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Part A 10 x 2 =20
1. List the types of DC motors. Give any one difference between them
DC Shunt motor
DC Series motor
DC Compound motor
i)
DC Short Shunt
ii)
DC Long Shunt
2.
7.
Each of these components rotates in opposite direction i. e if one m / 2 is rotating in
clockwise direction then the other m / 2 rotates in anticlockwise direction.
7. Define slip.
Speed of the rotor of an induction motor is always less than its synchronous speed. ...
Slip is defined as difference between Synchronous Speed (Speed of rotation of
magnetic field) and Rotor Speed (Speed of rotatory part of induction motor).
8. Define Transducer.
A device that converts variations in a physical quantity, such as pressure or brightness, into
an electrical signal, or vice versa.
Part B
11.a) Describe the construction and working of DC Generator. Next
There are two types of generators, one is ac generator and other is DC generator. Whatever
may be the types of generators, it always converts mechanical power to electrical power. An
AC generator produces alternating power. A DC generator produces direct power. Both of
these generators produce electrical power, based on same fundamental principle of Faraday's
law of electromagnetic induction. According to this law, when a conductor moves in a
magnetic field it cuts magnetic lines of force, due to which an emf is induced in the
conductor. The magnitude of this induced emf depends upon the rate of change of flux
(magnetic line force) linkage with the conductor. This emf will cause a current to flow if the
conductor circuit is closed.Hence the most basic tow essential parts of a generator are
1. a magnetic field
2. conductors which move inside that magnetic field.
Now we will go through working principle of DC generator. As, the working
principle of ac generator is not in scope of our discussion in this section.
As the loop is closed there will be a current circulating through the loop. The direction of the
current can be determined by Flemming's right hand Rule. This rule says that if you stretch
thumb, index finger and middle finger of your right hand perpendicular to each other, then
thumbs indicates the direction of motion of the conductor, index finger indicates the direction
of magnetic field i.e. N - pole to S - pole, and middle finger indicates the direction of flow of
current through the conductor.
Now if we apply this right hand rule, we will see at this horizontal position of the loop,
current will flow from point A to B and on the other side of the loop current will flow from
point C to D.
Now if we allow the loop to move further, it will come again to its vertical
position, but now upper side of the loop will be CD and lower side will be AB (just
opposite of the previous vertical position). At this position the tangential motion
of the sides of the loop is parallel to the flux lines of the field. Hence there will be
no question of flux cutting and consequently there will be no current in the loop.
If the loop rotates further, it comes to again in horizontal position. But now, said
AB side of the loop comes in front of N pole and CD comes in front of S pole, i.e.
just opposite to the previous horizontal position as shown in the figure beside.
It is seen
that in the first half of the revolution current flows always along ABLMCD i.e.
brush no 1 in contact with segment a. In the next half revolution, in the figure the
direction of the induced current in the coil is reversed. But at the same time the
position of the segments and b are also reversed which results that brush no 1
comes in touch with the segment b. Hence, the current in the load resistance
again flows from L to M. The wave from of the current through the load circuit is
as shown in the figure. This current is unidirectional.
This is basic
working principle of DC generator, explained by single loop generator model. The
position of the brushes of DC generator is so arranged that the change over of
the segments a and b from one brush to other takes place when the plane of
rotating coil is at right angle to the plane of the lines of force. It is so become in
that position, the induced emf in the coil is zero.
Armature Resistance Control Method: This is the most common method employed. Here
the controlling resistance is connected directly in series with the supply of the motor as
Tapped Field Control This is another method of increasing the speed by reducing the
flux and it is done by lowering number of turns of field winding through which
current flows. In this method a number of tapping from field winding are brought
outside. This method is employed in electric traction.
Speed Control of DC
Shunt Motor
Speed of DC shunt motor is controlled by the factors stated below
Field Control of DC Shunt Motor
By this method speed control is obtained by any one of the following means
1. Field Rheostat Control of DC Shunt Motor
In this method, speed variation is accomplished by means of a variable
resistance inserted in series with the shunt field. An increase in controlling
resistances reduces the field current with a reduction in flux and an
increase in speed. This method of speed control is independent of load on
the motor. Power wasted in controlling resistance is very less as field
current is a small value. This method of speed control is also used in DC
compound motor.
