POWER QUALITY DISTURBANCE DETECTION

AND CLASSIFICATION USING SIGNAL PROCESSING

AND SOFT COMPUTING TECHNIQUES
A thesis submitted to NIT Rourkela
In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of
Master of Technology
In
Industrial Electronics
By
SHARMISTHA SARKAR
Roll No- 212EE5442
Under the Guidance of
Prof. Sanjeeb Mohanty

Department of Electrical Engineering

National Institute of Technology, Rourkela
June, 2014

Department of Electrical Engineering

National Institute of Technology, Rourkela
June, 2014

DECLARATION
This is to certify that Thesis report entitled Power Quality Disturbance Detection and
Classification Using Signal Processing and Soft-computing Techniques. which is submitted
by me in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree M.Tech. In Electrical
Engineering to National Institute of Technology, Rourkela comprises only my original work and
due acknowledgement has been made in the text to all other material used.

Date:

Name of Student

APPROVED BY

Certificate
This is to certify that thesis entitled Power Quality Disturbance Detection and
Classification Using Signal Processing and Soft-computing Techniques which is
submitted by Sharmistha Sarkar (Industrial Electronics, Roll No: 212EE5442) in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree M.Tech. In Electrical
Engineering to National Institute of Technology, Rourkela is a record of the
candidate own work carried out by her under our supervision. The matter embodied in
this thesis is original and has not been submitted for the award of any other degree.

Date:

Prof. Sanjeeb Mohanty

Department of Electrical Engineering
National Institute of Technology, Rourkela

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly, my deepest thanks to my advisor and thesis Prof. Sanjeeb Mohanty for providing me
with the support, valuable technical guidance and financial assistance through the span of the
research. I would also like to thank Prof. A K Panda and K B Mohanty for agreeing to be on my
defense committee. Their critical reviews are very much acclaimed. It is only the unparalleled
love, support and vision of my parents, loved ones and friends that made this works a reality.
Thank you one and all and lastly my whole hearted thanks to the Department of Electrical
Engineering at the National Institute of Technology, Rourkela for all the resources that helped
me in successfully completing my degree requirements.

Abstract

The quality of electric power and disturbances occurred in power signal has become a major
issue among the electric power suppliers and customers. For improving the power quality
continuous monitoring of power is needed which is being delivered at customers sites.
Therefore, detection of PQ disturbances, and proper classification of PQD is highly desirable.
The detection and classification of the PQD in distribution systems are important tasks for
protection of power distributed network. Most of the disturbances are non-stationary and
transitory in nature hence it requires advanced tools and techniques for the analysis of PQ
disturbances. In this work a hybrid technique is used for characterizing PQ disturbances
using wavelet transform and fuzzy logic. A no of PQ events are generated and decomposed
using wavelet decomposition algorithm of wavelet transform for accurate detection of
disturbances. It is also observed that when the PQ disturbances are contaminated with noise
the detection becomes difficult and the feature vectors to be extracted will contain a high
percentage of noise which may degrade the classification accuracy. Hence a Wavelet based denoising technique is proposed in this work before feature extraction process. Two very distinct
features common to all PQ disturbances like Energy and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
are extracted using discrete wavelet transform and are fed as inputs to the fuzzy expert
system for accurate detection and classification of various PQ disturbances. The fuzzy expert
system not only classifies the PQ disturbances but also indicates whether the disturbance is
pure or contains harmonics. A neural network based Power Quality Disturbance (PQD)
detection system is also modeled implementing Multilayer Feed forward Neural Network
(MFNN).

LIST OF TABLES
Table
Number

Table Caption

Page Number

TABLE 4.1 Feature Vector for voltage sag signal

28

TABLE 4.2 Frequency Bank Distributed for 12.8 KHz sampling rate

28

TABLE 4.3 Frequency Bank Distribution for 6.4 KHz sampling rate

29

TABLE 4.4 Classification by unique features for the disturbances signal

29

TABLE 4.5 Classification Results MFNN

32

TABLE 6.1 Classification Results of PNN

40

TABLE 6.2 Classification Results of MFNN & PNN for three classes

40

TABLE 6.3 Comparison of accuracies with three and four features

40

TABLE 6.4 Comparative analysis performance PNN & MFNN

41

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Number

Figure Caption

Page
Number

Fig 3.1

Flow chart for PQ signal disturbance generation using MATLAB

20

Fig 3.2(a)

Voltage Sag signal in time domain

21

Fig 3.2(b)

Voltage Sag signal

21

Fig 3.3(a)

Voltage Swell signal in time domain

21

Fig 3.3(b)

Voltage Swell signal

21

Fig 3.4(a)

Voltage Interruption signal in time domain

22

Fig 3.4(b)

Voltage Interruption signal

22

Fig 3.5(a)

Decomposed voltage sag level 1 using wavelet transform

23

Fig 3.5(b)

Approximate signal level 1 of sag signal

23

Fig 3.5(c)

Detail signal level 1 of sag signal

29

Fig 3.5(d)

Detail signal level 2 of sag signal

29

Fig 3.5(e)

Detail signal level 3 of sag signal

29

Fig 3.5(f)

Approximate signal level 4 of sag signal

30

Fig 3.5(g)

Detail signal level 4 of sag signal

30

Fig 3.5(h)

