt it y com e s u p o n t h e m in d w it h a a s h or s h o ck of th e
n a t u r e o f s u rp ri s e ; b u t t h e i d e nt it y i n s u c h c as e s m u st b e
It g iv es n o s u r p r i s e t o w ak e n
s u r r o u n d e d w i t h d iv e r s i t y
s
e ve r y m or ni ng a n d s e e t h e s a m e o bj e c t s i n t h e s am e po s i t i o n
b u t i t d o e s s u rp r i s e u s t o go a w a y i nt o a d is t an t p l a ce w h e r e
i
e v e r y t hin
s a lt e r e d a n d w h e r e w e ar e p r e p ar e d for c h an g e s
g
a n d fi n d a p r os p e c t e x ac t l y r e s e m b l i n
a fa m il i ar s c e n e a t
g
hom e We a r e n o t su rp r i s e d by s e e ing fri e n d s in t h eir w ont e d
h au n t s t h e s u r p ri s e i s gi v e n w h e n w e m e e t t h e m in s om e
A gre e m e n t s o f t h i s s o r t a r e in r e al it y d if
r e gi o n far re m o t e
fe r e n ce s t h e y ar e br e ac h e s o f e x p e c t at i on an d g ive u s a s t ar t
e x a c t ly a s w o u l d a d i ffe re n c e a r i s i n g w h e r e w e l o o k e d fo r
Th e mi n d o n c e a c c u s t om e d t o a c e rt ain x e d
a gr e e m e n t
i s s t ar t l e d by t h e su b s t it u t i o n o f u ni
rou t i n e o f c h a ng e
.

r e m ar

a nd

t he

is

y e t I m ay v er s o on p as s fr om t h e t hi n g i t se l f, a nd t r a ns fe r t h e b en e t o f
e x c it e m e nt t o s o m e t hin g el s e
S u c h a t ra n s fe ra b l e , or m o b i l e e x ci t em en t ,
.

t h e t ru e i n t ell e c t u al

no t

s p e c i es

A fe w h o ur s

p u t t h e b ra in i n t o a fe v er o f u nnat u r al
fe l t or d one h as m ore t h an o r d in ar y p ow er

n oi s e ,

a b l e,

t he

i n t h e l on g

r un,

for t h e

s h o rt

c e s s at i on o f

Su c h

b u s tl e,

an d

yt hi ng

u n d er w h i c h e v e r

s t at e

(an d

di ffer e n c e s

is

no

m or e fa v o u r

r es e m b l a n ces

t h an

of a

g e n e ral

t h e w a v e,

a ni m at i on

an d

of

t h e t ak i ng

t h e b r a in

o n o f a n ot h er

p r ev e n t t h e
s h or t i nt e rv al ; t h e

S h ou l d n o t

It

at

Th e s t i rri ng
t h e w hil e b eing w h at w ou l d b e t e rm e d p e r fec t l y c o ol
u l a nt s
st i
v a g u e a n d w a s t i ng e x ci t e m e n t , w hi c h fol l o w s on t oo m an

al l

up o f a

p p l ie d a t
wa s t ing m is ery

b e i ng

m a k es

m in d

e n er g

i n hu r r

Th e s m a rt t h a t a ch a ng e of i m p r e ss i on
re a n d p a in
p l e a su

s u s t a i n t h e c u rre nt s b el ong i ng t o t h a t i m p r e s s i o n, s t o p
s h ou l d s i m p l

e x t re m e s o f

p ing

s t o r i ng u p o f

s p e nt

o n c e,

is

as

fa t al

t o i nt el l ect ,

as

p l ea sura b l e d i s s i pat io n

or

I U

55 6

CONSC O S NES S

b ee n in a r oom h u ng w it h p i ct ur e s
o n e fe e l s a r u p t u r e of e x
a n d o t h e r w i s e r i c hly fu r ni s h e d
n an d a
vi
ol e nt
s u r pri s e
on
e n c oun t e r i ng
n ak e d
i
C
t
a
t
o
e
p
It i s s t ill c h an g e or a d i s c r e p an c y
w a ll s a n d a n e mp t y o or
b e t w e e n a p ast a nd a p r es e nt a t t it u d e of m in d t h at is t h e
e x c it i n g c au s e o f th e a w a k e n e d c o n s c i o u s n e s s ; a lt h o u gh it
s o m e t i m e s h ap p e n s t h a t t h e c h a ng e c o n s i s t s in pr o d u c i ng a n
fo r c on n ex i o n
ol d fam il i ar i m p r e s s i o n in a n u nl oc k e d
H a vi n g p r e m i s e d t h u s m u c h w e h a v e n e x t t o s t u d y t h e
inu en c e o f t hi s n e w Cl a s s o f su r pr i s e s o n t h e gr o w t h o f
It s o h a p p e ns t h at t h e n ot ic ing o f ag r e e
o u r in t e l lig e n c e
m e n t i n t h e m i d s t o f d iffe r e n c e i s a n e x c e e d in gl y u s efu l
fu n c t i on a s reg a r d s our k n ow l e d g e o f t he w o rl d w h e r e a m i d
t
h
e r e i s m u c h r e s e m bl a n c e
A
l
n
h
p
r e at v a r i e t y
o
c
a
t
er
g
g
h av i ng b e e n d e vot e d t o t h e e xp os it i o n o f t h at fa c t a n d i t s
c o n s e qu e n c e s a n y l a b ou r e d d e m on s t r a t i o n i n t h i s pl a c e w ou l d
b e s u p e r u o u s Wh a t c o n ce r n s u s a t p r e s e nt i s t o n o t i c e h o w
w e a r e m a d e a liv e t o t h o se a gr e e m e nt s s o a s t o s t a m p t h e m
o n t h e m in d a n d m a k e t h e m a p ar t of t h e p e r m an e n t i nt e l
l e c t u a l fu rni t u r e To il lu s t r at e o u r m e a n ing t ak e a Sim p l e
Th e y ou n g m i n d l o o king agai n a n d
c ase of c l as s i c a t i o n
a g a in a t o n e t r e e ac qu ir es a n i m p r e s s i on of i t m e r e l y t h ro u g h
When w e ar e at l a s t fa m il i ar i z e d
t h e s e n s i b ilit y t o d iffe re nc e
w i t h t h e r e p et i t i o n of t h e v e r y s a m e aggr e g at e o f d iffe r e n c es
s o t o s p e a k t h e r e i s an e n d o f a ny s p e c i a l s u r r i s e o n t h e
p
nd a
t
i
o n o f t h e o bj e c t
a
ra d ual t e n d e nc y t o t he
r
s
e
n
t
a
e
p
g
Le t t h e mi n d h o w
in d i ffe r e n t is m t h at m on o t on y in d u c e s ;
e v e r e n c ou n t e r a n o t h e r t r ee s m all e r in d i m e n s i o n s b u t s i m il ar
in all e l s e t he s i m il ar it y r e c all s t h e ol d t r e e w hile t h e d i ffe r
We ar e t h en aw a k e n e d a s
e n c e giv e s t he s t i m u l u s of s u r p r i s e
i t w e r e t o a n e w c ir c u m s t an c e a s i m p or t an t as t h e o r igin al
fa c t of d i ffe r e n c e a n d a ow of e x c it e m e nt ac com p ani e s t h e
e x p e r i e n c e r e n d e ri n g i t vi vi d a t t h e m o m e n t a n d l ayin
g t he
b a s i s of a p erm an e nt r e coll e c t ion Th u s b es id e s a c cu m u l at i ng
d i ffe r e n c es an d e nla rgi ng t h e s t o c k o f i n t e ll e c t u al im age ry
r ou n d e d u p on t h e s e w e e n t e r o n a n e w c l as s o f i m p r e s s io n s
g
t h e im p r e s s i o n s o f a gr e e m e nt i n d iv e r s i t y
Had t h es e agre e
form it y
-

H a vi ng

o ft e n

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I U

5 58

C ONS C O SNESS

v it y ,
and

an d

Int e ll e c t

t ai ne d i n

to

so
.

re d u c e

But

t im at e p he n om e n a t o t w o F e el ing
ha ve s ee n t hat t hes e c a nn o t b e m a in
t h e y are o nl y d iffer e n t a s p e c t s o f t h e

ul

th e

n ow w e

a b s o l u t e s ep a r a t i o n

In o t her w o rd s , e ver y fa ct o f c ons c io u s ne ss

p h e n o m e n on
h as t w o s i d e s one F e e l in g , t h e o t he r I nt e ll ec t or D is c r im in a t i on
S o m e o f o u r c o nsc i o u s e x p e r i e n ce s s ho w t h e s i d e o f F e el in g in t h e
a s c e n d a nt , a n d t h e s i d e o f D is c r i m i n at i o n a t t h e m in i m u m 3 t h es e ,
S o w it h t h e c o nve r s e
h e n d is
b y c o u r t e s y, w e c all F e e l in g s
c ri m i n a t i o n i s i n t h e as c e n d an t , f e e lin g i s i n a b e y a n c e , a n d is p r a o
t ic al l y n o n e x i s t e nt 5 i n r e ali t y i t i s s t ill t he r e , b u t in a fe e b l e f or m
Th e m on a d o f c on s c i o u s n e s s i s t hu s a t w osi d e d p he no m e n o n , w it h
t h e ri s e o f o n e b e i n g
c ap ab il i t y o f in d e ni t e i n cr e a s e o n e i t h er s i d e
Ther e i s n ot a s t at e t hat i s p ur e l y
t h e s u b s i d e n c e o f t h e o t he r
a n d w ho l l y F e e ling , F e e l in g , t ha t i s , t o t h e e nt ir e e x c l u s i o n o f
d i s c r im i n a t i on an d t h er e i s n o t a s t at e t hat i s e nt ir el y D i s cri m in a
D isc ri:
m in at i on t o t h e e x c l u s i o n o f fe e l in g
t i on ,
Mr S p e n c er e x p r es ses t h e gr e a t a n t it he s is o f t he Em o t ion al a n d
t h e I n t e l l e c t u al b y F ee l i ngs a n d R e l a t i o ns of F ee l i ngs
S o m e t hin g
is g a ine d b y t hi s w o r d ing b u t I t hin k t h e c ont r as t i s , o n t h e w h o l e ,
m or e p oi nt e dl y in d ic a t e d b y F e e l i ng a nd D i scr i m ina ti on Of c o u rs e ,
D is cr im in a t i on i s n ot t h e w ho l e o f Int e ll ec t , b u t i t is t h e gr ou n d
w or k , an d i s p e c u l i ar l y s u it e d t o p u t in c o nt r as t t o t h e e m o t io n a l
Th e w or d
s i d e o f our b e in g , as t y p i e d b y Pl easu r e an d P ain

h as t h e a d va nt ag e o f b e in g c o m p r e h e ns i ve , w i t h t h e
e l at i o n
d is a d vant a ge o f b e ing vag u e an d u ns u gg es t ive ; i t i s , in fac t , t h e
w i d e s t t erm i n o u r v o c ab u l ar y
A n o t he r m o d e o f e x p r e s s i o n i s t o c a ll F ee l ing t he su bs ta nce , an d
Int e ll e c t t he f or m Th e d is t in ct i on o f Mat t er an d F orm h as b e e n
l
y
v
e r d o n e in p h il os o p hy 3 a n d , in t h e
re
a
t
o
g
p r es e nt ins t an ce , w e are
b e tt er Wit ho u t i t
sa m e

S ens a ti on
12

I nt o

th e

c o n t r as t

a nd

of

P er cep ti on

S e n s a t i on

an d

P er c e p ti o n t h er e

id er at i on
In t h e r s t pl a c e i t i n vo l ve s t h e d i s t in ct i o n b e t w e e n t h e
Em ot ion al a nd t h e I n t e l l e c t u al a s p e c t s of t h e Se n s e s Th e
l
u r e o r t h e p ai n t h a t w e h a v e t h ro u h a s i ht or a s o u nd
a
s
e
p
g
g
a p l e asu r abl e o r a p a in fu l s e n s a t i on i s e m p h a t i c ally a se ns a
t i o n as o p p ose d t o a p e r c e p t i on ; i t i s u l t ra s e n s at i on al i n
b eing n o t i nt e ll e c t u a l Som e s e ns at ion s ar e m e r e p l e asu re or
p ain n ot hing e ls e z su c h ar e t h e fe eli ngs of org ani c life
A ll t hrou gh th e
a nd t h e s w e e t a n d bi t t e r t a s t e s a n d o d ou r s
Se n s e s We h a d t o d i s t ingu i s h t h e pl e as u r es a nd p ains o f
e nt e r

m or e t h an

on e c o n s

M OR E

PER C EPT ON

s e n s at o n

THA N SENSA T ON

fr o m t h e d is cr i m in at i ve

s e ns i

bil i t y

559

of e ac

h yi e ld ing
,

k no w le d ge g i v i ng s e ns a t i o n
It i s u nd e r t hi s c o n t ra s t t h at Sir W H a m ilt on s ign al iz e s
t h e i nv e r s e p r op or ti o n o f S e ns a t i o n a n d P e rc e p t i o n ; fo r w i t h
c er t ai n qu ali c at i o n s it i s t ru e t h a t E m ot i o n (o r F e el i n g) a n d
I nt elle c t ar e o p p o s e d and are mu t u ally e x cl u si v e ; t h e e x
t r e m e m a nife s t a t i o n o f t h e o n e b ei ng m or e o r l e s s i n c o m p a
t i bl e w it h t h e o t h e r
A ft er m u c h c on t a c t w it h t h e
1 3 B u t t his i s n ot all
a n d a n e w v a ri e t y o f
s e n s ibl e w o r l d a n e w s it u a t i on a ri se s
t h e c o n s c i o u s n e s s w hi c h s t a n d s i n n e e d o f s o m e e x p l a n at i o n
Wh e n a c hil d e x p eri e n c e s for t h e r s t t i m e t h e s e ns a t i o n o f
s c arl e t t h e r e i s n o t hi n g b u t t h e s e n s i b i lit y o f a n e w i m p r es
a c c or d i ng t o t h e i n t e n s i t y o f t h e
s i o n m or e o r l e s s i n t e n s e
It i s v e r y d if c u l t
o bj e c t a n d t h e s u s c e p t i b il i t y o f t h e m in d
fo r u s t o r e a li z e or t o d e n e t his ori gi n a l s h o c k o u r p os i t i o n
It i s t h e r a r e s t t h ing fo r
i n m at u r e li fe b ei ng t ot ally a l t e r e d
u s t h e n t o c o m e u n d e r a r a di ca lly n e w i m p r e s s i o n a n d w e
c an onl y by t h e h e lp o f I m p e r fe c t a n al o g i e s for m a n a p p ro x i
m a t e c o n c ep t i on o f w h at h ap p e n s a t t h e rs t S h o c k o f a di s
c ri mi n a t iv e
Th e p r o c e ss o f e ngr ai n in g t h e s e
s e n s at i o n
i m p re s s i o n s on t h e m in d aft er r e p e t it i o n giv es t o s u b s e qu e n t
s e n s a t i on s a c h ar a c t e r qu i t e d iffe r e nt fro m w h at b e l o n e d t o
g
t he r st
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d ou b t l e s s r e s e m bl e t h e p r e c e di ng ; b u t s u c h i s t h e n a t u r e of
t h e m in d t h at t he n e w Sh oc k w i l l n o t s t a n d a l on e b u t r e s t o r e s
t h e n o t i o n o r i d e a or t ra c e t h at s u r vi v e d t h e o t h e r
Th e
s e ns at i o n i s n o l o ng er t h e p r i m it ive s u r p ri se b u t t h e c o ali t i o n
o f a p r es e nt s h o c k w i t h a ll t h a t r e m a in s o f t h e p r e vi ou s o c c a
H e n ce w h en w e s e e or h ear or t ou c h or m ov e w h at
s ion s
c o m e s b e fo r e u s i s r e al ly c o nt r i b u t e d m or e by t h e m i n d i t s e lf
t h an by t h e o bj e ct p r e se nt
Th e c o ns c i ou s n es s h as t hr e e
c o n cu rrin g e l e m e n t s t h e n e w s h oc k t h e a s h o f ag r e e m e n t
w it h t h e su m t o t al of t h e p a s t a n d t h e fe e li ng o f t h a t p a s t
a s r e vi v e d i n t h e p re s e n t
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I U

