Alexander Alekhine

Alekhine redirects here. For other uses, see Alekhine 1 Biography

(disambiguation).
This name uses Eastern Slavic naming customs; the
1.1 Early life
patronymic is Aleksandrovich and the family name is
Alekhine.
Alekhine was born into a wealthy family in Moscow, Russia, on October 31, 1892.[3][4][5][6] His father, AlexanAlexander Aleksandrovich Alekhine (Russian: - der Ivanovich Alekhin, was a landowner and Privy Coun , pronounced [lksandr cilor to the conservative legislative Fourth Duma.[7] His
lksandrvt lexn];[1][2] October 31 [O.S. October mother, Anisya Ivanovna Alekhina (born Prokhorova),
19] 1892 March 24, 1946) was a Russian and French was the daughter of a rich industrialist. Alekhine was
chess player and the fourth World Chess Champion. He is rst introduced to chess by his mother, an older brother,
widely considered one of the greatest chess players ever. Alexei, and an older sister, Varvara (Barbara).[8][9]
By the age of 22, Alekhine was already among the
strongest chess players in the world. During the 1920s,
1.2
he won most of the tournaments in which he played.
In 1921, Alekhine left Soviet Russia and emigrated to
France, which he represented after 1925. In 1927, he
became the fourth World Chess Champion by defeating
Jos Ral Capablanca.

Early chess career (190214)

In the early 1930s, Alekhine dominated tournament play

and won two top-class tournaments by large margins. He
also played rst board for France in ve Chess Olympiads,
winning individual prizes in each (four medals and a brilliancy prize). Alekhine oered Capablanca a rematch on
the same demanding terms that Capablanca had set for
him, and negotiations dragged on for years without making much progress. Meanwhile, Alekhine defended his
title with ease against Em Bogoljubov in 1929 and 1934.
He was defeated by Max Euwe in 1935, but regained his
crown in the 1937 rematch. His tournament record, however, remained uneven, and rising young stars like Paul
Keres, Reuben Fine, and Mikhail Botvinnik threatened
his title. Negotiations for a title match with Keres or
Botvinnik were halted by the outbreak of World War II in
Europe in 1939. Negotiations with Botvinnik for a world
title match were proceeding in 1946 when Alekhine died
in Portugal, in unclear circumstances. Alekhine is the
only World Chess Champion to have died while holding
the title.
Alekhine is known for his erce and imaginative attacking style, combined with great positional and endgame
skill. He is highly regarded as a chess writer and
theoretician, having produced innovations in a wide
range of chess openings and having given his name to Alekhine in 1909
Alekhines Defence and several other opening variations.
Alekhines rst known game was from a correspondence
He also composed some endgame studies.
chess tournament that began on December 3, 1902, when
he was ten years old. He participated in several correspondence tournaments, sponsored by the chess magazine
1

1 BIOGRAPHY

Shakhmatnoe Obozrenie (Chess Review), in 190211.

In 1907, Alekhine played his rst over-the-board tournament, the Moscow chess clubs Spring Tournament. Later
that year, he tied for 11th13th in the clubs Autumn
Tournament; his older brother, Alexei, tied for 4th6th
place. In 1908, Alexander won the clubs Spring Tournament, at the age of 15.[10] In 1909, he won the AllRussian Amateur Tournament in Saint Petersburg. For
the next few years, he played in increasingly stronger tournaments, some of them outside Russia. At rst he had
mixed results, but by the age of 16 he had established
himself as one of Russias top players.[11] He played rst
board in two friendly team matches: St. Petersburg Chess
Club vs. Moscow Chess Club in 1911 and Moscow vs.
St. Petersburg in 1912 (both drew with Yevgeny ZnoskoBorovsky).[12] By the end of 1911, Alekhine moved to St.
Petersburg, where he entered the Imperial Law School for
Nobles. By 1912, he was the strongest chess player in the
St. Petersburg Chess Society. In March 1912, he won
the St. Petersburg Chess Club Winter Tournament. In
April 1912, he won the 1st Category Tournament of the
St. Petersburg Chess Club.[13] In January 1914, Alekhine
won his rst major Russian tournament, when he tied
for rst place with Aron Nimzowitsch in the All-Russian
Masters Tournament at St. Petersburg. Afterwards, they
drew in a mini-match for rst prize (each won a game).[14]
Alekhine also played several matches in this period, and
his results showed the same pattern: mixed at rst but
later consistently good.

1.3

Top-level grandmaster (191427)

In AprilMay 1914, another major St. Petersburg 1914

chess tournament was held in the capital of the Russian Empire, in which Alekhine took third place behind Emanuel Lasker and Jos Ral Capablanca. By
some accounts, Tsar Nicholas II conferred the title of
"Grandmaster of Chess" on each of the ve nalists
(Lasker, Capablanca, Alekhine, Siegbert Tarrasch, and
Frank Marshall). (Chess historian Edward Winter has
questioned this, stating that the earliest known sources
supporting this story are an article by Robert Lewis
Taylor in the June 15, 1940 issue of The New Yorker
and Marshalls autobiography My 50 Years of Chess
(1942).)[15][16][17] Alekhines surprising success made
him a serious contender for the World Chess Championship.[11] Whether or not the title was formally awarded
to him, Thanks to this performance, Alekhine became
a grandmaster in his own right and in the eyes of the
audience.[18] In July 1914, Alekhine tied for rst with
Marshall in Paris.[19]

many, with nine wins, one draw and one loss, when
World War I broke out. Alekhines prize was 1,100
marks (worth about 11,000 euros in terms of purchasing power today).[20] After the declaration of war against
Russia, eleven Russian players (Alekhine, Em Bogoljubov, Fedor Bogatyrchuk, Alexander Flamberg, N.
Koppelman, Boris Maliutin, Ilya Rabinovich, Peter Romanovsky, Pyotr Saburov, Alexey Selezniev, and Samuil
Weinstein) were interned in Rastatt, Germany. On
September 14, 17, and 29, 1914, four of them (Alekhine,
Bogatyrchuk, Saburov, and Koppelman) were freed and
allowed to return home.[21] Alekhine made his way back
to Russia (via Switzerland, Italy, London, Sweden, and
Finland) by the end of October 1914. A fth player, Romanovsky, was released in 1915,[22] and a sixth, Flamberg, was allowed to return to Warsaw in 1916.[23]
When Alekhine returned to Russia, he helped raise
money to aid the Russian chess players who remained interned in Germany by giving simultaneous exhibitions. In
December 1915, he won the Moscow Chess Club Championship. In April 1916, he won a mini-match against
Alexander Evensohn with two wins and one loss at Kiev,
and in summer he served in the Union of Cities (Red
Cross) on the Austrian front. In September, he played ve
people in a blindfold display at a Russian military hospital
at Tarnopol. In 1918, he won a triangular tournament
in Moscow. In June of the following year, after the Russians forced the German army to retreat from Ukraine,
Alekhine was charged with links with White counterintelligence and was briey imprisoned in Odessa's death
cell by the Odessa Cheka. Rumors appeared in the West
that he had been killed by the Bolsheviks.[10]
1.3.2 192027
When conditions in Russia became more settled,
Alekhine proved he was among Russias strongest players. For example, in January 1920, he swept the Moscow
City Chess Championship (11/11), but was not declared
Moscow Champion because he was not a resident of the
city. Also in October 1920, he won the All-Russian
Championship in Moscow (+9 0 =6); this tournament
was retroactively dened as the rst USSR Championship. His brother Alexei took third place in the tournament for amateurs.[10]

In March 1920, Alekhine married Alexandra Batayeva.

They divorced the next year.[24] For a short time in 1920
21, he worked as an interpreter for the Communist International (Comintern) and was appointed secretary to
the Education Department. In this capacity, he met
a Swiss journalist and Comintern delegate, Anneliese
Regg, who was thirteen years older than he was, and they
married on March 15, 1921. Shortly after, Alekhine was
1.3.1 World War I and post-revolutionary Russia
given permission to leave Russia for a visit to the West
In JulyAugust 1914, Alekhine was leading an interna- with his wife, from which he never returned. In June
tional Mannheim tournament, the 19th DSB Congress 1921, he abandoned his second wife in Paris and went
(German Chess Federation Congress) in Mannheim, Ger- to Berlin.[10]

3
ous record was twenty-ve, set by Gyula Breyer), winning
sixteen games, losing ve, and drawing ve after twelve
hours of play. He broke his own world record on February
1, 1925 by playing twenty-eight games blindfold simultaneously in Paris, winning twenty-two, drawing three, and
losing three.[10][32]
In 1924, he applied for the rst time for a residence privilege in France and for French citizenship while pursuing his studies in the Sorbonne Faculty of Law to obtain
a PhD. Although sources dier about whether he completed his studies there, he was known as Dr. Alekhine
in the 1930s.[10][11][33] His thesis was on the Chinese
prison system. He received a degree in law in Saint Petersburg in 1914 but never practiced.[34]

