Chapter 5

Encoding

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Figure 5-1

Different Conversion Schemes

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Figure 5-2

Digital to Digital Encoding

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Figure 5-3

Types of Digital to Digital Encoding

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Figure 5-4

Unipolar Encoding

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Figure 5-5

Types of Polar Encoding

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Figure 5-6

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NRZ-L and NRZ-I Encoding

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Figure 5-7

RZ Encoding

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Figure 5-8

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Manchester and Diff. Manchester Encoding

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Figure 5-9

Types of Bipolar Encoding

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Figure 5-10

Bipolar AMI Encoding

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Figure 5-11

B8ZS Encoding

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Figure 5-12

HDB3 Encoding

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Figure 5-13

Solution to Example 5.1

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Figure 5-14

Solution to Example 5.2

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Figure 5-15

Analog to Digital Encoding

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Figure 5-16

PAM

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Figure 5-17

Quantized PAM Signal

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Figure 5-18

Quantizing Using
Sign and Magnitude

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Figure 5-19

PCM

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Figure 5-20

From Analog to PCM

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Figure 5-20-continued

From Analog to PCM

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Figure 5-20-continued

From Analog to PCM

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Figure 5-20-continued

From Analog to PCM

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Figure 5-21

Nyquist Theorem

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Figure 5-22

Digital to Analog Encoding

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Figure 5-23

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Figure 5-24

ASK

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Figure 5-25

Bandwidth for ASK

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Figure 5-27

FSK

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Figure 5-28

Bandwidth for FSK

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Figure 5-29

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PSK

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Figure 5-30

PSK
Constellation

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Figure 5-31

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4-PSK

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Figure 5-32

4-PSK
Characteristics

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Figure 5-33

8-PSK
Characteristics

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Figure 5-34

PSK
Bandwidth

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Figure 5-35

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4-QAM and 8-QAM

Constellations

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Figure 5-36

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8-QAM Signal

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Figure 5-37

16-QAM
Constellation

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Figure 5-38

Bit Rate and Baud Rate

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Figure 5-38-continued

Bit Rate and Baud Rate

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Figure 5-39

Analog to Analog Modulation

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Figure 5-40

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Figure 5-41

Amplitude Modulation

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Figure 5-42

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AM Bandwidth

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Figure 5-43

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AM Band Allocation

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Figure 5-44

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Frequency Modulation

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Figure 5-45

FM Bandwidth

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Figure 5-46

FM Band Allocation

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Chapter 6

Transmission of
Digital Data
Interfaces and Modems

Digital Data Transmission

DTE-DCE Interface
Other Interface Standards
Modems

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Figure 6-1

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Figure 6-2

Parallel Transmission

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Figure 6-3

Serial Transmission

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Figure 6-4

Asynchronous Transmission

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Figure 6-5

Synchronous Transmission

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Figure 6-6

DTEs and DCEs

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Figure 6-7

DTE-DCE interface

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Figure 6-8

Sending Data

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Figure 6-9

Control

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Figure 6-10

EIA-232

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Figure 6-10-continued

Data Pins

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Figure 6-10-continued

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Control Pins

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Figure 6-10-continued

Timing Pins

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Figure 6-10-continued

Other Pins

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Figure 6-11

Synchronous Full-Duplex Transmission

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Figure 6-11-continued

Synchronous Full-Duplex Transmission

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Figure 6-12

Pin Connection With and Without DCEs

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Figure 6-12-continued

Pin Connection With and Without DCEs

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Figure 6-13

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Null Modem

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Figure 6-14

DB-37 and DB-9 Connectors

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Figure 6-15

RS-423: Unbalanced Mode

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Figure 6-16

RS-422: Balanced Mode

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Figure 6-17

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Canceling Noise

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Figure 6-18

DB-15 Connector

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Figure 6-19

Modem

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Figure 6-20

Bandwidth for Telephone Line

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Figure 6-21

Baud Rate for Half-Duplex ASK

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Figure 6-22

Baud Rate for Full-Duplex ASK

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Figure 6-23

Baud Rate for Half-Duplex FSK

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Figure 6-24

Baud Rate for Full-Duplex FSK

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Figure 6-25

Bell Modems

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Figure 6-25-continued

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Bell Modems

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Figure 6-26

ITU Modems

This image cannot currently be displayed.

