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THE JOURNAL VOUCHER - The source of input to the general ledger is the journal
voucher.
THE GLS DATABASE - The GLS database includes a variety of files. Whereas these will
vary from firm to firm
General ledger master file - is the principal file in the GLS database. This file is
based on the organizations published chart of accounts.
General ledger history file - has the same format as the GL master. Its primary
9. Prepare the financial statements -The balance sheet, income statement, and
statement of cash flows
are prepared using the adjusted trial balance.
10. Journalize and post the closing entries - Journal vouchers are prepared for entries
that close out the
income statement (temporary) accounts and transfer the income or loss to retained
earnings.
11. Prepare the post-closing trial balance - A trial balance worksheet containing only
the balance sheet
accounts may now be prepared to indicate the balances being carried forward to the
next accounting
period.
Transaction Authorization -
2.
3.
4.
5.
3 Elements
1. Data - the values used to represent factors that are relevant to the problem.
2. Procedures - the sequence of steps or decision rules used in solving the problem.
3. Objectives - the results the decision maker desires to attain by solving the
problem.
D. Unstructured Problems Problems are unstructured when any of the three
characteristics identified previously are not known with certainty.
E. TYPES OF MANAGEMENT REPORTS
Reports - are the formal vehicles for conveying information to managers.
Report Objectives
Management reports
Two broad classes:
1. Programmed Reporting - provide information to solve problems that
users have anticipated
2 subclasses of Programmed Report:
a. Scheduled reports the MRS procedures scheduled reports according to
an established time frame. This could be daily, weekly, quarterly, and so
on.
b. On-demand reports - are triggered by events, not by the passage of
time.
Report Attributes - To be effective, a report must possess the following
attributes: relevance, summarization, exception orientation accuracy,
completeness, timeliness, and conciseness.
RELEVANCE. Each element of information in a report must support the
managers decision.
SUMMARIZATION. Reports should be summarized according to the level of
the manager within the organizational hierarchy.
EXCEPTION ORIENTATION. Control reports should identify activities that are
at risk of going out of control and should ignore activities that are under
control.
ACCURACY. Information in reports must be free of material errors. A material
error will cause the user to make the wrong decision (or fail to make a
required decision).
COMPLETENESS. Information must be as complete as possible. Ideally, no
piece of information that is essential to the decision should be missing from
the report.
TIMELINESS. If managers always had time on their side, they may never
make bad decisions.
CONCISENESS. Information in the report should be presented as concisely as
possible.
2. Ad Hoc Reports
F. RESPONSIBILITY ACCOUNTING - The responsibility accounting system
personalizes performance by saying to the manager, This is your original budget,
and this is how your performance for the period compares to your budget.
two phases of responsibility accounting:
1. Setting Financial Goals: The Budget Process - This
mechanism conveys to the segment managers the standards that senior
managers will use for measuring their performance.
2. Measuring and Reporting Performance - Performance
measurement and reporting take place at each operational segment in the firm.
This information flows upward as responsibility reports to senior levels of
management.
Responsibility Centers - To achieve accountability, business entities
frequently organize their operations into units called responsibility centers. The
most common forms of responsibility centers are cost centers, profit centers, and
investment centers.
a. COST CENTERS - cost center is an organizational unit with responsibility
for cost management within budgetary limits.
BEHAVIORAL CONSIDERATIONS
Goal Congruence -
Information Overload -