5 60
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d is c ri m i n at i on fo llo w s

h e r c ou r s e F or
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my j ud g m e nt r e s or t s t o t h e r ou n d ab ou t p r o c e s s of r s t i d e n t i
fy ing e a c h w i t h s o m e r e i t e r a t e d s er i e s o f p as t im p r e s s i o n s ;
a n d t h e r e b e ing t w o s u m t o t al s in m y m i n d ,t h e d i ffe r e n ce t h at
I fe e l i s b e t w e e n t h o s e t o t a l s If I m ake a m i s t ak e i t m ay b e
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It i s as if I c ou l d j u d ge b e t w e e n
a w r o n g a c t o f i d e n t i c a t i on
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t he d iffe r e n c e
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i s w h at r eal ly d e t e r m in es t h e ir c h ar ac t e r
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i s s i mp l y m a d e u s e o f a s a m e an s o f r e vi vin g s o m e o n e of
t h e p ast s h o c k s In p re fe r e nc e t o all t h e o t h e rs
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t h e im p r e s s i on o f u l t r a m ar i n e bl ue t h e m in d w o u ld
up
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l e w e l o s e S igh t o f t h e fea t u r e s o f t h e a c c ou n t i t s e lf a n d
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i s o w ing t o t h e p l a s t i c p o w e r s e t fo r t h u n d e r t h e l aw of
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e v e r y a c t o f p e r ce i v m g a n d w h e n s u c h i n t e ll e c t u a l p a r t i c ip a
t i o n a c c o m p a n i e s a s e n s at i o n o f t h e s e n s e s i t w o u l d b e
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f a v o i c e of t h e t ou c h o f m ar bl e
or o f t h e t as t e o f a p e a c h y
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e x c e e d i n g t h e s p e c i a l r a n g e o f t h e n e w e nc ou n t e r by it s e lf
w e ar e a t lib e r t y t o s t yl e t h e m ent a l s t at e t hu s p r o d u c e d a

p e rc ep ti o n o r s o m e t hing t r a n s c en d ing th e m e r e s e n s a t i o n
a s n arr o w ed t o t h e s h o c k o f t h e m om e nt
1 5 Th e t e nd e n c y t o r e c k o n p e r c e p t io n a l arg er m e nt al
p r o d u c t t h an s e n s a ti o n is s t il l b et t er s e e n in a n o t h e r o f it s
w e ll e s t a bl i s h e d me a n ing s o f w hi c h t h e b e s t e x a m p l e p e r h ap s
i s fu rn i s h e d u n d e r s ig h t
Wh e n w e t al k of p er ce ivi ng t h e
d i s t an c e s a n d m a gn it u d es o f t h ings ab ou t u s m or e i s i m pli e d
t h an t h e s e n s at i o n s c an p o s s i bly co n t ai n
A ll t h at I e ve r c a n
r e a ll y fe e l r e a r d i n
g
g a h o u s e b e fo r e m e ,i s a c e rt a in u ni o n o f
o p t ic a l a n d m u s c ul ar s e n s ib ili t y in w hi c h t h e n o t i o n o f d is t an c e
c a n h a v e n o p ar t
Th at n ot io n i s d er i ve d t hr o u g h o t h e r p ar t s
o f t h e s y s t e m m o re es e c i a ll y t h e l o c o m o t i v e m em b e r s
a nd
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y
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b e t w e e n c e rt a in op t i c al imp r e s si on s a n d Ce rt a i n m ove m e nt s
a n d a ft e r a t i me t he o c c u rr e n c e o f t h e o n e i s a bl e t o s u
gg e s t
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I m ay p e r c eiv e d is t a nc e by t h e e y e a s I m ay p er
i
c e i v e a m a il c o a c h i n t h e n e x t s t r e e t by t h e s ou r d o f t h e h o r n
A s s o c i at io n g ive s a dd it i o n a l m e a ni n g t o m y s e n s a ti o ns a nd I
a m t hu s m a d e t o k n o w or p e r c e iv e w h a t i t IS I m p o ss i b l e for
t u al

op e r a t i o n s

b ove

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m e t o fe e l

o r THE S ENSA T ON A ND THE

GR EEM ENTS

This w or d
n o t i m p ar t

ha s

I DEA

5 63

plic at i o n t h at
u s a e d oe s
t o t h e o t h e r ; for a lt h ou gh t h e t e r m
g
s e ns a t i on m a
y e x t e n d t o t h e m i nd s c o n t rib u t i o n fr o m t h e
p a s t a t t h e in st anc e o f t h e pr e s e nt fe e ling w e s h o u l d no t b e
d i sp o s e d t o i n c lu d e al l t h os e o t h e r c olla t e ra l im p r e s s i on s t h a t
m ay c o n c u r a n d b e a s s oc i at e d w i th t h at s u m t o t al It w ou l d
s c ar c e l y b e c orre c t t o s ay t h at I see t h e d i s t a n c e o f a hill
On
t h e s am e p rin c ip l e w e o u g h t n o t t o sp e a k o f s e e ing t h e siz e
m e aning t h e a b s o lu t e s iz e fo r al l t h a t w e s e e i s t h e a n gu l ar
e x p a n s i o n m e a s u r e d o n t h e r e t in a
H a vi n g m a d e c e r t a i n
c o m p ar i s on s as t o t h e i n d i c a t i o n s fo r j u d gi n g o f s iz e w e m a y
.

n ow

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p er cei v e i t t o b e o f a c e r t ai n am ou n t
It is by vir t u e o f ex c e e d ing t h e n ar r ow

s ay , w e

l im it s of s t r i c t
s en s at i o n t h a t p e r c e p t i o n g o es s o far as t o m e a n t hing s n e it h e r
fe lt n or i nfe rr e d a s e x p e r i e n c e d a dj u n c t s b u t s i m p ly a s s u m e d
or b eli e v e d t o e x i s t
Suc h i s t h e s u p p o se d p e r c e p t i on of a n

e x t e r n al a n d in d e p e n d e nt m a t e r i al w o rl d f
Wh at i s h er e s aid
t o b e p e r c e iv e d i s a c o n v e n i e nt c t i on w hi c h by t h e v e r y
n at u r e o f t h e c a s e t ra n s c e n d s a ll p o s s ibl e e x p e r i e n c e
It i s
s t e a l i ng a m ar c h u p on o u r c r e d e n c e t o u s e t h e t e r m p e r c e p t i o n
w hi c h in i t s r s t a n d p r op e r s e n s e m e a n s s o m e t h ing d e c i d e d l y
w i t hin t h e d o m ain o f p a s t or p r e s e n t e x p e r i e n c e t o a v ou c h a n
e n t i t y o f i m a gi n a t i o n
,

The Sensa ti o n In tel l ectu a l)

b e t w e e n t h e S e n s at i o n a n d
t h e I d e a r e l at e r s t t o t h e ir c o m p a r at i v e forc e I n t e n s i t y o r
vi vi d n ess a s m e nt a l c o nst it u e n t s an d n ex t t o t he ir m e an in g
or int e r p r e t at i on as r e a r d s Obj e c t a n d Su bj e c t
g
16

Th e

th e Id ea

a nd

p oi n t s

of

d i s t in c t i o n

p h ere m a d e m a y b e d es c r ib e d t h u s
t e r m p e r c e p t i o n a p p l i e s t o t h e su m t o t a l o f t h e m a n

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st e

reco v er e d

in

on e

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a ct

c e r nib l e ,

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of

m i n d , in

w e m i s t ak e

t h a t m ak e s t h e m

w ith th e

t his

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a re

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of a

freq u e nt m e nt al i l l u s io n

of

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w hi c h t h e c o n s t i t u e n t i t e m s

a ll o n e a n o b e ct

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I U

5 64

CONSC O S NES S

Th e S e n s a t i o n

th e

and

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in the foll o w ing

at one

ar e

p art i cu lar s
i
U n d e r e ac h o f
or m e nt al e l e m e n t s
t h e m w e are c on s c i ou s or m e n t all y al i v e
S e c o n d in p hy s i c al e m b o d im e n t ; if t h e r e as on i ng Is
s at is fa c t or y w h e r e by i t i s a t t e m p t e d t o b e s h o w n t h a t t h e
n e r v o u s c u rr e nt s a c c o m p a n yi n g i d e a s ar e i n t h e s am e t ra c k s
a s t h e m or e i n t e n s e c u rr e n t s a lli e d w i t h t h e S e n s a t i o n s
(S e e
C ONTI GU I TY Id ea s of Mov em en t ) Ou t o f t hi s id e n t it y m u s t
p r o c e e d c o m m on e ffe c t s of a phy s i c al kin d w i t h a llow an c e
for i n e qu alit y of d e gr e e
It m a y :
b e as s u me d t h at s u c h i d e n t i t y i n e m b o di m ent i s
c o nn e c t e d w i t h t h e fa c t t h a t as s o c i a t i on s for m e d b e t w e e n
as
s e n s a t i o n s p er s i s t b e t w e e n t h e c or r e s p o n d i n g i d e as ; a n d
t h e o cc u r r en c e o f t he r s t s e n s a t i on o f a t r ain b r ing s u p t h e
n e x t i n i d e a s o t h e o c c u rr e n ce o f t h e i d e a of t h a t r St s e n Sa
Wh e t h e r w e h e ar
t i o n br in g s u p t h e r e m ai n d e r o f t he s er i e s
t h e l e t t er s a b 0 fu l l y p r o n ou n c e d or o nly c o n ce iv e t h e m
w e ar e l e d o n t o t h e r e c oll e c t i on o f cl e f
Thir d a s I nt e ll e c tu al or D i s cri m in a t iv e e l em e nt s ; by
A s w e d ist in
w hi c h e ac h h as a c h ara c t e r o r i n d i vi d u ali t y
u i s h t h e s e n s a t i o n o f t h e s u n fr o m t h e s e n s a t i o n o f t h e
g
m o o n s o w e d i s t i ngu is h t h e i d e as o f t h eSe
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w e t ra c e A gr e e m e n t s b o t h in s e n s a t i o n s an d i n i d e as
In c on s e q u e n c e o f t h e in d ivi d u alit y or d i s t i n c t ive n es s
n o l es s t h an t o s e n s a t i o n s i d e a s c an b e
a tt a ch i ng t o i d e a s
u s e d as gu i d e s i n a c t i o n
We c a n w or k u p on t h e m e m or y
o f pl a n s or m o d e l s j u s t as w e c a n d o w i t h t h e s e b e fo r e
ou r e y e s
We c an c ons t r u c t i d e al arrang em ent s am ong
t hings a nd t h e n r e d u c e t h e m t o ac t u al arr a ng e m e nt s
F irst ,

c o n s c ou s

as

17

In

vi ew ing

t h e d iffe r e n c e s

b e t w e en

t h e t w o m e n t al

k r s t t h a t t h e S e n s a t i o n i s p r i or a n d
o rig i n al ; t h e I d e a p os t e ri o r a n d c o py
In t h e n e x t pl a ce t h e Se ns at i on an d t h e I d e a m o st
o bvi ou sly d i ffe r in fo r ce viv i d n e s s o r i nt e n s i t y
t h e on e i s a
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s t r o ng e ffec t t h e o t h e r a w e a k
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18

M or e s p e ci c ally

th e

i
h o f t h e s e ns a
t i o n i s s h ow n i n t h e nu m b e r t h e fu ln es s an d t h e m in u t e n e s s
o f t h e l n e a m e nt s
Whil e vi e w ing an a c t u a l s c en e w
a n d fe a t u r e s
a w ar e o f a vas t v a r i e t y of p oi nt s l in e s
; w hil e
t hi nk i n g o f t h e s am e w h e n t h e o r i gi n a l i s w i t h d r a w n w e
lo s e h o ld o f a v e r y l arge m aj or it y o f t h e s e r e t aining o nly
s u c h a s a r e s al i e n t or h a v e b e e n s p ec i al l y i m p r e s s e d
Th e l os s o f d e t a il in t h e i d e a or m e r e c o n c e p t i o n o f a
s c e n e m ay b e c o m p are d to t h e e ffe c t o f d i m n e s s o f l ight or o f
i n c a u si n g o b s c u r i t y
Th e i d e a of a w e ll s e e n
r e m ot en e s s
o bj e c t i s s o m e t h i n g li k e t h e s e n s at i o n o f t h e s am e o bj e c t
d im ly s e e n
St ill t h e t w o are n ot c onfo u n d e d ; fo r w e ar e
a w ar e t h a t t h e
d i ml y s e e n o bj e c t fall s int o a s t ill l o w e r
v a gu e n e s s w h e n i t i s n o l o n g e r s e n s a t i o n b u t p a s s e s i n t o
id e a
Thi s i nfe ri or it y of fu ln e s s r e n d e r s t h e i d e a ins u f c i e nt
t o r e p l a c e t h e o r i g in a l w h e n m i n u t e i n s p e c t i o n i s n e c e s s a r y
A n ar t i st n e e d s t o w o r k i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f hi s or igi n al for a
in or d e r t o bri ng o u t a fa i t h fu l r e s e m bl an c e
c e r t ain t i m e
Th e in e qu ali t y of di ffe r e n t m in d s S h o w s i t s elf i n t h e gr eat e r
o r l e ss fu l n e s s o f t h e r e c o ll e c t i o n o r i d e a o f t hin g s t h a t h a ve
b e en a m at t er o f p r e vi ou s s e n s at i on
A n o t h e r c ir c u m s t an c e e qu a lly c h ar a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e s e n s a
t i on i n i t s c o n t r a s t w i t h t h e i d e a i s t h e s t e a d y h ol d o f a
t h e m e nt a l
s c e ne or i m p r e s s i on m a d e u p on t h e ac t u a l s e n s e
On t h e o t h e r h an d t he
e ffe c t i s p e r s i s t e n t a n d s u s t a i n e d
i d e a i s u n s t e a d y an d t fu l d r o p s ou t of t h e Vi e w , a n d n e e d s
H e n c e t h e n o t a bl e d i ffer e n c e b e t w e e n
a n e ffo r t t o r e c o v e r i t
Thi s t o o
t h e e as e i n s e n s at i on a n d t h e s t r a in i n id e at i o n
w o u l d p r e v e n t ou r m i s t ak in g a d im o r fe e bl e s e n s a t i on a r e
m o t e s igh t o r s ou n d fo r t h e i d e a o f a br ig ht an d v ivi d s c e n e
Th e r e m ar k a b o ve m a d e a s t o t h e i n e qu ali t y o f m in d s i n t h e ir
p ow e r of s u s t a in ing an i d e a app li e s t o t his c ir cu m s t an c e al s o
F r e qu e n t r e p et i t i on o f a ny s u bj e c t gr e at n a t u ra l t en a c it y
fo r t h a t su bj e c t an d li k e w i s e m or bi d o r o t h e r e x c it e m e n t o f
t h e n e r v ou s c u r r e n t s Su b s t i t u t e a gr e at e r for a l e s s s t e a d i nes s
e a s e a n d p e r s i s t e n c e i n h ol d i ng a n i d e a b e for e t h e m i n d
Su c h ar e t he c hi ef p oint s of d iff e r e nc e b e t w e en t he
.

s u p e r or s t r e ng t

'

K NOWI NG

ELE ENTS or

S e ns a t i on

and

s c i ou s n e s s

of

a nd

w or

o f c o m in g

a ong

h e s is

t h e id e a t h e

t he

c on

r e fe r e n c e

to

go i ng, t o t h e grou p s t h at t h e y
t h at t h e y s u gg es t
Th e s e fa rt h e r

and

i h the
w h e re b y t h e
S u b j e c t w or l d
l

e nt e r ,

ant it

or

ld

of

t o t h e m e an i ngs

d is t in c t i o n s
fa c t

I d e a a s r egar d s t h e n a t u r e
o r w i t h ou t
e ac h t a k e n s i m ply
th e

t h eir m a nn e r

for m

5 67

w t

fore goi ng

i nt o t h e gr e at
i s t he Obj e c t

s e n s at i o n

T he

Cog n i ti on

n a tu r e o

pr obl em of n o s m all d if cu lt y an d n o ligh t

imp ort t o as c e r t ain pr e ci s ely w h a t is t h e r e al nat u re o f t h e
Wh at
a c t o f k n ow i ng s o v e r y fa m ili ar t o o u r e x p e r i e n c e
i s it t h at w e d o w h e n We ar e Sai d t o k n o w o r t o b e c ogn i za n t
o f a t hi ng ! I a pp r e h end t h at t h e a c t u al s u b t l e t y o f t h e
que st io n w hic h i s no t in c ons i d er abl e i s aggr a vat e d by t h e
loos en es s of t e r m in ol ogy t h at a f i ct s t h e w h ol e r egi o n t h a t
Th e p o w e r o f kn ow i ng i s s u bj e c t t o
w e are n o w t r a v e rs i ng
t h e li m it a t i o n s a b o v e d e t ail e d w it h r e fe r e n c e t o c o n s c i o u s n e ss
o r s e n s a t i o n ; it b e in g c l e ar w h a t e v er e l s e m ay b e d ou b t e d
t h at s o m e m e n t a l e x c i t e m e n t o r c o n s c i o u s ne s s i s i n dis p e n s a
S e e i ng t h a t
b l e t o a nyt hing t h at w e s h ou ld c all k n o w l e d g e
cha ng e i s a c ond it i o n of w a k e fu l ne s s o f m in d a t hi ng c a nn o t
b e kn ow n u n l e ss t h e a c t i o n of t h a t t h ing o n t h e mi n d i s
vari e d or r em i t t e d We h ad no k no w le d g e of t h e p r es su re
o f t he air o n o u r b o d i e s u nt il m e an s w e r e fo u n d t o a l t e r i t s
d e gr e e ; t h e b l an k o f c on s c i o u s n e ss i s t h e bl ank o f k n ow le d g e
2 0 A l e a d ing d i s p u t e t h a t h as a git at e d t h e s c h ool s o f
re s e n t s u bj e ct
on the
h
a s l ain b e t w e en t w o
hil
hy
p
os
o
p
p
afr m in g t h a t
al l
k n o w l e d g e i s d erive d
Op i n i on s o n e
t hr ou gh se n s a t i o n t h e o t h e r t h at t h e m in d i t s e lf c o n t r i b u t e s
Ni hi l est i n i n tel lecta qu od n on p r i u s
a c on s t i t u e n t p ar t
er i t i n sensii e x p r e s s es t h e r s t o f t h e s e o p ini o n s ; t o w h i c h
u
f

n
i
i
i
n
t
l
ec
t
a
i
s
d
e
d
s
e
l
s
e
w hi c h c o n s t i tu t e s t h e
ib
i
z
n
t
a
d
Le
p
I d o n ot e nt er h e r e in t o t his p ar t i cu l a r c o n
t h e s e c on d
t r ov e r Sy h aving d is cu s s e d t h e o rigin o f m o s t o f o ur s i m p l e
Th e r e fe r e n c e o f m any of
n ot i on s in m y p r e vi o us v olu m e
1 9 It i s
.

