Use 1: To Summarize Data With Central Values

Display Descriptive Statistics
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Uses
Data
How To
Use 1: To summarize data with central values

Customers of an automotive repair company complain that services take much longer than promised.
The repair company decides to analyze actual repair times from the last several months to provide more
accurate service times for customers.
Determining a central value like the mean or median is a critical first step in understanding your data.
Use 2: To assess the degree of variation

A snack food company wants to assess the performance of a new filling machine. While the machine
seems to be filling potato chip bags to the proper weight on average, its performance is also highly
variable. Many bags are either underfilled or overfilled.
Knowing how much your data varies is critical to understanding your product or service. While
important in their own right, measures of variation can also influence your understanding of other
statistics, like the mean.
Use 3: To explore possible differences between groups

A marketing team examines the results of a reader survey for their e-newsletter to see whether it is
reaching its target audience. The team wonders if certain characteristics of a survey respondent (sex,
age, job) are associated with a tendency to read the newsletter more often or to rate the newsletter more
positively.
Minitab can calculate separate descriptive statistics for each group, allowing you to see how these
groups differ.
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How To
1-Sample Poisson Rate
Use 1: To compare a rate to a target value

A zoning requirement states that, if an intersection exceeds 300 vehicles per hour, it must have a
pedestrian crosswalk. Transportation officials want to know if traffic at a busy intersection exceeds 300
vehicles per hour. Because the officials are measuring an event rate, the data follows a Poisson
distribution.
When you have Poisson data, you can use a 1-sample Poisson rate test to compare an occurrence rate to
a benchmark value, such as a competitor's claim or a historical rate.
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Use 2: To estimate a rate of occurrence

To determine whether it can meet customer requirements, a computer manufacturer needs to estimate
the average number of scratches on monitor screens. Obviously, the manufacturer can't check every
monitor, so inspectors count scratches on a sample.
You can't really know the true rate without measuring every possible observation. A 1-sample Poisson
rate test can give you a practical estimate of the rate in the form of a confidence interval, which is a
range of values that is likely to contain the rate.
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How To
2-Sample Poisson Rate
Use 1: To determine whether a rate differs across two groups

A textile manufacturer uses two mills to produce its most popular fabric. It wants to be sure that there is
no difference in quality between the two machines. Because the manufacturer is measuring the defect
rate (the number of fabric defects per 10 yards of material), the data follows a Poisson distribution.
Sometimes, knowing that a meaningful difference exists is all that you need. With Poisson data, you can
use a 2-sample Poisson rate test to compare the rates of two groups.
Use 2: To determine whether something occurs at a higher rate in

one group than it does in another
Two process engineers have devised methods to install glass television screens while minimizing
scratches. The company wants to know which method produces a lower rate of scratches.
Use a 2-sample Poisson rate test to determine if one group has a higher rate of occurrence than another
group.
Use 3: To determine whether a rate differs by a specific amount

in two groups
A printing company considers replacing its lithograph machine to reduce the number of defective prints.
However, the expense of this upgrade is worthwhile only if the proportion of defectives decreases by 5%
or more.
Even if a difference exists between the rates of two groups, the difference might be too small to have
practical importance. With a 2-sample Poisson rate test, you can test for differences of any size that you
consider important and calculate a range of values that is likely to contain the difference between the
groups.
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How To
1-Sample t
Use 1: To compare your process mean with a target value

A lumber mill labels some of its boards at 8 feet long. The mill needs to be sure that the boards are in
fact 8 feet long, or it risks annoying customers and even violating labeling standards.
You can use a 1-sample t-test to compare a mean value to a benchmark, such as a competitors claim or
a historical average.
Use 2: To estimate the value of your process mean

A drug company develops a new fast-acting pain reliever. The company wants to estimate the drug's
average onset time so that it can indicate the speed of the drug on the label.
You can't really know the true mean of your data without measuring every possible observation. A 1sample t-test can give you a practical estimate of the mean in the form of a confidence interval, which is
a range of values that is likely to contain the mean.
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How To
2-Sample t
Use 1: To determine whether two groups differ

The maker of a generic plastic garbage bag wants to show that the average life strength of its product is
the same as its more expensive name-brand competitor.
Sometimes, knowing that a meaningful difference exists is all that you need. Use a 2-sample t-test to
find whether two groups are significantly different.
Use 2: To determine whether one group is better than another

A furniture manufacturer wants to find a faster way to assemble a complex chair. The manufacturer
needs proof that a new method is better than the current method.
It's often important to know if one group is larger (or smaller) than another. Use a 2-sample t-test to
determine if one group has a higher mean than another.
Use 3: To determine if two groups differ by a specific amount

A company that makes large concrete castings investigates an expensive new chemical that promises to
reduce cure time. The company needs to be confident that the chemical can reduce the cure time by at
least five hours; otherwise, it won't be worth the cost.
Even if a difference exists between the means of two groups, the difference might be too small to have
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practical importance. With a 2-sample t-test, you can test for differences of any size that you consider
important, and you can calculate a range of values that is likely to contain the true difference between
the groups.
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Data
How To
Paired t
Use 1: To determine whether two dependent groups differ

A tire company wants to see if two tire designs wear differently. To ensure that each design is subjected
to the same weather, road conditions, and driver, the company outfits each test car with two of each tire
design.
Any time you take pairs of measurements under similar conditions, the samples are dependent. To make
comparisons between the means of dependent groups, a paired t-test is a more appropriate and more
powerful test than a 2-sample t-test.
Use 2: To evaluate the results of a before-and-after study

