PerUnitSystem

Prof.PeterCrossley
LecturewillexplainwhyPowerSystemengineers
prefertoexpressimpedance,current,voltageand
powerinperunitvaluesratherthanohms,
amperes,kilovolts,MegaVArsorMegaWatts

WhyUsethePerUnitSystem?

Multiplevoltagelevels:UK=400kV,275kV,132kV,11kV,400V
Makescircuitanalysisratherconfusing
Transformerimpedance(W)dependsonprim/secreferral
Normaliseallquantitiestohelpunderstanding
Avoidconfusionduetotransformers
Idealtransformerwindingcanbeeliminated
(assumesproperspecificationofbasevalues)
Voltages,currentsandimpedancesexpressedinperunitdo
notchangewhenreferredfromprimarytosecondary
Perunitimpedancesofequipmentofsimilartypeareusually
similarifequipmentratingsareusedasbasevalues
Manufacturerusuallyspecifyimpedanceofitemofplantinper
unit(orpercent)usingnameplateratingasbase
Perunitvaluesresultinmoremeaningfuldata

Kirschen+Crossley

Whyperunit=meaningfuldata
Consider: thearmatureresistanceis4.0 W
Thenaskyourselfifthisahigh,typicaloralowvalue?
Answerdependsonsizeofmachine:
Inalargemachine4.0W isexcessive,smallmachinetoolow

nowconsider: iftheratedmachinecurrentispassed
throughthearmatureresistance,thevoltageacross
theresistancewillbe8%or0.08perunitoftherated
machinevoltage
Althoughthestatementislongandcomplicatedwehavean
indicationoftherelativemagnitureofthearmatureresistance
simplifyexpressiontoarmatureresistanceis0.08perunit
Kirschen+Crossley

Principle
Per Unitquantity =

Actualquantity
Basevalue

Example:nominalvoltageatbusbarAis132kV
andactualvoltageatAis127kV.Theperunit
voltageatAis:
voltageinkV
voltage in p.u.=
basevoltageinkV
pu
A

Kirschen+Crossley

127 kV
=
=0.96 per unit =0.96 p .u .
132 kV
4

Notes
Normalisationappliesonlytomagnitudes
Anglesdonotneedtobenormalised(theyalreadyare!)
Ifthenominalvalueischosenasthebasevoltage:
anormalvoltagevaluewillbecloseto1.0p.u.

Kirschen+Crossley

ChoiceofBaseValues

Needbasevalueforallquantities:
n

Power,Voltage,Current,Impedance,Admittance

Basevaluesdonothavetobethesameforall
equipmentinthesystem
Wisechoicehelpssimplifytheanalysis

Kirschen+Crossley

RulesforChoosingBaseValues
ChooseONEbasepowerfortheentiresystem
n
n
n

n
n

Arbitrarychoice
Commensuratewiththesystem
e.g.
415Vuse100kVAor1MVA,11kVuse10MVA,
132KVuse100MVA,400kVuse1000MVA
Choicealsodependsonratingofgenerators/transformers
Ifnetworkcontainsmultiplevoltages,selectbasepowerbasedon
sectionofmostinterest
e.g.
commercial/industrialbuilding=mainly415Vuse100kVA
distributionutility=mainly11kVuse10MVA
transmissionutility=use100MVAor1000MVA

ChooseONEbasevoltageforeachvoltagelevel
n

Choosethenominalvoltage

Otherbasevalueschosentogetthesamerelations
betweenperunitquantitiesasbetweenactualquantities
Kirschen+Crossley

S =V I

(inVA)

S pu =Vpu I pu (inp.u.)
S
V I
=
SB
VB IB
1
1 1
=
SB
VB IB
Base
Current:
Kirschen+Crossley

SB
IB =
VB

V = Z I
V

pu

= Z pu I

pu

V
Z I
=
V B
Z B I B
1
1 1
=
V B
Z B I B
2
Base
V B
V B
Z
=
=
B
Impedance:
I B
S B

Kirschen+Crossley

Singlephasenetworks:
baseMVA1F
basecurrent(kA)=
= basekA
basekVLN
basekVLN (basekVLN)2
baseimpedance(W)=
=
basekA baseMVA1F
base power(MW1F )=baseMVA1F
Example:considerasinglephase230Vdomesticinstallation,
appropriatebasevoltageis0.23kVandsuitablebasevoltamperesis
20kVA=0.02MVA
Hence:

basekA=0.02/0.23=0.087kA
baseZ=(0.23)2/0.02=2.645 W

Kirschen+Crossley

10

Transformers
I2

I1

V2

V1
N1

N2

Idealtransformer:
V1 N1
=
V2 N2
I1 N2
=
I2 N1
Kirschen+Crossley

11

RealTransformers
R1

Rm

XL2

XL1
Xm

R2

Ideal
Transformer
N1/N2

R1,R2:ohmiclossesinconductors
XL1,XL2:leakageflux
Xm:imperfectmagnetisation
Rm:corelosses(eddycurrents,hysteresis)

