4.

0 EXPERIMENT EQUIPMENT

Stopwatch

Vernier Caliper

Fibre wool
Silicon Rubber

Glass Bottle

Compression Bandage

Temperature

Polystyrene (temperature holder)

RESULT
Materials

Table 1: Temperature of Materials

Glass
Glass covered with insulation
Temperature (C )

Time (minute)
0

94.0

89.0

90.0

85.5

87.0

84.0

84.0

83.0

81.0

82.0

10

79.0

81.0

Average Temperature

515.0/6 = 85.83

504.5/6 = 84.08

Temperature Drop

16.0

8.0

Graph of temperature drop (C) against time (minute) for glass bottle
100
95
90

temperature,T (C)

85
80
75
70
0 min

2 min

3 min

4 min

5 min

6 min

time,t (minute)

Figure 1: Graph of temperature drop (C) against time (minute) for glass bottle

Figure 1 show the graph of temperature drop (C) against time (minute) for glass bottle.
Initially the water is boil at temperature of 94C using electronic cattle and the hot water then
is poured into the glass bottle covered with fibre wool. The surroundings temperatures by
doing this project are 27.0 C. Since it have fan inside the room it may be effected the
thermal insulation, but it is decided that to ignore the heat transfer by external force
convection. The initial temperatures of the water for this experiment are 89C. The graph
shows that the temperature of the water is slightly drop by time. The temperature of the water
is taken in every 2 minute for 10 minute and the readings are as shown in table 1.

Graph of temperature drop(C) against time (minute) for glass bottle covered with fibre wool
90
88
86
84

temperature,T (C)

82
80
78
76

0 min

2 min

4 min

6 min

8 min

10 min

time,t (minute)

Figure 2: Graph of temperature drop (TC) against time (minute) for glass covered with fibre
wool

The figure 2 shown the temperatures drop by doing this project are 8.0 C. Since it
have fan inside the room it may be effected the thermal insulation, but it is decided that to
ignore the heat transfer by external force convection. The initial temperatures of the water for
this experiment are 89C. The temperature of the water is taken in every 2 minute for 10
minute and the readings are as shown in table 1. The temperature difference in this
experiment are 16 C. The thermal conductivity for soil are 0.04 W/m. . The area and the
length of the glass water is 0.0329m and 0.150 m respectively. By avoiding the heat transfer
by radiation and forced convection the total resistance in this experiment are 5.233 C/W.
From the information above, the rate of heat transfer can be calculated. The rate of heat
transfer for this experiment are 1.529 W per m container length. Thats means each length of
the container capable to transfer 1.529 W per meter length of the container. Some error might
be found in this experiment, such as the hot water need to transfer to the container take about
5 seconds, therefore it might be affected the initial temperature. In this experiment, it cannot
use the full performance of insulation of the fibre since the opening of the container was not
insulated by the fibre wool. Thus, we can say that the water glass bottle covered with
insulator release less heat compared to the glass bottle without with insulator.

CALCULATION

A steam glass bottle covered with 4.55mm thick fibre wool insulation is subjected to
convection on its surface. The rate of heat transfer per unit length and the temperature drops
across the glass bottle and the insulation are to be determined.
Assumption:
i.

Heat transfer is steady since there is an indication of any change with

ii.

time.
Heat transfer is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about

iii.
iv.

the center line and no variation in the axial direction.

Thermal conductivities are constant.
The thermal contact resistance at the interface is negligible.

The thermal conductivies are given to be K= 0.8 W/m.C for glass bottle and K= 0.04
W/m.C for fibre wool insulation and length of glass bottle are L=105mm.
The rate of heat transfer coefficient are given to be h = 25 W/m.C for air surrounding and h
= 40 W/m.C for steam.
The inner and the outer surface of the insulated pipe per unit length are
A i=2 riL=2 ( 0.03492 m )( 0.150 m )=0.0329m
A o=2 riL=2 ( 0.03972 m )( 0.150 m )=0.0372 m
The individual thermal resistance are:

3.75mm
4.55mm

Fibre wool
Glass Bottle

62.35mm
69.85mm
78.95mm

T steam

T1

T2

T3

T surrounding

R convection

R conduction

R conduction

R convection

Steam

Glass Bottle

Fibre wool

Surrounding

Internal diameter glass bottle : 62.35mm = 0.06235m

Internal radius glass bottle

: 31.17mm= 0.03117m

Outside diameter glass bottle : (62.35+3.75+3.75) mm = 69.85mm= 0.06985m

Outside radius glass bottle

: 34.92mm = 0.03492m

Internal diameter insulation

: 69.85mm = 0.06985m

Internal radius insulation

: 34.92mm = 0.03492m

Outside diameter insulation

: (69.85+4.55+4.55) mm = 78.95mm= 0.07895m

Outside radius insulation

Ri =

1
1
=
hiAi
40 W 0
. C ( 0.0329 m2)
m

= 0.759C/W

r2
)
r1
=
2 KL

(
R1 = R glass =

Ro =

: 39.47mm = 0.03947m

0.03492 m
)
0.03117 m
= 0.1504C/W
0.8 W
2 ( 2 .C)(0.150m)
m
(

1
1
=
hoAo 25 W 0
2
. C ( 0.0372m )
m

r2
)
r1
=
2 KL

R2 = R insulation =

= 1.075C/W

0.03947 m
)
0.03492 m
=
3.249C/W
0.04 W
2 (
. C )(0.150 m)
2
m
(

R total = Ri + R1 +Ro + R2
= (0.759 + 0.1504 + 1.075 + 3.249) C/W
R total = 5.233 C/W
Then the steady rate of heat loss from the steam per m. pipe length becomes:
Q=

(T 1T 2)
Rtotal

Q=

(89.081.0) C
5.233 C/W

Q=1.529 W

The temperature drops across the pipe and the insulation are
T glass = Q X R glass = (1.529 W) (0.1504 C/W) = 0.23C

T insulation = Q X R insulation = (1.529W) (3.249 C/W) = 4.97C

The critical radius of fibre insulation is
W
. C
K insulation
m
=
=
h surface
25W
.

C
m2
0.04

R cr =

R cr = 1.6mm

0.0016m