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[Type
the document
subtitle]
Mekelle
university
Department of chemical
Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 2
Statement of the Problem....................................................................................... 3
Objective................................................................................................................. 4
General objective:................................................................................................ 4
Specific objective................................................................................................. 4
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW...............................................................................5
2.1. Composition of Wastewater.............................................................................. 5
2.2. Wastewater treatment process........................................................................6
2.2.1. Preliminary treatment................................................................................6
2.2.2. Primary treatment.................................................................................... 10
2.2.3. Secondary Treatment...............................................................................11
2.2.4. Tertiary and Advanced Wastewater Treatment.........................................14
2.3. Advantage and disadvantage of wastewater treatment techniques..............15
2.4. Reasons for wastewater reuse........................................................................16
2.5. Application of treated wastewater..................................................................17
CHAPTER 3: CONCLUSION........................................................................................ 18
CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDATION............................................................................... 19
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Abstract
Treatment of institutional (mekelle university arid campus) wastewater supplying a safe and
comfortable environment to students and workers around the campus. The wastewater produces
at the campus makes the students and worker discomfort and also polluted the environment due
to formation of bad odor and other harmful biological and chemical agents which can affect
directly or indirectly on the society. It has been found that it is technically possible to treat the
wastewater based on four stage of wastewater treatment (preliminary, primary, secondary and
tertiary) to meet the Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) standard.
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Wastewater treatment is being used both in small scales and large scales in Ethiopia. Due
Emphasis has also been given for applications of for industries and others as means of reducing
harmful agents, environmental burden, and reducing way to live comfortable.
Applications in industrial, municipal and domestic are also seen in major parts of the country.
For instance the Raya brewery factory has well installed wastewater treatment in order to treat
the wastes accumulated from various sections for the sake of creation of safe working
environment and the society around the fabric. Application of wastewater treatment in any
university of the country has not installed. However research on institutional wastewater
treatment is observed in some universities. Currently there is no university who has applied
wastewater treatment plant for use in reducing bad odor, organic matter which can create unsafe
environment. The rising number of students and using water for cleaning caf, bath room,
laundry and human waste creates high wastewater. The main research question emanates from
these facts. How can wastewater treatment contribute in reducing bad odor and eliminating
environmental problem in university.
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Objective
General objective:
Specific objective
To characterize the effluent wastewater parameters including BOD 5, COD, TSS and TDS,
TN,TP and NH3-N
To reduce formation of bad odor
Removal of pollutants and the protection and preservation of our natural water resources.
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Preliminary removes all materials that can be easily collected from the raw sewage before they
damage or clog the pumps and sewage lines of primary treatment clarifiers. Objects commonly
removed during Preliminary include trash, tree limbs, leaves, branches, and other large objects.
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Mechanical Processes
1. Screening
The first unit operation encountered in wastewater-treatment plants is screening. A screen is a
device with openings, generally of uniform size that is used to retain the coarse solids found in
wastewater.
According to the method of cleaning, screens are designated as hand cleaned or mechanically
cleaned.
According to the size of openings, screens are designated as coarse or fine. Coarse screens
have openings of inch or more, and fine screens have openings of less than inch.
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Grit chambers come in 3 types: horizontal grit chambers, aerated grit chambers and vortex grit
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Vortex - Type
Grit Chambers
Vortex is created
-Grit move to the outside
Of the unit and gets
collected
3. Flow Equalization
Flow equalization is used to overcome the operational problems caused by flow variations, to
improve the performance of the downstream processes, and is also used as an emergency tank to
equalize wastewater effluent in case of any process failure in the treatment process.
the design must provide for sufficient mixing to prevent solids deposition and concentration
variations and also to provide aeration to prevent odor problems.
The best location for equalization facilities to be at existing and proposed treatment plant sites.
In some cases, equalization after primary treatment and before biological treatment may be
appropriate.
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In this treatment, most of the settleable solids are separated or removed from the
wastewater by the physical process of sedimentation. The objective of primary treatment
is the removal of settle-able organic and inorganic solids by sedimentation, and the
removal of materials that will float (scum) by skimming. Approximately 25 to 50% of the
incoming biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), 50 to 70% of the total suspended solids
(SS), and 65% of the oil and grease are removed during primary treatment. Some organic
nitrogen, organic phosphorus, and heavy metals associated with solids are also removed
during primary sedimentation. In many industrialized countries, primary treatment is the
minimum level of pre-application treatment required for wastewater irrigation. Primary
sedimentation tanks or clarifiers may be round or rectangular basins, typically 3 to 5 m
deep, with hydraulic retention time between 2 and 3 hours.
