Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Short Course on
Eugene L. Fleeman
Tactical Missile Design
E-mail: GeneFleeman@msn.com
Web Site: http://genefleeman.home.mindspring.com
2/24/2008
ELF
Outline
Introduction / Key Drivers in the Design Process
Aerodynamic Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Propulsion Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Weight Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Flight Performance Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Measures of Merit and Launch Platform Integration
Sizing Examples
Development Process
Summary and Lessons Learned
References and Communication
Appendices ( Homework Problems / Classroom Exercises,
Example of Request for Proposal, Nomenclature, Acronyms,
Conversion Factors, Syllabus )
2/24/2008
ELF
Emphasis
Primary Emphasis
Secondary Emphasis
Power Supply
Tertiary Emphasis
ELF
Not Addressed
Example of
State-of-the-Art
Axial Acceleration
Maneuverability
Speed / altitude
Dynamic pressure
Size
Weight
Production cost
Observables
Range
Kills per use
Target acquisition
Superior
2/24/2008
Comparison With
Fighter Aircraft
AGM-88
AA-11
SM-3
PAC-3
Javelin
FIM-92
GBU-31
AGM-129
AGM-86
Storm Shadow
LOCAAS
Better
Comparable
ELF
Inferior
4
Nose Fineness
Propulsion Sizing /
Propellant or Fuel
Diameter
Stabilizer
Geometry / Size
Thrust
Profile
Flight Conditions ( , M, h )
Flight Control
Geometry / Size
2/24/2008
ELF
Length
Update
Initial
Weapon
Requirements,
Trade Studies
and Sensitivity
Analysis
Launch Platform
Integration
Revised
Trades / Eval
Initial
Reqs
Alt
Concepts
Initial Carriage /
Launch
Effectiveness / Eval
Baseline
Selected
Iteration
Refine
Weapons
Req
Weapon Concept
Design Synthesis
Technology
Assessment and
Dev Roadmap
Initial Tech
Tech Trades
Initial
Revised
Roadmap Roadmap
Note: Typical conceptual design cycle is 3 to 9 months. House of Quality may be used to translate customer requirements
to engineering characteristics. DOE may be used to efficiently evaluate the broad range of design solutions.
2/24/2008
ELF
Trajectory
Meet
Performance?
No
Yes
Measures of Merit and Constraints
No
Yes
2/24/2008
ELF
Example SOTA
Maneuverability
Performance / weight
Range
10 feet
Air-to-surface
Short range ATS. AGM-114.
Versatility
Speed
ELF
Example SOTA
Size
Modularity
Range
10 feet
Surface-to-air
2/24/2008
Weight
Accuracy
High altitude
Constraint
Launch
Platform
Nose Fineness
Diameter
Length
Wing Geometry / Size
Stabilizer Geometry / Size
Flight Control
Geometry / Size
Propellant / Fuel
Thrust Profile
Flight Conditions
( , M, h )
Very Strong
2/24/2008
Strong
Moderate
ELF
Relatively Low
10
Cost per
Shot
Number of
Launch Platforms
TCT
Required
Effectiveness
Future Systems
Standoff platforms / hypersonic missiles
Overhead loitering UCAVs / hypersonic missiles
Overhead loitering UCAVs / light weight PGMs
Current Systems
Penetrating aircraft / subsonic PGMs
Superior
Good
Average
Poor
Note: C4ISR targeting state-of-the-art for year 2010 projected to provide sensor-to-shooter / weapon connectivity
time of less than 2 m and target location error ( TLE ) of less than 1 m for motion suspended target.
2/24/2008
ELF
11
LaunchPlatforms
Platforms
Launch
Off-boardSensors
Sensors
Off-board
FighterAircraft
Aircraft
Fighter
Bomber
Bomber
TacticalSatellite
Satellite
Tactical
UAV
UAV
Ship/ Submarine
/ Submarine
Ship
UCAV
UCAV
PrecisionStrike
StrikeWeapons
Weapons
Precision
HypersonicSOW
SOW
Hypersonic
SubsonicPGM
PGM
Subsonic
SubsonicCM
CM
Subsonic
TimeCritical
CriticalTargets
Targets
Time
TBM/ TEL
/ TEL
TBM
SAM
SAM
C3
C3
OtherStrategic
Strategic
Other
Note: C4ISR targeting state-of-the-art for year 2010 projected to provide sensor-to-shooter / weapon connectivity
time of less than 2 m and target location error ( TLE ) of less than 1 m for motion suspended target.
2/24/2008
ELF
12
TBM Launch
Launch Pt Rcvd
t2
100
t3
Hypersonic
Missile Launch
HM Intercept
at XXX nm
Altitude 1000 ft
t0
60
40
20
0
4. Lethality
W/H W3 > W2
W/H W2 > W1
Warhead W1
Lethality / Concrete
Penetration ( ft )
Time, Min
Range 3 > R2
Range 2 > R1
Range 1
3-4
1-2
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
4000
6000
2000
Average Speed to Survive, fps
2- 3
2. Time To Target
RCS1
80
4-5
50
40
30
20
10
2/24/2008
1000
2000
3000 4000
Average Speed, fps
5000
ELF
1000 2000
3000
Impact Velocity, fps
4000
13
6.5 nm range
Performance
> +/- 60 deg off boresight
20 nm range
New Technologies
TVC
Split canard
Near-neutral static margin
+/- 90 deg gimbal seeker
Helmet mounted sight
2/24/2008
ELF
Trajectory
Meet
Performance?
No
Yes
Measures of Merit and Constraints
No
Yes
2/24/2008
ELF
15
Guidelines
Dont get locked-in by baseline
Be creative
Project state-of-the-art ( SOTA ) if baseline has obsolete subsystems
Sensors and electronics almost always need to be updated
2/24/2008
ELF
16
Weight / Geometry
11.6
37
11.5
Body
16.5
Fore-body
Aftbody
Engine
Tail ( Exposed )
126.0
76.5
Mid-body
Aft-body
Tail Cone
159.0
171.0
Reference values:
Source: Bithell, R.A. and Stoner, R.C. Rapid Approach for Missile Synthesis, Vol. II, Air-breathing
Synthesis Handbook, AFWAL TR 81-3022, Vol. II, March 1982.
Aerodynamics
C
0
0
3
2
M, Mach Number
C
D
4.0
.40
-.4
.1
-.8
-1.2
Mach
.30
1.5
0
.20
4 2.0
M, Mach Number
3.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
12
1.5
16
Mach
.10
-1.6
1.2
4
8
12
, Angle of Attack ~ deg
1.2
Mach
1.2
1.5
2.0
3.0
3.0
4.0
2.0
.05
.2
C
N ~ per deg
.10
1,000
15,000
500
Note:
=1
142.5
142.5
31.6
31.0
37.0
70.0
1,262.6
476.0
1,738.6
31.0
11.5
1,781.1
449.0
2,230.1
165.0
165.0
164.0
157.2
81.8
87.0
83.2
164.0
126.0
84.9
142.5
96.5
1.0
0
0
12
16
Rocket Propulsion
h = SL
Note:
=1
10
M, Mach Number
0
0
h = 40K ft
1.0
2.0
20
h = 20K ft
h = 60K ft
h = 80K ft
2.0
ML = 0.80
constant altitude flyout
1.0
0
0
20
40
h, Altitude 1,000 ft
60
3.0
Time ~ sec
4.0
5.0
6.0
3.0
2.5
2.0
20
40
60
h, Altitude 1,000 ft
80
M, Mach Number
House of Quality
60,000 ft
300
200
40,000 ft
20,000 ft
h = SL
Note:
ML = 0.8, Constant Altitude Flyout
0
0
1
2
3
Example:
Breguet Range for Mach 3 / 60 Kft flyout:
M, Mach Number
Rmax = V ISP ( L / D )Max ln [ WBC / ( WBC - Wf )]
= 2901 ( 950 ) ( 3.15 ) ln ( 1739 / ( 1739 - 476 )) = 2,777,192 ft or 457 nm
5,000
0
Free Stream
Inlet Throat
Subscripts
0
Free stream conditions ( Ramjet Baseline A0 = 75.4 in2 at Mach 4, = 0 deg, Note: AC = 114 in2 )
1
Inlet throat ( Ramjet Baseline A1 = AIT = 41.9 in2 )
2
Diffuser exit ( Ramjet Baseline A2 = 77.3 in2 )
3
Flame holder plane ( Ramjet Baseline A3 = 287.1 in2 )
4
Combustor exit ( Ramjet Baseline A4 = 287.1 in2 )
20.375 in diameter
5
Nozzle throat ( Ramjet Baseline A5 = 103.1 in2 )
6
Nozzle exit ( A6 = 233.6 in2 )
Ref
Reference Area ( Ramjet Baseline Body Cross-sectional Area, SRef = 326 in2 )
400
Range ~ nm
44.5
33.5
10,000
500
2/24/2008
101.2
80.0
112.0
121.0
121.0
30
16
Flight Performance
100
95.2
103.0
30.0
20.0
5.0
20,000
.3
33.5
33.5
60.0
60.0
1,500
.4
-.2
m ~ per deg
2.264
1.698
15.7
64.5
510.0
Ramjet Propulsion
-.4
+ .4
Tailcone2.24
Exit Duct
8.96
Controls
1.64
Fins ( 4 )0.70
End of 16.5
Cruise
23.0
Ramjet Fuel ( 6.9 ft3 )
37.0
Start of Cruise
14.2Nozzle ( Ejected )
Boost
0.04 Port
Frangible
150.5
End of Boost
5.4
Boost Propellant
Booster Ignition
15.9
42.4
129.0
Ac
AIT
SRef
A5
Isp
43.5
28.33
Midbody
Inlet68.81
0.58
Electrical
N/A
Hydraulic
Fuel15.0
Distribution
CG Sta, In.
Boost Range ~ nm
23.5
Nose
Boost Propellant
Booster, and
Ramjet Engine
20.375
Payload
Bay
8.39
Warhead
Weight, lb
Sta 0.
Ramjet Fuel
Warhead
Forebody
171.0
Guidance
T, Net Thrust, lb
Guidance
17.7
8.36
Component
0.52
Nose 0.29
Length, in
Diameter, in
Fineness ratio
Volume, ft3
Wetted area, ft2
Base area, ft2 ( cruise )
Boattail fineness ratio
Nose half angle, deg
Boost Nozzle
Chin
Inlet
Sta 150.3
20.375 dia
Inlet
1.5
1
0.5
0
ISP
-0.5
Fuel
Weight
Thrust
-1
Inert
Weight
Parameter
4
ELF
17
Ramjet Baseline with RJ-5 fuel ( heating value = 11,300,000 ft-lbf / lbm )
Advanced Concept with slurry fuel ( 40% JP-10 / 60% boron carbide =
18,500,000 ft-lbf / lbm )
Flight conditions: Mach 3.5 cruise, 60k ft altitude, combustion temperature
4,000 R
Calculate specific impulse ( ISP )CD,C for conceptual design, based on corrected
baseline data
( ISP )B, C = 1,120 s
( ISP )B, U = 1387 s
( ISP )CD, U = 2,271 s
( ISP )CD, C = [( ISP )B, C / ( ISP )B, U ] ( ISP )CD, U = [( 1120 ) / ( 1387 )] ( 2271 ) = 0.807 ( 2271 )
= 1,834 s
2/24/2008
ELF
18
Discussion / Questions?
Classroom Exercise
2/24/2008
ELF
19
Introduction Problems
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
2/24/2008
The missile design team should address the areas of mission / scenario
definition, weapon requirements, launch platform integration, design, and
t_______ a_________.
The steps to evaluate missile flight performance require computing
aerodynamics, propulsion, weight, and flight t_________.
Air-to-air missile characteristics include light weight, high speed, and high
m______________.
Air-to-surface missiles are often versatile and m______.
Four aeromechanics measures of merit are weight, range, maneuverability,
and t___ to target.
The launch platform often constrains the missile span, length, and w_____.
An enabling capability for hypersonic strike missiles is fast and accurate
C____.
An enabling capability for large off boresight air-to-air missiles is a h_____
m______ sight.
A baseline design improves the accuracy and s____ of the design process.
ELF
20
Outline
Introduction / Key Drivers in the Design Process
Aerodynamic Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Propulsion Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Weight Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Flight Performance Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Measures of Merit and Launch Platform Integration
Sizing Examples
Development Process
Summary and Lessons Learned
References and Communication
Appendices ( Homework Problems / Classroom Exercises,
Example of Request for Proposal, Nomenclature, Acronyms,
Conversion Factors, Syllabus )
2/24/2008
ELF
21
Trajectory
Meet
Performance?
No
Yes
Measures of Merit and Constraints
No
Yes
2/24/2008
ELF
22
ELF
23
100000
10000
Dynamic Pressure =
1,000 psf
Dynamic Pressure =
5,000 psf
Dynamic Pressure =
10,000 psf
1000
100
10
12
16
20
q = 1/2
V2
= 1/2 ( M a )2
d, Diameter, in
ELF
24
2/24/2008
ELF
25
4
do, Optics Diameter, Inches
5 { e[ 1.44 x 10 / ( TT )] 1 }}, W cm-2 sr-2 m-1
2 = Upper cutoff wavelength for detection, m
Example Seeker Range for Exo-atmospheric, km
1 = Lower cutoff wavelength for detection, m
Example Seeker Range for Humidity at 7.5 g / m3, km
AT = Target planform area, cm2
Example Seeker Range for Rain at 4 mm / hr, km
= Average wavelength, m
Example Seeker IFOV, 10-5 rad
TT = Target temperature, K
IFOV = Instantaneous field-of-view of pixel, rad
Example: do = 5 in = 0.127 m, exo-atmospheric
4
f-number = dspot / ( 2.44 )
L = 3.74 x 104 / { 45 { e{ 1.44 x 10 / [ 4 ( 300 ) ]} 1 }} = 0.000224 W cm-2 sr-2
dp = Pixel diameter, either m
m-1, ( IT ) = 0.5 ( 0.000224 ) ( 4.2 3.8 ) 2896 = 0.1297 W / sr, Ad =
256 x 256 x ( 20 m )2 = 0.262 cm2, f-number = 20 / [ 2.44 ( 4 ) ] = 2.05 dspot = Spot resolution if diffraction limited = dp, m
RD = { 0.1297 ( 1 ) ( 0.01267 ) { 8 x 1011 / [( 250 )1/2 ( 0.262 )1/2 ]} ( 1 )-1
Figure: dT = 2 ft ( 60.96 cm ), TT = 300 K, 1 = 3.8 m,
}1/2 = 12, 740 m
2 = 4.2 m, = 0.5, = 4 m, FPA ( 256 x 256, 20 m
IFOV = 0.000020 / [ 2.05 ( 0.127 )] = 0.0000769 rad
), D* = 8 x 1011 cm Hz1/2 / W, ( S / N ) = 1, f = 250 Hz.
100
2/24/2008
ELF
26
10000
) ]}1/2
E t / W = 1,000 per in
E t / W = 10,0000 per in
E t / W = 100,000 per in
1000
100
0
10
20
30
l / d, length / diameter
l / d = 18
EAVG = 19.5 x 106 psi
tAVG = 0.12 in
W = 500 lb
E t / W = 19.5 x 106 ( 0.12 ) / 500 = 4680 per in
BB = 18.75 ( 4680 / 18 )1/2 = 302 rad / sec = 48 Hz
Actuator = 100 rad / sec = 16 Hz
BB / Actuator = 302 / 100 = 3.02 > 2
Derived from: AIAA Aerospace Design Engineers Guide, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1993.
2/24/2008
ELF
27
lN / d = 2 faceted
lN / d = 2 window
lN / d = 2 multi-lens
d
ow
Wind
2/24/2008
ELF
28
Mistral
SLAM-ER
Faceted Dome ( Mistral ) Video
JASSM
THAAD
2/24/2008
ELF
29
Note: ( CD )Body,Wave = body zero-lift wave drag coefficient, ( CD )Base = body base drag coefficient, ( CD )Body, Friction = body skin
0
0
0
friction drag coefficient, ( CD )Body = body zero-lift drag coefficient, lN = nose length, d = missile diameter, l = missile body
0
length, Ae = nozzle exit area, SRef = reference area, q = dynamic pressure, tan-1 [ 0.5 / ( lN / d )] in rad.
Example for Rocket Baseline:
10
0.1
0.01
0
(CD0)Body,Wave;
lN / d = 0.5
(CD0)Body,Wave;
lN / d = 1
(CD0)Body,Wave;
lN / d = 2
(CD0)Body,Wave;
lN / d = 5
(CD)Base,Coast
( CD )Base
M, Mach Number
2/24/2008
ELF
30
2.
dRef
Compute (CD0 )Wave,SharpNose for sharp nose, based on the body reference area
( CD )Wave,SharpNose = ( 1.59 + 1.83 / M2 ) { tan-1 [ 0.5 / ( lN / d )]}1.69
0
3.
Compute ( CD0 )Wave,Hemi of the hemispherical nose tip ( lNoseTip / dNoseTip = 0.5 ), based on the
nose tip area
( CD0 )Wave,Hemi = ( 1.59 + 1.83 / M2 ) {[ tan-1 ( 0.5 / ( 0.5 )]}1.69 = 0.665 ( 1.59 + 1.83 / M2 )
4.
Finally, compute ( CD0 )Wave,BluntNose of the blunt nose, based on the body reference area
( CD0 )Wave,BluntNose = ( CD0 )Wave,SharpNose ( SRef - SNoseTip ) / SRef + ( CD0 )Wave,Hemi SNoseTipi / SRef
Example Rocket Baseline ( dRef = 8 in ) with 10% Nose Tip Bluntness at Mach 2
2/24/2008
( CD0 )Wave,BluntNose = 0.14 ( 0.349 - 0.003 ) / 0.349 + ( 1.36 ) ( 0.003 ) / ( 0.349 ) = 0.14 + 0.01 = 0.15
ELF
31
dRef
BT
With Boattail
Note: Boattail angle BT and boattail diameter dBT limited by propulsion nozzle packaging, tail flight
control packaging, and flow separation
Reference: Chin, S. S., Missile Configuration Design, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1961
2/24/2008
ELF
32
0.45
Nose
0.40
3.00
0.35
Center body
Boattail
6.00
10.50
1.50
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
Note: Boatail half angle should be less than 10 deg, to avoid flow separattion.
Source: Mason, L.A., Devan, L. and Moore, F.G., Aerodynamic Design Manual for Tactical Weapons, NSWC TR 81-156, July
1981
2/24/2008
ELF
33
150
CN,
100
Example
Normal
Force
Coefficient
for l / d = 20 50
CN
2b
a/b=2
2a
20
a/b=1
40
60
80
100
ELF
34
L / D,
Lift / Drag
CN
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
2b
2a
ELF
35
Example:
q = 500 psf
a / b = 1 L / D = 2.40
a / b = 2 L / D = 3.37
q = 5,000 psf
a / b = 1 L / D = 0.91
a / b = 2 L / D = 0.96
0
100
1000
10000
100000
2/24/2008
Lifting Body ( a / b = 2 )
36
Tailored
Weapons
5
Conventional
Weapons
( circular
cross section )
Advantages:
( L / D )Max
Low RCS
Lower
Advantages:
Payload
Launch Platform
Integration
4
Radar
Cross
Section
3
2
Circular
4
Cross Section
6
Body Planform Area
10
ELF
37
xCG
Cm
Non-oscillatory
Divergent
Non-oscillatory
Convergent
Oscillatory
Convergent
xCG
Cm
xAC
Oscillatory
Divergent
2/24/2008
ELF
38
5
4
3
2
1
Example:
19.2
143.9
20
40
60
80
100
Note: Based on slender body theory ( Pitts, et al ) and cross flow theory ( Jorgensen ) references. No flare.
