. ..

Section 8.7 Sidewall Standard Spray Sprinklers

299

3. The pocket must be of noncombustible or limited-combustible construction. [See 8.6.7.2(5).]

4. Finally, to ensure that heat collecting from adjacent unprotected ceiling pockets has no impact,
a 10 ft (3 m) separation must be maintained between unprotected ceiling pockets. However,
groups of smaller ceiling pockets totaling less than 1000 ft3 (28 m3) are permitted to have less
than the 10 ft (3 m) separation, provided the entire volume of the ceiling pockets does not exceed
1000 ft3 (28 m3). [See 8.6.7.2(4)]. For additional information on the effect of ceiling pockets on
sprinkler activation, see the AFSA report, Evaluating the Impact of Ceiling Pockets on Sprinkler
Activation.

(5) The unprotected ceiling pocket has noncombustible or limited-combustible finishes.

(6) Quick-response sprinklers are utilized throughout the compartment.
A.8.6.7.2(4) It is the intent of this section to allow compartments with multiple pockets,
where the cumulative volume of the pockets exceeds 1000ft3 (28m3) and separated from
each other by 10ft (3.05m) or more and still be permitted to be unprotected because with
these values, a sprinkler would be required between such pockets. For smaller pockets where
the cumulative volume does not exceed 1000ft3 (28m3), there is no reason to separate
the pockets by any specific distance because they are not worse than a single pocket that
is1000ft3 (28m3).
8.6.7.3 Sprinklers shall not be required in skylights and similar pockets in accordance
with 8.5.7.
Skylights up to 32 ft2 (3 m2) in area are covered in 8.5.7. Larger skylights are considered ceiling pockets and
must comply with the more restrictive requirements of 8.6.7.

8.7 Sidewall Standard Spray Sprinklers

In addition to the provisions of Section 8.7, sidewall sprinklers must also comply with all of the general
requirements in Section 8.5.

{2FC84572-0B19-4D3C-B16A-15DE6BAFE1FD}
8.7.1General.

All requirements of Section8.5 shall apply to sidewall standard spray sprinklers except as
modified in Section8.7.

8.7.2 Protection Areas per Sprinkler (Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinklers).

8.7.2.1 Determination of Protection Area of Coverage.
8.7.2.1.1 The protection area of coverage per sprinkler (As) shall be determined as follows:
(1) Along the wall as follows:
(a) 
Determine the distance between sprinklers along the wall (or to the end wall
or obstruction in the case of the end sprinkler on the branch line) upstream and
downstream
(b) Choose the larger of either twice the distance to the end wall or the distance to the
next sprinkler
(c) Define dimension as S
(2) Across the room as follows:
(a) Determine the distance from the wall on which the sprinkler is installed to the wall
opposite the sprinklers or to the midpoint of the room where sprinklers are installed
on two opposite walls (see 8.7.3.1.5 and 8.7.3.1.6)
(b) Define dimension as L

Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook 2016

BK-NFPA-13HB16-150270-Chp08-P1.indd 299

11/20/2015 3:56:25 PM

. ..

300

Chapter 8 Installation Requirements

8.7.2.1.2 The protection area of the sprinkler shall be established by multiplying the S dimension by the L dimension, as follows:
As = S L

[8.7.2.1.2]

8.7.2.2 Maximum Protection Area of Coverage.

8.7.2.2.1 The maximum allowable protection area of coverage for a sprinkler (As) shall be in
accordance with the value indicated in Table 8.7.2.2.1.
Table 8.7.2.2.1 Protection Areas and Maximum Spacing (Standard Sidewall Spray
Sprinkler)
Light Hazard
Combustible
Ceiling
Finish
Maximum distance along
the wall (S) (ft) [m]
Maximum room width
(L) (ft) [m]
Maximum protection
area (ft2) [m2]

Ordinary Hazard

Noncombustible
or Limited-
Combustible
Ceiling Finish

Combustible
Ceiling
Finish

Noncombustible
or LimitedCombustible
Ceiling Finish

14 [4.3]

14 [4.3]

10 [3.0]

10 [3.0]

12 [3.7]

14 [4.3]

10 [3.0]

10 [3.0]

120 [11.1]

196 [18.2]

80 [7.4]

100 [9.3]

8.7.2.2.2 In any case, the maximum area of coverage of a sprinkler shall not exceed 196ft2
(18.2m2).
Protection areas for sidewall sprinklers differ from those of standard spray upright and pendent sprinklers.
Because of the characteristic horizontal or sideways travel of the sprinkler discharge, the water spray pattern of sidewall sprinklers has a greater tendency of being obstructed or otherwise impacted by furniture
and other objects near the floor. The discharge of standard spray sprinklers is not normally as adversely
affected by furniture and other objects on the floor. In addition, the discharge patterns of sidewall spray
sprinklers are less uniform than those of standard spray sprinklers.
Table 8.7.2.2.1 indicates the maximum allowable protection areas. Table 8.7.2.2.1 also indicates
sprinkler protection areas that are not affected by the building construction above the ceiling. The
sprinkler system is intended to control the fire below the ceiling if properly designed and installed.
Paragraph 8.15.1.2 identifies the concealed spaces above ceilings that are not required to be protected
with sprinklers.