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Figure 6-26-continued

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ITU Modems

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Figure 6-27

V.22bis 16-QAM Constellation

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Figure 6-28

V.32 Constellation

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Figure 6-29

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V.33 Constellation

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Chapter 7

Transmission Media
Guided Media
Unguided Media

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Figure 7-1

Electromagnetic Spectrum

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Figure 7-2

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Figure 7-3

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Figure 7-4 and 7-5

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Twisted-Pair Cable

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Figure 7-6

Effect of Noise on Parallel Lines

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Figure 7-7

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Noise on Twisted-Pair Lines

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Figure 7-8

Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cable

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Figure 7-9

UTP Connectors

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Figure 7-10

Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable

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Figure 7-11 and 7-12

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Coaxial Cable

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Figure 7-13

Refraction

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Figure 7-14

Critical Angle

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Figure 7-15

Reflection

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Figure 7-16

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Figure 7-17

Multimode Step-Index

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Figure 7-18

Multimode Graded-Index

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Figure 7-19

Single Mode

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Figure 7-20

Fiber Construction

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Figure 7-21

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Radio Communication Band

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Figure 7-22

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Propagation Types

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Figure 7-23, 24

VLF

LF

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Figure 7-25, 26

MF

HF

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Figure 7-27, 28

VHF

UHF

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Figure 7-29, 30

SHF

EHF

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Figure 7-31

Terrestrial Microwave

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Figure 7-32

Parabolic Dish Antenna

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Figure 7-33

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Horn Antenna

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Figure 7-34

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Satellite Communication

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Figure 7-35

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Geosynchronous Orbit

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Figure 7-36

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Cellular System

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Figure 7-37

Cellular Bands

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Chapter 8

Multiplexing
Many to one/one to many
Types of multiplexing
Telephone system

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Figure 8-1

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Multiplexing vs. No Multiplexing

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Figure 8-2

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Figure 8-3

FDM

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Figure 8-4

FDM, Time Domain

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Figure 8-5

Multiplexing, Frequency Domain

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Figure 8-6

Demultiplexing, Time Domain

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Figure 8-7

Demultiplexing, Frequency Domain

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Figure 8-8

TDM

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Figure 8-9

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Synchronous TDM

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Figure 8-10

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TDM, Multiplexing

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Figure 8-11

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TDM, Demultiplexing

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Figure 8-12

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Framing Bits

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Figure 8-13

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Data Rate

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Figure 8-14

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Asynchronous TDM

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Figure 8-15

Frames and Addresses

a. Only three lines sending data

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Figure 8-15-continued

Frames and Addresses

b. Only four lines sending data

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Figure 8-15-continued

Frames and Addresses

c. All five lines sending data

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Figure 8-16

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Multiplexing and Inverse Multiplexing

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Figure 8-17

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Telephone Network

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Figure 8-18

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Figure 8-19

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Figure 8-20

Analog Switched Service

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Figure 8-21

Analog Leased Service

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Figure 8-22

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Analog Hierarchy

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Figure 8-23

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Figure 8-24

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Switched/56 Service

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Figure 8-25

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DDS

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Figure 8-26

DS Hierarchy

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Figure 8-27

T-1 Line

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Figure 8-28

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T-1 Frame

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Figure 8-29

Fractional T-1 Line

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Chapter 9

Error Detection
and Correction
Types of Errors
Detection
Correction
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Figure 9-1

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Figure 9-2

Single-bit error

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Figure 9-3

Multiple-bit error

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Figure 9-4

Burst error

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Figure 9-5

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Redundancy

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Figure 9-6

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Figure 9-7

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VRC

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Figure 9-8

LRC

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Figure 9-9

VRC and LRC

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Figure 9-10

CRC

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Figure 9-11

Binary Division

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Figure 9-12

Polynomial

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Figure 9-13

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Polynomial and Divisor

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Figure 9-14

Standard Polynomials

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Figure 9-15

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Checksum

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Figure 9-16

Data Unit and Checksum

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Figure 9-17

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Error Correction

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Figure 9-18

Hamming Code

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Figure 9-19

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Hamming Code

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Figure 9-19-continued

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Hamming Code

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Figure 9-20

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Example of Hamming Code

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Figure 9-21

Single-bit error

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Figure 9-22

Error
Detection

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Chapter 10

Data Link Control

Line Discipline
Flow Control
Error Control
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Figure 10-1

