Android (Operating System) : Navigation Search Android (Disambiguation)

Android (operating system)
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This article is about the operating system. For other uses, see Android (disambiguation).
Android
Android 2.3 "Gingerbread"

Company /
Google Inc.,
developer
Open Handset Alliance
Programmed in
C (core),[1] C++ (some third party

libraries), Java (UI)
Working state
Current
Source model
Free and open source software
Initial release
21 October 2008
2.3.2 (Gingerbread) Build:
Latest stable release GRH78C[2] / 21 January 2011; 13 days

ago[2]
Supported platforms
Kernel type
Default user
interface
License
Official website
ARM, MIPS, Power Architecture,

x86[3][citation needed]
Monolithic (modified Linux kernel)
Graphical
Apache 2.0 (Linux kernel patches are
licensed under GPL v2[4])
android.com
Android is a mobile operating system initially developed by Android Inc. Android was bought
by Google in 2005.[5] Android is based upon a modified version of the Linux kernel. Google and
other members of the Open Handset Alliance collaborated on Android's development and release.
[6][7]
The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is tasked with the maintenance and further
development of Android.[8]
In Q4 2010 the Android O.S. was the world's best-selling smartphone platform, dethroning
Nokia's Symbian from the 10 year top position, according to Canalys.[9][10]
Android has a large community of developers writing application programs ("apps") that extend
the functionality of the devices. There are currently over 200,000 apps available for Android.
[11]
Android Market is the online app store run by Google, though apps can be downloaded from
third-party sites (AT&T permits third-party apps only on their Aria phone [12]). Developers write
primarily in the Java language, controlling the device via Google-developed Java libraries.[13]
Python, Ruby and other languages are also available for Android development via the Android
Scripting Environment.
The unveiling of the Android distribution on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding
of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 79 hardware, software, and telecom companies
devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices.[14][15] Google released most of the
Android code under the Apache License, a free software and open source license.[16]
The Android operating system software stack consists of Java applications running on a Javabased, object-oriented application framework on top of Java core libraries running on a Dalvik
virtual machine featuring JIT compilation. Libraries written in C include the surface manager,
OpenCore[17] media framework, SQLite relational database management system, OpenGL ES 2.0
3D graphics API, WebKit layout engine, SGL graphics engine, SSL, and Bionic libc. The
Android operating system consists of 12 million lines of code including 3 million lines of XML,
2.8 million lines of C, 2.1 million lines of Java, and 1.75 million lines of C++.[18]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
o 1.1 Acquisition by Google
o 1.2 Open Handset Alliance
o 1.3 Licensing
o 1.4 Update history
2 Features
3 Hardware running Android
4 Software development
o 4.1 Software development kit
o 4.2 Android Market
o 4.3 App Inventor for Android
o 4.4 Android Developer Challenge
o 4.5 Google applications
o 4.6 Third party applications
o 4.7 Native code
o 4.8 Community-based firmware
5 Marketing
o 5.1 Logos
o 5.2 Typeface
o 5.3 Market share
o 5.4 Usage share
6 Linux compatibility
7 Claimed infringement of copyrights and patents
8 See also
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 External links
History
Acquisition by Google
In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc., a small startup company based in Palo Alto,
California, USA.[19] Android's co-founders who went to work at Google included Andy Rubin
(co-founder of Danger),[20] Rich Miner (co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.),[21] Nick
Sears (once VP at T-Mobile),[22] and Chris White (headed design and interface development at
WebTV).[23] At the time, little was known about the functions of Android, Inc. other than that
they made software for mobile phones.[19] This began rumors that Google was planning to enter
the mobile phone market.
At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux
kernel which they marketed to handset makers and carriers on the premise of providing a
flexible, upgradable system. It was reported that Google had already lined up a series of
hardware component and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various
degrees of cooperation on their part.[24][25][26] More speculation that Google's Android would be
entering the mobile-phone market came in December 2006.[27] Reports from the BBC and The
Wall Street Journal noted that Google wanted its search and applications on mobile phones and it
was working hard to deliver that. Print and online media outlets soon reported rumors that
Google was developing a Google-branded handset.[28] More speculation followed reporting that
as Google was defining technical specifications, it was showing prototypes to cell phone
manufacturers and network operators.
In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had
filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony.[29][30]
Open Handset Alliance