Nutrition specialists want to test the effectiveness of a diet and exercise program. If the test participants
weigh substantially less after the program, the nutritionists can claim that the program is effective.
A common example of dependent data is a "before" and "after" study, in which subjects are measured
before and after receiving some treatment. Use a paired t-test to compare "before" and "after"
measurements of the same subjects and to determine whether a difference exists.
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How To
1 Proportion
Use 1: To compare a proportion to a target value

An ice cream company tests of a new flavor by asking tasters whether they like the product well enough
to purchase it. If the proportion of tasters that say they'd buy the ice cream exceeds 80%, the company
will put the ice cream on the market.
Some output variables are inherently binary in nature, like pass or fail, yes or no, and so on. For
situations like these, you can use a 1 proportion test to compare a proportion to a benchmark value, such
as a competitor's claim or a historical rate.
Use 2: To estimate a proportion

An advertising agency is curious about the public's opinion of a new artificial sweetener. The agency
will adjust its advertising strategy based on the proportion of those who have a negative impression of
the sweetener.
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You can't really know the true proportion of your data without measuring every possible observation. A
1 proportion test can give you a practical estimate of the proportion in the form of a confidence interval,
which is a range of values that is likely to contain the proportion.
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How To
2 Proportions
Use 1: To determine whether the proportions in two groups differ

A plant manager oversees two similar automotive transmission assembly lines. She wants to know if the
proportion of defective transmissions differs between the two linesany difference could be a sign of a
problem.
Sometimes, knowing that a meaningful difference exists is all that you need. You can use a 2
proportions test to compare two groups when there are only two possible outcomespass or fail,
defective or not, yes or no.
Use 2: To determine whether one group has a higher proportion

than another
A school evaluates a new counseling program that is aimed at keeping children in school. The school
wants to know if the proportion of students who quit school decreased significantly after the program
began.
It's often important to know whether one group is better than another; for example, whether one has a
higher proportion of success or a lower proportion of defects.
Use 3: To determine whether the proportion in two groups differ

by a specific amount
A container company is considering replacing its machine for molding plastic bottles to reduce the
proportion of defective output. However, the expense of this upgrade is worthwhile only if the
proportion of defectives decreases by 5% or more.
Even if a difference exists between the two groups, the size of the difference in proportions might be too
small to have practical importance. With a 2 proportions test, you can test for differences of any size that
you consider important and calculate a range of values that is likely to contain the difference between
the groups.
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How To
1 Variance
Use 1: To compare the process variance to a target value

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A wood flooring company tests the moisture content of all deliveries of unprocessed lumber. If the
moisture content is too variable, the lumber has not been properly dried and the flooring company won't
accept the shipment.
Excessive process variation causes inconsistent or unpredictable results, jeopardizing process output and
customer satisfaction. Use a 1 variance test to compare the variance or standard deviation to a target
value, such as a quality benchmark or competitor's claim.
Use 2: To estimate the process variance

A machine shop is using a new milling machine to fabricate engine parts. Because the machine is such
an influential part of the process, the machine shop wants to reassess the amount of variability that exists
in the process.
You can't really know the true variance of your data without measuring every possible observation. A 1
variance test can give you a practical estimate of the variance in the form of a confidence interval, a
range of values likely to contain the variance.
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How To
2 Variances
Use 1: To determine whether the data varies more in one group

than in another
A breakfast food company is dissatisfied with the widely fluctuating fill weights of cereal boxes. The
company tests a replacement piece of equipment. If the new equipment can fill boxes with less
variability, they'll buy it.
A process with excessive variation does not deliver consistent parts or services, and its performance is
unpredictable. When choosing between two groups or processes, use a 2 variances test to determine
which has less variance.
Use 2: To determine whether the variance of two groups differ by

a specific amount
A clothing manufacturer has been unhappy with the erratic fabric quality from a supplier. Reluctant to
end a long-standing relationship with the supplier, the company will switch to a new supplier only if it
can deliver material with half the variability in quality.
Even if a difference exists between the variances of two groups, the size of the difference might be too
small to have practical importance. With a 2 variances test, you can test for differences of any size that
you consider important and calculate a range of values that is likely to contain the difference between
the groups.
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How To
Normality Test
Use 1: To determine whether your data follow a normal

distribution
A researcher wants to investigate a process that casts a critical part for jet engines. Because tests that
require normally distributed data (such as a capability analysis) could produce misleading results if used
with nonnormal data, the researcher needs to be sure that the data are normally distributed.
Often, statistical procedures assume the data come from a normal distribution. While many tests can
function adequately without normal data, in some cases, using nonnormal data can produce misleading
results. Use a normality test to determine whether data follows a normal distribution.
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Regression
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Uses
Data
How To
Regression
Use 1: To determine how a single response variable is related to a

variety of predictor variables
An agricultural researcher knows that a number of predictor variables (temperature, rainfall, type of
fertilizer, and so on) can affect crop yield. If she understands how these predictors combine to affect
crop yield, she can maintain high productivity regardless of weather conditions.
Fit Regression Model is a versatile tool for investigating relationships between a response variable and
both categorical and continuous predictor variables.
Use 2: To perform a regression analysis of nonlinear

relationships
A doctor studies the relationship between the number of bacteria in a throat culture and two predictors:
body temperature and antibiotic dosage. Though certain that a strong relationship exists, she is unable to
obtain a good fit with linear regression.
While it's common to model linear relationships between a response and its predictors, sometimes the
true relationship is not linear, but curved. Use Fit Regression Model to model these relationships with
quadratic, cubic, or other polynomial terms.
Use 3: To model nonnormal response data by automatically

