COUPLINGS General presentation

Couplings are used to connect two shafts.

Motor

W or k
ing
Mach
ine

Functions

Connection.
Compensation (Positioning errors)
Disconnection (Automatic or manual)
Attenuation (Damping)

Couplings does not change operating parameters (Mt, n)

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Couplings ME&M II

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COUPLINGS General presentation

Compensation (Misalignment)
Radial
Angular
Axial

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Couplings ME&M II

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COUPLINGS Classification
with metallic
element

FIXED
PERMANENT

Elastic

MOBILE
Rigid

MECHANICAL
COUPLINGS

with elastomeric
element

Electrical
insulator

Mechanical

COMMANDED

Hydraulic, pneumatic
Electrical

INTERMITTENT
(CLUTCHES)

Connect/disconnect
During operation

One-way
(Overrunning)
AUTOMATED
(Self-acting)

Speed (Centrifugal)
Torque limiter
(Slip Clutches

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Couplings ME&M II

COUPLINGS Fixed (Ribbed, Sleeve) Coupling

Transmitting torque by shape/form

Transmitting torque by friction

Transverse pin

Tapered bushing

Key or splines
Rigid

Axial compensation ??

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Couplings ME&M II

COUPLINGS Fixed (Ribbed) Coupling

(Sleeve Type Couplings)
Key or spline transmitting torque

Ribbed Type Compression Coupling

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Couplings ME&M II

COUPLINGS Fixed (Ribbed) Coupling

(Sleeve Type Couplings)

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Couplings ME&M II

COUPLINGS Fixed (Ribbed) Coupling

(Sleeve Type Couplings)
Transmitting torque by friction

Tapered bushing

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Couplings ME&M II

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COUPLINGS Flange Coupling

Widespread
Simple, rigid
Transmit forces by shape/friction

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Couplings ME&M II

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COUPLINGS Flange Coupling

Screws in shear

Ft1 =

2M t
Dz

Safeguarding

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Couplings ME&M II

COUPLINGS Gear Coupling

Total compensation
Radial
Axial
Angular
Modified tooth

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Couplings ME&M II

COUPLINGS Gear Coupling

Requires Lubrication
SEAL O-ring
High load capacity
No damping

Simple or Double Gear Meshing

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Couplings ME&M II

COUPLINGS Gear Coupling

Crowning
Tip relief
Backlash
Different width
Simple Double -

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ENGAGEMENT

Couplings ME&M II

COUPLINGS Gear Coupling

SIMPLE ENGAGEMENT

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DOUBLE ENGAGEMENT

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Couplings ME&M II

COUPLINGS Chain Coupling

Total compensation (Radial Axial Angular)

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Couplings ME&M II

COUPLINGS Jaw Type Rigid Coupling

Shear
Contact pressure
Bending (eventually)

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Axial compensation

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Couplings ME&M II

COUPLINGS Elastic Coupling

Linear
Elastic
Characteristic
Non-linear

With damping
Without damping

With damping
Without damping

Metallic elements

Elastomeric elements

Negligible hysterezis

Hysterezis important DAMPING

Bibby (Grid Type) Couplings

Jaw type Couplings

Beam Springs

Flange with elastomeric bolt

Sleeve Type Elastic

Tyre Couplings (PERIFLEX)

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Couplings ME&M II

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COUPLINGS Bibby (Grid Type) Coupling

Elastic

1920 - Bibby

Axial & Angular Compensation

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Couplings ME&M II

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COUPLINGS Bibby (Grid Type) Coupling

Mt

Total compensation
Radial (0.5 3mm)
Axial (4 20mm)
Angular (< 1)

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Couplings ME&M II

COUPLINGS Sleeve Type Elastic Coupling

Slit Type Elastic Coupling

Bellow Coupling

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Couplings ME&M II

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COUPLINGS Flexible Metallic Couplings

Membrane (Diaphragm) Coupling

Torque capacity 25,000 kW/1000 rpm

Facilitates mounting/dismountling

Size 350 mm shaft dia

High torques due to metallic

elastic elements used

Speed 5,000 rpm

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Couplings ME&M II

COUPLINGS Flexible Metallic Couplings

Membrane Coupling

ARCOFLEX COUPLING
(LENZE Ltd.)