Alex (son of Alekhine) with his wife, 2003, at Dortmund

In 192123, Alekhine played seven mini-matches. In

1921, he won against Nikolay Grigoriev (+2 0 =5) in
Moscow, drew with Richard Teichmann (+2 2 =2) and
won against Friedrich Smisch (+2 0 =0), both in Berlin.
In 1922, he won against Ossip Bernstein (+1 0 =1) and
Arnold Aurbach (+1 0 =1), both in Paris, and Manuel
Golmayo (+1 0 =1) in Madrid.[25] In 1923, he won
against Andr Muang (+2 0 =0) in Paris.[26]
From 1921 to 1927, Alekhine won or shared rst prize
in about two-thirds of the many tournaments in which
he played. His least successful eorts were a tie for
third place at Vienna 1922 behind Akiba Rubinstein
and Richard Rti, and third place at the New York
1924 chess tournament behind ex-champion Emanuel
Lasker and world champion Jos Ral Capablanca (but
ahead of Frank Marshall, Richard Rti, Gza Marczy,
Em Bogoljubov, Savielly Tartakower, Frederick Yates,
Edward Lasker, and Dawid Janowski).[14][14] Technically,
Alekhines play was mostly better than his competitors
even Capablancasbut he lacked condence when playing his major rivals.[11]
Alekhines main goal throughout this period was to arrange a match with Capablanca.[11] He thought the greatest obstacle was not Capablancas play, but the requirement under the 1922 London rules (at Capablancas insistence) that the challenger raise a purse of US $10,000
(equivalent to about $391,000 in 2006[27] ), of which
the defending champion would receive over half even
if defeated.[28] Alekhine in November 1921 and Rubinstein and Nimzowitsch in 1923 challenged Capablanca,
but were unable to raise the $10,000.[29][30] Raising the
money was Alekhines preliminary objective; he even
went on tour, playing simultaneous exhibitions for modest fees day after day.[31] In New York on April 27,
1924, he broke the world record for simultaneous blindfold play when he played twenty-six opponents (the previ-

His French citizenship application was postponed because of his frequent travels abroad to play chess and because he was reported once in April 1922, shortly after
his arrival in France, as a bolshevist charged by the Soviets of a special mission in France. Later in 1927, the
French Chess Federation asked the Ministry of Justice to
intervene in Alekhines favor to have him lead the French
team in the rst Nation tournament to be held in London in July 1927. Nevertheless, Alekhine had to wait for
a new law on naturalization which was published on 10
August 1927. The decree granting him French citizenship (among hundreds of other citizens) was signed on
5 November 1927 and published in the Ocial Gazette
of the French Republic on 1415 November 1927, while
Alekhine was playing Capablanca for the World title in
Buenos Aires.[35]
In October 1926, Alekhine won in Buenos Aires. From
December 1926 to January 1927, he beat Max Euwe
54 in a match. In 1927, he married his third wife,
Nadiezda Vasiliev (ne Fabritzky), another older woman,
the widow of the Russian general V. Vasiliev.[36]

2 World Chess Champion, rst

reign (192735)
2.1 1927 title match
In 1927, Alekhines challenge to Capablanca was backed
by a group of Argentine businessmen and the president
of Argentina, who guaranteed the funds,[37] and organized by the Club Argentino de Ajedrez (Argentine Chess
Club) in Buenos Aires.[28] In the World Chess Championship match played from September to November 1927
at Buenos Aires, Alekhine won the title, scoring +6 3
=25.[38] This was the longest formal World Championship
match until the contest in 1984 between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov.[39] Alekhines victory surprised
almost the entire chess world, since he had never previously won a single game from Capablanca.[38] After Capablancas death Alekhine expressed surprise at his own
victory, since in 1927 he did not think he was superior to

2 WORLD CHESS CHAMPION, FIRST REIGN (192735)

Capablanca, and he suggested that Capablanca had been

overcondent.[40] Capablanca entered the match with no
technical or physical preparation,[41][42] while Alekhine
got himself into good physical condition[11] and had thoroughly studied Capablancas play.[43] According to Kasparov, Alekhines research uncovered many small inaccuracies, which occurred because Capablanca was unwilling to concentrate intensely.[44] Vladimir Kramnik has
commented that this was the rst contest in which Capablanca had no easy wins.[45]

2.2

Although he never agreed terms for a rematch against

Capablanca, Alekhine played two world title matches
with Em Bogoljubov, an ocial Challenger of FIDE,
in 1929 and 1934, winning handily both times.[47][48]
The rst was held at Wiesbaden, Heidelberg, Berlin,
The Hague, and Amsterdam from September through
November 1929. Alekhine retained his title, scoring +11
5 =9.[26] From April to June 1934, Alekhine faced Bogoljubov again in a title match held in twelve German
cities, defeating him by ve games (+8 3 =15).[26] In
1929, Bogoljubov was forty years old and perhaps already
past his peak.[49]

Rematch oered, never nalized

Immediately after winning the match, Alekhine announced that he was willing to give Capablanca a return
match, on the same terms that Capablanca had required
as champion: the challenger must provide a stake of US
$10,000, of which more than half would go to the defending champion even if he was defeated.[28] Negotiations
dragged on for several years, often breaking down when
agreement seemed in sight. Their relationship became
bitter, and Alekhine demanded much higher appearance
fees for tournaments in which Capablanca also played.[11]
The rematch never took place. After Capablancas death
in 1942, Alekhine wrote that Capablancas demand for a
$10,000 stake had been an attempt to avoid challenges.[40]

2.4 Anti-Bolshevik statements,

versy

contro-

After the world championship match, Alekhine returned

to Paris and spoke against Bolshevism. Afterwards,
Nikolai Krylenko, president of the Soviet Chess Federation, published an ocial memorandum stating that
Alekhine should be regarded as an enemy of the Soviets. The Soviet Chess Federation broke all contact
with Alekhine until the end of the 1930s. His older
brother Alexei, with whom Alexander Alekhine had had
a very close relationship, publicly repudiated him and his
anti-Soviet utterances shortly after, but Alexei may have
had little choice about this decision.[50] In August 1939,
Grandmaster Robert Byrne wrote that Alekhine con- Alexei was murdered in Russia, probably due to his open
sciously sought lesser opponents for his subsequent cham- support of the Nazis.[51]
pionship matches, rather than give Capablanca another
chance.[46]

2.5 Dominates rivals

2.3

Alekhine dominated chess into the midDefeats Bogoljubov twice in title Alexander
1930s.[11] His most famous tournament victories were at
matches
the San Remo 1930 chess tournament (+13 =2, 3 points
ahead of Nimzowitsch) and the Bled 1931 chess tournament (+15 =11, 5 points ahead of Bogoljubov). He won
most of his other tournaments outright, shared rst place
in two, and the rst tournament in which he placed lower
than rst was Hastings 193334 (shared second place,
point behind Salo Flohr). In 1933, Alekhine also swept an
exhibition match against Rafael Cintron in San Juan (+4
0 =0), but only managed to draw another match with
Ossip Bernstein in Paris (+1 1 =2).[52]

From 1930 to 1935, Alekhine played rst board for

France at four Chess Olympiads, winning the rst
brilliancy prize at Hamburg in 1930,[53] gold medals
for board one at Prague in 1931 and Folkestone in
1933,[54][55] and the silver medal for board one at Warsaw
in 1935.[56] His loss to Latvian master Hermanis Matisons at Prague in 1931 was his rst loss in a serious chess
event since winning the world championship.[10]

Alekhine (left) vs. Em Bogoljubov (right); Emanuel Lasker (sitting, center) and others looking on

In the early 1930s, Alekhine travelled the world giving simultaneous exhibitions, including Hawaii, Tokyo,
Manila, Singapore,[57] Shanghai, Hong Kong, and the
Dutch East Indies. In July 1933, he played thirty-two

5
people blindfold simultaneously (a new world record) in more evenly balanced. Then Euwe gives his assessment
Chicago, winning nineteen, drawing nine and losing four in Dutch, explaining that his feelings alternated from opgames.[58]
timism to pessimism, but in the previous ten years, their
[60]
In 1934 Alekhine married his fourth wife, Grace Free- score had been evenly matched at 77.
man (ne Wishaar), sixteen years his senior. She was the
American-born widow of a British tea-planter in Ceylon,
who retained her British citizenship to the end of her life
and remained Alekhines wife until his death.[10][59]
About 1933 Reuben Fine noticed that Alekhine was
drinking increasing amounts of alcohol.[11] Hans Kmoch
wrote that Alekhine rst drank heavily during the tournament at Bled in 1931, and drank heavily through the 1934
match with Bogoljubov.[59]

Loss of the World title (193537)