Reconstructed Approximate Sag Signal

30

Fig 3.5(i)

Reconstructed Detail Sag signal

31

Fig 5.1

Architecture of MFNN

33

Fig 6.1

Architecture of PNN

41

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

PNN

Probabilistic Neural Network

BPA

Back Propagation Algorithm

CWT

Continuous Wavelet Transform

DWT

Discrete Wavelet Transform

FT

Fourier Transform

MFNN

Multilayer feed forward Neural Network

NN

Neural Network

PE

Processing Elements

PQ

Power Quality

PQD

Power Quality Disturbance

RMS

Root Mean Square

STFT

Short Time Fourier Transform

THD

Total Harmonic Distortion

WT

Wavelet Transform

Contents
TITLE
DECLARATION

i
ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

iii

ABSTRACT

iv

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

vi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

vii

Chapter1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction

11

1.2 Literature Survey

11

1.3 Backround of the Project

12

1.4 Objective of the Project

12

1.5 Chapter Outline

12

Chapter 2 Power Quality Events

2.1 Introduction

13

2.2 The Importance of Power Quality (PQ)

13

2.3 Types of Power Quality (PQ) Problem

13

2.4 Power Quality (PQ) Phenomena

14

2.4.1 Voltage Sag

15

2.4.2 Voltage Swell

16

2.4.3 Interruption

17

2.4.4 Oscillatory Transient

2.4.5 Impulsive Transient
2.5 Summary

17
17

Chapter 3 Detection of PQ Event using Wavelet Transform

3.1 Introduction

18

3.2 Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)

18

3.3 Choice of Mother Wavelet

19

3.4 Generation of PQ disturbances

19

3.4.1 Signal Specification

3.5 Detection Using WT

20
22

3.5.1 Voltage Sag

23

3.5.2 Summary

25

Chapter 4 Feature Extraction of Power Signal

4.1 Introduction

26

4.2 Features

26

4.2.1 Total Harmonic Distortion

26

4.2.2 Energy of a Power Signal

27

Chapter 5 Classification of Power Signal Using MFNN

5.1 Introduction

30

5.2 Multilayer Feed forward Neural Network

30

5.2.1 Introduction

30

5.2.2 Back Propagation Algorithm

31

5.2.3 Classification Results Using MFNN

32

5.2.4 Summary

33

Chapter 6 Detection of PQ Disturbances Using S-Transform

6.1 Introduction

34

6.2 The Discrete S-Transform

35

6.3 Feature Extraction by S-Transform

36

6.4 Classification Using Probabilistic Neural Network(PNN)

36

6.4.1 Theory

37

Chapter 7 Conclusion and Future Scope of Work

7.1 Future Scope of Work

40

7.2 Conclusion

41

Reference

42

10

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction:
Now-a-days, the equipments which are being used in electrical utilities, those are more
sensitive to Power Quality. These equipments contain power electronic components
which are sensitive to power disturbances. So, any type of disturbance occurs in the
voltage current or frequency of the power signal that can also affect the customers side
which is called power quality problem. So, electrical utilities and customers both are
aware of the power quality disturbances. Degradation in quality of power is mainly
caused by disturbances such as voltage swell, voltage sag, notch, transients, and harmonic
distortions and so on. Since, the electric motor draws more current when they are starting
than they are running at their rated speed. So, starting of an electric motor can be the
reason of voltage sag. Energization of a large capacitor bank can also cause voltage swell.
In practical distribution network to improve power quality, such disturbances should be
identified first before appropriate mitigation can be taken.

1.2 Literature Survey:

Power Quality generations are generally non-stationary in nature and for a very short
duration of time that disturbances occur. For identifying the signals, both time and
frequency information is needed. By applying normal Fourier Transform, it is not
possible to analyze a signal as it only provides spectral information but it does not
provide time localization information. And that time localization information is an
essential step for determining the time and duration of the occurrence of the disturbance
[2].
For analyzing non-stationary signal Time frequency analysis is more suitable
as it provides both time and spectral information of the signal. Many researchers have
frequently used Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Short Time Fourier Transform
(SFT) among all the techniques for analyzing those power signals. In case of (SFT), a
fixed window width is used to shift in time for analyzing the signal which is not sufficient
for real power quality events, because it involves wide range of frequencies. In that case
DWT is more preferable for detection of time-frequency variations as it employs a fixed
window width [3].

11

For classifying transient disturbances T.Jayasree, at al had proposed a wavelet based

Radial Basis Neural Network method. In this paper, different PQ disturbances are
generated and decomposed through Wavelet Multi Resolution Analysis technique
(MRA).
Gaing [5], had also used Multi-Resolution analysis technique for decomposition
of the signal into its detail and approximation coefficients. That paper proposes a
Probablistic Neural Network for classification of PQ events based on the features
extracted from the detail coefficients through decompositions.
Zhang Ming et al. [6] had proposed a method which employs RMS and FFT
technique for extracting the features from the detected signal. In this paper a Rule Based
Decision Tree (RBDT) algorithm has been used for classification of the power signal.
In this paper, wavelet based method and a rule based algorithm has been proposed where
the features extracted from the decomposed signal using MRA technique has been used
for classification of signal disturbance.

