ABSTRACT

IPT was all about rehabilitation of mafinga to igawa road, lot 1: mafinga- nyigo
section(74.1km), and lot 2: nyigo- igawa section (63.8km) works conducted include Clearing
and grubbing, Removal of top soil, Common excavation to spoil, Fill minimum G3 quality
material, Improved subgrade G7 quality material, Improved subgrade G15 quality material, Rock
Fill, Rock excavation, Stabilized sub base layer material class C1, C2, Crushed aggregates base
layer class (CRR), Ordinary Portland Cement Asphalt Concrete - AC20, Prime Coat - MC30,
Bituminous curing membrane - MC30 and Pipe Culvert. Replacing pavement the tools that cold
milling machines use for removing road layers were originally developed for the mining
industry. So-called point-attack cutting tools, fitted to a rotating milling drum on the underside of
the machine, bite into the road at precisely the specified depth. No material is too hard for these
tools: Cold milling machines are even capable of rehabilitating concrete pavements. Whether
asphalt or concrete: The material is milled and then directly loaded on trucks to be transported
from site, all in one single pass.

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TABLE CONTENT

Page

1. Introduction
1.1. Purpose
1.2. 0bjective
1.3. Expected learning outcome of the IPT program

3
4
5

2. Main body
2.1. Profile of the organization
2.2. Technical works activities undertaken/Tasks undertaken.

5
8

3. Evaluation of Attachment Experience(aka conclusion)

21

4. References

22

5. Appendices

23

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PURPOSE
Rectifying a pavement that has reached a state where, for the safety of road users, its
rehabilitation cannot be delayed. Alternatively it may deal with a situation where the natural
growth in traffic has necessitated an upgrade of the pavements structural capacity, width and/or
alignment. Designers must be cognizant of how the road corridor as a whole is managed. Further,
they must be aware of the synergies or opportunities presented by works being undertaken, now
or in the future, whatever the reason for them. Where a pavement is to be rehabilitated primarily
because of its current or forecast condition, consideration should also be paid to its cross section,
cross fall, super elevation (if applicable), drainage, shape and alignment. It may be possible to
upgrade/correct some or all of these characteristics concurrently for only a marginal increase in
cost. For example, where existing substandard base gravel is to be stabilized, the marginal cost of
widening the pavement at the same time would be significantly less than carrying out the
widening at some later date. Conversely, where action is required for reasons other than those
related to the pavement, the pavement ant of how the road corridor as a whole is managed.
Further, they must be aware of the synergies or opportunities presented by works being
undertaken, now or in the future, whatever the reason for them. Where a pavement is to be
rehabilitated primarily because of its current or forecast condition, consideration should also be
paid to its cross section, cross fall, super elevation (if applicable), drainage, shape and alignment.
It may be possible to upgrade/correct some or all of these characteristics concurrently for only a
marginal increase in cost. For example, where existing substandard base gravel is to be
stabilized, the marginal cost of widening the pavement at the same time would be significantly
less than carrying out the widening at some later date. Conversely, where action is required for
reasons other than those related to the pavement, the pavement

OBJECTIVE
Rehabilitation of mafinga to igawa road by replacing the pavement by cold milling machines use
for removing road layers were originally developed for the mining industry. So-called pointIndustrial Practical Training (2016/2017)Page 3

attack cutting tools, fitted to a rotating milling drum on the underside of the machine, bite into
the road at precisely the specified depth. No material is too hard for these tools: Cold milling
machines are even capable of rehabilitating concrete pavements. Whether asphalt or concrete:
The material is milled and then directly loaded on trucks to be transported from site, all in one
single pass. And increasing road width, pavement strength, drainage system, improving
pavement layers, reducing steep slope and increasing radius of the curves so as to reduce
accident.

PART 1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANY

LEA Associates South Asia Consulting Engineers and Planners company Established in 1993,
LEA Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd. (LASA), an operating company of LEA Group, Canada, is
Industrial Practical Training (2016/2017)Page 4

one of the most sought-after Consulting firm in Engineering and Planning . LASAs area of
Expertise includes;

Roads and Highways

Bridge and Structures

Urban Development and Planning

Traffic and Transportation Engineering and Planning

Water Resources

Environmental and Social Planning

Railways
An ISO 9001 Certified LASA, has been an important stakeholder in Infrastructure Development
for last 20 years in India and other countries of Asia and Africa. With its phenomenal and
unparallel continual growth, LASA is one of the major and most trusted organizations in the
business.
Project objectives, Clients satisfaction and serving the community are always at the core of
LASAs priorities and it strongly responds to the project objective through its vast experiences
and innovative approach.
LASA, over a span of more than 20 years of its professional experience, has more than a
thousand successfully completed projects to its credit, across sectors and countries in Asia and
Africa. LASA is an organization trusted by all leading national and international clients and is
privileged to have served on projects funded by all leading multi-lateral funding agencies like
World Bank, Asian Development Bank, African Development Bank, Japan International
Cooperation Agency, US AID, CIDA, etc.
LASA has been constantly appointed by all the major Central and State Government Ministries
and Agencies and major private entrepreneurs in India associated with infrastructure
development. Key agencies in Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda, Bangladesh, Oman, Sri Lanka,
Kenya, Mauritius and Botswana etc. have also conferred their trust in LASA by awarding
repeatedly major and significant assignments.