{2FC84572-0B19-4D3C-B16A-15DE6BAFE1FD}
HISTORICAL NOTE
The 2010 edition of NFPA13
revised the column headings to clarify that only
the combustibility of the
exposed surfaces is considered when determining the
maximum allowable distance between sprinklers
and the maximum sprinkler protection area.

8.7.3 Sprinkler Spacing (Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinklers).

8.7.3.1 Maximum Distance Between Sprinklers.
8.7.3.1.1 The maximum distance permitted between sidewall spray sprinklers shall be based
on the centerline distance between sprinklers on the branch line.
8.7.3.1.2 The maximum distance between sidewall spray sprinklers or to a wall shall be measured along the slope of the ceiling.
8.7.3.1.3 Where sidewall spray sprinklers are installed along the length of a single wall of
rooms or bays, they shall be spaced in accordance with the maximum spacing provisions of
Table 8.7.2.2.1.

2016 Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook

BK-NFPA-13HB16-150270-Chp08-P1.indd 300

11/20/2015 3:56:26 PM

. ..

Section 8.7 Sidewall Standard Spray Sprinklers

8.7.3.1.4 Sidewall spray sprinklers shall not be installed back-to-back without being separated by a continuous lintel or soffit.
8.7.3.1.4.1 The maximum width of the lintel or soffit shall not exceed 16in. (400mm).
8.7.3.1.4.2 The maximum width of the lintel or soffit can exceed 16in. (400mm) when a
pendent sprinkler is installed under the lintel or soffit.
8.7.3.1.5 Where sidewall spray sprinklers are installed on two opposite walls or sides of bays,
the maximum width of the room or bay shall be permitted to be up to 24ft (7.3m) for light
hazard occupancy or 20ft (6.1m) for ordinary hazard occupancy, with spacing as required by
Table 8.7.2.2.1.
Due to the spacing limitations of sidewall sprinklers, only certain size rooms can be effectively protected. Paragraph 8.7.3.1.5 permits sidewall sprinklers to be used in larger rooms under certain conditions, including a maximum room width dimension and the use of two lines of sprinklers on opposite
walls.
Extended coverage sidewall sprinklers provide better coverage for wide rooms and should be used
for rooms over 24 ft (7.3 m) wide.

301
FAQ

Why are lintels or soffits required

for back-to-back installations?
The use of a lintel or soffit is necessary to ensure that the sprinkler closest to the fire operates
and to minimize the possibility
of sprinklers on both sides of
the lintel operating unnecessarily.
The baffle also serves to prevent
the discharge pattern of the operating sprinkler from impinging
on the operating element of an
adjacent sprinkler. The baffle is an
important feature because sidewall
sprinklers are actually designed to
discharge a portion of their spray
pattern behind the sprinkler.

8.7.3.1.6 Sidewall spray sprinklers shall be permitted to be installed on opposing or adjacent walls, provided no sprinkler is located within the maximum protection area of another
sprinkler.
Testing has determined the minimum required distance to prevent cold soldering from an adjacent
sidewall sprinkler when both sprinklers are located along the same wall. However, no testing has been
done to determine the minimum distance when sprinklers are located on opposite or adjacent walls (see
8.7.3.1.6). Placing sidewall sprinklers outside the protection area of the adjacent sprinklers is probably
conservative, but it eliminates the potential for the discharge from one sprinkler wetting the thermal element of another.

HISTORICAL NOTE
The maximum room width
allowed for light hazard occupancies when standard sidewall sprinklers are located on
opposite walls was reduced
from 30 ft (9.1 m) to 24 ft
(7.3 m) beginning with the
1996 edition of NFPA 13.

8.7.3.1.7 Where sidewall standard spray sprinklers are installed to protect areas below overhead
{2FC84572-0B19-4D3C-B16A-15DE6BAFE1FD}
doors within ordinary hazard occupancy spaces or rooms, protection area and maximum sprinkler spacing for light hazard as specified in Table 8.7.2.2.1 shall be permitted under the overhead
doors.

Sprinkler protection is required under overhead doors so that protection is provided when the doors are
open and the ceiling sprinklers are obstructed. In ordinary hazard areas, this provision permits larger doors
to be protected by a single sidewall sprinkler, reducing the installation costs while not significantly impacting the protection of the space.

8.7.3.2 Maximum Distance from Walls. The distance from sprinklers to the end walls shall
not exceed one-half of the allowable distance permitted between sprinklers as indicated in
Table 8.7.2.2.1.
8.7.3.3 Minimum Distance from Walls.
8.7.3.3.1 Sprinklers shall be located a minimum of 4in. (100mm) from an end wall.
8.7.3.3.2 The distance from the wall to the sprinkler shall be measured perpendicular to the
wall.
The dead-air space described in the FAQ following 8.6.3.3 can also have a detrimental effect on sidewall sprinklers. Exhibit 8.28 shows the correct placement of a sidewall sprinkler adjacent to an end
wall.

Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook 2016

BK-NFPA-13HB16-150270-Chp08-P1.indd 301

11/20/2015 3:56:26 PM

. ..

302

Chapter 8 Installation Requirements

EXHIBIT 8.28 Sidewall Sprinkler

Adjacent to End Wall. (Courtesy of
Stephan Laforest)

Legend
1

Fire sprinkler head (horizontal sidewall)

Wall

Sprinkler pipe (branch line)

Finished floor
3

2
4 in
(100 .
mm)
min.

8.7.3.4 Minimum Distance Between Sprinklers. Sprinklers shall be spaced not less than
6ft (1.8m) on center unless required by 8.7.4.1.3.1 or unless the sprinklers are separated by
baffles that comply with the following:

{2FC84572-0B19-4D3C-B16A-15DE6BAFE1FD}
(1) Baffles shall be arranged to protect the actuating elements.
(2) Baffles shall be of solid and rigid material that will stay in place before and during sprinkler operation.
(3) Baffles shall be not less than 8in. (200mm) long and 6in. (150mm) high.
(4) The tops of baffles shall extend between 2in. and 3in. (50mm and 75mm) above the
deflectors.
(5) The bottoms of baffles shall extend downward to a level at least even with the deflectors.
The reference to 8.7.4.1.3.1 clarifies that the minimum distance rule does not apply to pendent sprinklers
installed immediately adjacent to sidewall sprinklers under soffits deeper than 8 in. (200 mm). Exhibit 8.29
shows an example of compliant pendent and sidewall sprinklers in the same soffit.

8.7.4 Deflector Position from Ceilings and Walls (Standard Sidewall Spray
Sprinklers).
8.7.4.1 Distance Below Ceilings and from Walls.
8.7.4.1.1Ceilings.
8.7.4.1.1.1 Unless the requirements of 8.7.4.1.1.2 are met, sidewall sprinkler deflectors shall
be located not more than 6in. (150mm) or less than 4in. (100mm) from ceilings.
8.7.4.1.1.2 Horizontal sidewall sprinklers shall be permitted to be located in a zone 6in. to
12in. (150mm to 300mm) or 12in. to 18in. (300mm to 450mm) below noncombustible
and limited-combustible ceilings where listed for such use.

2016 Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook

BK-NFPA-13HB16-150270-Chp08-P1.indd 302

11/20/2015 3:56:27 PM

. ..

Section 8.7 Sidewall Standard Spray Sprinklers

303

Legend
1

Fire sprinkler head (pendent)

Fire sprinkler head (horizontal sidewall)

Sprinkler pipe (drop)

Sprinkler pipe (branch line)

Finished ceiling

Finished soffit
4

EXHIBIT 8.29 Pendent and Sidewall Sprinklers in the Same Soffit: (left) shown in a photo (Courtesy of
American Fire Sprinkler Association) and (right) illustrated (Courtesy of Stephan Laforest).

{2FC84572-0B19-4D3C-B16A-15DE6BAFE1FD}
Sidewall sprinklers should not be located in the dead-air space at the junction of the ceiling and the wall
(see 8.7.4.1.1.2). The desirable sprinkler location is 4 in. to 6 in. (100 mm to 150 mm) from the ceiling to
optimize performance. As the sprinkler is lowered to more than 6 in. (150 mm) from the ceiling, it is likely
to take longer to operate. In addition, the ceiling has an impact on the discharge of a sidewall sprinkler,
causing the spray pattern to change as the sprinkler is lowered. The sprinkler may be lowered as much as
18 in. (450 mm) when specifically tested and listed for such use.

8.7.4.1.2Walls.
8.7.4.1.2.1* Vertical sidewall sprinkler deflectors shall be located not more than 6 in.
(150mm) or less than 4in. (100mm) from the wall from which they are projecting.
A.8.7.4.1.2.1 The 6in. (150mm) as referenced is measured from the wall to the vertical plane
representing the surface of attachment of the deflector. See Figure A.8.7.4.1.2.1.
8.7.4.1.2.2 Horizontal sidewall sprinkler deflectors shall be located no more than 6 in.
(150mm), and shall be permitted to be located with their deflectors less than 4in. (100mm),
from the wall on which they are mounted.
The requirement in 8.7.4.1.2.2 permits horizontal sidewall sprinklers to be installed less than 4 in. (100 mm)
from the wall to which they are mounted. This requirement is similar to the requirement in 8.6.4.1.1.2 for
flush and concealed pendent sprinklers with respect to the position relative to the ceiling and allows the
sprinkler to be mounted on the surface of a wall or soffit.

Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook 2016

BK-NFPA-13HB16-150270-Chp08-P1.indd 303

11/20/2015 3:56:29 PM

. ..