( xAC )B = Location of body aerodynamic center, lN = length of nose, = angle of attack, lB = total length of body.
2/24/2008
ELF
39
( C N )B
+M
( CN )F
d dF
+
x=0
( xac )B
lN
xAC xCG
xF l B
( xac )F
( CN )F = 2 [( dF / d )2 1 ]
( xac )F = xF + 0.33 lF [ 2 ( dF / d ) + 1 ] / [ ( dF / d ) + 1 ]
( CN )B = 2 per rad
( xac )B = 0.63 lN
ELF
40
( CN )F
14.6 18.7 in
( xac )B = 57.7
91.5
146.9
xAC = 140.9
230.9 242.9
( xac )F = 237.1
2/24/2008
ELF
41
Type Stabilizer
Drag
Span
Heating
CN Tail Control
Note:
2/24/2008
Superior
Good
ELF
Average
Poor
42
*Based on assumption of aerodynamic control and angle of attack below wing stall
2/24/2008
ELF
43
2/24/2008
Stinger FIM-92
Grouse SA-18
Gopher SA-13
Starburst
Mistral
Kegler AS-12
Archer AA-11
Gauntlet SA-15
Magic R550
Python 4
U-Darter
Python 5
Derby / R-Darter
Aphid AA-8
Sidewinder AIM-9X
ASRAAM AIM-132
Patriot MIM-104
Starstreak
Gladiator SA-12
PAC-3
Crotale
Hellfire AGM-114
ATACM MGM-140
THAAD
44
Note: Linear wing theory applicable if M > { 1 + [ 8 / ( A )]2 }1/2, slender wing theory applicable if M < { 1 + [ 8 / ( A )]2 }1/2,
A = Aspect Ratio < 3, SSurface = Surface Planform Area, SRef = Reference Area
M < 1.35, based on slender wing theory + Newtonian impact theory
M = 2, based on linear wing theory + Newtonian impact theory
M = 5, based on linear wing theory + Newtonian impact theory
4
M=2
{ 1 +[ 8 / ( A )]2 }1/2 = 1.35
1
0
0
30
60
ELF
45
0.5
0.4
A=1
A=2
A=3
0.3
0.2
0.1
A = 2.82
xMAC
cMAC = 13.3 in
0
0
M, Mach Number
xAC
cMAC
2/24/2008
ELF
46
30000
25000
20000
cmac = 13.3 in
15000
xH
AC
cm
ac
SW = 2.55 ft2
10000
= 13 deg, = 9 deg
= W = + = 22
M = 2, h = 20k ft, q = 2725 psf
5000
NW = [ CN ( SRef / SW )] qSW =
W
1.083 ( 2725 ) ( 2.55 ) = 7525 lb
0
0
10
20
30
= W = + , Wing Effective Angle of Attack of Rocket Baseline, Deg HM = 7525 ( 0.48 0.25 ) ( 13.3 )
= 23019 in lb for two panels
2/24/2008
ELF
47
0.4
Example ( CD )Surface,Friction
0.3
LE
0.2
0.1
0
0
10
20
n SSurface / SRef
M / ( q cmac ) = 0.00001 ft / lb
M / ( q cmac ) = 0.001 ft / lb
30
40
50
M / ( q cmac ) = 0.0001 ft / lb
M / ( q cmac ) = 0.01 ft / lb
( CD )Wing,Wave = 0.024
0
2/24/2008
ELF
48
Parameter
Triangle
Aft Swept LE
( Delta )
Trapezoid
Variation xAC
Double
Bow Tie
Swept LE
Rectangle
Supersonic Drag
RCS
Span Constraint
= Taper ratio = cT / cR
A = Aspect ratio = b2 / S = 2 b / [( 1 + ) cR ]
yCP = Outboard center-of-pressure = ( b / 6 ) ( 1 + 2 ) / ( 1 + )
cMAC = Mean aerodynamic chord = ( 2 / 3 ) cR ( 1 + + 2 ) / ( 1 + )
2/24/2008
ELF
Note: Superior
Good
Average
Poor
49
Three
( Tri-Tail )
Folded
Wraparound
Four
( Cruciform )
Extended
Interdigitated
Six*
Eight*
In-line
Note: More than four tails are usually free-to-roll pitch / yaw stabilizers, for low induced roll.
2/24/2008
ELF
50
Pitch / Yaw
Stinger FIM-92
Pitch / Roll
ALCM AGM-86
SRAM
Adder AA-12
Kitchen AS-4
Derby / R-Darter
Note:
2/24/2008
Superior
Good
ELF
Average
Poor
51
Control
Tail
Cruciform ( 4 )
Tri-tail ( 3 )
Not Compressed
Folded
Wraparound
Switchblade
Canard
Wingless
Wing
Strake / Canard
In Line with Controls
Interdigitated with Controls
Number ( 2, 3, 4 )
Above
Tail ( 3, 4, 6, 8 )
Rolling Airframe ( 2 ) Tail + Wing
In Line with Controls
Interdigitated with Controls
Wing
TVC or
Reaction Jet
Control
2/24/2008
Fixed Surface
Alternatives
ELF
Above
Tail ( 3, 4, 6, 8 )
Strake / Canard & Tail
In Line with Controls
Interdigitated with Controls
Movable Nozzle
Jet Tab
Jet Vane
Axial Plate
Secondary Injection
Normal Jet / JI
Spanwise Jet / JI
Tail ( 3, 4, 6, 8 )
Tail + Canard / Strake
Tail + Wing
52
CN at = 0
CNC at = 0
cg
CNC
Efficient Packaging
Low Hinge Moment / Actuator
Torque
Low Induced Rolling Moment
Efficient at High
2/24/2008
CN
Negative
ELF
53
Tail Control
1.0
Conven
Canard
Control
Cl / ( Cl ) = 0
Cm / ( Cm ) = 0
Tail
Control
0
10 20
1.0
Conven
Canard
Control
20 30
= 0
Tail
Control
10 15 15 30
*Note: Additional forward fixed surfaces ( such as Python 4 ) in front of movable canards alleviate stall
at high . Free-to-roll tails ( such as Python 4 ) alleviate induced roll from canard control at high .
2/24/2008
ELF
54
Maverick AGM-65
CALCM
JSOW AGM-154
Tomahawk BGM-109
Popeye AGM-142
Exocet MIM40
TOW2-BGM71D
AMRAAM AIM-120
Sunburn SS-N-22
Standard RIM-66 / 67
RBS-70 / 90
Shipwreck SS-N-19
Super 530
FSAS Aster
R-37 ( AA-X-13 )
Mica
Adder AA-12
Rapier 2000
SD-10 / PL-12
Seawolf
ELF
55
Hinge
Effectiveness
Drag
Moment RCS
Note:
2/24/2008
Superior
Good
ELF
Average
Poor
56
Disadvantages
High RCS ( cavities, normal
leading edges )
High drag at transonic Mach
number ( choked flow )
Low Subsonic
2/24/2008
ELF
Transonic
57
CN
NC
CN at = 0
cg
Efficient Packaging
Simplified
Manufacturing
Increased Lift at Low
if Statically Stable
Stall at High if
Statically Stable
Induced Roll
Note:
= CNC at = 0
= CNC at =
2/24/2008
ELF
Grouse SA-18
Gopher SA-13
Starburst
Gauntlet SA-15
Mistral
AIM-9L
Archer AA- 11
Magic R 550
Python 4
U-Darter
Python 5
Derby / R-Darter
Aphid AA-8
Kegler AS-12
GBU-12
GBU-22
2/24/2008
GBU-27
GBU-28
Permission of Missile Index. Copyright 1997Missile.Index All Rights Reserved
ELF
59
CN
C
~
NC
Kegler AS-12
Archer AA-11
Aphid AA-8
Magic R 550
Python 4
U-Darter
Note: Forward fixed surface reduces local angle-of-attack for movable canard, providing higher stall angle of attack. Forward
surface also provides a fixed, symmetrical location for vortex shedding from the body.
Python 4 also has free-to-roll tails and separate roll control ailerons.
2/24/2008
ELF
60
CN ~ CN Trim
V
( small )
cg
2/24/2008
61
62
ELF
63
Jet Vane*
12
10
Axial Plate
Jet Tab
Movable Nozzle
20
15
Note:
TVC and reaction jet flight control provide
high maneuverability at low dynamic pressure
Reaction Jet
Jet Flow
Jet inter.
ELF
Thrust
Jet interaction
64
Mica
AIM-9X
IRIS-T
A-Darter
Javelin
Aster FSAF 15
Reaction Jet:
LOSAT
2/24/2008
ELF
STT
LO S
Bank-To-Turn ( BTT )
Target
BTT ( with
Planar Wing )
LO S
Time to roll
Requires fast roll rate
May have higher dome error slope
Target
Step 1: Roll Until
Wing LOS
Features
LO S
Rolling Airframe ( RA )
Features
2/24/2008
Target
RA
LO S
Target
Maneuver with Bias Roll
Moment
Note: Bank-to-turn maneuvering maintains low sideslip for better inlet efficiency.
ELF
67
+ Roll Orientation with Four Tail Surfaces Control of Pitch / Yaw / Roll, Looking Forward from Base
Fin 1
Fin 4
Pitch Up
Fin 2
Yaw Right
Roll Right
Fin 3
X Roll Orientation with Four Tail Surfaces Control of Pitch / Yaw / Roll, Looking Forward from Base
4
Pitch Up
3
Note:
2/24/2008
Yaw Right
Roll Right
+ roll orientation usually has lower trim drag, less static stability and control effectiveness in pitch and yaw, and
statically unstable roll moment derivative ( Cl > 0 ).
X roll orientation has better launch platform compatibility, higher L / D, higher static stability and control
effectiveness in pitch and yaw, and statically stable roll moment derivative ( Cl < 0 ).
ELF
68
Pitching Moment, Cm
2/24/2008
= Max
Trim @ Cm = 0
ELF
69
)
Trim Max
/ = , ( SM = 0 )
12
12
16
20
24
ELF
70
( CN ) W
( CN ) T
( CN ) B
+M
+
x = lN
( xAC )B
x=0
( xAC )W
M = 0 at aerodynamic center
xCG xAC
x = lB
( xAC )T
2/24/2008
ELF
71
- 0 [ 8 / ( A )]2 }1/2
G
=
x
C
)
{[
f
Example Rocket Baseline:
/ S Re
W
S
(
l = 144 in, d = 8 in, SW = 2.55 ft2, SRef =
/l}
]
)W
0.349 ft2, AW = 2.82, (cMAC)W = 13.3 in,
x AC
(
0
0
M, Mach Number
2/24/2008
ELF
72
Cla
Cla
Cl
| Cna / Cnr | < 0.2 ( Yaw Due to Aileron Deflection ) | Cm / Cm | < 1 ( Pitch Due to )
x
Cna
Cnr
Cm
Cm
2/24/2008
Cn
Cla
Cnr
Note: The primary control derivative ( larger bold font ) should be larger than the undesirable stability and control derivative.
ELF
73
10
Body + Wing
5
Body
0
10
15
20
25
Note for figure: M = 2, = 0
Note: ( CD0 )Total = ( CD0 )Wing-Body-Tail ( CD0 )Body + ( CD0 )Wing + ( CD0 )Tail
( Cm )Total = ( Cm )Wing-Body-Tail ( Cm )Body + ( Cm )Wing + ( Cm )Tail
2/24/2008
ELF
74
Summary of Aerodynamics
Conceptual Design Prediction Methods of Bodies and Surfaces
Normal force coefficient
Drag coefficient
Aerodynamic center / pitching moment coefficient / hinge moment
Design Tradeoffs
Diameter
Nose fineness
Boattail
Lifting body versus axisymmetric body
Wings versus no wings
Tails versus flares
Surface planform geometry
Flight control alternatives
Maneuver alternatives
Roll orientation
Static margin / time to converge or diverge
Tail sizing
2/24/2008
ELF
75
Body Buildup
New Aerodynamics Technologies
Faceted / window / multi-lens domes
Bank-to-turn maneuvering
Lifting body airframe
Forward swept surfaces
Neutral static margin
Lattice fins
Split canard control
Free-to-roll tails
Discussion / Questions?
Classroom Exercise
2/24/2008
ELF
76
Aerodynamics Problems
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
2/24/2008
77
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
2/24/2008
78
25.
2/24/2008
ELF
79
Outline
Introduction / Key Drivers in the Design Process
Aerodynamic Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Propulsion Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Weight Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Flight Performance Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Measures of Merit and Launch Platform Integration
Sizing Examples
Development Process
Summary and Lessons Learned
References and Communication
Appendices ( Homework Problems / Classroom Exercises,
Example of Request for Proposal, Nomenclature, Acronyms,
Conversion Factors, Syllabus )
2/24/2008
ELF
80
Trajectory
Meet
Performance?
No
Yes
Measures of Merit and Constraints
No
Yes
2/24/2008
ELF
81
4,000
Turbojet: ISP typically constrained by turbine temperature limit
3,000
2,000
1,000
Ducted Rocket
0
0
10
12
Mach Number
2/24/2008
ELF
82
Subsonic Turbojet
Missile
Liquid Fuel
Ramjet Missile
Hydrocarbon Fuel
Scramjet Missile Solid Rocket
L / D, Lift / Drag
10
3,000 s
1,300 s
1,000 s
250 s
1,000 ft / s
3,500 ft / s
6,000 ft / s
3,000 ft / s
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.4
1,800 nm
830 nm
310 nm
250 nm
Note:
2/24/2008
Ramjet and Scramjet missiles booster propellant for Mach 2.5 to 4 take-over speed not included in WP
for cruise. Rockets require thrust magnitude control ( e.g., pintle, pulse, or gel motor ) for effective cruise.
Max range for a rocket is usually a semi-ballistic flight profile, instead of cruise flight. Multiple stages may
be required for rocket range greater than 200 nm.
ELF
83
Solid Rocket
.
TMax = 2 Pc At = m Ve
100
10
Ramjet
Turbojet
TMax = ( / 4 ) d2 0 V02 [( Ve / V0 ) 1]
1
0
TMax = ( / 4 ) d2 0 V02 [( Ve / V0 ) 1]
M, Mach Number
Note:
.
Pc = Chamber pressure, At = Nozzle throat area, m = Mass flow rate
d = Diameter, 0 = Free stream density, V0 = Free stream velocity,
Ve = Nozzle exit velocity ( Turbojet: Ve ~ 2,000 ft / s, Ramjet: Ve ~ 4,500 ft / s, Rocket: Ve ~ 6,000 ft / s )
2/24/2008
ELF
84
Turbojet Nomenclature
Inlet
Compressor
Combustor
Turbine
Nozzle
0
Free Stream
Compressor Entrance
Compressor Exit
Inlet Entrance
2/24/2008
5
4
Turbine Exit
Turbine Entrance
ELF
85
T3 T0 { 1 + [( 0 - 1 ) / 2 ] M02 }( p3 / p2 )( 3 - 1 ) / 3
p3 / p2 = 1
p3 / p2 = 2
p3 / p2 = 5
p3 / p2 = 10
3000
2000
T3
1000
Example:
M0 = 2, h = 60k ft ( T0 = 398 R )
p3 / p2 = 5 T3 = 1118 R, 3 = 1.36
0
0
2/24/2008
ELF
86
T4 T3 + ( Hf / cp ) f / a, T in R
T3 = 500 R
T3 = 1000 R
T3 = 2000 R
T3 = 4000 R
5000
4000
3000
T4
2000
Example:
M0 = 2, h = 60K ft ( T0 = 398 R ),
p3 / p2 = 5 T3 = 1118 R
1000
0
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
f / a, Fuel-to-Air Ratio
T4 = Turbojet turbine entrance temperature in Rankine, T3 = compressor exit temperature in Rankine,
Hf = heating value of fuel, cp = specific heat at constant pressure, f / a = fuel-to-air ratio
2/24/2008
ELF
87
Turbine Material
Temperature Constrained
Turbines for Mach 4 Cruise
3,000R
1,000 s
3,000R
1,000 s
3,500R
1,200 s
4,000R
1,500 s
4,500R
Rhenium Alloys
2,000 s
5,000R
Tungsten Alloys
2,500 s
Note: Constrained turbojet for Mach 4 cruise imposes a limit on turbine temperature that is less than ideal. Constraints
could consist of a combination of:
Constraint on compressor pressure ratio to limit turbine temperature
Constraint on fuel-to-air ratio to limit turbine temperature
Use of afterburner to limit turbine temperature
2/24/2008
ELF
88
SS-N-19 Shipwreck
Firebee II
Turbo Ramjet
Regulus II
SR-71
2/24/2008
ELF
89
( p3 / p2 )@Tmax
Assumptions: Ideal turbojet ( isentropic inlet, compressor, turbine, nozzle; low subsonic and constant pressure
combustion; exit pressure = free stream pressure )
100
10
Example:
M0 = 2.0, h = 60k ft (T0 = 390 R ) , T4 = 3,000 R,
4 = 1.31
( p3 / p2 )@Tmax = {{ ( 3000 / 390 )1/2 / { 1 + [( 1.4 1 ) / 2 ] 2.02 }}1.31/ ( 1.31 1 ) = 6.31
1
Note:
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
T4 = 3000 R
T4 = 5000 R
Source: Ashley, H., Engineering Analysis of Flight Vehicles, Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1974
2/24/2008
ELF
90
Note:
.
( T / m )IdealMax = Ve V0
15
=1
T2 T0 { 1 + [( 0 - 1 ) / 2 ] M02 }
/p
p5t p4 ( T5 / T4 )4 / ( 4 - 1 )
p4 = p 3
je t
(p
10
p2 p0 { 1 + [( 0 - 1 ) / 2 ] M02 }0 / ( 0 - 1 )
Ram
TIdealMax / ( p0 A0 ) = ( 0 M0 / a0 ) ( T / m )IdealMax
0
0
T4 = 3000 R
T4 = 5000 R
Example: M0 = 2, h = 60 k ft ( T0 = 390 R, p0
= 1.047 psi ), T4 = 3,000 R, 4 = 1.31, ( p3 /
p2 )@Tmax = 6.31, p2 = 8.19 psi, p3 = 51.7 psi,
A0 = 114 in2, T2 = 702 R, T3 = 1133 R, 3 =
1.36
p5t = 23.0 psi, Ve =
T5t = 2569 R, 5 = 1.32,
.