1.3 Background of the Project:

As related to different disturbances Power Quality events are of various types. Those
disturbances can be occurred due to dynamic operations as well as faults, steady state
load currents. A protective relay is more suitable component for reliable operation of
power distribution network among all the affected components.
When the operation of distribution network is stable and normal protective relay does not
play any role. When there are faults involved in the system only then protective relay
works. Protective relays generally do not respond to any one identifiable parameter such
as the rms value of a primary quantity or the fundamental frequency component of that
quantity.

1.4 Objective of the Project:

The main aim of the work is to develop a new method for the detection and the classification of
the power quality (PQ) disturbances such as the transients, the waveform distortions, sags, swells
and interruptions.
Detection & Classification of PQ events using Wavelet Transform & Multi-Resolution
Analysis (MRA).

12

 Feature extraction by Wavelet Transform.

Classification through Multilayer Feed forward Neural Network (MFNN).
Detection of PQ events Using S-Transform.
Classification of PQ events through Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN).
Comparison of classification accuracy for both cases (Wavelet Transform & STransform).

1.5 Chapter Outline:

This thesis consists of five chapters overall. Chapter 1 describes the background of the
project. There is few line of introduction about power quality studies for the beginning.
Then, continued with introduction, literature survey, objective of the work.
Chapter 2 tells us about the detail of detection of a particular power quality event using
Wavelet Transform. First it provides a detail description of Discrete Wavelet Transform.
Then, continued with the detailed decomposition process of Discrete Wavelet Transform.
Chapter 3 provides the whole idea of feature extraction after detection of PQ event. How
the features like Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and Energy can be extracted from the
decomposed power signal using DWT.
Chapter 4 introduces us with Multilayered Feed-forward Neural Network. In this chapter
the features extracted from decomposed power signal has been given as input to the
MFNN for classification of the type of PQ event.
Chapter 5 tells us about the detail of detection of a power quality event using Stockwell
Transform and then the features extracted from power signal using Stockwell Transform
has been given as input to the Probablistic Neural Network (PNN).
Chapter 6 has discussed the conclusion, future scope of the work, and generalization of
work implemented in this project.

13

Chapter 2 Power Quality Events

2.1 Introduction:
The term PQ itself has various definitions from utility, manufacturer and consumers
perspectives. PQ generally is defined as the concept of powering and grounding sensitive
equipment in a manner that is suitable to the operation of that equipment [7-8]. This chapter will
highlight what PQ is, the problems related to PQ and existing method to analyze and identify
these problems.

2.2 The Importance of Power Quality (PQ):

The quality of electric power has become an important issue for electric utilities and consumers.
The consumers, in particular, are the party who face a major detrimental effect of their load due
the PQ problem or technically define as power disturbances. These disturbances have degraded
the performance and efficiency of consumers loads; especially power electronics load [28]. The
subject of PQ encompasses most area of power engineering starting from generation to the endusers [29]. In seeking relief, electric power utilities and consumers turn to inspect, monitor,
record and analyze of the electric power to determine the problem and the correct mitigation
technique in order to mitigate the occurrences of the disturbance.

2.3 Types of Power Quality (PQ) Problems:

The main approach to reduce the PQ problem is to implement a proper wiring and grounding
system for electrical consumers system [30]. The technical know-how on electrical system
should be enhanced so that major problems due to PQ can be avoided. Another factor that can
cause PQ problem is application of electronic devices especially non-linear load. The non-linear
loads draw harmonic currents, and as a consequence, harmonic voltages are generated whenever
the harmonic current flows through the impedance of the system [31]. The presence of harmonic
creates many problems to the consumers electrical system and equipment [32]. Another factor
that can improve the quality of power is better knowledge of PQ field. The knowledge on an
appropriate system for electrical wiring system is very useful to enhance the PQ. The theoretical
background of the behavior and impact of the load usage in electrical system is important. The

14

behavior of load relates to the size of cable in the system, the proper mitigation technique and
protective system. One should realize that most of the PQ problems are originated from the load.
Another problem on obtaining high PQ level is the effects of natured causes such as lightning,
animal and man-made problem. These types of problem cannot be avoided from the system. A
good protective system should be developed for stopping the problem into wider area.

2.4 Power Quality (PQ) Phenomena:

There are a lot of definitions of PQ that has been used in the related field. Conservatively, PQ is
defined as less tripping, high performance of electrical system and less disoperation of the
system [33]. This definition comes from consumers perspective, which is considered from the
system application. From the utility perspective, PQ means the reliability of the generator to
supply the power to the consumers. Another definition of PQ is relevant to both parties are the
availability of the voltage or current in the electrical system to perform a sinusoidal characteristic
[34]. The high deviations of current and voltage from the sinusoidal characteristic show the PQ
in the system is very low. PQ problem, on the other hand is defined as any deviation in term of
magnitude or frequency in current or voltage that cause any problem relating to the
malfunctioning or disoperation of the system and equipment to the consumers. It means that, the
severity of the deviation in voltage or current can cause severe problem to the consumers or the
utility. PQ phenomena can be divided into two main classes, namely; the steady state phenomena
and the non-steady state phenomena. The steady state phenomena is attributed by certain
characteristic as listed below [7, 13]:
1) Amplitude
2) Frequency
3) Spectrum
4) Modulation
5) Source Impedance
6) Notch Depth