304

Chapter 8 Installation Requirements

X
Where X is 6 in.
(150 mm) or less

Figure A.8.7.4.1.2.1 Sidewall Sprinkler Deflector

Measurement From Walls.
8.7.4.1.3 Lintels and Soffits.
8.7.4.1.3.1 Where soffits used for the installation of sidewall sprinklers exceed 8in. (200mm)
in width or projection from the wall, additional sprinklers shall be installed below the soffit.
8.7.4.1.3.2* Where soffits used for the installation of sidewall sprinklers are less than or equal
to 8 in. (200 mm) in width or projection from the wall, additional sprinklers shall not be
required below the soffit when the sidewall sprinkler is installed on the soffit.
The evaluation of a sidewall sprinkler includes testing of its ability to project water to the back wall area
of a soffit and wall. This ability decreases as the depth of the soffit increases; thus, the 8 in. (200 mm)
maximum soffit is viewed as a maximum practical width. When installing sidewall sprinklers in a back-toback configuration, as described in 8.7.3.1.4, the width of the soffit should not exceed 16 in. (400 mm).

A.8.7.4.1.3.2 See Figure A.8.7.4.1.3.2.

8.7.4.1.3.3* A sidewall sprinkler shall be permitted to be installed under a soffit when both
{2FC84572-0B19-4D3C-B16A-15DE6BAFE1FD}
the minimum distance from the sprinkler deflector to the bottom of the soffit and maximum
distance from the sprinkler deflector to the high ceiling is maintained.
A.8.7.4.1.3.3 See Figure A.8.7.4.1.3.3.
8.7.4.1.4* Soffits and Cabinets. Where soffits are used for the installation of sidewall sprinklers, the sprinklers and soffits shall be installed in accordance with 8.7.4.1.4.1, 8.7.4.1.4.2,
or 8.7.4.1.4.3.

Ceiling

Top of sprinkler
deflector
Ceiling

Soffit

Top of sprinkler
deflector

Soffit

4 in. (100 mm)

maximum

Allowable
deflector-toceiling distance

Wall

8 in. (200 mm) maximum

Figure A.8.7.4.1.3.2 Location Sidewalls with Respect to

Soffits Sidewall in Soffit.

Wall

Minimum
deflector-toceiling distance

Maximum
deflector-toceiling distance

Figure A.8.7.4.1.3.3 Location Sidewalls with Respect to

Soffits Sidewall Under Soffit.
2016 Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook

BK-NFPA-13HB16-150270-Chp08-P1.indd 304

11/20/2015 3:56:33 PM

. ..

Section 8.7 Sidewall Standard Spray Sprinklers

305

A.8.7.4.1.4 The requirements in 8.7.4.1.4 were developed from years of experience with
NFPA13 obstruction requirements and an additional test series conducted by the National
Fire Sprinkler Association with the help of Tyco International(Valentine and Isman, Kitchen
Cabinets and Residential Sprinklers,National Fire Sprinkler Association, November 2005),
which included fire modeling, distribution tests, and full-scale fire tests. The test series showed
that pendent sprinklers definitely provide protection for kitchens, even for fires that start under
the cabinets. The information in the series was less than definitive for sidewall sprinklers, but
distribution data show that sprinklers in the positions in this standard provide adequate water
distribution in front of the cabinets and that sidewall sprinklers should be able to control a
fire that starts under the cabinets. When protecting kitchens or similar rooms with cabinets,
the pendent sprinkler should be the first option. If pendent sprinklers cannot be installed, the
next best option is a sidewall sprinkler on the opposite wall from the cabinets, spraying in the
direction of the cabinets. The third best option is the sidewall sprinkler on the same wall as
the cabinets, on a soffit flush with the face of the cabinet. The last option should be putting
sprinklers on the wall back behind the face of the cabinet because this location is subject to
being blocked by items placed on top of the cabinets. It is not the intent of the committee to
require sprinklers under kitchen cabinets.
8.7.4.1.4.1 Where soffits exceed more than 8in. (200mm) in width or projection from the
wall, pendent sprinklers shall be installed under the soffit.
8.7.4.1.4.2 Sidewall sprinklers shall be permitted to be installed in the face of a soffit located
directly over cabinets, without requiring additional sprinklers below the soffit or cabinets,
where the soffit does not project horizontally more than 12in. (300mm) from the wall.
8.7.4.1.4.3 Where sidewall sprinklers are more than 36 in. (900 mm) above the top of
cabinets, the sprinkler shall be permitted to be installed on the wall above the cabinets where
the cabinets are no greater than 12in. (300mm) from the wall.
8.7.4.2 Deflector Orientation.
8.7.4.2.1 Deflectors of sprinklers shall be aligned parallel to ceilings or roofs.
{2FC84572-0B19-4D3C-B16A-15DE6BAFE1FD}
8.7.4.2.2 Sidewall sprinklers, where installed under a sloped ceiling with a slope exceeding
FAQ
2 in 12, shall be located at the high point of the slope and positioned to discharge downward
along the slope.