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Couplings ME&M II

COUPLINGS Compensating Metallic Couplings

Schmidt Coupling Offset compensator

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Couplings ME&M II

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COUPLINGS Compensating Metallic Couplings

Oldham Coupling Offset compensator

Stresses ?

Contact stress
Shear
Bending very low

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Mechanical Efficiency < 1

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Couplings ME&M II

COUPLINGS Flexible Nonmetallic Couplings

Elastomeric intermediate element
Highly elastic (Excellent shock absorber / High damping characteristics)
High torque (Up to 100kNm)
Lubrication free (dry operation)
Tolerate large amounts of misalignments in all plans (multidirectional flexibility)
Simple installation (without disturbing the coupled machines)
Easy inspection (without dismantling)
Progressive torsional stiffness curve (not all the elastic couplings)
Backlash free (only some of elastic couplings)
Electrical insulator (No Metal-to-Metal Contact)
Resistant to oil, dirt, sand, moisture and grease

Jaw-type couplings
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Tyre couplings
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Bolt type elastic couplings

Couplings ME&M II

COUPLINGS Tyre Coupling

The highest torque rate and damping capabilities
Rubber disc or envelope vulcanized to a hub

Total compensation
Radial (0.5mm)
Axial (1 3mm)
Angular (max. 1)

John Crane Inc.

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Couplings ME&M II

COUPLINGS Jaw Type Couplings

Mt

John Crane Inc.

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Couplings ME&M II

COUPLINGS Jaw Type Couplings

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Couplings ME&M II

COUPLINGS Jaw Type Couplings

Spider designs

Standard Solid-Center Spider

Open-Center Type
Snap-Wrap
Load Cushions

Straight (US)
Curved (Europe)
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Couplings ME&M II

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COUPLINGS Jaw Type Couplings

Spider design: SNAP-WRAP

Spider in shear
Mounting without shaft displacement
Requires an outer collar/ring reduced speed
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John Crane Inc.

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Couplings ME&M II

COUPLINGS Jaw Type Couplings

Spider in shear (Jaw-in-shear Coupling)
Outer Collar

Snap-Wrap
Spider

Compensation
Radial (1 4mm)
Angular (up to 2)
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Max. Torque: 40kNm

for 360mm bore.
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Couplings ME&M II

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COUPLINGS Jaw Type Couplings

Spider in shear (Jaw-in-shear Coupling)
Compensation
Radial (up to 3mm)
Axial (limited)
Angular (up to 1)
Torsional wind-up (15)

One-piece solid
One-piece split
Two-piece with
retaining ring

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Couplings ME&M II

COUPLINGS Jaw Type Couplings

Spider in compression
FAIL-SAFE !

Spider in shear

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Couplings ME&M II

COUPLINGS Bolt Couplings

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Couplings ME&M II

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COUPLINGS Universal Joint

Intermediate
splined shaft

Hooke (Cardan ) articulation

Highly angular and axial
compensation
No synchronism !

2 min = 1cos
2 max = 1 cos

bearing

spider

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Yoke

Couplings ME&M II

COUPLINGS Universal Joint

Tandem mounting

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Couplings ME&M II

COUPLINGS Universal Joint

Syncronisms obtained ONLY for tandem mounting AND IF
The axis of all shaft sections lie in the same plane
The bearing bores of the inboard yokes of the center section lie in the same plane.
The bend angles 1 and 2 are equal.