applying the Box-Cox transformation
Hoping to improve customer satisfaction, the manager of a technical support center wants to estimate the
time that callers wait on hold. He uses day of the week and the number of operators as predictors.
However, the distribution of wait times is extremely skewed: it will be difficult to find a well-fitting
regression model with this data.
When your response variable is strongly nonnormal, it may be hard to find an adequate regression
model. Fit Regression Model can help you avoid this problem by normalizing your data with the BoxCox transformation.
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How To
Binary Logistic Regression
Use 1: To explain the relationship between predictors and a

binary response
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Regression
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To help improve its advertising campaign, a movie studio wants to predict peoples decision to see a
new movie based on two predictors: age and gender. Unlike other forms of regression, where the
response is a continuous variable (profit, volume of overrun, and so on), binary regression has only two
possible responses: either the person saw the movie, or they didn't.
Use binary logistic regression when you have a binary response variable: one that has only two possible
outcomes. For example, you have a product that is either defective, or not. Binary logistic regression
uses data from a variety of predictors to model the probability of each of the two possible outcomes.
Use 2: To understand how the odds of a binary outcome change

under different circumstances
A credit card company uses binary logistic regression to estimate the odds that customers will make a
late payment based on two predictors: their account balance and whether they own or rent their home.
The company may assign higher interest rates to customers with higher odds of making late payments.
The likelihood that either level of a binary outcome (pass/fail, yes/no, good/bad) will happen can be
expressed with a statistic known as an odds ratio. An odds ratio helps you compare the effects of
different levels of a predictor on a binary outcome. For example, women (predictor) are twice as likely
(odds ratio) as men to buy an electric toothbrush (binary outcome).
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One-Way ANOVA
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How To
One-Way ANOVA
Use 1: To determine whether two or more groups are different

The supply manager of a plastics manufacturer purchases hardening additive from four different
suppliers. The supply manager saves money by purchasing from the cheapest supplier at any given time.
However, he needs assurance that there is not a significant difference in plastic hardness between
additives.
Sometimes, knowing that a real difference exists is all that matters. Use one-way ANOVA to find a
significant difference between two or more groups.
Use 2: To determine if any groups are the best

A call center is testing four different scripts to see which one results in the most sales. If one of the
scripts is significantly better (that is, if it produces more sales than all of the others), the call center will
make that script the standard.
In some cases, finding the best among a number of choices may be your overriding concern, though this
isn't as simple as identifying the sample with the highest (or lowest) mean. You can use one-way
ANOVA to find the group or groups that are significantly different from the rest and that can be
considered statistically "best".
Use 3: To assess specific differences between groups

A construction company needs to choose between three nail guns for its framing crews. The guns vary in
price. The company wants a durable gun, but it doesn't want to pay more for a gun that is only
marginally better. Perhaps the second or even third most durable tool is the best choice.
Often, knowing that groups have different averages is insufficient, and you need to delve deeper into
group-by-group comparisons. One-way ANOVA can estimate the differences between specific groups,
which allows you to make such comparisons.
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How To
General Linear Model ANOVA
Use 1: To perform an ANOVA analysis using a variety of data

A beverage manufacturer is developing a new product and wants to know if sweetener type, color, and
precise carbonation level are significantly related to consumer satisfaction. Because the company is
comparing groups (in this case, different beverage formulations), a one-way ANOVA seems
appropriate, but one-way ANOVA cannot analyze these predictors.
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One-Way ANOVA
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The General Linear Model (GLM) is the most flexible form of ANOVA. It can model multiple predictor
variables, both categorical and continuous. Additionally, GLM can include different types of factors,
terms, and designs.
Use 2: To test the equality of means and interactions between

different groups
A vacuum cleaner manufacturer is considering switching to a cheaper type of motor, but it wants
assurance that the cheaper motor doesn't negatively affect performance. The company tests vacuum
cleaners with both motor types on a variety of carpet styles to see how much dirt remains in the carpet.
Do the two motor types have similar performance across carpet types?
Sometimes, knowing that a real difference exists is all that matters. Use GLM to find a significant
difference between multiple groups and to see whether the effect of one factor interacts with the level of
another factor.
Use 3: To assess the specific differences between groups

A construction company needs to find the best method for sealing cracks between sections of concrete.
They test three sealants using two application methods with each sealant. The company wants a durable
seal, but it doesn't want to pay more for a marginal increase in durability. Perhaps the second or even
third best combination of sealant and application method is the right choice.
Often, knowing that groups have different averages is insufficient, and you need to delve deeper into
group-by-group comparisons. GLM can estimate the differences between specific groups, which allows
you to make such comparisons.
Use 4: To predict the response for a new set of observations

A customer support manager examines his departments extensive records and finds that the number of
calls received on any given day seems to be dependent on a number of factors such as day of the week,
month, and number of sales from the previous month. The manager wants to use this information to
predict how many calls to expect, so that he can schedule the appropriate number of operators for each
shift.
With GLM, you can use observed data to describe the relationship between a number of predictors and a
single response. After this relationship is well defined, you can predict a new response value whenever
you have a new set of predictor values.
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Create Factorial Designs

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Uses
Data
How To
Use 1: To design your experiment and data collection plan

