EE 179

Digital and Analog Communication Systems

Homework #2 Solutions

April 21, 2014

Handout #16

1. Operations on signals (Lathi & Ding 2.3-3). For the signal g(t) shown below, sketch:
a. g(t 4);

b. g(t/1.5);

c. g(2t 4);

d. g(2 t).

Hint: Recall that replacing t with t T delays the signal by T . Thus g(2t 4) is g(2t) with t
replaced by t 2. Similarly, g(2 t) is g(t) with t replaced by t 2.
Solution (20 points)

2. Orthogonal signals (Lathi & Ding 2.5-5). The energies of two energy signals x(t) and y(t) are Ex
and Ey , respectively.
a. If x(t) and y(t) are orthogonal, then show that the energy of the signal x(t) + y(t) is identical
to the energy of the signal x(t) y(t) and is given by Ex + Ey .
b. If x(t) and y(t) are orthogonal, find the energies of the signals c1 x(t)+c2 y(t) and c1 x(t)c2 y(t).
c. We define Exy , the correlation of the two energy signals x(t) and y(t), as
Z
Exy =
x(t)y (t) dt .

If z(t) = x(t) y(t), then show that

Ez = Ex + Ey (Exy + Eyx ) .
Solution (20 points)
a. If x(t) and y(t) are orthogonal, then by definition
Z
Z
Z

x(t)y (t) dt = 0 and

x (t)y(t) dt =


x(t)y (t) dt = 0 ..

Therefore
Z
Z
2
|x(t) y(t)| dt =
(x(t) y(t))(x(t) y(t)) dt

Z
Z
Z
Z

=
|x(t)| dt
x(t)y (t) dt
x (t)y(t) dt +
|y(t)|2 dt

Z
Z

=
|x(t)|2 dt +
|y(t)|2 dt

= Ex + Ey .

b. Since c1 x(t) and c2 y(t) are orthogonal,

Ec1 xc2 y = Ec1 x + Ec2 y = |c1 |2 Ex + |c2 |2 Ey .
c. By part (a), if z(t) = x(t) y(t) then
Ez = Ex + Ey (Exy + Eyx ) .

Note that Exy + Eyx = Exy + Exy

= 2 Re Exy . If x(t) and y(t) are orthogonal, then Exy = 0
and therefore Ez = Ex + Ey . Consider z(t) = x(t) + y(t). If Re Exy < 0 then Ez < Ex + Ey
since x(t) and y(t) partially cancel each other. If Re Exy > 0 then Ez < Ex + Ey since x(t) and
y(t) reinforce.

3. Use Fourier transform properties to derive Fourier transforms (Lathi & Ding 3.3-2). The Fourier
transfer of the triangular pulse g(t) in Fig. P3.3-2a is given as
G(f ) =

1
j2f
j2f
e

j2f
e

1
.
(2f )2

Use this information, and time-shifting and time-scaling properties, to find the Fourier transforms
of the signals shown is Fig. P3.3-2b, c, d, e, and f.

Solution (20 points)

a. By the problem statement,
G(f ) =

Page 2 of 8

1
j2f
j2f
e

j2f
e

1
.
(2f )2
EE 179, Spring 2014

b. Since g1 (t) = g(t), G1 (f ) = G(f ):

G1 (f ) =

1
ej2f + j2f ej2f 1 .
2
(2f )

c. g2 (t) = g(t 1) + g1 (t 1). Then by the shift theorem,

ej2f j2f


ej2f j2f
j2f
j2f
G2 (f ) =
e

j2f
e

1
+
e
+
j2f
e

1
(2f )2
(2f )2


1
1 j2f 2ej2f + ej4f + j2f ej4pif .
=
2
(2f )

d. g3 (t) = g(t 1) + g1 (t + 1). Then

ej2f j2f
ej2f
j2f
j2f
j2f
G3 (f ) =
e

j2f
e

1
+
e
+
j2f
e

1
(2f )2
(2f )2


1
1
j2f
j2f
2

e
=
(2 2 cos 2f ) .
=
(2f )2
(2f )2

Another formula for G3 (f ) is sinc2 f .

e. g4 (t) = g(t 21 ) + g1 (t + 12 ). Then

ejf
ejf
j2f
j2f
e

j2f
e

1
+
ej2f + j2f ej2f 1
2
2
(2f )
(2f )


1
ejf j2f ejf ejf + ejf + j2f ejf ejf
=
2
(2f )

sin f


j jf
1
jf
jf
jf
e

e
=
j2f
e
+
j2f
e
=
=
(2f )2
2f
f

G4 (f ) =

f. g5 (t) = 23 g( 12 (t 2)). Then

G5 (f ) = 23 ej4f 2G(2f ) =
4. Modulation and demodulation.