Main article: Open Handset Alliance
"Today's announcement is more ambitious than any single 'Google Phone' that the press has been speculating
about over the past few weeks. Our vision is that the powerful platform we're unveiling will power thousands
of different phone models."
Eric Schmidt, former Google Chairman/CEO[6]
On the 5th of November 2007 the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of several companies
which include Texas Instruments, Broadcom Corporation, Google, HTC, Intel, LG, Marvell
Technology Group, Motorola, Nvidia, Qualcomm, Samsung Electronics, Sprint Nextel and TMobile was unveiled with the goal to develop open standards for mobile devices.[6] Along with
the formation of the Open Handset Alliance, the OHA also unveiled their first product, Android,
a mobile device platform built on the Linux kernel version 2.6.[6]
On 9 December 2008, it was announced that 14 new members would be joining the Android
Project, including PacketVideo, ARM Holdings, Atheros Communications, Asustek Computer
Inc, Garmin Ltd, Softbank, Sony Ericsson, Toshiba Corp, and Vodafone Group Plc.[31][32]
Licensing
With the exception of brief update periods, Android has been available under a free software /
open source license since 21 October 2008. Google published the entire source code (including
network and telephony stacks)[33] under an Apache License.[34] Google also keeps the reviewed
issues list publicly open for anyone to see and comment.[35]
Update history
It has been suggested that this section be split into a new article. (Discuss)
Android has seen a number of updates since its original release. These updates to the base
operating system typically fix bugs and add new features. Generally each update to the Android
operating system is developed under a code name based on a dessert item. The code names are in
alphabetical order.
1.0
Released 23 September 2008[36]
On 9 February 2009, Android 1.1 update for Android was released for TMobile G1 Only. Included in the update were:[37]
1.1
Multiple resolved issues
API changes
Maps adds details and reviews
Screen timeout longer when using speakerphone
"Show" & "Hide" Dialpad included in-call menu
Support for saving attachments from MMS
Support for marquee in layouts
On 30 April 2009, the official 1.5 (Cupcake) update for Android was released.
[38][39]
There were several new features and UI updates included in the 1.5
update:[40]
1.5 (Cupcake)
Based on Linux
Kernel 2.6.27
Ability to record and watch videos through camcorder mode
Uploading videos to YouTube and pictures to Picasa directly from the

phone
A new soft-keyboard with text-prediction
Bluetooth A2DP and AVRCP support
Ability to automatically connect to a Bluetooth headset within a

certain distance
New widgets and folders that can populate the Home screens
Animated screen transitions
1.6 (Donut) On 15 September 2009, the 1.6 (Donut) SDK was released.[42][43] Included in
Based on Linux the update were:[41]
Kernel 2.6.29[41]
An improved Android Market experience
An integrated camera, camcorder, and gallery interface
Gallery now enables users to select multiple photos for deletion
Updated Voice Search, with faster response and deeper integration

with native applications, including the ability to dial contacts
Updated search experience to allow searching bookmarks, history,

contacts, and the web from the home screen
Updated technology support for CDMA/EVDO, 802.1x, VPNs, and a

text-to-speech engine
Support for WVGA screen resolutions
Speed improvements in searching and camera applications
Gesture framework and GestureBuilder development tool
Google free turn-by-turn navigation
2.0 / 2.1 (Eclair) On 26 October 2009, the 2.0 (Eclair) SDK was released.[45] Changes include:
Based on Linux [46]
Kernel 2.6.29[44]
Optimized hardware speed
Support for more screen sizes and resolutions
Revamped UI
New Browser UI and HTML5 support
New contact lists
Better contrast ratio for backgrounds
Improved Google Maps 3.1.2
Microsoft Exchange Server by Exchange ActiveSync 2.5 support
Built in flash support for Camera
Digital Zoom
MotionEvent class enhanced to track multi-touch events[47]
Improved virtual keyboard
Bluetooth 2.1
Live Wallpapers
The 2.0.1 SDK was released on 3 December 2009.[48]

