Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Applications
Student:
Kolegij:
Profesor:dr.sc.
Asistent:
Akademska godina: 2016/2017
Travnik, novembar, 2016.
Contents
1.0
Introduction................................................................................................................................1
1.0 Introduction
Graphic systems refers to any computer device or program that makes a computer capable of
displaying and manipulating pictures. The term also refers to the images themselves. For example,
laser printers and plotters are graphics devices because they permit the computer to output pictures. A
graphics monitor is a display monitor that can display pictures. A graphics board (or graphics card) is a
printed circuit boardthat, when installed in a computer, permits the computer to display pictures.
Many software applications include graphics components. Such programs are said to support graphics.
For example, certain word processors support graphics because they let you draw or import pictures.
All CAD/CAM systems support graphics. Some database management systems and spreadsheet
programs support graphics because they let you display data in the form of graphs and charts. Such
applications are often referred to as business graphics.
The following are also considered graphics applications :
paint programs : Allow you to create rough freehand drawings. The images are stored as bit mapsand
can easily be edited.
illustration/design programs: Supports more advanced features than paint programs, particularly for
drawing curved lines. The images are usually stored in vector-based formats. Illustration/design
programs are often called draw programs.
presentation graphics software : Lets you create bar charts, pie charts, graphics, and other types of
images for slide shows and reports. The charts can be based on data imported from spreadsheet
applications.
animation software: Enables you to chain and sequence a series of images to simulate movement. Each
image is like a framein a movie.
CAD software:Enables architects and engineers to draft designs.
desktop publishing : Provides a full set of word-processing features as well as fine control over
placement of text and graphics, so that you can create newsletters, advertisements, books, and other
types of documents.
In general, applications that support graphics require a powerful CPU and a large amount of memory.
Many graphics applications-for example, computer animation systems-require more computing power
than is available on personal computers and will run only on powerful workstations or specially
designed graphics computers. This is true of all three-dimensional computer graphicsapplications.
In addition to the CPU and memory, graphics software requires a graphics monitor and support for one
of the many graphics standards. Most PC programs, for instance, require VGA graphics. If your
computer does not have built-in support for a specific graphics system, you can insert a video
adaptercard.
The quality of most graphics devices is determined by their resolution-how many points per square
inch they can represent-and their color capabilities.
2.2 Techniques
There are many different techniques used in automatically analysing images. Each technique may be
useful for a small range of tasks, however there still aren't any known methods of image analysis that
are generic enough for wide ranges of tasks, compared to the abilities of a human's image analysing
capabilities. Examples of image analysis techniques in different fields include:
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assay micro plate reading, such as detecting where a chemical was manufactured.
astronomy, such as calculating the size of a planet.
Defense
Filtering
machine vision, such as to automatically count items in a factory conveyor belt.
materials science, such as determining if a metal weld has cracks.
medicine, such as detecting cancer in a mammography scan.
metallography, such as determining the mineral content of a rock sample.
microscopy, such as counting the germs in a swab.
optical character recognition, such as automatic license plate detection.
remote sensing, such as detecting intruders in a house, and producing land cover/land use
maps.
robotics, such as to avoid steering into an obstacle.
security, such as detecting a person's eye color or hair color.
In computer graphics, graphics software refers to a program or collection of programs that enable a
person to manipulate images or models visually on a computer. These are the application software
which lets the user to create and manipulate any type of computer graphics with the use of an
operating system.
Computer graphics can be classified into distinct categories: raster graphics and vector graphics, with
further 2D and 3d variants. Many graphics programs focus exclusively on either vector or raster
graphics, but there are a few that combine them in interesting ways. It is simple to convert from vector
graphics to raster graphics, but going the other way is harder. Some software attempts to do this.
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In addition to static graphics, there are animation and video editing software. Different types of
software are often designed to edit different types of graphics such as video, photos, and drawings.
The exact sources of graphics may vary for different tasks, but most can read and write files.
Most graphics programs have the ability to import and export one or more graphics file formats,
including those formats written for a particular computer graphics program. Examples of such
programs include Vectr, GIMP, Adobe Photoshop, Pizap, Microsoft Publisher, Picasa, etc.
The use of a swatch is a palette of active colours that are selected and rearranged by the preference of
the user. A swatch may be used in a program or be part of the universal palette on an operating system.
It is used to change the colour of a text or image and in video editing. Vector graphics animation can
be described as a series of mathematical transformations that are applied in sequence to one or more
shapes in a scene. Raster graphics animation works in a similar fashion to film-based animation, where
a series of still images produces the illusion of continuous movement.
Professional CAD software such as AutoCAD is complex and requires both training and experience
before the operator becomes fully productive. Consequently, skilled CAD operators are often divorced
from the design process. Simpler software such as SketchUp and Vectorworks allows for more
intuitive drawing and is intended as a design tool.
CAD is used to create all kinds of drawings, from working drawings to photorealistic perspective
views. Architectural renderings (also called visualisations) are made by creating a three-dimensional
model using CAD. The model can be viewed from any direction to find the most useful viewpoints.
Different software (for example Autodesk 3ds Max) is then used to apply colour and texture to
surfaces, and to represent shadows and reflections. The result can be accurately combined with
photographic elements: people, cars, background landscape.
Building information modeling (BIM) is the logical development of CAD drawing, a relatively new
technology but fast becoming mainstream. The design team collaborates to create a three-dimensional
computer model, and all plans and other two-dimensional views are generated directly from the model,
ensuring spatial consistency. The key innovation here is to share the model via the internet, so that all
the design functions (site survey, architecture, structure and services) can be integrated into a single
model, or as a series of models associated with each specialism that are shared throughout the design
development process. Some form of management, not necessarily by the architect, needs to be in place
to resolve conflicting priorities. The starting point of BIM is spatial design, but it also enables
components to be quantified and scheduled directly from the information embedded in the model.
An architectural animation is a short film showing how a proposed building will look: the moving
image makes three-dimensional forms much easier to understand. An animation is generated from a
series of hundreds or even thousands of still images, each made in the same way as an architectural
visualisation. A computer-generated building is created using a CAD programme, and that is used to
create more or less realistic views from a sequence of viewpoints. The simplest animations use a
moving viewpoint, while more complex animations can include moving objects: people, vehicles and
so on.
7.0 Conclusion
This paper has presented the development and some features of graphical system usage in
applications.
In the future, we can expect that development of graphical system will get to next level. Thanks to new
generations of GPU and new better softwares we surely can expect great progress. Today usage of
applications with graphical system is priority. Engineering, medicine, arhitecture, weather prediction
and other fields of science now depends on applications which use graphical system.Thanks to large
investments the future of development graphical systems for it applications is bright.
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8.0 References
1.)
https://www.opengl.org/about/
2.)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_system_design
3.)
http://www2.hrp.no/procsee/papers/scs94.pdf
4.)
http://www.ti.com/lit/wp/spry110/spry110.pdf
5.)
L. Ammeraal and K. Zhang (2007). Computer Graphics for Java Programmers, Second
Edition, John-Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-470-03160-5.
6.)
M. Slater, A. Steed, Y. Chrysantho (2002). Computer graphics and virtual environments: from
realism to real-time. Addison-Wesley.
7.)
8.)
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