15 - Nde Rev 011

5/7/2016
API 510, 570 & 653 Training and

Certification Preparation
p
ASME Section V Quality NDE
Copyright TWI Ltd 2012
Module Objectives
At the end of this module you should know:
The purpose of Section V
How Section V is organized
Specific NDE Terms
Know how to quickly find exam answers
The Codes Purpose

Section V sets requirements to ensure that a quality
NDE examination is conducted
Guidance on NDE method
Limits placed on NDE method
Acceptance Criteria for Evaluating NDE Exam
Documentation
D
t ti requirements
i
t
It does not establish:
The Acceptance Criteria for a weld or component
Qualifications for those performing the NDE
Examination
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Organization of the Code

Two major Subsections
Subsection A: Provides guidance for each Method
Subsection B: Non mandatory practices
Subsection A NDE Articles
Scope & General
Equipment
Calibration
Examination
Evaluation
Documentation
Organization of the Code

Note! Notice that the Organization of each Section V Article is the same,
it follows the steps of an NDE exam.
Get the equipment
Perform any required calibrations
Perform the exam
Perform the evaluation
Document the results!!!
Example An IQI is used in radiography. You will not find a single
paragraph in Section V that discusses all the important information
concerning the IQI. The IQI is discussed in which RT paragraphs?
1)Equipment: What type of IQIs can be used?
2)Examination: Which size of IQI should be used for a specific RT
exposure?
3)Evaluation: When evaluating a RT, whats the role of the IQI?
Radiography (RT)
Principles of Radiation
Radiation penetrates matter
Radiation that strikes film,
exposes the film
When developed, the more
exposed, the darker the film
Mass of object absorbs or
reflects some of the radiation.
Factors of Mass
Thickness
Material Density
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Weld Quality Indications
Notes
1. Thinner areas show up darker in the RT.
2. Areas less dense, e.g. slag inclusion, show up darker in the RT.
RT Setup Technique
Single-wall Technique
Radiation only passes through 1
wall Reference T-271.1
This is a preferred method
Reference T-271
T 271
Must have access to both sides
of the part
With a single exposure, can RT
with a single film or with multiple
film a panoramic
RT Setup Technique
Double-wall Technique Single Wall Viewing
Radiation passes through 2 walls Reference T-271.2
Used only when access is not available to both sides of the
part
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RT Setup Technique
Double Wall Tech Double Wall Viewing Reference T-271.2B
Elliptical Shot which is similar to a Profile RT
Source is placed away from pipe, and film is left flat
Only for outside diameters < 3-1/2
Requires 2 exposures 90 degrees offset
NOTE: If the geometric un-sharpness

requirement cannot be met use singlewall viewing
Penetrameters IQIs
The Function of the Penetrameter
Its how the sensitivity of RT is validated
If the essential hole/wire can be seen, then any
discontinuity the same size or greater should be visible in
the RT
Penetrameter Types Reference T-233
T 233
Hole-type small plate with 3 holes
Reference Table T-233.1
Wire-type plastic holder with 6 sized

wires Reference Table T-233.2
Penetrameters IQIs
ASTM SE-747 Wire-type IQI
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Penetrameters IQIs (Plate Type)

4T dia
T dia
2T dia
Penetrmeter Design
0.12mm
0.25mm
0.50mm
1 00mm
1.00mm
12mm
Minimum Penetrmeter Thickness

Minimum Diameter for 1T Hole
38mm
IQI Sensitivity
1 Hole visible = 4T
2 Holes visible = 3T
3 Holes visible = 2T
IQIs Material & Placement

IQI Material Reference T-276.1
The same alloy material group as the part being RTd
Material Groups are listed in SE-1025
The material groups are based on material density
IQI Placement Reference T-277.1
If access permits place IQI on the source side
If IQI is on film side indicate with a lead F
Hole-type IQI adjacent and parallel to the weld
Wire-type IQI perpendicular across the weld
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
IQIs Size & Number