An automobile manufacturer recently received a large number of complaints about defective electronic
car keys, and up to five different factors could be to blame. Quality engineers know that a designed
experiment is required, but they are worried about collecting the right amount of data, under the right
conditions, with the right factor settings, in the right order.
Setting up even the simplest of designed experiments by hand can be very difficult and leaves plenty of
room for error. Minitab's Create Factorial Design creates a data collection worksheet for you, indicating
the factor combinations to run, as well as the random order in which to collect your data. You can also
print the worksheet to simplify data collection.
Use 2: To design an experiment that's appropriate for your

circumstance
An adhesives manufacturer wants to create two factorial design experiments: a simple screening
experiment to determine which factors have the greatest influence on drying time for a new wood glue,
and a complex, multi-level experiment to select the best factor settings for a delicate medical adhesive.
Obviously, the same experimental design won't be appropriate for both cases.
Some factorial experiments might include only a few factorsothers, a few dozen. Likewise, some
experiments might be low risk, exploratory investigations while others may require great precision and
certainty. Minitab offers a number of customizable factorial designs to ensure that your experiment is as
detailed as it must be and as simple as it can be.
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Analyze Factorial Design
Use 1: To determine what factors or interactions between factors

are important
A car insurance company plans to conduct an advertising campaign to attract new customers. To assure
the highest return rate possible, they conduct a designed experiment to determine what factors (such as
envelope type and celebrity endorsement) or combination of factors maximize the response rate.
Use the results from a factorial experiment to determine which factors and interactions between factors
have a significant effect on your process or product. These results help you focus on what's important so
you can save time and money, create the best product, and satisfy your customers.
Use 2: To determine the settings that result in the best outcome

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A meat packer knows that heat, time, and humidity are critical to curing excellent ham but is unsure of
the exact settings to use for these three factors to produce the best tasting product.
A factorial experiment can help you determine the combination of factor level settings that are necessary
to achieve the best response.
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How To
Graphs for Factorial DOE
Use 1: To display the mean response for all levels of one or more
factors
The quality manager for an online shoe store conducts a designed experiment to determine which factors
affect the time to process an order. She identifies three statistically significant factors and wants to graph
the results to show to the management team.
Use factorial plots to visualize how the factors affect the response.
Main Effects
Plot
Displays the mean
response at each level of
each factor.
Interactions
Plot
Displays the mean
response at each
combination of levels
from two factors.
Cube
Plot
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Displays the mean

response at each factor
level combination for up
to eight factors.
Use 2: To find the best operating conditions

An industrial engineer wants to find the settings of synthetic polymer, processing technique, and
processing temperature to maximize the breaking strength of a plastic packaging material.
Contour
Plot
Surface
Plot
Use contour and surface plots to find the factor level settings that provide the response you want. Both
plots show how the response variable is affected by some of the factors while holding others constant.
For a more complete interpretation, examine both the contour and surface plots.
Note A tutorial is also available on the Response Optimizer, a tool that helps to identify the
combination of input variable settings that jointly optimize a single response or a set of responses.
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How To
Create Mixture Designs

A pharmaceutical company wants to find the most effective amounts of four ingredients to use in the
formulation of a cough suppressant. The research team knows that a designed experiment is required but
is worried about collecting the right amount of data, under the right conditions, with the right
components, in the right order.
room for error. Minitab's Create Mixture Design creates a data collection worksheet for you, indicating
the component formulations to run as well as the random order in which to collect your data. You can
also print the worksheet to simplify data collection.

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circumstance
A chemical company needs to conduct two very different mixtures experiments. They want to create a
simple lawn fertilizer from nitrogen, phosphate, and potash. They also want to create a fertilizer with
added weed killer, but nitrogen levels must be kept below a particular amount to avoid dangerous
chemical reactions with the herbicide. While mixtures analyses are appropriate in both cases, they will
require different experiment designs.
Some mixtures experiments are quite simple, while others are quite complex. Minitab offers a number of
customizable mixture designs to ensure that your experiment is as detailed as it must be and as simple as
it can be.
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Analyze Mixture Designs
Use 1: To determine what components of a formulation are

important
Agricultural scientists want to know what combination of ingredients result in the most effective
fertilizer. They conduct a mixture experiment to determine what fertilizer components promote the
growth of grass in various climates.
Use the results from a mixture experiment to determine proportions of the blend, process conditions, or
the amount of mixture that affect your process or product. These results will help you focus on what's
important so you can save time and money, create the best product, and satisfy your customers.
Use 2: To determine the component proportions and conditions

that result in the best outcome
A beverage maker wants to perfect its fruit punch, which must contain 10% juice. They want to find a
combination of grape, apple, and cherry juice concentrates that maximizes the product's taste test scores.
A mixtures experiment can help you determine the relative proportion of components that achieve the
best response, as well as how this response may change under different conditions.
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Graphs for Mixtures DOE
Use 1: To visualize the design space

Food scientists want to conduct a mixture experiment to determine the amounts of sugar, cocoa, butter,
and vanilla that will result in the best tasting fudge. They create their design, and now want to see what
it looks like.
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Simplex Design Plot

A simplex design plot shows the design points used in an experiment. The
design points define the proportions (or amounts) of the different components
used at each experimental run.
Use 2: To evaluate how the response is related to the process

variables
A paint manufacturer conducts a mixture experiment to maximize the bonding properties of paint. The
researchers want to consider two process variables: the surface to which paint is applied and the
temperature at which paint is applied.
Process variables are factors in an experiment that are not part of the mixture but may affect the
blending properties of the mixture. Use factorial plots to evaluate how the process variables affect the
response.
Main Effects
Plot
Displays the mean of each
level of each process
variable.
Interactions
Plot
Displays the mean
response at each
combination of levels
from two factors.
Cube
Plot
Displays the mean
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response at each factor

level combination for up
to eight factors.
Use 3: To evaluate how the components affect the response

Agricultural scientists conduct a mixture experiment to determine what proportions of nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium promote the growth of grass in various climates. They want to create a graph
to explain the component effects to the product manager.
Response Trace Plot
Shows how changes in the components affect the response relative to a
reference blend. You can use a response trace plot to identify the most
influential components. If the design contains process or amount variables, they
must be held at a fixed level.
Use 4: To find the best formulation

