Calculus assignment (1)

Name: Laeeq Ahmad

Registration number: 150401039
Electrical engineering 14B
Submitted to: Sir Rizwan
Date submitted: 13 November 2015
Date due: 13 November 2015

Question
Answers:

and

Q1: What are parametric equations and why

are they used?
Answer:
Definition:
Parametric equations are such type of equations
which are used to express the coordinates of a
curve as functions of one parameter or that
express the coordinates of the points of a surface
as functions of two parameters.
Example: The parametric equations for a unit
circle are:
X=cost
Y=sint
The designation t represents the parameter used.
We use the symbol t because the parametric
equations usually represent a physical process in
time.

Uses of parametric equations:

Parametric
equations
can
be
used
for
representation of various types of physical
processes. Examples that illustrate this point of
view are given below:
1: In kinematics, we represent the trajectory of a
point by the help of parametric equations with time
being considered as the parameter.
2: They are used in auto cad designing (CAD) also.
Q2: Write the formulae for the derivatives of
first and second order.
Answer: The formulae for the derivatives of first
and second order are:
Let us suppose that y=f(x) is any function.
For first order derivative:
D/dx(y) =d/dx [f(x)]
Dy/dx=fx
For second order derivative:
.

Q3: Find the parametric equations for circle,

eclipse and parabola line.
Answer:
Parametric equations for circle:
P(X1,Y1)

T(x,y)

We can find the parametric equations for a circle

by considering a circle of radius R. A point P is
shown on the circle. The coordinates of this point
are (X1,Y1). It is joined with the center C with the
help of a straight line. Point P is also joined to point
T to complete right triangle PCT. The angle O is
also shown in figure.
By the help of basic trigonometry,
Cos (O) =Base/hypotenuse
Cos (O) =x/h
X=cos(O)h
Where hypotenuse is = radius r so,

X=cos(0)r
Similarly,
Sin(0)=Perpendicular/hypotenuse
Sin(0)=y/r
Y=rsin(0)
By considering time as a parameter the equations
of circle are:
X=rcos(t) and Y=rsin(t)
Parametric equations for ellipse are:
We can find the parametric equations for ellipse in
a very same manner as when we did it for circles.
The only difference is that, a circle has only a
single radius while an ellipse has two. One radius is
measured along x-axis and is called a while the
other radius is measured across y-axis and is
designated as b.
Illustration through figure:

Thus, by applying the same method as we did for

equations of circle the parametric equations
obtained will be:

X=acos(t)
Y=bsin(t)
Parametric equations for parabolic line are:
When the Cartesian coordinates of a curve or a
surface are represented as a functions if the same
variable, they are called parametric equations.
Thus, parametric equations in the xy-plane are
X=X(t), Y=Y(t)