Penetrameter Size
Use Table T-276 to select IQI
IMPORTANT!!!
Source side vs. Film side
Hole Type vs. Wire Type
Number of Penetrameters Reference T-277.2
One per film, except .
For panoramic shots 3 IQIs placed 120 degrees apart
Other exceptions .
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IQIs - Miscellaneous
Reminder, the IQI checks RT sensitivity
The film density at the IQI and weld should be similar. The weld density
should not be less than ____% of the IQI.
With a weld cap, these densities will differ significantly (the weld will have a
y)
lower density)
A shim under the IQI can be used to ensure the densities between the IQI
and weld are similar
Use radiographically similar material
Shim must be bigger than IQI, at least ___sides visible on RT
IQI & Shim Placement
Backscatter
Backscatter definition
Radiation bounces off an obstruction
and strikes the back-side of the film.
(Yes this exposes the film!)
Backscatter will decrease the RT quality
How to handle Reference T-223
Place a lead letter B on the back of
the film
A light image of a B on the RT
indicates backscatter
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RT Markings
RT Identification Each RT marked: Reference T-224
Contract
Weld Number
Manufacturers Name or Symbol
Date
Location Markings are used to identify specific locations on a
specific weld Reference T-275
Marked on Weld
Marked on Film
Film Evaluation Overview

There are two primary steps in performing Film Interpretation.
-Evaluate the Film Quality
-Evaluate the Weld (Area of Interest) Quality
Film Quality:
Note! Many inspectors miss this step. They go directly to Step Two. If the
film quality doesnt meet the acceptance criteria, defects will be missed.
Another Note! The Codes uses the term Area of Interest (Aol). Were
using RT to evaluate weld quality. So for our purposes the Area of
Interest is the weld. This Code is also used for radiographing castings.
With castings the Area of Interest is some specific part of the casting.
Evaluation Film Density

1.23
1.88
2.13
2.44
2.63
2.93
3.03
3.53
4.23
Density Strip
Density is measured by a
densitometer
A densitometer should be calibrated
using a density strip
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IQI Example
If the IQI density is 3.0, what is the minimum and maximum
density allowed in the Area of Interest?
Min Density = 0.85 x IQI = 0.85 x 3.0 = 2.55
Max Density = 1.30 x IQI = 1.30 x 3.0 = 3.90
Note! Make sure and copy these formulas in your code

To determine the acceptable density of the Area of Interest (AoI):
Minimum Density of Aol (Area of Interest)
Aol Density = 100% of IQI Density 15% = 85% (or 0.85) of IQI
Maximum Density of Aol (Area of Interest)
Aol Density = 100% of IQI Density = 30% = 130% (or 1.30) of IQI
Evaluation - IQI
Check IQI Placement
Hole-type IQI adjacent to weld or across the weld
Wire-type IQI perpendicular across the weld
Acceptance Standards
Correct IQI used
sed Reference Table T
T-276
276
Hole-type IQI - Correct IQI used
Must see 2T hole Reference T-283 & Table T-276
If shim is used, must see 3 edges of IQI Reference T-277.3
Wire-type IQI Must see designated wire Reference T-283
Lead letter F used for film side IQIs
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Evaluation - Backscatter
Backscatter definition
Radiation bounces off of obstructions and strikes the backside of the film. (yes this exposes the film!)
Backscatter will decrease the RT quality
Backscatters acceptance standard Reference Table T-284
Rejectable film A light B appearing in a dark area
Acceptable film a dark B appearing in a light area
Evaluation Geometric Unsharpness
Factors affecting Geometric Unsharpness include:

Diameter of the RT Source
Source to Object distance
Object to Film distance
Acceptance Criteria Reference T-285
26
Geometric Unsharpness
Long Film to
Object
Distance
Short Film to
Object
Distance
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Small Focus
Large Focus
Short Object
to Film
Distance
Long Object
to Film
Distance
Evaluation - Other
No film artifacts that affect the IQI or AoI.
(e.g. fogging, streaks) Reference T-281
RT identification Reference T-224
Weld #
Date
Etc.
Location Markers Reference T-277
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Radiographic Testing (RT)