A pharmaceutical company wants to find the most effective amounts of four ingredients to use in the
formulation of a cough suppressant.
Contour Plot
Surface
Plot
Use contour and surface plots to find the component settings that provide the response you want. Both
plots show how the response variable is affected by some of the components while holding others
constant. For a more complete interpretation, examine both the contour and surface plots.
Note A tutorial is also available on the Response Optimizer, a tool that helps to identify the component
formulation that optimizes a single response or a set of responses.
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How To
Create Response Surface Designs
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A cereal company wants to determine the right levels of sugar and baking temperature to use in
producing a new cereal. The researchers know that a Box-Behnken is the right design, but they are
worried about collecting the right amount of data, under the right conditions, with the right settings, in
the right order.
room for error. Minitab's Create Response Surface Design creates a data collection worksheet for you,
indicating the factor combinations to run as well as the random order in which to collect your data. You
can also print the worksheet to simplify data collection.

circumstance
A paper manufacturer wants to find the combination of milling speed, processing temperature, and
pressure settings that will produce the strongest paper. They know from past experiments that setting all
three at their lowest settings makes very weak paper, and setting them all at their highest levels can
damage the milling machines. Testing these extreme combinations would be a waste of time and effort.
Create Response Surface Design ensures that you cover all possible factor level combinations in your
experiment, but in some cases you may not want or be able to test extreme setting combinations.
Minitab offers two customizable response surface designs to ensure that your experiment is as detailed
as it must be and as simple as it can be.
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How To
Analyze Response Surface Designs
Use 1: To determine what factors or interactions between factors

are important
A plastics manufacturer plans to produce a new high strength material. To ensure the highest possible
product strength, they conduct a designed experiment to determine what factors (such as processing
temperature and concentration of epoxy hardeners) or combination of factors maximize the response
rate.
Use the results from a response surface design to determine which factors and interactions between
factors have a significant effect on your process or product. These results will help you focus on what's
important so you can save time and money, create the best product, and satisfy your customers.
Use 2: To determine the settings that result in the best outcome

Researchers have created a new laundry detergent and now want to know which settings of water
temperature, cycle time, and detergent concentration result in the brightest fabric. They conduct a
response surface experiment to determine which factors or combinations of factors maximize brightness.
A response surface experiment can help you determine the combination of factor level settings that are
necessary to achieve the best response.
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Uses
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How To
Graphs for Response Surface DOE
Use 1: To find the best operating conditions using a contour plot

A cereal company conducts a response surface experiment to determine the levels of sugar and honey
that produce the best tasting cereal. The lead food scientist wants to display the results in a contour plot.
Contour Plot
Use to find the factor level settings that provide the response you want. A
contour plot provides a two-dimensional view in which the settings that
produce the same response are shown as contour lines of constant responses.
For a more complete interpretation, use a surface plot with a contour plot.
Use 2: To find the best operating conditions using a surface plot

Researchers have created a new laundry detergent and now want to know which settings of water
temperature, cycle time, and detergent concentration result in the brightest fabric. They conduct a
response surface experiment to determine which factor levels or combinations of factor levels maximize
brightness. The researchers want to use a graph to show the best factor settings to the product
development team.
Surface Plot
Use to find the factor level settings that provide the response you want. A
surface plot provides a three-dimensional view of how the factors affect the
response. For a more complete interpretation, use a surface plot with a contour
plot.
Note A tutorial is also available on the Response Optimizer, a similar tool that helps to identify the
combination of input variable settings that jointly optimize a single response or a set of responses.
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Data
How To
Pre-Process Responses and Analyze Variability
Use 1: To determine the variability within each experimental

condition
A hospital administrator wants to know which registration form (A or B) and which insurance
verification procedure (online or phone) results in the least variability in amount of time to admit a
patient. A lot of variability in processing time can affect patient satisfaction and may impact hospital
staffing.
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Traditional DOE helps you determine the factor setting that produces the best average response.
However, you may also need to examine the variability in your data. If responses are very different from
each other, the best setting on average may not produce the best results. Use Pre-Processes Responses
for Analyze Variability before Analyze Variability to calculate the standard deviation for each level of
every factor.
Use 2: To identify factor settings that produce consistent results

An industrial engineer wants to find the settings of synthetic polymer, processing technique, and
processing temperature that minimize the variability in the breaking strength of a plastic packaging
material.
After you use Pre-Processes Responses for Analyze Variability, you can analyze the variability of any 2level factorial experiment that has multiple measurements at each factor level setting. These results will
help you focus on what's important so that you can save time and money, create the best product, and
satisfy your customers.
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Data
How To
Response Optimizer
Use 1: To find the settings or formulation that produces the best

result
An appliance maker is creating a new line of clothes washing machines and wants to find the levels of
water temperature, agitator speed, and wash cycle duration that produce the cleanest clothes.
After you have determined the factors or components that significantly influence your response,
Minitab's Response Optimizer can help you determine the right settings to get the results you want.
To use the Response Optimizer, you must fit a model. You can fit a model with seven features in
Minitab:
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Analyze Factorial Design

Analyze Response Surface Design
Analyze Mixture Design
Fit Regression Model
Fit General Linear Model
Fit Binary Logistic Model
Fit Poisson Regression Model
Use 2: To optimize multiple responses

An industrial engineer wants to find the ideal synthetic polymer, processing technique, and processing
temperature to manufacture a plastic packaging material. The goal is to find the settings that
simultaneously minimize production time and maximize the breaking strength of the material.
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Often, you must consider more than one important response variable in your designed experiments.
However, optimal settings for one response may be far from optimal for another response. Use Minitab's
Response Optimizer to find a compromise among all of the important responses.
Use 3: To minimize cost and still get a good result