On October 3, 1935 the world championship match began in Zandvoort, the Netherlands. Although Alekhine
took an early lead, from game thirteen onwards Euwe
won twice as many games as Alekhine. The challenger
became the new champion on December 15, 1935 with
nine wins, thirteen draws, and eight losses.[61] This was
the rst world championship match that ocially had seconds: Alekhine had the services of Salo Landau, and
Euwe had Gza Marczy.[62] Euwes win was a major
upset.[11] Kmoch wrote that Alekhine drank no alcohol
for the rst half the match, but later took a glass before
most games.[59] However, Salo Flohr, who also assisted
Euwe, thought overcondence caused more problems
than alcohol did for Alekhine in this match, and Alekhine
himself had previously said he would win easily.[63][64]
Later World Champions Vasily Smyslov, Boris Spassky,
Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov analyzed the match
for their own benet and concluded that Euwe deserved
to win and that the standard of play was worthy of a world
championship.[63]
According to Kmoch, Alekhine abstained from alcohol altogether for ve years after the 1935 match.[59]
In the eighteen months after losing the title, Alekhine
played in ten tournaments, with uneven results: tied for
rst with Paul Keres at Bad Nauheim in May 1936;
rst place at Dresden in June 1936; second to Flohr
at Podbrady in July 1936; sixth, behind Capablanca,
Mikhail Botvinnik, Reuben Fine, Samuel Reshevsky,
and Euwe at Nottingham in August 1936; third, behind
Euwe and Fine, at Amsterdam in October 1936; tied
for rst with Salo Landau at Amsterdam (Quadrangular), also in October 1936; in 1936/37 he won at the
Hastings New Year tournament, ahead of Fine and Erich
Eliskases; rst place at Nice (Quadrangular) in March
1937; third, behind Keres and Fine, at Margate in April
1937; tied for fourth with Keres, behind Flohr, Reshevsky
and Vladimirs Petrovs, at Kemeri in JuneJuly 1937;
tied for second with Bogoljubow, behind Euwe, at Bad
Nauheim (Quadrangular) in July 1937.[10]

Max Euwe took Alekhines world title in 1935 but lost it in their
1937 return match.

In 1933, Alekhine challenged Max Euwe to a championship match. Euwe, in the early 1930s, was regarded
as one of three credible challengers (the others were Jos
Ral Capablanca and Salo Flohr).[11] Euwe accepted the
challenge for October 1935. Earlier that year, Dutch radio sports journalist Han Hollander asked Capablanca for
his views on the forthcoming match. In the rare archival
lm footage where Capablanca and Euwe both speak, Capablanca replies: Dr. Alekhines game is 20% blu. Dr.
Euwes game is clear and straightforward. Dr. Euwes
gamenot so strong as Alekhines in some respectsis

4 World Chess Champion, second

reign (193746)
4.1 193739
Max Euwe was quick to arrange a return match with
Alekhine, something Jos Ral Capablanca had been unable to obtain after Alekhine won the world title in 1927.
Alekhine regained the title from Euwe in December 1937
by a large margin (+10 4 =11). In this match, held in the
Netherlands, Euwe was seconded by Fine, and Alekhine

4 WORLD CHESS CHAMPION, SECOND REIGN (193746)

occupation of Estonia (by Soviet standards).[67]
Alekhine was representing France at rst board in the 8th
Chess Olympiad at Buenos Aires 1939 when World War
II broke out in Europe. The assembly of all team captains,
with leading roles played by Alekhine (France), Savielly
Tartakower (Poland), and Albert Becker (Germany), plus
the president of the Argentine Chess Federation, Augusto
de Muro, decided to go on with the Olympiad.[68]
Alekhine won the individual silver medal (nine wins,
no losses, seven draws), behind Capablanca (only results from nals A and Bseparately for both sections
counted for best individual scores).[69] Shortly after the
Olympiad, Alekhine swept tournaments in Montevideo
(7/7) and Caracas (10/10).

Alekhine around 1945

by Erich Eliskases. The match was a real contest initially,

but Euwe collapsed near the end, losing four of the last
ve games.[45][65] Fine attributed the collapse to nervous
tension, possibly aggravated by Euwes attempts to maintain a calm appearance. Alekhine played no more title
matches, and thus held the title until his death.[11]
1938 began well for Alekhine, who won the Montevideo
1938 chess tournament at Carrasco (in March) and at
Margate (in April), and tied for rst with Sir George
Alan Thomas at Plymouth (in September). In November, however, he only tied for 4th6th with Euwe and
Samuel Reshevsky, behind Paul Keres, Reuben Fine, and
Mikhail Botvinnik, ahead of Capablanca and Flohr, at the
AVRO tournament in the Netherlands. This tournament
was played in each of several Dutch cities for a few days
at a time; it was therefore perhaps not surprising that rising stars took the rst three places, as the older players
found the travel very tiring.[11]
Immediately after the AVRO tournament, Botvinnik,
who had nished in third place, challenged Alekhine to
a match for the world championship. They agreed on
a prize fund of US $10,000 with two-thirds going to
the winner, and that if the match were to take place in
Moscow, Alekhine would be invited at least three months
in advance so that he could play in a tournament to get
ready for the match. Other details had not been agreed
when World War II interrupted negotiations, which the
two players resumed after the war.[66]
Keres, who had won the AVRO tournament on tiebreak
over Fine, also challenged Alekhine to a world championship match. Negotiations were proceeding in 1939
when they were disrupted by World War II. During the
war Keres home country, Estonia, was invaded rst by
the USSR, then by Germany, then again by the USSR.
At the end of the war, the Soviet government prevented
Keres from continuing the negotiations, on the grounds
that he had collaborated with the Germans during their

At the end of August 1939, both Alekhine and Capablanca wrote to Augusto de Muro regarding a possible world championship rematch. Whereas the former
spoke of a rematch as a virtual certainty, even stating
that the Cuban was remaining in Buenos Aires until it
came about, the latter referred at length to the nancial
burden in the aftermath of the Olympiad.[70] Supported
by Latin-American nancial pledges, Jos R. Capablanca
challenged Alexander Alekhine to a world title match in
November. Tentative plans not, however, actually backed
by a deposit of the required purse ($10,000 in gold), led
to a virtual agreement to play at Buenos Aires, Argentina
beginning April 14, 1940.

4.2 World War II (193945)

Unlike many participants in the 1939 Chess
Olympiad,[69] Alekhine returned to Europe in January 1940. After a short stay in Portugal,[71] he enlisted
in the French army as a sanitation ocer.[59]
After the fall of France (June 1940), he ed to Marseille.
Alekhine tried to go to America by traveling to Lisbon
and applying for an American visa. In October 1940,
he sought permission to enter Cuba, promising to play a
match with Capablanca. This request was denied.[51] To
protect his wife, Grace Alekhine and her French assets
(a castle at Saint Aubin-le-Cauf, near Dieppe, which the
Nazis looted), he agreed to cooperate with the Nazis.[72]
Alekhine took part in chess tournaments in Munich,
Salzburg, Krakw/Warsaw, and Prague, organised by
Ehrhardt Post, the chief executive of the Nazi-controlled
Grossdeutscher Schachbund (Greater Germany Chess
Federation)Keres, Bogoljubov, Gsta Stoltz, and several other strong masters in Nazi-occupied Europe also
played in such events.[73] In 1941, he tied for secondthird with Erik Lundin in the Munich 1941 chess tournament (Europaturnier in September, won by Stoltz),
shared rst with Paul Felix Schmidt at Krakw/Warsaw
(the 2nd General Government-ch, in October)[74] and
won in Madrid (in December). The following year
he won in the Salzburg 1942 chess tournament (June
1942) and in Munich (September 1942; the Nazis named

7
this the Europameisterschaft, which means "European
Championship").[75][76] Later in 1942 he won at Warsaw/Lublin/Krakw (the 3rd GG-ch; October 1942) and
tied for rst with Klaus Junge in Prague (Duras Jubile;
December 1942). In 1943, he drew a mini-match (+1
1) with Bogoljubov in Warsaw (March 1943), he won
in Prague (April 1943) and tied for rst with Keres in
Salzburg (June 1943).
By late 1943, Alekhine was spending all his time in
Spain and Portugal, as the German representative to chess
events. This also allowed him to get away from the
onrushing Soviet invasion into eastern Europe.[51][77] In
1944, he narrowly won a match against Ramn Rey Ardid in Zaragoza (+1 0 =3; April 1944) and won in
Gijon (July 1944). The following year, he won at Madrid
(March 1945), tied for second place with Antonio Medina at Gijn (July 1945; the event was won by Antonio
Rico), won at Sabadell (August 1945), he tied for rst
with F. Lpez Nez in Almeria (August 1945), won in
Melilla (September 1945) and took second in Caceres,
behind Francisco Lupi (Autumn 1945). Alekhines last
match was with Lupi at Estoril near Lisbon, Portugal, in
January 1946. Alekhine won two games, lost one, and
drew one.[14]
Grave of Alexander Alekhine in Paris, France

Alekhine took an interest in the development of the chess

prodigy Arturo Pomar and devoted a section of his last
book (Legado! 1946) to him. They played at Gijon Alekhines burial was sponsored by FIDE, and the re1944, when Pomar, aged 12, achieved a creditable draw mains were transferred to the Cimetire du Montparwith the champion.[78]
nasse, Paris, France in 1956.[82][83]

