3 - Reserve Concepts & Field Dev

IFP SCHOOL
PETROLEUM UNIVERSITY of TEHRAN
by Khaled MADAOUI
February 2004
Reservoir Engineering Courses K. Madaoui - 2003
Typical Oil Field Performances

DNP
Field Oil Rate
NP
WATER-CUT
NATURAL
DEPLETION
(30%)
WATER
INJ.
(+ 15%)
3rdTYPE
IRM (+ 5%)
EOR
(+ 10%)
Aband.
Rate
Diagnosis
- n0125VDG1A06
Time Years
Role of R.E. Department : Produce Studies
F Reserve Estimates
(under different scenarios of development)
F Production Profiles:OIL/GAS/LPG/COND./)RATE vs
TIME
(for each scenario)
- n0125VDG1A06
Reservoir Engineering - Reserve Estimate
F Definitions
F Classification
F Methods
- n0125VDG1A06
Reserves
MANY DEFINITIONS ! (vs Specific Purposes !)
Estimated Quantities of Hydrocarbon Recoverable from Known
Reservoirs, by Specified Techniques Under Specified
Economical Conditions.
Webster's dictionary :
RESERVE = "Something Stored or Kept Available for Future
Use or Need"
Not Exact Data
Future
Perception
- n0125VDG1A06
Reserve-Probability approache-Some Standards

Qualitative
Judgement
Quantitative
Probability
Certainety
0.99
Proved
0.90/0.95
Very Likely
0.90
Likely
0.70
(Proved + Propable) Equally Likely / Unlikely
0.50
Unlikely
0.30
Very Unlikely
0.10
Proved + Probable + Possible
0.10/0.05
0.01
Excluded
- n0125VDG1A06
Reserve Estimate
(Methodology Function of Available Data)
F Limited Data
Recovery Factor Reserves Field Production Pro

-
Rules of Thumb
Experience (Intuition ?)
Company Correlations and Statistics
Published Correlations (API)
Analogy (Empirism)
Material Balance Equation
F Enough Data on Reservoir Description

- Geological Model
- Simulation Model with Sensitivity
Runs - Different Scenarios
- Selection from Experience
S Qo Reserves
Rec. Factor = Reserves / OOIP
- n0125VDG1A06
Production Mechanisms - Initial Conditions

Pi at datum
Ni =
RV (I - S wi ) PV Soi
=
Boi
Boi
G+W
GOCi
O+W
WOCi
- n0125VDG1A10
Swi
100%/Sw
Production Mechanisms
Status During Development
Prod.r
Prod.r
Prod.r
Prod.r
Gas invaded zone
GOCi
Oil zone
: Sorg, krog
: Soi (PCDr.)
Water invaded zone : Sorw,krow
WOCi
At
Coning
- n0125VDG1A10
t n
Np = S Sqoi
Pr < Pi
Saturation changes
X phase flow (O, W, G)
End saturation
Production Mechanisms
Status at Abandonment Conditions
GI
Prod.r
Prod.r
Prod.r
Prod.r (high Water Cut, high GOR)
WI
WI
GOCi
Gas flooded zone
: Sorg
Unswept zone
: Soi
Water flooded zone : Sorw
WOCi
Concept of minimum economical rate
Concept of efficiencies
Ultimate reserves = OOIP
- Oil left in swept zones

- Oil left in Unswept zones
= N1 + N2 + N3
- n0125VDG1A10
10
Reserve Estimate
METHOD
RESERVOIR KNOWLEDGE STATUS
1) Recovery factor from analogy, experience,

correlations
LEAD PROSPECT
2) Reserves = OOIP x RF
3) Production profile Number of wells
Recovery factor reserves production

profile number of wells
DISCOVERYDELINEATION
(no history available)
Or analytical methods
Or numerical simulation (fairly simplified
model) for comparisons
P.O.D. PRODUCTION PROFILE
RESERVES
- n0125VDG1A06
11
Reserve Estimate
RESERVOIR KNOWLEDGE STATUS
METHOD
DEVELOPMENT STAGE
(production history available)
1/ build-up and plateau periods
- Numerical simulation
initialization
history matching
predictions
POD production predictions reserves
recovery factor
2/ Late stage decline period