'

'

I U

5 68

C ONS C O S NES S

t h os e

e e m e n t ar

n o t o n s , s u ch a s

E x t e n si o n

F igu r e , Soli d i ty ,

y s t e m a lt er s e nt ir e ly th e s t at e of t h e qu e s
If s e n s at i o n i n c lu d es all t h a t
t i n a s or ig in all y p r o p o u n d e d
t t h e r s t t h es i s is
w e d e r ive fro m t h e fe e li n g s o f m o v e m e n
t e n abl e
e x c l u d e m o v e m e n t a n d i t i s w ho lly u n t e n a bl e
2 1 A t pr es e n t ou r c o n c e r n i s n o t s o m u c h w i t h t h e r s t
b eginn ings or s ou r c e s of k now l e d ge as w i t h t h e m e ani ng or
n a t u r e of i t a t a ny s t ag e
Now m os t t h a t h a s b ee n ab ov e
a d v a n c e d r e s p e c t i n g S e n s a t i on a n d P e r c e p t i o n m a
y b e u s ed
It i s e vi d e nt t h at t h e l ow e s t o r m os t
t o e x pl ain c o gni t i on
r e s t r ic t e d fo r m o f s e n s a t i o n d oe s n o t c o nt a in a n e l e m e n t o f
k no w l e d g e Th e me re s t at e of m ind c all ed t h e s e n s at ion o f
i s ln o t k no wl e d g e a lt h ou gh a n e c e s s ary p r e p ar at io n
s c a rl e t
for i t
We m u st b e d i s c rim in at ively c on s c i ou s o f d iffe r ent
m e n t a l s t at e s b e for e w e c an e i th e r p e r c e iv e or :kn o w in an y
a c c e p t at io n o f t h e s e
t e rm s
Nay fart h e r w e m ay h av e
e v e r y t hi ng t h at i s i m p li e d i n t h e fu ll m e a n in g o f s e n s a t i o n
as t aki ng i n t h e p as t w it h t he p r es e nt a n d y e t n o t r i s e t o
k n ow le dg e Th e s e n s at io n o f t h u nd er pr o du c e d by r ev iv
c e th e ne w
e ffe c t
ing al l t h e for m e r e x p e r i e n c e s t o e nh an
i s a t r u e i n t e l l e c t u a l e l e m e n t o f t h e m i n d a n d a c on s t i
t u e n t p ar t o f k n ow l e d ge w it h ou t i t se l f a m o u n t in g t o k n o w
l e d g e So w i t h t h e lo w e s t m e an ing of p er c ep t i o n w hi c h i s
i d e n t i c al Wit h t hi s Whe n h ow e ver w e p as s to t h e high e r
m e an in gs o f p e r c e p t i o n w e e n t e r u p o n t h e el d o f g e nu i ne
Wh en t w o d iffer e nt i m pr e ss ion s c o n cu r i n t he
c ogni t i o n
m i n d a nd by r e p e ti t i o n b e c o m e as s oc i at e d t og e t h e r t h e o n e
r e c all in
g t h e o t h e r ; a n d w h en w e n o t o nly h a ve a p r es e n t

l
i
n
cu
r
r
n
u
t
a
b
e
i
e
f
i
r
p
i
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
e
c
e
b
o
t
w e ar e t h e n
x
e
r
e
ce
e
f
A s i ngl e n ot i o n by i t s e l f d o e s n o t
s a id t o kn o w s o m e t hi ng
m ak e k n ow l e d ge ; t w o n o t i o n s c o u p l e d w i ll n o t m a k e k n o w
l e dg e in t h e a b s e n c e o f b eli e f K no w le d ge t h e r e for e i s
id e nt i c al w it h a frm at i o n an d b eli ef In w h a t m ann er t he
b eh avi ng e le m e nt sp r ing s u p an d o cc u pie s t h e m er e ly n ot ional
a s w h e n w e n o t o n ly fe e l a
r ou n d w o r k o f o u r e xp e ri e n c e
g
p re s e nt c on c u rr e n c e of light n ing and t hu n d e r b u t p r e d i c t
s imi l ar o c c u rr e n c e s i n t h e fu t u r e I h a v e a lr e a d y e n d e a vo u r e d
t o t h e m u scu la r

'

'

I U SNES S

5 70

C ONS C O

t h e m ot iv e s t o t h e

p e ci al i z e d c o n s c i ou sn e s s or th e for ce s
e r n in
a tt e n t i o n as s o m e t hi ng o v e r a n d a b o v e d i s i n t e r e s t e d
o
v
g
g
a n d e qu al s e n s a t i o n
In a dd i t i o n t o t h e p ri m i t ive s h o c k o f
d i ffe r e n c e t h at m a k es u s v ar i ou sl y s u s c e p t ibl e t o d i ff e r e n t
m o v e m e nt s t a s t es o d o u r s t o u c h e s s ou n d s s ight s a n d e m o
t i o n s t h e r e ar e n e e d e d s o m e gr e at i n e qu alit i e s i n t h e s u r pr is e s
t h at c om e u p on u s fro m s o m a n y s i d e s t o d e t e r mi n e t h e o c cu
p a t i o n of t h e m in d w it h s om e d e c i d e d p r efe r e n c e s s o t h a t
w h il e v e hu n d r e d s t ar s ar e p ain t e d o n t h e r e t i n a on ly t w o
o r t hr e e ar e i n a c t u a l p o s s es s i on o f t h e m in d d e t er m i ni ng i t s
e m o t i o n s an d it s t r a i n s o f t h ou g ht an d i m ag e r y
2 3 Th es e sp e c i a liz i ng for c e s ar e n o t hi ng n e w in t h e e x p o
s it i o n o f t he m in d
Th e y ar e mo st ly r e d u c ibl e t o a gre a t e r
d e gr e e o f t h os e g e n e ra l in u e n ce s a lr e a d y d e t ail e d a s e s s e n t i a l
t o c on s c i ou s n e s s i n t h e fa i n t e s t m a n ife s t at i on o f it
Wh e r e
w e h a ve a bol d er d zer en ce i t r o u s e s w ak e fu ln e s s i n t h at
in d ivi d u al in st an c e o ve rp o w e r ing t h e s o li cit a t ion s of t h e
w e a k e r t r an s it i on s
A c ann o n r e d in t h e s il e n c e o f nigh t
h
r e d o m i n at i n
t
iv
p
e
s
e
Th e s e n s e s
g s e n s at i on for t h e t im e
g
may b e op en alik e for e ve ry im pr e s si on b u t s o m e im pr e s
s i o n s ar e c al cu l a t e d t o o b t a in t h e m o n op oly o f t h e m i n d as
h
t
re a t e r s h o c k o f su r p r i s e , a n d t h e s e are s i n l e d
n
ivi
e
g
g
g
g
o u t a s t h e m o r e lik e ly t o e nt e r i n t o c re d ibl e affi r m at i on s or
No t t h a t t h e y h av e b e c om e s o
t o e m e rge in t o k n ow l e d ge
t
e r e ar e o t h e r s t a g e s p r e vi ou s t o t h e n al r e su l t
h
t
e
y
In t h e s a m e m ann e r t h e s h oc k o f a r e e m e nt i s a sp e c i al
izing or c on c e nt r a t ing c o ns c iou s n es s ; u n d e rs t and ing agr e e
m ent a s of t h e s or t a lr e a d y d e n e d n am e l y s i m il arit y in
If I c a s t m y e y e s o v e r a l arg e c r o w d of p e rs o n s
d i v e r s it y
t h e r e cogn it i on o f a fa c e re s e m bli ng
ass e m bl e d b e for e m e
v es me a
i
s o m e o n e fa m ili ar t o m e arr e s t s m y a t te n t i o n
g
s p e c i a l or s e l e c t i m p r e s s i on
2 4 It i s n ot e n ou g h t o c all t h e s e t h e for c e s t h a t d e t er
m i n e s p e c i a l c on s c i ou s n es s ; it i s fu r t h e r n e c e s s ary t o a fr m
t h at t h e c ir c u m s t a n c e s im pli e d u n d e r t h e m ar e e s s e n t i al t o
We k no w onl y r el at ions a n
t h e v e r y n at u r e o f k n o w l e d g e
a b s o lu t e p r op e rly s p e a k ing i s n o t c o m p at ibl e w i t h ou r k n o w
s

K NOWLEDGE
ing fa cu l t y

I U

S ELECT C ONSC O S NESS

is

57 1

Th e t w o gr e a t fu n d a m e nt al r e l a t i on s are d iffe r
al
a n d a g r e e m e nt
To k no w a t h i ng i s t o fe e l i t i n

e nc e

j u x t ap os it i on w it h s o m e o t h er t h ing d iffe ri ng fr om it o r
a gr e e i n g w i t h it
To b e s im ply im p r es s e d w i t h a s igh t s ou nd
o r t o u c h i s n o t t o k n o w a ny t hi ng in t h e p r op e r s e n s e o f t h e
w or d ; k n o w l e d g e b e gi n s w h e n w e r e c ogn iz e o t h e r t h i n s in
g
t h e w a y o f c o m p ar i so n w it h t h e o n e
M y k no w l e d g e o f
r e d n e s s i s m y c o m p a r i s on o f t hi s o ne s e n s a t i o n w it h a n u m b e r
o f o t h er s d iffe ri n
f
r o m or a r e e i n
w
i
t
h
i
t
n
I
a
d
as
e x t end
g
g
g
t h o s e c o m p ar i s o n s I e x t e n d t h a t k n o w l e d g e
A n a b s ol u t e
r e d n e s s p er 8 6 lik e an u n v a r yin
p
r e s s u r e w o u l d e s c ap e c o
g
g
n it i o n
for s u pp o s i ng it p oss ibl e t h at w e w e r e c o n s c i o u s o f
i t w e s h ou l d n o t b e s ai d t o h av e an y k n ow l e d g e of it
Why
i s it t h at t h e s a m e s e n s a t i on i s s o d iffe r e n t ly fe l t by d iffe r e nt
,

Th e

v er

SU C C ES SION
m e nt

not

a re

y
ar e
T
he

a t tr i b u t e s

g en eral

t h at

fu nd am en t al

so

we

t r an s iti on

t h e fe e ling s

as

p rop er l s p eak ing , a n

fro m a n ins t a n c e o f t h e o n e t o
,

d e no mi n at e C O EX

o pp o s e d ,
an

d i ffer e n c e

of

a n t it h e t i c ,

or

of

i ns t a n ce

th e

an d

ST ENC E
and

g re e
; t he

coupl e

o t h e r, a ffe c t s

t he

m ind by t h e ch a ng e, and s o d ev el o p s t h e t w o c o n t ra s t i ng c og nit i ons

am
a f e c t e d in o n e w a y , b y t w o b i rd s o n t h e s a m e b u s h a t on c e , a n d i n a n o t h er
f
.

by

w a y,

d ep a r t ing

o ne

id ent i c a l i m p r es s i o n,
s u c ces s i on .

b ot h

and

s h ou l d

A s i t is, t he

a t t ri b u t es ,

of t h e o t h er

If

al l

one

p r e v a iling

e x i st e n c e

c es s i o n

fr o m

i nt o t h e

in t h e

an

fa ct ,

of

c og ni t i o n of e i t h e r

c o ns c io u s

se

e it h er

pa ra t e

fa c t s m a d e

o f c o - e x ist e nc e

t he

nat u r e

We

of s u cc e s s i o n , a n d

t he

on e

a n d ou r

to

an

n o cog hit i on o f

ins t an c e

c og nit i o n,

as

it

d i ffe r enc e fel t w h en w e p a s s

o f t h e o t h e r , w e s h ou l d h a v e n o
st an d s ,

is

e x p l a in e d a s a

m u t u al

m or e

v e r s el y

we

ha v e t he

r el a t e d

t in c t iv el y

o ne

a nn i h i l a t e

c o ns cio u s

of

e i t h er ,
of a

an d

th e

su c cess i o n,

e nt ire

cou p l e ,
ex is t enc e

s u pp os e s
c o g ni t i o n

A nt e c e d e n t
t o the

an d

o t h er,

as

a c on s e qu en t ,

d is a pp ears

i t i s i m p l ied t ha t w e

a re

C on s e

i n t he

a nd

B eing

c on

d is

c on s c i ou s of a

d iffe re nc e b e t w een t h e m em b er p re ce d ing a n d t h e m em b er foll ow i ng ;

t h e t wo m a k e an i t em o f o ur k no w l e d g e
ne it h er, s ta n d ing al o n e, co u l d
s t it u t e a c og ni t i on.

t he

g iv i ng b o t h m eani ng a nd
c om p r e h e ns i v e cas e
A n ant e c e d en t
th e

t he

s h o ck o f

p res en ce o f t h e
n d e r S u c ces s i on,
u en t

of

g e ne r a l i z e al l c a s e s o f p ar t i c u l a r c o
an d a l l i n d i v id u a l s u c ces s i on s i nt o s u c ~

Ea ch h a s a p o s it i v e e x is t e n c e , b e c a u s e
p rop ert i e s
o t h er as i t s n eg a t iv e , l i k e h e a t a nd c o l d , l ig h t an d d ark

or

b u t , w i t h ou t t h e

n eg a t i o n o f t h e t w o

d iffe r e nc e g iv es r is e t o t h e p er c e p t i o n o f
eac h i t s p r op er m e a ni ng , na m e l , t h e n e g a t i o n

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e y e t o h a v e s i m u l t a n e ou s , i n s t e a d o f su c c es s i v e v i s i o n ,

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C ON S C I OU SNE SS

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r
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s at i o n i t s e l f bu t t o t h e o t h e r s b r o u g h t int o r el a t i o n w it h i t
i n t h e m in d !
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n ot hi ng u n t il I i n fo r m m y h e a r e r s w ha t t hi n g s s t a n d r el at e d
t o it i n m y m i n d a s c o n t r a s t in g or a gr e e in g
I m a y k no w i t
as a g ar d e n w e e d ; t h a t i s u n d e r d iffe r e n c e fr o m t h e o w ers
fr u i t s an d v e g e t a bl e s c u l t iva t e d i n t h e g ar d e n a n d u n d e r
u
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a r e e m e n t w it h t h e o t h e r
l
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t
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m ay kn ow i t b ot an i c a ll y ; t h at i s u n d e r d iffe r e n c e a n d agr e e
m e nt w i t h t h e o t h e r m e m b e r s o f t h e Ord e r g enu s a n d s p e c i e s
I m ay k n ow i t ar t i s t i c ally or as c o m p ar e d w i t h o t h e r pl a n t s
A S an i s ol a t e d
o n t h e p o in t o f b e au t y o f for m a n d c o l ou r
o b j e c t i n m y m i n d I c an h a v e n o k n o w l e d g e r e g a r d i n g i t a t
Th u s it i s t h at in t h e m u l t ifari ou s s c en e a n d c h a o s o f
al l
d i s t i ngu i s h a b l e i m p r e s s i o ns n ot o nl y do d iffer e n t m in d s fa s t enf
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u on d i ffe r e n t in d iv i d u al p a r t s
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e l e c t ri c i t i e s w h i c h c an n o t e xi s t t h e o n e w it h ou t t h e o t h er, or
t h e t w o p ol e s o f t h e m a gn e t w hi c h r i s e a n d fa l l t o ge t h e r n o

m e nt al i m p r e s s i o n c an e x i s t a n d b e c al l e d k n ow l e d g e u nl ess
i n c o m p an y w it h s o m e o t he r as a foil w h e r e w it h t o c o m p are
it
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In t h e i n t e ll e c t a s in t h e e m o t i o n s w e
c it e m e n t v a ni s h e s
li ve by s e t t ing o ff c o n t r a s t e d s t at e s a n d c on s e qu e n t l y no
o n e i m p r e s s i o n c an b e d e n e d o r c h ara c t e ri ze d e x c e p t w i t h
r e fe r e n c e t o i t s a c c o m p an y i ng fo il
We s e e h ow d iffic u l t
i t i s i n l an gu ag e t o m a k e m e a nin g e x p li c it by a br i e f an
a s ap pli ed t o l a w s
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c o nt r ac t s
t e s t am e n t s a s w e l l a s t o w r it i ng ge ne r all y c o n s i s t s in d e t e r
m i n ing w ha t t h i ng s t h e w ri t e r e x c l u d e d as o pp os i t e s t o a n d
It
w h a t h e l o o k e d a t a s a gr e e m e n t s w it h t h e t h i ng n a m e d
i s t h u s eve r y w h e r e i n co gn it i on
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t a n t a m o u n t t o n o i m p r e s s i o n a t al l
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re s o r t i m pli e s R e l a t i o n
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C ON S CI OU S NE SS

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s o b u t t h e c ou pl e m u s t b e far t h e r v i e w e d a s c o m in g u n d er
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t h e y u ni t e s i m pl e or e l em e n t ar y c ogni t i ons i nt o
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.