4524 ft / s, ( T / m )IdealMax = 2588 ft / s,
TIdealMax / p0 A0 = 7.49
TIdealMax = 7.49 ( 1.047 ) ( 114 ) = 894 lb
2/24/2008
ELF
91
Assumptions: Ideal turbojet ( isentropic inlet, compressor, turbine, nozzle; flow, low subsonic, constant pressure combustion;
exit pressure = free stream pressure), max thrust
Example:
0.8
0.6
Ra
mje
/p
0.4
=1
Note:
gc = Gravitational constant = 32.2
0.2
T4 = 3000 R
T4 = 5000 R
2/24/2008
ELF
92
Note:
Booster Propellant
Fuel
2/24/2008
ELF
93
Assumptions: Ideal ramjet, isentropic inlet and nozzle, low subsonic and constant pressure combustion, exit pressure = free
stream pressure, 1
Example for Ramjet Baseline:
0.6
M = 3.5, h = 60k ft ( T0 = 390 R, a0 = 968 ft / s ),
RJ-5 fuel ( Hf = 14,525 BTU / lbm ), T4 = 4,000 R,
cp = 0.302 BTU / lbm / R, 0 = 1.4
Calculate ( ISP )Ideal gc cp T0 / ( a0 Hf ) = { 3.5 {{(
4000 / 390 ) / { 1 + [( 1.4 - 1 ) / 2 ] 3.52 }}1/2 - 1 } / {{
1 + [( 1.4 - 1 ) / 2 ] 3.52 } {( 4000 / 390 ) / { 1 + [(
1.4 - 1 ) / 2 ] 3.52 }} 1 } = 0.372
0.4
0.2
Note:
gc = Gravitational constant = 32.2
cp = Specific heat at constant pressure
0
0
T4 / T0 = 5
T4 / T0 = 15
Source: Ashley, H., Engineering Analysis of Flight Vehicles, Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1974
2/24/2008
ELF
94
25
Note: T4 and T0 in R
20
15
10
Note:
( T )Ideal = Ideal thrust
p0 = Free stream static pressure
0
0
T4 / T0 = 5
T4 / T0 = 15
Source: Ashley, H., Engineering Analysis of Flight Vehicles, Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1974
2/24/2008
ELF
95
6000
Example:
M0 = 3.5
4000
h = 60k ft ( T0 = 390 R )
RJ-5 fuel ( Hf = 14,525 BTU / lb / R )
f / a = 0.055
2000
0 = 1.4
cp = 0.122 T0.109 BTU / lbm / R.
Note: cp 0.302 +/- 5% if 2500 R < T < 5000 R
0
0
f / a = 0.03
f / a = 0.05
f / a = 0.067
Note: ( f / a ) = 1 0.067 for stochiometric combustion of liquid hydrocarbon fuel, e.g., RJ-5.
ELF
96
0.4
Example:
M0 = 2, h = 60k ft ( T0 = 390 R ), T4t = 4,000 R, 0 = 1.4
4 = 1.29 + 0.16 e-0.0007 ( 4000 ) = 1.300
0.3
0.2
0.1
Note:
( M3 )TC = Combustor entrance Mach number with
thermal choking ( M4 = 1 )
0
0
T4t / T0 = 5
T4t / T0 = 15
ELF
0.8
0.6
Ramjet Baseline
AIT = 41.9 in2
0.4
A3 = 287 in2
AIT / A3 = 41.9 / 287 = 0.1459
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
2/24/2008
ELF
98
ELF
99
10
tcomb = 0.001 s
tcomb = 0.002 s
tcomb = 0.004 s
0.1
100
1000
10000
2/24/2008
ELF
100
Forward Booster
ELF
101
Inlet
Compatibility
Cost
Carry Drag
Cruise Drag
Ejectables
Weight
Diameter
Length
Selection Factors
Cycle
Compatibility
Forward Booster
Podded Ramjet
Podded IRR
Podded Ramjet
Aft Booster ( Drop-off )
Superior
Above Average
Source: Kinroth, G.D. and Anderson, W.R., Ramjet Design Handbook, CPIA Pub. 319, June 1980
2/24/2008
ELF
102
Podded Ramjet
Podded IRR
Podded Ramjet, Aft Drop
Off Booster
IRR
Aft Drop Off Booster
Forward Booster
Podded Drop Off Booster
IRR
Aft Drop-off Booster
0.8
With Wings
CD0
Without Wings
0.4
Forward Booster
Podded Drop-off Booster
0
Note:
Nose Fineness Ratio 2.25
Nose Bluntness Ratio 0.20
M, Mach Number
Source: Kinroth, G.D. and Anderson, W.R., Ramjet Design Handbook, CPIA Pub. 319, June 1980
2/24/2008
ELF
103
Sketch
Placement
Nose
Nose-full axisymmetric
Forward underside in nose compression fieldpartial axisymmetric
Forward in nose compression field-cruciform ( four )
axisymmetric
Chin
Forward Cruciform
Axisymmetric
Aft Cruciform
Axisymmetric
Twin Two-dimensional
Underslung Axisymmetric
Underslung Twodimensional
Cruciform Two-dimensional
Source: Kinroth, G.D. and Anderson, W.R., Ramjet Design Handbook, CPIA Pub. 319, June 1980.
2/24/2008
ELF
104
STT
W, C
ATS, STA
BTT
STT
T
T
STT
ATS
BTT
BTT
BTT
ATS
BTT
STT
ATS
inlet Cost
Preferred
Control
Warhead
Shrouding
Preferred
Steering
Drag
Weight
Alpha
Capability
Carriage
Envelope
Recovery
Type Inlet
Pressure
Selection Factors
Note:
BTT = Bank to Turn
STT = Skid to Turn
W = Wing C = Canard
T = Tail
Superior
Above Average
Source: Kinroth, G.D. and Anderson, W.R., Ramjet Design Handbook, CPIA Pub. 319, June 1980
2/24/2008
ELF
105
ANS
AS-17 / Kh-31
Kh-41
SS-N-22 / 3M80
SA-6
SS-N-19
SS-N-26
C-101
C-301
Russia
China
Taiwan
Hsiung Feng III
India
BrahMos
Aft inlets have lower inlet volume and do not degrade lethality of forward located warhead.
Nose Inlet may have higher flow capture, pressure recovery, smaller carriage envelope, and lower drag.
2/24/2008
ELF
106
Spillage
Shocks
Shocks
2/24/2008
ELF
107
Note: 2D = 2D shock wave angle, M = Mach number, = angle of attack, = body deflection angle, = specific heat
ratio, conical 0.81 2D
50
Example for Ramjet Baseline:
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
15
20
2D + + = sin-1 ( 1 / M ) + +
conical 0.81 2D = 0.81 [ sin-1 ( 1 / M ) +
+]
ELF
108
stream
lin
A0
streamline
Ac
streamline
0.8
oblique shock
0.6
body
h inlet
stream
lin
0.4
h = 3 in
0.2
l = 23.5 in
h / l = 0.1277
AC = 114 in2
0
0
Alpha = 0 Deg
M, Mach Number
2/24/2008
nose
Alpha = 10 Deg
ELF
A0 / Ac = 0.81 A0 = 92 in2
Spillage = Ac - A0 = 114 - 92 = 22 in2
109
Note: AIT = inlet throat area, A0 = free stream flow area, ( MIE )start = inlet entrance start Mach number, = specific heat
ratio, n = number of shocks
4
Example for ramjet baseline
n=
n=1
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
AIT / A0
Inlet Start for Isentropic Compression
Inlet Start for Single Normal Shock
2/24/2008
ELF
= 17.7 deg
( MIE )start = 1.8 ( from prior example )
Compute M0 = 2.55
Note: Ramjet baseline forebody is
conical, not 2D
0
0
10
20
30
40
M0 = 3
M0 = 5
ELF
111
60
Total
40
16.1, 22.1
15.0, 18.8
7.6, 8.2, 8.2
10.4, 11.2
20
0
0
n=2
n=3
n=4
Isentropic Compression
Reference: Technical Aerodynamics Manual, North American Rockwell Corporation, DTIC AD 723823, June 1970.
ELF
112
n = 1 ( Normal Shock )
n = 2 ( 1 Optimum Oblique
Shock + Normal Shock )
n = 3 ( 2 Opt Oblique
Shocks + Normal Shock )
n = 4 ( 3 Opt Oblique
Shocks + Normal Shock
Ideal Isentropic Inlet
0.1
MIL-E-5008B
0.01
M, Mach Number
pt
Inlet
Example: MIL-E-5008B requirement for Mach 3.5 ( pt / pt = inlet = 0.74 ) can be satisfied only if there are more
Inlet
0
than three oblique shocks prior to inlet normal shock.
Source for Optimum 2D Shocks: Oswatitsch, K.L., Pressure Recovery for Missiles with Reaction Propulsion at High
Supersonic Speeds, NACA TM - 1140, 1947.
2/24/2008
ELF
113
Density,
lb / in3
Volumetric
Performance,
BTU / in3
Low
Observables
~ 0.028
559
~ 0.040
581
HTPB
~ 0.034
606
~ 0.049
801
~ 0.075
1132
~ 0.072
866
~ 0.050
1191
Solid Mg
~ 0.068
1200
Solid Al
~ 0.101
1300
Solid Boron
~ 0.082
2040
2/24/2008
Superior
Above average
ELF
Average
Below average
114
Choice of Fuel
Metal ( e.g., B, Al, Mg ) Higher ISP, higher density, deposits, higher
observables
Carbon based ( e.g., C, HTPB ) Lower observables, higher reliability,
lower ISP
Choice of Oxidizer
ELF
115
4000
Isp = 250 s
V, Missile
3000
Isp = 200 s
Incremental
Burnout Velocity,
2000
ft / s
1000
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
ELF
116
T = w p ISP = ( gc / c* ) pc At ISP
Isp, Specific Impulse of Rocket Baseline, s
300
250
200
0
10
20
30
pc = 1000 psi
pc = 3000 psi
2/24/2008
ELF
117
w p = gc pc At / c*
100000
10000
c* = 4800 ft / s
c* = 5200 ft / s
c* = 5600 ft / s
1000
100
10
100
2/24/2008
Note: At = nozzle throat area, c* = characteristic velocity, w p = propellant weight flow rate, gc = gravitational constant,
pc = chamber pressure
ELF
118
Ab = gc pcAt / ( c*r )
400
c = 1000 psi
= 0.5 in / s
c* = 5,200 ft / s
Tatmosphere = 70 F
For sustain ( pc = 301 psi ):
r = 0.5 ( 301 / 1000 )0.3 = 0.35
in / s
200
Ab = 149 in2
For boost ( pc = 1,769 psi )
r = 0.59 in / s
Ab = 514 in2
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2/24/2008
ELF
119
New Value ( s )
New Value ( s )
No
No
ELF
No
120
Climb at
constant
dynamic
pressure
Fast launch
cruise
Fast launch
cruise high
speed terminal
Thrust ( lb ) Thrust ( lb )
Dive at
constant
dynamic
pressure
Thrust ( lb )
Cruise
Thrust Profile
Thrust ( lb ) Thrust ( lb )
Example Mission
Constant
Thrust
~ 82%
Burning Time ( s )
End Burner
~90%
Radial Slotted Tube
~ 79%
Regressive
Thrust
Burning Time ( s )
~ 87%
Progressive
Thrust
Burning Time ( s )
Boost-Sustain
Burning Time ( s )
Boost-Sustain-Boost
~ 85%
Burning Time ( s )
Note: High thrust and chamber pressure require large surface burn area.
2/24/2008
~95%
ELF
121
End Burning
Radial Burning
Radial Boost
End Burning Sustain
Simultaneous Burning
Pulse Motor TMC Variable Burn Interval ( Boost Coast Boost / Sustain - Coast )
ELF
Boost Propellant
Sustain Propellant
122
Continuously Select Up to
40:1 Variation in Thrust
Reduce MEOP on Hot Day
Good ISP Only If Burn Rate
Exponent n 1
Pintle
Pressurization
Gelled Oxidizer
Gelled Fuel
Combustion
Chamber
Insensitive Munition
Lower Max Thrust
Toxicity
2/24/2008
ELF
123
Type
Min Smoke. No Al fuel or AP
oxidizer. Either Composite with
Nitramine Oxidizer ( CL-20, ADN,
HMX, RDX ) or Double Base. Very low
contrail (H2O).
220 - 255
0.055 - 0.062
250 - 260
0.062
0.25 - 2.0
0.1 - 1.5
Superior
2/24/2008
260 - 265
Above Average
0.065
Average
ELF
0.1 - 3.0
Below Average
124
Temperature
Volumetric
Efficiency
Weight
IM
Airframe /
Launcher
Attachment
Cost
Steel
Aluminum
Strip Steel /
Epoxy Laminate
Composite
Titanium
Superior
2/24/2008
Above Average
ELF
Exit Cone
Housing
Throat
2/24/2008
Housing Material
Alternatives
Steel
Cellulose / Phenolic
Aluminum
Throat Material
Alternatives
Tungsten Insert
Rhenium Insert
Molybdenum Insert
No Insert
Glass / Phenolic Insert
ELF
126
Summary of Propulsion
Emphasis
Turbojet propulsion
Ramjet propulsion
Rocket propulsion
Design Trades
Turbojet turbine material, compressor ratio, and cycle
Ramjet engine / booster / inlet integration
Ramjet fuel
Propellant burn area requirement
Nozzle throat area
Nozzle expansion ratio
Rocket motor grain
Thrust magnitude control
2/24/2008
ELF
127
ELF
128
Discussion / Questions?
Classroom Exercise ( Appendix A )
2/24/2008
ELF
129
Propulsion Problems
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
2/24/2008
130
2/24/2008
131
2/24/2008
132
2/24/2008
Three approaches to solid rocket thrust magnitude control are pulse motor,
pintle motor, and g__ motor.
A high burn exponent propellant allows a large change in thrust with only a
small change in chamber p_______.
Three tradeoffs in selecting a solid propellant are safety, observables, and
s_______ i______.
A low cost motor case is usually based on steel or aluminum material while
a light weight motor case is usually based on c________ material.
Rockets with high chamber pressure or long burn time may require a
t_______ throat insert.
ELF
133
Outline
Introduction / Key Drivers in the Design Process
Aerodynamic Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Propulsion Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Weight Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Flight Performance Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Measures of Merit and Launch Platform Integration
Sizing Examples
Development Process
Summary and Lessons Learned
References and Communication
Appendices ( Homework Problems / Classroom Exercises,
Example of Request for Proposal, Nomenclature, Acronyms,
Conversion Factors, Syllabus )
2/24/2008
ELF
134
Trajectory
Meet
Performance?
No
Yes
Measures of Merit and Constraints
No
Yes
2/24/2008
ELF
135
ELF
136
Seeker -
Structure
Guidance and
Control -
Power
Supply
High Sensitivity
2/24/2008
Propulsion
Warhead
Low Sensitivity
ELF
Wings
Insulation
Data
Link -
Stabilizers
Flight
Control
- Minor Sensitivity
137
Assumptions:
I = Launch Incidence Angle = 45 deg for max
range
R V2 sin ( 2i ) / gc
100
10
100
1000
Wi, Example Initial Launch Weight, lb
Single-Stage Missile
2/24/2008
Two-Stage Missile
ELF
10000
Units: WL( lb ), l ( in ), d ( in )
1000
100
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
2/24/2008
FIM-92
SA-14
Javelin
RBS-70
Starstreak
Mistral
HOT
Trigat LR
LOCAAS
AGM-114
Roland
RIM-116
Crotale
AIM-132
AIM-9M
Magic 2
Mica
AA-11
Python 3
AIM-120C
AA-12
Skyflash
Aspide
AIM-9P
Super 530F
Super 530D
AGM-65G
PAC-3
AS-12
AGM-88
Penguin III
AIM-54C
Armat
Sea Dart
Sea Eagle
Kormoran II
AS34
AGM-84H
MIM-23F
ANS
MM40
AGM-142
AGM-86C
SA-10
BGM-109C
MGM-140
SSN-22
Kh-41
ELF
139
Dome Material:
0.1 lb / in3
2/24/2008
Warhead:
0.07 lb / in3
Propellant:
0.06 lb / in3
ELF
Data Link:
0.04 lb / in3
Aero Surfaces:
0.05 ( built-up Al ) to 0.27 ( solid
steel ) lb / in3
140
Wing Section
With Fuel
Inlet Section
Engine
With Fuel
Fuel
Plug
Warhead
Inlet
Model
+z
+x
Legend
Fuel
Aero Surfaces
IY = [ ( Iy,subsystem1 )local + Wsubsystem1 ( xsubsystem1 - xCG )2 / gc + ( Iy,subsystem2 )local + Wsubsystem2 ( xsubsystem2 - xCG )2 / gc + ]
ELF
141
100
( Iy,cone )local = [ W d2 / gc ] [ ( 3 / 80 ) + ( 3 / 80 ) ( l / d )2 ]
er
d
n
i
l
Cy
Cone
10
Example for Ramjet Baseline at Launch ( xcg = 8.04 ft )
Assume missile can be approximated as a conical nose-cylinder
For the cone, d = 1.25 ft, l / d = 1.57, Wcone = 15.9 lb, xcg,cone = 1.308 ft
For the cylinder, l / d = 7.22, d = 1.698 ft, Wcylinder = 2214 lb, xcg,cylinder = 8.09 ft
Iy = ( Iy,cone )local + Wcone ( xcg,cone - xCG )2 / gc + ( Iy,cylinder )local + Wcylinder ( xcg,cylinder xCG )2 / gc
0.1
( Iy,cone )local = [ 15.9 ( 1.25 )2 / 32.2 ] [ 0.0375 + 0.0375 ( 1.57 )2 ] = 0.10 slug-ft2
( Iy,cylinder )local = [ 2214 ( 1.698 )2 / 32.2 ] [ 0.0625 + 0.0833 ( 7.22 )2 ] = 872 slug-ft2
Iy = 0.10 + 22.4 + 872 + 0.16 = 895 slug-ft2
0.01
0
10
20
30
l / d, Length / Diameter
2/24/2008
ELF
142
2.0
FOS,
Factor of Safety
( Ultimate / Yield )
1.0
Note:
0
MIL STDs include environmental ( HDBK-310, NATO STANAG 4370, 810F, 1670A ), strength and rigidity ( 8856 ), and captive
carriage ( 8591 ).
The entire environment ( e.g., manufacturing, transportation, storage, ground handling, captive carriage, launch separation,
post-launch maneuvering, terminal maneuvering ) must be examined for driving conditions in structure design.
FOS for castings is expected to be reduced in future as casting technology matures.
Reduction in required factor of safety is expected as analysis accuracy improves will result in reduced missile weight / cost.
2/24/2008
ELF
143
Structure
Vacuum
Vacuum
Concept
Compression
Filament
Thermal
Assist
Bag /
Alternatives RTM
Mold
Wind Pultrusion Form Autoclave Cast
Geometry
Alternatives
High
Speed
Strip
Machine Forming Laminate
Monocoque
Lifting Body
Airframe
Axisymmetric
Airframe
Integrally Hoop
Stiffened
Integrally
Longitudinal
Stiffened
Monocoque
Integrally Hoop
Stiffened
Integrally
Longitudinal
Stiffened
Surface
Solid
Sandwich
Note: Manufacturing process cost is a function of recurring cost ( unit material, unit labor ) and non-recurring cost ( tooling ).