3ej4f j4f
3
j4f
j4f
e

j4e

1
=
1

j4f

e
.
(4f )2
(4f )2

a. Let m(t) be a message signal, fc a constant (carrier frequency), and define

x(t) = m(t) cos(2fc t + 0 ) .
Let M(f ) be the Fourier transform of m(t). Find X(f ), the Fourier transform of x(t), in terms
of M(f ).
b. Find the signal (in the time domain), whose Fourier transform is pictured below.

Homework #2 Solutions

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c. A similar relationship can be found for x(t) = m(t) sin(2fc t). Find it, and use it to find the
Fourier transform of
(
sin(2t) |t| < 1/2
x(t) =
0
|t| > 1/2
without performing any integration. Does the Fourier transform have the properties you would
expect (even/odd/neither, real/imaginary/complex)?
d. Show that m(t) can be recovered from x(t) = m(t) cos(2fc t) by multiplying by 2 cos(2fc t)
and passing the product through a low-pass filter of bandwidth B Hz, where B is the bandwidth
of m(t). Assume that B fc .
Solution (20 points)
a. We appeal directly to the definition of the Fourier transform:
Z
X(f ) =
x(t)ej2f t dt
Z

=
m(t) cos(2fc t + 0 )ej2f t dt
Z

=
m(t) 21 (ej2fc t+0 + ej2fc t0 )ej2f t dt

Z
Z
j2(f fc )t+0
1
1
m(t)e
dt + 2
m(t)ej2(f +fc )t0 dt
=2

1
M(f
2

j0

fc )e

1
M(f
2

j0

+ fc )e

b. With an eye toward using part (a) with 0 = 0, the Fourier transform in this part can be
written as




f 4
f +4
1
1
+ 2 2
.
2
2
4
4
where (f ) is the triangle function with height 1 and width 2. So it looks like we want to find
a function m(t) whose Fourier transform is 2(f /4), for if we then multiply it by cos(2 4 t)
the modulation property gives us what we want for the Fourier transform:




f 4
f 4
F {m(t) cos 8t} =
+
.
4
4
Since F {(t/ )} = sinc2 ( f ), we obtain by duality


F sinc2 ( t) = (f / ),
If we thus set

m(t) = 4 sinc2 (2t)

we have
M(f ) = 2(f /4)
as desired. So, the signal x(t) whose Fourier transform X(f ) in the picture is
x(t) = 4 sinc2 (2t) cos(8t) .
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EE 179, Spring 2014

c. The computation is very similar to what was done in part (a):

Z
X(f ) =
x(t)ej2f t dt
Z

=
m(t) sin(2fc t)ej2f t dt
Z

1
=
m(t) (ej2fc t ej2fc t )ej2f t dt
2j

Z
Z
1
1
j2(f fc )t
=
m(t)e
dt
m(t)ej2(f +fc )t dt
2j
2j
1
1
= M(f fc ) M(f + fc )
2j
2j


(We can also find X(f ) using the convolution theorem: X(f ) = M(f ) 2j1 (f fc )(f +fc ) ,


where 2j1 (f fc ) (f + fc ) is the Fourier transform of sin(2fc t).) To find the Fourier
transform of
(
sin(2t) |t| 1/2
x(t) =
0
|t| 1/2
we note that
x(t) = (t) sin 2t
and we can apply the sine-modulation formula with fc = 1. Since F {(f )} = sinc(f ),
X(f ) =

1
sinc(f 1) sinc(f + 1) .
2j

d. The modulated signal is x(t) = m(t) cos(2fc t). Multiplying by 2 cos(2fc t) yields


2m(t) cos2 (2fc t) = m(t) 1 + cos(4fc t) = m(t) + m(t) cos(4fc t) .

Observe that the resulting signal contains the original signal m(t) and a modulated copy of the
signal moved to a frequency center of 2fc . If the bandwidth of the original signal is B < fc , then
the modulated copy will not extend further than fc from its center frequency and a low-pass
filter from fc to +fc will pass only m(t) and filter out the modulated copy.