8.7.5 Obstructions to Sprinkler Discharge (Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinklers).

8.7.5.1 Performance Objective.
Sidewall sprinklers are intended to be used in unobstructed construction for light hazard under smooth,
horizontal, or sloped flat ceilings; for ordinary hazard occupancies under smooth, flat ceilings where specifically listed for ordinary hazard occupancies; and to protect areas under overhead doors [see 8.4.2(3)].
The sprinklers are very sensitive to obstructions, such as fluorescent light fixtures or beams located near or
along the ceiling, which would impair the horizontal throw of water needed to provide proper coverage.
However, obstructions cannot be avoided in all cases, and provisions are given for locating sidewall sprinklers so as to reduce the effect of obstructions.

8.7.5.1.1 Sprinklers shall be located so as to minimize obstructions to discharge as defined

in 8.5.5.2 and 8.5.5.3, or additional sprinklers shall be provided to ensure adequate coverage
of the hazard.
8.7.5.1.2 Sidewall sprinklers shall be installed no closer than 4ft (1.2m) from light fixtures
or similar obstructions.

Where sidewall sprinklers are installed under a sloped ceiling, is

it acceptable to install the sprinkler at the low point of the slope?
When the ceiling is sloped, the
sprinkler must be located on the
high point of the slope, which is
where heat from the fire collects.
If sprinklers are located on any of
the other three walls, a delay in
sprinkler operation will occur.
By definition, a horizontal
ceiling is a ceiling in which the
slope is less than 2 in 12. If the ceiling has a slope that is not flat but is
less than 2 in 12, placing the sprinklers at the high point is not necessary. However, the sprinkler deflectors must be parallel to the ceiling
to allow the discharge pattern to
develop without hitting the ceiling.

8.7.5.1.3 The distance between light fixtures or similar obstructions located more than 4ft
(1.2m) from the sprinkler shall be in conformity with Table 8.7.5.1.3 and Figure 8.7.5.1.3.

Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook 2016

BK-NFPA-13HB16-150270-Chp08-P1.indd 305

11/20/2015 3:56:33 PM

. ..

306

Chapter 8 Installation Requirements

Table 8.7.5.1.3 Positioning of Sprinklers to Avoid

Obstructions (Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinklers)

Ceiling or roof

Maximum
Allowable Distance of Deflector
Above Bottom
of Obstruction
(B) [in. (mm)]

Distance from
Sidewall Sprinkler to
Side of Obstruction (A)
Less than 4 ft (1.2 m)
4 ft (1.2 m) to less than 5 ft (1.5 m)
5 ft (1.5 m) to less than 5 ft 6 in. (1.7 m)
5 ft 6 in. (1.7 m) to less than 6 ft (1.8 m)
6 ft (1.8 m) to less than 6 ft 6 in. (2.0 m)
6 ft 6 in. (2.0 m) to less than 7 ft (2.1 m)
7 ft (2.1 m) to less than 7 ft 6 in. (2.3 m)
7 ft 6 in. (2.3 m) to less than 8 ft (2.4 m)
8 ft (2.4 m) to less than 8 ft 6 in. (2.6 m)
8 ft 6 in. (2.6 m) or greater

Not allowed
1 (25)
2 (50)
3 (75)
4 (100)
6 (150)
7 (175)
9 (225)
11 (275)
14 (350)

Obstruction

Wall
Elevation View

Figure 8.7.5.1.3 Positioning of Sprinkler to Avoid

Obstruction (Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinklers).

Note: For A and B, refer to Figure 8.7.5.1.3.

Paragraph 8.7.5.1.3 is analogous to the provisions for solid continuous obstructions for upright and
pendent spray sprinklers (see 8.6.5.1.2) and is intended to ensure that sprinkler discharge falls below
the obstruction. Table 8.7.5.1.3 is based on the discharge pattern falling away from the ceiling in a descending
trajectory pattern. The farther the ceiling obstruction is from the wall, the higher the deflector can be
positioned with respect to the ceiling. However, the sprinkler must be located at least 4 ft (1.2 m) from an
obstruction to allow the patterns to develop.

8.7.5.1.4 Obstructions projecting from the same wall as the one on which the sidewall sprinkler is mounted shall be in accordance with Table 8.7.5.1.4 and Figure 8.7.5.1.4.

{2FC84572-0B19-4D3C-B16A-15DE6BAFE1FD}
Table 8.7.5.1.4 Positioning of Sprinklers to Avoid
Obstructions Along Wall (Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinklers)

Distance from
Sidewall Sprinkler to
Side of Obstruction (A)
4 in.(100 mm) to less than 6 in. (150 mm)
6 in. (150 mm) to less than 1 ft (300 mm)
1 ft (300 mm) to less than 1 ft 6 in. (450 mm)
1 ft 6 in. (450 mm) to less than 2 ft (600 mm)
2 ft (600 mm) to less than 2 ft 6 in. (750 mm)
2 ft 6 in. (750 mm) to less than 3 ft (900 mm)
3 ft (900 mm) to less than 3 ft 6 in. (1.1 m)
3 ft 6 in. (1.1 m) to less than 4 ft (1.2 m)
4 ft (1.2 m) to less than 4 ft 6 in. (1.4 m)
4 ft 6 in. (1.4 m) to less than 5 ft (1.5 m)
5 ft (1.5 m) to less than 5 ft 6 in. (1.7 m)
5 ft 6 in. (1.7 m) to less than 6 ft (1.8 m)
6 ft (1.8 m) to less than 6 ft 6 in. (2.0 m)
6 ft 6 in. (2.0 m) to less than 7 ft (2.2 m)
7 ft (2.2 m) to less than 7 ft 6 in. (2.3 m)