Limitations of this Method of Speed Control
Disadvantages
1. Costly arrangement is needed , floor space required is more
2. Low efficiency at light loads
3. Drive produced more noise.
12.a) Obtain the mathematical expression for the Generated EMF or EMF Equation of a
Transformer.
represented as,
As the maximum value of
cos2ft is 1, the maximum value of induced emf e is,
To
obtain the rms value of induced counter emf, divide this maximum value of e
by 2.
This is EMF equation of transformer. If E1 & E2 are primary and secondary
emfs and T1 & T2 are primary and secondary turns then, voltage ratio or
Auto Transformer
Auto transformer is kind of electrical transformer where primary and
secondary shares same common single winding. So basically its a one winding
transformer.
Theory of Auto Transformer
In Auto Transformer, one single winding is used as primary winding as well as secondary
winding. But in two windings transformer two different windings are used for primary and
secondary purpose. A diagram of auto transformer is shown below. The winding AB of total
turns N1 is considered as primary winding. This winding is tapped from point C and the
portion BC is considered as secondary. Let's assume the number of turns in between points B
and C is N2. If V1 voltage is applied across the winding i.e. in between A and C.
Hence, the voltage across the portion BC of the winding, will be,
When load is connected between secondary terminals i.e.between B and C, load current I2
starts flowing. The current in the secondary winding or common winding is the difference of
I2 & I1.
We know that weight of copper of any winding depends upon its length and cross - sectional
area. Again length of conductor in winding is proportional to its number of turns and cross sectional area varies with rated current. So weight of copper in winding is directly
proportional to product of number of turns and rated current of the winding. Therefore,
weight of copper in the section AC proportional to,
and similarly, weight of copper in the section BC proportional to,
Hence, total weight of copper in the winding of auto transformer proportional to,
13.a) Describe the construction and working of three phase squirrel cage
induction motor?
1. The three phase induction motor is the most widely used electrical motor.
Almost 80% of the mechanical power used by industries is provided by
three phase induction motors because of its simple and rugged
construction, low cost, good operating characteristics, absence of
commutator and good speed regulation. In three phase induction motor
the power is transferred from stator to rotor winding through induction.
The induction motor is also called a synchronous motor as it runs at a
speed other than the synchronous speed. Like any other electrical motor
induction motor also have two main parts namely rotor and stator. Stator:
As its name indicates stator is a stationary part of induction motor. A stator winding is
placed in the stator of induction motor and the three phase supply is given to it.
2. Rotor: The rotor is a rotating part of induction motor. The rotor is connected to the
mechanical load through the shaft.
The rotor of the three phase induction motor are further classified as
1. Squirrel cage rotor,
2. Slip ring rotor or wound rotor or phase wound rotor.
Depending upon the type of rotor construction used the
1. Squirrel cage induction motor,
2. Slip ring induction motor or wound induction motor or phase wound induction motor.
The construction of stator for both the kinds of three phase induction motor remains the same
and is discussed in brief in next paragraph. The other parts, which are required to complete
the induction motor, are:
1. Shaft for transmitting the torque to the load. This shaft is made up of steel.
2. Bearings for supporting the rotating shaft.
3. One of the problems with electrical motor is the production of heat during its rotation.
In order to overcome this problem we need fan for cooling.
4. For receiving external electrical connection Terminal box is needed.
5. There is a small distance between rotor and stator which usually varies from 0.4 mm
to 4 mm. Such a distance is called air gap.
Stator of Three Phase Induction Motor
The stator of the three phase induction motor consists of three main parts :
1. Stator frame,
2. Stator core,
Thus from the working principle of three phase induction motor it may observed that the
rotor speed should not reach the synchronous speed produced by the stator. If the speeds
equals, there would be no such relative speed, so no emf induced in the rotor, & no current
would be flowing, and therefore no torque would be generated. Consequently the rotor can
not reach the synchronous speed. The difference between the stator (synchronous speed) and
rotor speeds is called the slip. The rotation of the magnetic field in an induction motor has the
advantage that no electrical connections need to be made to the rotor. Thus the three phase
induction motor is:
Self-starting.
Less armature reaction and brush sparking because of the absence of commutators and
brushes that may cause sparks.
Robust in construction.
Economical.
Easier to maintain.