15

7) Notch Area

For the non-steady state phenomena, different characteristic is applied to classify the type of
phenomena. The phenomena are as follows [7, 13]:
1) Rate of rise
2) Amplitude
3) Duration
4) Spectrum
5) Frequency
6) Rate of occurrence
7) Energy potential
8) Source impedance
Stone and Collisson has stated further description of these phenomena [35]; whereby the
phenomena were divided into nine main parts referred to time deviation and frequency deviation.
The characterization for PQ phenomena is applicable for the utilities, manufacturers and
consumers side to guide them for proper mitigation action. In this study, five power disturbances,
which have one or more characteristics listed as PQ phenomena, are selected for further analysis.
These five disturbances are voltage sag, voltage swell, interruption, oscillatory transient and
impulsive transient. The choice of disturbances was motivated by the available literature on
disturbance waveform [8]

2.4.1 Voltage Sag:

Voltage sag is defined as the decrement of the nominal rms voltage between 0.1 p.u. to 0.9 p.u.
The duration of the voltage sag can be from 0.5 cycles to 1 minute. The occurrence of sag is due
to Single Line to Ground (SLG) fault, motor starting and over current presence. The general term
for voltage sag is also known as the short duration decrease of the voltage. If the decrease of the

16

voltage is longer then 1-minute, under voltage term is used. Generally, voltage sag is divided into
three classes based on the duration of the occurrences. The classes are instantaneous sag,
momentary sag and temporary sag [7].

2.4.2 Voltage Swell:

Voltage swell is defined as the increment of the rms voltage between 1.1 to 1.8 p.u. The
frequency of the voltage swell occurrences is low compared to the voltage sag. Coincidently, the
duration of voltage swell is the same as voltage sag, which is between 0.5 cycles to 1 minute.
The factor that caused voltage swell is the starting of large motor, SLG fault, light system
loading and incorrect tap setting of the transformer. The swell that is caused by SLG occurs at
unfaulted phase. The swell is also divided into three main classes namely; instantaneous swell,
momentary swell and temporary swell. Like voltage sag, if the duration of increasing voltage
exceed 1 minute, overvoltage term is preferable. Installing fast acting tap changers in the system
can mitigate voltage swell. The consequences of this event are over heating of DC regulators and
higher iron loss in most machines applications [7].

2.4.3 Interruption:
Interruption is defined as the decrement in rms voltage less that 0.1 p.u. Most of the interruption
occurs after the voltage sag. The interruption is resulted from the loose connection, severe fault
and reclosing of circuit breaker. For the reclosing of circuit breaker action, transient phenomena
followed by interruption can be observed. The interruption results in nuisance tripping and
misoperation of the overall system. Interruptions show that the voltages are almost zero and no
more supply available into the system.

2.4.4 Oscillatory Transient:

Oscillatory transient is another class of PQ phenomena that is totally different from three
previous phenomena. The transient is an instantaneous rapid change in magnitude of voltage.
The typical duration of this disturbance is between 5s to 50ms. The magnitude of the transient
may reach until 2.0 p.u. However, most of the typical magnitude of oscillatory transient is 1.2 to
1.5 p.u. The frequency of spectral content could be from less than 5 kHz to 5 MHz. The

17

instantaneous change of the magnitude during transient occurrences can be positive or negative
in polarity. The transient may originate from capacitor switching, reclosing of circuit breaker and
load switching [7].

2.4.5 Impulsive Transient:

Impulsive transient is another transient disturbance that was experienced by the electrical user.
Impulsive transient is a sudden, non-power frequency change of voltage. The instantaneous
change of voltage for impulsive transient is unidirectional positive polarity. This disturbance is
characterized by its rise and decay times. The duration of the disturbance could be less than 50ns
to more than 1 ms. Another characteristic that can be considered is the spectral content in term of
rise time. The spectral content for the impulsive transient is between 5ns to 0.1ms rise time. The
common cause of impulsive transient is lightning strike [7].

2.5 Summary:
The overview of PQ has been discussed in this chapter. The varieties of the voltages in PQ field
give a lot of information for the PQ level in electrical system. Every definition and characteristic
of the disturbances has been described. The patterns of voltage or PQ disturbances need to be
identified for preventive action in order to avoid the cumbersome problem in electrical system.
In view of the above shortcomings, the following chapter explores the current technique for the
identification of PQ disturbance that is commonly used in PQ field.

18

Chapter 3 Detection of PQ Event Using Wavelet Transform

3.1 Introduction:
Now-a-days with the advent of the digital techniques, the PQ disturbances are monitored onsite and
online. Recently the wavelet transform (WT) has emerged as a powerful tool for the detection of PQ
disturbances. The Wavelet transform uses wavelet function as the basis function which scales itself
according to the frequency under analysis. The scheme shows better results because the basis
function used in the WT is a wavelet instead of an exponential function used in FT and STFT.
Using the WT the signal is decomposed into different frequency levels and presented as wavelet
coefficients. Depending on the types of signal, continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and discrete
wavelet transform (DWT) are employed. For continuous time signal, CWT based decomposition is
adopted and for discrete time signal DWT based decomposition is employed. However in this work
all the signals shown are discrete in nature hence DWT based decomposition is employed herein
this part of the work different PQ disturbances such as Sag, Swell, Interruption, Sag with harmonics
and Swell with harmonics are generated using MATLAB and then decomposed using
decomposition algorithm of WT and point of actual disturbance is located and type of disturbance is
detected.