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Secondary treatment depends primarily upon aerobic organisms which biochemically decompose
the organic solids to inorganic or stable organic solids. It is comparable to the zone of recovery
in the self-purification of a stream.
The devices used in secondary treatment may be divided into four groups:
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Stabilization ponds
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filter system
The use of chlorine with secondary treatment is discussed under the section on Secondary
Treatment
Chlorination
This is a method of treatment which has been employed for many purposes in all stages
in wastewater treatment, and even prior to preliminary treatment. It involves the
application of chlorine to the wastewater for the following purposes:
1. Disinfection or destruction of pathogenic organisms
2. Prevention of wastewater decomposition -(a) Odor control, and
(b) protection of plant structures
3. Aid in plant operation -(a) Sedimentation,
(b) trickling filters,
(c) activated sludge bulking
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Package Units
The term "package units" is used in the field to describe equipment which has been put on the
market by a number of manufacturers that is intended to provide wastewater treatment by the use
of prefabricated or modular units. Package units can also refer to a complete installation,
including both mechanisms and prefabricated containers. This term is also applied to
installations where only the mechanisms are purchased and the containers constructed by the
purchaser in accordance with plans and specifications prepared by the manufacturer.
Though specific limitations have not been established, individual package units have, in general,
been small installations serving a limited population.
Package units have been adapted to practically all the treatment devices, either singly or in
various combinations that have been mentioned.
Disinfection
Primary, secondary and even tertiary treatment cannot by expected to remove 100 percent of the
incoming waste load and as a result, many organisms still remain in the waste stream. To
prevent the spread of waterborne diseases and also to minimize public health problems,
regulatory agencies may require the destruction of pathogenic organisms in wastewaters. While
most of these microorganisms are not pathogens, pathogens must be assumed to be potentially
present. Thus, whenever wastewater effluents are discharged to receiving waters which may be
used for water supply, swimming or shellfishing, the reduction of bacterial numbers to minimize
health hazards is a very desirable goal.
Disinfection is treatment of the effluent for the destruction of all pathogens. Another term that is
sometimes also used in describing the destruction of microorganisms is sterilization.
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Tertiary treatment is simply additional treatment beyond secondary! Tertiary treatment can
remove more than 99 percent of all the impurities from sewage, producing an effluent of almost
drinking-water quality.
The terms "primary" and "secondary" treatment have been used to generally describe a degree of
treatment; for example, settling and biological wastewater treatment. Since the early 1970's
"tertiary" treatment has come into use to describe additional treatment following secondary
treatment. Quite often this merely indicates the use of intermittent sand filters for increased
removal of suspended solids from the wastewater. In other cases, tertiary treatment has been
used to describe processes which remove plant nutrients, primarily nitrogen and phosphorous,
from wastewater.
Improvement and upgrading of wastewater treatment units as well as the need to minimize
environmental effects has led to the increased use of tertiary treatment.
A term that is also sometimes used to indicate treatment of a wastewater by methods other than
primary or biological (secondary) treatment is advanced treatment. This degree of treatment is
usually achieved by chemical (for example coagulation) methods as well as physical methods
(flocculation, settling and activated carbon adsorption) to produce a high quality effluent water.
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Key:
FC= Faecal coliforms (facultative anaerobe)
SS= Suspended solids;
G=Good;
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Industrial recycling
and reuse
Cooling water
Boiler feed
Process water
Heavy construction
Groundwater
recharge
Groundwater
replenishment
Saltwater intrusion
Potable reuse
control
Blending in water supply
Subsidence
control
reservoirs
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Fire protection
Air conditioning
Toilet flashing
CHAPTER 3: CONCLUSION
The ultimate goal of wastewater management is the protection of the environment
in a manner commensurate with public health and socio-economic concerns. Based
on the nature of wastewater, it is suggested whether primary, secondary and
tertiary treatment will be carried out before final disposal. Understanding the nature
of wastewater is fundamental to design appropriate wastewater treatment process,
to adopt an appropriate procedure, determination of acceptable criteria for the
residues, determination of a degree of evaluation required to validate the procedure
and decision on the residues to be tested based on toxicity therefore, it is necessary
to ensure the safety, efficacy and quality of the treated wastewater.
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CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDATION
In institute Mekelle University (arid campus) there is a wastewater join together from different
portion of The university water users so due to this we recommended to the university to design
(construct) small scale wastewater treatment in the campus for further advantage using anaerobic
wastewater treatment and producing biogas for students caf as a fuel supply instead of log
consumption and cost for the transportation of the log and effort worker at the cooking time.
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