Note:
2/24/2008
Pump
3D Fiber Orientation
Filament Wind
Pultrusion .
Metal Casting
Riser
Mold Cavity
Parting Line
2/24/2008
ELF
145
Tension
( TU / )
Material
Metallic
Aluminum 2219
Increasing
Steel PH 15-7Mo
Cost
Buckling
Max
Stability
Short Life
Temp
( Buckling / )
Thermal
Stress
Joining
Cost
Weight
Titanium 6Al-4V
Graphite / Epoxy
and Graphite
Polyimide
Note:
2/24/2008
Superior
Above Average
ELF
Average
Below Average
146
400
Glass Fiber
w / o Matrix
300
Very High Strength Stainless Steel
( PH 15-7 Mo, CH 900 )
High Strength Stainless Steel
( PH 15-7 Mo, TH 1050 )
t, Tensile Stress,
103 psi
200
100
0
0
, Strain, 10-2 in / in
2/24/2008
ELF
Note:
High strength fibers are:
Very small diameter
Unidirectional
High modulus of
elasticity
Very elastic
No yield before failure
Non forgiving failure
Metals:
Ductile,
Yield before failure
Allow adjacent structure
to absorb load
Resist crack formation
Resist impact loads
More forgiving failure
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
Graphite
4.0
Glass
Chopped Epoxy
2219-T81
Composites,
Random Orientation Aluminum
( = 0.101 lb / in3 )
( = 0.094 lb / in3 )
2.0
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
ELF
148
1
r=
0
r = .9
0 .8
Tr = T0 ( 1 + 0.2 r M2 )
2,000
1,500
Note:
(T )
max Steel
= 1.4
1,000
Tr = Recovery Temperature, R
500
0
2/24/2008
M, Mach Number
ELF
r is recovery factor
h = 40k ft ( TFree Stream = 390 R )
Stagnation r = 1
Turbulent boundary layer r = 0.9
Laminar boundary layer r = 0.8
Short-duration flight ( less than
30 m ), but with thermal soak
149
Mach Tmax
Increasing
600
0.027
0.22
0.101
0.000722
600
0.027
0.22
0.101
0.000722
2000
0.0000051 0.24
0.012
0.00000106
1100
0.000109
0.27
0.057
0.00000410
1200
0.0000131 0.28
0.012
0.00000226
600
0.027
0.22
0.101
0.000722
2000
0.0000051 0.24
0.012
0.00000106
Note:
2/24/2008
150
Example Temperature F
900
800
4.0
Mach
700
3.0
600
Mach
Number
500
2.0
400
300
200
100
0
1.0
10
12
14
ELF
151
6,000
5,000
Bulk Ceramics
Melt
~ 0.20 lb / in3
Zirconium Ceramic,
Hafnium Ceramic
4,000
Tmax, Max
Temperature
Capability,
R
Porous Ceramics
Melt
Resin Impregnated
~ 0.12 lb / in3
Carbon-Silicon
Carbide
3,000
2,000
Low Density
Composites
Char
~ 0.03 lb / in3
Micro-Quartz
Paint, GlassCork-Epoxy,
Silicone Rubber
Plastics
Sublime
Depolymerizing
~ 0.06 lb / in3
Teflon
1,000
0
Note:
152
( dT / dt )t = 0 = ( Tr - Tinitial ) h / ( c z )
T = Tr ( Tr Tinitial ) e h t / ( c z )
h = k NNU / x
1000
x = 1.6 ft
100
10
1
0
M, Mach Number
2/24/2008
h = 20K ft
h = 50K ft
h = 80K ft
ELF
153
.1
=0
/k1
0
k=1
00
hz/
hz
0.5
/k
k=
1 hz
hz
/k
=0
X = 1.6 ft
z = 0.25 in = 0.0208 ft, k = 5.96 x 10-4 BTU / s / ft / R,
hz/
[ T ( z, t ) - ( T )initial ] / [( T )r ( T )initial ]
0
0.1
( h / k )( t )1/2
10
100
Note: T ( z,t ) ( T )initial; 1-D heat transfer; Radiation neglected; Turbulent boundary layer; Tr = Recovery temperature, R; h =
Heat transfer coefficient, BTU / ft2 / s / R; k = Thermal conductivity of material, BTU / s / ft2 / R / ft; = Diffusivity of material,
ft2 / s; zmax = Thickness of material, ft; erfc = Complementary error function
Reference: Jerger, J.J., Systems Preliminary Design Principles of Guided Missile Design,
D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, 1960
2/24/2008
ELF
154
t)
( / t )1 / 2 ( z / 2 ) erfc { z / [ 2 ( t )1/2 ]}
Example for Rocket Baseline Airframe Insulation:
[ T ( z, t ) Tinitial ] / [ T ( 0, t ) Tinitial ]
0.5
0
0.1
( t )1/2 / z
10
100
Note: 1-D conduction heat transfer, Radiation neglected, Constant heat flux input, T ( z,t ) = Inner temperature of insulation
at time t, Tinitial = Initial temperature, T ( 0, t ) = Outer temperature of insulation at time t, = Diffusivity of insulation material,
ft2 / s; zmax = Thickness of insulation material, ft; erfc = Complementary error function
Reference: Carslaw, H. S. and Jaeger, J. C., Conduction of Heat in Solids, Clarendon Press, 1989
2/24/2008
ELF
155
hr = NNUr kr / dNoseTip
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
NNUr = 223
hr = 0.1745 BTU / ft2 / s / R
0.1
M, Mach Number
1% Bluntness
5% Bluntness
2% Bluntness
10% Bluntness
[ T ( 0, t ) - Tinitial ] / [ Tr Tinitial ] = 1 e h t / k
erfc { h ( t )1/2 / k }
Note: 1-D conduction heat transfer; Laminar boundary layer; Stagnation heating; Radiation neglected; hr = Convection
heat transfer coefficient for stagnation recovery, BTU / s / ft2 / R; NNUr = Nusselt number for stagnation recovery; kr =
Air thermal conductivity at stagnation recovery ( total ) temperature, BTU / s / ft / R; dNoseTip = Nose tip diameter, ft;
RedNoseTip = Reynolds number based on nose tip diameter, Pr = Prandtl number
Reference: Allen, J. and Eggers, A. J., A Study of the Motion and Aerodynamic Heating of Ballistic
Missiles Entering the Earths Atmosphere at High Supersonic Speeds, NACA Report 1381, April 1953.
2/24/2008
ELF
156
100
10
Radiation Heat
Flux at
Equilibrium
Temperature,
BTU / ft2 / s
0.1
Calculate:
QRad = 4.76 x 10-13 ( 0.3 ) ( 1513 )4
= 0.748 BTU / ft2 / s
0.01
0
Emissivity = 1
ELF
157
Leading Edges
IR Domes / RF Radomes
ELF
158
Leading Edge
Flare
2/24/2008
ELF
159
1000
100
Example for 500 lb missile
WL = 500 lb
WBS = 0.22 ( 500 ) = 110 lb
10
100
1000
10000
Hellfire ( 0.22 )
Sidewinder ( 0.23 )
Sparrow ( 0.18 )
Phoenix ( 0.19 )
Harpoon ( 0.29 )
SM 2 ( 0.20 )
SRAM ( 0.21 )
ASALM ( 0.13 )
SETE ( 0.267 )
Tomahawk ( 0.24 )
TALOS ( 0.28 )
Note: WBS includes all load carrying body structure. If motor case, engine, or warhead case carry external
loads then they are included in WBS. WBS does not include tail, wing, or other surface weight.
2/24/2008
ELF
160
High Risk ( 1 ), Moderate Risk ( 2 ), and Low Risk ( 3 ) Estimates of Required Thickness
1.
2.
3.
2/24/2008
161
Buckling,AaxialCcompression / E 0.25 ( t / r )
Bending
Axial Compression
Note: Thin wall cylinder with local buckling
0.1
0.01
0.001
r = Airframe radius
Min thickness for fab and handling 0.06 in
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
t / r, thickness / radius
Note: Actual buckling stress can vary +/- 50%, depending upon typical
imperfections in geometry and the loading.
2/24/2008
ELF
Maneuver Per
Design Requirements
Carriage Load
Weight load
of bulkhead
section
Air Load
Weight load
of bulkhead
section
Air Load
Obtained
By Wind
Tunnel
2/24/2008
Air Load
ELF
163
MB = N l / c
C = 8 for uniform loading
w = load per unit length
N = 10,000 lb ( 20 g )
MB = 360,000 in-lb
Total
Load 100,000
N
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
Coefficient C
8
7.8
6
4
100
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
2,000
10,000
1,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
500
400
300
10
100
4
2/24/2008
0
l
C = 4 for load at center ( e.g., ejection load )
N = Normal Force
l/2
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
200
100
1,000,000
200
2,000,000
1,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
200
300
400
500
l = length
ELF
0
l
C = 1 for load at end ( e.g., control force )
N = Normal Force
l
0
164
t
r
MB
t = MB ( FOS ) / [ r2 Max ]
A=2rt
Iz = IY = r3 t
Note / Assumptions:
Thin cylinder
Circular cross section
2/24/2008
ELF
Solid skin
Longitudinal strength
Axial load stress and thermal
stress assumed small compared
to bending moment stress
= MB r / IZ = MB r / ( r3 t )
= MB / ( r2 t )
165
10000
1000
100
10
10
100
1000
Hellfire ( 0.69 )
Sidewinder ( 0.61 )
Sparrow ( 0.64 )
Phoenix ( 0.83 )
ASALM ( 0.86 )
SM-2 ( 0.76 )
SRAM ( 0.71 )
TALOS ( 0.66 )
ELF
10000
Composite case
Low chamber pressure
Low flight loads
Short burn time
166
Nozzle
Case Cylinder
/2
p
b
Motor Dome
Ellipsoid
Longitudinal
Stress
t t = - 0 p r sin d
( t )Hoop Stress = p r / t
( t )Longitudinal Stress
= [ 2 + ( a / b )2 ] p ( a b )1/2 / ( 6 t )
2a
ELF
167
Try Graphite Fiber at t = 450,000 psi Ultimate, Assume 60% Fiber / 40% Epoxy Composite
tHoop = 1.5 x 2582 x 4.0 / [ 450,000 ( 0.60 )] = 0.057 in radial fibers for internal pressure load
tDome = 0.041 in, for internal pressure load
Weight = 11.1 lb for composite case ( w/o insulation, attachment, aft dome, and body bending fiber )
Must also add about 0.015 in of either longitudinal fibers or helical wind to counteract body bending load
2/24/2008
ELF
168
Note:
WSurface = S tmac
= Density
0
0
2
A, Aspect Ratio
Taper Ratio = 0
2/24/2008
Taper Ratio = 1
ELF
169
2/24/2008
Density
( g / cm3 )
Dielectric
Constant
MWIR /
LWIR
Bandpass
Transverse
Strength
( 103 psi )
Thermal
Expansion
( 10-6 / F )
Max ShortErosion,
Knoop ( kg
Duration
2
/ mm )
Temp ( F )
4.05
8.4
18
350
700
5.16
9.0
150
600
3.68
8.5
28
1650
1800
2.20
3.7
0.3
600
2000
3.18
6.1
90
2200
2700
3.52
5.6
400
8800
3500
2.55
1.54
5.8
3.2
25
17
3
40
700
70
2200
400
3.18
5.5
420
1000
3.67
9.3
44
1900
1800
5.33
- 16.2
15
780
200
Superior
Above Average
ELF
Average
Below Average
Poor
170
Note:
= Density
90 deg
n = Integer ( 1, 2, )
0 = Wavelength in air
= Dielectric constant
i = Radar signal incidence angle = 90 deg - -
= Surface local angle
= Seeker look angle
Example for Rocket Baseline Pyroceram Radome:
= 5.8, = 0.092 lb / in3, 0 = 1.1 in, n = 1, tangent
ogive, l = 19.2 in, d = 8 in, Swet = 326 in2
10
= 0 deg ( I )avg 90 0 - 11.8 = 78.2 deg
0.1
1
, Dielectric Constant
Incidence Angle = 0 deg
Incidence Angle = 80 deg
2/24/2008
ELF
171
Power Supply
Generator
Lithium Battery
Thermal Battery
Storage Life
Cost
WE, Weight /
Energy
( kg / kW-s )
0.0007
0.0012
0.0125
1.4
1.5
0.3
Voltage Stability
Superior
Above Average
Average
Below Average
Example for Thermal battery: If E = 900 kWs, P = 3 kW W = WEE + WPP = 0.0125 ( 900 ) + 0.3 ( 3 ) = 12.2 kg
Note: Generator provides highest energy with light weight for long time of flight ( e.g., cruise missile ).
Lithium battery provides nearly constant voltage suitable for electronics. Relatively high energy with light weight.
Thermal battery provides highest power with light weight ( may be required for actuators ).
2/24/2008
ELF
172
EM
Hydraulic
0.0025
0.0050
0.0034
Rate ( deg / s )
Up to 800
Up to 600
Up to 1000
Bandwidth ( Hz )
Up to 40
Up to 20
Up to 60
Reliability
Cost
Superior
Above Average
Average
Note:
Below Average
ELF
173
Tail ( AMRAAM )
2/24/2008
ELF
174
Summary of Weight
Conceptual Design Weight Prediction Methods and Weight
Considerations
Missile system weight, cg, moment of inertia
Factors of safety
Aerodynamic heating
Structure
Dome
Propulsion
Insulation
Power supply
Actuator
ELF
175
Technologies
MEMS
Composites
Titanium alloys
High density insulation
High energy and power density power supply
High torque density actuators
Discussion / Questions?
Classroom Exercise ( Appendix A )
2/24/2008
ELF
176
Weight Problems
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
2/24/2008
177
178
2/24/2008
ELF
179
Outline
Introduction / Key Drivers in the Design Process
Aerodynamic Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Propulsion Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Weight Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Flight Performance Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Measures of Merit and Launch Platform Integration
Sizing Examples
Development Process
Summary and Lessons Learned
References and Communication
Appendices ( Homework Problems / Classroom Exercises,
Example of Request for Proposal, Nomenclature, Acronyms,
Conversion Factors, Syllabus )
2/24/2008
ELF
180
Trajectory
Meet
Performance?
No
Yes
Measures of Merit and Constraints
No
Yes
2/24/2008
ELF
181
ELF
182
CDO
CN
CA
CN
CA
CN
2/24/2008
ELF
Cm
CA
CN
Cm
Cl
CN
Cm
Cl
CA
CY
CA
Cn
CY
183
( V )2-DOF / ( V )1-DOF,
Predicted Deceleration
1.0
Comparison for Rocket
Baseline
0.5
0
Note:
2/24/2008
2
4
6
8
Trim, Trim Angle of Attack, Deg
10
.
( V. )2-DOF = Two-degrees-of-freedom deceleration
( V )1-DOF = One-degree-of-freedom deceleration
Rocket baseline during coast
Mach 2, h = 20,000 ft
Trim 0.3 deg for 1-g flyout
ELF
184
+ Thrust
+ Moment
<< 1 rad
V
+ Axial Force
..
..
y y q SRef d Cm + q SRef d Cm
.
)V T-C
A SRef
q - CN 2 SRef q - W sin
ELF
185
R, Cruise Range, ft
1.00E+08
ith Wing
w
t
e
j
o
b
r
onic Tu
s
b
rframe
i
u
A
S
l
c
i
a
r
c
t
i
e
Typ
xisymm
A
h
t
i
w
t
Ramje
Typical
Airframe
c
i
r
t
e
m
th Axisym
i
w
t
e
k
c
o
Typical R
1.00E+07
1.00E+06
1.00E+05
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
( V ISP )( L / D ) = 10,000,000 ft
Note: R = cruise range, V = cruise velocity, ISP = specific impulse, L = lift, D = drag,
WBC = weight at begin of cruise, WP = weight of propellant or fuel
2/24/2008
ELF
186
T=D
L=W
T
Steady Climb
TD
L C
W
T=W/(L/D)
Note:
DT
L
D
D
C
W
SIN c = ( T D ) / W = Vc / V
Vc = ( T D ) V / W
RC = h / tan C = h ( L / D )
2/24/2008
VC
W
VD
SIN D = ( D T ) / W = VD / V
V D = ( D T ) V / W
RD = h / tan D = h ( L / D )
187
Climb
Altitude
Glide
Rapid Pitch Up
Line-Of-Sight Trajectory
RMAX
Range
RMAX
2/24/2008
ELF
188
RT = V / 2 W / ( gc CN SRef )
Assumption: Horizontal Turn
RT, Example Instantaneous Turn Radius, ft
1000000
100000
10000
Max
Example:
= 10 deg
CN = 0.94
1000
0
10
15
h = 20k ft
h = 80k ft
ELF
= gc CN V SRef / ( 2 W ), rad / s
Assumption: Horizontal Turn
n=
g
100
20
15
10
0
0
1000
2000
3000
Velocity, ft / s
Alpha = 15 deg
Alpha = 90 deg
2/24/2008
Alpha = 30 deg
ELF
V / Vi @ = 0 deg
0.8
0.6
= constant
0.4
0 deg
0.2
D > W sin
@ = 0 deg
0.5
1.5
2 R = coast range
Vx = V cos , Vy = V sin
Rx = R cos , Ry = R sin
W = WBO = 367 lb, SRef = 0.349 ft2, Vi = 2,151 ft / s, = 0 deg, ( CD )AVG = 0.9, h = 20,000 ft ( = 0.00127 slug / ft3 ), t = 10 s
0
V / Vi = 0.727 V = 0.727 x 2151 = 1564 ft / s, {[( gc SRef ( CD )AVG )] / ( 2 W )} R = 0.319 Rcoast = 18,300 ft or 3.0 nm
0
2/24/2008
ELF
191
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.5
1.5
2/24/2008
ELF
192
0.6
Assume = 0 deg
Assume Mi = 0.8, h = 20k ft
0.5
Wi = WL = 500 lb
0.4
0.3
ISP = 250 s
0.2
TB = 5750 lb
0.1
DAVG / T = 0.110
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
DAVG / T = 0.5
DAVG / T = 1.0
Note: 1 DOF Equation of Motion with 0 deg, = constant, Wi = initial weight, WAVG = average weight, WP =
propellant weight, ISP = specific impulse, T = thrust, Mi = initial Mach number, h = altitude, DAVG = average drag,
V = incremental velocity, gc = gravitation constant, Vx = V cos , Vy = V sin , Rx = R cos , Ry = R sin
2/24/2008
193
VM
Note:
Proportional Guidance
VM = Missile Velocity
VT = Target Velocity
A = Target Aspect
L = Missile Lead Angle
Seeker Gimbal
VM / VT
L A
VT
A = 90
Example:
1
A = 45
L = 30 deg
A = 45 deg
VM / VT = sin ( 45 ) / sin ( 30 ) =
1.42
10
20
30
40
50
ELF
194
Trajectory
Meet
Performance?
No
Yes
Measures of Merit and Constraints
No
Yes
2/24/2008
ELF
195
ELF
196
Discussion / Questions?
Classroom Exercise ( Appendix A )
2/24/2008
ELF
197
Flight trajectory calculation requires input from aero, propulsion, and w_____.