3.2 Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)

Discrete Wavelet Transform has two stages. First wavelet coefficients hd(n) and gd(n) have to be
determined. It represents the signal X(n) in the wavelet domain. After the first stage, approximate
and detailed coefficients have to be calculated from the decomposed power signal. These
coefficients are cA1 (n) and cD1 (n) as defined below.
After the decomposition of power signal, to get the original signal in time domain, inverse
fourier transform has to be applied. So the signal X(t) in wavelet domain is as follows-

19

( , )=

( )

- - - - (3.1)

Where a, b (t) = ((t-b)/a)/a - - - - - (3.2)

is a scaled and shifted version of the mother wavelet (t).The parameter a corresponds to scale and
frequency domain property of (t).The parameter b corresponds to time domain property of (t) .In
addition 1/ a

is the normalization value of a,b(t) for having spectrum power as same as mother

wavelet in every scale. The DWT is introduced by considering sub band decomposition using the
digital filter equivalent to DWT.The filter bank structure is shown in Figure 2.1.The Band pass filter
is implemented as a low pass and high pass filter pair which has mirrored charecteristics.While the
low pass filter approximates the signal. The high pass filter provides the details lost in the
approximation. The approximations are low frequency high scale component whereas the details are
high frequency low scale component.

3.3 Choice of Mother Wavelet:

The selection of mother wavelet is an important issue for decomposition of PQ disturbances
as the proper selection of mother wavelet results in accurate detection of disturbances. The original
signal to be decomposed is multiplied with the selected mother wavelet to obtain the scaled and
translated version of the original signal at different levels. There are several mother wavelets such as
Daubechies, Morlet, Haar, Symlet etc. exists in wavelet library but literatures revealed that for
power quality analysis Daubechies wavelet gives the desired result. Again the Daubechies wavelet
has several orders such as Db2, Db3, Db4, Db5 Db6, Db7 Db8, and Db10etc.The Daubechies
wavelets with 4, 6, 8, and10 filter coefficients work well in most disturbance cases. Based on the
detection problem, the power qualities disturbances can be classified into two types, fast and slow
transients. In the fast transient case the waveforms are marked with sharp edges, abrupt and rapid
changes, and a fairly short duration in time. In this case Daub4 and Daub6 give good result due to
their compactness. In slow transient case Daub8 and Daub10 shows better performance as the time
Interval in integral evaluated at point n is long enough to sense the slow changes.

3.4 Generation of PQ disturbances:

The various power quality disturbances such as Sag, Swell, Interruption, and Sag with harmonics

20

and Swell with harmonics are generated with different magnitudes using MATLAB.

21

FLOW CHART FOR PQ SIGNAL DISTURBANCE GENERATION USING

MATLAB

Fig 3.1 Flow chart for PQ signal disturbance generation using

MATLAB
3.4.1 Signal specification:
Ts (time period) =0.5 sec, fs (sampling frequency) =6.4 KHz, f=50Hz, No of cycles=25, No of
samples/cycle=128, Total Sampling points=3200.Duration of disturbance=0.2 second. The interval
of disturbance from 0.2 to 0.4 second of time which is between 1250 to 2500 sampling points.

22

Voltage Sag

Fig 3.2(a): Voltage Sag

Fig 3.2(b): Voltage sag

Fig 3.2(a) & Fig 3.2(b) Sag disturbance with fs=6.4 KHz

Voltage Swell

Fig 3.3(a)

23

Fig 3.3(b)
Fig 3.3(a) & Fig 3.3(b) Swell Disturbance with fs=6.4 kHz

Voltage Interruption

Fig 3.4(a)

Fig 3.4(b)
Fig 3.4(a) & Fig 3.4(b) Interruption Disturbance with fs=6.4kHz

24

3.5 Detection using WT

The above Disturbances are decomposed into different levels through wavelet decomposition
algorithm as shown in Figure 2.1 using equation 2.1 and equation 2.2.The signal is looked at
different scales or resolution which is also known as multi resolution analysis(MRA) or sub band
coding. With increase in each level time resolution decreases while frequency resolution increases.
The unique deviation of each power quality disturbances from the original sinusoidal
waveform is identified both in the approximate and detail coefficients. The different
disturbances are studied with different levels. Normally, one or two scale signal decomposition is
adequate to discriminate disturbances from their background because the decomposed signals at
lower scales have high time localization. In other words, the high scale signal decomposition is not
necessary since it gives poor time localization. In this case the different power quality disturbances
are decomposed up to 4th level for detection purpose.