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m ar y o f t h e m e ani n g o f c ogni ti on is th e im p or t an t di s t in c t i o n
o f Su b j e c t an d Obj e c t i n v o lvi n g t h e gr e at es t o f all t h e p ro b

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n am el y
t h at t h e r e m u s t b e a
o f t h e kn o w a bl e
c o m p as s
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ff
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h as t o b e r e m ar k e d in r e fe r e n c e t o su bj e c t
a n d ag r e e m e n t
A n o bj e c t h as n o m e an i n g w i t h ou t a s u bj ec t a
a n d ob j e c t
On e i s t h e c o m pl e m e nt
s u bj e c t n o n e w i t h ou t a n o bj e c t
d r o p t h e o n e t o e x alt t h e o t h e r in t o
o r c o rr e l a t e o f t h e o t h er
n c e a n d y ou b e h a v e lik e hi m t h a t w o ul d c a n c e l t h e
m
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sou t h p ol e o f a m ag n e t t o m a k e i t all n or t h
Su bj e c t a n d
u m e r ab l e c ou pl e s m u t u al fo il s
l
ob j e c t a r e o n e of t h e i n n
o
p ar
p a ir s c o in e d am ong t h e u ni ve r s e o f o u r i m p r e s s i on s a s p or
An e ve r l as t ing li gh t i n t h e e y e
t i o n s o f o u r kn o w l e d g e
27

l a s t p o in t

; THE EXTER NAL WOR LD

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S UB J E C T

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575

ld b e e qu ival e nt t o n o ligh t at all ; i t i s t h e p r ivat ive

d a rk n e s s t h a t k e e p s u s c o n s ci ou s o f o r m e n t a l l y a w a k e t o
t
a s w e c an t h i nk a n d s e a k o f
Y
i
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m
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p
t h e li gh t by i t se lf w i t h ou t e x p r e s s m e n t i on o f i t s fo il o r i n
di s p e ns ab l e c o n t r a s t a s w e c an d ir e c t a t t e n t i o n t o t h e n or t h
e n d o f th e m ag n e t l e a vi ng t h e s o u t h o u t o f a cc ou n t for t h e
t im e s o w e c a n t hi n k o f t h e o b j e c t w h il e t h e s u b j e c t i s
t a c it ly u n d e r s t o o d or o f t h e s u bj e c t t h e Obj e c t b e i ng u n d e r
We n e ve r c o u l d ha ve c o m e t o t h e n ot ion of e x t er
s t oo d
n a li t y w i t h o u t i t s c o n t r a s t b u t t h e n o t i o n b e i ng o n c e fo r m e d
we h av e t h e p ow er of a b s t r a c t ing t h e a t t e n t i on a nd l o o kin g
A n a b s ol u t e o bj e c t or a n
at o n e w h il e s i n ki ng t h e o t h e r
a b s ol u t e s u bj e c t i s a p u r e a b s u r d it y irr e l e va n c e o r i m p o s s i
No t m or e s o h o w ev er t h a n ligh t w it h ou t d ark n e s s
b il i t y
r e d ne s s w it h ou t a n y o t h e r c o l o u r hig h w i t h o u t l o w s t rai ht
g
w it h o u t c u r v e d gre a t e r wi t h ou t l e s s
2 8 I g a ve i n m y p r e vi o u s v ol u m e (C ONTI GUITY P er
a s w h at a pp e ar e d t o m e t h e l e a d i ng fe at u r e s o f t h e
c ep ti on
)
I M o v e
ul t im at e d is t i n c t i o n o f t h e S u b j e c t a n d t h e Obj e c t
m e n t (Ob j ec t ) a s c o nt r a s t e d w i t h P a s s i v e Se n s a t i o n (su bj e c t ) ;
I I D e nit e F e eli ng s c o nn e c t e d w it h D e ni t e M o ve m e n t s
bj
e c t ; F e e li n g s i n d e p e n d e n t o f o u r m o v e m e n t s (su bj ec t ;
o
(
)
)
I I I Ex p er i e n c e c om m o n t o al l (o bj ec t ) a s agains t Ex p e ri en c e
s p e c i a l t o e ac h (su bj e c t )
Un d er t h e r s t h e a d is im p lie d t h at p e cu li ar s en s ibili t y
t h a t w e t e r m t h e F e el ing o f R e s i s t an c e w hi c h h as b e e n v e r y
c o m m o n ly r e g ar d e d by m e t a p hy s i c i a n s as t h e e s s e n c e an d
t u r ni ng p oin t o f t h e Obj e c t w o rl d ; J o h n St u ar t M ill b ei ng
a l m o s t s i ngul ar in o m it t i n g i t fro m hi s e x p l a n at i o n
Th e s e c o n d h e a d i n c lu d e s t h e di s t i n c t i on o f t h e S e n s at i o n
in
a n d t h e I d e a w hi c h mi ght b e v e r y m u c h e nl ar g e d u p o n
c l u d in g as it d oe s a h ost o f c ir c u m s t a nt i a l di ffe r e nc e s
Th e t h i r d h e a d s e l d o m r e c e i v e s fu ll j u s t i c e ; b u t p r a c t i
c al ly it i s o n e o f t h e h a n d i e s t t e s t s t o di s t i ng u i s h r e al i t y
fr o m ill u s i o n
2 9 A v e r y m i nu t e a na ly s i s o f t h e Su bj e c t a nd Obj e c t d is
t in c t i o n h as b e e n g iv e n b y Mr Sp e n c e r

w ou

I U

C ONSC O S NES S

He

ld s t h e d is t in c t i o ns in t h e fo ll ow ing s e ri e s of
g ivi ng r s t a gro u p o f t e n a n d t h e n s u p p l e m e n t
Th e t e n d is t in c t i o n s ar e a s
b y c e r t a in o t h e r s

u nf o

c on t r ast s

i ng t h e s e

foll ow s
1

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s t at e s ,

Su bj e c t fa int

vivid

bj e c t p r e d e c e s s or s i n t i m e Su b j e c t s u c c ess ors
3 Ob j e c t by v o li t i o n u n c h a nge abl e in t h e ir qu a lit i es ;
Su bj e c t c h an g e abl e i n t h e ir qu alit i e s
4 Obj e c t by vo l i t i o n u n c h ange abl e i n s im u lt an e ou s
or d e r
Su bj e c t c h ang e ab l e
5
Obj e c t b y v oli t i on u n c h a ng e a bl e in s u c c e ss iv e or d er
Su bj e c t c han g e a bl e
Ob e c t for m
j
p ar t s o f a v i v i d aggr e g at e n e v e r k n o w n
t o b e b r ok e n ; Su bj e c t a f a i n t a ggr eg a t e n e ve r k n o w n t o b e
br o ke n H e r e t h er e i s n o c ontra st ex c e p t t h e i ni t i a l c o nt r ast
o f fa i n t an d v i vi d
7 Obj e c t in d ep e n d en c e o f t h e fa in t aggr e g at e c o m p l e t e ;
Su bj e c t i n d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e V i vid p ar t i a l
8 Obj e c t l aw s ori gi n at i ng in t h e m s e l v e s ; Su bj e c t l a w s
ar t l y b e l o n gi n g t o t h e m s e lv e s p a r t l y d e r i v e d fr o m t h e o t h e r
p

iii Ob j e c t a n t e c e d e n t s m ay o r m ay n o t b e t r a c e a ble
Su bj e c t an t e c e d e n t s al w a y s t r a c e a bl e
1 0 Obj e c t b e l on g t o a w ho l e o f u n kn ow n e x t e nt
Su b
b
l
t
o n g t o a w h ol e o f r e s t r i c t e d e x t e n t c all e d m e m or y
e
e
c
j
Mr Sp e n c e r a d d s t o t h e s e d is t in c t i o n s c e rt ain o t h e r c o n
He
s i d e r a t i o n s w hi c h h o w e v e r ar e m or e o r l e s s i m p l i c a t e d
su p p o se s hi m s el f p hy s i c al ly p a ss i ve w hil e n o t in g t h e s e di ffe r
h
d
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er e n c e s i n v o lv e r e m e m
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b r an ce s o f form e r a c t ivit i e s
t
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s
p
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s e p ar a t i o n o f t h e o b j e c t a ggr e at e s fr o m t h e S u bj e c t a gr e
g
g
at e s
Th
e p r oc e s s i o n o f t h e v ivi d s t a t e s w o u l d h a v e e v e n
g
a m or e m ar k e d i n d e p e n d e nc e o f t h e p r o c e s s i o n o f t h e fa i n t
s t at e s
S o m e o f t h e o t h e r a n t it h e s es a s b e t we e n or igin als
a n d c o pi e s
u n c h a n g eab il i t y a n d c h a n g e a bil it y by w ill ; a nt e
c ede nt s t r ac e abl e a n d u nt r ac e abl e ; u nlim i t e d and l im it ed
a l SO S h o w t h e m s e lv e s i n p ass ive c o n t e m pl at i o n .
2

'

'

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C ON S C I O USNE SS

57 8
p os e t h e foll o w ing
a bo ve qu o t e d

ex

p ans i on

of

m y t hre e

le ad ing

a nt

it h es es

I R ES I S T A NC E th e fe e ling of Ex p e n d e d M u s cu l ar
En ergy as agai nst s e n s a t i on s w h ol ly P a s s ive I ns t e ad of
I am d i s p o s e d t o p u t i t a t t h e
e n di n g w i t h t hi s c o n t r as t
ver y c o m m e n c e m ent a s t h e si m pl e s t t h e m o s t p r im it i ve or
prim or di al o f e x p e r ie n c e s t h at e n t er in t o t h e gr e a t c ont r as t
Mr Sp e n c er u s es t h e s am e e m p h at i c langu ag e He c al ls
R e s is t an c e t h e p rimor d ial t h e u n iver s al t h e e v er p r es ent
c on s t i t u e n t o f c on s c i ou s n e s s
B y t h e s u p p os it ion o f a m an pu lling ag ain s t him s e l f
Mr Sp e n ce r ob t ain s t w o a sp e ct s of t h e ex p eri e n c e o f re s is t

an c e
t h e e n e rg y p u t for t h o n o n e Si d e a n d t h e r e s i s t an c e
fe lt o n t h e o t h e r
Th e m u t u al e x pl or a t i o n o f ou r li mb s
e s t abli s h e s a n i n d i s s ol u bl e
e x c it e d by i d e as an d e m o t i o n s
c o h e s i o n i n t h ou gh t b e t w e e n a c t iv e
e n e rgy a s i t w e ll s u p
fro m t h e d ep t h s o f o u r c o n s c i ous n e s s a n d t h e e qu i v al e n t
r e s i s t a n ce op p o s e d t o it ; a s w e ll a s b e t w e e n t hi s r e s i s t a n c e
o p p o s e d t o i t a n d a n e qu i v al e n t pr e s s u r e i n t h e p ar t o f t h e
b o d y w hi c h r e si s t s H e n c e t h e r o o t c on c ep t i o n of exi s ten ce
beyon d consci ou sn ess b e c o m es t h at o f re s i s t a n c e p l us s o m e
fo r c e w hi c h t h e r e s i s t a n c e m e as u re s
F or m y o w n p ar t I a m u n a ble t o s e e a ny t h i ng i n t h e
d ou bl e s t ra in t h e a c t i on o f o n e ar m a n d t h e r e a c t i o n
o f t h e o t h e r b e y o n d t w o s e p ar a t e m u s c u l ar a c t s c onn ec t e d
w it h d i ffe r e n t p ar t s Of t h e b o d y
It i s q u it e t rrie t h at t h e se
b r ou gh t i nt o c o m p ar is o n and m e a s u r e d again st e a c h
are
o t h e r b u t t hi s d oe s n ot a l t e r t h e c h ara c t e r o f e i t h e r
I do
n o t s e e t h e r e fo r e t h at t h e S i t u at io n i nt i m at e s a ny t hi n g as
t o an
e x i s t e n c e b e y o n d c o n s c i ou s n es s
II Th e c ont r as t b e t w e en I NDI FFER ENT F EELI N G and
PLEA S UR E or PA I N fu s e s it s e lf w it h t h e Obj e ct a nd Su bj e ct
c o n t r as t
Th e m os t p u r e a n d p e r fe c t o bj e c t iv i t y i s a s t a t e
o f n e u t r alit y
or
in d iffe r e n c e ; w hil e s u bj ec t is i nfall i bly
m ar k e d by pl e asu r abl e a nd p ainful fe eli ng
Ev e n in m u s cu lar e ffort w e h ave t o r e c ognize t hi s d is
t in ct ion
The m u s c u l ar e ffor t t h at giv e s t he Obje ct s i d e is

m er e

UB J ECT

I INCTI ONS

A ND O J EC T D ST

579

p e nd e d e n e rgy ; w h e n w e e x p e ri e n c e t h e pl e asu re or
p ain of e x er c is e w e ar e i n a t ru l y s u bj e ct a tt it u d e
In s a yi ng t h a t t h e ob j e c t a tt it u d e i s n e u t r al w e d o n ot
im ply t h e c on ve rs e t h a t a ll n eu t r ali ty i s Ob j e c t ivi t y SO
i n s ayi ng t h at all p l e a su r e a n d p a in i s s u bj e c t w e d o n o t
s ay t h a t al l s u b j e c t ivi t y i s pl e a s u r e an d p ai n
III Th e c o n t r as t o f I N T ELLE C T a n d F EELING c oinc i d e s
t o a v e r y l ar ge e x t e n t w it h t h e c o n t r a s t o f Ob j e c t a n d S u bj e ct
Thi s i s r e all y a c om ple m e n t o f t h e fo reg o ing I nt el l e ct i s
t ypi e d by D i s c rim i n a t io n
a n Ob j e c t c on s c i ou s n es s i s e m h a
p
t i c ally a d is cri m i n a t iv e c o n s c i o u s n e s s
Wh e n w e b ar o u r s e lve s
fr o m p l e a su r e or p a in w h e n w e r e fu s e t o give w ay t o a p l e a
s u r ab l e
o r p ai n ful
c o n s c i ou sn e ss ou r a l t e r n at i v e i s t o d is
cr i m i n a t e
c om p ar e
or m e as u r e
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or e s t im at e d i n a m ou n t
If
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w e d o n o t t a k e it i n t hi s a sp e c t w e t a k e i t in an e m o t i o n al
if it i s n ot p l easu r e or p a in i t i s m e n t a l
o r s u b j e c t iv e a sp e c t
e m ot i o n (s u bj e c t i v e )
Th e s am e h o l d s o f o n e an d al l o f o u r s e n s e s :w h e n w e ar e
di s c rim in at ing w e ar e i n ou r ob j e c t c h ar ac t e r ; w hil e w e ar e
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o bj e c t ; w h e n w e r e m i t t h e j u d g ing e x e r t i o n a n d all o w o u r
s e lv es t o fe e l t h e pl e a su r e t h at t h e c ol o u r g iv es w e r e l ap s e
int o t h e su bj e ct
IV Th e t w o l a s t an t it h e s e s ar e w e ll su it e d t o int r o d u c e
w h a t i s t h e r s t i n Mr Sp e n c er s t abl e t h e a n t it h e s i s o f t h e
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t hos e s u gge s t e d by t h e t er m s u s e d ; r at h e r t h e y ar e t h e s e
t h e n u m b e r a n d fu ln e s s of t h e li n e a m e n t s a n d (2 )
two
t h e e a s y a n d p e r s i s t e nt h ol d of t h e m ; b o t h t ak e t h e Obj e c t
Th e n u m b er fu l n e ss an d e as y c on s ci ou s n e s s o f t h e lin e a
Sid e
m e nt s c hi m e in w it h t h e t w o pr e c e d ing c h ar ac t e r is t i cs o f t h e
Obj ec t I n diffe r e n c e a n d I nt elle c t u alit y To o v e r t a k e a c om
plex a nd v arie ga t e d s c e n e w e m u s t b e p u t u p on t h e u t m ost
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vagu e or c h ar a c ter le s s s c e n e w e s in k
,

