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In
Ter
Ko
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Resumen
El trabajo presenta los resultados de aplicar el mtodo de Emisin Acstica (EA) a dos modelos a escala
de estructuras de hormign armado (HA) de diferente
tipologa, sometidas a cargas dinmicas mediante la
mesa ssmica uniaxial MTS 3 m x 3 m del Laboratorio
de Dinmica de Estructuras de la Universidad de Granada. El objetivo final de esta lnea de investigacin
es el desarrollo de ndices de dao fiables que permitan evaluar en tiempo real el dao de la estructura
mediante la medicin y anlisis de las seales de EA
generadas durante los procesos de fractura del hormign. Para ello, dos estructuras (una losa de hormign armado con pilares de acero, y una estructura
porticada de HA), se sometieron a diferentes simulaciones ssmicas de diferente nivel de aceleracin, hasta su colapso. El trabajo muestra la existencia de una
fuerte correlacin entre la energa de deformacin
plstica disipada por la estructura y la energa de las
seales de EA, resultado prometedor para el objetivo
final anteriormente comentado.
ABSTRACT
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Fig
Fig
rced
o
da
Introduccin
Introduction
Figura 1. Mapa de riesgo ssmico (Aceleracin mxima del terreno con el 10% de probabilidad de ser excedido en 50 aos)
Figure 1. Seismic risk map (peak ground aceleration with 10% of probability of being exceeded in 50 years)
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En primer lugar, se presentan los resultados de un prototipo de estructura formado por una losa de hormign
armado de 4.8 x 4.8 m. de base y 125 mm de espesor,
apoyada en 4 pilares de acero de 2.8 m de alto, derivado de aplicar factores de escala ll=1/2, la=1 y ls =1,
Fig
Fig
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of
Figura 2. Ensayo 1: Izquierda: Montaje experimental. A la derecha: Modelo de ensayo: planta (vista desde abajo)
Figure 2. Test 1: Left: Experimental set-up. Right: Test model: plan (bottom view)
para las dimensiones, aceleraciones y tensiones, respectivamente (vanse las Figuras 2 y 3). La tensin de
fluencia del acero de las armaduras fue de 467 MPa, y
la resistencia del hormign, 23.5 MPa. Los especmenes
se ensayaron con una mesa ssmica MTS 3 x 3 m2 sometindolos al acelerograma registrado en Calitri 1980 NS
durante el terremoto de Campano-Lucano (Italia), tal y
como se muestra en la Figura 4. Se aplicaron dos series
de simulaciones ssmicas, en cada una de las cuales el
el
of
an
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ng
=1,
ch
he
ess2
tegth
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ARTCULOS
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Simulacin Ssmica
Seismic Sinulation
PA (g)
A1
B1
C1
D1
E1
F1
G1
H1
A2
B2
C2
D2
E2
F2
G2
0.08 0.10 0.12 0.19 0.29 0.38 0.44 0.58 0.19 0.38 0.58 0.66 0.75 0.95 1.10
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Pa
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he
On the other hand, Figure 5 shows the accumulated AE energy, EAE, normalized to the value after
the seismic simulation F1, E0AE (=14500 ue). During
the seismic simulations A1 to F1 (stage I) the steel remained in elastic range, so Wps=0 and Wpc=Wp.
In this stage, a good correlation between AE energy
and plastic deformation energy can be seen in Figure 5. In contrast, during the seismic simulation G1,
H1 and from A2 to G2 (stage II), Wpc<Wp. However,
the registered EAE is related only with the cracking
of concrete (Wpc), as the detection threshold was 45
dB, and therefore it was impossible to detect the
AE from the steel plastification. For this reason, the
plastic deformation energy is clearly higher than the
AE energy in the stage II (see Figure 5). Therefore, in
the stage I, it was verified that
EAE
Wpc
EoAE
Wpc,o
EAE
0.0265V0.77
donde V es el volumen de la estructura y EAE es la energa de emisin acstica. El factor 0.0265 debe ser calibrado en cada caso segn la instrumentacin de emisin
EAE
EoAE
EAE
0.0265V0.77
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Fig
Figura 6. Ensayo 2: Modelo de ensayo con la posicin de los sensores de Emisin Acstica. a) Elevacin. b) Planta (ver abajo)
Fig
Figure 6. Test 2: Test model with AE sensor positions. a) Elevation. b) Plan (bottom view)
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The test model was tested using the same acceleration history of the Test 1. Four seismic simulations
were applied to the test model, scaling the acceleration applied to the table to the peak values shown
in Table 1. AE generated by the concrete breaking
was measured during the tests by means twenty
low-frequency sensors (same than Test 1) placed
on the test model. Ten guard sensors where fixed in
Fig
Sim
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of
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ged
am
he
he
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nty
ed
in
Figura 8. Ensayo 2: Energa acumulada del primer hit del evento, a lo largo de cada simulacin ssmica. Viga C1-C2 a)
Simulacin Calitri_50. b) Simulacin Calitri_100. c) Simulacin Calitri_ 200. d) Calitri_300
Figure 8. Test 2: Cumulated energy of first-hit of event only, along each seismic simulation. Beam C1-C2. a) Simulation Calitri_50. b) Simulation Calitri_100. c) Simulation Calitri_200. d) Simulation Calitri_300
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mismo tipo que en el caso 1). Se colocaron diez sensores guarda en los principales lugares donde se esperaba
friccin y ruido mecnico. Al tratarse de un espcimen simtrico en la direccin del sismo, los sensores
no guardas fueron colocados en las dos columnas no
simtricas, C3 (cara interior del pilar) y C4 (cara exterior
del pilar), dos sensores en cada uno (encima y debajo
de la unin viga-columna). Los otros seis sensores se
colocaron en las dos vigas en la direccin del sismo, tres
en cada viga, para estudiar el dao en toda la viga y
posibles daos en el forjado. Se utilizaron los mismos
filtros que en el caso 1, con un umbral de 50 dB.