The 2.1 SDK was released on 12 January 2010.[49]
2.2 (Froyo)[50] On 20 May 2010, the 2.2 (Froyo) SDK was released.[50] Changes included:[51]
Based on Linux
Kernel 2.6.32 [51]
General Android OS speed, memory, and performance
(2.2.2 latest
optimizations[52]
release)
Additional application speed improvements courtesy of JIT
implementation[53]
Integration of Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine into the Browser

application
Increased Microsoft Exchange support (security policies, autodiscovery, GAL look-up, calendar synchronization, remote wipe)
Improved application launcher with shortcuts to Phone and Browser

applications
USB tethering and Wi-Fi hotspot functionality
Added an option to disable data access over mobile network
Updated Market application with batch and automatic update

features[52]
Quick switching between multiple keyboard languages and their

dictionaries
Voice dialing and contact sharing over Bluetooth
Support for numeric and alphanumeric passwords
Support for file upload fields in the Browser application[54]
Support for installing applications to the expandable memory
Adobe Flash 10.1 support[55]
Support for extra high DPI screens (320 dpi), such as 4" 720p[56]
2.3
On 6 December 2010, the 2.3 (Gingerbread) SDK was released.[57] Changes
(Gingerbread)[57] included:[58]
Based on Linux
Kernel 2.6.35[58]
Updated user interface design
Support for extra-large screen sizes and resolutions (WXGA and

higher)[56]
Native support for SIP VoIP telephony
Support for WebM/VP8 video playback, and AAC audio encoding
New audio effects such as reverb, equalization, headphone

virtualization, and bass boost
Support for Near Field Communication
System-wide copypaste functionalities
Redesigned multi-touch software keyboard
Enhanced support for native code development
Audio, graphical, and input enhancements for game developers
Concurrent garbage collection for increased performance
Native support for more sensors (such as gyroscopes and barometers)
A download manager for long-running downloads
Improved power management and application control
Native support for multiple cameras
Switched from YAFFS to the ext4 filesystem[59]
On 26 January 2011, a preview of the 3.0 (Honeycomb) SDK was released.

Changes include:[61]
3.0 (Honeycomb)
[60]
Ice Cream
Sandwich[62]
Optimized tablet support with a new user interface
Three dimensional desktop with redesigned widgets
Refined multi-tasking
Browser enhancements including tabbed web pages, form auto-fill,

bookmark syncing with Google Chrome, and private browsing
Support for video chat using Google Talk
Hardware acceleration
Support for multi-core processors
Possible mid-2011 release.[62]
Features
Current features and specifications:[63][64][65]
The Android Emulator default home screen (v1.5).
Architecture Diagram
The platform is adaptable to larger, VGA, 2D graphics library, 3D graphics
Handset layouts library based on OpenGL ES 2.0 specifications, and traditional smartphone
layouts.
Storage
SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes
Connectivity
Android supports connectivity technologies including GSM/EDGE, IDEN,

CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, and WiMAX.
Messaging
SMS and MMS are available forms of messaging, including threaded text
messaging and now Android Cloud to Device Messaging Framework (C2DM)
is also a part of Android Push Messaging service.
The web browser available in Android is based on the open-source WebKit

Web browser layout engine, coupled with Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine. The browser
scores a 93/100 on the Acid3 Test.
While most Android applications are written in Java, there is no Java Virtual
Machine in the platform and Java byte code is not executed. Java classes are
compiled into Dalvik executables and run on the Dalvik virtual machine.
Java support
Dalvik is a specialized virtual machine designed specifically for Android and
optimized for battery-powered mobile devices with limited memory and CPU.
J2ME support can be provided via third-party-applications.
Android supports the following audio/video/still media formats: WebM,
H.263, H.264 (in 3GP or MP4 container), MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB (in
Media support
3GP container), AAC, HE-AAC (in MP4 or 3GP container), MP3, MIDI, Ogg
Vorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP.[65]
RTP/RTSP streaming (3GPP PSS, ISMA), HTML progressive download
(HTML5 <video> tag). Adobe Flash Streaming (RTMP) and HTTP Dynamic
Streaming are supported by the Flash 10.1 plugin.[66] Apple HTTP Live
Streaming
Streaming is supported by RealPlayer for Mobile[67] and planned to be
media support
supported by the operating system in Android 3.0 (Honeycomb).[61] Microsoft
Smooth Streaming is planned to be supported through the awaited port of
Silverlight plugin to Android.
Additional
hardware
support
Android can use video/still cameras, touchscreens, GPS, accelerometers,