4.3

Final year and death

5 Assessment

After World War II, Alekhine was not invited to chess

tournaments outside the Iberian Peninsula, because of 5.1 Playing strength and style
his alleged Nazi aliation. His original invitation to the
London 1946 tournament was withdrawn when the other Main article: Comparison of top chess players throughcompetitors protested.[7]
out history
While planning for a World Championship match against
Botvinnik,[66] Alekhine died aged 53 in his hotel room in
Estoril, Portugal on March 24, 1946. The circumstances
of his death are still a matter of debate. It is usually attributed to a heart attack, but a letter in Chess Life magazine from a witness to the autopsy stated that choking
on meat was the actual cause of death. At autopsy, a
three-inch-long piece of unchewed meat was discovered
blocking his windpipe.[79] Some have speculated that he
was murdered by a French death squad. A few years
later, Alekhines son, Alexander Alekhine, Jr., said that
the hand of Moscow reached his father.[80] Canadian
Grandmaster Kevin Spraggett, who has lived in Portugal
since the late 1980s, and who has thoroughly investigated
Alekhines death, favors this possibility. Spraggett makes
a case for the manipulation of the crime scene and the autopsy by the Portuguese secret police PIDE. He believes
that Alekhine was murdered outside his hotel room, probably by the Soviets.[81]

Statistical ranking systems dier sharply in their views

of Alekhine. Warriors of the Mind rates him only the
18th strongest player of all time and comments that victories over players such as Bogoljubov and Euwe are not a
strong basis for an all time ranking.[84] But the website
"Chessmetrics" ranks him between the fourth and eighth
best of all time, depending on the lengths of the peak periods being compared, and concludes that at his absolute
peak he was a little stronger than Emanuel Lasker and Capablanca, although a little weaker than Botvinnik.[85] Je
Sonas, the author of the website Chessmetrics, rates
Alekhine as the sixth highest peak strength, relative to
other players of the same era, of all-time on the basis
of comparable ratings.[86] He also assesses Alekhines
victory at the tournament of San Remo in 1930 as the
sixth best performance ever in tournaments.[86] In his
1978 book The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present,
Arpad Elo gave retrospective ratings to players based on

8
their performance over the best ve-year span of their
career. He concluded that Alekhine was the joint fth
strongest player of those surveyed (tied with Paul Morphy and Vasily Smyslov), behind Capablanca, Botvinnik,
Emanuel Lasker and Mikhail Tal.[87]
Alekhines peak period was in the early 1930s, when
he won almost every tournament he played, sometimes
by huge margins. Afterward, his play declined, and he
never won a top-class tournament after 1934. After
Alekhine regained his world title in 1937, there were several new contenders, all of whom would have been serious
challengers.[11]
Rti vs Alekhine,
Baden-Baden 1925
One of Alekhines most famous and complicated wins.
31...Ne4 forces the win of Whites knight at b7 in twelve
moves.[11]
Alekhine was one of the greatest attacking players and
could apparently produce combinations at will. What set
him apart from most other attacking players was his ability to see the potential for an attack and prepare for it in
positions where others saw nothing. Rudolf Spielmann, a
master tactician who produced many brilliancies, said, I
can see the combinations as well as Alekhine, but I cannot get to the same positions.[11] Dr. Max Euwe said,
Alekhine is a poet who creates a work of art out of
something that would hardly inspire another man to send
home a picture post-card.[88] An explanation oered by
Rti was, he beats his opponents by analysing simple and
apparently harmless sequences of moves in order to see
whether at some time or another at the end of it an original possibility, and therefore one dicult to see, might be
hidden.[89] John Nunn commented that Alekhine had a
special ability to provoke complications without taking
excessive risks,[90] and Edward Winter called him the
supreme genius of the complicated position.[91] Some of
Alekhines combinations are so complex that even modern champions and contenders disagree in their analyses
of them.[92]
Nevertheless, Garry Kasparov said that Alekhines attacking play was based on solid positional foundations,[92]
and Harry Golombek went further, saying that Alekhine
was the most versatile of all chess geniuses, being equally
at home in every style of play and in all phases of
the game.[93] Reuben Fine, a serious contender for the
world championship in the late 1930s, wrote in the 1950s
that Alekhines collection of best games was one of the
three most beautiful that he knew,[11] and Golombek was
equally impressed.[93]
Alekhines games have a higher percentage of wins than
those of any other World Champion, and his drawn games
are on average among the longest of all champions.[94]
His desire to win extended beyond formal chess competition. When Fine beat him in some casual games in 1933,
Alekhine demanded a match for a small stake. And in

5 ASSESSMENT
table tennis, which Alekhine played enthusiastically but
badly, he would often crush the ball when he lost.[11]
Bobby Fischer, in a 1964 article, ranked Alekhine as one
of the ten greatest players in history.[95] Fischer, who was
famous for the clarity of his play, wrote of Alekhine:
Alekhine has never been a hero of mine,
and I've never cared for his style of play.
Theres nothing light or breezy about it; it
worked for him, but it could scarcely work for
anyone else. He played gigantic conceptions,
full of outrageous and unprecedented ideas. ...
[H]e had great imagination; he could see more
deeply into a situation than any other player in
chess history. ... It was in the most complicated positions that Alekhine found his grandest concepts.[95]
Alekhines style had a profound inuence on Kasparov,
who said: Alexander Alekhine is the rst luminary
among the others who are still having the greatest inuence on me. I like his universality, his approach to
the game, his chess ideas. I am sure that the future belongs to Alekhine chess.[96] In 2012, Levon Aronian said
that he considers Alekhine the greatest chess player of all
time.[97]

5.2 Inuence on the game

Alekhine
Endgame study
White to move and win[98]
Solution:
1.g5! Kc6 2.Ke5 Kd7 3.Kd5! (3.Kf6? Kxd6 4.Kxf7
Ke5) Kd8 4.Kc6 and White wins.
Several openings and opening variations are named after
Alekhine. In addition to the well-known Alekhines Defence (1.e4 Nf6) and the Albin-Chatard-Alekhine Attack
in the orthodox Paulsen variation of the French Defense,[99] there are Alekhine Variations in: the Budapest
Gambit,[100][101] the Vienna Game, the Exchange Variation of the Ruy Lopez, the Winawer Variation of the
French Defense; the Dragon Variation of the Sicilian
Defense, the Queens Gambit Accepted, the Slav Defense, the Queens Pawn Game, the Catalan Opening and
the Dutch Defense (where three dierent lines bear his
name).[102] Irving Chernev commented, The openings
consist of Alekhines games, with a few variations.[103]
Alekhine also composed a few endgame studies, one of
which is shown on the right, a miniature (a study with a
maximum of seven pieces).[98]
Alekhine wrote over twenty books on chess, mostly
annotated editions of the games in a major match or
tournament, plus collections of his best games between
1908 and 1937.[104] Unlike Wilhelm Steinitz, Emanuel

5.4

Accusations of antisemitism

Lasker, Capablanca and Euwe, he wrote no books that

explained his ideas about the game or showed beginners
how to improve their play.[91] His books appeal to expert players rather than beginners:[11] they contain many
long analyses of variations in critical positions, and singularities and exceptions were his forte, not rules and
simplications.[91]
Although Alekhine was declared an enemy of the Soviet Union after his anti-Bolshevik statement in 1928,[50]
he was gradually rehabilitated by the Soviet chess elite
following his death in 1946. Alexander Kotov's research on Alekhines games and career, culminating in a
biography,[105] led to a Soviet series of Alekhine Memorial tournaments. The rst of these, at Moscow 1956, was
won jointly by Botvinnik and Vasily Smyslov.[106] In their
book The Soviet School of Chess Kotov and Yudovich devoted a chapter to Alekhine, called him Russias greatest player and praised his capacity for seizing the initiative by concrete tactical play in the opening.[107] Botvinnik wrote that the Soviet School of chess learned from
Alekhines ghting qualities, capacity for self-criticism
and combinative vision.[108] Alekhine had written that
success in chess required Firstly, self-knowledge; secondly, a rm comprehension of my opponents strength
and weakness; thirdly, a higher aim ... artistic and scientic accomplishments which accord our chess equal rank
with other arts.[109]

9
Chess historian Edward Winter investigated a game
Alekhine allegedly won in fteen moves via a queen
sacrice at Sabadell in 1945.[115] Some photos of the
game in progress were discovered that showed the players during the game and their chessboard. Based on the
position that the chess pieces had taken on the chessboard
in this photo, the game could never have taken the course
that was stated in the published version. This raised suspicions that the published version was made up. Even
if the published version is a fake, however, there is no
doubt that Alekhine did defeat his opponent in the actual game, and there is no evidence that Alekhine was the
source of the famous fteen-move win whose authenticity
is doubted.[116]