Simulaciones Ssmicas
Seismic Simulations
Calitri_50
Calitri_100
Calitri_200
Calitri_300
0.084 g
0.18 g
0.34 g
0.58 g
Sin dao
No damage
Nivel de dao
Damage Level
Dao intenso
Dao importante
Intense damage Serious damage
Fig
tri
Fig
Cra
Me
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sen
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Fig
lac
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ors
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nd
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ake
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ch
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he
Figura 9. Ensayo 2: Diagrama de las grietas observadas. b) Las grietas de la viga C1-C2 despus de la simulacin Calitri_100. c) Las grietas de la viga C1-C2, cerca de la columna C2, despus de la simulacin Calitri_300
Figure 9. Test 2: a) Diagram of the cracks observed. b) Cracks of the beam C1-C2 after simulation Calitri_100. c)
Cracks of the beam C1-C2, near column C2, after simulation Calitri_300
Figura 10. Ensayo 2: Energa acumulada del primer hit del evento, a lo largo de la longitud de la viga C1-C2. a) Simulacin Calitri_50. b) Simulacin Calitri_100. c) Simulacin Calitri_200. d) Simulacin Calitri_300
Figure 10. Test 2: Cumulated energy of first-hit of event only, along the length of the beam C1-C2. a) Simulation
Calitri_50. b) Simulation Calitri_100. c) Simulation Calitri_200. d) Simulation Calitri_300
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Conclusiones
Conclusions
This paper summarizes the results of the AE recorded during dynamic tests conducted on two RC
structures subjected to several seismic simulations
with the shacking table of the Laboratory of Dynamics of Structures of the University of Granada.
Although the results are still preliminary, the AE is
shown as a promising method for the continuous
assessment of damage caused by seismic loads.
This is largely due to the strong correlation between
the plastic deformation energy and the energy of
acoustic emission signals emitted. However, there
are still aspects to be solved before its implementation for monitoring in this type of structures: noise
reduction, the type of sensors to be used, damage
index calibration, as well as the improvements in
the algorithms of the source locations, inherent to
the complexity of the structure and the material.
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Agradecimientos
Acknowledgements
Esta investigacin ha sido financiada por la Consejera de Innovacin, Ciencia y Tecnologa de la Junta de
Andaluca (Espaa), proyectos P07-TEP-02610 y P08TEP-03641, y por el Ministerio de Educacin y Ciencia
(Plan Nacional BIA 2008 00050). Estas investigaciones recibieron financiacin de fondos FEDER.
Bibliografa / References
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Cyclic Load Test Methods, ACI Structural Journal, Vol 106 (3), pp. 288-299.
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Large Structures, Journal of Sound and Vibrations, Vol. 329, pp. 2384-2394.
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as sensitive earthquake receptors, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, Vol 7, pp. 251-261.
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Beam-Column Subassemblages Subjected to Cyclic Loading, Structural Health Monitoring, Vol 8, pp. 175-189.
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of reinforced concrete slabs under seismic loads, Structural Health Monitoring, Vol 11 (1), pp. 69-81.
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damage in reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic loading, World Conference on Acoustic Emission,
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8. Surez, E. (2011), Evaluacin de dao en estructuras de hormign armado sometidas a sismo mediante la
tcnica de emisin acstica. Proyecto Fin de Carrera de Ingeniera de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad de
Granada.
9.
Gallego A., Benavent-Climent A. and Infantes C. (2011). Health monitoring of reinforced concrete slabs
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