Maximum Allowable Distance of

Deflector Above
Bottom of Obstruction (B) [in. (mm)]
1 (25)
2 (50)
3 (75)
412 (115)
534 (145)
7 (175)
8 (200)
914 (230)
10 (250)
1112 (290)
1234 (325)
14 (350)
15 (380)
1614 (410)
1712 (440)

Ceiling

Sidewall
sprinkler
on wall

B
Obstruction

A
Elevation View

Figure 8.7.5.1.4 Positioning of Sprinkler to Avoid

Obstruction Along Wall (Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinklers).

For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.3048 m.

Note: For A and B, refer to Figure 8.7.5.1.4.
2016 Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook

BK-NFPA-13HB16-150270-Chp08-P1.indd 306

11/20/2015 3:56:36 PM

. ..

Section 8.7 Sidewall Standard Spray Sprinklers

307

Sidewall sprinkler spray distribution is adversely affected by obstructions projecting out from the same wall
on which the sprinkler is mounted. The effect is similar to the problems caused by a beam parallel to the
wall on which the sprinkler is mounted (see 8.7.5.1.3). The obstruction prevents the sprinkler discharge from
reaching the hazard on the other side of the obstruction. Because the sprinkler throw along the wall on
which it is mounted is shorter than the throw outward, the sprinkler can be located closer to the obstruction.

8.7.5.1.4.1 Isolated obstructions projecting from the same wall as the one on which the sidewall
sprinkler is mounted shall be located a minimum of 4 in. (100mm) from the sidewall sprinkler.
In addition to meeting the obstruction rules in 8.7.5.1.4, the sidewall sprinkler must be located at least
4 in. (100 mm) from the obstruction to avoid the dead-air space along the obstruction. This requirement is
similar to 8.7.3.3.1, which requires the sprinkler to be located away from an end wall.

8.7.5.1.5 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be spaced on opposite sides of obstructions less than
4ft (1.2m) in width where the distance from the centerline of the obstruction to the sprinklers
does not exceed one-half the allowable distance between sprinklers.
As in the case of upright and pendent sprinklers, when the sprinkler cannot be located such that the
discharge will spray under the obstruction, sprinklers are permitted to be placed on opposite sides of
an obstruction less than 4 ft (1.2 m) in width, provided that the distance between the sprinkler and the
centerline of the obstruction does not exceed one-half the allowable distance between sprinklers.

8.7.5.1.6* Obstructions on the wall opposite from the sidewall sprinkler shall be permitted
where the obstruction is up to 2ft (600mm) deep and 2ft (600mm) wide.
A.8.7.5.1.6 See Figure A.8.7.5.1.6.

2 ft (600 mm)
2 ft
(600 mm)

{2FC84572-0B19-4D3C-B16A-15DE6BAFE1FD}
Figure A.8.7.5.1.6 Permitted Obstruction on Wall
Opposite Sidewall Sprinkler.
The purpose of the beam rules found in 8.7.5.1.3 and 8.7.5.1.4 is to make sure that sufficient water gets past
the obstruction to attack the fire on the far side of the obstruction. When the obstruction is against a wall,
the sprinkler spray is not required to get past the obstruction.

8.7.5.2 Obstructions to Sprinkler Discharge Pattern Development.

Sidewall sprinklers, like upright and pendent sprinklers, must be located to avoid obstructions that affect
the discharge pattern development or prevent the discharge from reaching the protected hazard. Paragraphs 8.7.5.2 through 8.7.5.3 on obstructions are similar in content to those for upright and pendent
sprinklers in 8.6.5.2 through 8.6.5.3. These requirements are included in NFPA 13 to address what to do
when these obstructions are encountered. Other types of sprinklers, such as upright or pendent sprinklers, should be used if the obstruction cannot be relocated or if the sidewall sprinkler cannot be repositioned along the wall to avoid the obstruction.

8.7.5.2.1General.
8.7.5.2.1.1 Continuous or noncontinuous obstructions less than or equal to 18in. (450mm)
below the sprinkler deflector that prevent the pattern from fully developing shall comply with
this section.
Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook 2016

BK-NFPA-13HB16-150270-Chp08-P1.indd 307

11/20/2015 3:56:38 PM

. ..

308

Chapter 8 Installation Requirements

8.7.5.2.1.2 Regardless of the rules of this section, solid continuous obstructions shall meet the
requirements of 8.7.5.1.2 and 8.7.5.1.3.
8.7.5.2.1.3* Unless the requirements of 8.7.5.2.1.4 or 8.7.5.2.1.5 are met, sprinklers shall be
positioned away from obstructions a minimum distance of three times the maximum dimension of the obstruction (e.g., truss webs and chords, pipe, columns, and fixtures) in accordance
with Figure 8.7.5.2.1.3(a) and Figure 8.7.5.2.1.3(b).