Disadvantages
Advantages
Expensive consumables
Permanent record
Little surface preparation
Bulky equipment
Defect identification
Harmful radiation
No material type limitation
Defect require significant depth
Not so reliant upon operator
in relation to the radiation beam
skill
Slow results
Thin materials
Very little indication of depths
Access to both sides required

Penetrant Testing (PT)
Copyright 2005 TWI Ltd
M.S.Rogers
World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

Step 1. Pre-Cleaning
Ensure surface is very Clean normally with the use of a solvent. Surface
preparation is the most important stage for Penetrant testing. Get this wrong
and everything else is a waste of time. For welds, the weld volume and 25mm
either side should be free from Dirt, Grease, Lint, Scale, welding flux, weld
spatter, paint, oil.
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Step 2. Apply penetrant
After the application of the penetrant the penetrant is normally left on the
components surface for approximately 15 minutes (dwell time). The penetrant
enters any defects that may be present by capillary action

Step 3. Clean off penetrant
After sufficient penetration time (dwell time) has be given the
penetrant is removed, care must be taken not to wash any
penetrant out off any defects present

Step 3. Apply developer
After the penetrant has be cleaned sufficiently a thin even layer of developer is
applied. The developer acts as a contrast against the penetrant and allows for
reverse capillary action to take place
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Step 4. Inspection / development time
Inspection should take place immediately after the developer has been applied
any defects present will show as a bleed out during development time. After
full inspection has been carried out post cleaning is generally required.

T-620 General
The dyes in penetrants are either:
color contrast (visible under white light)
or
fluorescent (visible under ultraviolet light)
T-621 Written Procedure Requirements
T-621.1 Requirements
Liquid penetrant examination shall be performed in accordance with a
written procedure which shall as a minimum, contain the requirements listed
in Table T-621.

T-630 Equipment
The term penetrant materials, as used in
this Article, is intended to include:
all penetrants
Emulsifiers
Solvents
or cleaning agents
developers
used in the examination process
The descriptions of the material types are
provided in SE 165 of Article 24
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T-640 Miscellaneous Requirements
T-641 Control of Contaminants
The user of this Article shall obtain certification of contaminant content for all
liquid penetrant materials used on:
nickel base alloys

austenitic stainless steels
and titanium used in the examination process

T-652 Techniques for Standard Temperatures
As a standard technique, the temperature of the penetrant and the surface
of the part to be processed shall:
not be below 40oF (5oC)
nor above 125oF (52oC)
throughout
g
the examination p
period.
T-653 Techniques for Nonstandard Temperatures
When it is not practical to conduct a liquid penetrant examination within:
50 F to 125 F (10 C to 52 C)
the procedure at the proposed lower or higher temperature range
requires qualification in accordance with Mandatory Appendix III of this

T-654 Technique Restrictions
fluorescent penetrant examination shall not follow a color contrast
penetrant examination
Intermixing of penetrant materials from different families or different
manufacturers is not permitted
retest with water washable penetrants may cause loss of marginal
indications
T-660 Calibration
Visible and fluorescent (black) light meters, shall be calibrated;
at least once a year
whenever the meter has been repaired
if meters have not been in use for one year or more, calibration shall be
done before being used
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T-671 Penetrant Application
The penetrant may be applied by any suitable means, such as:
Dipping
Brushing
Spraying
If the penetrant is applied by spraying using compressed-air-type apparatus:
filt
h ll b
l
d on th
t
id near th
i iinlet
l t tto preclude
l d
filters shall
be placed
the upstream
side
the air
contamination.