3.5.1 Voltage Sag

Fig 3.5(a). Decomposed voltage sag level 1 using WT

Fig 3.5(b). Approximate signal level 1

25

Fig 3.5(c). Detail signal level 1

Fig 3.5(d). Detail signal level 2

Fig 3.5(e). Detail signal level 3

26

Fig 3.5(f). Approximate signal level 4

Fig 3.5(g). Detail signal level 4

Fig 3.5(h). Reconstructed approximate signal

27

Fig 3.5(i). Reconstructed detail signal

3.5.2 Summary :
From the decomposition of the disturbance shown in Figure 3.2(a) and Figure 3.2(b) it is seen that
disturbance occurred at 1250 to 2500 samples or 0.2 to 0.4 second interval of the signal which is
confirmed from the result shown in Figure 3.5(h) and Figure 3.5(i).Reduction in nominal value of
the waveform can be marked from the approximate and detail coefficient of level4 decomposition
as shown in Figure 3.5(f) and Figure 3.5(g).The reconstructed approximate waveform shown
in Figure 3.5(h) also perfectly resembles with input disturbance waveform shown in Figure
3.2(b) which confirmed the disturbance to be the voltage Sag and proves the accurate detection of
the disturbance.
In this way ,the other PQ disturbances Swell, Interruption can be decomposed.

28

Chapter 4 Feature Extraction of Power Signal

4.1 Introduction:
Feature extraction of a disturbed power signal provides information that helps to detect the
responsible fault for power quality disturbance. A precise and faster feature extraction tool helps
power engineers to monitor and maintain power disturbances more efficiently. This paper uses
adaptive harmonic wavelet transform as a power quality feature extraction tool which can
perform better to analyze a disturbed voltage or current signal compared to present methods.
Adaptive harmonic wavelet transform adopts harmonic wavelet as a basis function which
provides better representation of power quality signals than the other wavelet functions that are
being employed in present analysis tools. Adaptive harmonic wavelet transform is derived from
generalized harmonic wavelet transform by developing its adaptiveness to analyze all kinds of
disturbed signals with minimum human interaction.

4.2 Features:
4.2.1 Total Harmonic Distortions (THD):
The total harmonic distortion, or THD, of a signal is a measurement of the harmonic
distortion present and is defined as the ratio of the sum of the powers of all harmonic
components to the power of the fundamental frequency. THD is used to characterize the linearity
of audio systems and the power quality of electric power systems.
When the input is a pure sine wave, the measurement is most commonly the ratio of the sum of
the powers of all higher harmonic frequencies to the power at the first harmonic, or fundamental,
frequency. Measurements based on amplitudes (e.g. voltage or current) must be converted to
powers to make addition of harmonics distortion meaningful. For a voltage signal, for example,
the ratio of the squares of the RMS voltages is equivalent to the power ratio. THD is also
commonly defined as an amplitude ratio rather than a power ratio, [resulting in a definition of
THD which is the square root of that given as follows:

RMS=

( ) - - - - - - - (4.1)

29

Where Nj is the no of detail coefficients at scale j while THD is calculated by considering each
sub-band contribution [11-12] as shown in equation ().The sampling frequency selected is 6.4
kHz or 128f1. In this paper, the fundamental frequency is 50 hertz and used six level of WT thus
the output should receive the sub-band as follows:

cD1: 32f1 ~ 64f1;

cD2: 16 f1 ~ 32 f1;
cD3: 8 f1 ~ 16 f1;
cD4: 4 f1 ~ 8 f1;
cD5: 2 f1 ~ 4 f1;
cD6: 1 f1 ~ 2 f1;
cA6: 0 f1 ~ 1 f1;

( )

( )]

- - - - - - - (4.2)

ENERGY:
The energy of the signal is calculated using parsevals theorem [10] which states that if S(t) is the
voltage across the resistor or current through the resistor then the energy dissipated is

E= | ( )| dt - - - - - (4.3)
In wavelet domain the signal is decomposed into the approximate and detailed coefficients and
therefore energy dissipated by the signal in terms of approximate and detail coefficients given by

E=

( )

( )

- - - - - (4.4)

Where Cj (k) is approximate coefficient at jth level and Dj (k) is detail coefficient at jth level.

30

TABLE 4.1 Feature vector for voltage sag

TABLE 4.2
FREQUENCY BANK DISTRIBUTION FOR 12.8 KHZ SAMPLING RATE

Decomposition level

Frequency range

(fs = 12.8 KH z)

Approximation(a)

Detailed(d)

1
2
3

0 to 3.2 KHz
0 to 1.6 KHz
0 to 800 Hz

3.2 K to 6.4 KHz

1.6 K to 3.2 KHz
800 Hz to 1.6 KHz

0 to 400 Hz

400 Hz to 800 Hz

5
6
7
8

0 to 200 Hz
0 to 100 Hz
0 to 50 Hz
0 to 25Hz

200 Hz to 400 Hz
100 Hz to 200 Hz
50 Hz to 100Hz
25 Hz to 50 Hz

31

TABLE 4.3
FREQUENCY BANK DISTRIBUTION FOR 6.4 KHZ SAMPLING RATE
Decomposition level

Frequency range

(fs = 6.4 KH z)

Approximation(a)

Detailed(d)

