What is Multiplexer

The Multiplexer acts as a multiple-input and single-output switch. Multiple signals

share one device or transmission conductor such as a copper wire or fiber optic
cable.In telecommunications, the analog or digital signals transmitted on several
communication channels by a multiplex method. These signals are single-output
higher-speed signals. A 4-to-1 multiplexer contains four input signals and 2-to-1
multiplexer has two input signals and one output signal.

Schematic Symbol for Multiplexer

Truth Table for 2 to 1 Multiplexer

Multiplexers are also extended with same name conventions as DE multiplexers. A 4

to 1 multiplexer circuit is as below

4 to 1 Multiplexer Circuit

Types of Multiplexer

Types of Multiplexer
Encoder:
An encoder is a circuit that changes a set of signals into a code. Lets
begin making a 2-to-1 line encoder truth table by reversing the 1-to-2 decoder
truth table.

This truth table is a little short. A complete truth table would be

One question we need to answer is what to do with those other inputs? Do

we ignore them? Do we have them generate an additional error output? In many
circuits this problem is solved by adding sequential logic in order to know not
just what input is active but also which order the inputs became active.

A more useful application of combinational encoder design is a binary to

7-segment encoder. The seven segments are given according

Our truth table is:

Decoder:
A decoder is a circuit that changes a code into a set of signals. It is called a decoder
because it does the reverse of encoding, but we will begin our study of encoders and
decoders with decoders because they are simpler to design.

A common type of decoder is the line decoder which takes an n-digit binary number
and decodes it into 2ndata lines. The simplest is the 1-to-2 line decoder. The truth
table is

A is the address and D is the dataline. D0 is NOT A and D1 is A. The circuit looks like

Only slightly more complex is the 2-to-4 line decoder. The truth table is

Counter:

Counter:-Counter is a circuit(sequential) which

count the sequence of digital input pulse or in
simple words Counter is an device which is used
for counting number of clock-pulse that's why we

called this term as counter.Counters is divided

into many type namely Synchronous
Counter,asynchronous counter or Ripple
Counter,mod-n counter(Single mode,multimode),Ring Counter etc but its 2 main categories
are Synchronous Counter and asynchronous
counter.Counter is also used for measuring
frequencies.
1)Asynchronous Counter or Ripple Counter:-In
this counter each Flip Flop is triggered by the
output of previous Flip Flop.
Now I explain it with an example of 4
bit Asynchronous Counter:-

Example of 3 bit Asynchronous Counter:-

2)Synchronous Counter:-Synchronous Counter is

most simplest form of counter because it required
less no. of hardware but speed of operation is very
slow.

Shift Registers:
A shift register is a digital memory circuit found in calculators, computers,
and data-processing systems. Bits (binary digits) enter the shift register at
one end and emerge from the other end. The two ends are called left and
right. Flip flops, also known as bistable gates, store and process the data.
In its most basic form, the shift register is a bidirectional FIFO (first-in firstout) circuit. When a bit is input on the left, all the bits in the register move
one place to the right, and the rightmost bit disappears. When a bit is input
on the right, all the bits move one place to the left, and the leftmost bit
disappears.

Shift registers are commonly used in converters that translate parallel data
to serial data, or vice-versa. Shift registers can also function as delay circuits
and digital pulse extenders.
Register File:
A register file is a means of memory storage within a computer's central processing unit (CPU). The
computer's register files contain bits of data and mapping locations. These locations specify certain
addresses that are input components of a register file. Other inputs include data, a read and write
function and execute function.
When a user installs a program on a computer, that software application writes a register file on the
CPU. Most software programs will contain more than one file. Those files contain execution
instructions that the CPU follows when the user launches and uses the application. A register file
also lets the CPU know where program is located and what data is needed to perform certain
functions.
Decoders are a part of a register file. When data is extracted from a register, the computer's hard
drive refers back to the bits that are contained in the file. Part of the extraction process involves
reading and deciphering the data bits that are contained in the register. Once a program completes a
function, it may write a code or message indicating the results of the operation.
Register files utilize one of two technologies related to memory. The first is known as static random
access memory, or SRAM. With static random access memory there are several bits of memory that
are labeled according to binary code. The status of each memory bit is labeled with a zero or one,
indicating an active or inactive state.
A second type of register memory is dynamic random access memory, or DRAM. Each section of
memory contains a capacitor and transistor. Data values are equated with different charges and
must be constantly updated by the memory chip. The update or "refreshing" will typically take up to 2
percent of the total processing time.
There are two components to the memory chip's ability to process data. They include cycle and
access time. The cycle time is the lowest amount of time that occurs between data requests. Access
time is the amount of seconds or minutes it takes for the CPU to request data from a register file and
the time it takes to actually receive that information.
While SRAM is usually used with memory caches, its cycle time and access time are the same. With
DRAM technology, the cycle time is typically longer than its access time. This is because memory
reads or extractions involve a destroy and re-write process.