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Couplings ME&M II

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BRAKES & CLUTCHES

Provide magnetic, hydraulic, mechanical connection between two elements
BRAKE

CLUTCH

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Couplings ME&M II

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BRAKES
Interruptible connections between a rotating element &
a non-rotating ground plate or element

RIM Types

Internal Expanding Shoes

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External Contracting Shoes

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Couplings ME&M II

BRAKES
CONE Type

BAND Type

DISK Type

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Couplings ME&M II

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Couplings ME&M II

RIM BRAKE (INTERNAL EXPANDING)

Drum

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Shoe

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Couplings ME&M II

RIM BRAKE (INTERNAL EXPANDING)

Long shoe brake model

Pressure distribution based on FEM modelling

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sin

p = pmax
sin a
Couplings ME&M II

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(MULTIPLE) DISK BRAKE

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Couplings ME&M II

CLUTCHES - Generalities
Connect & disconnect shafts at will (during rotation)

Functions
to allow a high-inertia load to be started with a low-torque
prime-mover than would be required if it were directly connected
an emergency disconnect device to decouple in the case of a
machine jam
to maintain a constant torque on a shaft

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Couplings ME&M II

CLUTCHES - Classification

means of actuation

Mechanical
Hydraulic/Pneumatic
Electrical
Automatic

means of energy transfer

Positive mechanical contact

Friction
Hydraulic
Electromagnetic

method of engagement

Synchronous
Non- synchronous

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Couplings ME&M II

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CLUTCHES
POSITIVE CLUTCHES = Positive mechanical contact
(toothed clutches)

(Hirth)

(OLDHAM coupling)
Interlocked teeth
Synchronism required
No adjustment required

Jaw type shape

One element slides axially

No slip

Do not introduce important axial forces

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Compact

Couplings ME&M II

CLUTCHES - Positive
square-jaw (claw type)

Short axial displacement

(Hirth radial teeth)

spiral-jaw

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Couplings ME&M II

CLUTCHES - Positive
Bi-directional
Clashing
Can be also trapezoidal

One-directional
Reduced clashing
Bicycle rear sprocket rear wheel

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Couplings ME&M II

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CLUTCHES - Friction
Slip clutch

Multi-disk friction clutch

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Couplings ME&M II

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Friction CLUTCHES - Pressure

Constant Pressure Analysis (elastic plates)

Fn =
Mf =

pm ro2

p
A

ri

rd A=

r
ri

Mf =

ro

2
r3 r3
Fn o2 i2 = Fn rm
3
ro ri

wear p V

Constant Wear Analysis (rigid plates)

depth

dr

= const p V

V = r

pr = p max ri

A p r d A = pmax ri (ro ri ) = Fn
2

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ro + ri
= Fn rm
2

Couplings ME&M II

Friction CLUTCHES - Materials

Characteristics

high coefficient of friction

resistant to wear
sufficient compressive strength
temperature resistance (against
seizure)
thermal stability
good thermal conductivity
good elastic properties

Disks Lining
Molded
Polymeric resin
Powder fillers
Fibrous material

Woven
Sintered
Higher temperature resistance
Compressive strength
Greater than molded or woven
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Couplings ME&M II

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Dynamics of Coupling
M a = M max M t = ( 1)M t

M max = M f = M tc = M t
M a = I 2 2 = I 2

Ta

1) Engagement time
Ta

Lf =

Lf =

3) Power dissipated
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I 2 n
30( 1)M t

60

Pf =

3600

Ma
t

M t n1Ta
Lf z

Ta

Mn
Mrez

1
M t 1Ta
2

M t d =

2) Friction work

Ta =

[W ]

[W ]

Lf

La
t

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Couplings ME&M II

Disk Friction CLUTCHES

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Couplings ME&M II

Automotive Clutch

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Couplings ME&M II

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SLIP CLUTCH

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Couplings ME&M II

OVERRUNING CLUTCHES

ratchet wheel

free-wheeling or
one-way clutches

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Couplings ME&M II

OVERRUNING CLUTCHES

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Couplings ME&M II

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HYDRODYNAMIC CLUTCHES (inertia forces)

Start-up clutches

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Torque limiter

Fottinger 1904

Couplings ME&M II

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VISCO-COUPLINGS

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Couplings ME&M II

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VISCO-COUPLINGS

4+6 driving elements

2+3 driven elements
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5 - fluid

Couplings ME&M II

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CENTRIFUGAL CLUTCHES

Centrifugal Force used to:

(a) ENGAGE
(b) DISENGAGE
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Couplings ME&M II

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