bj e ct c o n d it ion S o in c og
n i zing t h e o bj e c t i t i s e s se n t i a l t h a t w e S h o u l d b e a t o u r e as e
an d n o m or e ; p o s it ive p l e a s u r e s e n d s u s b a c k i nt o t h e s u b
je c t a tt it u d e ; w hil e e ff or t o r s t ra in by b e ing p ainful d o e s
t h e lik e
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fe at u r e l e s s a n d oft e n
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m e m o ry c o n c e p
s t ra i n e d c o n s c i o u s n e ss t h a t w e c a l l I d e a s
t i o n in t h e b r oad c on t r a s t w it h t h e fu l ne s s o f Se n s a t i o n i s
w ell a d a p t e d t o c o n r m u s i n t h e di s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e
t w o w or l d s o f b e in g
m ay j u s t ly s ign a li ze am on g ou r c o n t r as t s
V W
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a lt h o u gh i t i s m e r e l y t h e fol l o w i n g o u t o f w h at h a s a lr e a d y
b e e n gi ve n VI S UA L EX T E N S I ON as Op p os e d t o t h e UNEXTENDED
I d o n ot a s y e t a s s u m e t h e fu ll m e a ning of
c on s c i o u s n e s s
Ex t e n s ion or Sp a c e w hi c h im p l i c at e s t he h e a d foll o w ing b u t
m e r e ly qu o t e t h e i m p or t a n t c o n s t it u e n t fu r ni s h e d b y t h e e y e
b in e d op t i c al and mu s cu lar fu n c t i on s : This
t h r ou gh it s c om
i s o n e o f o u r p r e e m i n e n t l y o bj e c t e x p e ri e n c es i n s e ns at io n ;
w hil e s e n s e s t h a t g iv e u n e x t e n d e d fe e l in g s a s s ou n d s o d o u r s
h e a t ar e m or e s u bj e ct t h a n obj e c t ! Th e s e s e n s at i ons ar e
r e n d e r e d o bj e c t i v e by m u s cu l ar a d d i t i o n s
V I Th e i m m e as u r a bl e V A ST N E SS a n d t h e i n e x h au s t ibl e
c ont e nt s o f t h e Obj e c t W or l d ar e p o w e r fu ll y c o n t r a s t e d w i t h
This i s Mr
t h e LI M I TED S P HER E o f t h e Su bj e c t Wo rl d
Sp e n c e r s t e n t h a n t it h e s i s an d d e s e rves t o b e s ign ali z e d a s
It i s h ow e ve r m or e o r l e s s
o n e o f t h e i m p o s i n g d iffe r e n c e s
in vo lve d i n t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s alr e a d y s t at e d ; a n d e sp e c i all y
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s o m e o f t h e o t h e r m e m b e r s o f Mr
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t h at t h e Obj e c t i s p r i o r o r igin al a n d i nd e p e n d e nt w h il e t h e
Su bj e c t i s p os ter i or c op ie d a n d p art ly d ep e n d e n t o n t h e
Th e s e d is t inc t io n s h o w e ve r a r e a p p l i c a bl e s o l ely t o
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t h e p ar t o f t h e Su bj e c t co ns is t ing o f o u r I d e a s w h i c h a r e
p os t e ri or t o s e ns a t ion s c o p i e s of t h e m a nd d ep e n d e nt o n
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fe w d if c u lt i es an d irr e gu l ar it i e s ; y e t i t c o Op er a t e s u n c o n
It i s by o p e n ing t h e e y e s
s c i o u s l y fr o m t h e v e r y b e g inn i ng
by k e ep ing t h e m op e n and by m aint a in ing a n a t t it u d e of
e n gr oss m e n t w i t h t h e a c t o f s e e ing t h a t w e t a k e i n t h e s e vi v i d
s t a t e s w it h a ll t h e ir a m p l i t u d e v a r i e t y an d x i t y c on s t it u t ing
Wi t h ou t b e ing abl e t o m a k e d u e a llow
ou r Obj e c t w o rl d
a n oe s for o u r o w n b o d ily c h ang e s w e d o n o t a c co u n t for t h e
i n c r e a s e an d d iminu t i o n of t h e r e t in a l i m ag e s for t h e co m ing
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Th e vivi dn es s t h e m u l t ip l i c i t y a n d a c e r t ai n r eg i o n
Sp h er e
o f x i t y w o u l d r e m a i n a n d w ou l d s a v e u s fr om c o nfou n d ing
b u t w o u ld l e av e a d r e am iness
o bj e c t a n d s u bj e c t a s a w h o l e
i n m a ny o f o u r o bj e c t s c e n e s
Th e c o n n e c t i o n w it h D e nit e En e r gi es if l e s s n e c e s s ar y
for t h e vi s u a l Sp h e r e i s all im p or t a nt fo r s u c h s e n sat i o n s a s
h e ar ing o d ou r an d w arm t h w hi c h ar e r eg ar d e d a s o bj e c t or
a c c o r d i ng as t h e y c an c o m ply w i t h t h e m o v em e n t
s u bj e c t
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A n o bj e c t s o u n d t h e s ou n d o f a w a t e r fal l v ari e s i n
c h a r a c t e r w it h ou r l o c o m o t i o n ; a m or bi d h i s s i ng i n t h e e ar
A n Obj e c t s ou r c e o f
d o e s n o t v ar y w i t h o u r m o v e m e n t s
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Wor ld ad m it s of gr e at vari e t y o f m od e s i n id e nt i c al c irc u m
Th e p e r s p e c t i ve o f a s t r ee t g iv e s t h e s a m e i m a e
s t an c es
t o di ffer e nt p ers o n s o c c u pyi ng t h e sa m e p o int o f V i e w ; t h e
c h a n g e s o f p e r s p e c t ive i n m o vi ng u p an d d o w n a re t h e s am e
b u t t h e e m o t io n s an d i d eas a w a k e ne d m ay fail t o r es e m bl e
i n a n y t w o p e r s o ns
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5 83

hing s o c r it ic al as t hi s Th e p op ul ar R e ali s m c o n
s c i o u s l y re p os e s u p o n an ab s ol u t e i d e n t i t y o f s e n s at i o n in all
m e n a s t h e y o b s e r v e t h e s a m e s c e n e ; a ny s e ri ou s d i s p ari t y
w o u l d b e fe lt t o b e s t agg e r i ng
Eve n t h e k now n d i ffe re nc e s
o f o p t i c a l s e n s i b il i t y a s t yp i e d by t h e b r o a d c as e o f c o l ou r
blind ne s s give s a p ai nfu l u n c e r t ain t y as t o t h e c h ar a c t e r of
t h e e x t e r n a l w o r l d c o n s i d e r e d a s s e lf s u b s i s t i n g i n d e p e n d e n t
a n d t h e s am e w h e t h er p er c e iv e d or u n e r c e iv e d
It o blige s
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a tt rib u t e s b u t n o o n e x e d as p e c t o f li h t a n d c o l o u r ; a n d
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a lt og e t h e r a f i c t s t h e r e ali s t i c c r e e d w i t h d i s agr e e abl e m i s
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P s yc h ological A n alys is of th e d i st ino

t i on of Su bj e c t an d Obj e c t
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o r M e t a phy s i c a l P ro ble m w hi c h i s wh o ll y d i s t i n c t fr o m t h e
o t h e r / al t h ou h t h e w
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gi c al d is t i n ct i on
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C om m o n Se n se
hit h er t o i n m y j u d gm ent b e e n fou n d i m pr ac t i c a bl e
Mr
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t h e m u t u al p u ll o f t h e t w o h a nds t h e r e i s forc e p u t for t h by
t h e o ne a n d r es i s t an c e fe lt by t h e o t h er ; so w h e n w e e n co u nt e r
a m o vi ng b o d y w hil e t h e r e s i s t a n c e i s i n u s t h e fo rce r e s id e s
in i t
Th e u nk n o w n c orr e l at iv e o f t h e vivi d s t a t e w e c all
pr e ssu re s ym b oliz e d in t h e k now n t e rm s o f ou r o w n e ffor t s
c o n s t it u t e s w h a t w e c al l m a t e r i a l s u b s t a n c e
Th e s e co n d pr o p e r t y o f t h e u lt r a p h e n o m e na l age nt i s t h e
prop ert y o f bin d i ng t og e t h e r t h e i n n it e ly var ie d vivi d s t at es
t h a t w e h a v e i n c onn e c t i on w it h b o d y ; a n u n s e e n an d u n
t hi nk a bl e n exu s w it h o u t w h i c h t h e vivi d s t a t e s w o u l d t u m bl e
a l t og e t h e r i nt o a w or s e j u m bl e t h an t h e w il d e s t c o n fu si o n o f
31

C ONS C I OU SN E SS

5 84

Wh at c er t ainly a n d p e r d u rably ex i st s i s n ot
t h e vivi d s t at es b u t t h i s n e x u s o r g r ou n d w or k for s e t t i ng t h e m
A m id all t h e
i n t h e p ri n c ip l e of t h e ir o r d er o r m e t h o d
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F or c e a nd Or d er ar e t h u s t h e t w o p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e
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A b s olu t e t h e se l f e x i s t e nt e n t it y t h a t m a k e s u p t h e Obj e c t
s i d e Of B e in g
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w hi c h i s y e t o u t o f c on s ci ou s n e s s t h e e nqu i r e r n d s t h at h e
a ll e e s t h e r e a li t y o f t h i s s o m e t hi n g i n vi rt u e o f t h e u l t im at e
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i s t h e gr e at fa c ili t y t h a t i t o ffers for s u mm ing u p a n d ex p r es s
i ng t h e c on t ra s t o f t h e O bj e ct a n d t h e Su bj e c t S i d es of o u r
If B e r k el e y h a d c on t r iv e d a m a c hi n er y o f e x p r e s
e x p e ri e n c e
s i o n fo r k e e p i ng t h e t w o d i s t i n c t a s e as ily w or k e d a s t h e Ol d
m e t hod hi s I d e ali s m m igh t h a v e b e e n r e c e iv e d w i t h o nly t h e
Bu t t h e m agnit u d e t h e fu ln e ss , an d t h e
fa int e s t m u r m u r
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a n c e o f m an ki n d t h a t t h e w o rl d w a s t h er e b e fo r e t h e m a n d
m ig ht r e m ain lo ng aft e r t he m : a n d h ow t hi s c ou l d b e if i t
w e re m er e ly t h e p e r c e p t i on s o f a s u c c e s s i on o f fu g it iv e p e r
c ip i e nt s t h e y did n o t u n d e r s t a n d
Th e fam ili ar c a s e o f t h e r i s i ng an d s e tt i ng o f t h e s u n a nd
s t ar s i s a g o od e x a m p l e o f t h e fa c ilit y fo r c o m m o n u s e s o f a
m o d e o f e x p r es s i o n a t var i a n c e w i t h t h e fac t
To i n d ic a t e t h e
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fa c t t h at all t h e m o t io n is i n t h e g rou n d t h a t w e s t a n d u p o n
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c e p t i on s ,

Qu e

'

n e con si s te

ue

q
q
q
( l a ns l e p ou v oi r
r m a n en t ( Ze
n
e
m
es i mp r es
m
e
a
i
r
e
t
o
o
m
s
l
e
s
p
f
j
s i ons d a n s l es m e
m es ci r cons ta n ces s o i t a n o u s , s o i t a d au t r e s
ue

'

t r e s

s ens

ibl es

i mp r ess i o ns gn
a n ou s m e tt re

qu i n ou s e n r e nd e nt
zls n ou s ca n s en t qu an d

'

en

c o m m u n c a t on

I V p 1 64
.

On

1 6 5,

m em e d ir e qu e

u
t
e
p

c om p t e ,

no

av e c e u x
ed

1 82 5

c om m e

i
i qu e
p r op os it i on e s t t ou j ou r s

s av o n s , e t n e c o n n a s s o n s r e n
'

su et

de la

q u a n d je
j

m is

d is

qu e

nou s

le

et r e l e

IV p
.

cet a r br e es t v ent,

eet

a r br e es t c er t

Mais

no u s

ne

r app or t

na

a n ou s l id e

je

i m e nt

r c s

s n t on s ,

n ot r e

r e l l e m e nt ,
,

p arv e nu s

p ar d es

d n it if

en

d is

ar

s om m e s

p a r d es

m o i : c ar

sens,

je

sa is ,
'

rce u e c c
a
p
q

v e t ouj ou r s d ans t ou t es nos p r op os it ions

s u p p r i m o n s qu an d n o u s v ou l o n s : e t t o u t e i d e p e u t
s u j e t d u ne
P r in c ip es L ogi qu es Vol
p r op o s i t i on

r e am b u l e

us

e n c or e

se

t r ou

231

N IX

590

A PP E D
o u t c a r r y in g

of

sy s t e m

b in e d

b e si d e s

ner v e s

e m b o d y in g

t h e La w

of a

c o l l e c ti v e

o f Di u s i o n i s i n t e n d e d t o p o i n t t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t
a s w ill b e ill u s t r a t e d in
u n i t ed
c o n s c i o u sn e s s
and
,

t h e fo ll o w in g

r e m a rk s

Mr

P h y s i ol o gy

Le w e s in hi s
,

C o m m o n Life

of

h as

ar g u e d

i t h g r e a t a b i l it y , a n d w i t h a p p a r e n t l y i r r e s i s t i b l e c o g e n c y , i n f a v o u r
o f t h e p o si t i o n t h a t S e n s a t i o n o r F e e l in g , t h a t i s , C o n sc i o u s n e s s i s a

c ir c u i t s

s ci o u s

A ct s,

s u st a i n e d

He

g a n g li a
o f st im u l a t io n a n d

o f al l n erv ou s
r
t
e
r
o
y
p p

b y t he

a ct i o n ,

sp i n a l

n u m e r o u s ob s e r v a t ion s a n d e x p e r im en t s o f

i n THE S E

qu ot e d

is

h is

on

su p

c e r eb r u m

Mr
t i on s

Le w e s

s e n s i b il i t y

o f c o n sc i o u sn

u t e s s e n si b i l i t y

w it h t h e n e r v e s

be

) a nd

are

a d du c es

the

as

one

d r a w i ng t h e

fo u n d t h e

e s s en ti a l s

of

t h e w e i g h t o f e v id e n c e
e x c i t e m e n t w h a t e v e r (c e r e b r a l k

to

se e ,

ld

sh ou

seem s

at t a ch
o t her s

fr o m

to

m or e lik e l y

c e rt a i n

m ade

g a n g l ia
u p of ex a ct l
y

s a m e n e rv o u s e l e m e n t s .

n ot

es s h e r e

fr o m P ii g e r

s e n si b i l i t y

a b s en t

t en or

th e

t h e o r y is

a m ab l e

v e s b i r th t o
i
g

s am e c om b in a t i o n o f

th e

as

sam e

R e e x

and

'

th ere

ve r y g a n g li o n i c

th an th a t

o s it i o n

(t h o s e i n t h e

Th a t

si d e .

e di t .

4 5 , 3r d

S o fa r

s y m p at h e t i c

s p in a l ,

E S (p

r e e x st i m u l a t ion

in f e r e n c e t h a t , i n
v o l u nt a r y a c t i o n

t he

c or d

nc o n

of u

s o - c a ll e d

in t h e

as

th e

of

a g en cy

e xi s t e n c e

d enie s th e

in

an y w

l aid d o w n

ay in c o m p a t ib l e

w i th

I p r e su m e t h a t ,

th e

c ond i

h en h e

a t tri

t o t h e g a n g li a i n c o m m o n , h e m e a n s i n c o n u n c t i o n
t h ey w o u l d b e
: g a n g l i a w it h o u t n er v e s a r e n o t h i n g

r a il w a y s t a t i o n s w

It

r a il s .

ith o u t

w ou l d n o

m o r e d o t o l o c a l i z e m in d

i n g a n g l i o n i c c e l l s t h a n t o p l a c e i t i n t h e p in e a l g l a n d t h e s e n s i b ili t y
c c e x i s t s w i t h t h e c o m p l e t e d c i r c l e s o f n e r v o u s a c t i o n , o f w hi c h t h e
-

g a n g l i a a r e a n i n d i sp e n s a b l e p a r t
A g a in , t h e t h e o r y m u s t b e h e l d
.

R el a t i v i t y

al l y st at e s

Le w e s t a c i t l y

i t in

e xp r ess

c h a ng es

in t h e

o r g an s o f

al l

th e

to

n er v e - c e n t r e s

t h e se

or g an s ,

Diffu s i o n

s e n s ib i l i t y

Th e

t h e Un i ty

sy st e m

of

t h at

n e v e r th e l e s s ,

Mr

ou l d

fa il

Le w e s

t hi s t h r o u g h o u t ,
o f v isc eral

m ay
w

Ch a n g e

or

a n d o c c a si o n

s e n s ib

ili t y , h e

h i c h m a y b e d e t e r m in e d
c o n d iti o n s o f t h e v i s c e ra , t h a t

d e c a p it a t e d

ar e

of

c on t en d

in

s e e m in g l y

m u st b e

for t h e

u c t u a t in g

a t tr i

s e n s ib ili t

a ny w a y c onn ec t e d

it h o u t

a ni m al s

by

of

n erv e s

c o n di t i o n

of

t o y i e l d c o n sc i o u s n e s s
n o t a t v a r i a n c e w i t h t h e La w
.

p o si t i on i s
Tr a n s l a t e d i n t o h i s l a n g u a g e , t h i s l a w w o u l d b e t h a t
.

incr e a se s

r e a l su b

We

th e

t o t h e La w

st at e s w

the

a ct i on s o f

th ey w

B u t , fa r t h e r ,
of

v ar ie ty of

j e ct

S p e a k in g

c ir c u l a t i o n , a n d

t h e g r e a t v a ri e t y i n t h e

b u ted
(V o l II , p
.

a s su m e s

t er m s

A n d it i s t o t h e

says

by

Mr

su b

a c c o r d in g

tl et y h er e is t o

C o n s ci o u s n e s s

t o the

e x t ent of

l ay d o w n th e

t h e g a n g l i a a e c t ed
c ir c u m s t a n ce d e t e r m in i n
g
.