gyroscopes, magnetometers, proximity and pressure sensors, thermometers,
accelerated 2D bit blits (with hardware orientation, scaling, pixel format
conversion) and accelerated 3D graphics.
Includes a device emulator, tools for debugging, memory and performance

Development profiling. The integrated development environment (IDE) is Eclipse (currently
environment 3.4 or greater) using the Android Development Tools (ADT) Plugin. The
programming languages are Java and C/C++.
Market
The Android Market is a catalog of applications that can be downloaded and
installed to Android devices over-the-air, without the use of a PC.
Multi-touch
Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially made available
in handsets such as the HTC Hero. The feature was originally disabled at the
kernel level (possibly to avoid infringing Apple's patents on touch-screen
technology).[68] Google has since released an update for the Nexus One and the
Motorola Droid which enables multi-touch natively.[69]
Bluetooth
Supports A2DP, AVRCP, sending files (OPP), accessing the phone book
(PBAP), voice dialing and sending contacts between phones. Keyboard, mouse
and joystick (HID) support is available through manufacturer customizations
and third-party applications. Full HID support is planned for Android 3.0
(Honeycomb).[61]
The mainstream Android version does not support video calling, but some
handsets have a customized version of the operating system which supports it,
Video calling
either via UMTS network (like the Samsung Galaxy S) or over IP. Video
calling through Google Talk is planned for Android 3.0 (Honeycomb).
Multitasking Multitasking of applications is available.[70]
Voice based
features
Google search through Voice has been available since initial release.[71] Voice
actions for calling, texting, navigation etc. are supported on Android 2.2
onwards.[72]
Tethering
Android supports tethering, which allows a phone to be used as a

wireless/wired hotspot. Prior to Android 2.2 this was supported by third-party
applications or manufacturer customizations.[73]
Hardware running Android

Main article: List of Android devices
The Android OS can be used as an operating system for cellphones, netbooks and tablets,
including the Dell Streak, Samsung Galaxy Tab and other devices.[74][75] The first commercially
available phone to run the Android operating system was the HTC Dream, released on 22
October 2008.[76] In early 2010 Google collaborated with HTC to launch its flagship[77] Android
device, the Nexus One. This was followed later in 2010 with the Samsung-made Nexus S.
The world's first TV running Android, called Scandinavia, has also been launched by the
company People of Lava.[78]
Software development
It has been suggested that this section be split into a new article. (Discuss)
Early Android device.

The early feedback on developing applications for the Android platform was mixed.[79] Issues
cited include bugs, lack of documentation, inadequate QA infrastructure, and no public issuetracking system. (Google announced an issue tracker on 18 January 2008.)[80] In December 2007,
MergeLab mobile startup founder Adam MacBeth stated, "Functionality is not there, is poorly
documented or just doesn't work... It's clearly not ready for prime time."[81] Despite this, Androidtargeted applications began to appear the week after the platform was announced. The first
publicly available application was the Snake game.[82][83] The Android Dev Phone is a SIMunlocked and hardware-unlocked device that is designed for advanced developers. While
developers can use regular consumer devices purchased at retail to test and use their applications,
some developers may choose not to use a retail device, preferring an unlocked or no-contract
device.
Software development kit