(with high WOR/GOR)
- Numerical simulation
or
- Decline curve analysis
ex: log water-cut vs.Np or vs Qo
- n0125VDG1A06
12
Reserves
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Initial
Ultimate
Remaining
Current
Proven
Probable
Possible
Risked
Certified - Booked
Np
Recovery Factor =
x 100
Ni
- n0125VDG1A06
13
It is just a ratio !
Ultimate Reserves
F Cumulative production at abandonment conditions or

at a fixed date
F Abandonment conditions Minimum Field Economic
Oil Rate
- either limiting water cut
- or high GOR
- or low PReservoir
The individual wells are progressively shut-in as they

reach the limiting conditions
- n0125VDG1A06
14
Recovery Factors
ACCUMULATION :volume of oil or gas originally in place :finite
quantity ,but uncertainties
RESERVES : recoverable oil or gas-at st.cond.-at time tRECOVERY FACTOR=RESERVES/ACCUMULATION
RF = It is just a RATIO!!!!
10% < RF < 60% for oil fields
50% < RF< 95% for gas fields
Reserves are attached to a geological model, scenario of

development,calculation methodology, economics, laws and
contracts.
- n0125VDG1A06
15
Reserve Estimate Change
F With reservoir knowledge

3P 2P 1P
F With economical/regulation changes
- Baril price
- Cost reduction (-3%/year average)
Incentives..
F New technology
- Horizontal/multidrains drilling
- EOR(mainly gas injection:hydrocarbon/N2/CO2/Air/)
- Better Reservoir Characterisation
- n0125VDG1A06
16
OIL AND GAS FIELD DEVELOPMENT
17
Undersaturated Oil Reservoirs
OIL FIELD DEVELOPMENT
OOIL
Pressure
Phase diagram
Tres, Pres
t1
Critical point
t2
Separator
Tc
18
Temperature
Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering
Typical Oil Reservoir Performance
Np
History
Prediction
Limiting
water cut
Pressure
Qo
Plateau life
GOR
WOR
- n0125VDG1A04
19
Qwi
Oil Field Development Methodology
F Main Steps
- Construct initial geological model (OOIP, compartments,
layering,contacts, faults ?)
- Identify natural energy
- Assess need for improved oil recovery = How ? When?
- Estimate ultimate reserves
- Design wells and completion
- Choice rates, well spacings and production profiles
- Choice surface facilities accordingly
- Compare several scenarios
- n0125VDG1A06
20
Oil field Development Methodology

F Estimate OOIP
F Estimate Ultimate Reserves
Np ultimate = N1 + N2 + N3 (natural depletion+pressure
maintenance+EOR)
F Define Field Plateau Rate/Duration

Annual Depletion Rate or
Reserves at End Plateau (x% of ultimate reserves)
F Choice number and location of wells (initial and

additional with timing)
Have in mind the possible future injection scheme
- n0125VDG1A06
21
Optimization
b
NPV
RF
NWells
QOil,P
NWells
d
Insensitive
QOil,P
RF
Sensitive
Nwells fixed
fixed time
Nwells fixed
Time
QOil,P
- n0125VDG1A06
22

FFor each scenario, the following points must be clearly
stated :
Data considered
: Di
Interpretations of data
: Ii
Assumptions
: Ai
Choices
: Ci
Methods (analytical, numerical,..): Mi
FEach combination of (Di, Ii, Ai, Ci, Mi) leads to a
calculated prediction profile
FRecommend a few scenarios for further investigation
- n0125VDG1A06
23
F Each scenario is based on :

- A fixed geological model
- A given development plan (or work program)
Recovery mechanisms
Well system : number, locations, nature, timing
Surface system : * gathering system
* surface treatment facilities
- n0125VDG1A06
24
F OOIP = one unique figure but uncertainties (RV, , SWI)

F Several possible development scenarios
- Each scenario 1 predicted production profile
- Limit number of cases to realistic ones
- Prudence, flexibility, adaptability
- Recommended scenario = economics (compare NPV s)
- n0125VDG1A06
25
PR > PF > PWH > PA

PWH
PA
PF
PR
- n0125VDG1A02
26
Surface facilities
Well-Surface Scheme
Pt
P
sep.
Surface
choke
Vertical lift
P = separation pressure
Oil metering
Oil
Safety valve
Fluid produced
Down hole choke
PR
PWF Well inflow
- n0125VDG1A07
Gas metering
Gas
27
Production Pressure Profile

