1.

0 INTRODUCTION
Tensile test is very important in this world in order to determine the
mechanical properties of a material. In our experiment, we were given a piece of
material to determine how much load can be applied until the specimen fractured.
During the experiment, the specimens elongation and the applied load were
measured. Strain and stress were calculated from these values, and were used to
construct a stress-strain curve. From this curve, the elastic modulus and yield
strength can be determined. The highest load in the tensile test gives the tensile or
ultimate strength values. After fracture, the final length and cross-sectional area of
the specimen were measured to calculate percent of elongation and percent
reduction of area, respectively. These quantities indicate the ductility of the material.
By using the instantaneous length and cross sectional area, the true stress and true
plastic strain were calculated from the load and elongation. The strain hardening
properties of the material were then can be determined from the stress versus the
strain graph. Thus, from one such experiment, a large amount of information can be
obtained about the mechanical properties of a material.

3.0 METHODOLOGY
1. This experiment was conducted at the Mechanics of Materials Lab in the
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM)
2. Apparatus : Vernier calliper, tensile test machine, rectangular specimens (mild
steel), extension gauge, load gauge
3. Procedure:
1) To get the dimensions, the length of specimen was measured using
Vernier Calliper.
2) The width and thickness of specimen were measured by using Vernier
Calliper.
3) Then, the specimen was mounted to the gripping head of the tensile test
machine.
4) Load anchor was turned in an anticlockwise direction.
5) After placed the preload, the gauge extension was set to zero.
6) Step 4 and 5 were repeated for every rate.
7) Change the rate for every 0.1mm.
8) After the specimen broke, the final length was measured.
9) Data was collated and tabulated.
10)The graph of stress versus strain was then plotted.
Extensio
n gauge

Hand
wheel

Load
gauge

Figure 3.0: Tensile Test Machine

4.0 RESULTS
Initial Length,

L0 =

33.5mm
Final Length, L = 43mm
Width, b = 3.1mm
Thickness, t = 1.2mm

Emild steel = 210GPa

4.1 SAMPLE OF CALCULATION

a) Area, A
A = thickness width
3
= (3.1 x 10 )(1.2 x

106 m2

= 3.72 x

b) Stress,
2

F
A

600
6
3.72 10

= 161 290 322.6 Pa

9

F
A

700
3.72 106

= 188 172 043 Pa

c) Strain,
2

L
L0

103 )

0.20 103
33.5 103

= 0.005970149
9

L
L0

=
=

0.90 103
33.5 103

= 0.026865671

d) Youngs Modulus of Elasticity

E2

2
2
161 290 322.6
0.005970149

= 27.01613 x
E9

=
=

109

Pa

9
9
188172 043
0.026865671

= 7.00418 x

109

Pa

4.2 DATA COLLECTED

Extension, L(N)
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
2.10
2.20
2.30
2.40
2.50
2.60
2.70
2.80
2.90
3.00
3.10
3.20
3.30
3.40

Load, F (N)
0
450
600
650
700
700
700
700
700
700
700
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
750
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800

Stress, (Pa)
0.00
120967741.94
161290322.58
174731182.80
188172043.01
188172043.01
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Strain,
0.000000
0.002985
0.005970
0.008955
0.011940
0.014925
0.017910
0.020896
0.023881
0.026866
0.029851
0.032836
0.035821
0.038806
0.041791
0.044776
0.047761
0.050746
0.053731
0.056716
0.059701
0.062687
0.065672
0.068657
0.071642
0.074627
0.077612
0.080597
0.083582
0.086567
0.089552
0.092537
0.095522
0.098507
0.101493

3.50
3.60
3.70
3.80
3.90
4.00
4.10
4.20
4.30
4.40
4.50
4.60
4.70
4.80
4.90
5.00
5.10
5.20
5.30
5.40
5.50
5.60
5.70
5.80
5.90
6.00
6.10
6.20
6.30
6.40
6.50
6.60
6.70
6.80
6.90
7.00
7.10
7.20
7.30
7.40
7.50
7.60
7.70
7.80
7.90
8.00
8.10
8.20
8.30
8.40
8.50

800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
800
750
700
700
700
650
550
500
450
400
250
200
150

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188172043.01
188172043.01
188172043.01
174731182.80
147849462.37
134408602.15
120967741.94
107526881.72
67204301.08
53763440.86
40322580.65

0.104478
0.107463
0.110448
0.113433
0.116418
0.119403
0.122388
0.125373
0.128358
0.131343
0.134328
0.137313
0.140299
0.143284
0.146269
0.149254
0.152239
0.155224
0.158209
0.161194
0.164179
0.167164
0.170149
0.173134
0.176119
0.179104
0.182090
0.185075
0.188060
0.191045
0.194030
0.197015
0.200000
0.202985
0.205970
0.208955
0.211940
0.214925
0.217910
0.220896
0.223881
0.226866
0.229851
0.232836
0.235821
0.238806
0.241791
0.244776
0.247761
0.250746
0.253731

e) Slope
m=

y3 y2
x3 x1

3 2
3 2

174 731 182161 290 322.58

0.0089550.005970

= 4.5028 x

109

Pa

f) Percentage Error
Percentage Error =

ValueExperimental Value
|TheoreticalTheretical
|
Value

( 210 109 ) (4.5028 109 )

( 210 109 )

x 100

= 97.86

g) Percentage Elongation
Percentage Elongation =

L f L0
L0

( 4.3 102 ) (33.5 103 )

(33.5 103 )

= 28.36

h) Ultimate Tensile Stress (UTS)

UTS =

Maximum Load
Area

x 100

x 100

800
6
3.72 10

= 215.054 MPa

i) Fracture Strength,
f

F fracture
A

150
3.72 106

= 40.323 MPa

5.0 DISCUSSION

6.0 CONCLUSION

7.0 REFERANCES
1. Lab Sheet.
2. Jensen and Ehenoweth KK (2010) Statics and Strength of Materials, 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill.
3. Hibbeler, R.C. (2010) Mechanics of Materials, 8th Edition in SI units.
4. William D. Callister, Jr (2009) Material Science and Engineering an Introduction, 6th
Edition.