The Android software development kit (SDK) includes a comprehensive set of development
tools.[84] These include a debugger, libraries, a handset emulator (based on QEMU),
documentation, sample code, and tutorials. Currently supported development platforms include
computers running Linux (any modern desktop Linux distribution), Mac OS X 10.4.9 or later,
Windows XP or later. The officially supported integrated development environment (IDE) is
Eclipse (currently 3.4, 3.5 or 3.6) using the Android Development Tools (ADT) Plugin, though
developers may use any text editor to edit Java and XML files then use command line tools (Java
Development Kit and Apache Ant are required) to create, build and debug Android applications
as well as control attached Android devices (e.g., triggering a reboot, installing software
package(s) remotely).[85]
A preview release of the Android SDK was released on 12 November 2007. On 15 July 2008, the
Android Developer Challenge Team accidentally sent an email to all entrants in the Android
Developer Challenge announcing that a new release of the SDK was available in a "private"
download area. The email was intended for winners of the first round of the Android Developer
Challenge. The revelation that Google was supplying new SDK releases to some developers and
not others (and keeping this arrangement private) led to widely reported frustration within the
Android developer community at the time.[86]
On 18 August 2008 the Android 0.9 SDK beta was released. This release provided an updated
and extended API, improved development tools and an updated design for the home screen.
Detailed instructions for upgrading are available to those already working with an earlier release.
[87]
On 23 September 2008 the Android 1.0 SDK (Release 1) was released.[88] According to the
release notes, it included "mainly bug fixes, although some smaller features were added". It also
included several API changes from the 0.9 version. Multiple versions have been released since.
[89]
Enhancements to Android's SDK go hand in hand with the overall Android platform
development. The SDK also supports older versions of the Android platform in case developers
wish to target their applications at older devices. Development tools are downloadable
components, so after one has downloaded the latest version and platform, older platforms and
tools can also be downloaded for compatibility testing.[90]
Android applications are packaged in .apk format and stored under /data/app folder on the
Android OS (the folder is accessible to root user only for security reasons). APK package
contains .dex files[91] (compiled byte code files called Dalvik executable), resource files, etc.
Android Market
Main article: Android Market
Android Market is the online software store developed by Google for Android devices. An
application program ("app") called "Market" is preinstalled on most Android devices and allows
users to browse and download apps published by third-party developers, hosted on Android
Market. As of December 2010 there were about 200,000 games, applications and widgets
available on the Android Market, with an estimated 2.5 billion total downloads.[92]
Only devices that comply with Google's compatibility requirements are allowed to preinstall
Google's closed-source Android Market app and access the Market.[93] The Market filters the list
of applications presented by the Market app to those that are compatible with the user's device,
and developers may restrict their applications to particular carriers or countries for business
reasons. [94]
Google announced the Android Market on 28 August 2008, and it was available to users on 22
October 2008. Support for paid applications was available from 13 February 2009 for US and
UK developers,[95] with additional support from 29 countries on 30 September 2010.[96]
Users can install apps directly using APK files or alternative app markets, including:[97]
Andspot
Handango
GetJar
SlideMe
AndAppStore
AndroLib
AppBrain
App Inventor for Android

Main article: Google App Inventor
On 12 July 2010 Google announced the availability of App Inventor for Android, a Web-based
visual development environment for novice programmers, based on MIT's Open Blocks Java
library and providing access to Android devices' GPS, accelerometer and orientation data, phone
functions, text messaging, speech-to-text conversion, contact data, persistent storage, and Web
services, initially including Amazon and Twitter.[98] "We could only have done this because
Androids architecture is so open," said the project director, MIT's Hal Abelson.[99] Under
development for over a year,[100] the block-editing tool has been taught to non-majors in computer
science at Harvard, MIT, Wellesley, and the University of San Francisco, where Professor David
Wolber developed an introductory computer science course and tutorial book for non-computer
science students based on App Inventor for Android.[101][102]
Android Developer Challenge