T-673.2
Postemulsification Penetrants
Lipophilic Emulsification
Hydrophilic Emulsification
T-673.3
Solvent Removable Penetrants
Excess solvent removable penetrants shall be removed by:

wiping
i i with
ith a cloth
l th or absorbent
b b t paper,
repeating the operation until most traces of penetrant have been removed
remaining traces shall be removed by lightly wiping with cloth paper
moistened with solvent
care shall be taken to avoid the use of excess solvent
NOTE: Flushing is Prohibited - flushing the surface with solvent, following
the application of the penetrant and prior to developing is prohibited

T-676.3
Color Contrast Penetrants
developer forms a reasonably uniform white coating

discontinuities are indicated by bleed-out of the penetrant (normally a deep
red color)
indications with a light pink color may indicate excessive cleaning
inadequate cleaning may leave an excessive background making
interpretation difficult
minimum light intensity of 100 fc (1000 Lx) is required on the surface
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T- 676.4 Fluorescent Penetrants
The examination shall be performed as follows:
- shall be performed in a darkened area.
- examiner shall be in the darkened area for at
least 5 min prior to performing the examination
to enable his eyes to adapt to dark viewing
- if the examiner wears glasses or lenses,
they shall not be photosensitive
photosensitive.
- light shall be allowed to warm up for a minimum
of 5 min prior to use or measurements of the
intensity of the ultraviolet light emitted
- reflectors and filters should be checked and
cleaned daily when in use
- cracked or broken filters shall be replaced
immediately

T- 676.4 Fluorescent Penetrants
Black light intensity shall be measured with a
black light meter
a minimum of 1000W/cm2 on the surface of
the part being examined shall be required
black light intensity shall be re-verified, at
least once every 8 hr, or whenever the work
station is changed, or whenever the bulb is
changed.

T-693 Performance Demonstration
Performance demonstration, when required by the referencing Code
Section, shall be documented
U-610
Scope
this Appendix contains requirements for the control of contaminant

content for all liquid penetrant materials used on nickel base alloys,
austenitic stainless steels,, and titanium
U-641
Nickel Based Alloys
when examining nickel based alloys, all materials shall be analyzed

individually for sulfur content
the sulphur content shall not exceed 1% of the residue by weight
U-642
Austenitic Stainless Steel and Titanium
when examining austenitic stainless steel or titanium, all materials shall
be analysed individually for chloride
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ASME VIII - Appendix 8 Paragraph 8-3 Evaluation of Indications
An indication is the evidence of a mechanical imperfection. Only indications
with major dimensions greater than 1/16 shall be considered relevant
A linear indications is one having a length greater than three (3) times the
width.
A rounded indication is one of circular or elliptical shape with the length
q
to or less then three times the width.
equal
Any questionable or doubtful indications shall be re-examined to
determine whether or not they are relevant.
Appendix 8 Paragraph 8-4 Acceptance Standards
All surfaces shall be free of:
Relevant linear indications
Relevant rounded indications greater than 3-16
Four or more relevant rounded indications separated by 1/16

Advantages
Simple to use
Inexpensive
Quick results
y non-porous
p
Can be used on any
material
Portability
Low operator skill required
Disadvantages
Surface breaking defect only
little indication of depths
Penetrant may contaminate
p
component
Surface preparation critical
Post cleaning required
Potentially hazardous chemicals
Magnetic Testing (MT)
Copyright 2005 TWI Ltd
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T-720 General
The magnetic particle method is applied to detects
cracks and other discontinuities on or near the
surfaces of ferromagnetic materials
Sensitivity greatest for surfaces discontinuities
Sensitivity decreases rapidly with increasing depth
of discontinuity

T-720 General
Principle
Magnetizing an area to be examined
Applying ferromagnetic particles to the surface
Particles form patterns on surface / discontinuities cause distortions
in nominal magnetic field.
LEAKAGE
FIELD