Missile flight envelope can be characterized by the maximum effective range,
minimum effective range, and o__ b________.
Limitations to the missile effective range include the fire control system,
seeker, time of flight, closing velocity, and m_______ capability.
1 DOF simulation requires modeling only the thrust, weight, and a____ f____.
A 3 DOF simulation that models 3 aero forces is called p____ m___ simulation.
A simulation that includes 3 aero forces ( normal, axial, side ), 3 aero moments
( pitch, roll, yaw ), thrust, and weight is called a _ DOF simulation.
..
The pitch angular acceleration is approximately equal to the second time
derivative of the a____ o_ a_____.
Cruise range is a function of velocity, specific impulse, L / D, and f___ fraction.
If thrust is equal to drag and lift is equal to weight, the missile is in s_____
l____ flight.
Turn rate is a function of normal force, weight, and v_______.
ELF
198
2/24/2008
Coast range is a function of initial velocity, weight, drag, and the t___ of flight.
Incremental velocity due to boost is a function of ISP, drag, and p_________
weight fraction.
To intercept a high speed crossing target requires a high speed missile with a
high g_____ angle seeker.
An analytical model of a rocket in co-altitude, non-maneuvering flight can be
developed by patching together the flight phases of boost and c____.
An analytical model of a rocket in a short range, off-boresight intercept can be
developed by patching the flight phases of boost and t___.
An analytical model of a guided bomb in non-maneuvering flight can be
developed from the flight phase of a steady d___.
An analytical model of an unguided weapon can be developed from the
b________ flight phase.
An analytical model of a ramjet in co-altitude, non-maneuvering flight can be
developed by patching the flight phases of boost and c_____.
ELF
199
Outline
Introduction / Key Drivers in the Design Process
Aerodynamic Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Propulsion Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Weight Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Flight Performance Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Measures of Merit and Launch Platform Integration
Sizing Examples
Development Process
Summary and Lessons Learned
References and Communication
Appendices ( Homework Problems / Classroom Exercises,
Example of Request for Proposal, Nomenclature, Acronyms,
Conversion Factors, Syllabus )
2/24/2008
ELF
200
Trajectory
Meet
Performance?
No
Yes
Measures of Merit and Constraints
No
Yes
2/24/2008
ELF
201
Robustness
Lethality
Cost
Balanced Design
Miss Distance
Reliability
Other
Survivability
Considerations
2/24/2008
Carriage and
Launch
Observables
ELF
202
Robustness
Launch Platform
Integration /
Firepower
Robustness
Cost
Lethality
Reliability
Miss Distance
Other
Survivability
Considerations
Carriage and
Launch
Observables
Adverse Weather
Clutter
Local Climate
Flight Environment Variation
Uncertainty
Countermeasures
EMI / EMP
ELF
203
North Pole
Region
North Atlantic
South Pole
Region
0.6
0.4
Argentina, Southern
Africa and Australia
Note: Annual Average Cloud Cover
Global Average
= 61%
Global Average Over Land
= 52%
Global Average Over Ocean = 65%
0.2
0.0
65N
45N
25N
5N
Cloud
Cover
Over Land
Descending
Air
Deserts ( Sahara,
Gobi, Mojave )
85N
Cloud Cover
Over Ocean
5S
25S
45S
65S
85S
Latitude Zone
Reference: Schneider, Stephen H. Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather. Oxford University Press, 1996.
2/24/2008
ELF
204
1000
100
Note:
H2O H2O
O2
EO attenuation through
cloud at 0.1 g / m3 and 100
m visibility
EO attenuation through
rain at 4 mm / h
Humidity at 7.5 g / m3
Millimeter wave and
microwave attenuation
through cloud at 0.1
gm / m3 or rain at 4 mm / h
CO2
10
H2O
O2
H2O, CO2
CO2
H2O
20 C
1 ATM
H2O
O3
0.1
X Ku K Ka Q V W
MILLIMETER
RADAR
0.01
10 GHz
3 cm
100
3 mm
1 THz
0.3 mm
VISIBLE
INFRARED
SUBMILLIMETER
10
30 m
100
3.0 m
1000
0.3 m
Increasing Frequency
Increasing Wavelength
Source: Klein, L.A., Millimeter-Wave and Infrared Multisensor Design and Signal Processing, Artech House, Boston, 1997
2/24/2008
ELF
205
Cumulonimbus ( 2 36k ft )
Cirrus ( 16 32k ft )
30
h,
Altitude,
103 ft
20
Altostratus ( 8 18k ft )
Altocumulus ( 9 19k ft )
10
Stratus ( 1 7k ft )
Cumulus ( 2 9k ft )
Fog
Note:
IR seeker may be able to operate Under the Weather at elevations less than 2,000 ft using GPS / INS midcourse guidance
IR attenuation through cloud cover greater than 100 dB per km. Cloud droplet size ( 0.1 to 50 m ) causes resonance.
mmW has ~ 2 dB / km attenuation through rain. Typical rain drop size ( 4 mm ) is comparable to mmW wavelength.
2/24/2008
ELF
206
Adverse
Weather
Impact
ATR / ATA
in Clutter
Range
Moving
Target
Volume
Search
Time
Hypersonic
Dome
Compat.
Diameter
Required
Weight and
Cost
SAR
Active
Imaging
mmW
Passive
Imaging
mmW
Active
Imaging IR
(LADAR)
Active Nonimage IR
(LADAR)
Active Nonimage mmW
Passive
Imaging IR
Acoustic
2/24/2008
GPS / INS /
Data Link
Note:
Maturity
Superior
Good
Below Average
ELF
- Poor
207
2/24/2008
Imaging Infrared
ELF
SAR
208
ELF
209
15
Subsonic Airframe
I
LW
10
Mach 4 Airframe
MWIR Seeker Versus LWIR Seeker Selection Depends Upon Target Temperature
MW
IR
Jet Engine
Rocket Plume
Flare
Example: TT = 300 K
0
0
500
1000
1500
2/24/2008
ELF
2000
( )( L )max = 2898 / TT
= 2898 / 300 = 10.0 m
210
480 Pixels
175 m
req
req
88 m
44 m
req
2/24/2008
= 1.76 g, = 0.9 m
req
= 7.04 g, = 2.2 m
Note:
= Target Aim Point and Seeker Tracking Gate, GPS / INS Accuracy = 3 m, Seeker 640 x 480 Image, Seeker
FOV = 20 deg, Proportional Guidance Navigation Ratio = 4, Velocity = 300 m / s, G&C Time Constant = 0.2 s.
ELF
211
VT = 1 m / s
VT = 10 m / s
VT = 100 m / s
VT = 1000 m / s
100
10
0.1
10
100
1000
Example:
TLE = 10 m
tSeekerLock-on = 100 s
tUdate = 90 s
VT = 10 m / s
tLatency = tSeeker- tUdate = 100 90 = 10 s
TESeekerLock-on = [ TLE2 + ( VT tLatency )2 ]1/2
= { 102 + [ 10 ( 10 )]2 ]1/2
= 100.5 m
Note: tSeekerLock-on = Seeker Lock-on time, tUdate = Data Link Update Time, VT = Target Velocity, TLE = Target Location
Error at Update = 10 m
2/24/2008
ELF
212
h, Altitude, kft
100
q = 200 psf
q = 500 psf
q = 1,000 psf
q = 2,000 psf
q = 5,000 psf
q = 10,000 psf
q = 20,000 psf
Ramjet
80
60
40
20
Note: q = 1 / 2 ( V2 )
0
0
M, Mach number
Note:
U.S. 1976 Standard Atmosphere
For Efficient Cruise, ( L / D )Max for Cruising Lifting Body Typically Occurs for 500 < q < 1,000 psf
( L / D )Max for Cruise Missile with Low Aspect Ratio Wing Typically Occurs for 200 < q < 500 psf
2/24/2008 q 200 psf lower limit for aero control
ELF
213
Level Out
Engine Start Transient
Cruise
Booster Shutdown
Transient at High Mach
Pitch-Up at High Alpha
Engine Shutdown
Transient
Climb
Booster Ignition
Air Launch at Low
Mach ( high ) /
Deploy
Compressed
Carriage Surfaces
2/24/2008
Pitch-Over at
High Alpha
Dive
Terminal at High
Dynamic Pressure
Precision Impact
at 0 Deg
214
T = constant = 390 R
/ SL = ( T / TSL )4.2561
Characteristic at Altitude /
Characteristic at Sea Level
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
Troposphere Stratosphere
Temperature Ratio
Pressure Ratio
Density Ratio
Speed of Sound Ratio
0.1
0.01
Note: TSL = Temperature at sea level, pSL = pressure at sea level, SL = density at sea level, cSL = speed
of sound at sea level, h = altitude in ft.
2/24/2008
ELF
215
1.5
( + 30 % )
( - 23% )
0.5
Temp
Density Speed of
Sound
Note:
Based on properties at sea level
U. S. 1976 Standard Atmosphere: Temperature = 519 R, Density = 0.002377 slug / ft3, Speed of sound = 1116 ft / s
2/24/2008
ELF
216
0.5
0
-20
-10
10
20
ELF
2/2}
217
Examples of CM ( Threat )
Imaging Seeker
Multi-spectral / Multimode Seeker
Temporal Processing
Hardened GPS / INS
EOCM
directed laser
flare
smoke
RFCM
active radar
jammer
chaff
standoff acquisition
Integrated GPS / INS
directional antenna
pseudolite / differential
GPS
Decoy
Low Observables
Speed
Altitude
Maneuverability
Lethal Defense
2/24/2008
ATR / ATA
Speed
Altitude
Maneuverability
Low Observables
Saturation
ELF
218
ELF
219
Launch Platform
Integration /
Firepower
Robustness
Cost
Lethality
Reliability
Miss Distance
Other
Survivability
Considerations
Carriage and
Launch
Observables
Armor
TBM/ TELs
Artillery
Naval
C3II
Counter Air
Aircraft
Transportation Choke
Points ( Bridges,
Railroad Yards, Truck
Parks )
Oil
Refineries
220
1
4
2
3
6 5
7
23 25
8 24 26
9
10
27
11
21
22
12
13 14
15
20
16
17
28
31
32
29
30
33
34
35
37
36
19
2/24/2008
18
221
KEPD-350
BGM-109
AGM-142
Anti-Radar Site Missiles ( ARH seeker, high speed or duration, blast frag warhead )
AGM-88
AS-11 / Kh-58
ARMAT
Armiger
ALARM
Anti-Ship Missiles ( large size, KE / blast frag warhead, and high speed or low altitude )
MM40
AS-34 Kormoran
AS-17 / Kh-31
BrahMos
SS-N-22 / 3M80
Anti-Armor Missiles ( small size, hit-to-kill, low cost, shape charge, EFP, or KE warhead )
Hellfire
LOCAAS
MGM140
AGM-65
LOSAT
Anti-Buried Target Missiles ( large size, high fineness, KE / blast frag warhead )
2/24/2008
CALCM
GBU-28
GBU-31
ELF
Storm Shadow
MGM-140
Fixed
Surface
Targets(1)
Moving
Targets(2)
Time
Critical
Targets(3)
Buried
Targets(4)
Adverse
Weather(5)
Firepower(6)
Hellfire / Brimstone /
Longbow
LOCAAS
Note:
Superior
(3) - High speed with duration required High payoff of high speed / loiter and powered submunition.
2/24/2008
(4) - KE penetration warhead required High impact speed, low drag, high density, long length.
Good
(5) - GPS / INS, SAR seeker, imaging mmW seeker, and data link have high payoff.
Average
(6) - Light weight required. Light weight also provides low cost ELF
Poor
223
z = r / c1/3
Note:
Based on bare sphere of pentolite ( Ec1/2 = 8,500 ft / s )
p = overpressure at distance r from explosion
100
10
1
0
10
z p01/3 = 5.58
p / p0 = 13.36
z ( p0 )1/3
p = 90 psi
Reference: US Army Ordnance Pamphlet ORDP-2290-Warheads, 1980
2/24/2008
ELF
224
ELF
225
2.4 m
witness
plate
Roland 9 kg explosively formed warhead
multi-projectiles are from preformed case
ELF
226
KE = ( 1 / 2 ) Mm Vf2 = Ec Mc / ( 1 + 0.5 Mc / Mm )
0.4
Low K
Note:
Based on Gurney Equation
Cylindrical Warhead
KE = Total Kinetic Energy
Mm = Total Mass Metal Fragments
Vf = Fragment Velocity
Ec = Energy Per Unit Mass Charge
Mc = Mass of Charge
Mwh = Mass of Warhead = Mm + Mc
KE
High
0.3
0.2
Example:
Rocket Baseline Warhead
0.1
Mc = 1.207 slug
Mm = 1.207 slug
Mc / Mm = 1
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
Ec Mc = 52,300,000 ( 1.207 ) =
63,100,000 ft-lb
KE = 63100000 / [1 + 0.5 ( 1 )]
= 42,100,000 ft-lb
Reference: Carleone, Joseph (Editor), Tactical Missile Warheads (Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol 155), AIAA, 1993.
2/24/2008
ELF
227
PK = 1 - ( 1 - Av / Atp )nhits
Note:
Av = Target vulnerable area
Atp = Target presented area
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
Av / Atp = 0.1
Av / Atp = 0.5
Av / Atp = 0.9
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Example:
If Av / Ap = 0.1, nhits = 22 gives PK = 0.9
If Av / Ap = 0.9, nhits = 1 gives PK = 0.9
10
15
20
25
30
ELF
228
100
Wwh = 5 lb
Wwh = 50 lb
Wwh = 500 lb
80
60
40
Mc / Mm = 1, Wm = 38.8 lb = 17,615 g
Average fragment weight = 3.2 g
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
2/24/2008
100
= Miss distance = 25 ft
nhits = 5505 { 20 / [( 4 ) ( 25 )2 ]} = 14
Kinetic energy per square foot. = KE
/ ( 4 2 ) = 42100000 / [ 4 ( 25 )2 ] =
5,360 ft-lb / ft2
Note:
Spherical blast with uniformly distributed fragments
nhits = nfragments [ AP / ( 4 2 )]
Warhead charge / metal weight = 1
Average fragment weight = 50 grains ( 3.2 g )
AP = Target presented area = 20 ft2
ELF
229
10000
HMX Explosive
TNT Explosive
8000
6000
Example:
Baseline Rocket Warhead
4000
HMX Explosive
MC / Mm = 1
2000
Vf = 8,353 ft / s
0
0
ELF
230
.5
150 Grains ( 9.7 g )
.375
50 Grains
( 3.2 g )
.25
.125
10
2/24/2008
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Miss Distance ( ft )
90
100
110
120
231
ET / EC = [( 1 / 2 ) ( WMissile / gc ) V2 + EC ( WC / gc )] / [ EC ( WC / gc )]
9
Weight of
missile /
Weight of
charge = 20
WMissile = 367 lb
WC = 38.8 lb
WMissile / WC = 9.46
Weight of
missile /
Weight of
charge = 10
V = 2,000 ft / s
ET / EC = 1.36
Weight of
missile /
Weight of
charge = 5
1
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Weight of
missile /
Weight of
charge = 2
ELF
232
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
1000
2000
3000
V, Velocity, ft / s
l/d=2
l/d=5
l / d = 10
4000
Note:
V > 1,000 ft / s
l/d>2
Non-deforming ( high strength, sharp nose )
penetrator
l = Penetrator length
d = Penetrator diameter
V = Impact velocity
P= Penetrator density
T = Target density
T= Target ultimate stress
Example for 250 lb Steel Penetrator
l / d = 10
l = 48 in ( 4 ft )
d = 4.8 in ( 0.4 ft )
Concrete target
P = 0.283 lb / in3 ( 15.19 slug / ft3 )
T = 0.075 lb / in3 ( 4.02 slug / ft3 )
V = 4,000 ft / s
T = 5,000 psi ( 720,000 psf )
P / d = [ 10 1 }( 15.19 / 4.02 )1/2 + 3.67 ( 15.19
/ 4.02 )2/3 [ 4.02 ( 4000 )2 / 720000 ]1/3 = 57.3
P = ( 57.3 ) ( 0.4 ) = 22.9 ft
Source: Christman, D.R., et al, Analysis of High-Velocity Projectile Penetration, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol 37, 1966
2/24/2008
ELF
233
PAC-3
LOSAT
2/24/2008
THAAD
LOSAT Video
ELF
234
Extreme Missile
Trajectory
Cost
Lethality
Reliability
Miss Distance
Survivability
Observables
Target
Hypothetical Plane
Through Target
Source: Heaston, R.J. and Smoots, C.W., Introduction to Precision Guided Munitions, GACIAC HB-83-01, May 1983.
2/24/2008
ELF
235
Example of Miss
( Line-of-Sight Angle Diverging )
.
( Line-of-Sight Angle Rate L 0 )
Overshoot Miss
t2
( LOS
L
)1 > (
LO S
t1
)0
Seeker Line-of-Sight
Missile
t1
Target
t0
Missile
( LOS )1 = ( LOS )0
L
Seeker Line-of-Sight
t0
Target
2/24/2008
ELF
236
Missile
Collision
Point
+Z
Maneuvering : d2Z + dZ + N Z = N cos A 1 a t2
T
dt
to t to t cos L 2
Target
dt2
Initial Heading : d2Z + dZ + N Z = VM M
0
dt
to t
Error
dt2
Reference: Jerger, J.J., Systems Preliminary Design
Principles of Guided Missile Design, D. Van Nostrand
Company, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, 1960
2/24/2008
237
Approach to estimate
= +
2/24/2008
Input
Time
ti
63%
Output
ti
Time
Acceleration Achieved
= 1 e- t /
Acceleration Commanded
Example for Rocket Baseline:
M = 2, h = 20k ft, coast
= + . + Dome
+ Dome
238
Max, Max
Equation of motion is
..
Max
= [ V2 S d Cm / ( 2 Iy ) ] Max
/ 2
Max= [ V2 S d Cm / ( 8 Iy ) ] Max 2
is given by
Max
Contributors to small
2/24/2008
239
Assumptions for .
Max
Max
...
= [ V2 S d Cm / ( 2 Iy ) ] Max
Equation
of motion for perfect response
.
= , = Max
..