It m a y b e q u i t e t r u e t h a t , w h e n e v e r a g a n g l i o n c o m p l e t e s a n e r v e
ci r c u it , t h e r e is a se n s i b il i t y o r c o n sc i o u s ne s s i n c o n n e c t i o n t h e r e w i t h
;

N IX

A PP E D

5 91

p e r fo r m t h e i r f u n c t i o n s a p a r t , t h e r e a r e s o m a n y
In o r d e r t o u n i t y ,
s e p a r a t e s e n s ib i l it i e s li k e s o m a n y d i s t i n c t a n i m a l s
t h e y m u s t s o m e h o w r u n t o g e t h e r ; t h e l o c a l fe e l in g s m u s t fu s e i n t o a
c irc u i ts

b u t if th e
,

t o ne s

If

or a c o m b i ne d

fe e li n g ,

c o l l e ct iv e

r e su l t a n t o f a l l

t o ne , the

s ep a r a t e

fr o m t h e Sp i n a l c o r d p er fo r m a n a c t s u b s t a n t i a l l y
v o l it i on , a s i n t h e d e c a p i t a t e d f r o g , w i t h o u t i n a n y w a y

a r e e x i on

a m o u n t in g

to

t h e r e m a y b e s e n s ib ili t y
t h e a ct , b u t t he n it is n o t ,

r e l y in g o n c e r e b r a l a s s i s t a n c e ,

n e s s , a s w e ll

in

a s v o l it i on ,

th e

a d mit s ,

h i m s el f

th e

of

c o n s c i o u sn e s s

a ni

th e

m al ,

as

c o n s ci o u s

or
as

Mr

Le w e s

w e u nd e r s t a n d

i n t e r p r e t t h a t ; i t i s t h e c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f a s e p a r a t e a n d in f e r i o r
A n d w h y s o P B e c a u s e o u r r e c o g n i z e d c o n s ci o u s n e s s i s
a n im a l

a nd

w h a t e m p l o y s o u r v o i ce t o d e s c r ib e i t t o o t h e r s , o u r m o u t h , e y e s ,

fo r it

w o rk

o u t w ar d

i t in

em b o d y

to

m a n ife s t a t i o n ,

To w h a t e v e r

e xt e nt

c o l l e cti v e

ou r

m em b e r s t o

o u tl yin g n er v o u s

an

c en t r e

p er
u n a s si s t e d a e n c , i t s
y
g

p r o t e c t i v e f u n c t i on b y i t s
c o n s c i o u s n e s s d o e s n o t p r o p e r l y b e c o m e o u r co n s c i o u sn e ss ; i t i s l i k e

t h e c o n s ci o u s n e ss o f a p a r as i t e , o r o f t h e foe t u s in t h e m ot h er s

f or m s

an

w omb

It

or g anic

se e ms

s c i ou sn e s s ,

the

a c t u at e
/

sa

or

t he

t o m e , t h e r e fo r e , t h a t w h a t d e t e r mi n e s t h e
s h o w in g

as

w h i ch

c o l l e c t i v e c u rr e n t s ,

me ch an i sm

a c ti v e

o u r o r g a n s o f e x p r e s si on
c a n e m p l o y o u r s en s e s

in

o n l y o n e a ct o f

a r e n o t r i g id l y

in

so m e so r t a

m ay

c ar r y o n

ha v e t h eir

to

u n it y o f

th e

v o li t i o n s .

e x t e nt

D e ta ch e d

a t t e n t i on

o w n c o n s c i o u sn e s s

In

so

fa r

c o n s c i o u s ne s s

b o d y g en er al ly

t h e s e p r o p o si t i o n s
i s n o t a uni t y , b u t

as

Op e r a t i o n s , a s w a l kin g , w

i s av a il ab l e fo r som e t h i n g

h i ch

el s e ,

m ay

b u t t h e y d o n o t a ff e c t t h e c e n t r a l c o n
a r e t o b e l o c a l i z e d i n t h e c er e b ru m , t o
;

r e c o g ni

ze d

a s c o n s t i t u t in g

our

m en t a l

C l a ss z ca ti on of t he Emot i ona p 7 7
-

Mr He rb e rt Sp en c e r i n a n a r t ic l e r ev i e w in g Th e Em o t i on s
t h e Wi l l (Es sa y s 2 n d S e r i e s ) h a s a d v e r t e d m or e e sp e c i a l l y t o
.

we

cl a s s i

to

t h e hi g h e r se n s es
We ca n e m p l o y
e x p r e ss o n l y o n e fe e l in g a t a t i m e ; w e

t h e hi g h e r

t r u e , t o t ha t

of c o n

t h at i s t o

ex ec u t i v e

an d

p r o p er t i e s
u n it y , a nd t o b e a l o n e

hi s t o r y

is th e

ty

h av e fou n d m e a n s

s ci o u s n e s s , w h o se

p o sse ss

c ur r e n t s

o n l y on e a c t o f a t t e nt i o n , o u r

in

p l u r al it y
w h il e t h e

l o c al

u ni

c a t io n o f

c o nfo r m i t y w

t h e Em o t i o n s

i t h Ev o l u t i o n ,

He

as

st a t e s

an d

the

t h e g o v e r n in g p r i nc ip l e , in

f o ll o w s

r st p l a c e , stu d
Th u s w e m a y , in t h e
y t h e e v ol u t i o n o f t h e
e m o t i o n s u p t h r o u g h t h e v a r i o u s g r a d e s o f t h e a n i m al kin g d om :

o b s er v i n g

w hi ch

t h em

a re

e ar l i e s t

i n t e l l i g e n c e ; in Wh a t
e n d o w m e nt s ; a n d h o w t h e y a r e

o r g a n i a t i on an d

hi g h e r

of

an d

e x i st

ord er

t he

w it h
o t h er s

s e v e r a ll y r e l a t e d

t h e l ow

e st

a c c o m p a ny

t o th e

con

N IX

5 92

AP P E D
of

d it i o n s

li fe

In t h e

s e c on d

d i ffe r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e l o w e r
r eg ard

b oth ,

l a ter

a nd a s

d e v e l o p m e n t , d i sp l a y e d i n t h e
m ay

t h o s e w hi c h

a r e c h a r a c t e ri s t c o f

in w h at

see

a s c e n di n g

g r a d e s o f t h e a nim a l ki n g
c i v ili s e d r a c e s , a n d i n i n d i v id u a l h i s t o r ,
y

the

a d v an c e o f

d om , in t h e
we

to

In t h e t hi r d p l a c e , w e m a y o b s e r v e t h e o r d e r i n
t h e p r o g r e s s f r o m i n fa n c y t o
e m o t i o n s u n fo l d d u r i n g
A n d l a s t l y , c o m p a r i n g t h e se t h r e e k in d s o f e m o t i o n a l

the

m at u ri t y

c om p o u n d

m or e

c o m m on

ar e

c i v il i s e d .

th e m o st
w h ic h

a nd

p l a c e , w e m a y n o t e t h e e m o t i on a l
ma
a nd t h e h i h e r
u
m
n
h
a
r
a
c
e
s
g
y

t h o s e fe e li n g s w hi c h

s im p l e r

an d

e a rl ier

as

r e sp e c t s

t h e y h ar m o ni z e ,

and

w h a t a r e t h e im

p li e d g en e r a l t r u t h s

H a v i n g g a t h e r e d t o g e t h er a n d g e n e r a l i z e d t h e s e s ev e r a l c l a ss e s
S e t ti n g o u t
o f f a c t s , a n a l y si s o f t h e e m o t i o n s w o u l d b e m a d e e a s i e r
.

qu e s t i o n a b l e

w it h t h e u n

a ssu m p ti on ,

th a t

e v e ry ne w

fo rm

of e m o tio n

m a ki n g i t s ap p e a r a n c e i n t h e i n d i v i d u a l o r t h e r a c e , i s a m o d i c a t i o n
o f se v e ral p re
o f s o m e p r e e x i s t in g e m o t i o n , o r a c o m p o u n d i n g
-

th e

al w a ys ar e

th at

b s e n t in i nfa n c y w h e n

i n fa n t i n

no

d e s ir e

a r m s e x h ib i t s a n g e r ,

u i s it i v e e m o t i o n c a n n e v e r t h e l e s s

c o m p ou n d e d o u t o f s i m p l e r

t h at

h en

as, w

t i v e g r at i
c a se s w

here

an y

b o n e , t h e r e m u st

e x i st

in h im

d iv er s

to be

t i li

zed

w a nt s ar e

sh e l t er ,

an

i d e al

We

m ay

v a ri e t

y of
a m on
g

fo r di ff e r e n t p u r p o s e s w h e n , a s
s a t i s e d t hr o u h t h e a r tic l e s a
g
p p r op ria t e d

c l o t h in g ,

o n e c o n st a n t l y

o r n a m e nt

i n v ol v i ng

the

a g r e e ab l e

act

o f a p p r o p r ia t i n

a s s o c i a ti o n s , a n d

hi c h i s t h e r e fo r e p l e a su r a b l e , i r r e s p e c t i v e o f t h e e n d
A n d w h e n , a s i n c i v i li z e d lif e , t h e p r o p er t y a c q u i r e d i s o f

ord er

of

p r o sp e c
r st , i n al l

h u n g e r ; s o t h e r e m u st sim i l a r l y a t
t h i n g i s s e c u r e d o r t a k e n p o s s e s s i o n o f , e x is t

l ov e

of

to b e

w e ap on s ,

c om es

d o g hi d e s

t h e fe el in g w hi c h p r o p e r t y s a t is e s
a n d d e e p e r f e e li n g s
e m a y c oncl u d e

of

c om e

sav a g es ,

f or

j e a l o u sy

at t a c h m e n t .

t h e f e e l i n g w hi c h t h a t t h i n g w il l g r a t ify
c o n c l u d e t h a t w h e n t he i n t e l li g e n c e i s s u c h t h a t a

fu r t h e r

j ects

c a ti o n

ex ci t e m ent

ob

fe e l

w e m a y s u sp e c t t h a t

a p p r o b a t ion

is

w e s ee t h a t

fe a r , w o n d e r , w h il e y e t i t m a ni fe s t s
o f p e r m a n e n t p o s s e s s i o n , a n d t h at a b r u t e w h i c h h a s n o a c

an

"

t h a t th i s fe e l i n g i s

an d

l a tion ,

we

fe w ,

v er y

sh o u l d

b e g r e a t l y a id e d b y k n o w i n g w h a t
r e e xi s t i n g e m o t i o n s
h
e n , fo r e x a m p l e , w e n d
W
p
if a n y , o f t h e l o w e r a n im a l s s h o w a ny l o v e o f a c c u m u

em ot i o n s

e xi s t i n g

one

su b ser ve d .
a

kind

not

g ra t i c a t i o n i n p a r ti c u l a r , b u t i s c a p a b l e
o f a d m i n i s t e r i n g t o a ll g r a t i c a t i o n s , t h e p l e a su r e o f a c q u i r i n g
pro
r o w s m o r e d i st in c t fr o m e a c h o f t h e v a r i o u s p l e a s u r e s s u b
e
r
t
g
p
y
c o n d u c in g

to

s er v e d i s m

Mr
I

m e nt a l
as of

one

or e

of

c o m p l e t e l y d iffe r e n t i a t e d i n t o

S p en c e r d i v i d e s t h e F e e l in g s ,
P r esent a ti v e
st at es

t hi s

or

in

f ee l i ng s

o r d i n a r il y

h i c h , in s t e a d

t h a t k in d ,

or as

as a w

h o l e , in t o

c a ll e d

o f r e g a r d in g

l o c a te d h ere

or

a s e p a r a t e e m o ti o n .

fo u r

se n s a t i o n s ,
a c orp o r e a l

t h er e , w e

cla sses
are

t h o se

i m p r e s si o n

c o n t em

p l a t e it

N IX

5 94

A P PE D

Lo v e

and

P r u d ence,

or

Mor a l

the

F a c u l ty ;

t o w hi c h h e

p p en d s
D ecency ,

p r i n c ip l e s t h a t i n u e n c e o u r c o n d u c t , n a m e l y ,
r e g a r d t o C ha r a ct er , S y mp a t hy , t h e R i d i c u l o u s , T a s t e

c e r t ain o t h e r
or a

It i s

d e fe c t i nh e r e n t i n t h e t w o f o l d di v i si o n

of

l e ctu al P o w

and

er s

A ct iv e P o w er s) t h a t

( I n t el

t h e mi n d

t h e F e el in g s

c a nn o t

be

fr o m t h e i r p r o m p t i n g t h e Wil l ; t h e p l e a s u r e s o f
Es t e e m , S o c i e t y , P o w e r , Kn o w l e d g e , & c , a r e c o n si d e re d n o t p ur e l y
a s p l e a s u r e s , b u t u n d e r t h e g ui s e o f D e s i r e , w hi c h i s a c o m p o u n d o f

d i sc u s s e d

ap art

F e e l in g

Will

an d

In e n t e r i n g o n

Th o m a s B r o w n ,

is in d o u b t w h e t h er t o
el e m e nt s , or
on

c o m p l ex

th e

a c c or d in g

f o r m s fa m il i a r l y
t h at , if h e w

fe e l i n g s , t h e s e

e l e m e nt a r y

c o n si d er a t i o n o f

t he m

a r ran g e

c o u r s e , r e m a r ki n g

t h e l a st

ord er of

in t h e

the

t h e Em o t i o n s ,

t o t h e ir

r e c o g ni

zed

u ltim at e

He

d e cid e s

t o l a y t hem o u t in th e
w o u l d b e J o y , G r i e f , D e s ir e ,
er e

In
p e c t , C o n t e m p t , a n d t h e Mo r a l S e n t i m e n t
a r r a n g i n g t h e c o m p l e x e m o t i o n s , h e p r o c e e d s u p o n t h ei r r e l a t i o n t o
i

MED
E , in cl u d n g Cheerf u l ness a n d
Ti m e , a n d d i v id e s t h e m i nt o

A s t o n i sh m en t , R

W nd

f el a nc ho ly ,

Mor a l

es

IM

er ,

F ee l i ng , L ov e

IA T

La ng u or , B ea u ty , S u bl i m i ty , t h e L u d i cr ou s , t h e

an d

Ha t e

S y mp a t hy , P r i d e

Humi l i ty

an d

E TR O

G r a t it u d e , S imp l e R eg r et , a n d G l a d ness , R em or se a n d
E , t h e D es i r es (c o n t i nu e d Ex i st e n c e , P l e a
i t s Op p o s it e ; P R OS P E C
A c t i o n , S o c i e t y K n o w l e d g e , P o w e r , A ff e c t i o n , G l o r y , t h e
su r e ,
A

SP EC TIV E ,

ng e r ,

T IV

Ha p p i n e s s

of

O th e r s , Ev il t o

d e p a r t s fr o m t h e

o th e r s

s im p li c i t y o f

He

R ei d

By

and

s u ch a s c h e m e ,

St ew a rt ,

the

a u th o r

w i t h o u t r e m e d y i ng

l e s l i ke l y , fr o m hi s p o i n t o f v i e w ,
t o s e e t h e i m p r o p r i e t y o f b ri n g i n g f o r w a r d o u r c hi e f p l e a s ur e s in
t h e ir c o m p li c a t i o n w i t h t h e a c t i o n o f t h e Wi l l o r D e sir e
an y o f

t h e i r d e fe c t s

w a s s t il l

Si r

W Ha m il t o n

d iv i s i o n
ledg e
as

or

fr o m t h e t hr ee f ol d

t h e m i n d : (in w hi c h d i v i s i o n , h o w e v e r , h e p l a c e s
no w
He c l a s si e s t h e fe e l i n g s
r s t , a n d F e e l in g s e c o n d )
n t e ll e c t

Hi s

su b

an d

(2) Me n t a l

di v i s i o n

of

or

In t e r n a l F e e li n g s , t h e S e n t i

t h e S e n t i m e n t s , t h a t i s , t h e Em o t i o n s , i s

C ONT EMP LA I IV E h a v i n g r e fe r e n c e t o t h e C o g ni t i v e P o w e r s o r
AL h a v i n r e f e r e n c e t o t h e P o w e r s o f C on a
nt el l e c t , a n d P R A C
'

i nt o

a d v a n t a g e o f s t a r ti n g

of

( 1 ) S e n sat i o n s ,

m en ts

ha s the

'

t i on ,

hav e

or

the

no

Wil l

l oc u s

TIC

It

s t a nd i ,

s e e m s s o m e w h a t s i n g ul a r

e x c ep

as

t h a t Em o t i on

m e r e i n c i d en t

of

sh ou l d

the t w o

o the r

p o w e r s o f t h e m i n d ; a c ir cum st a n c e t h a t m a y b e j u s t i e d o n o n e
g r o u n d , n a m e l y , t h a t t h e Em o t i o n s a r e g e n e ra t e d fr o m t h e S e n s a
p e r a t i on o f i nt e l l e c t u a l fo r c e s b ut t hi s Ha mi l t o n
Th e C O
E P LA E F e e l in g s a r e a g a in s u b d iv id e d

t i on s , t h r o u g h t h e

d oes

n o t a i r m

in t o t h o s e

of

NT M

TIV

t h e S u b s id i a r y F a c u l t i e s ,

F a c ul t y ; t h e r s t b e i ng

g ain

and

those

s u b d i v i s ib l e

of

t h e El a b o r a t i v e

in t o t h o s e

of

S e l f-c o n

N IX

A P PE D
s c io u sn e s s , a

nd t h o s e

g i v e s T ed i u m ,
p l a c e d Or d er ,

and

and

j o i nt

Th e

its

o p p o si t e .

an d

e ner

of

gy

b ir t h t o B ea u ty

and

F e el ing s

to

r ela te

D ev el op ment

a nd

in c l u d e s Hu n g e r

th e

the

U n d e r Se l f
c o n s c io u s n e s s h e

Im

U nd er

Un i ty i n

or a t i v e

a g in a t i o n ,

Va r i ety

F a c u l ty ,

ar e

w i th

t h e p l e a su r e s o f
g r a t i c a t i o n o f a d a p t i n g Mea ns t o End s
m a g in a t i o n a n d t h e U n d e r s t a n d i n g g i v e s

P erf ect i o n ;

t he Sp eci es

a nd

C T I CA L

t h e Enjoy m e nt

(4 )

ou r

Mor a l La w

(5 ) t h e

Th e P R A

s c op e .