Data Link Layer

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Figure 10-2

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Figure 10-3

WCB/McGraw-Hill

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Figure 10-4

ENQ/ACK

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Figure 10-5

WCB/McGraw-Hill

ENQ/ACK

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Figure 10-6

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Multipoint Discipline

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Figure 10-7

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Select

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Figure 10-8

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Poll

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Figure 10-9

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Figure 10-10

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Stop and Wait

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Figure 10-11

Sliding Window

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Figure 10-12

Sender Sliding Window

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Figure 10-13

Receiver Sliding Window

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Figure 10-14

WCB/McGraw-Hill

Sliding Window Example

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Figure 10-14-continued

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Sender

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Figure 10-14-continued

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Receiver

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Figure 10-15

WCB/McGraw-Hill

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Figure 10-16

Damaged Frame

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Figure 10-17

Lost Frame
This image cannot currently be displayed.

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Figure 10-18

Lost ACK
This image cannot currently be displayed.

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Figure 10-19

Damaged Frame

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Figure 10-20

Lost Frame

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Figure 10-21

WCB/McGraw-Hill

Lost ACK

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Figure 10-22

Selective Reject

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Chapter 11

Data Link Protocols

Asynchronous Protocols
Synchronous Protocols
Character-Oriented Protocols
Bit-Oriented Protocols

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Figure 11-1

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Figure 11-2

WCB/McGraw-Hill

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Figure 11-3

XMODEM

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Figure 11-4

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Figure 11-5

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Figure 11-6

Simple Frame

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Figure 11-7

A Frame with Header

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Figure 11-8

Multiblock Frame

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Figure 11-9

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Multiframe Transmission

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Figure 11-10

Control Frame

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Figure 11-11

Control Frames

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Figure 11-11-continued

Control Frames

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Figure 11-11-continued

Control Frames

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Figure 11-12

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Byte Stuffing

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Figure 11-13

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Figure 11-14

HDLC Configuration

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Figure 11-14-continued

HDLC Configuration

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Figure 11-14-continued

HDLC Configuration

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Figure 11-15

HDLC Modes

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Figure 11-16

HDLC Frame Types

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Figure 11-16-continued

HDLC Frame Types

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Figure 11-16-continued

HDLC Frame Types

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Figure 11-17

HDLC Flag Field

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Figure 11-18

Bit Stuffing

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Figure 11-19

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HDLC Address Field

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Figure 11-20

HDLC Control Field

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Figure 11-21

Poll/Final

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Figure 11-22

HDLC Information Field

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The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Figure 11-23

HDLC FCS Field

WCB/McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Figure 11-24

WCB/McGraw-Hill

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Figure 11-25

Use of P/F Field

WCB/McGraw-Hill

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Figure 11-25-continued

Use of P/F Field

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The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Figure 11-25-continued

Use of P/F Field

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The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Figure 11-25-continued

Use of P/F Field

WCB/McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Figure 11-25-continued

WCB/McGraw-Hill

Use of P/F Field

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Figure 11-26

U-Frame Control Field

WCB/McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Figure 11-26-continued

WCB/McGraw-Hill

U-Frame Control Field

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Figure 11-27

WCB/McGraw-Hill

Polling Example

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Figure 11-28

WCB/McGraw-Hill

Selecting Example

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Figure 11-29

WCB/McGraw-Hill

Peer-to-Peer Example

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Figure 11-29-continued

WCB/McGraw-Hill

Peer-to-Peer Example

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Chapter 12

Local Area Networks

Project 802
Ethernet
Token Ring
FDDI

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Figure 12-1

WCB/McGraw-Hill

OSI Model and Project 802

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Figure 12-2

WCB/McGraw-Hill

Project 802

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Figure 12-3

WCB/McGraw-Hill

PDU Format

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Figure 12-4

WCB/McGraw-Hill

PDU Control Field

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Figure 12-5

WCB/McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Figure 12-6

WCB/McGraw-Hill

Evolution of CSMA/CD

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Figure 12-7

WCB/McGraw-Hill

MAC Frame

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Figure 12-8

WCB/McGraw-Hill

Ethernet Segments

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Figure 12-9

WCB/McGraw-Hill

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Figure 12-9-continued

WCB/McGraw-Hill

10BASE5

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Figure 12-10

WCB/McGraw-Hill

Transceiver

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Figure 12-11

WCB/McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Figure 12-11-continued

WCB/McGraw-Hill

10BASE2

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Figure 12-12

WCB/McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Figure 12-12-continued