T-720 General
Principle
Patterns are usually characteristics of type of discontinuity detected
Maximum sensitivity is to linear discontinuities oriented
perpendicular to the lines of flux.
Examine each area twice for optimum effectiveness in detecting all
types off discontinuities.
Lines of flux during one examination to be perpendicular to lines of
flux during the other.
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Collection of ink
particles due to leakage
field
Electro-magnet (yoke) DC or AC
Prods DC or AC

T-752 Prod Technique
T-752.1
Magnetizing Procedure
magnetization is accomplished by portable

prod type contract pressed against the
surface to be examined
to avoid arcing, a remote control switch
shall be provided to permit the current to
be applied after the prods have been
properly positioned
In practice it may be necessary to
clean/grind areas to ensure good contact
where the surface condition is poor at the
points where prod contact is to be applied.

T-752.2
Magnetising Current
direct or rectified magnetising current shall be used

current shall be 100 (minimum) amp/in. (3.9 amp/mm) to 125 (maximum)
amp/in. (4.9 amp/mm) of prod spacing for sections 3/4 in. (19 mm) thick
greater.
or g
for sections less than 3/4 in. (19 mm) thick, the current shall be 90
amp/in. (3.5 amp/mm) to 110 amp/in. (4.3 amp/mm) of prod spacing
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T-752.3
Prod Spacing
prod spacing shall not exceed 8 in. (203 mm)

shorter spacing may be used to accommodate the geometric limitations or to
increase the sensitivity
prod spacings of less than 3 in. (76 mm) are usually not practical due to banding
of the particles around the prods
the prod tips shall be kept clean and dressed. Need to consider surface
condition,, particularly
p
y weld spatter,
p
, rust etc before inspection
p
with p
prods
if the open circuit voltage of the magnetizing current source is greater than 25 V,
lead, steel, or aluminum tipped prods are recommended to avoid copper deposits
on the part being examined

T-755 Yoke Technique
T-755.1 Application
only be applied to detect discontinuities that

are open to the surface of the part
T-755.2 Magnetizing Procedure
alternating
lt
ti or direct
di t currentt electromagnetic
l t
ti
yokes
or permanent magnet yokes
NOTE: For materials 1/4 in. (6 mm) or less in
thickness, alternating current yokes are
superior to direct or permanent magnet yokes
of equal lifting power for the detection of
surface discontinuities

T-762 Lifting Power of Yokes
Electromagnetic Check magnetizing force within the last year

Permanent magnet must be checked daily, prior to use
Whenever a yoke has been damaged or repaired
Alternating current yoke shall have a lifting power of at least 10 LB at the
maximum pole spacing to be used
Direct current yoke or permanent magnet yoke shall have a lifting power of at
least 40 LB at the maximum pole spacing to be used
Test weights to be weighed with a scale from a reputable manufacturer and
stenciled with the applicable nominal weight prior to its first use
verify weight only if damaged in a manner that could have caused potential
weight loss
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T-764 Magnetic Field Adequacy and Direction
T-764.1
Magnetic Field Adequacy
the magnetic field shall have sufficient strength to produce satisfactory indications and
shall not be so strong that it causes masking of relevant indications by non-relevant
accumulations of magnetic particles
Factors that influence the required field strength include the:
part size
part shape
material permeability of the part
technical of magnetization
coatings
method of particle application
type and location of discontinuities to be detected

T-764
Magnetic Field Adequacy and Direction
T-764.1 Magnetic Field Adequacy

When it is necessary to verify the adequacy of magnetic field strength, it shall be
verified by using one or more of the following three methods:
764.1.1
764
1 1 Pie
Pie-Shaped
Shaped Magnetic Particle Field Indicator
764.1.2 Artificial Flaw Shims
764.1.3 Hall-Effect Tangential Field Probe

T-770 Examination
T-771 Preliminary Examination
check area for openings that may not hold particles due to width
T-772 Direction of Magnetization
Perform 2 separate examinations on each area