Main article: Android Developer Challenge
The Android Developer Challenge was a competition for the most innovative application for
Android. Google offered prizes totaling 10 million US dollars, distributed between ADC I and
ADC II. ADC I accepted submissions from 2 January to 14 April 2008. The 50 most promising
entries, announced on 12 May 2008, each received a $25,000 award to fund further development.
[103][104]
It ended in early September with the announcement of ten teams that received $275,000
each, and ten teams that received $100,000 each.[105] ADC II was announced on 27 May 2009.[106]
The first round of the ADC II closed on 6 October 2009.[107] The first-round winners of ADC II
comprising the top 200 applications were announced on 5 November 2009. Voting for the second
round also opened on the same day and ended on November 25. Google announced the top
winners of ADC II on November 30, with SweetDreams, What the Doodle!? and WaveSecure
being nominated the overall winners of the challenge.[108][109]
Google applications
Google has also participated in the Android Market by offering several applications for its
services. These applications include Google Voice for the Google Voice service, Sky Map for
watching stars, Finance for their finance service, Maps Editor for their MyMaps service, Places
Directory for their Local Search, Google Goggles that searches by image, Gesture Search for
using finger written letters and numbers to search the contents of the phone, Google Translate,
Google Shopper, Listen for podcasts and My Tracks, a jogging application.
In August 2010, Google launched "Voice Actions for Android",[110] which allows users to search,
write messages, and initiate calls by voice.
Third party applications

With the growing number of Android handsets, there has also been an increased interest by third
party developers to port their applications to the Android operating system.
As of December 2010, the Android Marketplace had over 200,000 applications,[92] with over 1
billion downloads. This is up from 70,000 in July 2010.[111][112]
Obstacles to development include the fact that Android does not use established Java standards,
i.e. Java SE and ME. This prevents compatibility among Java applications written for those
platforms and those for the Android platform. Android only reuses the Java language syntax, but
does not provide the full-class libraries and APIs bundled with Java SE or ME.[113] However,
there are multiple tools in the market that provide J2ME to Android conversion services, which
enable the developer to convert Java into Android. Companies like Myriad Group and UpOnTek
provide these services.[114][115][116]
Developers have reported that it is difficult to maintain applications on multiple versions of
Android, owing to compatibility issues between versions 1.5 and 1.6,[117] especially the different
resolution ratios in use among various Android phones.[118] Such problems were pointedly
brought into focus as they were encountered during the ADC2 contest.[119] Further, the rapid
growth in the number of Android-based phone models with differing hardware capabilities also
makes it difficult to develop applications that work on all Android-based phones.[120][121][122][123] As
of August 2010, 83% of Android phones run the 2.x versions, and 17% still run the 1.5 and 1.6
versions[124]
Native code
Libraries written in C and other languages can be compiled to ARM native code and installed
using the Android Native Development Kit. Native classes can be called from Java code running
under the Dalvik VM using the System.loadLibrary call, which is part of the standard Android
Java classes.[125][126]
Complete applications can be compiled and installed using traditional development tools.[127] The
ADB debugger gives a root shell under the Android Emulator which allows native ARM code to
be uploaded and executed. ARM code can be compiled using GCC on a standard PC.[127] Running
native code is complicated by the fact that Android uses a non-standard C library (libc, known as
Bionic). The underlying graphics device is available as a framebuffer at /dev/graphics/fb0.[128]
The graphics library that Android uses to arbitrate and control access to this device is called the
Skia Graphics Library (SGL), and it has been released under an open source license.[129] Skia has
backends for both win32 and Unix, allowing the development of cross-platform applications, and
it is the graphics engine underlying the Google Chrome web browser.[130]
Community-based firmware
There is a community of open-source enthusiasts that build and share Android-based firmware
with a number of customizations and additional features, such as FLAC lossless audio support
and the ability to store downloaded applications on the microSD card.[131] This usually involves
rooting the device. Rooting allows users root access to the operating system, giving more control
over their environment variables. In order to use custom firmwares the devices bootloader must
be unlocked. Rooting alone does not allow the flashing of custom firmware. Modified firmwares
allow users of older phones to use applications available only on newer releases.[132]
Those firmware packages are updated frequently, incorporate elements of Android functionality
that haven't yet been officially released within a carrier-sanctioned firmware, and tend to have
fewer limitations. CyanogenMod and VillainROM are two examples of such firmware.
On 24 September 2009, Google issued a cease and desist letter[133] to the modder Cyanogen,
citing issues with the re-distribution of Google's closed-source applications[134] within the custom
firmware. Even though most of Android OS is open source, phones come packaged with closedsource Google applications for functionality such as the application store and GPS navigation.
Google has asserted that these applications can only be provided through approved distribution
channels by licensed distributors. Cyanogen has complied with Google's wishes and is
continuing to distribute this mod without the proprietary software. He has provided a method to
back up licensed Google applications during the mod's install process and restore them when it is
complete.[135]
Marketing
Android robot logo
Logos
The Android logo was designed with the Droid font family made by Ascender Corporation.[136]
Android Green is the color of the Android Robot that represents the Android operating system.
The print color is PMS 376C and the RGB color value in hexadecimal is #A4C639, as specified
by the Android Brand Guidelines.[137]
Typeface
The custom typeface of Android is called Norad, only used in the text logo.[138]
Market share
Research company Canalys estimated in Q2 2009 that Android had a 2.8% share of worldwide
smartphone shipments.[139] By Q4 2010 this had grown to 33% of the market, becoming the topselling smartphone platform. This estimate includes the Tapas and OMS variants of Android.[9]
In February 2010 ComScore said the Android platform had 9.0% of the U.S. smartphone market,
as measured by current mobile subscribers. This figure was up from an earlier estimate of 5.2%
in November 2009.[140] By the end of Q3 2010 Android's U.S. market share had grown to 21.4
percent.[141]
In May 2010, Android's first quarter U.S. sales surpassed that of the rival iPhone platform.
According to a report by the NPD group, Android achieved 25% smartphone sales in the US
market, up 8% from the December quarter. In the second quarter, Apple's iOS was up by 11%,
indicating that Android is taking market share mainly from RIM, and still has to compete with
heavy consumer demand for new competitor offerings.[142] Furthermore, analysts pointed to
advantages that Android has as a multi-channel, multi-carrier OS, which allowed it to duplicate
the quick success of Microsoft's Windows Mobile.[143]
In early October 2010, Google added 20 countries to its list of approved submitters. By midOctober, purchasing apps will be available in a total of 32 countries.[144] For a complete list of
countries that are allowed to sell apps and those able to buy them see Android Market.
As of December 2010 Google said over 300,000 Android phones were being activated daily,[145]
up from 100,000 per day in May 2010.[146]
Usage share
Data collected during two weeks ending on January 4, 2011