Over the last few weeks, a shoe manufacturer has produced a large number of defective boots made of
synthetic leather. The quality manager designs an experiment to examine the effect of filler level, curing
agent, and application method on finish imperfections. In addition to reducing defects, the manufacturer
wants to lower production costs.
Many times the factor settings that produce the best result are the most expensive to run. By including
the cost for each treatment combination in your analysis, you can find a compromise between
minimizing cost and optimizing the responses.
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Xbar-R Chart
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Uses
Data
How To
Xbar-R Chart
Use 1: To monitor the stability of your process

A snack food company expects each bag of potato chips to have a slightly different fill weight, but a
sudden, dramatic drop in fill weights is a serious problem.
Even very stable processes vary somewhat, and trying to fix minor fluctuations in a process can actually
cause instability. An Xbar-R chart alerts you to those changes in variability that signal a problem that is
worth addressing.
Use 2: To determine whether your process is stable and ready for

improvement
A paint manufacturer tries numerous filler settings to improve its process for filling cans of spray paint.
However, the process is unstable, which makes it difficult to tell what effect the changes may have.
A process needs to be stable before you attempt to fine tune it, and an Xbar-R chart can confirm (or
deny) this stability.
Use 3: To demonstrate improved process performance

A surgical equipment manufacturer has received tubing with widely varying diameters from one of its
suppliers. The manufacturer wants to know for certain that the supplier has reduced process variability.
Your customers, employees, and management want clear proof that you have improved a process. An
Xbar-R chart before and after an improvement can provide that proof.
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Uses
Data
How To
Xbar-S Chart

A snack food company expects each bag of potato chips to have a slightly different fill weight, but a
sudden, dramatic drop in fill weights is a serious problem.
cause instability. An Xbar-S chart alerts you to those changes in variability that signal a problem that is
worth addressing.

improvement
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Xbar-R Chart
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A paint manufacturer tries numerous filler settings to improve upon its process for filling cans of spray
paint. However, the process is unstable, which makes it difficult to tell what effect the changes may
have.
A process needs to be stable before you attempt to fine tune it, and an Xbar-S chart can confirm (or
deny) this stability.

A surgical equipment manufacturer has received tubing with widely varying diameters from one of its
suppliers. The manufacturer wants to know for certain that the supplier has reduced process variability.
Xbar-S chart before and after an improvement can provide that proof.
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Uses
Data
How To
I-MR Chart

A concrete casting company isn't alarmed when each batch of concrete takes slightly more or less time
to cure than the previous batch, but an ongoing increase in curing time is a serious problem.
cause instability. An I-MR chart helps you to monitor your process and alerts you to those changes that
could signal a problem that is worth addressing.

improvement
A juice maker tries numerous filler settings to improve a process for increasing the acidity of large
batches of apple juice. However, the process is unstable, which makes it difficult to tell what effect the
changes may have.
A process needs to be stable before you attempt to fine tune it, and an I-MR chart can confirm (or deny)
this stability.

An important customer that has had to deal with inconsistencies in the large castings for its locomotive
assembly line wants to know for certain that process variability has been reduced.
Your customers, employees, and management want clear proof that you have improved a process. An IMR chart before and after an improvement can provide that proof.
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Xbar-R Chart
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Data
How To
P Chart

A bakery isn't alarmed when a few loaves of bread are burnt, but a surge in the percentage of burnt
loaves is a serious problem.
cause instability. A P chart monitors the proportion of defectives that are produced in your process and
alerts you to those changes that could signal a problem that is worth addressing.

improvement
A call center is disappointed with the number of incomplete sales calls. It struggles to fix the problem by
changing its calling script. However, a sudden influx of new, inexperienced operators has made the
process unstable, which makes it difficult to tell what effect the process changes may have.
A process needs to be stable before you attempt to fine tune it, and a P chart can confirm (or deny) this
stability.

A construction company has received unacceptably high numbers of defective smoke detectors from one
of its suppliers. The construction company wants to know for certain that the supplier has reduced
process variability.
Your customers, employees, and management want clear proof that you have improved a process. A P
chart before and after an improvement can provide that proof.
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Data
How To
NP Chart

A bakery isn't alarmed when a few loaves of bread are burnt, but a surge in the percentage of burnt
loaves is a serious problem.
cause instability. An NP chart monitors the number of defectives that are produced in your process and
alerts you to those changes that could signal a problem that is worth addressing.

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Xbar-R Chart
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improvement
A call center is disappointed with the number of incomplete sales calls. It struggles to fix the problem by
changing its calling script. However, a sudden influx of new, inexperienced operators has made the
process unstable, which makes it difficult to tell what effect the process changes may have.
A process needs to be stable before you attempt to fine tune it, and an NP chart can confirm (or deny)
this stability.

A construction company has received unacceptably high numbers of defective smoke detectors from one
of its suppliers. The construction company wants to know for certain that the supplier has reduced
process variability.
NP chart before and after an improvement can provide that proof.
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Uses
Data
How To
C Chart

A company that makes engine blocks expects to see a few casting flaws in its daily output and doesn't
rush to alter the casting process when a few flaws appear. However, a surge in defects is a sign of a
serious problem.
cause instability. A C chart monitors the number of defects that are produced in your process and alerts
you to those changes that could signal a problem that is worth addressing.

improvement
A hotel chain is disappointed with the number of defects in a new process for checking in guests and
attempts to fix the problem by changing the process. However, the process is unstable, which makes it
difficult to know what effect the process changes may have.
A process needs to be stable before you attempt to fine tune it, and a C chart can confirm (or deny) this
stability.