Ceiling
D

A
Sprinkler

Obstruction
C

Obstruction
A

Wall
Wall
Plan View of Column
(Obstruction in vertical orientation)
A 3C or 3D
(Use dimension C or D, whichever is greater)

Figure 8.7.5.2.1.3(a) Minimum Distance from an

Obstruction in the Vertical Orientation (Standard Sidewall
Spray Sprinklers).

Elevation View of Pipe Conduit or Light Fixture

A 3C or 3D
A 24 in. (600 mm)
(Use dimension C or D, whichever is greater)

Figure 8.7.5.2.1.3(b) Minimum Distance from an

Obstruction in the Horizontal Orientation (Standard
Sidewall Spray Sprinklers).

{2FC84572-0B19-4D3C-B16A-15DE6BAFE1FD}
(A)The maximum clear distance required to obstructions in the horizontal orientation
(e.g., light fixtures and truss chords) shall be 24 in. (600mm).
(B) The maximum clear distance shall not be applied to obstructions in the vertical orientation (e.g., columns).
A.8.7.5.2.1.3 The rules of 8.7.5.2.1.3 (known as the Three Times Rule) have been written
to apply to obstructions where the sprinkler can be expected to get water to both sides of the
obstruction without allowing a significant dry shadow on the other side of the obstruction.
This works for small noncontinuous obstructions and for continuous obstructions where the
sprinkler can throw water over and under the obstruction, such as the bottom chord of an open
truss or joist. For solid continuous obstructions, such as a beam, the Three Times Rule is ineffective since the sprinkler cannot throw water over and under the obstruction. Sufficient water
must be thrown under the obstruction to adequately cover the floor area on the other side of the
obstruction. To ensure this, compliance with the rules of 8.7.5.1.2 is necessary.
8.7.5.2.1.4 The requirements of 8.7.5.2.1.3 shall not apply to sprinkler system piping less
than 3in. (80mm) in diameter.
8.7.5.2.1.5 The requirements of 8.7.5.2.1.3 shall not apply where sprinklers are positioned
with respect to obstructions in accordance with 8.7.5.1.2, 8.7.5.1.3, and 8.7.5.1.4.
8.7.5.2.1.6* Sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed without regard to the blades of ceiling fans
less than 60in. (1.5m) in diameter, provided the plan view of the fan is at least 50percent open.
2016 Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook

BK-NFPA-13HB16-150270-Chp08-P1.indd 308

11/20/2015 3:56:41 PM

. ..

Section 8.7 Sidewall Standard Spray Sprinklers

309

Just as for upright and pendent sprinklers, the blades on small fans less than 60 in. (1.5 m) in
diameter are not considered obstructions if they are 50 percent open. See the commentary following
8.6.5.2.1.10.

A.8.7.5.2.1.6 The housing unit of the ceiling fan is expected to be addressed by the Three
Times Rule.
8.7.5.2.2Suspended or Floor-Mounted Vertical Obstructions.The distance from
sprinklers to privacy curtains, free-standing partitions, room dividers, and similar
obstructions in light hazard occupancies shall be in accordance with Table 8.7.5.2.2 and
Figure 8.7.5.2.2.
Table 8.7.5.2.2 Suspended or Floor-Mounted Obstructions
(Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinklers) in Light Hazard
Occupancies Only

Horizontal Distance (A)

6 in. (150 mm) or less
More than 6 in. (150 mm)
to 9 in. (225 mm)
More than 9 in. (225 mm)
to 12 in. (300 mm)
More than 12 in. (300 mm)
to 15 in. (375 mm)
More than 15 in. (375 mm)
to 18 in. (450 mm)
More than 18 in. (450 mm)
to 24 in. (600 mm)
More than 24 in. (600 mm)
to 30 in. (750 mm)
More than 30 in. (750 mm)

Ceiling

Minimum Vertical
Distance Below
Deflector (B) [in. (mm)]

Obstruction

3 (75)
4 (100)
6 (150)
Wall

8 (200)
912 (240)

Floor

12 2 (315)
1

Elevation View

{2FC84572-0B19-4D3C-B16A-15DE6BAFE1FD}
1512 (390)
18 (450)

For SI units, 1 in. = 25.4 mm. Note: For A and B, refer to Figure 8.7.5.2.2.

FIGURE 8.7.5.2.2 Suspended or Floor-Mounted

Obstruction (Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinklers) in Light
Hazard Occupancy Only.

The distances specified in Table 8.7.5.2.2 were derived from NBSIR 802097.