Kirschen+Crossley

12

PracticalTransformerModel
I2

I1

V1

Kirschen+Crossley

Ideal
Transformer
N1/N2

XL
V2

13

WhichSideImpedance?
I2

I1
V1

X1

V1

V2

Ideal
Transformer
N1/N2

XL
V2

N1
2

N2 N1 V2 N1
X1 = =
=
=

XL
N2 N2 I2 N2
I1
I2
N1
Kirschen+Crossley

14

WhichSideImpedance?
I2

I1

V1

Ideal
Transformer
N1/N2

XL
E2

V2

X2

V2
X2 = =XL (becauseE2 = 0 )
I2
2

N1
X1 =
X2
N2
Kirschen+Crossley

15

PerUnitVoltagesinTransformers
V1 N1
=
V2 N2
Choose:
V1 B
V2 B
V1 pu
V2
V1
Kirschen+Crossley

pu

pu

V1 Nom

N1

=
=
V2Nom N2
V1
V1 B V1 V2B N1 N2
=
=
=

= 1
V2 V2 V1 B N2 N1
V2 B
= V2

pu
16

PerUnitCurrentsinTransformers
I1
pu

I1

pu

I2

I1B I1 I2B
=
= B
I2 I2 I1
I2B
SB

I1B = B
V1
B
S
I2B = B
V2

B
2

B
1

N1
= B =
B
N2
I1 V2

I1
I2
Kirschen+Crossley

N2
N1

I1pu
I2pu

N2 N1
=

= 1
N1 N2

pu

pu

I1 =I2

17

PerUnitImpedanceinTransformers
2

N1
Z1 =
Z2
N2
2

pu
1

Z
B
1

Z =

B
1
B
1

V
I

N1
pu
B
Z =
Z

2
2
N2
B
1

B 2
1
B

B
2

Z =

2
1 B

B
2
B
2

V
I

B 2
2
B

B 2
2
B

V
N1
pu V
Z
=
Z2
SB N2
S
pu
1

B 2
1

B 2
2

V
Kirschen+Crossley

N1
=

N2

2
pu

pu

Z1 =Z2

18

TransformerModelinSIunits(V,A,VA, W)
I2

I1

V1

Kirschen+Crossley

Ideal
Transformer
N1/N2

XL
V2

19

TransformerModelinPerUnit
pu

pu

V1 = V2

I1pu
pu

pu

I1 =I2

pu

pu

Z1 =Z2
Kirschen+Crossley

V1pu

XLpu

I2pu
V2pu

Idealtransformerhasdisappeared!
Transformersmodelledbysimpleimpedances
20

PerUnitsinThreePhaseSystem
Goal:
Havethesameperunitvaluesforlinetolineand
linetoneutralquantities
Makeeverythinglooklikeasinglephasecircuit

Kirschen+Crossley

21

ThreePhasePerUnitVoltage
Inathreephasesystem,wehave:
VLL = 3VLN
Wewouldliketohave:
pu
pu
V
= V
LL
LN

V
LL
V
B , LL

V
LN
V
B , LN

V
= 3V
B, LL
B , LN
Kirschen+Crossley

22

ThreePhasePerUnitPower
Inathreephasesystem,wehave:
S =3 S
3
1

Wewouldliketohave:
pu
pu
S
=S
3
1

S
S
3
1
=
S
S
B, 3
B,1

S
=3 S
B , 3
B ,1
Kirschen+Crossley

23

ThreePhasePerUnitCurrent
Inathreephasesystem,wehave:
S =3V I = 3V I
LN L
LL L

Wewouldliketohave:

pu

= V

pu pu
I

V
I
LL
L
=
S
V
I
B, 3
B, LL B
S

S
B , 3
I =
B
3 V
B , LL
Kirschen+Crossley

24

ThreePhasePerUnitImpedance
Inasinglephase,wehave:
V
=Z I
LN
1 L

Wewouldliketohave:

pu

=Z

pu pu
I

Z I
V
LN = 1 L
V
Z I
B, LN
B B

V
2
B, LL
V
V
B, LL
B, LN
3
Z =
=
=
B
S
I
S
B,
3

B
B , 3
3V
B, LL

Kirschen+Crossley

)
25

Summary
1.Fortheentiresystem,choosearbitrarily
S =S
B
B , 3
2.Foreachvoltagelevel,choose:
V = V
B
B , LL

3.Then,foreachvoltagelevel,calculate:
S
B , 3
I =
B
3V
B , LL
2
V
B , LL
Z =
B
S
B , 3

Kirschen+Crossley

26

ManufacturersData
Impedancesofgeneratorsandtransformers
aregivenonthebasisoftheratingofthe
component
Allimpedancesmustbeconvertedtoa
commonbasisfornetworkstudies
Example:
n
n

Generatorratedat10MVA,20kV
Impedancesgivenonthefollowingbasis
S = 10 MVA
B
V = 20 kV
B