During 2nd examination
examination, lines of magnetic flux shall be approximately
perpendicular to those used during 1st examination
A different technique may be used for 2nd examination (For example: Yoke 1st
and Prod 2nd )
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T-773 Method of Examination
particles may be either wet or dry

may be either fluorescent or non-fluorescent
examination(s) shall be done by the continuous
method
Dry Particles
magnetizing current shall remain on while the
examination medium is being applied
and while any excess of the examination
medium is removed

T-774 Examination Coverage
Conduct with sufficient overlap to assure 100% coverage at required sensitivity
T-776 Excess Particle Removal
excess dry particles in examinations shall be removed with a stream of low

pressure dry air
examination current or power shall be maintained while removing the excess
particles
T-777 Interpretation
shall identify if an indication as false, non-relevant, or relevant

false and non-relevant indications shall be proven as false or non-relevant
identify the locations of indications
the character of the indication

T-777.1 Visible (Color Contrast) Magnetic Particle
discontinuities are indicated by

accumulations particles which contrast
with the examination surface
color of the particles shall be sufficiently
different than the color of the
examination surface
a minimum light intensity of 100 fc (1000
Lx) is required on the surface to be
examined
light source, technique used, and light
level verification is required to be
demonstrated one time documented and
maintained on life
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T-777.2
Fluorescent Magnetic Particles
same as 777.1 (above) with the exception that the examination is performed using
an ultraviolet light, called black light. The examination shall be performed as
follows:
shall be performed in a darkened area.
the examiner shall be in the darkened area for at least 5 min prior to performing the
examination
if the examiner wears glasses or lenses, they shall not be photosensitive
th black
the
bl k lilight
ht shall
h ll b
be allowed
ll
d tto warm up ffor a minimum
i i
off 5 min
i prior
i tto use or
measurement of the intensity of the ultraviolet light emitted.
reflectors and filters should be checked and cleaned daily in use
Cracked or broken filters shall be replaced immediately
the black light intensity shall be measured with a black light meter
a minimum of 1000 /W/cm 2 on the surface to be examined is required
the black light intensity shall be verified at least once every 8 hours, or whenever the
work station is changed, or whenever the bulb is changed

T-778 Demagnetization
do if residual magnetism in the part could interfere with subsequent processing
T-780 Evaluation
all indications shall be evaluated in terms of the acceptance standards of the

referencing Code Section.
discontinuities on or near the surface are indicated by retention of the examination
medium
localized surface irregularities due to machining marks or other surface conditions
may produce false indications
broad areas of particle accumulation, which might mask indications from
discontinuities, are prohibited, and such areas shall be cleaned and re-examined
ASME Section VIII, Appendix 6, Paragraph 6-3

Definition of indication. Must be larger than 1/16
ASME Section VIII, Appendix 6, Paragraph 6-4
Acceptance Standards - All surfaces to be examined shall be free of:
Relevant linear indications
Relevant rounded indications greater than 3/16
Four or more relevant rounded indications in line separated by 1/16 or
less, edge to edge.
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Disadvantages
Advantages
Surface or slight sub-surface
Simple to use
detection only
Inexpensive
Magnetic materials only
Rapid results
Little surface preparation required
Possible to inspect through thin
coatings
No indication of defects depths

O l suitable
it bl ffor lilinear d
defects
f t
Only
Detection is required in two directions
Ultrasonic Testing (UT)

ASME Section V, Article 23, SE-797 - Scope
This practice provides guidelines for measuring the thickness of materials:
using the contact pulse-echo method
at temperatures not to exceed 200F (93C)

applicable to any material in which ultrasonic waves will propagate at a constant
velocity throughout the part and from which back reflections can be obtained and
resolved
The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as the
standard
The values given in parentheses are for information only
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ASME Section V, Article 23, SE-797 Summary of Practice
Thickness M, when measured by the pulse-echo ultrasonic method, is a product of
the velocity of sound in the material and one half the transit time (round trip) through
the material.
Back wall
defect echo
echo
initial pulse
Material Thk
defect
Compression Probe
10
20
30
40
50
CRT Display

ASME Section V, Article 23, SE-797 Procedure-Calibration and Adjustment
of Apparatus
Case I Direct Contact, Single-Element Search Unit.