= [ V2 S d Cm / ( 2 Iy ) ] Max
Note:
. = 2 Max / Max
2/24/2008
ELF
240
= 0.75
Compute | R | = 0.05 ( 2.4 0.5 ) [ 1 + 15 ( 0.02 )] / ( 8 /
1.18 ) = 0.0182 deg / deg
Dome = 4 ( 367 ) ( 3074 ) ( 0.0182 ) / [ 32.2 ( 2725 ) ( 0.349 )
( 40 + 15.5 / 0.75 )] = 0.043 s
2/24/2008
ELF
0.03
f / f = 0.05
0.02
f / f = 0.02
f/f=0
Faceted or
Window
Dome
0.01
Tangent
Ogive
Dome
1
2
3
lN / d, Nose Fineness
Multi-lens
Dome
241
aM t0 / ( VM M ),
Non-dimensional
Acceleration
3
2.5
2 N = 2
0
0
2/24/2008
0.2
0.6
0.4
t / t0, Non-dimensional Time
ELF
0.8
1.0
242
0.3
N = 3
0.2
N = 4
| ( HE )Max / ( VM M to ) |
N = 6
0.1
0
References:
tO /
10
Donatelli, G.A., et al, Methodology for Predicting Miss Distance for Air Launched Missiles, AIAA-82-0364, January 1982
Bennett, R.R., et al, Analytical Determination of Miss Distances for Linear Homing Navigation, Hughes Memo 260, March 1952
2/24/2008
ELF
243
6
nM
,
nT
Assumptions:
=0
VM > VT
N = 2
N = 2.5
Example:
= 0, N = 3, t / t0 = 1
nM / nT = 3
Missile-to-Target
Acceleration 2
Ratio
0
4
6
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
ELF
244
N = 3
0.2
( MAN )Max
gc nT 2
N = 4
0.1
N = 6
0
References:
tO /
10
Donatelli, G.A., et al, Methodology for Predicting Miss Distance for Air Launched Missiles, AIAA-82-0364, January 1982
Bennett, R.R., et al, Analytical Determination of Miss Distances for Linear Homing Navigation, Hughes Memo 260, March 1952
2/24/2008
ELF
245
10
h = SL
h = 20k ft
h = 40k ft
h = 60k ft
h = 80k ft
0.1
0
10
Target Maneuverability, g
ELF
246
Glint = KN ( W / )1/2
Note:
Proportional guidance
Adjoint miss distance
Glint = Miss distance due to glint noise, ft
W = Glint noise spectral density, ft2 / Hz
= Missile time constant, s
N = Effective navigation ratio
( bT )Res = Target span resolution at seeker blind range, ft
B = Noise bandwidth, Hz ( 1 < B < 5 Hz )
KN = 0.5 ( 2 KN = 4 )N / 4
0.8
KN = 4 = 1.206
W = ( bT )Res2 / ( 3 2 B )
0.6
0.4
0.2
N = 4
B = 2 Hz
( bT )Res = bt = 40 ft ( radar seeker beam
width resolution of target wing span )
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
N' = 3
N' = 4
N' = 6
Calculate:
W = ( 40 )2 / [ 3 2 ( 2 )] = 27.0 ft2 / Hz
Glint / ( bT )Res = KN ( W / )1/2 / ( bt )Res
= 1.206 ( 27.0 / 0.209 )1/2 / 40 = 0.343
ELF
247
Note:
Proportional guidance
Adjoint miss distance
( MAN )Max = Max miss distance from
target maneuver, ft
Glint = Miss distance from glint noise, ft
= Missile time constant, s
N = Effective navigation ratio
50
40
30
20
Assume:
10
N = 4
B = 2 Hz
( bT )Res = 40 ft
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
N' = 3
N' = 4
N' = 6
ELF
248
Carriage and
Robustness
Cost
Lethality
Reliability
Miss Distance
Survivability
Observables
Launch Observables
Plume Alternatives
Min Smoke: Lowest Launch Observables ( H2O Contrail )
Reduced Smoke: Reduced Launch Observables ( e.g., HCl Contrail from AP
Oxidizer )
High Smoke: High Launch Observables ( e.g., Al2O3 Smoke from Al Fuel )
2/24/2008
ELF
249
Video
250
2/24/2008
ELF
251
Launch Platform
Integration /
Firepower
Other Survivability
Considerations
Pt = ( 4 )3 Pr R4 / ( Gt Gr 2 )
10000000
Robustness
Cost
Lethality
Reliability
Miss Distance
Survivability
Observables
1000000
100000
Example for Pt = 50,000 W:
10000
1000
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
2/24/2008
RCS = 0.01 m2
RCS = 0.001 m2
Note:
Range Slant Angle = 20 deg, Gt = Transmitter Gain = 40 dB, Gr = Receiver Gain = 40 dB, = Wavelength = 0.03
m, Pr = Receiver Sensitivity = 10-14 W, = radar cross section ( RCS )
Based on Radar Range Equation with ( S / N )Detect = 1 and Unobstructed Line-of-Sight
ELF
252
sin-1
2
x
R ma
SAM
Site
yoffset
texp V
Example:
yoffset = 7 nm, Rmax = 10 nm = 60750 ft,
yoffset / Rmax = 0.7, treact = 15 s
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
2/24/2008
treact V
ELF
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
10
20
30
ELF
40
hobstacle = 200 ft
Robstaacle = 5.0 nm = 30395 ft
Rlos = 10.0 nm = 60790 ft
Rlos ( hobstacle / Robstaacle ) = 60790 ( 200 /
30395 ) = 400 ft
hmask = 200 ( 60790 / 30395 ) + ( 60790 /
7113 )2 = 400 + 73 = 473 ft above terrain
254
2/24/2008
255
Launch Platform
Integration /
Firepower
Robustness
Cost
Lethality
Reliability
Miss Distance
Survivability
Observables
Reliability
Typical Event /
Subsystem
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00
Typical Reliability
2/24/2008
ELF
256
Dome
Seeker
Structure
Rocket
Airbreather
Guidance and
Control
Power
Supply
Very High
( > 25% Production Cost )
Propulsion
Rocket
Airbreather
Warhead
and Fuzing
High
( > 10% )
Wings
Robustness
Lethality
Reliability
Miss Distance
Survivability
Observables
Stabilizers
Aerothermal Data
Link
Insulation
Moderate
( > 5% )
Launch Platform
Integration /
Firepower
Cost
Flight
Control
Relatively Low
( < 5% )
Note:
System assembly and test ~ 10% production cost
Propulsion and structure parts count / cost of airbreathing missiles are higher than that of rockets
2/24/2008
ELF
257
Source: http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/missile_systems/air_missiles/derby/Derby.html
2/24/2008
ELF
258
Cost Considerations
Life Cycle
System Development and Demonstration ( SDD )
Production
Logistics
Culture / processes
Relative Emphasis of Cost, Performance, Reliability, Organization Structure
Relaxed Mil STDs
IPPD
Profit
Competition
2/24/2008
ELF
259
10000
1000
Example:
5 year ( medium risk ) SDD program
100
Low
Moderate
High
Risk
Risk
Risk
SDD
SDD
SDD
10
0
10
12
14
TOW 2
JDAM
JSOW
SLAM-ER
AGM-130
HARM
MLRS
Harpoon
Javelin
LB Hellfire
ATACMS
BAT
JASSM
Tomahawk
PAC-3
Hellfire II
ESSM
Patriot
Note: SDD required schedule duration depends upon risk. Should not ignore risk in shorter schedule.
-- Source of data: Nicholas, T. and Rossi, R., U.S. Missile Data Book, 1999, Data Search Associates, 1999
SDD cost based on 1999 US$
2/24/2008
ELF
260
10000000
Javelin
Longbow Hellfire
AMRAAM
MLRS
HARM
JSOW
Tomahawk
1000000
100000
Example:
10000
10
100
1000
WL , Launch Weight, lb
Note:
-- Source of data: Nicholas, T. and Rossi, R., U.S. Missile Data Book, 1999, Data Search Associates, 1999
Unit production cost based on 1999 US$
2/24/2008
ELF
261
L = 1.0
L = 0.9
0.1
Example:
For a learning
curve coefficient
of L = 80%, cost of
unit #1000 is 11%
the cost of the first
unit
0.01
1
10
100
L = 0.8
L = 0.7
1000
ELF
Fasteners
Current Tomahawk
Assembly /
Test Hours
Unit
Production
Cost ( US$ )
Tactical Tomahawk
Note: Tactical Tomahawk has superior flexibility ( e.g., shorter mission planning, in-flight retargeting, BDI / BDA,
modular payload ) at lower parts count / cost and higher reliability. Enabling technologies for low parts count include:
casting, pultrusion / extrusion, centralized electronics, and COTS.
2/24/2008
ELF
263
2/24/2008
ELF
264
Deployment Alternatives
Airlift
Sealift
Combat Logistics
Storage Alternatives
Wooden Round ( Protected )
Open Round ( Humidity, Temp, Corrosion, Shock )
Reliability Maintenance
Surveillance
Testing
Maintenance Alternatives
First level ( depot )
Two level ( depot, field )
Disposal
2/24/2008
ELF
265
2/24/2008
Complex: PAC-3
ELF
266
100
1000
10000
Missile Weight, lb
Predator ( 21 lb )
2/24/2008
Sidewinder ( 190 lb )
Sparrow ( 500 lb )
ELF
ELF
268
US Launch Platform
Launcher
Length
Weight
Launch Platform
Integration /
Firepower
22
Submarines
263
3400 lb
263
3400 lb
~168
~500 lb to
3000 lb
158
3700 lb
70
120 lb
Miss Distance
Survivability
Observables
22
VLS
Lethality
Reliability
Surface Ships
Robustness
Cost
CLS
22
2/24/2008
28
Helos
Vehicles
Launch
Pods
~24 x 24
Rail
ELF
28
Ground
Rail /
Ejection
Fighters /
Bombers /
UCAVs
13 x 13
269
F-18 C / E
5,000 lb
4,000 lb
E, carry 1
E, carry 2
C, carry 1
C, carry 2
E, carry 3
C, carry 3
E, carry 2
ELF
+ 2 Inbd Tk + 2 AIM-9
C, carry 2
+ CL Tk + 2 AGM-88
+ 2 Inbd Tk + 2 AIM-9
+ CL Tk + 2 AGM-88
+ CL Tk + 2 AIM-9
+ 2 Inbd Tanks
+ CL Tank
1,000 lb
Clean
Outboard Asymmetric
Bring-Back Load Limit
E, carry 1
+ CL Tk + 2 AIM-9
2,000 lb
C, carry 1
+ 2 Inbd Tanks
Inboard Asymmetric
Bring-Back Load Limit
+ CL Tank
3,000 lb
Clean
Minimum Range
Launcher rail clearance and aeroelasticity miss at min range
Helo rotor downwash miss at min range
Safety
Launcher retention potential inadvertent release, potential hang-fire
Launch platform local flow field , potential unsafe separation
Launch platform maneuvering potential unsafe separation
Handling qualities with stores potential unsafe handling qualities
Launch platform bay / canister acoustics missile factor of safety
Launch platform bay / canister vibration missile factor of safety
2/24/2008
ELF
271
ELF
272
2/24/2008
ELF
273
274
2/24/2008
Hang-Fire
ELF
275
30 Inch Suspension
14 Inch Suspension
Weight Up to 100 lb
Lug height ( in )
Min ejector area ( in x in )
Not Applicable
Yes
0.75
4.0 x 26.0
Yes
1.35
0.515
4. 0 x 36.0
Yes
1.00
0.515
4.0 x 26.0
Yes
1.35
1.080
4.0 x 36.0
Not Applicable
Ejection Stroke
2/24/2008
ELF
276
Forward Hanger
2.260
1.14
Aft Hanger
2.260
7.23
ELF
277
17.5 in
17.5 in
Note: Alternative approaches to compressed carriage include surfaces with small span, folded surfaces, wrap
around surfaces, and planar surfaces that extend ( e.g., switch blade, Diamond Back, Longshot ).
2/24/2008
ELF
278
Folding
Suspension
Lug
Wing Deploy
Safety Pin
Wing
Folding
Suspension
Lug
Fire Control /
Avionics
Umbilical
Connector
Flight Control
Access Cover
Electrical
Safety Pin
ELF
279
Exhaust Hatch
Ship Deck
Missile Cover
Plenum
8 Modules / Magazine
Tomahawk Launch
2/24/2008
-60 F* to 160 F
Surface Humidity
5% to 100%
Rain Rate
120 mm / h**
Surface Wind
100 km / h steady***
150 km / h gusts****
Salt fog
Vibration
Shock
Drop height 0.5 m, half sine wave 100 g / 10 ms: MIL STD 810, 1670A
Acoustic
160 dB
Note: MIL-HDBK-310 and earlier MIL-STD-210B suggest 1% world-wide climatic extreme typical requirement.
* Lowest recorded temperature = -90 F. 20% probability temperature lower than -60 F during worst month of worst location.
** Highest recorded rain rate = 436 mm / h. 0.5% probability greater than 120 mm / h during worst month of worst location.
*** Highest recorded steady wind = 342 km / h. 1% probability greater than 100 km / h during worst month of worst location.
**** Highest recorded gust = 378 km / h. 1% probability greater than 150 km / h during worst month of worst location.
2/24/2008
ELF
281
Discussion / Questions?
Classroom Exercise ( Appendix A )
2/24/2008
ELF
282
2/24/2008
283
2/24/2008
284
2/24/2008
ELF
285
Outline
Introduction / Key Drivers in the Design Process
Aerodynamic Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Propulsion Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Weight Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Flight Performance Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Measures of Merit and Launch Platform Integration
Sizing Examples
Development Process
Summary and Lessons Learned
References and Communication
Appendices ( Homework Problems / Classroom Exercises,
Example of Request for Proposal, Nomenclature, Acronyms,
Conversion Factors, Syllabus )
2/24/2008
ELF
286
Sizing Examples
Rocket Baseline Missile
Standoff range requirement
Wing sizing requirement
Multi-parameter harmonization
Lofted range comparison
ELF
287
ELF
288
t = 0 s (Launch Missile)
RF-Pole = VM tf - VL tf
Blue Aircraft
( 820 ft / s )
Red Aircraft
( 820 ft / s )
Blue Missile
( 1640 ft / s )
RL= Launch Range = 10.0 nm
RF = Missile Flight Range = 6.7 nm
Red Aircraft
Destroyed
R F-pole = 3.3 nm
2/24/2008
ELF
289
2/24/2008
Note:
RD = Visual detection range for
probability of detection PD = 0.5
C = Contrast
CT = Visual threshold contrast = 0.02
Atp = Target presented area = 50 ft2
RR = Visual recognition range
F = Pilot visual fovial angle = 0.8 deg
Clear weather
Pilot search glimpse time = 1 / 3 s
4
2
Example:
If C = 0.18
RD = 3.3 nm
RR = 1.0 nm
0
0.01
C = 0.01 C = 0.02
0.1
C, Contrast
C = 0.05 C = 0.1 C = 0.2
ELF
C = 0.5 C = 1.0
290
0.8
VL = Launch velocity
VL / VM = 0
VL / VM = 0.2
VL / VM = 0.5
VL / VM = 1.0
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
ELF
Example:
VL = VT
VM = 2 VT
Then VT / VM = VL / VM = 0.5
RF-Pole / RL = 0.33
RF-Pole = RD = 3.3 nm
RL = 3.3 / 0.33 = 10.0 nm
291
( RF / RL )Head-on = ( VM / VT ) / [(VM / VT ) + 1 ]
3
( RF / RL )TailChase = ( VM / VT ) / [(VM / VT ) - 1 ]
2.5
2
( RF / RL ) Head-on
( RF / RL ) Tail Chase
1.5
Examples:
Head-on Intercept
0.5
0
0
2/24/2008
ELF
VM = 1,640 ft / s, VT = 820 ft / s
VM / VT = 1640 / 820 = 2
RF / RL = 2 / ( 2 + 1 ) = 0.667
RL = 10.0 nm
RF = 0.667 ( 10.0 ) = 6.67 nm
Tail Intercept at same conditions
RF / RL = 2 / ( 2 1 ) = 2.0
RF = 2.0 ( 10.0 ) = 20.0 nm
292
LEmac at
STA 131.6
BL 8.0
3.4
LEmac at STA 67.0
BL 10.2
= 45
16.1
8.0 d
cgBO
STA 125.4
18.5
12.0
cgLaunch
= 57
Rocket Motor
40.2
STA 0
19.2
Nose
46.1
Forebody
62.6
84.5
Payload
Midbody
Bay
Aftbody
138.6 143.9
Tailcone
2/24/2008
ELF
293
2/24/2008
Weight, lb.
4.1
12.4
46.6
7.6
77.7
10.2
61.0
0.0
47.3
23.0
6.5
5.8
26.2
38.6
12.0
30.5
32.6
54.3
54.3
73.5
75.5
107.5
117.2
141.2
141.2
137.8
75.5
Burnout Total
Propellant
367.0
133.0
76.2
107.8
Launch Total
500.0
84.6
Nose ( Radome )
Forebody structure
Guidance
Payload Bay Structure
Warhead
Midbody Structure
Control Actuation System
Aftbody Structure
Rocket Motor Case
Insulation ( EDPM Silica )
Tailcone Structure
Nozzle
Fixed Surfaces
Movable Surfaces
ELF
294
Dome Material
Airframe Material
Length, in
Diameter, in
Airframe thickness, in
Fineness ratio
Volume, ft3
Wetted area, ft2
Nozzle exit area, ft2
Boattail fineness ratio
Nose fineness ratio
Nose bluntness
Boattail angle, deg
Pyroceram
Aluminum 2219-T81
143.9
8.0
0.16
17.99
3.82
24.06
0.078
0.38
2.40
0.0
7.5
Material
Planform area, ft2 ( 2 panels exposed )
Wetted area, ft2 ( 4 panels )
Aspect ratio ( 2 panels exposed )
Taper ratio
Root chord, in
Tip chord, in
Span, in ( 2 panels exposed )
Leading edge sweep, deg
Aluminum 2219-T81
2.55
10.20
2.82
0.175
19.4
3.4
32.2
45.0
2/24/2008
ELF
295
13.3
0.044
Modified double wedge
10.01
67.0
6.2
360.0
Material
Modulus of elasticity, 106 psi
Planform area, ft2 ( 2 panels exposed )
Wetted area, ft2 ( 4 panels )
Aspect ratio ( 2 panels exposed )
Taper ratio
Root chord, in
Tip chord, in
Span, in ( 2 panels exposed )
Leading edge sweep, deg
Mean aerodynamic chord, in
Thickness ratio
Section type
Section leading edge total angle, deg
xmac, in
ymac, in ( from root chord )
Aluminum 2219-T81
10.5
1.54
6.17
2.59
0.0
18.5
0.0
24.0
57.0
12.3
0.027
Modified double wedge
6.17
131.6
4.0
2/24/2008
ELF
296
0.349
0.667
117.0
94.0
3.69 / 10.86
2042
1769 / 301
5750 / 1018
21217 / 11055
250 / 230.4
Propellant
Weight, lbm ( boost / sustain )
Flame temperature @ 1,000 psi, F
Propellant density, lbm / in3
Characteristic velocity, ft / s
Burn rate @ 1000 psi, in / s
Burn rate pressure exponent
2/24/2008
84.8 / 48.2
5282 / 5228
0.065
5200
0.5
0.3
ELF
297
0.10
0.14
170,000 / 190,000
4130 Steel
29.5 x 106 psi
59.4
8.00
0.074
3140
0.76
Three slots + web
2.0
Nozzle
Housing material
Exit geometry
Throat area, in2
Expansion ratio
Length, in
Exit diameter, in
2/24/2008
4130 Steel
Contoured ( equiv. 15 )
1.81
6.2
4.9
3.78
ELF
298
Thrust 1,000 lb
4
2
Sustain Total Impulse = Tdt = 1018 ( 10.86 ) = 11055 lb-s
2/24/2008
Time seconds
ELF
12
16
Normal Force ~ CN
Pitching Moment Cm
0.6
4.60
-8.0
3.95
-12.0
2.35
2.0
-16.0
20
M
1.5
16
2.0
2.35
2.87
3.95
4.60
1.2
0.6
12
8
4
0
2/24/2008
8
12
16
, Angle of Attack Deg
ELF
20
24
300
K2
.004
0.2
K1
.002
0.1
CA = CA = 0 + K1 2 + K2
0
1.2
Power Off
0.8
Power On
1.2
0.8
0.4
0.4
0
2/24/2008
.006
0.3
CA at = 0 deg
2
3
4
M, Mach Number
5
ELF
2
3
4
M, Mach Number
5
301
Vmax = 2524 ft / s
40
Altitude ~ 103 ft
30
Boost /
Sustain
Termination
Mach = 1.5
Coast
Vmax = 2147 ft / s
20
ML = 0.7
CD
10
AVG
Vmax = 1916 ft / s
= 0.65
0
0
10
15
20
25
Range ~ nm
2/24/2008
ELF
302
Alt.