5. Essential bandwidth (Lathi & Ding 3.7-4). For the signal

g(t) =

t2

2a
+ a2

determine in hertz the essential bandwidth B of g(t) such that the energy contained in the spectral
components of g(t) of frequencies below B Hz is 99% of the signal energy Eg . Hint: determine
G(f ) by applying the duality property [Eq. (3.26)] to pair 3 of Table 3.1.
Solution (10 points)
Applying the duality property [Eq. (3.26)] to pair 3 of Table 3.1, we find


2a
F
= ea|f | .
a2 + (2t)2
Homework #2 Solutions

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1
, we obtain
Applying the time-scaling property with the constant 2


2a
F
= 2ea|2f | .
2
2
a +t

The signal energy is easily calculated in the frequency domain:

Z
Z
Z
1
2
2
a|2f | 2
2
Eg =
|G (f )| df =
|2e
| df = 2 4
e4af df = 8 2
=
.
4a
a

0
The energy of the signal contained in the high-pass band beyond B Hz is
Z
2 4aB
2
e
.
e4af df =
EHF = 2 4
a
B
Setting EHF = 0.01Eg and solving for B, we obtain
2 4aB
ln(100)
2
ln(0.01)
e
= 0.01
e4aB = 0.01 B =
=
.
a
a
4a
4a
6. Autocorrelation and PSD. Show that the autocorrelation function of g(t) = A cos(2f0 t + 0 )
is
Rg ( ) = 12 A2 cos(2f0 ) and that the corresponding PSD is Sg (f ) = 14 A (f f0 ) + (f + f0 ) .
Solution (10 points)

Using the definition of the autocorrelation function for power signals as given in Eq. (3.83a),
1
Rg ( ) = lim
T T

= lim

T /2

g(t)g(t ) d

T /2
Z
T /2
2

A
T T

= lim

cos(2f0 t + 0 ) cos(2f0 t 2f0 + 0 ) dt

T /2

A2
2T

T /2

A2
cos(2f0 ) dt +
2T
T /2

T /2

cos(4f0 t 2f0 + 20 ) dt
T /2

(using trigonometric identity cos a cos b = 21 (cos(a b) + cos(a + b)))

 2

A
A2 sin(2f0 (T + ) 20 ) + sin(2f0 (T ) + 20 )
= lim
T cos(2f0 ) +
T 2T
2T
4f0
2
2
A f (t)
A
cos(2f0 ) + lim
=
T 2T 4f0
2
2
A
=
cos(2f0 ) .
2
The limit of the second term in the fifth line is 0 because the numerator f (t) is bounded in absolute
value by 2. The power spectral density of the signal is the Fourier transform of Rg ( ):
Sg (f ) =

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A2
(f + f0 ) + (f f0 ) .
2

EE 179, Spring 2014

7. Output SNR of linear system (Lathi & Ding 3.8-5). Consider a linear system with impulse response
e2t u(t). The linear system input is



g(t) = w(t) cos 6t +

,
3

in which w(t) is a noise signal with power spectral density Sw (f ) = (f /4).

a. Find the total output power of the linear system.

b. Find the output power of the signal component due to the sinusoidal input.
c. Find the output power of the noise component.
d. Determine the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in decibels.
Solution (20 points)
a. The power spectral density of the sinusoidal signal is Sx (f ) = 41 ((f + 3) + (f 3)), hence the
input PSD is
Sg (f ) = Sw (f ) + Sx (f ) = (f /4) + 41 ((f + 3) + (f 3)) .
The transfer function of the system is the Fourier transform of the impulse response:

The output PSD is



F e2t u(t) =

Sy (f ) = |H(f )|2Sg (f ) =

1
1
|H(f )|2 =
.
2 + j2f
4 + 4 2 f 2


1
1
(f
/4)
+
((f
+
3)
+
(f

3))
.
4
4 + 4 2 f 2

and so the output power is

Z
Py =
Sy (f ) df

Z 2
1
1/4
1/4
=
df
+
+
2 2
4 + 4 2 (3)2 4 + 4 2 (+3)2
2 4 + 4 f
tan1 (2)
1
=
+
0.22915.
2
8 + 72
b. The PSD of the output due to the sinusoidal signal is
Syx (f ) = |H(f )|2Sx (f ) =

1
4 + 4 2 f 2

and the total power due to the signal is

Z
Pyx =
Syx (f ) df =

c. The power due to the noise is

Z
Z
Pyw =
Syw (f ) df =

Homework #2 Solutions

1
((f
4

+ 3) + (f 3)) ,

1
0.00427 .
8 + 72

tan1 (2)
1
df
=
0.22488 .
4 + 4 2 f 2
2
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d. The signal-to-noise ratio in decibels is

SNR = 10 log10

Pyx
0.00427
10 log10
17.2 dB
Pyw
0.22488

Note that the negative SNR means that the power of the signal is less than the power of the
noise.

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EE 179, Spring 2014