Kirschen+Crossley

27

SystemStudies
Tostudyasystem,allperunitquantitiesmust
beexpressedinaconsistentbasis
n
n

Samebasepowerforthewholesystem
Samebasevoltageforallthecomponentsina
voltagelevel

Needtoknowhowtoconvertfromonebase
toanother

Kirschen+Crossley

28

Baseconversion
Ifanimpedanceisexpressedinanewbaseandanoldbase,
Wemusthave:
pu
pu
Z
=Z
Z
= Z
Z
actual
new B,new
old B ,old
Z
B,old
pu
pu
Z
= Z
new
old
Z
B, new

VB2
Butwealwayshave: ZB =
SB

S
V
B
,new
B
,old
pu
pu
Znew =Zold

SB,old VB,new
Kirschen+Crossley

29

BaseConversion
Weusuallyhavebecausea
VB,new = VB,old
generatorisalmostalwaysconnectedatits
nominalvoltage
Importantbaseconversionformula:

pu
new

Z
Kirschen+Crossley

pu
old

=Z

SB,new
SB,old
30

Example
Generatorratedat10MVA,20kV
XS =0.9 p .u . onthebasisofthegeneratorrating

Tobeincludedinasystemstudywhere
SB = 100 MVA

SB,new
100 MVA
new
old
X
=X

= 0.9
= 9.0 p .u .
S
S SB,old
10 MVA

Kirschen+Crossley

31

 Example:Considera400kVtransmissionlinewithahot
weatherratingof1400MVA(UK400kVquadconductorline)
baseMVA3F =SB,new=1400MVA:base kVLL =VB,new =400kV
Hence:

baseMVA1F =1400 3=466.7MVA

basekVLN =400 3=230.9kV

Ifthelineisoperatingat390kVatthecoldweatherratingof
2200MVAcalculateperunitvoltageusinglinelinevoltage
baseandlineneutralvoltagebase.

VLLpu=kVLL VB,new =390 400=0.975

VLNpu=kVLN basekVLN =(390 3) 230.9=0.975
calculateperunitMVAusingbaseMVA1F &baseMVA1F

Spu=S3F SB,new =2200MVA 1400MVA=1.57

Spu=S1F baseMVA1F =(2200 3) 466.7=1.57
Kirschen+Crossley

32

Example:perunitinbalanced3F networks
AYconnectedloadconsistingofthreeequalimpedancesof
1060 W isconnectedtoan11kVbusbaratasubstationbya
3F overheadlineofimpedance0.575 W perphase.
Calculatethelinelinevoltageattheterminalsoftheloadinper
unitandinkVifthebaselinelinevoltageis11kVandthe3
phaseMegaVoltAmpereis10MVA.
Finallyevaluatethecurrentineachphaseofthelineinperunit
andkA.

Kirschen+Crossley

33

Example:Changingthebaseofperunitquantities
Thesubtransientreactanceofagenerator(X)is
givenas0.2perunitbasedonthegeneratorsname
plateratingof11.8KV,200MVA.
Calculatetheperunitimpedanceofthegenerator
referredtothepowersystembaseof11.0KV,
100MVA.

Kirschen+Crossley

34

Example:Perunitappliedtotransformers
A3F twowindingtransformerisratedat75MVA,
11.8/145kV,50Hzandtheequivalentleakage
impedancereferredtothe11.8kVwindingisZeq =
0.22 W.
Usingthetransformerratingsasbasevalues,
determinetheperunitleakageimpedancesreferred
tothe11.8kVwindingandthe145kVwinding.

Kirschen+Crossley

35

Example:Applicationofperunit
Thepowernetworkshownbelowconsistsofthree
zonesconnectedtoeachotherusingtransformers.
Transf.12isratedat5000kVA,66kV/11kVanditsleakagereactance=12%
Transf.23isratedat5000kVA,66kV/33kVanditsleakagereactance=10%

1
11kV

2
66kV

3
33kV

Ifthezone2baseis5000kVA,66kVfindperunitimpedancein
3,2&1ofa250W resistiveload(fullload)connectedto3.
Drawtheimpedancediagraminperunitneglectingmag
currents,transformerresistancesandlineimpedances
Determinethevoltageregulationattheloadifthevoltage
acrossthe250W loadis32kVandthevoltageat1remains
constantduringfullloadandnoloadconditions
Kirschen+Crossley

36

Example:Applicationofperunit
Forthepowernetworkshownbelowcalculateusingper
unitquantitiesthevoltageinkV,thecurrentinkAandthe
powerinkWreceivedbytheload
3
L1
G1

T1

132kV

11kV
T2

G1=synchronousgenerator=75MVA,11.8kV,syncreactanceXd=j1.83p.u.
T1=generatortransformer=75MVA,11.8kV/145kVX=j0.125p.u.
L1=132kVtransmissionline:Z=0.18+j0.40 W/km,length=20km.
T2=stepdowntransformer=45MVA,132kV/11kV,X=j0.125p.u.
ZL=11kVload=10MVA,cos f =0.8.

Kirschen+Crossley

37