A luxury shoe maker has received unacceptably high levels of defects from its leather supplier. The shoe
maker wants to know for certain that the supplier has reduced defects.
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Xbar-R Chart
Page 5 of 5
Your customers, employees, and management want clear proof that you have improved a process. A C
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Uses
Data
How To
U Chart

A company that makes engine blocks expects to see a few casting flaws in its daily output and doesn't
rush to alter the casting process when a few flaws appear. However, a surge in defects is a sign of a
serious problem.
cause instability. A U chart monitors the number of defects per unit that are produced in your process
and alerts you to those changes that could signal a problem that is worth addressing.

improvement
A hotel chain is disappointed with the number of defects noted in a new process for checking in guests
and attempts to fix the problem by changing the process. However, the process is unstable, which makes
it difficult to tell what effect the process changes may have.
A process needs to be stable before you attempt to fine tune it, and a U chart can confirm (or deny) this
stability.

A luxury shoe maker has received unacceptably high levels of defects from its leather supplier. The shoe
maker wants to know for certain that the supplier has reduced defects.
Your customers, employees, and management want clear proof that you have improved a process. A U
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Pareto Chart
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Uses
Data
How To
Pareto Chart
Use 1: To determine the most common type of defect

Engineers at an automotive engine manufacturer assemble a list of all of the problems that cause early
engine failure, but they don't know which problems to address first with their limited resources.
A Pareto chart can help you prioritize problem areas so that you can address the most common issues
first.
Use 2: To focus your efforts on projects that will bring the

greatest returns
A large hotel chain finds that uncomfortable bedding is the most common reason for guest
dissatisfaction. The hotel assumes that addressing this problem will have a large impact on customer
satisfaction. But after spending millions on new mattresses and sheets, the chain finds that customer
satisfaction has increased only slightly.
Because the most common problems aren't always the most important ones, a weighted Pareto chart can
give extra emphasis to the most important factors.
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Data
How To
Capability Analysis-Normal
Use 1: To determine whether your process meets specifications

An automotive manufacturer requires headlight lenses to be within 1 mm of a target 10 cm diameter.
While its supplier produces lenses that are consistent in size (10.05-10.10 cm), they are outside of the
range of the auto makers specifications and have to be scrapped.
Capability analysis allows you compare the way that you want your process to perform (your
specification limits) with its actual performance. You may find your process is off target, too variable, or
both.
Use 2: To determine the potential for process improvement

A ball bearing manufacturer examines its two production lines and finds that, while both produce
bearings of a consistent size, those from one line are somewhat larger than the other. Eliminating this
difference would reduce the overall variation in ball bearing size.
Capability analysis allows you to see how eliminating variation can improve your process.
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Pareto Chart
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Data
How To
Capability Analysis-Nonnormal
Use 1: To perform a capability analysis with nonnormal data

A shipyard foreman needs to meet the government's strength specifications for the large welds being
made on ship hulls. While a capability analysis is appropriate, the weld strength data isn't normally
distributed: using normal capability tools could produce misleading results.
If you want to perform a capability analysis and you have nonnormal data, use nonnormal capability
analysis.
Use 2: To determine whether the nonnormal output of your

process meets specifications
A manufacturer of latex surgical gloves tries to meet the target thickness specified by a surgeon's
organization. But, while the average glove thickness is very close to the target, large numbers of gloves
are unacceptably thick or thin.
Capability analysis allows you to make the critical comparison between how you want your process to
perform (your specification limits) and how its actually performing.
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Data
How To
Capability Analysis-Binomial
Use 1: To perform a capability analysis with binomial data

A call center needs to meet its clients specifications for the proportion of properly routed sales calls.
While a capability analysis is appropriate, the call center data is binomial: either the call was routed
correctly or it wasn't. Using normal capability tools might produce misleading results.
If you want to perform a capability analysis and you have binomial data, use binomial capability
analysis.
Use 2: To determine whether the proportion of defective product

meets your specifications
An automotive supplier must not exceed the maximum proportion of defective spark plugs to keep its
contract. Output that doesnt meet specifications wont be accepted and represents a loss for the
supplier.
Capability analysis allows you to make the critical comparison between how you want your process to
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Pareto Chart
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Uses
Data
How To
Capability Analysis-Poisson
Use 1: To perform a capability analysis with Poisson data

A textile manufacturer needs to meet its clients specifications for the number of defects per yard.
Because the manufacturer is measuring the defect rate, the data follows a Poisson distribution. While a
capability analysis is appropriate, normal capability tools could produce misleading results.
If you want to perform a capability analysis and you have Poisson data, use Poisson capability analysis.
Use 2: To determine whether the defect rate of your process

meets your specifications
A call center subcontractor needs to meet its clients requirements for successful calls. A high rate of
calls that dont result in a sale could mean losing the contract.
Capability analysis allows you to make the critical comparison between how you want you process to
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Attribute Agreement Analysis

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Uses
Data
How To
Use 1: To assess the consistency of each evaluator

A food and drink magazine used blind taste tests to assess potential wine critics. One candidate gave a
wine a high rating, but rated the same wine poorly on a subsequent tasting. Because of the inconsistency
in his ratings, the magazine didn't hire that candidate.
If you can't trust the consistency of your evaluators, you can't trust the data that they report. An attribute
agreement analysis can help you decide if individual evaluators are consistent in their ratings.
Use 2: To determine if evaluators agree with each other

A company that conducts standardized testing for law school applicants uses graders to judge the essay
portion of the exam. Several graders are given the same essay to assess: some give a passing grade,
others give a failing grade. This inconsistency among evaluators suggests that either good essays are
being rejected or bad ones are being acceptedand possibly both.
To trust the results of your rating system, you must be certain that all of your evaluators follow the same
guidelines. Attribute agreement analysis can point out whether or not they do.
Use 3: To determine if evaluators make accurate assessments

