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LTE
LTE(bothradioandcorenetworkevolution)isnowonthemarket.Release8was
frozeninDecember2008andthishasbeenthebasisforthefirstwaveofLTE
equipment.LTEspecificationsareverystable,withtheaddedbenefitofenhancements
havingbeenintroducedinallsubsequent3GPPReleases.
ThemotivationforLTE
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Needtoensurethecontinuityofcompetitivenessofthe3Gsystemforthefuture
Userdemandforhigherdataratesandqualityofservice
PacketSwitchoptimisedsystem
Continueddemandforcostreduction(CAPEXandOPEX)
Lowcomplexity
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Avoidunnecessaryfragmentationoftechnologiesforpairedandunpairedbandoperation
LTEOverview
Author:MagdalenaNohrborg,for3GPP
LTE(LongTermEvolution)ortheEUTRAN(EvolvedUniversalTerrestrialAccessNetwork),introducedin3GPPR8,isthe
accesspartoftheEvolvedPacketSystem(EPS).Themainrequirementsforthenewaccessnetworkarehighspectral
efficiency,highpeakdatarates,shortroundtriptimeaswellasflexibilityinfrequencyandbandwidth.
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Figure1NetworkSolutionsfromGSMtoLTE
GSMwasdevelopedtocarryrealtimeservices,inacircuitswitchedmanner(blueinfigure1),withdataservicesonly
possibleoveracircuitswitchedmodemconnection,withverylowdatarates.ThefirststeptowardsanIPbasedpacket
switched(greeninfigure1)solutionwastakenwiththeevolutionofGSMtoGPRS,usingthesameairinterfaceandaccess
method,TDMA(TimeDivisionMultipleAccess).
ToreachhigherdataratesinUMTS(UniversalMobileTerrestrialSystem)anewaccesstechnologyWCDMA(Wideband
CodeDivisionMultipleAccess)wasdeveloped.TheaccessnetworkinUMTSemulatesacircuitswitchedconnectionforreal
timeservicesandapacketswitchedconnectionfordatacomservices(blackinfigure1).InUMTStheIPaddressisallocated
totheUEwhenadatacomserviceisestablishedandreleasedwhentheserviceisreleased.Incomingdatacomservicesare
thereforestillrelyinguponthecircuitswitchedcoreforpaging.
TheEvolvedPacketSystem(EPS)ispurelyIPbased.BothrealtimeservicesanddatacomserviceswillbecarriedbytheIP
protocol.TheIPaddressisallocatedwhenthemobileisswitchedonandreleasedwhenswitchedoff.
Thenewaccesssolution,LTE,isbasedonOFDMA(OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess)andincombinationwith
higherordermodulation(upto64QAM),largebandwidths(upto20MHz)andspatialmultiplexinginthedownlink(upto4x4)
highdataratescanbeachieved.Thehighesttheoreticalpeakdatarateonthetransportchannelis75Mbpsintheuplink,and
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inthedownlink,usingspatialmultiplexing,theratecanbeashighas300Mbps.
TheLTEaccessnetworkissimplyanetworkofbasestations,evolvedNodeB(eNB),generatingaflatarchitecture(figure2).
Thereisnocentralizedintelligentcontroller,andtheeNBsarenormallyinterconnectedviatheX2interfaceandtowardsthe
corenetworkbytheS1interface(figure2).ThereasonfordistributingtheintelligenceamongstthebasestationsinLTEisto
speeduptheconnectionsetupandreducethetimerequiredforahandover.Foranendusertheconnectionsetuptimefora
realtimedatasessionisinmanycasescrucial,especiallyinonlinegaming.Thetimeforahandoverisessentialforrealtime
serviceswhereenduserstendtoendcallsifthehandovertakestoolong.
Figure2.X2andS1Interfaces
AnotheradvantagewiththedistributedsolutionisthattheMACprotocollayer,whichisresponsibleforscheduling,is
representedonlyintheUEandinthebasestationleadingtofastcommunicationanddecisionsbetweentheeNBandtheUE.
InUMTStheMACprotocol,andscheduling,islocatedinthecontrollerandwhenHSDPAwasintroducedanadditionalMAC
sublayer,responsibleforHSPAschedulingwasaddedintheNB.
Theschedulerisakeycomponentfortheachievementofafastadjustedandefficientlyutilizedradioresource.The
TransmissionTimeInterval(TTI)issettoonly1ms.
DuringeachTTItheeNBschedulershall:
considerthephysicalradioenvironmentperUE.TheUEsreporttheirperceivedradioquality,asaninputtothe
schedulertodecidewhichModulationandCodingschemetouse.Thesolutionreliesonrapidadaptationtochannel
variations,employingHARQ(HybridAutomaticRepeatRequest)withsoftcombiningandrateadaptation.
prioritizetheQoSservicerequirementsamongsttheUEs.LTEsupportsbothdelaysensitiverealtimeservicesas
wellasdatacomservicesrequiringhighdatapeakrates.
informtheUEsofallocatedradioresources.TheeNBschedulestheUEsbothonthedownlinkandontheuplink.