5.4 Accusations of antisemitism

During World War II, Alekhine played in several tournaments held in Germany or German-occupied territory, as did many strong players in occupied and neutral
countries.[73][117] In March 1941, a series of articles appeared under Alekhines name in the Pariser Zeitung, a
German-language newspaper published in Paris by the
occupying German forces. Among other things, these
articles said that Jews had a great talent for exploiting
chess but showed no signs of chess artistry; described the
hypermodern theories of Nimzowitsch and Rti as this
cheap blu, this shameless self-publicity, hyped by the
majority of Anglo-Jewish pseudo-intellectuals"; and de5.3 Accusations of improving games
scribed his 1937 match with Euwe as a triumph against
the Jewish conspiracy.[118] Alekhine was reported as
Famous and much-analyzed position from the Five making further antisemitic statements in interviews for
two Spanish newspapers in September 1941; in one of
Queens game
these it was said that Aryan chess was aggressive chess
the Semitic concept admitted the
Samuel Reshevsky wrote that Alekhine allegedly made ... on the other hand,[118]
idea
of
pure
defence.
up games against ctitious opponents in which he came
out the victor and had these games published in various Almost immediately after the liberation of Paris,
chess magazines.[110] In a recent book Andy Soltis lists Alekhine publicly stated that he had to write two chess
Alekhines 15 Improvements.[111] The most famous ex- articles for the Pariser Zeitung before the Germans
ample is his game with ve queens in Moscow in 1915. In granted him his exit visa ... Articles which Alekhine
the actual game, Alekhine, playing as Black, beat Grig- claims were purely scientic were rewritten by the Geroriev in the Moscow 1915 tournament; but in one of his mans, published and made to treat chess from a racial
books he presented the Five Queens variation (starting viewpoint. He wrote at least two further disavowals, in
with a move he rejected as Black in the original game) an open letter to the organizer of the 1946 London touras an actual game won by the White player in Moscow nament (W. Hatton-Ward) and in his posthumous book
in 1915 (he did not say in the book who was who in this Legado!. These three denials are phrased dierently.[118]
version, nor that it was in the tournament).[112]
Extensive investigations by Ken Whyld have not yielded
In the position of the diagram at right, which never arose
in real play, Alekhine claimed that White wins by 24.Rh6,
as after some complicated play Black is mated or goes
into an endgame a queen down. Some recent analyses
suggest that this is not the case: if White plays 24.Rh6,
black can play 24...Bg4+! and White has no mating
attack.[113] A later computer-assisted analysis concludes
that White can force a win, but only by diverging from
Alekhines move sequence at move 20, while there are
only three queens.[114]

conclusive evidence of the authenticity of the articles.

Chess writer Jacques Le Monnier claimed in a 1986
issue of Europe checs that in 1958 he saw some of
Alekhines notebooks and found, in Alekhines own handwriting, the exact text of the rst antisemitic article,
which appeared in Pariser Zeitung on March 18, 1941.
In his 1973 book 75 parties d'Alekhine (75 of Alekhines
games), however, Le Monnier had written It will never
be known whether Alekhine was behind these articles
or whether they were manipulated by the editor of the

10

Pariser Zeitung.[118]
British chess historian Edward G. Winter notes that the
articles in the Pariser Zeitung misspelled the names of
several famous chess masters, which could be interpreted
as evidence of forgery or as attempts by Alekhine to signal that he was being forced to write things that he did not
believe; but these could simply have been typesetting errors, as Alekhines handwriting was not easy to read. The
articles contained (probably) incorrect claims that Lionel
Kieseritzky (Kieseritsky in English, Kizierycki in Polish)
was a Polish Jew, although (probably) Kieseritzky was
neither Polish nor Jewish.[119] Winter concludes: Although, as things stand, it is dicult to construct much of
a defence for Alekhine, only the discovery of the articles
in his own handwriting will settle the matter beyond all
doubt. Under current French copyright law, Alekhines
notebooks will not enter the public domain until January
1, 2017.[118]
There is evidence that Alekhine was not antisemitic in his
personal or chess relationships with Jews. In June 1919,
he was arrested by the Cheka, imprisoned in Odessa
and sentenced to death. Yakov Vilner, a Jewish master,
saved him by sending a telegram to the chairman of the
Ukrainian Council of Peoples Commissars, who knew
of Alekhine and ordered his release.[120] Alekhine accepted and apparently used chess analysis from Charles
Jae in his World Championship match against Capablanca. Jae was a Jewish master who lived in New
York, where Alekhine often visited, and upon his return to New York after defeating Capablanca, Alekhine
played a short match as a favour to Jae, without nancial
remuneration.[121] Alekhines second for the 1935 match
with Max Euwe was the master Salo Landau, a Dutch
Jew. The American Jewish grandmaster Arnold Denker
wrote that he found Alekhine very friendly in chess settings, taking part in consultation games and productive analysis sessions. Denker also wrote that Alekhine
treated the younger and (at that time) virtually unproven
Denker to dinner on many occasions in New York during the 1930s, when the economy was very weak because
of the Great Depression. Denker added that Alekhine,
during the early 1930s, opined that the American Jewish
grandmaster Isaac Kashdan might be his next challenger
(this did not in fact take place).[7] He gave chess lessons to
14-year-old prodigy Gerardo Budowski, a German Jew,
in Paris in spring 1940.[122] Alekhine also married an
American woman who may have had Jewish ancestry,
Grace Wishard, as his fourth wife. Mrs. Grace Alekhine
was the womens champion of Paris in 1944.[123]

Notable chess games

Alekhine vs Yates,
London 1922.
White to move
1.Rxg7 Rxf6 2.Ke5 and Yates resigned: If either black

NOTABLE CHESS GAMES

rook moves to f8, White mates by 3.Rh7+ Kg8 4.Rcg7#

Alekhine vs Yates, London 1922, Queens Gambit

Declined: Orthodox Defense. Main Line (D64) 1
0 Alekhine conjures up an attack in the endgame,
and his King joins the fray.
Em Bogolyubov vs Alexander Alekhine, Hastings
1922, Dutch Defence, Classical Variation (A91), 0
1 This has been called one of the greatest games
ever played, with some incredibly deep variations as
Black prepares to queen a pawn.
Ernst Gruenfeld vs Alexander Alekhine, Karlsbad
1923, Queens Gambit Declined: Orthodox Defense. Rubinstein Attack (D64), 01 Gruenfeld
makes no obvious mistakes but his slow build-up lets
Alekhine take the initiative and start squeezing him
o the board. Gruenfeld desperately tries to free his
position and is crushed by a series of sacrices that
forces the win of a piece or checkmate.
Richard Reti vs Alexander Alekhine, Baden Baden
1925, Hungarian Opening: Reversed Alekhine
(A00), 01 A tactically complex game in which
Alekhine unleashes a 12-move combination that
wins a Knight.
Jose Raul Capablanca vs Alexander Alekhine,
World Championship match, Buenos Aires 1927,
Queens Gambit Declined (D52), 01 The game
ends in a position with four queens on the board.
Alexander Alekhine vs Aron Nimzowitsch, San
Remo 1930, French Defence, Winawer Variation
(C17), 10 One of the shortest games ending in
a zugzwang by the 26th move, Black is already
strategically lost and has no good moves. This game
also spawned the term 'Alekhines gun' for the formation in which the queen lines up behind the two
rooks.
Gideon Stahlberg vs Alexander Alekhine, Hamburg
1930, 3rd Olympiad, Nimzo-Indian Defence, Spielmann Variation (E23), 01 1st best game prize.
Alexander Alekhine vs Emanuel Lasker, Zurich
1934, Queens Gambit Declined, Orthodox Defense, Bd3 line (D67), 10 A short game ending
with a queen sacrice. After the tournament, Lasker
said: Alekhines attacking genius has no equal in
the history of the game.
Max Euwe vs Alexander Alekhine, World Championship Match, game 4, The Hague 1935, Grunfeld
Defence, Russian Variation (D81), 01 Alekhine
sacrices two rooks, but traps Euwes King in the
centre, wins the queen, then nishes elegantly.

8.3

Chess Olympiad results

Writings

11

8.3 Chess Olympiad results

Alekine wrote over twenty books on chess.[104] Some of Here are Alekhines results in Chess Olympiads. He
played top board for France in all these events.
the best-known are:
Alekhine, Alexander (1985). My Best Games of
Chess 19081937. Dover. ISBN 0-486-249417. Originally published in two volumes as My Best
Games of Chess 19081923 and My Best Games of
Chess 19241937.

Under score, + games won, games lost, = games

drawn

9 Other information

In the town of Cascais, Portugal, there is a street named

Alekhine, Alexander (1968). The Book of the Hastafter Alekhine: Rua Alexander Alekhine. Cascais is near
ings International Masters Chess Tournament 1922.
Estoril, where Alekhine died.
Dover. ISBN 0-486-21960-7.
His book My Best Games of Chess 19241937 featured
Alekhine, Alexander (1961). The Book of the New in the classic 1946 lm A Matter of Life and Death.
York International Chess Tournament 1924. Dover. The asteroid 1909 Alekhin was named in honor of
ISBN 0-486-20752-8.
Alexander Alekhine.
Alekhine, Alexander (1962). The Book of the Nottingham International Chess Tournament. Dover.
ISBN 0-486-20189-9.
Alekhine, Alexander (1973). The Worlds Chess
Championship, 1937. Dover. ISBN 0-486-204553.
Games analysis published after 1938 were edited by
Edward Winter and published in 1980 in the book:
Alekhine, Alexander; Edward Winter (1992). 107
Great Chess Battles 19391945. Dover. ISBN 0486-27104-8.