1 10k ft 15
2 10k ft 10
3 40k ft 15
4 40k ft 10
20
15
4
10
Termination at M = 1.0
Marks at 2 s intervals
2
0
-10
-5
10
ELF
303
Nondimensional 0.5
Range
Sensitivity to
0
Parameter
Isp
Prop.
Weight
CD0
-0.5
-1
Parameter
2/24/2008
ELF
304
Drag is approximated by
D = CDO q S
2/24/2008
ELF
305
Note:
tf = 24.4 s
ML = 0.8
hL = 20,000 ft
TB = 5750 lb
tB = 3.69 s
TS = 1018 lb
tS = 10.86 s
D = 99 lb at Mach 0.8
D = 1020 lb at Mach 2.1
WL = 500 lb
WP = 133 lb
Boost
10
5
Sustain
0
0
10
15
Coast
20
25
-5
t, Time, s
2/24/2008
ELF
306
V, Velocity, ft / s
3000
Sustain
2000
Coast
Boost
1000
Note:
ML = 0.8
hL = 20k feet
0
0
10
15
20
25
t, Time, s
2/24/2008
ELF
307
R, Flight Range, nm
8
Coast
6
(RF)Req = 6.7 nm @ t =24.4 s
Sustain
Note:
ML = 0.8
Boost
hL = 20k ft
0
0
10
15
20
25
t, Time, s
2/24/2008
ELF
308
Sizing Examples
Rocket Baseline Missile
Standoff range requirement
Wing sizing requirement
Multi-parameter harmonization
Lofted range comparison
ELF
309
Rocket Baseline @
Mach 2
20,000 ft altitude
367 lb weight ( burnout )
( nZ )Body = q SRef ( CN )Body / W = 2725 ( 0.349 ) ( 1.28 ) / 367 = 3.3 g ( from body )
( nZ )Tail = q STail [( CN )Tail ( SRef / STail )] / W = 2725 ( 1.54 ) ( 0.425 ) / 367 = 4.9 g ( from tail )
( nZ )Wing = ( nZ )Required - ( nZ )Body - ( nZ )Tail = 30 3.3 4.9 = 21.8 g
( SW )Required = ( nZ )Wing W / { q [( CN )Wing (SRef / SWing )]} = 21.8 ( 367 ) / {( 2725 ) ( 1.08 )} = 2.72 ft2
Note: ( SW )RocketBaseline = 2.55 ft2
2/24/2008
ELF
310
Rocket Baseline @
Mach 2
20,000 ft altitude
367 lb weight ( burnout )
i = 0 deg
Compute
.
2/24/2008
ELF
311
Compute
.
Note: ( RT )RocketBaselinet > ( RT )Target Rocket Baseline Can Be Countermeasured by Target in a Tight Turn
Counter-Countermeasure Alternatives
Larger Wing
Higher Angle of Attack
Longer Burn Motor with TVC
2/24/2008
ELF
312
Sizing Examples
Rocket Baseline Missile
Standoff range requirement
Wing sizing requirement
Multi-parameter harmonization
Lofted range comparison
ELF
313
Baseline
4
4
0.40
45.0
57.0
0.044
2.4
301
0.38
6.2
0.76
0.065
5,750
1,018
5,200
47.5
Sensitivity
Variation
3
2
0.30
49.5
60.0
0.034
2.6
330
0.342
6.82
0.84
0.084
6,325
1,119
5,720
42.75
Note:
ELF
W*
+0.054
+0.071
+0.095
-0.205
+0.027
+0.041
-0.016
-0.076
+0.096
-0.114
-0.136
-0.062
+0.014
+0.088
-0.063
+0.181
+0.100
+0.106
+0.167
+0.015
+0.039
+0.005
-0.745
-0.045
+0.140
-0.181
-0.453
+0.012
-0.018
+0.246
-0.077
-0.036
*Note:
Baseline Value
Harmonized
5,750
47.5
0.18
2.4
0.0
6.2
301
0.38
57
3,382
47
0.2
3.2
0.05
15
1,000
0.21
50
3,382
44
0.2
2.55
0.05
15
1,000
0.21
50
3,382
46
0.2
2.6
0.05
15
1,000
0.21
50
4
4
0.044
45
0.4
0.065
0.76
2
3
0.030
55
0.0
0.084
0.84
2
3
0.030
55
0.0
0.084
0.84
2
3
0.030
55
0.0
0.084
0.84
500
62.3
21.6
144
2.20
133
368.6
221.8
385.9
63.1
23.8
112.7
2.08
78.3
175.5
109.1
395.0
16.2
23.6
114.7
2.09
85.4
150.7
134.5
390.1
16.6
23.8
114.9
2.07
85.9
173.8
112.0
ELF
315
57
45
2.4
Nose
Fineness; 2.6
Weight ( lb ); 500
390
55
Surfaces;
{ 2 wings / 3 tails
4 wings / 4 tails
50
115
2/24/2008
ELF
316
Sizing Examples
Rocket Baseline Missile
Standoff range requirement
Wing sizing requirement
Multi-parameter harmonization
Lofted range comparison
ELF
317
ELF
318
Velocity, Horizontal Range, and Altitude During Coast @ = 45 deg to h@( L / D )max
Vcoast = Vi { 1 [( gc sin ) / Vi ] t } / { 1 + {[ gc AVG SRef ( CD0 )AVG Vi ] / ( 2 W )} t } = 1384 { 1
[( 32.2 ( 0.707 )) / 1384 ] 21 } / { 1 + {[ 32.2 ( 0.001338 ) ( 0.349 ) ( 0.7 ) ( 1384 )] / ( 2 ( 367 ))}
21 } = 674 ft / s
Rcoast = { 2 W / [ gc AVG SRef ( CD0 )AVG )]} ln { 1 [ gc2 AVG SRef ( CD0 )AVG / ( 2 W )] [ sin ] t2 +
{[ gc AVG SRef ( CD0 )AVG Vi ] / ( 2 W )} t } = { 2 ( 367 ) / [ 32.2 ( 0.001338 ) ( 0.349 ) ( 0.7 )] ln
{ 1 [ (32.2)2 ( 0.001338 ) ( 0.349 ) ( 0.7 ) / (( 2 ( 367 ))] [ 0.707 ] ( 21 )2 + {[ 32.2 ( 0.001338 )
( 0.349 ) ( 0.7 ) ( 1384 )] / ( 2 ( 367 ))} 21 } = 17148 ft
( Rx )coast = ( Ry )coast = Rcoast sin = 17148 ( 0.707 ) = 12124 ft
2/24/2008
ELF
319
2/24/2008
ELF
320
30
z End of boost
= 45
de g
Ballis
t ic
Gli
de
s, h = 21,590 ft
(L
/D
)m
Lofted
ax
istic
Coas
t@
20
= - 71 deg, V = 1368 ft / s
Susta
in
10
Ball
h, Altitude, k ft
End of sustain
z
z
Co-altitude
10
20
30
R, Range, nm
2/24/2008
ELF
321
Sizing Examples
Rocket Baseline Missile
Standoff range requirement
Wing sizing requirement
Multi-parameter harmonization
Lofted range comparison
ELF
322
11.6
11.5
16.5
Boost Nozzle
20.375 dia
Guidance
Chin
Inlet
Sta 0.
Ramjet Fuel
Warhead
Boost Propellant
Booster, and
Ramjet Engine
43.5
Forebody
126.0
76.5
Payload Bay
Mid-body
Nose
Aft-body
Tail Cone
159.0
171.0
Source: Bithell, R.A. and Stoner, R.C. Rapid Approach for Missile Synthesis, Vol. II, Air-breathing
Synthesis Handbook, AFWAL TR 81-3022, Vol. II, March 1982.
2/24/2008
ELF
323
Weight, lb
Nose
CG Sta, in
15.9
15.7
Forebody Structure
Guidance
42.4
129.0
33.5
33.5
64.5
510.0
60.0
60.0
Midbody Structure
Inlet
Electrical
Hydraulic System for Control Actuation
Fuel Distribution
95.2
103.0
30.0
20.0
5.0
101.2
80.0
112.0
121.0
121.0
Aftbody Structure
Engine
44.5
33.5
142.5
142.5
Tailcone Structure
Ramjet Nozzle
Flight Control Actuators
Fins ( 4 )
End of Cruise
Ramjet Fuel ( 11900 in3 )
Start of Cruise
Boost Nozzle ( Ejected )
Frangible Port
End of Boost
Boost Propellant
2/24/2008 Booster Ignition
31.6
31.0
37.0
70.0
1,262.6
476.0
1,738.6
31.0
11.5
1,781.1
449.0
2,230.1
ELF
165.0
165.0
164.0
157.2
81.8
87.0
83.2
164.0
126.0
84.9
142.5
96.5
324
Type
Material
Conical forebody half angle, deg
Ramp wedge angle, deg
Cowl angle, deg
Internal contraction ratio
Capture area, ft2
Throat area, ft2
Mixed compression
Titanium
17.7
8.36
8.24
12.2 Percent
0.79
0.29
Dome Material
Airframe Material
Combustor Material
Length, in
Diameter, in
Fineness ratio
Volume, ft3
Wetted area, ft2
Base area, ft2 ( cruise )
Boattail fineness ratio
Nose half angle, deg
Nose length, in
Silicon nitride
Titanium
Insulated Inconel
171.0
20.375
8.39
28.33
68.81
0.58
N/A
17.7
23.5
Body
2/24/2008
ELF
325
Material
Planform area ( 2 panels ), ft2
Wetted area ( 4 panels ), ft2
Aspect ratio ( 2 panels exposed )
Taper ratio
Root chord, in
Span, in. ( 2 panels exposed )
Leading edge sweep, deg
Mean aerodynamic chord, in
Thickness ratio
Section type
Section leading edge total angle, deg
xmac, in
ymac, in ( from root chord )
Titanium
2.24
8.96
1.64
0.70
16.5
23.0
37.0
14.2
0.04
Modified double wedge
9.1
150.3
5.4
Reference values
Reference area, ft2
Reference length, ft
2/24/2008
2.264
1.698
ELF
326
20.375 in
Ac = 114 in2
120
Subscripts
0
Free stream flow into inlet ( Example, Ramjet Baseline at Mach 4, = 0 deg A0 = 104 in2. Note: AC = 114 in2 )
1
Inlet throat ( Ramjet Baseline A1 = AIT = 41.9 in2 )
2
Diffuser exit ( Ramjet Baseline A2 = 77.3 in2 )
3
Flame holder plane ( Ramjet Baseline A3 = 287.1 in2 )
4
Combustor exit ( Ramjet Baseline A4 = 287.1 in2 )
5
Nozzle throat ( Ramjet Baseline A5 = 103.1 in2 )
6
Nozzle exit ( Ramjet Baseline A6 = 233.6 in2 )
Ref
Reference Area ( Ramjet Baseline Body Cross-sectional Area, SRef = 326 in2 )
2/24/2008
ELF
327
.40
Mach
.30
1.2
1.5
2.0
.20
3.0
4.0
.10
0
0
12
16
Mach
3.0
1.2
1.5
2.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
1.0
0
0
12
16
Source: Reference 27, based on year 1974 computer program from Reference 32.
2/24/2008
ELF
328
+ .4
-.4
Mach
4.0
-.8
3.0
-1.2
2.0
1.5
-1.6
1.2
12
16
Source: Reference 27, based on year 1974 computer program from Reference 32.
2/24/2008
ELF
329
-.4
.4
-.2
.3
C
D
m ~ per deg
.2
.1
.05
N ~ per deg
.10
M, Mach Number
0
0
2/24/2008
M, Mach Number
330
100000
10000
h = Sea Level
h = 20k ft
h = 40k ft
h = 60k ft
h = 80k ft
1000
Note:
Standard atmosphere
T = Tmax
100
0
= 1 if stochiometric ( f / a = 0.0667 )
= 0 deg
M, Mach Number
Figure based on Reference 27 prediction
2/24/2008
ELF
331
1,500
1,000
Note:
500
Standard atmosphere
1
ISP based on Reference 27 computer prediction.
0
M, Mach Number
2/24/2008
ELF
332
30
( ISP )Booster = 250 s
20
10
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
Time ~ s
Standard atmosphere
ML = 0.80
Constant altitude flyout
2.0
Boost Range ~ nm
1.0
0
0
20
40
60
h, Altitude 1,000 ft
2/24/2008
ELF
4.0
5.0
6.0
20
40
3.0
2.5
2.0
60
h, Altitude 1,000 ft
80
333
400
Range ~ nm
60,000 ft
300
200
40,000 ft
100
20,000 ft
h = SL
M, Mach Number
Example, Mach 3 / 60k ft flyout 445 nm. Breguet Range Prediction is R = V ISP ( L / D ) ln [ WBC / ( WBC - Wf )] = 2901 ( 1040 )
( 3.15 ) ln ( 1739 / ( 1739 - 476 )) = 3,039,469 ft or 500 nm. Predicted range is 10% greater than baseline missile data.
2/24/2008
ELF
334
1.5
Example: At Mach 3.0 / 60k ft altitude
cruise, 10% increase in fuel weight
9.6% increase in flight range
1
0.5
0
ISP
-0.5
Fuel
Weight
Thrust
-1
Inert
Weight
Parameter
Sea Level Flyout at Mach 2.3
40k ft Flyout at Mach 2.8
2/24/2008
ELF
Uncertainty in Parameter
R / R from Uncertainty
1. Specific Impulse
1040 s
+/- 5%, 1
+/- 5%, 1
476 lb
+/- 1%, 1
+/- 0.9%, 1
458 lb
+/- 5%, 1
+/- 2%, 1
0.17
+/- 5%, 1
+/- 4%, 1
0.13 / deg
+/- 3%, 1
+/- 1%, 1
6. inert Weight
1205 lb
+/- 2%, 1
+/- 0.8%, 1
Level of Maturity Based on Flight Demo of Prototype, Subsystem Tests, and Integration
Wind tunnel tests
Direct connect, freejet, and booster firing propulsion tests
Structure test
Mock-up
Hardware-in-loop simulation
Flight Test
ELF
336
Sizing Examples
Rocket Baseline Missile
Standoff range requirement
Wing sizing requirement
Multi-parameter harmonization
Lofted range comparison
ELF
337
11900 / 476
1120 / 390
677 / 294
7922 / 649
769 / 366
7056 / 579
1170 / 496
11900 / 595
1835 / 770
2/24/2008
Note:
Flow Path
Available Fuel
ELF
338
Sizing Examples
Rocket Baseline Missile
Standoff range requirement
Wing sizing requirement
Multi-parameter harmonization
Lofted range comparison
ELF
339
W = WBO = 1263 lb
D = CD q SRef = 3353 CD MI2 = 3353 ( 0.14 )
0
0
( 4 )2 = 7511 lb
Trequired = D - W = 7511 - 1263 = 6248 lb
.
0.1
0
2/24/2008
ELF
340
Sizing Examples
Rocket Baseline Missile
Standoff range requirement
Wing sizing requirement
Multi-parameter harmonization
Lofted range comparison
ELF
341
ELF
342
2/24/2008
ELF
343
2/24/2008
ELF
344
, Ramjet
Propulsion Input ( pc, , c*, Ab, At, A0, Hf, , T4, Inlet Type )
.
Propulsion Output [ Isp, Tcruise, pt / pt , w , Tboost, Tsustain, VBoost ]
2
Alt Mission
Alt Baseline
ELF
345
Example Requirement
RF = 6.7 nm with tf < 24.4 s
2/24/2008
ELF
346
Sizing Examples
Rocket Baseline Missile
Standoff range requirement
Wing sizing requirement
Multi-parameter harmonization
Lofted range comparison
ELF
347
Furnished Property
Launch System
Distance Measuring Wheel
Weight Scale
Micrometer Scale
Engineers Scale
Scissors
Furnished Material
1 Giant Soda Straw: 0.28 in Diameter by 7.75 in Length, Weight = 0.6 g
1 Strip Tabbing: in by 6 in, Weight = 1.4 g
1 Ear Plug: 0.33 0.45 in Diameter by 0.90 in Length, Weight = 0.6 g
1 Super Jumbo Soda Straw: 0.25 in Diameter by 7.75 in Length
2/24/2008
ELF
348
2/24/2008
ELF
349
1. Pump
11. Rockets with Various Length, Tail Geometry, Nose Geometry, and Other Surfaces
2/24/2008
ELF
350
2/24/2008
ELF
351
Ear Plug
Soda Straw
Strip Tabbing
0.25 in
0.28 in
0.5 in
lc = 6.0 in
l = 7.0 in
2/24/2008
ELF
352
2/24/2008
Weight, g
0.6
0.5
0.5
1.6
ELF
cg Station, in
0.5
3.5
6.75
3.39
353
HDPE Plastic
0.043
4,600
0.004
7.0
0.28
25.0
0.5
Material
Planform area, in2 ( 2 panels exposed )
Wetted area, in2 ( 4 panels )
Aspect ratio ( 2 panels exposed )
Taper ratio
Chord, in
Span ( exposed ), in
Span ( total including body ), in
Leading edge sweep, deg
xmac, in
Plastic
0.25
1.00
1.00
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.78
0
6.625
Fins
2/24/2008
ELF
354
Foam
0.012
0.39 in
0.90 in
Reference Values
Reference area, in2
Reference length, in
0.0616
0.28
Thrust Performance
Inside cavity length, in
Typical Pressure, psi
Maximum thrust @ 30 psi pressure, lb
Time constant, s ( standard temperature )
2/24/2008
6.0
30
1.47
0.025
ELF
355
xAC
l
( xAC )T
xCG = 3.39 in, d = 0.28 in, ( CN )B = 2 per rad, ST = 0.25 in2, SRef = 0.0616 in2
( xAC )B = [( xAC )B / lN ] lN = 0.63 ( 0.14 ) = 0.09 in
( CN )T = AT / 2 = ( 1 ) / 2 = 1.57
( xAC )T = 6.5 + 0.25 ( cmac )T = 6.63
Substituting
( xAC - xCG ) / d = - { 2 ( 3.39 0.09 ) / 0.28 + [ 1.57 ( 3.39 6.63 ) / 0.28 ] [( 0.25 ) /
0.0616 ]} / [ 2 + 1.57 ( 0.25 ) / 0.0616 ] = 6.00 ( statically stable )
xAC = 6.00 ( 0.28 ) + 3.39 = 5.07 in from nose
2/24/2008
ELF
356
100
V, Velocity, fps
80
60
40
20
0
0
10
pgauge = 30 psi
ELF
1.5
0.5
0
0
10
V = 80 fps
ELF
h = { 2 W sin i / [ gc SRef CD ]} ln { 1 + t / { 2
0
W / [ gc SRef CD0 Vi ]}} + hi - gc t2 / 2
40
Note: Time Tics
every 0.5 s
30
20
10
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Gamma = 30 Deg
Gamma = 50 Deg
ELF
0.6
Nondimensional
Range
Sensitivity to
Parameter
0.4
0.2
Gamma pgauge
tau
CD0
-0.2
Rx = Horizontal range = 94 ft
2/24/2008
ELF
360
Baseline Value
Uncertainty in
Parameter
R / R Due to
Uncertainty
6 in
+/- 2%, 1
+/- 1.5%, 1
2. Launch Angle
30 deg
+/- 3%, 1
+/- 1.7%, 1
3. Gauge Pressure
30 psi
+/- 3%, 1
+/- 0.5%, 1
4. Weight
1.6 g
+/- 6%, 1
+/- 0.4%, 1
0.025 s
+/- 20%, 1
+/- 0.2%, 1
0.86
+/- 20%, 1
+/- 0.2%, 1
Estimate of Level of Maturity / Uncertainty of Soda Straw Rocket Baseline Parameters Based on
Wind tunnel test
Thrust static test
Weight measurement
Prediction methods
ELF
361
Chamber Length
Flight Range
Weight
74 = ( 7x8 + 3x6 )
26 = ( 7x2 + 3x4 )
Note: Based on House of Quality, inside chamber length most important design parameter.