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LASA is bejeweled with plenty of highly capable professionals and other resources to deliver in
Sectors of its Expertise with the quality comparable with any International standards.
With its vast experience on variety of projects over a period of more than 20 years, an unmatched
pool of technical expertise and the state-of-the art technologies available in-house, LASA is
placed to take up any challenging assignments in the stated sectors.

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ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE OF THE COMPANY

Project Manager

Site Agent
Department

Quali
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team

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Industrial Practical Training (2016/2017)Page 7

Fir
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PART 2 TECHNICAL REPORT

LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF SOIL STABILIZE CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
Stabilization of soil
Soil stabilization is a method of improving soil properties by blending
and mixing other materials. Stabilization can increase the shear strength of a soil and/or control
the shrink-swell properties of a soil, thus improving the load bearing capacity of a sub-grade to
support pavements and foundations.
Soil Stabilization can be utilized on roadways, parking areas, site
development projects, airports and many other situations where sub-soils are not suitable for
construction. Stabilization can be used to treat a wide range of sub-grade materials, varying from
expansive clays to granular materials. This process is accomplished using a wide variety of
additives, including lime, fly-ash, and Portland cement. Other material by products used in
Stabilization includes lime-kiln dust (LKD) and cement-kiln dust (CKD).

Soil stabilizer
Additive materials added to soil to increase shear strength of a soil and
control the shrink-swell properties of a soil, thus improving the load bearing capacity of a subgrade to support pavements and foundation. Stabilizer including lime, fly-ash, and Portland
cement or other by products material used in stabilization includes lime-kiln dust (LKD) and
cement-kiln dust (CKD).

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PROCEDURES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF STABILIZER CONTENT

Sample preparation
Prepare an adequate quantity (approximately 150kg) of the air dried material passing the 20mm
test sieve. Break up lumps of fine material by rolling on flat surface to pass the 20mm sieve and
add to the portion passing the sieve. Mixing the material thoroughly and quarter out a specimen
of about 35kg. This is turn divided into 5 equal parts of about 7kg each.
This 5 specimen shall be used in determination of the optimum moisture content (OMC) and
maximum dry density (MDD) of stabilized material.
Determination of moisture content
Clean and dry the container, then weigh it to the nearest 0.1g(m1)
A representative sample shall be crumbled and loosely placed in the container
For fine grained soils the sample weight shall be min. 30g
For medium grained soil the sample weight shall be min 300g
For course grained soil the sample shall be min 3kg
The container with sample shall immediately be weighed (m2) and placed in oven to dry
at 105C for minimum 12hours
After dry weigh the container and the contents(m3)
Calculations
Calculate the moisture Content of the soil specimen, w, as a percentage of the dry soil mass to
the nearest 0.1percent from equation:
W= (m2-m3/m3-m1)*100percent
Where
M1 is the mass of the container
M2 is the mass of container and wet soil (in g)
M3 is the mass of the container and dry soil (in g)
Refer table below for more clarification
Dry Density Moisture content relationship for stabilized soil material
Compaction of stabilized material is the process by which the solid particles are packed more
closely together by mechanical means there by increasing dry density of material. The method
covers the determination of dry of dry density when a stabilized material is compacted in a
specified manner over a range of moisture content.
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Required equipment
CBR moulds with internal diameter of 152mm and internal height of 127mm. The
moulds shall be fitted with a detachable baseplate and removable extension (collar)
A metal rammer weighting 4.5kg. The rammer shall be equipped with an arrangement for
controlling the height of drop to 450mm.
A balance readable to 5g.
Palette knives or spatulas
A straightedge, e.g. a steel strip
A 20 mm and a 37.5mm test sieves and receiver
Water proof containers and scoop
A large metal tray
A garden trowel
Measuring cylinder 200ml or 500ml
Suitable tools for extracting specimen from moulds
Apparatus for moisture content determination.