Case II Delay Line Single-Element Search Unit.
Case III Dual Search Units.
Case IV Thick Sections.
crack

ASME Section V, Article 23, SE-797 Technical Hazards
Dual search units:
may be used effectively with rough surface conditions.
only the first returned echo, such as from the bottom of a pit, is used in the
measurement. Search Unit.
f
generally, a localized scanning search is made to detect the minimum
remaining
i i wall.
ll
crack
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Material Properties:
the instrument should be calibrated on a material having the same acoustic
velocity and attenuation as the material to be measured.
where possible, calibration should be confirmed by direct dimensional
f
measurement of the material to be examined.
crack

High-Temperature materials: up to about 540oC (1000oF) can be measured with
specially designed instruments with high temperature compensation, search unit
assemblies, and couplants.
Normalization of apparent thickness reading for elevated temperatures is required a

rule of thumb often used is as follows:
the apparent thickness reading obtained from steel walls having elevated
temperatures is high (too thick) by a factor of about 1% per 55oC (100oF)
if the instrument was calibrated on a piece of similar material at 20oC (68oF). and if
the reading was obtained with a surface temperature of 460oC (860oF), the apparent
reading should be reduced by 8%
crack
this correction is an average one for many types of steel.
other corrections would have to be determined empirically for other material

Instrument:
time base linearity is required so that a change in the thickness of material
will produce a corresponding change of indicated thickness.
if a CRT is used as a readout, its horizontal linearity can be checked by
using Practice E 317.
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Readouts:
CRT displays are recommended where reflecting surfaces are rough, pitted,
or corroded.
direct-thickness readout, without CRT, presents hazards of mis-adjustment
and misreading under certain test conditions such as:
especially
p
y thin sections.
rough corroded surfaces.
and rapidly changing thickness ranges.
crack

Advantages
Rapid results
Both surface and sub-surface
detection
Safe
Capable of measuring the depth of
defects
Disadvantages
Trained and skilled operator
required
Requires high operator skill
Good surface finish required
Defect identification
Couplant may contaminate
No permanent record
May be battery powered

Portable
Shear Wave Ultrasonic Testing (SWUT)

SWUT is used for the inspection of welds as the angle of the beam is selected to
intersect defects perpendicular to the beam path
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Shear Wave Ultrasonic Testing (SWUT)
initial pulse
defect echo
e.g. Lack of side
wall fusion
defect
Skip
p
0 10 20 30 40 50
CRT Display
initial pulse
defect echo
defect
0 10 20 30 40 50
Full Skip
CRT Display
Time of Flight Diffraction (ToFD)

The item to be tested is straddled by a scanner assembly that contains
ultrasonic transducers and an encoder to measure the distance that the
transducers travel.
One transducer floods the test area with pulses of ultrasonic energy. The
other transducer is used to detect diffraction from geometric features and
any flaws that may occur.
Signal processing is used to convert this information into an image, which
can be interpreted by skilled operators to define item condition.
The signals, processed image, calibration parameters and other relevant
information are stored electronically and can be recalled whenever required.
Principle of TOFD
Transmitter
Receiver
Lateral wave
Back-wall reflection
BW
LW
Upper tip
Lower tip
MSTS
28
5/7/2016
Guided Wave Ultrasonic Testing (GWUT)
The LRUT concept was developed at

Imperial college with TWI (The Welding
Institute) with the major aim of developing a
method of inspection for insulated pipe-work
for detecting external Corrosion Under
Insulation (CUI).
(CUI)
The Teletest LRUT system for monitoring

pipes and pipelines in service was introduced
commercially by Plant Integrity Ltd (Pi) in
early 1998.