Note on Design Characteristics Sensitivity
Matrix: ( Room 5 ):
1 - Customer Requirements
2 Customer Importance Rating ( Total = 10 )
3 Design Characteristics
4 Design Characteristics Importance Rating ( Total = 10 )
5 Design Characteristics Sensitivity Matrix
6 Design Characteristics Weighted Importance
7 Design Characteristics Relative Importance
++ Strong Synergy
+ Synergy
0 Near Neutral Synergy
- Anti-Synergy
- - Strong Anti-Synergy
2/24/2008
ELF
362
Lower Value
0.125
Upper Value
0.25
Sketch
Big Kahuna
0.25
Shorty
0.25
Stiletto
0.125
Petite
0.125
Note: DOE concepts should emphasize customer driving requirements and the driving engineering characteristics.
2/24/2008
ELF
363
2/24/2008
ELF
364
Sketch
l / d,
Total Length /
Diameter
b / d,
Total Tail Span /
Diameter
c / d,
Tail Chord /
Diameter
Big Kahuna
25
2.79
Shorty
17.9
2.79
Stiletto
25
1.89
Petite
17.9
1.89
Hydra 70
15.1
2.66
Note: For a subsonic rocket with the center-of-gravity in the center of the rocket, slender body theory and slender
surface theory give total tail span and chord for neutral stability of bNeutralStability 2 d and cNeutralStability > d
respectively.
2/24/2008
ELF
365
2/24/2008
ELF
366
ELF
367
Discussion / Questions?
Classroom Exercise ( Appendix A )
2/24/2008
ELF
368
369
17.
18.
19.
2/24/2008
370
Outline
Introduction / Key Drivers in the Design Process
Aerodynamic Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Propulsion Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Weight Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Flight Performance Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Measures of Merit and Launch Platform Integration
Sizing Examples
Development Process
Summary and Lessons Learned
References and Communication
Appendices ( Homework Problems / Classroom Exercises,
Example of Request for Proposal, Nomenclature, Acronyms,
Conversion Factors, Syllabus )
2/24/2008
ELF
371
ELF
372
Technology
Acquisition
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
Basic
Research
Exploratory
Development
Advanced
Development
Demonstration
& Validation
System
Development
and
Demonstration
Production
System
Upgrades
~ $0.1B
~ $0.3B
~ $0.9B
~ $0.5B
~ $1.0B
~ $6.1B
~ $1.2B
Maturity Level
Conceptual Design
2/24/2008
Preliminary Design
Detail Design
Production Design
Technology
Demonstration
~ 8 Years
Prototype
Demonstration
~ 4 Years
Full Scale
Development
~ 5 Years
First
Limited Block
~ 2 Years ~ 5
Years
1-3 Block
Upgrades
~ 5-15 Years
Production
Note:
Total US DoD Research and Technology for Tactical Missiles $1.8 Billion per year
Total US DoD Acquisition ( SDD + Production + Upgrades ) for Tactical Missiles $8.3 Billion per year
Tactical Missiles 11% of U.S. DoD RT&A budget
US Industry IR&D typically similar to US DoD 6.2 and 6.3A
ELF
373
TRL 4
TRL 5
TRL 6
TRL 7
Category 6.1
Category 6.2A
Category 6.2B
Category 6.3
Category 6.4
Basic
research
Exploratory
development
of a
component,
conceptual
design
studies, and
prediction
methods
Exploratory
development
of a
subsystem
Advanced tech
demo of a
subsystem
Prototype
demonstration
374
100
Number of Concepts
Number of Drawings
10
1
0
10
15
Time ( Years )
2/24/2008
Conceptual
Prelim.
Detail
Production
Design
Design
Design
Design
ELF
375
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
Rocket Static
Turbojet Static
Ramjet Tests
-Direct Connect
-Freejet
Airframe
Aero Model
Guidance
and Control
Wind Tunnel
Tests
Lab Tests
IM Tests
Structure
Test
Hardware
In-Loop
Simulation
Tower
Tests
Actuators / Initiators
Sensors
Lab Tests
Autopilot / Electronics
Power
Supply
Warhead
2/24/2008
Ballistic Tests
Environment
Tests
Vibration
Temperature
IM Tests
Sled Tests
377
2/24/2008
ELF
378
Structure Test ..
2/24/2008
ELF
379
Hardware-In-Loop
Environmental Test ..
ELF
380
Flight Test .
2/24/2008
ELF
381
Booster
Transition:
Thrust - Drag
w
Lo
m
na
y
D
ic
su
s
e
Pr
re
Flight 1
Flight 7
Flight 7
Flight 3
Flight 7
a
yn
D
h
Hig
cP
i
m
re
su
s
re
Flight 3
ELF
382
2/24/2008
ELF
383
ELF
384
60
50
Controls Augmented
with Propulsion
Devices ( TVC,
Reaction Jet )
40
30
20
10
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
Year IOC
2/24/2008
ELF
1990
2000
2010
AIM-7A
AM-9B
R530
AA-8
AIM-54
R550
Skyflash
Python 3
AA-10
Aspide
Super 530D
AA-11
AIM-120
Python 4
AA-12
MICA
AIM-132
AIM-9X
385
Scramjet
Ramjet
5
4
3
2
1
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
X-7
Bloodhound
CROW
3M80
Kh-41
SED
Vandal/Talos
BOMARC
SA-6
ASALM
SLAT
ELF
St-450
Typhon
Sea Dart
AS-17 / Kh-31
BrahMos
SE 4400
STATEX
LASRM
ASMP
Meteor
386
Electronics
G&C
GPS / INS
In-flight Optimize
, Feedback
ATR
Insulation
Hypersonic
High Density
COTS
Central
Power
Data Link
BDI / BDA
In-flight Retarget
Moving Target
Phased Array
Flight Control
EM and
Piezoelectric
TVC / Reaction Jet
Dedicated Roll
MEMS
Seeker
Multi-mode
Multi-spectral
SAR
Strapdown
Uncooled Imaging
High Gimbal
Warhead
High Energy Density
Multi-mode
High Density Penetrator
Boosted Penetrator
Smart Dispenser
Powered Submunition
2/24/2008
Airframe
Lifting Body
Neutral Static Margin
Lattice Fins
Split Canard
Low xAC Wing / Low Hinge Moment Control
Free-to-Roll Tails
Compressed Carriage
Low Drag Inlet
Mixed Compression Inlet
Single Cast Structure
VARTM, Pultrusion, Extrusion, Filament Wind
High Temperature Composites
Titanium Alloy
MEMS Data Collection
Low Observable Shaping and Materials
ELF
Propulsion
Hypersonic Turbine-Based
Liquid / Solid Fuel Ramjet
Variable Flow Ducted Rocket
Scramjet
Combined Cycle Propulsion
High Temperature Turbine
High Temperature Combustor
High Density Fuel / Propellant
High Throttle Fuel Control
Endothermic Fuel
Composite Case
Pintle / Pulsed / Gel Motor
High Burn Rate Exponent Propellant
Low Observable
387
ELF
388
2/24/2008
389
Outline
Introduction / Key Drivers in the Design Process
Aerodynamic Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Propulsion Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Weight Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Flight Performance Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Measures of Merit and Launch Platform Integration
Sizing Examples
Development Process
Summary and Lessons Learned
References and Communication
Appendices ( Homework Problems / Classroom Exercises,
Example of Request for Proposal, Nomenclature, Acronyms,
Conversion Factors, Syllabus )
2/24/2008
ELF
390
Update
Initial
Weapon
Requirements,
Trade Studies
and Sensitivity
Analysis
Launch Platform
Integration
Revised
Trades / Eval
Initial
Reqs
Alt
Concepts
Initial Carriage /
Launch
Effectiveness / Eval
Baseline
Selected
Iteration
Refine
Weapons
Req
Weapon Concept
Design Synthesis
Technology
Assessment and
Dev Roadmap
Initial
Tech
Tech
Trades
Initial
Revised
Roadmap Roadmap
ELF
391
Operations analysts
system-of-systems analysis
System integration engineers
launch platform integration
Missile design engineers
missile concept synthesis
Technical specialists ( technology push )
technology assessment / roadmap
2/24/2008
ELF
392
2/24/2008
ELF
393
Max / Min
Range
Lethality
Time to
Target
Reliability
Miss Distance
Observables
Survivability
2/24/2008
Robustness
ELF
Weight
394
I would have
used the wheel
as a baseline.
2/24/2008
ELF
395
Aerodynamics
Production
Structures
Seeker
Guidance and
Control
Warhead Fuze
2/24/2008
ELF
396
AA- 8 / R-60
Python 4
Magic 550
U-Darter
Python 5
Derby / R-Darter
AIM-9L
Aspide
AA-10 / R-27
Skyflash
AIM-7
R-37
AA-12 / R-77
AIM-9x
Super 530D
AIM-132
AA-11 / R-73
AIM-54
AIM-120
Mica
IRIS-T
Meteor
A-Darter
Taildog
Note: Although all of the above are supersonic air-to-air missiles, they have different configuration geometry
2/24/2008
ELF
397
2/24/2008
ELF
398
2/24/2008
ELF
399
2/24/2008
ELF
400
No
Build
Is it Producible?
No
2/24/2008
Wisdom
Understanding
Knowledge
Information
Failure /
Success
Fly ( Test )
Test Results Satisfy
Customer Requirements
and Consistent with
Prediction?
Climb Ladder of Kn
owledge
Design
No
Data
Yes
ELF
401
2/24/2008
ELF
402
2/24/2008
ELF
403
Three-view drawing of
preferred concept( s )
Traceability of
system driving MIRs
Sensitivity of system /
subsystem parameters
Mission flight profiles of
preferred concept( s )
Aero and propulsion
characteristics
Justification of
ept(s)
recommended conc
rnative
Sketches of alte
concepts
eighting
MIRs W
2/24/2008
ELF
404
Detail /
Production
Design
30%
Conceptual Design 2%
Other Than
Design
60%
(Test, Analysis,
Configuration
Management, Software,
Program Management,
Integration,
Requirements,
etc.)
Source: Nicolai, L.M., Designing a Better Engineer, AIAA Aerospace America, April 1992
2/24/2008
ELF
405
Production Programs /
Detail Design
SDD Programs /
Preliminary Design
2/24/2008
ELF
Advanced Programs /
Conceptual Design
406
Trajectory
Meet
Performance?
No
Yes
Measures of Merit and Constraints
No
Yes
2/24/2008
ELF
407
2/24/2008
ELF
5 < l / d < 25
lN / d 2 if M > 1
< 10 deg
q < 1,000 psf
VM / VT > 1.5
> 4,000 F
> 2 oblique shocks / compressions if M >
3.0, > 3 shocks / compressions if M > 3.5
Shock on cowl lip at Mmax cruise
M > 1.2 x MInletStart , M > 1.2 MMaxThrust = Drag
Maximize available volume for fuel /
propellant
408
2/24/2008
ELF
409
Wrap Up ( Part 1 of 2 )
Missile design is a creative and iterative process that includes
System considerations
Missile concepts and sizing
Flight trajectory evaluation
ELF
410
Wrap Up ( Part 2 )
The missile conceptual design philosophy requires
Iteration, iteration, iteration
Evaluation of a broad range of alternatives
Traceable flow-down allocation of requirements
Starting with a good baseline
Paredo sensitivity analysis to determine the most important, driving
parameters
Synergistic compromise / balanced subsystems and technologies
that are high leverage
Awareness of technology SOTA / technology assessment
Technology impact forecast
Robust design
Creative design decisions made by the designer ( not the computer )
Fast, simple, robust, physics-based prediction methods
2/24/2008
ELF
411
Outline
Introduction / Key Drivers in the Design Process
Aerodynamic Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Propulsion Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Weight Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Flight Performance Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Measures of Merit and Launch Platform Integration
Sizing Examples
Development Process
Summary and Lessons Learned
References and Communication
Appendices ( Homework Problems / Classroom Exercises,
Example of Request for Proposal, Nomenclature, Acronyms,
Conversion Factors, Syllabus )
2/24/2008
ELF
412
References
1. Missile.index, http://missile.index.ne.jp/en/
2. AIAA Aerospace Design Engineers Guide, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1993
3. Bonney, E.A., et al, Aerodynamics, Propulsion, Structures, and Design Practice, Principles of Guided Missile Design,
D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1956
4. Jerger, J.J., Systems Preliminary Design Principles of Guided Missile Design, Principles of Guided Missile Design, D.
Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1960
5. Chin, S.S., Missile Configuration Design, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1961
6. Mason, L.A., Devan, L., and Moore, F.G., Aerodynamic Design Manual for Tactical Weapons, NSWCTR 81-156, 1981
7. Pitts, W.C., Nielsen, J.N., and Kaattari, G.E., Lift and Center of Pressure of Wing-Body-Tail Combinations at Subsonic,
Transonic, and Supersonic Speeds, NACA Report 1307, 1957
8. Jorgensen, L.H., Prediction of Static Aerodynamic Characteristics for Space-Shuttle-Like, and Other Bodies at Angles
of Attack From 0 to 180, NASA TND 6996, January 1973
9. Hoak, D.E., et al., USAF Stability and Control DATCOM, AFWAL TR-83-3048, Global Engineering, 1978
10. Nielsen Engineering & Research (NEAR) Aerodynamic Software Products, http://www.nearinc.com/near/software.htm
11. Ashley, H., Engineering Analysis of Flight Vehicles, Dover Publications, Inc., 1974
12. Anderson, John D. Jr., Modern Compressible Flow, Second Edition, McGraw Hill, 1990
13. Kinroth, G.D. and Anderson, W.R., Ramjet Design Handbook, CPIA Pub. 319 and AFWAL TR 80-2003, June 1980
14. Technical Aerodynamics Manual, North American Rockwell Corporation, DTIC AD 723823, June 1970
15. Oswatitsch, K.L., Pressure Recovery for Missiles with Reaction Propulsion at High Supersonic Speeds, NACA TM 1140, 1947
16. Carslaw, H.S. and Jaeger, J. C., Conduction of Heat in Solids, Clarendon Press, 1988
2/24/2008
ELF
413
References ( cont )
17. Allen, J. and Eggers, A.J., A Study of the Motion and Aerodynamic Heating of Ballistic Missiles Entering the Earths
Atmosphere at High Supersonic Speeds, NACA Report 1381, April 1953.
18. Schneider, S.H., Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather, Oxford University Press, 1996
19. Klein, L.A., Millimeter-Wave and Infrared Multisensor Design and Signal Processing, Artech House, Boston, 1997
20. US Army Ordnance Pamphlet ORDP-20-290-Warheads, 1980
21. Carleone, J. (Editor), Tactical Missile Warheads, AIAA Vol. 155 Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics, American
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1993
22. Christman, D.R. and Gehring, J.W., Analysis of High-Velocity Projectile Penetration Mechanics, Journal of Applied
Physics, Vol. 37, 1966
23. Heaston, R.J. and Smoots, C.W., Precision Guided Munitions, GACIAC Report HB-83-01, May 1983
24. Donatelli, G.A. and Fleeman, E.L., Methodology for Predicting Miss Distance for Air Launched Missiles, AIAA-820364, January 1982
25. Bennett, R.R. and Mathews, W.E., Analytical Determination of Miss Distances for Linear Homing Navigation
Systems, Hughes Tech Memo 260, 31 March 1952
26. Nicholas, T. and Rossi, R., US Missile Data Book, 1996, Data Search Associates, 1996
27. Bithell, R.A. and Stoner, R.C., Rapid Approach for Missile Synthesis, AFWAL TR 81-3022, March 1982
28. Fleeman, E.L. and Donatelli, G.A., Conceptual Design Procedure Applied to a Typical Air-Launched Missile, AIAA 811688, August 1981
29. Hindes, J.W., Advanced Design of Aerodynamic Missiles ( ADAM ), October 1993
30. Frits, A.P., et al, A Conceptual Sizing Tool for Tactical Missiles, AIAA Missile Sciences Conference, November 2002
31. Bruns, K.D., Moore, M.E., Stoy, S.L., Vukelich, S.R., and Blake, W.B., Missile DATCOM, AFWAL-TR-91-3039, April
1991
2/24/2008
ELF
414
References ( cont )
32. Moore, F.G., et al, The 2002 Version of the Aeroprediction Code, Naval Surface Warfare Warfare Center, March 2002
33. Nicolai, L.M., Designing a Better Engineer, AIAA Aerospace America, April 1992
2/24/2008
ELF
415
2/24/2008
ELF
416
ELF
417
ELF
418
2/24/2008
ELF
419
2/24/2008
ELF
420
Follow-up Communication
I would appreciate receiving your comments and
corrections on this text, as well as any data,
examples, or references that you may offer.
Thank you,
Gene Fleeman
Tactical Missile Design
E-mail: GeneFleeman@msn.com
Web Site: http://genefleeman.home.mindspring.com
2/24/2008
ELF
421
Outline
Introduction / Key Drivers in the Design Process
Aerodynamic Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Propulsion Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Weight Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Flight Performance Considerations in Tactical Missile Design
Measures of Merit and Launch Platform Integration
Sizing Examples
Development Process
Summary and Lessons Learned
References and Communication
Appendices ( Homework Problems / Classroom Exercises,
Example of Request for Proposal, Nomenclature, Acronyms,
Conversion Factors, Syllabus )
2/24/2008
ELF
422