Drainage
Boundary
Wellbore
(Perforations)
Wellhead &
Choke
Separator
Stock
Tank
pe
Pressure
pwf
pwh
psp
re
rw
RESERVOIR
TUBING
FLOWLINE
From reservoir to storage

- n0125VDG1A04
28
TRANSFER LINE
pst
Pressure Profile vs. Flow Regime
Damaged
or affected
zone
Transcient flow
Semi-steady
state flow
re
re
- n0125VDG1A07
29
Influence of "skin effect" on Pressure Profile

(for given QO)
Pressure profile
Damaged
or affected
zone
"Skin effect" = 0
"Skin effect" > 0
"Skin effect" < 0
re = drainage radius
- n0125VDG1A07
30
Changes in Phase Behavior in the Producion Tubing

Phase
Diagram of the
Flowing Mixture
P
(a)
(b)
GAS
(c)
(d)
Phase
Diagram of the
Free Phases
OIL
(d)
OIL
(d)
Separator
(a)
(b)
GAS
OIL
(c)
(c)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(a)
T
(a) Reservoir
Oil
T
- n0125VDG1A04
GAS
(d)
(c)
Vapor
Recovery
System
31
Stock
Tank
Oil Well Rate Parameters
qo=PIx(Pr-Pwf)
PI=f(keoh,mo ,B,re,rw,s,flow regime)
Pr=f(net withdrawal)
Pwf = Pwh+ DPtubing
=Pr-qo/PI
Pwh=Patm.+ DP sep/trait.+ DP flowlines
Increasing choke size
lower Pw
increase (Pr-Pwf )
Increase qo
32
Well performances-IPR curves(Inflow Performace Curve)
Pwf=(-1/PI)xqo+Pr
Slope:1/PI
Pres(at time t)
Pwh 1
Pwh 2
Pwf
Pwh 3
qo max
qo
33
Field and Well Rate Parameters

a kakro(Swi)h
qoi= m B [Lnr /r +s-0.75]

o o
e w
x (Pr-Pwf ) = PIx (Pr-Pwf )
= S{PIx(Pr-Pwf)}
q
Qo ( field) = S
oi
i=1
i=1
n
= (Pr-Pwf)Si=1x (PI)i
Minimum value for natural flow
Average reservoir pressure at time t

34
Well Rate Parameters

Field rate = S well rate
Well rate = f (pressures, permeabilities, viscosities, reservoir
charact., well completion, flow regime)
Pressures = Preservoir-P well flowing

Flow regime = transcient, semi-steady, steady state
Effective permeabilities = f (abs. perm., saturations)
Viscosities = f (composition, pressure)
Reservoir characteristics = h, kabs, re
Well completion = rw, perforations, skin
35
Well Spacing
F Sensitivity Runs must be performed

no.of well = o Np = o
F It is not evident that Well Density Reserves

(At Given Abandonment Conditions)
F Physical Ultimate Recovery : Npu, "t and " n (" cost)

for a given recovery
mechanism sequence
F Practical Npu < Physical Npu
- n0125VDG1A06
36
Plateau Rate
F To be selected to maximize Return on Investment

F Either fixed (by Regulation) as x% of Ultimate
Reserves (Annual Depletion Rate)
F Or derived from an optimum (Economical) No. of
Producers
F Rule of Thumb =
Cumulative Production at the End of Plateau
0.33 to 0.66 of Ultimate Reserves
- n0125VDG1A06
37
OIL FIELDS:Plateau rate
Some general rules of thumb

(for indication purpose only)
Field size
Ultimate
reserves 106stb
Annual depletion rate

%OOIP/year
10 to 50 (Small)
~15%
Plateau duration
%reserves at plateau
end(i.e.before decline)
No plateau or 20 to 33%
50 to 200
10 to 15%
~ 33 to 50%
200 to 500
5 to 10%
~ 50 to 66%
>500 (Giant)
2 to 5%
~66%
EACH FIELD IS A SPECIFIC CASE!