Summary of results in competitions

8.1

Tournament results

Here are Alekhines placings and

tournaments:[10][14][26][124][125][126][127][128]

scores

in

Under score, + games won, games lost, = games

drawn

8.2

Match results

Here are Alekhines results in matches:[10][26][125]

Under score, + games won, games lost, = games
drawn

10 Notes
[1] In English his surname would normally be transliterated as
Alekhin, but when he became a French citizen, the standard French transliteration Alekhine became the correct way to spell his name in the Latin alphabet. He became angry when Russians sometimes pronounced the
ye of Alekhin as yo, [loxn], which he regarded as
a Yiddish distortion of his name, and insisted that the
correct Russian pronunciation was Al-YEH-khin. See
Kmoch, H. Grandmasters I Have Known: Alexander
Alexandrovich Alekhine (PDF). pp. 2, 5. Retrieved
2010-05-30.
[2] Ocial name as French citizen: Alexandre Alekhine
(Brazilian visa) (Journal Ociel)
[3] ALEXANDER ALEKHINE (18921946) by Bill Wall.
Archived from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
[4] Litmanowicz, Wadysaw; Giycki, Jerzy (1986). Szachy
od A do Z. Wydawnictwo Sport i Turystyka, Warszawa.
pp. 16 (Polish edition).
[5] Chess Notes Archive 28 - When was Alekhine born?"".
Retrieved 2008-05-20.
[6] Kotov Alexander Alexandrovich (1973). Alexander
Alekhine. Fizkultura i sport. pp. 8 (Russian edition).
[7] Denker 1995
[8] Biography of Alexander Alekhinen on supremechess.com. Archived from the original on 2 May 2008.
Retrieved 2008-05-23.
[9] Biography of Alexander Alekhine on chessgames.com.
Retrieved 2008-05-23.
[10] Wall, W. Alexander Alekhine (18921946)". Archived
from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved 200805-20.

12

10 NOTES

[11] Fine 1952

[12] OlimpBase :: the encyclopaedia of team chess

[31] Linklater, J. (March 1989). Alekhine and Love:

Greenock, 1923. Scottish Chess Magazine (189). Retrieved 2008-05-20.

[13] Title Unknown. Archived from the original on 200910-25.

[32] Alekhine at www.chessgames.com". Retrieved 200805-23.

[14] Khalifman 2002

[33] Chess Champion. Time Magazine. December 30, 1935.

Retrieved 2008-05-20.

[15] Winter 1999, p.315-316

[34] Reshevsky 1976, p.77

[16] Winter 2003, p.177-178

[17] Chess Note 5144. Archived from the original on 200805-09. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
[18] Kalendovsk 1992, p.122
[19] Soltis 1994
[20] Das unvollendete Turnier: Mannheim 1914. Retrieved
2008-05-30.
[21] Manheim 1914 The Legend. Archived from the original
on December 11, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-05.
[22] Romanov, Isaak Zalmanovich (1984). Petr Romanovsky.
Fizkultura i sport. pp. 20 (Russian edition).

[35] Alekhines naturalization les. Retrieved 2013-10-09.

[36] Biography of Alekhine on canal-h.net. Archived from
the original on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
[37] Jose Raul Capablanca. chesscorner.com. Archived
from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-0523.
[38] Cree, G. 1927 World Chess Championship. Archived
from the original on 2005-01-21. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
[39] Byrne, R. (December 21, 1984). Chess title match to
become longest one in modern era. The New York Times.
Retrieved 2009-06-03.

[23] 3540. The internees. Archived from the original on 9

May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-30.

[40] Alekhine, A., tribute to Capablanca, pp. 15758, in:

Alekhine, A., 107 Great Chess Battles, tr. E.G. Winter,
Oxford University Press, 1980.

[24] Shaburov, Yuri (1992).

Alexander Alekhine.
Nepobezhdyonny champion [Alexander Alekhine.
Unbeaten champion.]. Golos. p. 104. ISBN 5-70550852-2.

[41] Du Mont, J. (1959). Memoir of Capablanca. In

Golombek, H. Capablancas Hundred Best Games of
Chess. G. Bell & Sons. pp. 118.

[25] Short Matches of the 20th Century. Archived from the

original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved 2008-05-20.

[42] Reinfeld, F. (1990) [1942]. Biography. The Immortal

Games of Capablanca. Courier Dover Publications. pp.
113. ISBN 0-486-26333-9. Retrieved 2009-06-01.

[26] Alekhine 1985

[27] Using earnings for the conversion. If consumer prices are
used, the result is about $257,000. Six Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1774
to Present. Archived from the original on 26 May 2008.
Retrieved 2008-05-23.
[28] Winter, E. Capablanca v Alekhine, 1927. Archived
from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
Original sources include:
Al margen del gran match. El Ajedrez Americano:
66. December 1927.;
Sergeant, P.W. (October 1926). "(unknown title)".
British Chess Magazine: 454.;
"(unknown title)".
1927.;

La Prensa.

September 14,

Immediately after his victory, Alekhine announced his

terms for a rematch, reported in: "(unknown title)". La
Prensa. November 30, 1927.
[29] Jose Raul Capablanca: Online Chess Tribute. chessmaniac.com. 2007-06-28. Archived from the original on 13
May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
[30] New York 1924. chessgames. Retrieved 2008-05-20.

[43] Pachman, L.; Russell, A.S. (1971). Individual Style:

Psychological Play. Modern chess strategy. Courier
Dover. p. 306. ISBN 0-486-20290-9. Retrieved 200906-02.
[44] Kasparov, G.; Russell, H.W. (July 28, 2003). Interview
with Garry Kasparov: Part 2 (PDF). Retrieved 2009-0603.
[45] Kramnik, V. Kramnik Interview: From Steinitz to Kasparov. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
[46] The Immortal Games of Capablanca, by Fred Reinfeld,
Dover Publishers, introduction
[47] Winter, E. Chess Notes Archive (17)". Archived from
the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
[48] Alekhine vs Bogoljubov 1934. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
[49] Soloviov 2004, p.280
[50] Lissowski, T. Alexey, Brother of Alekhine. Archived
from the original on 19 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-0520. The main source is Kotov 1975, p.140
[51] Wall, W. Alekhine and the Nazis. Archived from the
original on 2009-10-20. Retrieved 2008-05-24.

13

[52] Alekhines Results at www.alekhinechess.com".

trieved 2008-05-20.

Re-

[53] 3rd Chess Olympiad: Hamburg 1930. Archived from

the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
[54] 4th Chess Olympiad: Prague 1931. Archived from the
original on 18 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
[55] 5th Chess Olympiad: Folkestone 1933. Archived from
the original on 18 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
[56] 6th Chess Olympiad: Warsaw 1935. Archived from the
original on 18 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
[57] Alekhines Chess Exhibitions in Singapore in 1933
(PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May
2008. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
[58] Donaldson 1992, p.35
[59] Kmoch, H. Grandmasters I Have Known: Alexander
Alexandrovich Alekhine (PDF). Archived (PDF) from
the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
[60] Han interviews Dutchman Max Euwe and Capablanca,
Dutch Public Broadcasting archives, 18 May 2012
[61] Alekhine vs Euwe 1935. chessgames.com. Retrieved
2008-05-23.

[75] Gillam 2001

[76] Barcza, G. (1942). A mncheni sakkmesterverseny Eurpa
bajnoksgrt 1942. Kecskemt.
[77] Birth of the FIDE World Championship. Archived from
the original on July 19, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
[78] Linares 2002 - round 6. Archived from the original on
17 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
[79] Donaldson, Norman and Betty (1980). How Did They
Die?. Greenwich House. ISBN 0-517-40302-1.
[80] Kasparov Garri (2003). Alexander the Fourth, Invincible. My Great Predecessors. Part 1. Everyman Chess.
pp. 454 (Polish edition). ISBN 1-85744-330-6.
[81] Kevin Spraggett.
Part 1:
Alekhines death.
BlogSpot.com. Archived from the original on October 9, 2009.
Kevin Spraggett.
Part 2:
Alekhines death.
BlogSpot.com.
[82] Alekhines death an unresolved mystery?". Archived
from the original on 5 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
[83] Moran 1989
[84] Keene 1989

[62] Winter, E. Chess Notes (5202)". Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-20.

[85] Sonas, J. Chessmetrics Player Prole:

Alekhine. Retrieved 2008-05-20.

[63] Gennadi Sosonko (2001). Remembering Max Euwe Part

1 (PDF). The Chess Cafe. Retrieved 2008-05-20.

[86] The Greatest Chess Player of All Time Part II.

Archived from the original on 26 April 2008. Retrieved
2008-05-23.

[64] Mnningho 2001

Alexander

[65] Alekhine vs Euwe 1937. chessgames.com. Retrieved

2008-05-20.

[87] Elo 1978

Arpad Emre Elo 100th anniversary. Archived from
the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-15.