Conventional
Transducer
Localised
Inspection
Flange
Weld
Teletest Tool
Metal loss
Metal loss
Guided Wave
Flange
100%
Inspection
Weld
Metal loss
Metal loss

Flange
Teletest
Tool
Weld
Amplitude
or
Ascan
Metal loss
Metal loss
Symmetrical
mode
Symmetrical Vertical
mode
flexural
mode
Horizontal
flexural mode
Range
MSTS
29
5/7/2016

Sensitive to loss of pipe wall cross-section
A1
A2
A3
A4

General factors affecting performance
Ease of Test
Surface condition
Bare metal
Geometry
Straight lengths
Contents
Gas
Smooth well bonded paint

p y
Fusion bonded epoxy
Attachments/brackets
Light pitting
Heavy pitting
Plastic, e.g. PVC
Bitumastic coated
Concrete coated
Liquid
Branches
Multiple bends
High viscosity
Difficult
Neutron Backscatter
Operation Theory
The device contains a small quantity of sealed

radioactive material (typically Americium 241
Beryllium) that emits fast neutrons but also
gamma radiation.
These fast neutrons travel outward in all
directions from the base of the hand held
instrument penetrating the material under test.
Some of these neutrons are reflected back
towards the detectors mounted in the base of
the Hydrotector head producing a pulse.
These backscattered neutrons are called
thermal neutrons. The number of pulses is
proportional to the amount of Hydrogen atoms
contained in the test material and therefore by
inference, the likely concentration of water
moisture.
MSTS
30
5/7/2016
Neutron Backscatter
ACFM
Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM)
The ACFM technique is an electromagnetic noncontacting technique that is able to detect and size
surface breaking defects in a range of different
materials and through coatings of varying thickness.
R
Requires
i
minimal
i i l surface
f
preparation.
ti
Can be used at elevated temperatures up to
0
0
900 F (482 C).
Uses a probe similar to an eddy current probe and
introduces an alternating current
in a thin skin near to the surface of any conductor.
ACFM
10V
0V
2V
1V
MSTS
31
5/7/2016
ACFM
Any Questions
MSTS
32

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5/7/2016

API 510, 570 & 653 Training and

Copyright TWI Ltd 2012

Copyright TWI Ltd 2012

The Codes Purpose

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Organization of the Code

Organization of the Code

Copyright TWI Ltd 2012

Weld Quality Indications

Copyright TWI Ltd 2012

NOTE: If the geometric un-sharpness

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Reference Table T-233.1

Wire-type plastic holder with 6 sized

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Penetrameters IQIs (Plate Type)

Minimum Penetrmeter Thickness

IQIs Material & Placement

IQIs Size & Number

Copyright TWI Ltd 2012

IQI & Shim Placement

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Film Evaluation Overview

Evaluation Film Density

Evaluation Film Density

Copyright TWI Ltd 2012

Evaluation Film Density

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Copyright TWI Ltd 2012

Evaluation Geometric Unsharpness

Factors affecting Geometric Unsharpness include:

Copyright TWI Ltd 2012

Copyright TWI Ltd 2012

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Copyright TWI Ltd 2012

Copyright TWI Ltd 2012

Radiographic Testing (RT)

Little surface preparation

No material type limitation

Defect require significant depth

Not so reliant upon operator

in relation to the radiation beam

Very little indication of depths

Access to both sides required

Penetrant Testing (PT)

Copyright TWI Ltd 2012

Copyright 2005 TWI Ltd

World Centre for Materials Joining Technology

Penetrant Testing (PT)

Copyright TWI Ltd 2012

Penetrant Testing (PT)

Copyright TWI Ltd 2012

Penetrant Testing (PT)

Copyright TWI Ltd 2012

Penetrant Testing (PT)

Copyright TWI Ltd 2012

Penetrant Testing (PT)

Copyright TWI Ltd 2012

Penetrant Testing (PT)

Penetrant Testing (PT)

Penetrant Testing (PT)