ForeachUEscheduledinaTTItheuserdatawillbecarriedinaTransportBlock(TB).DLtherecanbeamaximumof
twoTBsgeneratedperTTIperUEifspatialmultiplexingisused.TheTBisdeliveredonatransportchannel.InLTE
thenumberofchannelsisdecreasedcomparetoUMTS.Fortheuserplanethereisonlyonesharedtransportchannelin
eachdirection.TheTBsentonthechannel,canthereforecontainbitsfromanumberofservices,multiplexedtogether.
Toachievehighradiospectralefficiencyaswellasenableefficientschedulinginbothtimeandfrequencydomain,a
multicarrierapproachformultipleaccesswaschosenby3GPP.Forthedownlink,OFDMA(OrthogonalFrequencyDivision
MultipleAccess)wasselectedandfortheuplinkSCFDMA(SingleCarrierFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess)alsoknown
asDFT(DiscreteFourierTransform)spreadOFDMA(figure3).
Figure3OFDMAandSCFDMA
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OFDMisamulticarriertechnologysubdividingtheavailablebandwidthintoamultitudeofmutualorthogonalnarrowband
subcarriers.InOFDMAthesesubcarrierscanbesharedbetweenmultipleusers.TheOFDMAsolutionleadstohighPeakto
AveragePowerRatio(PAPR)requiringexpensivepoweramplifierswithhighrequirementsonlinearity,increasingthepower
consumptionforthesender.ThisisnoproblemintheeNB,butwouldleadtoveryexpensivehandsets.Henceadifferent
solutionwasselectedfortheUL.Asillustratedinfigure3,theSCFDMAsolutiongeneratesasignalwithsinglecarrier
characteristics,hencewithalowPAPR.
Toenablepossibledeploymentaroundtheworld,supportingasmanyregulatoryrequirementsaspossible,LTEisdeveloped
foranumberoffrequencybandsEUTRAoperatingbandscurrentlyrangingfrom700MHzupto2.7GHz.Theavailable
bandwidthsarealsoflexiblestartingwith1.4MHzupto20MHz.LTEisdevelopedtosupportboththetimedivisionduplex
technology(TDD)aswellasfrequencydivisionduplex(FDD).InR8thereare15bandsspecifiedforFDDandeightbandsfor
TTD.InR9fourbandswereaddedforFDD.AlsoaddedinR9wereforexampleMultimediaBroadcastMulticastService
(MBMS),andHomeeNB(HeNB),seefigure4.MBMSisusedtoprovidebroadcastinformationtoallusers,forexample
advertisement,andmulticasttoaclosedgroupsubscribingtoaspecificservice,e.g.streamingTV.HeNBsareintroduced
mainlytoprovidecoverageindoors,inhomesoroffices.TheHeNBisalowpowereNBthatwillbeusedinsmallcellsfemto
cells.Normallyitwillbeownedbythecustomer,deployedwithoutanynetworkplanningandconnectedtotheoperatorsEPC
(EvolvedPacketCore).
Figure4NewinLTER9:a)MBMS,b)HeNB.
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Furtherreading
TS36.211EvolvedUniversalTerrestrialRadioAccess(EUTRA)Physicalchannelsandmodulation
TS36.212EvolvedUniversalTerrestrialRadioAccess(EUTRA)Multiplexingandchannelcoding
TS36.213EvolvedUniversalTerrestrialRadioAccess(EUTRA)Physicallayerprocedures
TS36.300EvolvedUniversalTerrestrialRadioAccess(EUTRA)andEvolvedUniversalTerrestrialRadioAccess
Network(EUTRAN)OveralldescriptionStage2
TS36.321EvolvedUniversalTerrestrialRadioAccess(EUTRA)MediumAccessControl(MAC)protocolspecification
TS36.331EvolvedUniversalTerrestrialRadioAccess(EUTRA)RadioResourceControl(RRC)Protocolspecification
TS36.413EvolvedUniversalTerrestrialRadioAccessNetwork(EUTRAN)S1ApplicationProtocol(S1AP)
TS36.423EvolvedUniversalTerrestrialRadioAccessNetwork(EUTRAN)X2ApplicationProtocol(X2AP)
LTEHistoricalInformation
ThetechnicalpaperUTRAUTRANLongTermEvolution(LTE)and3GPPSystemArchitectureEvolution(SAE)isagood
startingpoint.
Initiatedin2004,theLongTermEvolution(LTE)projectfocusedonenhancingtheUniversalTerrestrialRadioAccess(UTRA)
andoptimizing3GPPsradioaccessarchitecture.
The3GPP36seriesofspecifications,coversthe"EvolvedUniversalTerrestrialRadioAccess(EUTRA)".
SeealsothetechnologiespageonLTEAdvanced,whichdescribestheworkbeyondLTERelease8/9.
...GetdetailsofhowtousetheLTEandLTEAdvancedlogos
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