WCB/McGraw-Hill

10BASET

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Figure 12-13

WCB/McGraw-Hill

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Figure 12-13-continued

WCB/McGraw-Hill

1BASE5

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Figure 12-14

WCB/McGraw-Hill

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Figure 12-15

WCB/McGraw-Hill

Token Passing

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Figure 12-15-continued

WCB/McGraw-Hill

Token Passing

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Figure 12-15-continued

WCB/McGraw-Hill

Token Passing

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Figure 12-15-continued

WCB/McGraw-Hill

Token Passing

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Figure 12-16

WCB/McGraw-Hill

Token Ring Frame

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Figure 12-17

WCB/McGraw-Hill

Data Frame Fields

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Figure 12-17-continued

WCB/McGraw-Hill

Data Frame Fields

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Figure 12-18

WCB/McGraw-Hill

Token Ring

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Figure 12-19

WCB/McGraw-Hill

Token Ring Switch

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Figure 12-20

WCB/McGraw-Hill

MAU

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Figure 12-21

WCB/McGraw-Hill

FDDI

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Figure 12-22

WCB/McGraw-Hill

FDDI Example

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Figure 12-22-continued

WCB/McGraw-Hill

FDDI Example

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Figure 12-23

WCB/McGraw-Hill

FDDI Encoding

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Figure 12-24

WCB/McGraw-Hill

FDDI Layers

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Figure 12-25

WCB/McGraw-Hill

FDDI Frames

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Figure 12-26

WCB/McGraw-Hill

FDDI Rings

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Figure 12-27

WCB/McGraw-Hill

FDDI Ring Failure

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Figure 12-28

WCB/McGraw-Hill

FDDI Nodes

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Chapter 13

Metropolitan Area
Networks
IEEE 802.6
DQDB (Distributed Queues, Dual Bus)
SMDS (Switched Megabit Data Services)
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Figure 13-1

WCB/McGraw-Hill

DQDB Buses and Nodes

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Figure 13-2

WCB/McGraw-Hill

DQDB Data Transmission

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Figure 13-3

WCB/McGraw-Hill

Queues

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Figure 13-4

WCB/McGraw-Hill

Distributed Queues

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Figure 13-5

WCB/McGraw-Hill

Reservation Token

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Figure 13-6

WCB/McGraw-Hill

DQDB Rings

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Figure 13-6-continued

WCB/McGraw-Hill

DQDB Rings

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Figure 13-7

WCB/McGraw-Hill

DQDB Layers

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Figure 13-8

WCB/McGraw-Hill

Connecting LANs using T-Lines

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Figure 13-9

Switched Multimegabit Data Services

WCB/McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Figure 13-10

Use of DQDB, Single LAN

WCB/McGraw-Hill

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Figure 13-11

Use of DQDB, Multiple LANs

WCB/McGraw-Hill

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Chapter 14

Switching
Circuit Switching
Packet Switching
Message Switching
WCB/McGraw-Hill

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Figure 14-1

Switched Network

WCB/McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Figure 14-2

WCB/McGraw-Hill

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Figure 14-3

Circuit-Switched Network

WCB/McGraw-Hill

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Figure 14-4

Switch

WCB/McGraw-Hill

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Figure 14-5

WCB/McGraw-Hill

Folded Switch

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Figure 14-6

WCB/McGraw-Hill

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Figure 14-7

Crossbar Switch

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Figure 14-8

Multistage Switch

WCB/McGraw-Hill

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Figure 14-9

Switching Path

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Figure 14-9-continued

Switching Path

WCB/McGraw-Hill

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Figure 14-10

TDM without TSI

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Figure 14-10-continued

TDM with TSI

WCB/McGraw-Hill

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Figure 14-11

WCB/McGraw-Hill

Time-Slot Interchange

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Figure 14-12

WCB/McGraw-Hill

TST Switch

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Figure 14-13

WCB/McGraw-Hill

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Figure 14-14

Datagram Approach

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Figure 14-15

Datagram Approach, Multiple Channels

WCB/McGraw-Hill

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Figure 14-16

Switched Virtual Circuit

WCB/McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Figure 14-16-continued

Switched Virtual Circuit

WCB/McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998

Figure 14-16-continued

Switched Virtual Circuit

WCB/McGraw-Hill

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Figure 14-17

Message Switching

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