8.7.5.2.2.1* In light hazard occupancies, privacy curtains, as shown in Figure 8.7.5.2.2, shall
not be considered obstructions where all of the following are met:
(1) The curtains are supported by fabric mesh on ceiling track.
(2) Openings in the mesh are equal to 70percent or greater.
(3) The mesh extends a minimum of 22in. (550mm) down from ceiling.
A.8.7.5.2.2.1 Testing has shown that privacy curtains supported from the ceiling by mesh fabric do not obstruct the distribution pattern in a negative way as long as the mesh is 70percent
or more open and extends from the ceiling a minimum of 22in. (550mm).

RESEARCH NOTE
A report of tests conducted by NIST in July 2004, The Effect of Privacy Curtains on Sprinkler Spray, confirmed that privacy curtains
supported by mesh that is at least 70 percent open and that extends

down at least 22 in. (550 mm) allows as much water to reach the
opposite side of the curtain as arrangements that meet the requirements of 8.7.5.2.2. This finding is recognized in 8.7.5.2.2.1.

Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook 2016

BK-NFPA-13HB16-150270-Chp08-P1.indd 309

11/20/2015 3:56:42 PM

. ..

310

Chapter 8 Installation Requirements

FAQ

8.7.5.3* Obstructions that Prevent Sprinkler Discharge from Reaching Hazard.

Can the requirements of 8.7.5.2.2

and Figure 8.7.5.2.2 be utilized in
all occupancies?

A.8.7.5.3 See A.8.5.5.3.

The distance requirements of

8.7.5.2.2 and Figure 8.7.5.2.2 should
not be applied beyond light hazard
occupancies, because the testing
of NBSIR 802097 only evaluated
sprinkler performance in a light hazard environment. The allowances of
8.7.5.2.2 have been misapplied in the
past, and to further clarify that the
allowances of 8.7.5.2.2 apply to light
hazard occupancies only, the titles
of Table 8.7.5.2.2 and Figure 8.7.5.2.2
have been modified to include in
light hazard occupancies only.

8.7.5.3.1 Continuous or noncontinuous obstructions that interrupt the water discharge in

a horizontal plane more than 18in. (450mm) below the sprinkler deflector in a manner to
limit the distribution from reaching the protected hazard shall comply with this section.
8.7.5.3.2 Sprinklers shall be installed under fixed obstructions over 4ft (1.2m) wide such as
ducts, decks, open grate flooring, cutting tables, and overhead doors.
8.7.5.3.3 Sprinklers shall not be required under obstructions that are not fixed in place such
as conference tables.

8.7.6* Clearance to Storage (Standard Sidewall Spray Sprinklers).

The clearance between the deflector and the top of storage shall be 18in. (450mm) or greater.
A.8.7.6 See 8.6.6.2.

8.8 Extended Coverage Upright and Pendent Spray Sprinklers

In recent years, the number of EC sprinklers has increased dramatically. Most manufacturers have models suitable for ordinary and light hazard occupancies. EC sprinklers have also become available for extra hazard occupancies and areas of high-piled storage. Many of the provisions in Section 8.8 are similar to those found in Section 8.6. The main difference is that EC sprinklers have larger protection areas and flatter distribution patterns
than do standard spray pendent and upright sprinklers and, therefore, require greater separation distances
from obstructions. Unless the rationale for the EC sprinkler requirements differs from those for standard upright
and pendent sprinklers, commentary regarding related items in Section 8.6 is not repeated in Section 8.8.

8.8.1General.
All requirements of Section8.5 shall apply to extended coverage upright and pendent sprin{2FC84572-0B19-4D3C-B16A-15DE6BAFE1FD}
klers except as modified in Section8.8.

8.8.2 Protection Areas per Sprinkler (Extended Coverage Upright and Pendent
Spray Sprinklers).
8.8.2.1* Determination of Protection Area of Coverage.
A.8.8.2.1 The protection area for extended coverage upright and pendent sprinklers is defined
in the listing of the sprinkler as a maximum square area. Listing information is presented in
even 2ft (0.6m) increments up to 20ft (6.1m). When a sprinkler is selected for an application, its area of coverage must be equal to or greater than both the length and width of the
hazard area. For example, if the hazard to be protected is a room 13ft 6in. (4.1m) wide and
17ft 6in. (5.3m) long as indicated in Figure A.8.8.2.1, a sprinkler that is listed to protect an
area of 18ft 18ft (5.5m 5.5m) must be selected. The flow used in the calculations is then
selected as the flow required by the listing for the selected coverage.
8.8.2.1.1 The protection area of coverage (As) for extended coverage sprinklers shall be not
less than that prescribed by the listing.
8.8.2.1.2 Listing dimensions shall be even-numbered square protection areas as shown in
Table 8.8.2.1.2.
Restrictions are placed on the allowable spacing of upright and pendent EC sprinklers to promote interchangeability. As stated in 8.8.2.1.2, the protection area must be uniform that is, a square pattern
so that the sprinkler can be installed without regard to the orientation of the frame arms. Limiting the
spacing to even-numbered increments allows a variety of protection areas and promotes interchangeability among models from different manufacturers.
2016 Automatic Sprinkler Systems Handbook

BK-NFPA-13HB16-150270-Chp08-P1.indd 310

11/20/2015 3:56:42 PM