38
Field Rate
F Q OFIELD = q01 + q02 + .. + qon

qoi
= oil rate of well i = PI (PR - Pwf)
F If well rate is proportional to its PI, than :

QOFIELD = (PR - Pwf) S (PI)i
F Additional producers needed to account for workovers,
shut-in periods,...
- n0125VDG1A06
39
40
FIELD RATE
HOW TO MAINTAIN Qo field?
n
qoi = S{PI
Qo ( field) = S
x(Pr-Pwf)} = (P -P ) x S (PI)
r wf
i
i=1
i=1
i=1
-1-Increase number of producers

reduce drawdown per well ( n
, re)
-2-Improve individual PI
(acidisation-frac) (skin)
-3-Maintain Pr -Water (or gas) injection-4-Install artificial lift
allow Pwf to drop below minimum
-5-Do nothing-Qo field decrease-
41
PR
Pwf
Min
BHFP
Drill more producers

or
Pressure Maint
or
Artificial lift
QO
Stimulation
Do nothing
t
- n0125VDG1A06
42
Possible Influences of Production Rate Level on

Natural Depletion Recovery
F Gas-Cap Expansion Reservoirs
HIGH RATE
coning, GOC tilting, fingering ( Npu ?)
F Active Aquifer Reservoirs

HIGH RATE exacerbate coning (Npu ?)
F Weak Aquifer
PR ,
HIGH RATE
water entry
F Solution Gas Drive

LOW RATE
better segregation
(favourable)
- n0125VDG1A06
43
secondary gas cap
QIL AND GAS FIELD DEVELOPMENT
44
Gas Reservoir - classification
GA
S
WE
T
on
de
nb
ar
De
w
Separator
45
GA
S
DR
Y
Cr
ico
nd
en
t
in
o
P
Po
int
e
bl
b
Bu
th
er
m
Cr
ic
CONDENSATE
GAS
Oil
Gas
Separator
GAS FIELD DEVELOPMENT
SPECIFICITIES OF GAS FIELD DEVELOPMENT

-Development directly linked to a market (by means of a
pipeline)
-Development scenario determined by marketing
conditions and economy
-Development cannot be done gradually.
-No production until gas sale contracts are signed
-Optimum development vs.both reservoir and market
characteristics
46
GAS FIELD DEVELOPMENT
Pwell head
P inlet
Tubing
performance
Market
Compression
P outlet
P operating fixed
Traitement
Dehydration
LPG,Condensat plant
Pwf
GAS PRODUCTION SCHEMATIC
Pres
Inflow performance
47
Gas material balance - No water entry

At reservoir conditions,
Initial volume occupied by the gas = volume occupied by
the remaining gas at pressure P
G Bgi = (G - Gp) Bg
Gp = G ( 1 -
Bgi
Bg
G : initial accumulation at standard conditions

Gp : gas production at standard conditions
Bgi =
Pstd
Pi
Zi T
Tstd
Bg =
Pstd Z T
P Tstd
Zi Pr
Gp= Gi (1)
Pi Z
48
Gas material balance - No water entry
P
Z
xx
xx
xx
xx
Extrapolation gives
accumulation
Gas produced Gp
Evolution of P versus Gp
Z
(NO WATER ENTRY)
This assumes that reservoir pressure depletion is the same

for all the reservoir.
49
Gas material balance - water entry
At reservoir conditions : Initial volume occupied by the gas =

volume occupied by the remaining gas at pressure P + water
volume
or
G Bgi = (G - Gp) Bg + We
Gp Bg = G (Bg - Bgi) + We
or
Gp
G
(1-
Zi
Pi
) +
50
We
Bg
Gas material balance - water entry

GBgi = (G - Gp)Bg + We - Wp Bw
Trapped gas below water front (SGRW)
P
Z
we 0
active aquifer
relatively inactive aquifer
we = 0
no aquifer
Gas produced
Gp
Be aware of wrong evaluation of gas in place if aqifer action is not detected.