1
2

0 to 1.6 KHz
0 to 800 KHz

0 to 400 Hz

1.6 K to 3.2 KHz

800Hz TO 1.6
KHz
400 Hz to 800Hz

0 to 200 Hz

200 Hz to 400 Hz

5
6
7
8

0 to 100 Hz
0 to 50 Hz
0 to 25Hz
0 to 12.5Hz

100 Hz to 200 Hz
50 Hz to 100 Hz
25 Hz to 50Hz
12.5 Hz to 25 Hz

TABLE 4.4
Classification by Unique Features for the Disturbance Signal
Signal

Feature
st

From 1 level
detailed

Level 4
detail
energy

Peak energy

cycle
voltage(rms)after
occurrence
-

Duration

Repeat

Pure
Sine

no

At level 7th

Sag

> cycle

no

At level 7th

Swell

> cycle

no

Interrupt

> cycle

no

>0.1

And <0.8

At level 7th

>1.1

At level 7th

<0.1

32

Chapter 5 Classification of Power Signal Using MFNN

5.2 Multilayer feed forward Neural Network
5.2.1 Introduction:
An articial neural network (ANN) (or, neural network) provides a practical general method for,
discrete-valued, learning real-valued and vector-valued functions from examples. The type of
neural network learning is supervised learning, i.e, the network is provided with example inputs
and correct answer for the input. Generally for regression problem and classification problem, an
input belongs to which class (out of several possibilities) that is main concern. As an example we
can say, if we want to have network learning to distinguish pictures of cats from pictures dog.
Then in that particular case, we would provide the network with a series of pictures and whether
the picture is a cat or dog that we will tell for each picture. In case, of regression problem, the
main task is learning of real-valued target function. How we will structure our Artificial Network
Network mainly depend on the problem (classification problem or regression problem) we are
trying to solve and that has become largely interested subject for the convenience of handling
complex and non-linear problems and they are applicable for wide range. Artificial Network
Network consists of simple element which is parallel interconnected and is intended to interact
with real world as the biological nervous system interacts. An unusual scheme based
programming standpoint is offered by them which exhibit more speed computing compared to
other conventional methods. Artificial Neural Network are characterized by the number of
interconnections and the node characteristics that are classified by the kind of learning rules has
been employed and the type of non-linear elements has been used. An organized topology of
Processing Elements (PEs) which are called neurons composes Artificial Neural Network
(ANN). In case of MFNN Processing Elements are arranged in layers and PEs in a adjacent
layers are connected. The MFNN structure generally consists of three layers and those are the
input layer, the hidden layer and the output layer.

33

Fig 5.1: Architecture of MFNN

5.2.2 Back Propagation Algorithm
For teaching artificial neural networks & performing a particular given task Back propagation is
well known. In 1996, Arthur E. Bryson and Yu-Chi Ho has explained Back propagation
algorithm..
BPA is a method of supervised learning which can be visualized as a generalized form of the
delta rule. BPA demands a teacher that can predict desired output for any input in training set.
For feedforward networks, BPA is much effective technique. The term "backward propagation of
errors" is another definition back propagation algorithm. In case of Back propagation the
activation function which is used by the artificial neurons has to be differentiable. For
understanding, the back propagation learning algorithm can be divided into two phases. Phase:
propagation and phase and the second one is weight update.

34

Classification of PQ Disturbances
C1

Normal Sinusoidal Signal

C2

Sag Signal

C3

Swell Signal

C4

Normal Interruption Signal

Four classes PQ disturbances has been taken
Classification Accuracy (%) = / 100

Where, X= Number of samples correctly detected

Y= Total number of samples considered

TABLE 4.5
Classification Results MFNN

Summary:
The Detection and classification of PQ disturbances is an important issue in the power
quality analysis as before any mitigation action, the type of disturbance and the point of

35

disturbance are needed to take the corrective measure. In this work six different PQ
disturbances are considered that includes complex disturbances like sag with harmonics
and swell with harmonics for the characterization purpose. First of all these disturbances
are decomposed into various levels using wavelet decomposition algorithm of wavelet
transform and detected the point of disturbance along with the type of disturbance. This
shows that the wavelet transform as a signal processing tool is quite efficient in
analysing the PQ disturbances that may be stationary or non-stationary in nature. The
WT is a frequency domain approach where the signals are analyzed at different frequency
resolution levels. The Problem is encountered in detection when the signal is
contaminated with a high density of noise or low signal to noise ratio. Also the feature
vector to be extracted for the classification purpose will contain high percentage of noise
which may degrade the classification accuracy.

36

Chapter 6 Detection of PQ Disturbances Using S-Transform:

6.1 Introduction:
As time frequency distribution Stockwell transform was developed for analyzing geophysics
data. Stockwell transform is a generalized form of Short time fourier transform and it is extended
version of continuous wavelet transform(CWT) and the disadvantages of wavelet transform can
be overcome in S-transform. In case of S-transform modulation sinusoids are fixed with respect
to time axis. These modulation sinusoids localizes the scalable Gaussian window. Actually Stransform doesnt have cross-term problem. S-transform provides better signal clarity than Gabor
transform. But, Stockwell transform has also disadvantages like itrequires higher complexity
computation. The algorithm of stockwell transform was in 2010. Stockwell transform reduces the
computational time and resources by atleast 4 orders of magnitude.
In noisy environment detection and localization of power quality disturbance, the
capabilities of wavelet transform are often degraded. But using S-transform it can be
correctly detected even in the presence of noise.
In case of wavelet transform, testing of various families of wavelet is required for better
classification whereas S-transform does not require such several steps.
In this paper probabilistic neural network (PNN) has been used as classifier of detected
signal. The features extracted from S-transform are given as input to PNN. Only four
features are required for classification four type of PQD. As, a result computational time
will also reduce.