(2 )

P r eser va t i on

S e lf P r eser v a t i o n

ou r

b y i t s el f,

C o nn e c t e d

Wi t

are

S u bl i m i ty , i n t h e i r f u l l e st

(1 )

(3 ) t h e

a nd

t h e El a b

or

S ci e nce,

Ex i s t ence

Im a g in a t i o n

S y m m et r y ,

U n d e r st a n d in g ,
Tr u t h

of

5 95

ou r

T e nd en cy t o w a r d s

S elf P r es er va ti o n
-

Th ir s t , Lo a thi n g , S o r r o w , B o di l y P a i n , R e p o s e ,
Sh u d d e r i n g , A l a r m , S e c u r it y , an d t h e s t a t e a r o u s e d

F e ar , A n x i et y ,

a nd

b y t h e R e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f D ea t h
Th e E njoy m ent of Ex i st en ce i s c o n
n e c t e d w i t h J o y a n d i t s o p p o s i t e s , F e a r , A n x i e t , S o r r o w , &c
Th e
y
P r es er v a ti o n of t he S p e ci es i m p l i e s S e x u al L o v e , F a m i l y a n d S o c i a l
.

A e c t i o n s , S y m p a t h y , Va ni t y , Sh a m e , P r id e , In d i g n a t i o n , R e s e n t
Th e T end ency t ow a r d s P erf ect ion e m
me n t , A n g e r , S c o r n , & c
.

b r a ces t he
an

d En v y

to

ot h er s,

sci e nc e ,

c o n s ci o u s n e s s

Th e

are

au

P o w er

Mor a l

t o th e

r e g ar d

an d

p r eh e n d s R e sp e c t
Mo r a l F e e l in g , C o n

c om

m any

La w

R e m or se

t h or

Im p o t e n c e , Em u l a t i o n ,

of

S e l f R e s p e c t , S e l f A b a s em e n t , t h e

Thi s m u s t b e
the

of

c o n s id e r e

f o ll o w e d

n ev e r

a nd o b v i o u s .

w h a t I t hi nk , t h e

up

It i s

n at u r al

Th e

h a r a c t er i s t i c

or d er

t h a t B e a u ty is m a d e t o g r o w
t i o n c a t er in g fo r B e a u t y

m e r e b e g i nn i n g , w h i c h
w e a k n e s se s o f t h e c l a ssi c a t i o n

sk e t ch , a

h a st y

of

Ha m i l t o n

in v e r si o n

Im a g i n a t i o n , i n s t e a d

o ut o f

o f,

( 2 ) Kn o w l e d g e

an d

i
1
F
e
l
ng,
e
( )

of

of

Im a g i n a

Min d

Th e p r e v a l e n c e o f t h e Tr i p l e di v i si o n o f t h e
p h il o s o p h y , f r o m t h e e n d o f l a s t c e n t u r y , m i g h t b e
s ch e m e

it sel f in t h e

of

d i v i si o n , b u t h e d i d l i t tl e t o

fr o m

w h ic h a l o n e w e c a n

im p l y

In hi s

see

it

ou t

Ka n t

a d op

N AL
SU

e it h e r

an d

h a t t h e m a in h e a d s

and

NT ELLE CT AL

Em o t i o n s

t h r o u g h S ens e

o y m e nt

or

ar e

an d

w hi c h

Th e S E

te d

in t o t h e t h e

A n t h r o p o l o g y , h e d iv id e s P l e a s u r e

it h S e n s a t i o n s

p ain s) c o m e
t io n (T a s t e )

c arry

e x p e ct e d

F e el in g ) i n t o S E
c o i n c id e w

Em o ti o n s

the

in G e r m a n

do

to

sh o w

tr i p l e

the

s u b d iv i s i o n s ,

in t e nd e d t o
P a in
n ot

(t h a t

is,

ex actl y

p l e a s u r e s (o r
t h r o u g h Im a g i n a

S UA L

Th e p l e a sur e s a n d p a in s o f S e n s e i n cl u d e Te di u m , C o n
ELLE U L p l e a s u r e s a n d p ain s a r i s e i n
Th e
&c
w i th t h e Concep t s o f t h e U n d e r s t a n di n g , a n d w i t h t h e
.

t e nt m ent ,
c o n n e x i on

Id ea s o f t h e R

INT

e a son .

Thi s i s

CT A

t h e A p p e t it i v e Po w e r , C O
t h a t h e in c l u d e s t h e o r d i n a r y
u n d er

r e p r o d u cing ,

in

sp it e

of

Ha m il t o n

n o t u n l ik e

NAT I ON

or , a s

e m o t ion s

hi s m o r e

au s

m et h o d

B ut it is

w e sh o u l d s a y , t h e

Lo v e ,

p i ci ou s

Ha t r e d

s t a r t ing

&c

Wil l

p oi nt , th e

th u s
vi ce

N IX

5 96

A PP E D

a t t a ch in g

d i v i si on

to

m in d

of

p h il o s o p h er s ,

ow n

ou r

In

w it h

t io n t o o

Se x u a l p as sion ,

He rb a r t
a ll

ha t

t io n

an

t h e m in d ,

of

d oes

ho u g h s c i e n t i c a l l y

w o r ki n gs
a b l e in t he i
r

b ein g

th e

in

ar e

al l

y the

v o l it i o n a l

p ect
are of

or

F u rt

he

; the

r e a ct i on

La w

an d , a s

hic h

th e im m

v i t al

d e n e s S e n s a t io n
s tim u l u s

o r g an i c

s t im u l a t i o n

c u r r in g

of

in t h e

n e c e s s a r il

a c ti v i t

as

th e

th e

n er

i n th e

c o u r se

ysi s

ha n

in

ant

a n d c l a s s i c a

t h e t h r e e fo l d d i v i si o n

ha t

we s

un

o nl

ho u l d

c al l

e m o ti on al ,

F e eling s

of

a nd

a m id

a ri s e

der th e

its

th r e s

t he

h ol d

of

he r A r r e s t a n d Ob st r u c t io n

w or d s ,

an y

Th e

Hi n dr a n c e
m o m e n t in

y a c ti

ve

d e ni t i o n

or

of

F u r th e ran c e

c o n sc io u sne s s

fo r c e s

w h ol l y s u b

F e e l in g i s

C o n ic t

d e p e n di n g

bu t

of

Her b e r t

by

as
of

fo l l o w e r s

of

t h e m i nd ,

a nd

Na hl o w sk y

t h e m e r e p e r c ep t i o n o f a n
r e s u l t a n t , n o t o f i m m e di a t e
on

p r e s en t a tion s

Wa it

the

th e

s im u l t a n e o u sl

c on.

y s t h a t F e e li n g s a r e p r o d u c e d
s u c c e s si on o f p r e s en t a t i o n s , b u t a r e
r e d u c ib l e t o s u c
; w i c , in s p i t e
z sa

m er e m o d i ed p r ese nt a t i o ns , o r
c o m e s v er y n e ar
o f h is d i s c l a i m e r ,
al to

b e m e a s u r e d , F e e l in g m a y b e c a l l e d
o f t h e m o m e n t a r y r i s i n g o r s in ki n g o f

F e e l in g

ve s

Th e d i s t i n c ti o n b e t w e e n S e n s a t i o n

c o n s c i o u s n e s s.

(Lib er t y

natura l

a re

c an

st a t e

and

of

the

or

e it

e x p r e ss

s t at e d

n ot

el em ent

The

b ein g

at

a ct iv it

v a r i o u sl

is

s en sa t ion ,

of

P a s s i o n i s i n c l in a

i n t e l l e c tu a l ,

b ov e

e x t ant

e di a t e c o n s c i o u s n e s s

t h e m en t al

F e e lin g

v i t al

it s

e ct io n

one

on

Ha rm o ny ; in o t h e r
o f Ha r m o n y a n d

t h e p r e s en t a t i o n s
t h e p r e s en t a t i on s

a m on g

Im m e d i a t e P e r c e p t i o n

is

F e el i n g

by w

r a n c e an

t o th e

je c t e d

ot

c l e a r c o n s ci o u s n e s s

p r im a r y e l e m e n t , o r
P r e s e n t a t i o n ( Vo r st ell ung ) , v i e w e d

t h e p r ese nt a t io ns ,

r ea c t i o n o

mutual

re

he r s t a t e s
s e c o n d a r y o r i g in
Th e

of

p r o v i s o t a t t h e t hr e e p a rt s,
m u t u a l l y in v o l v e d a n d i ns e p a r

b ase d

h h

as

A u A e c t io n i s

a n al

p r im i t i v e me n t a l s t a t e w i c i s t h e
a s c o g n i t i o n o r k n o w l e d g e t h e S e n s a t io n i n w
in t el l e ct u al

'

m or e i m p o r t a n c e t

a d o p t ing

e x p r es s

d i v i s ib l e ,

al t

of

are

a n d e sp e c i a ll

He r b a r t

w it

so

A c t iv e

or

va ri c e )

P s y c ol o g y ,
.

t h e i n d iv id u a l

e a s on .

t h e F e e li n g s

of

it y

d h i s f o ll o w e r s

P a s s i ons

Th e p a s s m n s
a c u i r e d (A m b i t i o n , A
q

or

reg ar ds

A p p e tit i v e

th e

e q u a n im

for t h e R

st r on g

t h e t w o f ol d

on

or

the

a nd

p r oce ed e

p a i n w h e r eb y t h e p o w e r
It i s a s u d d e n c o m i n g o n

p r e s e nt fe e l i n g o f p l e a s u r e
i s fo r t h e t im e o v e r c o m e
of

w ho

c o n n e c t i on

F a c u l t y , h e d i s t i n g u i sh e s A e ct i ons

d e str u c t iv e

to

h h

r e c o g n it i o n

of

d i s t in c t

F e e l i n g ; t h e Em o t i o n a l i s g r o u n d e d , w i t o u t b e i n g
m e r g e d , i n t h e In t e l l e c t u a l
Wu n d t , in u e n c e d b y He r

of

g e th er
b ar t t h o u g h

d i s c ip l e , g o e s s t il l c l o s e r t o t h e m a r k , w h e n h e
s a y s t h a t F e e l i n g i s e e ry s t a t e h a v i n g a p u r e l y Su b je c t i v e r e f e r
e n c e , t e r e b y i n c l u d in
Th e
g t he s u bject iv e a sp ect of t he S e ns a t i on
not

g r e a t d e f e c t o f He r b a r t s v ie w s i s t h e c o m m o n d e fe c t o f p h i l o s o p h i c a l
s s t e m s , o v e r si m l i c i t y : hi s u ni t y o f t h e m i n d i s a t h o r o u g h c a r r y
y
p

A PP END X

5 98
t h e i n t e ll e c t u al
a c c or di n g

is

s a t i s fa c t i o n

a c c o r di n g

(3 )

d e s ir e

or

to t

in t w o g r o u p s
A

e c t i ons o f

P lu s

in

t on e i s

as

h e i g ht e n e d

(Na hl o w sk y

s,

A s t h e ni c ) ;

d e p r es se d
t

or

'

A e c t i on s

he y

F r om

a rr a n

ar e

sid e

ged

Em b a r r a s sm e n t
P e r p l e xi t y

F it s

of

S o rr o w

A p p r ehe n s i o n

D ep r e s sion

Ve x a t ion

Sha m e

A d m ir a t i o n

F ear

En t h u si a sm

Te r r o r

A n g ui s

S a d n e ss

an d

F a i nt h ea r t e dn es s

P a in fu l S u r p r i se

or

He l p l e s s Am a z e m e n t

J o y fti l Tr a n sp o r t

Ec s t a s y

(4 )

t h e P a s siv e ,

of

Mi nu s

Cou ra g e

f e e l in g

or

an d

or

si d e s

Mir t h

R ap tu re

the

as

d i sa g r eeab l e ;
t e y g i e r is e t o

di vi si o n in t o St h e ni c

a nt s

a g r e e ab l e

a ct i o n

on

u enc e

th e A ct i v e ,

F r o l i ck s o m e n e s s

R ag e

P l e a su r a b l e S ur p r i s e

J o l li t y

v ari e d or

is

'

S u d d en

e l e m en t

( Dr ob i s c h ) ; (2 )

a r r e st e d

or

d i s s a t i s fa c t i o n ,

of v ie w

d iff er e n t p o in t

s t i ll

he ir

t h e b o di l

as

he i g h t e n e d

is

or

(K

a v e r si o n

a c c o r d in g

e m o t i on a l

the

as

of

one

a c t i v it

R ep e n t a nc e,
D e sp a i r
.

a ct i v e n a t u r e o f

Th e

th e

a ff e c t i o n s

i n t h e r s t

c ol u m n

a nn ou n c e s

i t se l f in t h e g e n e r a l r i s e , t h e m a s si v e o w , a n d t h e q u i c k e r r hyt h m ,
o f t h e P r e s en t a t i o n s i n v o l v e d ; a l o n g w i t h a f e e l in g o f P o w e r , o f

Mu sc u l a r
Vi t a l i t y

El a s t i c i t y,

of

of

R e a d i n e ss t o A c t ,
,

g e n e r al

in c r e a s e

of

F r o m t h e A ffe c t i o n , n a ll y , t h e P a s si o n h a s t o b e d i s t i n g u i she d
A s th e

a ff e c t i o n a r i se s

of

ou t

u n g u a r d ed

a ff e c ti o n e n s u e s
c it e d

lan d

of

d e s ir e

r e p e t it i o n

my

Vo l

he n

any o

ne

of

fe e li n g i s

the

s o - c a ll e d

n ot

e xi s t

u n d er

o r k,

e n t er s

an

Thi s d i s t in c

b u t fo r t h e

t h e h e a di n g

a ff e c t i o n s

Vor les u ng en ti ber d ie

e l ab or a t el

hu r t

p a s si o n i s e x
t o w a r d s a c e r t a in

int o t h e

a r b it i a r
y

of

D e sir e s

g t o i n t e n s i t y , in
p a s s i on

r i si n

ve r yt hin g t ha t c ha r a c t e riz e s

in h i s w

hi g h e r

i n c l i n a t i o n i s t w a rt e d ,

Wu n d t
.

any

d o e s t h e P a s si o n

so

x e d p r e d o m i n a n t d i s p o si t i o n
t ha t r e fu s e s t h e c o n t r o l o f t h e R e a s o n

d oes

II

a ny

Wh e n

o p ini o n ,

q u ib b l e : it w o u l d
o f t h e v e r y s am e s t a t e s

t ion is t o m e

Mo r e o v e r

d e si r e s

; w

P a s si o n i s

Ou t o f v i o l e n t s e n s a t i o n s ,

Menschen a nd
n at u r e

of

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an d

A PP END X

Em o t i o n

He

i s at g r e a t p a i n s t o di s c r i m in a t e t h e Ob je c t i v e f r o m
c o n s c i o u s n e s s , w hi c h l a s t i s t h e d o m a i n o f t h e F e e l

t h e S u b je c t i v e

in g s

He

th e

r e co g niz es
al l

of

fe e li n g i nt o

c o g n i tio n .

ve y

b o d il y

of

ve r

or

r e m a rk s ,

e m ot i on s

the

are

o nl

an o t

he r

e x c it a t i o n .