Use observation wells.
51
Gas Reservoirs
No aquifer : High recovery (R = 90%)

Aquifer : trapped gas, lower recovery ( R = 70 %and
lower)
If aquifer is moderate, to increase recovery, producing
quickly is sometimes a good solution
Necessity of observation wells to monitor water rise
Need for an evaluation of Sgrw (Log - core)
52
GAS FIELD DEVELOPMENT:ULTIMATE RESERVES-1-
-Define minimum P well head to satisfy P operating

-Pwhminimum
Pwell flowing minimum
-Pwell flowing minimum= Pwhminimum + DP tubing
DP tubing(or tubing performances)=f(hydrost.column+friction losses)

=gradient x depth
-Define minimum economical gas rate per well qgmin
-Pwhminimum
-
Pab=
Abandonment reservoir pressure Pab
P2wfmin+qgmin/C
53
GAS FIELD DEVELOPMENT:ULTIMATE RESERVES-2-
-Pab
Zab
-Ultimate reservesGpu=Gi ( 1-
Zi Pab
Zab Pi
-The lower Pab,the higher the ultimate reserves

-Installing COMPRESSION
lowers Pwh
lowers Pab
-RESERVES HP (no compression),MP,LP,LLP
54
GAS FIELD DEVELOPMENT:FIELD RATE
PLATEAU ACCORDING TO CONTRACT
Additional
drilling
/compression
MP
Compression LP
Qab
DRILLING
55
DECLINE PERIOD
GAS FIELD DEVELOPMENT:FIELD RATE

-FIELD RATE DETERMINED BY CONTRACT-DCQ(daily contractual quantity)
-For indication purpose:

daily field rate=ultimate reserves/5000
-Required number of wells to satisfy: -DCQ

-Peak rates
-FFS (fuel,flare,shrinkage)
56
GAS FIELD DEVELOPMENT:WELL RATE
GAS WELL DELIVERABILITY

qEmpirical equation
Q = C (Pr2 Pwf2)n
qEquations derived from analytical approach
DP2 = AQ + BQ2
P < 1500 psi (mz = cst)
DP = aQ + bQ2
P > 3000 psi (mz/P = cst)
qFor any pressure range

P
m( P ) = 2 Po
P'
dP'
m(P' ) Z(P' )
57
GAS GAS FIELD DEVELOPMENT:WELL RATE

WELL FLOW
Conditions of applications
Use D P2 method
P < 1500 psi
z constant
P > 3000 psi
z / P constantUse D P method
The m(P) method can be used in any pressure interval

c can be considered as constant whatever is the pressure
58
G GAS FIELD DEVELOPMENT:WELL RATE AS

WELL DELIVERABILITY EQUATION
2
r
2
n
wf
0.703 x10-3 kh
n=1
C =
mZT [Lnre/rw-0.5]
Q
h
k
T
P
in
in
in
in
in
in
MScfd
ft
mD
cP
R (459.67 + F)
psia
59
G GAS FIELD DEVELOPMENT:WELL RATE

AS WELL PERFORMANCE
Pressure losses in tubing:
Well defined by mathematics
WELL PERFORMANCE GENERALLY WELL DEFINED

60
GAS WELL PERFORMANCE

qg=C(P2r-P2wf)n
AOF:Absolute open flow assumes Pwf=0
Maximum gas rate: Pwf=Pwf min
erosion limit
and/or
Minimum gas rate:economical-defines Pab

61
GAS FIELD PERFORMANCES

add wells or install MP compression
install LP compression
decline begins
Pr
Pwf
Pwh
minimum Pwh
q1
q2
n3
n2
q3
n1
62
minimum number of wells
qg/well
Reservoir Engineer Roles

F R.E. Management
Well and Reservoir Performances Follow-up

Understanding of Mechanisms
Decision on Remedial Jobs
F R.E. Studies
Data Acquisition Program

Conceptual Studies
Res. Simulation Studies
Data Room - Reserve Audit
F R.E. Specialist
Well Testing
Well Logging
Thermodynamics
Horizontal Well
Modelling
- n0125VDG1A04
63
Tomorrow
F Small, Difficult Fields
Greater Financial Risk
Need for Better Understanding (Before Decision Taking)
Geological Model
Production Mechanism
Reserve Estimate
Need for Better Development
Field Productivity
Wells
: Localisation ? Number ? Horizontal ? Perfos ?
Stimulation ?
Surface : E.P.S. ? Submarine Completion ? Unitization ?
Diphasing Pumping ?
F More Data + More Detailled Studies