6.2 The Discrete S-Transform:

Let p[kT] k=0,1,..,N-1 define a discrete time series corresponding to a signal p(t) . Here, a
time sampling interval of T. The discrete Fourier transform of the signal can be obtained as
follows :
P[n/NT]=1/N_^( 1)p[kT]e^(-(2nk/N). (6.1)
Where n= 0, 1 N-1 and the inverse discrete Fourier Transform is
p[kT]=

P[n/NT]e^(i2nk/N) (6.2)

37

S[n/NT,jT]=

P[min/NT]G(n,m)e^(i2mj/N) (6.3)

6.3 Feature Extraction by S-Transform:

Stockwell transform performs multi-resolutional analysis on a power signal which varies with
time, because window window width in case of S-transform varies inversely with frequency. At
high frequency it gives hightime resolution, in case of low frequency it gives high frequency
resolution. S-transform can also be applied effectively in case of non-stationary signal.
Here, the power signals simulated using MATLAB 13 at sampling frequency is 6.4 KHz. Four
types power signal has been simulated. From, S-matrix features from voltage sag have been
extracted. Applying standard statistical techniques onto S-matrix feature extraction extraction is
done. Features such as energy, standard deviation, mean, amplitude of transformed signal are
widely used classification. The following features are extracted:
1st feature: Standard deviation of the elements of maximum magnitude in each column of the Smatrix.
2nd feature: Energy elements corresponding of maximum magnitude in each column of the Smatrix.
3rd feature: Standard deviation maximum value in each row of the S- matrix.
4th feature: Standard deviation (S.D.) of the phase contour.

6.4 Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN):

For classifying patterns which are based on learning, neural networks are employed. In this paper
probabilistic neural networks are employed. In this paper probabilistic neural networks are
employs. In this paper probabilistic neural network (PNN) classifier has been presented. Here,
only four features are required here. As a result, requirement of memory and computational time
reduces. Probabilistic neural network can perform a effective classifier. The learning process is

38

fast for PNN, thats why single pass network training is required even without any iteration PNN
can adapt architectural changes itself. The learning efficiency of PNN is fast and structure of
PNN is very simple. Comparing to MFNN and LVQ performance of PNN is more effective.
A standard probabilistic neural network consists of following layers:
Input layer.
Pattern layer
Summation layer
Output layer

Advantages:
Training process for PNN is faster than other neural network (NN).
Structure of PNN is inherently parallel.
As the size of representative training set increases, PNN can converge to an
optimal classifier.
There are no local minima issues in case of PNN.
Without extensive retraining, training samples can be added or removed.

Disadvantages:
PNN require large memory.
Execution of network for PNN is slower.
Representative training set requirement.
Unlike back propagation PNN is not as general.

Classification Theory:
If the probability density function (pdf) of each of the populations is known, then an
Unknown, X, belongs to class i if:
( )>

( ), all

is the pdf for class k

Other parameters may be included

Prior probability (h)

39

 Probability of an unknown sample being drawn from a particular

population.
Misclassification cost (c)
Cost of incorrectly classifying an unknown
Classification decision becomes

( )>

( ), all (Bayes optimal decision rule)

Training Set:
Training set is thoroughly representative of the actual population.
PNN is more demanding compound to other neural networks.

40

Fig 6.1: Architecture of Probabilistic Neural Network

TABLE 6.1
Classification Results of PNN

TABLE 6.2

41

Classification Results of MFNN & PNN for Three Classes

TABLE 6.3
Comparison of Accuracies with Three and Four Features

TABLE 6.4
Comparative Analysis Performance PNN & MFNN

42

Chapter 7 Conclusion and Future scope of work

7.1 Future scope of work:
1. In this work only two features like THD and Energy are considered for modeling the PQD
detection system using MFNN is used for classification. More features associated with PQ
signals like Entropy, standard deviation etc. can be included for modeling as well as
classification purpose.
2. Classification of decomposed power signal using fuzzy logic and comparison the
classification accuracy with MFNN and PNN.
3.

In this paper, the effect of noise has not been discussed . In the further research work, the

effect of noise part will be included. Instead of simulated signal, the real distorted signal which is
measured by digital recorder can also be included in further research work and through a dsPIC
based hardware, it can be implemented by real time.

7.2 Conclusion:
In this paper, firstly it is tried to classify pure sine and PQ disturbances such as voltage sag,
voltage swell, and voltage with harmonics, transients and flicker at power system frequency.
Before classification stage, data is normalized then five PQ disturbances and pure sine are
decomposed by using 12 levels Daubechies-4 discrete wavelet filter and energy distributions of
detail coefficients of PQ disturbances and pure sine are obtained. Pure sine is taken as a
reference. When looking at variations in feature vector for PQ disturbances signals and pure sine,
it is seen they are distinguished as visual and also data size is reduced. After obtaining feature
vector, powerful classifier MFNN is used in classification stage 97.905 % average performance
is obtained. This thesis proposed two kinds of classification algorithms for the disturbance types
considered and could successfully use one of those algorithms to achieve a very high error
classification rate. The use of wavelet multi-resolution analysis standard deviation curves along
with fourier domain parameters with the help of a 4 layer feed forward neural network proved to
achieve almost a zero error rate for the considered datasets. Also, the insights provided in this
thesis on using clustering based wavelet MRA energy parameters along with Adaptive
Resonance theory classification algorithms is worth further investigation.

43

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46