[66] Khariton, L. (2004-12-29). Lev Khariton:The Battle

That Never Was. Retrieved 2008-05-23. Based on
Botvinniks memoirs.

[88] Max Euwe quotes, biographies & pictures. Retrieved

2008-05-23.

[67] Kingston, T. The Keres-Botvinnik Case: A Survey of

the Evidence. Archived from the original on January 26,
2008. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
[68] Gawlikowski, Stanisaw (1978). Olimpiady szachowe
19241974. Wyd. Sport i Turystyka. Warszawa. pp.
102 (Polish edition).

[89] Rti 1923, p.129

[90] Goldsby, A.J. (2007). Reti - Alekhine, Baden-Baden
1925. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
[91] Kane, P. A review of 107 Great Chess Battles 1939
1945 by Alexander Alekhine. Archived from the original
on October 22, 2010. Retrieved 2008-05-23.

[69] 8th Chess Olympiad: Buenos Aires 1939. Archived

from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-0523.

[92] Mller, K. (2003-11-15). Alexander Aljechin vs Garry

Kasparov. Retrieved 2008-05-23.

[70] Chess Notes by Edward Winter

[93] Golombek 1955

[71] Gawlikowski S. (1976). Walka o tron szachowy. Wyd.

Sport i Turystyka. Warszawa.

[94] Fischer, J. (2004-12-23).

World Champions and
Draws. Retrieved 2008-05-23.

[72] Kasparov 2003

[73] The Salzburg Tournament of 1942. Archived from the
original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-25.

[95] Fischer, B. (JanuaryFebruary 1964). The Ten Greatest

Masters in History. Chessworld. pp. 5661. Archived
from the original on 6 February 2009. Retrieved 200901-01.

[74] CHESS IN FORMER GERMAN, NOW POLISH TERRITORIES. Retrieved 2008-07-19.

[96] Garry Kasparovs Best Games. Archived from the original on 2 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-24.

14

11 FURTHER READING

[97] Aronian names Alekhine best player of all time. WhyChess. Retrieved 2012-09-15.
[98] Harold van der Heijden endgame study database (2005).

Alekhine Nazi Articles, a privately printed booklet edited by Ken Whyld, that contains an English
translation of the Pariser Zeitung articles;

[100] Adam Bozon. Budapest Gambit.

Alekhines disavowal of these articles in News Review, November 23, 1944, also reported in British
Chess Magazine December 1944 and Chess January
1945;

[101] Mark Lowery. ECO Information and Index: A00-A99.

Alekhines posthumous book Legado!;

[102] ChessOps - Full Group-List of Openings, Defences,

Gambits and Variations. Retrieved 2008-05-23.

interviews in the September 3, 1941 editions of El

Alczar and Informaciones, which report Alekhine
as making anti-Semitic statements about chess.

[99] Fine 1943

[103] Chernev, I. (1995). Alekhine. Twelve Great Chess Play[119] http://www.chesscafe.com/text/review243.pdf

ers and Their Best Games. Dover Publications. pp. 163
64. ISBN 978-0-486-28674-7. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
[120] Wall, W. Russian Chess History. Archived from the
original on 2009-10-25. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
[104] Wall, W. Alekhines Writings. Archived from the original on 2009-10-25. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
[105] Kotov 1975
[106] Mosca 1956 Aljechin Memorial. Retrieved 2008-0523.
[107] Kotov 1958

[121] Saidy 1974, p.190-191

[122] Gerardo Budowski en Torneo de Ajedrez por Equipos
2005 (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 6
February 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
[123] Chess Notes Archive [18]". Archived from the original
on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-23.

[108] Botvinnik 1951

[109] Alekhine, A. (September 8, 1929). New York Times.
The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
[110] Reshevsky 1976, p.78

[124] da Nobrega, A.W.; Goeller, M. (2002).

Frank
James Marshall: Tournament and Match Record. The
Frank James Marshall Electronic Archive and Museum.
Archived from the original on 4 July 2008. Retrieved
2008-05-20.

[111] Soltis 2002

[125] Alekhines Results at www.chessclub.demon.co.uk".

chessclub.demon.co.uk. Archived from the original on 9
[112] The original game, without the ve queens, was Grigoriev
May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
vs Alekhine, Moscow 1915, which Alekhine annotated for
Alekhine, A. (February 1916). Shakhmatny Vyestnik. But
he presented the Five Queens version in a note to Tar- [126] Alekhines results at chessmetrics.com. Retrieved
2008-05-23.
rasch vs Alekhine, St. Petersburg 1914, which is game 26
in Alekhine 1985. In the same book, Alekhine presented
[127] La grande storia degli scacchi. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
as a note to game 90 (Alekhine vs Teichmann, Berlin
1921) a 15-move win against O. Tenner, which Tenner [128] http://www.geocities.com/al2055Km/index.html RUSclaimed was actually a variation that arose in their postBASE. Archived 2009-10-24.
game analysis of their 23-move draw.
[129] Alexander Alekhine chess games gives four games won by
[113] Konsala, Kimmo (1991). Kaksi shakkineroa. Karisto. p.
Alekhine and published in 1938, the authors write:
378. ISBN 951-23-2938-7.
Alekhine won this event, but neither the
[114] Krabb, T. (1985). Alekhines 5 Queen game. Redetailed results or the complete list of partictrieved 2008-05-23.
ipants is known.
[115] Alekhine - Munoz, Sabadell 1945. Retrieved 2008-0524.
[116] Winter, E. (2005). Mysteries at Sabadell, 1945. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
[117] These players included, among others, Keres, Bogoljubov,
Stoltz, Erik Lundin, Bjrn Nielsen, Nicolaas Cortlever,
Karel Opoensk, Jan Foltys, Ludk Pachman, Gedeon
Barcza, Mario Napolitano, Braslav Rabar and Teodor
Regedziski.
[118] Was Alekhine a Nazi?". Archived from the original on
11 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-20. Winter cites many
original documents including:

11 Further reading
Alekhine, Alexander (1980). 107 Great Chess Battles. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19217590-8. This is a collection of games annotated
by Alekhine, published long after his death.
Alekhine, Alexander (1985). My Best Games of
Chess 19081937. Dover. ISBN 0-486-24941-7.
This 1985 reprint is a merge from two separate volumes published originally in 1929 and 1937.

15
Botvinnik, Mikhail M. (1951). One hundred selected games. Bell. ASIN B000PZU8S4.
Chernev, Irving (1995). Twelve Great Chess Players
and Their Best Games. New York: Dover. pp. 163
180. ISBN 0-486-28674-6.

Mnningho, Alexander (2001). Max Euwe: The

Biography. New in Chess. ISBN 978-1-58863-0025.
Rti, Richard (1923). Modern Ideas in Chess.
Hardinge Simpole. ISBN 1-84382-015-3.

Donaldson, John W.; Minev, Nikolay (1992).

Alekhine in the Americas. Seattle, Washington:
International Chess Enterprises. ISBN 978-1879479-06-7.

Reinfeld, Fred (1942). The Immortal Games of Capablanca. Dover.

Denker, Arnold; Parr, Larry (1995). The Bobby Fischer I Knew And Other Stories. Hypermodern Press.
ISBN 978-1-886040-18-2.

Soloviov, Sergei (2004). Bogoljubow, the Fate of a

Chess Player. Chess Stars. ISBN 978-954-8782-388.

Elo, Arpad E. (1978). The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present. Batsford. ISBN 978-0-71341860-6.

Saidy, Anthony; Lessing, Norman (1974). The

World of Chess. Random House. ISBN 0-39448777-X.

Fine, Reuben (1952). The Worlds Great Chess

Games. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0-48624512-8.

Soltis, Andrew (1994). Frank Marshall, United

States Chess Champion. McFarland. ISBN 978-089950-887-0.

Gillam, Anthony J.; Swift, A.J. (2001). 1st European championship Munich 1942. The Chess
Player. ISBN 1-901034-46-1.

Soltis, Andrew (2002). Chess Lists. McFarland.

ISBN 978-0-7864-1296-9.

Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1984). The Oxford Companion to Chess. Oxford University Press.
ISBN 0-19-217540-8.
Kalendovsk, Jan; Fiala, Vlastimil (1992). Complete Games of Alekhine: Volume I, 18921921.
Moravian Chess. ISBN 80-85476-10-X.
Kasparov, Garry (2003). Garry Kasparov on My
Great Predecessors: Part 1. Everyman Chess. ISBN
1-85744-330-6.
Keene, Raymond; Divinsky, Nathan (1989). Warriors of the Mind. Batsford. ISBN 978-0-95137570-9.
Khalifman, Alexander (2002). Alexander Alekhine:
Games 19021922. Chess Direct. ISBN 978-9548782-21-0.
Khalifman, Alexander (2002). Alexander Alekhine:
Games 19231934. Chess Direct. ISBN 954-878223-5.
Khalifman, Alexander (2002). Alexander Alekhine:
Games 19351946. Chess Stars. ISBN 978-9548782-25-8.
Kotov, Alexander; Yudovich, Y. (1958). The Soviet
School of Chess. Hardinge Simpole (2002 edition).
ISBN 978-1-84382-007-9.
Kotov, Alexander (1975). Alexander Alekhine.
R.H.M. Press. ISBN 0-89058-007-3.