CBR mould

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Rammer

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Sample preparation
Step 1 Prepare 5 representative samples each of about 7-8kg of air-dried material passing the
20mm
test sieve. Break up lumps of fine material by rolling on the flat surface. Taken from
sample
Prepared above.
Step 2 Weight out 4percent of stabilizer by mass of the air dried material for each of the 5
samples.
Step 3 Mix each sample thoroughly with the stabilizer and the different required amount of water
to a
Suitable range of moisture content. Stabilizer should admixed with raw material
immediately
Before the admixing of water.
Compaction procedure
Step 1 The mould with base plate attached shall be weighed to the nearest 5g (m1)
Step 2 Attach the extension collar and base place the mould on a solid base e.g. concrete floor
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Step 3 Place a quantity of first test portion in mould such that when compacted it occupies a little
over
1/5 of the height of the mould body
Step 4 Apply 62 blows from the rammer dropped from a height of 450mm to the layer. Distribute
the
blows uniformly over the surface.
Step 5 Remove rammer and fill next layer of soil in the mould and above process 4 more times
by
applying 62 blows to all layers. The mould should be filled but surface should not be
more than
6mm proud of the upper edge of the mould body.
Step 6 When all five layer are compacted remove the extension collar strike off excess soil and
level the
Surface of the compacted material to the top of the mould using the straight-edge.
Replace any course particles removed in the leveling process by finer material from the
sample
Well pressed in.
Step 7 Weight the soil and the mould with base plate attached to 5g (m2)
Step 8 Remove the compacted sample from the mould. Take representative sample of min 300g
of the
material for determination of moisture content.
Step 9 Discard the remainder of the sample (The sample must not be re-used in a later test).
Step 10 This whole process shall be carried out for all 5 portions of the sample.
Calculation
1. Calculate the bulk density of each compacted specimen from equation:
Bulk density = m2-m1/v*1000 (kg/cubic meter)
Where
M1 is the mass of mould and baseplate (in g)
M2 is the mass of mould baseplate and compacted soil (in g)
V is the volume of the mould (in cm3)
V = 2305 cm3 for a BS standard CBR mould
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2. Calculate the dry density of each compacted specimen from the equation
Dry density = 100*bulk density/100+w
Where
W is the moisture content of the relevant test portion (in percent)
3. Plot the dry density obtained from a series of determination as ordinates against the
corresponding moisture content as abscissae. Draw a curve of curve of best fit to the
plotted points and identify the point of maximum on this curve. Read off the values of
dry of dry density and moisture content to three significant figures corresponds to that
point.
Refer table below for more clarification

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Preparation of stabilized sample for UCS

Required equipment
CBR compaction mould, split type 152.4mm in diameter and 152.4mm high with
detachable collar and base plate and 25.4mm thick spacer plate fixed to the base plate.
A metal rammer having a 50mm diameter circular face and weighing 4.5kg. The rammer
shall be equipped with arrangement for controlling height of drop to 450mm
A balance readable to 5g
A palette knife or spatula
A straightedge, e.g. a steel a steel strip
A 20mm and 37.5mm test sieves and receiver
A large metal tray
Suitable tools for extracting specimen from mould
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Apparatus for moisture content determination

Galvanized iron mixing baths 450*650*200mm deep(at least 3)
Suitable carrier plates to hold specimens
Airtight container with lids about 20 litres in capacity (at least 4)

Making of specimen for the determination of compressive strength

Step 1 Using the remaining air dry material in air tight tins, divide out three similar lots of
material of
Approximately 21kg (oven dry weight) each. Calculate the mass of air-dry material
required for
each lot by taking into account the moisture content of the air-dry material as determined
on the
sample above.
Step 2 Select three different stabilize content at which the specimens for compressive strength
Determination are to made. These are usually in increments of 2percent, 4percent,
6percent by
mass of oven dry material.
Step 3 Calculate and weight out three quantities of stabilize required for the above three lots of
raw
Material.
Step 4 Calculate and measure out the required quantity of water to bring each lot to OMC. The
quantity
Of water required is difference between the quantity of water present in the air dry
material and
The quantity of water of water required to obtain OMC as determined in Compaction test
above.
Step 5 Mix in the stabilizer and then the water and treat for 4 hours covering the sample with
damp
Cloth (sample bags), and mixing every half hour.
Step 6 Compact three specimens from each of the three lots, altogether 9 specimen with 3
different
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Stabilize contents. The compaction procedure is outlined in compaction test above