of

d i v i si o n

Op

p r e ss e s ,
a c c o m p an i e d
w it h

vi s c er a l s o t ha t t he y a r e

Th e E m o t i o n s , l i k e t h e l o w e r fe e l i n g s
g r a nd

d e s cr ib e d in

a re

Love b u r n s , C a r e

s e n s a t i on s

to

R em o r s e g na w s
Mor e o
se n s i b l e e ff e c t s m u s c u l a r

fo r m

Th e Em o t i o n s , h e

ap p l ie d

t erm s

p l e a s u r e s a n d p a ins o f s e n se a s a t t h e
a n d a o i d s t h e He r b a r t i a n r e s o l u t i o n o f

fe e l i n g ,

fo u n d a t ion
the

5 99

P l e a su r e

P a in

and

S e n s e , f a ll

of

he y m a y

th e

b e d ivi d e d i nt o

al so

u n d er

p l e a sa n t a n d p a i nf u l A ect i ons a n d Mood s ; t h e A ff e c t i o n b e i n g t h e

Th e A e c t i o n s i n
m o r e t r a n s it o r y s t a t e , t h e Mo o d t h e m or e l a s t i n g
.

he i r

i n t e n se r m o m en t s

D e si r e

t o P a ss i o n ;

ri se

hi c h

i s t h e t r a n si ti o n t o

Th e

o th er

m en t a l

ar e , a l l o f

A e c t i on s

l e a s t d e n it e

an d

st a t e s

C o n c e r n , G r i e f , A mi c t i o n ,
of

di ff er e n t k i n d s

So rr o w

hem

ha

Som e

v a ri et e s o f

S or r ow

Me l an cho l y

o n a s p e c i c c a u s e , a s

fa s t e n

and
,

ve a

J oy

S a d n es s , Tr o u b l e ,

Mo u r n i n g

Dis t r e s s ,
ob

m or e

C o n c e r n , Tr o u b l e ,

t h e t w o fu n d a

je c t i v e

A f i c t i o n ;
o f Gr ie f, an d t h e

t o the

a nd n o w

ot

her

J o y h a s i t s di e r e nt f o r m s ; b u t l a n g u a g e d o e s
As
s a m e r a ng e o f d e s i g n a t i o n s f o r i t , a s f o r s o r r o w
J o y fu l n e ss

c u m st an c e

ha t t he r e

Mo o d

now

to

not

su p p l

o n e si d e

It i s , t h e

is

n o w ord

au t

to

hor

e x p re s s

je c t i v e joy fu l a ffe c t i o n s jo y i s
en
W
h
u r e l y s u b je c t ive t h a n s o r r o w
p
a n d su b

o f s om e o u t w a r d

r em a rk s , a c

on

ha r a c t e r i s t i c

d i s t in c t i o n

the w

e it h e r

ho l e

st a te

t he

l a s t in g m o o d ,

c al le d

he r s

ot

it i s

a ll

r e fe r e n c e , or

an d

m o r e p u r e l y s u b je c t i e , a s t h e A ffe c t i on
/
o f Me l a nc o l y
w hil e D i s t r e s s a n d Mo u r ni n g in c l i n e
are

ar e

of ob

ci r

je c t i v e

h e t h i n k s, m o r e

is

d ir e c t

r e su l t

t in g , i t g iv e s b i r t
t o t h e o b je c
e
a v e a n a ff e c t i o n ,
t i e r e fe r e n c e e x p r e s s e d b y Li k in g o r D i s l i k e
w h i c h l a s t o f c o u r s e im p l i e s o h
a s w e l l a s a s e n s a t i o n , o f D i s g u st
of an

im p r e s s i o n

W h

je c t i v it y

l ik e t h e

u ndt ,

Mo o d s

ot

he r s

t ak e s

d i e r fr o m t h e S e n s a t i o n s i n
s or r o w

y ho u g h t s

e x ci te d

on

d ep end

on

sin g l e

th e id ea s

ha t

q i in g a
t h e d e a t h of a f i

'

t u al p r e s en t at i o n s
t
r e su l t o f m a n

no tic e

fo r

re

u r

and

r ec ol l e c ti o ns .

the

A e ct i o n s

an d

p l u r a l i t y o f in t e l l e c
e n d i s t h e c o m p l ic a t e d
An

p r e s e n t a t i on ; b u t t h e fo rc e
a w ak e n e d

e m ot io n

a nd

m ay b e

har a c t e r

of

it

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m a y p a s s b e y o n d t h e s i m p l e A ffe c t i o n s a n d Mo o d s t o o t h e r
e
a e a c l a s s d e p e n d in g n o t
c o m p l i c a t i o n s o f S e n s a t i o n a n d Id e a
.

on

t h e m a tt er

m od e
ar e

of

he i r

th e p r e s en t a t ion s ,
in t e r c o n n e c t i o n , v i z ,
of

ve r y d iffe r e nt l y

W h v

as

t h e fo r e g oing

ar e ,

as

h a r m o ni o u s

d is c or d a nt

a ffe c t e d , a c c o r d i n g a s

the ow

or
of

but

the t

on
.

the

We

hou g ht s

is

A PP END X

6 00

h fre e a n d u nin t e rr u p t e d o r a s it i s l b or i o u s o r b r ok e n We
h a e t hu s t h e t w o c l a s s e s
F e e l i n g o f t h e fr e e o w o f t ho u g h t
t h e fe e l i n g o f p l e a su r e jo i n e d t o t h o u g h t u n r e s t r a i n e d a n d y e t n o t t o o
s w i ft
(2 ) t h e o p p o s i t e F e e l i n g o f t h e r e s t r a i n e d o w w h i c h i n c l u d e s
U n d e r t he s e w e h a e a v a i e t y o f
a l s o t h e t o o v io l en t o r r a p i d o w
d s b o t h b o d il y
s p e c i a l fo r m s 1 F e e li n g s o f Ex er t i o n a n d Ea se a s r e g
sm o o t

ar

an

m e nt a l

l a b o ri o u s
fo r m

or

he y a r e

m u sc u l ar m o t i o n ,

Te d i u m,

i n T e d iu m, t h e r e i s

S u ccess

t i on

on

F a il u r e ;

the

c om p a ris on o f

s en s e

i n d e e d , in

in

w e ak

e x p e c t a tio n

F e e l in g s

of

an d

F i n d i ng ; A g r eem e nt a n d Co nt r a d ic
t er e m a y b e al s o , in t he
s e t s o f id e a s

tw o

th e m id dl e

he n

i n d e t e r m in a t e

S eek i ng

and

s a m e c o n n e x i on ,

hi c h

a s ort o f

hi c h

w it h w

of

m o s t p u r e l y m e n t a l F e e l in g s
s p e c ia l l y i n v o l v e t h e s e n s e o f t i m e ;

a c c o m p a ni e d e v e n w

an d

D i v er s i o n

of

eas

t o t h e f e e li n g s

c o r r e s p o n di n g

o p er a t i o n s ,

st at es of

D ou bt

an d

Ha r mo ny

Ind ec is i o n ;

an d

Di scor d i n t h e ir

s t an c e
a nd

nu

t o th e

fe e l i n g s

s ou n d ,

Ha r m o n y (i n

hen

t io n s in t h e

sou nd

Wu n d t

by

f e e li n g

o f s e n s e , a r i s in g

Whe n

in t h e

S a t i sf a ct i o n

Op

d iffe r i n g fr o m

to th e

Wh e n t h e r e

is

r e su

p o s it e

ha t

a n e x c e s si v e

s t im u l a t i o n

of

Exp ect a t i o n i s t h e h u rr y m g f o r w a r d
an o th er

lt

arri

ve s

fo r m
an d

of

i t i s Ly i ng i n
fa v o u r a b l e , w e

is

D i s ap p oi nt m ent

case,

w e e x p e c t e d , t h en w e

Wh e n

w a it

ha v e

s o m e t h in g

fe e l S u r p r i s e, w

hi c h

m s t a n c e s , i s p l e a su r a b l e , p a i n fu l , o r in d i ffe r e n t
d if c u l t y i n r e c o n c i li n g t h e m in d t o w a t h a s h a p

c a ll e d

D isap p o i nt m ent
fo r m s

A s t o ni s hm ent ,

and

Ha r m o n y

Ex p e c t a t i o n

a r e sp e ci al

the

fr o m

c ir c u

p en e d , t h e s t a t e i s
A l l ie d t o
m en t
rei n

s,

a c c o r di n g

as

(P l o t i n t er e s t )

ex p r e ss ed ,

is

hi ch w e e n d e a o u r i n v a in t o b r in g t o u ni ty ; b o t h a ffe c
he i g h t e n e d f o r m s h ave a n a f ni t y w i t h D izzi nes w hic h

ar o f

t he

he

h en c e

f a l l in g t o g e t h e r i n t o a p e r m a ne n t u n i o n ; D i s c or d
u c t u a t in
s i m u l t a n e o u s t on e s g i v e r i s e t o
g a e c om

t h e b r a i n b y a s e n s i b l e o b je c t
o f t h e t o u g h t s in t o t h e f ut u r e

"

a r e g u l ar

e n su e s

are

p l ie d i n t h e rs t i n
e x t e n d e d t o o t er s enses
ap

'

p a ni m e n t s , w

is

but

ar e

o f s ou n d s

m b er

a r is e s

s en se o f
.

b e ar i ng s,

ae s t h e t i c

of

hi s

c o n t in u

i s R hy thm , d e n a b l e a s
a n d S a t i s fa c t i o n a l w a y s c o i n c id e

he n

th e

rh y t h m

Ex p e c t a t i o n ,

i s d e s t r o ye d

c o nt a in i n g

an

ed i s A m a z e
the

; t h e r e is

Hep e

fe e l i n g

e l e m en t

a nd

of

F ea r

t h e in

d e t e r m i n a t e ; Ho p e i s t h e e x p e c t a t i o n of a w i s h e d f o r e ve n t , F e a r
A n x i et y i s t h e f e a r o f a g r e a t
t h e e x p e c t a t i o n o f o n e n o t w i sh e d f o r
e v il i m m e d i a t e l y t o f o l l o w ; t o i t F r ig h t s t a n d s r e l a t e d a s S u r r i s e t o
p
-

Ex p e c t a t i o n

Co ns t er na t io n

and

F e a r ; Ca r e i s c o n t i n u e d F e a r
Wu n d t , w hil e r e c o g n i z in g t h e

Te r r or

ar e

m o r e i n t en s e fo r m s

of

ha t a r i s e o n
o c c a s i o n o f t h e f e e o r r es t r ai n e d o w o f t h e i d e a s
c on
t r o ve r t s He r
b a r t s p o s i t i o n t ha t l l f e e l i n g s w ha t s o e ve r a r e g r o u n d e d o n t hi s c ir

He m a i n t a in s t ha t n o t o n l y t h e fi s t n a m e d A ff e c t i o n s
c u m s t an c e
a n d s t i l l m o r e t h e fe e li n g s o f S en s e d e p e n d a b s o l u t e l y o n t h e m a t t e r
e x i s t e n c e o f a ff e c t i o ns

602
of

A PP ENDIX

En v y

Hu m ili t y
of

J e a l ou s y

an d

A d m ir a t i o n

Em u l a t io n

S ha m e , S e l f

an d

Me r c y

Eq u i t y ,
C

P ri d e

fr o m

the

Mo r a l S e n s e ; G o o d
o r Mo r a l R i g ht

Sel f

th e

c o m p ar i s o n

c o m p l a c en c

Em o t i o n s

F or m

of

of

B e in g :

S c o r n , P a s si o ns

e c t ion o n

S el f al o n e :

Ju s ti c e

Ve r a c it y ,

In ju s ti c e ,

and

Ma t t e r

fr o m

of

In d i g n a t i o n

a ri s in g

Em o t i o n s

o f e ss en t ial s ,

Hu m o u r

r e sp e c t ,

: a r i si n g

F o r m t o g e t er
Th e Em o t i o n o f t h e

R
e
m
r
M
d
Ex p e di e n c e , D u t y
o
s
e
o
e
s
;
;

an d

C o n s c i en c e

T ir d

MA GINA T IV E EMOT IONS

A ND

Th e p o e t i c a l Em o t i o n s
G r o u p 2 Th e r e li g i o u s Em o
: p ri m ar y Wo r s i p , S i n , S e n s e o f J u s t i c a t i o n ; s e c o n d a r y

Gr ou p 1
t i on s

E F LE CTIVE

h Hop e Ch a r it y
Ma n y feli c i t o u s a n d in t e r e st in g r e m a r k s o c cu r i n t h e e x p o sit i o n o f
I t hi n k ho w e v e r t he e i s a d i s a d
t h e f o r e g o i n g s c h e m e in d e t a i l
v a n t a g e in s e p ar a t in g s o b r o a d l y t h e s o c i a l (R e e c t ive ) e m o t i o n s f r o m
t h e r e s t ; a n d e s p e c i a l l y i n c o n s t i t u t i n g a n ae s t he t i c g r o u p i n a d a n c e
I d o n o t s e e m u ch t h a t i s g a in e d b y
o f t h e f e e li n g s o f s o c i a b i l i t y

t
r
c
n
d
n
t
i
i
a t a
a
t he t c c o u p l e m a t t e r fo rm
t hr o u g h
c ar r yin g t h e a b s
In m a n y i n s t a n c e s I fa il t o d i s c o ve r t h e r e l e
o u t t h e w h o l e s ch e m e
v a n c e o f t h e d i s t in c t i o n ; h a r d l y a ny w h e r e d o e s i t a p p e a r t o m e t o
h a v e m o r e t h a n a s u p e r c i a l a d a p t a t i on We c a n u n d e s t a n d t h e
f or m o f Ju st i c e i n t h e s en s e o f a n e x c e e di n g l y g en e r a l d e ni t i on ;
F a it

w h il e t h e m a tt er w o u l d

ju st i c e (e qu a l

r ig

ht s )

ap p l ic at ion

b e it s

to

c l a ss e s o f a c t i o n s , a s c i v i l

ju s t ic e (p r o p or t i o n

of

p u ni s m e n t t o
c r i m e ) ; b u t I d o n o t f e e l t h e p r o p r i e t y o f t r e a t i n g J u s t i c e a s fo r m ,
Lo v e a n d A n g e r b e i n g t h e m a t t er
c r i m in a l

C Mea n i ng s

Consci o us ness p

5 49

Th e g r e a t m y s t i c a t i o n , a s it s e e m s t o m e , i n r e g a r d t o C o n sc i o u s

n e s s , h a s r e fe r e n c e t o t h e a t t r ib u t e o f k no w l e d e
C on s c i ou s n e ss ,
g

s a y s Ha m i l t o n ,
i s t h e r e c o g ni t i on b y t h e m in d o f i t s o w n a c t s o r

a ff e c t i o n s ,
w h ic
t o a n o r d in a r y r e a d e r s u g g e s t s C o n s c i o u s n e s s , n o t
.

in t h e l a r g e

y of
e n jo y e d

st u d

sense

o ur o w n

an d

ha t

ou r

m e n t a l l i fe , b u t i n t h e

s t u di e d

t o t is

v ie w

n ar r o w s en s e o f

m i n d t h e d e n it i o n

not

n e s s , a c c o r d in g

of

or
.

re

of

ecte d

A g a in ,

A p l e a s u r e m er e l y
w o u l d n o t b e c on s c io u s

St e w a r t

on ,

th e

Ha m il t o n

sa

ys

It i s

e v id en t

m e n t a l p h e n o m e n o n i s e it e r a n a c t o f kn o w l e d g e , o r o n l y
t r ou g
a n a c t o f k n o w l e d g e ; f o r c o n sc i o u s n e s s i s a k n o w

ev er

p o s si bl e
l e d g e a p e n o m e n o n o f c o g n i t i o n ; a n d o n t i s p r in c i p l e , m a n y
i
l
o sop
r s a s D e s c a r t e s , Le i b n i t z , S i n o z a
h
e
Wo l f, P l a t n e r , a n d
p
,
p
o t h e r s h a v e
b e e n l e d t o r e g a r d t h e k n o w in g , o r r e p r e s e n t a tiv e
f a c u l t y , a s t e y c a l l i t t h e fa c u l t y o f c o g ni t i o n , a s t h e fu n d a m en t al

A P PEND X

h
h

6 03

T is h e
p o w e r o f t h e m i n d , fr o m w i c h a ll o t er s a r e d e r i v a t iv e

T
il
r
d
i
d
n
o
r v e th a t ,
o
c o n si d e r s
o fa r
e
s
e
o
s
o
e
s
t
b
se
i
n
t
o
o
p
p
g
g
a l t h o u g h p l e a s u r e a n d p ain a l t o u g h d e s i r e a n d v o l it i o n , a r e o n l y
.

k n o w n t o b e ; y e t , i n t h e se m o d i c a t i o n s , a q u a l it y , a
p h e n o m e n o n o f m i n d , a b s o l u t el y n e w , h a s b e e n s u p e r a d d e d , w ic
as

t h ey

are

h h

w a s ne
ou

ve r

t h e m e r e fa c u l t y

o f,

y th e

c e r t a inl
of

the

rst in

o t h er s

c ou l d

an d

inv o l v e d in ,

are

he r e f o r e

k now l e d g e

of

Th e

h as it

a bl e

c o nc e i v e

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