A quality inspector at an ice cream factory approves a batch of product made with spoiled cream and
rejects a batch that was acceptable. The inspector's inability to tell the difference between acceptable and
unacceptable ice cream causes numerous customer complaints and a loss in profits.
Evaluators need to be more than just consistent; they need to make accurate assessments. Attribute
agreement analysis can help you compare the ratings that you get from your evaluators against a known
standard.
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Data
How To
Gage Run Chart
Use 1: To determine sources of measurement system variability

A crash test company conducts an audit of its recent measurements. The company detects a serious
problem in the variability of its measurements but is unsure of the source. The company would rather
not spend time and money addressing both the measurement tools and operator practices if only one is
contributing to the problem.
You can use a gage run chart to focus your attentions on the root cause of variability in your
measurement system: the measuring device, the operator, or both.
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Use 2: To detect patterns in the measurement data

Four inspectors examine samples of plate glass for defects. While one inspector has a much higher
rejection rate than the others, this difference goes unnoticed by his supervisor. Further investigation
could reveal that the inspector is rejecting good glass in error.
A gage run chart can help you identify patterns in your measurements that can offer insight to problems
with your measuring device or operator.
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Data
How To
Gage Bias and Linearity Study
Use 1: To determine if your measurement system accurately

measures each part
A quality assurance department uses a poorly calibrated caliper to measure the length of precision cam
shafts. Ultimately, the department rejects many batches of cam shafts that are actually within
specification, and it accepts other batches that should be reworked.
A gage bias and linearity analysis can help you answer the question: "How accurate is my measuring
device when compared to a known reference value?"
Use 2: To determine if your measurement system accurately

measures parts over the range of possible measurements
A carpenter unknowingly uses a faulty tape measure when installing granite counter tops. The tape
measures shorter lengths correctly, but it stretches slightly as it is pulled to measure long distances. As a
result, the longest, most expensive pieces of granite always turn out too short.
A gage bias and linearity analysis assesses whether your measurement system is consistent across the
range of measurements.
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Data
How To
Gage R&R Study (Crossed)
Use 1: To determine if you can trust your measurement system to

distinguish between parts
A testing lab has been asked to measure the thickness of a plastic film. Because the lab technicians dont
ordinarily take such precise measurements, they arent sure that their equipment or training enables them
to do the job.
A measurement system must detect meaningful differences between parts in a process. A gage R&R
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study can help you decide if your measurement system can identify meaningful differences.
Use 2: To determine if the measuring tool is consistent

A manufacturer of fuel injector nozzles has installed a new digital measuring system. Investigators want
to make sure that the new system is consistently measuring the nozzles.
You can use a gage R&R study to determine whether your measurement tools are consistent, a
prerequisite for reliable data.
Use 3: To determine if measurements are consistent across

operators
A precision machine shop equips its test lab with the most sophisticated measurement tools available.
However, the lab continues to produce inconsistent measurements because not all technicians are trained
to use the tools properly.
A gage R&R study can help you identify operator differences or environmental conditions that can
influence measurements and that may warrant more operator training or stricter measuring guidelines.
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Data
How To
Gage R&R Study (Nested)
Use 1: To determine if you can trust your measurement system to

distinguish between parts
An automotive manufacturer produces steel clips that are used to secure safety belts. The manufacturer
must trust the measurement system that determines the break strength of the ingots. Because the clips
are physically changed during testing, they can only be measured once.
A measurement system must detect meaningful differences between parts in a process. When only one
operator can measure each part, use a nested gage R&R study to determine if the measurement system is
sound.
Use 2: To determine if the measuring tool is consistent

An entire production run of electrical fuses is discarded because too many of the fuses failed to meet
strict voltage-rating requirements. However, the fuses were made properly: an inconsistent measurement
tool over- and under-estimated the voltage at which they fail.
You can use a nested gage R&R study to determine whether your measurement tools are consistent
when only one operator can measure each part. Consistent measurements are a prerequisite for reliable
data.
Use 3: To determine if measurements are consistent across

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operators
A precision machine shop equips its test lab with the most sophisticated measurement tools available.
However, the lab continues to produce inconsistent measurements because not all technicians are trained
to use the tools properly.
A gage R&R study can help you identify operator differences or environmental conditions that can
influence measurements and that may warrant more operator training or stricter measuring guidelines.
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Cross Tabulation and Chi-Square

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Uses
Data
How To
Cross Tabulation and Chi-Square
Use 1: To display tallies related to categorical variables in a table

A restaurant questionnaire asks diners whether they are satisfied or dissatisfied with their meals. The
questionnaire also asks for the diners gender and whether they intend to eat at the restaurant again.
After collecting hundreds of questionnaires, the restaurant needs a convenient way to examine the
results.
Cross Tabulation and Chi-Square uses tables to summarize observations according to the categories to
which they belong. It allows you to examine your results in a simple table format thats easy to scan.
Use 2: To analyze the association between categorical variables

A market research firm conducts a survey to investigate whether females are more likely than males to
purchase a particular car. The survey asks for the respondents gender and whether they would consider
buying the car if they were in the market for a new vehicle.
Cross Tabulation and Chi-Square analyzes tallies to find statistical associations between categorical
variables. Identifying these important relationships (and discounting the unimportant ones) can help to
guide and inform further statistical analysis.
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Use 1: To Summarize Data With Central Values

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Use 1: To Summarize Data With Central Values

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Display Descriptive Statistics