Reshevsky, Samuel (1976). Great Chess Upsets.

Arco. ISBN 978-0-668-03493-7.

Winter, Edward (1981). World Chess Champions.

Pergamon. ISBN 0-08-024094-1.
Winter, Edward (1999). Kings, Commoners and
Knaves: Further Chess Explorations. Russell Enterprises. ISBN 1-888690-04-6.
Winter, Edward (2003). A Chess Omnibus. Russell
Enterprises. ISBN 1-888690-17-8.

12 External links
Alexander Alekhine player prole and games at
Chessgames.com
Alekhine rare interview (sound clip)
Hans Kmoch talks about Alekhine
Alekhines death. An unresolved mystery
Edward Winter, List of Books About Capablanca
and Alekhine

16

13

13
13.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Alexander Alekhine Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Alekhine?oldid=754631216 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Mav, Jeronimo, XJaM, Miguel~enwiki, Camembert, Chadloder, Ellywa, Alex756, Hashar, Bemoeial, Dysprosia, Furrykef, Wellington, Robbot, RedWolf, Gidonb, Hadal, Wikibot, JackofOz, Giftlite, Silvermane, ChessPlayer, Zaphod Beeblebrox, Andris, Neilc, Chowbok, Alexf, Sonjaaa,
Piotrus, Ellsworth, Elroch, Zfr, Cyprus2k1, D6, Zaheen, Rich Farmbrough, Samboy, Pavel Vozenilek, Bender235, ZeroOne, Djordjes,
Nabla, CanisRufus, Chvsanchez, Kwamikagami, Dalf, Causa sui, HasharBot~enwiki, Knucmo2, Jumbuck, Mick Knapton, Anthony Appleyard, Alfanje~enwiki, Ghirlandajo, Philthecow, Woohookitty, Rocastelo, Miaow Miaow, Madchester, Urod, Dodiad, Khjudeh, Doco,
Pfalstad, SteveCrook, BD2412, Lnperdigao, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi, Quale, Lockley, Vegaswikian, Bubba73, FlaBot, KarlFrei, Miastko, Carrionluggage, WTHarvey, Russavia, Bgwhite, YurikBot, RussBot, Hede2000, Gaius Cornelius, Alex Bakharev, Electric Eye, Voyevoda,
Introgressive, Dvd Avins, Krakatoa, Felix III, Tony1, CLW, Mrbluesky, Saranghae honey, LeonardoRob0t, Curpsbot-unicodify, Dsreyn,
Myrabella, SmackBot, David Kernow, Reedy, Royalguard11, Unyoyega, Jacek Kendysz, KocjoBot~enwiki, Eskimbot, Ghosts&empties,
Chris the speller, TimBentley, Polotet, DStoykov, Droll, Koor der, Adpete, Brittle heaven, Colonies Chris, Shalom Yechiel, Chlewbot,
Viruswitch, Localzuk, Leon L, SashatoBot, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Chessmaniac, Ravenous75, RandomCritic, Yms, Kingscrusher,
SubSeven, Norm mit, Rodrigo Novaes, CasualFighter, Happy-melon, Ioannes Pragensis, HennessyC, Anthony22, Banedon, Charvex,
ShelfSkewed, WeggeBot, Myasuda, Matthew Treder, Miet, Cydebot, Farzaneh, Kozuch, Gimmetrow, Richhoncho, Thijs!bot, Epbr123,
Barticus88, Mibelz, Blacklake, Guy Macon, Vanjagenije, Qwerty Binary, Postcard Cathy, SmokeyTheFatCat, Frbc13, SyG, Petrosian63,
Fuchsias, TARBOT, Ling.Nut, ApocalypseLater, JaGa, Kraxler, Mannerheimo, Skarioszky, Juicy Plums, Keith D, Icenine378, Johnpacklambert, J.delanoy, Kimse, DrKay, Philcha, EpiDemog, Allreet, Pawnkingthree, Nikki311, Jevansen, Vagr7, FrankEldonDixon, Inwind,
Squids and Chips, Thismightbezach, Glossologist, TreasuryTag, Cbigorgne, Cvllelaw, TXiKiBoT, Zabaznov, Sk741~enwiki, Nrswanson,
Vanished user ikijeirw34iuaeolaseric, Steven J. Anderson, MaxBrowne, Jsderwin, AlleborgoBot, SieBot, Gorpik, BotMultichill, VVVBot,
Phe-bot, Lucasbfrbot, Android Mouse Bot 3, Marquetry28, Lightmouse, BenoniBot~enwiki, Fratrep, OKBot, Jaan, ImageRemovalBot,
Sfan00 IMG, Artichoker, Bob1960evens, Newzild, EoGuy, Gabodon, Alexbot, Sun Creator, Muro Bot, BOTarate, Akavall, Antti29, David
enek, Mm40, Lab-oratory, Valvin, Good Olfactory, Addbot, Gorgo88, Niemzowitsch, Jafeluv, Opus88888, Toyokuni3, C3r4, MaelstromWarrior, CanadianLinuxUser, CarsracBot, LinkFA-Bot, Kiril Simeonovski, Zorrobot, Yoavd, Narayan, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Nghtwlkr,
Mattm205, KamikazeBot, Corvus tristis, AnomieBOT, Ulric1313, Citation bot, Spaideris, Xqbot, Drilnoth, MrsHudson, Davshul, GrouchoBot, Omnipaedista, RibotBOT, WebCiteBOT, Hushpuckena, FrescoBot, Citation bot 1, Aleksandr N. Natarov, I Do Care, MondalorBot, Dr.Szlchedzki, Double sharp, Trappist the monk, 777sms, David Hedlund, Karel Capek, DASHBot, EmausBot, Instruktorek, John of
Reading, WikitanvirBot, GFHund, Werieth, Josve05a, H3llBot, Shokorus, Hazard-Bot, ChuispastonBot, Ihardlythinkso, Frietjes, Helpful
Pixie Bot, Arsaces, Cap27, Jkmaskell, Marcocapelle, Thepressroom, Toccata quarta, Meatsgains, NateLight, Iloverussia, I1990k, SaimonOASAQ, Cyberbot II, Penguincw, Futurist110, Schach0, Dexbot, Sds57, Chicbyaccident, VIAFbot, RotlinkBot, MrLinkinPark333,
Stamptrader, GretDrabba, Dteyssou, Monkbot, Darrend1967, Elle Torito, KasparBot, Vignesh9891, InternetArchiveBot, GreenC bot,
Bender the Bot and Anonymous: 131

13.2

Images

File:Alekhine_tombe.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Alekhine_tombe.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0

Contributors: Own work Original artist: Myrabella
File:Alexander_Alekhine.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/71/Alexander_Alekhine.jpg License: Fair use Contributors:
http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/interregnum.htm Original artist: ?
File:Alexander_Alekhine_playing_chess_against_Efim_Bogoljubov.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4f/
Alexander_Alekhine_playing_chess_against_Efim_Bogoljubov.jpg License: Fair use Contributors:
http://susanpolgar.blogspot.com/ Original artist: ?
File:Aliochin_A.A._1909_Karl_Bulla.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Aliochin_A.A._1909_Karl_
Bulla.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Book: -. . . - 1993.
Originally uploaded in ruwiki by ru:: as ru::Aliochin_A.A._1909_Karl_Bulla.jpg. Original artist: Karl Bulla
File:Aljechin,Alex_Ehefrau_2003_Dortmund.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Aljechin%
2CAlex_Ehefrau_2003_Dortmund.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: GFHund
File:Chess_bdt45.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Chess_bdt45.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: en:User:Cburnett
File:Chess_blt45.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Chess_blt45.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: en:User:Cburnett
File:Chess_kdt45.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Chess_kdt45.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: en:User:Cburnett
File:Chess_klt45.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Chess_klt45.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: en:User:Cburnett
File:Chess_ndt45.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Chess_ndt45.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: en:User:Cburnett
File:Chess_nlt45.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Chess_nlt45.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: en:User:Cburnett
File:Chess_pdt45.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Chess_pdt45.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: en:User:Cburnett
File:Chess_plt45.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Chess_plt45.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: en:User:Cburnett

13.3

Content license

17

File:Chess_qdt45.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Chess_qdt45.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: en:User:Cburnett
File:Chess_qlt45.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Chess_qlt45.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: en:User:Cburnett
File:Chess_rdt45.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Chess_rdt45.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: en:User:Cburnett
File:Chess_rlt45.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Chess_rlt45.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: en:User:Cburnett
File:Chessboard480.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Chessboard480.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
Own work Original artist:
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:MaxEuwe.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/59/MaxEuwe.jpg License: Fair use Contributors:
http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/interregnum.html Original artist: ?
File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Symbol_book_class2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg License: CC
BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Mad by Lokal_Prol by combining: Original artist: Lokal_Prol
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rei-artur

13.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0