More Technical Skill
Vs Shortage in Experienced Engineers
in New Graduates
- n0125VDG1A04
64
Tomorrow Reservoir Engineering

New Technology ?
F New Technology
Still Unidentified ? (Ex . 3d Seismic, Horizontal Wells)

On Data Aquisition
Special Coring
Special Logging
Special Testing
(Action On Service Compagnies)
On Data Treatement (Light Computers)
On Laboratory Equipment
On Chemical Manufacturers (E.O.R.)
F Scientific Improvement
To Maintain Contacts with University

To Initiate Exchanges
Cross-posting ?
Research
To Participate to Program Design
- n0125VDG1A04
65

New Attitude ?
F Communication Skill
Report Writing
Oral Presentation
Colleagues of Different Disciplines
F Physical Sens
F Cooking Methods to be Clearly Understood
F Adaptability to Rapidly Changing Technology and Science
F Agressivity in Decision Making (During Appraisial Phase)
- n0125VDG1A04
66

Field of Improvement
Water Injection Efficiency
Wag (Water Alternate Gas)
(Better use of Existing Situation)
Data Aquisition
Data Correlations, Data Bases, Status Reports
Pilots, Long Term Testing, Special Testing
Misuse of Numerical Modelling
Use of New Lab. Techniques
Cost of Lab. Experiments
Synergy
Physical Sens
Communication with Specialists
- n0125VDG1A04
67

3 - Reserve Concepts & Field Dev

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

3 - Reserve Concepts & Field Dev

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

IFP SCHOOL

PETROLEUM UNIVERSITY of TEHRAN

Reservoir Engineering Courses K. Madaoui - 2003

Typical Oil Field Performances

Field Oil Rate

Reservoir Engineering Courses K. Madaoui - 2004

Role of R.E. Department : Produce Studies

Reservoir Engineering Courses K. Madaoui - 2004

Reservoir Engineering - Reserve Estimate

Reservoir Engineering Courses K. Madaoui - 2004

Reservoir Engineering Courses K. Madaoui - 2004

Reserve-Probability approache-Some Standards

(Proved + Propable) Equally Likely / Unlikely

Proved + Probable + Possible

Recovery Factor Reserves Field Production Pro

F Enough Data on Reservoir Description

Reservoir Engineering Courses K. Madaoui - 2004

Production Mechanisms - Initial Conditions

Reservoir Engineering Courses K. Madaoui - 2004

Water invaded zone : Sorw,krow

Reservoir Engineering Courses K. Madaoui - 2004

Prod.r (high Water Cut, high GOR)

Gas flooded zone

Water flooded zone : Sorw

- Oil left in swept zones

Reservoir Engineering Courses K. Madaoui - 2004

RESERVOIR KNOWLEDGE STATUS

1) Recovery factor from analogy, experience,

Recovery factor reserves production

Reservoir Engineering Courses K. Madaoui - 2004

RESERVOIR KNOWLEDGE STATUS

(production history available)

1/ build-up and plateau periods

2/ Late stage decline period

Reservoir Engineering Courses K. Madaoui - 2004

Reservoir Engineering Courses K. Madaoui - 2004

F Cumulative production at abandonment conditions or

The individual wells are progressively shut-in as they

Reservoir Engineering Courses K. Madaoui - 2004

Reserves are attached to a geological model, scenario of

Reservoir Engineering Courses K. Madaoui - 2004

Reserve Estimate Change

F With reservoir knowledge

OIL AND GAS FIELD DEVELOPMENT

Reservoir Engineering Courses K. Madaoui - 2004

Undersaturated Oil Reservoirs

OIL FIELD DEVELOPMENT

Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering

Typical Oil Reservoir Performance

Reservoir Engineering Courses K. Madaoui - 2004

Oil Field Development Methodology

Reservoir Engineering Courses K. Madaoui - 2004

Oil field Development Methodology

F Define Field Plateau Rate/Duration

F Choice number and location of wells (initial and

Reservoir Engineering Courses K. Madaoui - 2004

Reservoir Engineering Courses K. Madaoui - 2004

Oil Field Development Methodology

Reservoir Engineering Courses K. Madaoui - 2004

Oil Field Development Methodology

F Each scenario is based on :

Reservoir Engineering Courses K. Madaoui - 2004

Oil Field Development Methodology