Step 7 Weight the moulds with compacted specimens
Step 8 Remove the specimen from the moulds by dismantling the split moulds
Step 9 The specimens are now placed on the carrier plates and are ready for curing.
Calculations
1. Quantity stabilizer to be added for specimens
C = YW/100
Where
C = mass of stabilizer required (g)
Y = percentage of stabilizer required
W=mass of oven-dry material (g)
2. Quantity of water to be admixed with the material for specimens
V = Q(P+C)-(M-P)
Where
V = volume of water (ml)
Q = optimum moisture
P = mass of material (oven dry) to be used (g)
C = mass of stabilizer to be added (g)
M = mass of material (air dry) (g)
Refer table below for more clarification
Unconfined compressive strength of stabilized soil
In this method the unconfined compressive strength of stabilized material is determined by
prepared specimens (mixed, compacted and cured) to an increased load until failure. The
unconfined compressive (UCS) a stabilized material is load in KN/m2 (kpa) required to crush a
cylindrical specimen 127mm high and 152.4mm in diameter to a total failure at a rate of
application of load of 140KN/M2 per second (kpa/s).
Required equipment
Suitable plastic bags to hold specimens and carriers in an airtight condition in a water
bath as describe below.
A water bath preferably maintaining of about 25centigrade
A compression testing machine capable of applying a rate of loading of 140KN/m2 per
second (kPa/s) and capable of measuring a load of 200KN accurately to 1KN.

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Compression machine

Sample preparation

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Specimen shall be prepared in split type CBR moulds in accordance with the procedure
described
In order to establish the required stabilizer content to produce a mixture conforming to a
specified UCS, three specimens are necessary for each stabilizer content.
In the case of sample for field control one specimen per field sample is sufficient.
Curing specimen
Step 1: The specimens shall be cured for seven days in plastic bags immersed in water bath at a
Maintained temperature preferably about 25centigrade
Step 2: After seven days remove the specimens from the plastic bags and submerge them in
water for
4hours. The temperature of the water should preferably be about 25cenigrade
Compressive strength determination
Step 1: Remove the specimen from the water
Step 2: Crush each specimen to total failure in the compression testing machine. The load must
be
applied to the flat of the specimen and rate of application of the load shall be 140kPa/s.
This is
equivalent to a rate of 153Kh/min for 152mm diameter specimens
Step 3 Record the load to the nearest 1kN
Calculations
Calculate the unconfined compressive strength to the nearest 10kN/m2(kPa) as follows
UCS = (load)kN/0.01824
Refer table below for more clarification

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Conclusion
Quality control takes account of materials properties (beneficial and detrimental
behavior), application methods (workmanship) and the value of final product. However,
since materials testing and inspections are normally carried out by laboratory personnel
with different levels of knowledge and experience, it is extremely important to have a
standard system that controls and unifies the laboratory operations in order to ensure
reliability of the test results. Principally, the main concern in quality control process is not
just the test result recorded during testing, but truth of the result and its effect on the final
product. Therefore, quality control plan should not be limited to sampling procedure and
testing methods only, but should also take personal knowledge into account, as well as
the attitude and tactics of conducting field inspections and using the laboratory equipment
to avoid erroneous results. On the other hand, the quality control manager (or engineer)
should prepare a regular calibration schedule for the laboratory equipment (to retain their
precision); and ensure the personnel put into practice the laboratory principles to avoid
injuries and damages to equipment.

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REFERENCES
1. MINISTRY OF WORKS, TANZANIA; Pavement and Materials Design Manual 1999
2. MINISTRY OF WORKS, TANZANIA; CML, Laboratory Testing Manual 2000
3. TRL: Department for International Development; Overseas Road Note 3
4. SADC Guideline on Low-volume Sealed Roads; Pavement Design, Materials and
Surfacing July 2003
5. Thomas D. Larson; Portland Cement and Asphalt Concretes
6. F. K. Kong and R. H. Evans; Reinforced and Pre-stressed Concrete (3rd Edition)
7. Prof. John Atkinson; City University, London. Lecture annotations on Soil
Mechanics
8. Mike Pinard (World Bank Consultant); Alternative Materials and Pavement Design
Technologies for LowVolume Sealed Roads + Case Studies (International Workshop,
Bamako, Mali January 2006).
9. British Standards; BS 812: Part 101, Part 103-1, Part 105, Part 110 and Part 111
BS 1377: Part 2, Part 4 and Part 9 BS 1881: Part 102, Part 108 and Part 116 BS 8110:
Part 1; Structural use of concrete
10. AASHTO: Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of
Sampling and Testing (Part II Tests).

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Appendices
Aggregate: - a group of broken pieces of stone.
Sample: - small representative quantity of material collected from a source or
stockpile and set aside for a test.
Bulk density: - collective mass of material per unit volume (including mass of
solid particles, moisture and air)
Dry density: - dry mass of material per unit volume (including mass of solid
particles and air, excluding mass of moisture).
Particle density: - average mass of solid particles per unit volume (including
sealed voids).
Bank density: - density of material at its natural state (undisturbed).
Loose density: - density of material after placement (before compaction).
Compacted density: - density of material at tight-packing state (after rolling,
vibrating or tamping).
Unit weight: - a downward force produced by 1m3 of material under gravity
(i.e. bank density x 9.81 Newton)

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