Other: 0.1% of devices running obsolete versions[147]
Data collected during two weeks ending on January 4, 2011
Platform
Android 2.3 (Gingerbread)
Android 2.2 (Froyo)
Android 2.0/2.1 (Eclair)
Android 1.6 (Donut)
Android 1.5 (Cupcake)
API Level
Distribution
9
8
7
4
3
0.4%
51.8%
35.2%
7.9%
4.7%
Linux compatibility
Android's kernel was derived from Linux but has been tweaked by Google outside the main
Linux kernel tree.[148] Android does not have a native X Window System nor does it support the
full set of standard GNU libraries, and this makes it difficult to port existing GNU/Linux
applications or libraries to Android.[149] However, support for the X Window System is possible.
[150]
Google no longer maintains the code they previously contributed to the Linux kernel as part
of their Android effort, creating a separate version or fork of Linux.[151][152] This was due to a
disagreement about new features Google felt were necessary (some related to security of mobile
applications).[153] The code which is no longer maintained was deleted in January 2010 from the
Linux codebase.[154]
Google announced in April 2010 that they will hire two employees to work with the Linux kernel
community.[155]
However, as of January 2011, points of contention still exist between Google and the Linux
kernel team: Google tried to push upstream some Android-specific power management code in
2009, which is still rejected today.[156]
Furthermore, Greg Kroah-Hartman, the current Linux kernel maintainer for the -stable branch,
said in December 2010 that he was concerned that Google was no longer trying to get their code
changes included in mainstream Linux[157] Some Google Android developers hinted that "the
Android team were getting fed up with the process", because they were a small team and had
more urgent work to do on Android.[158]
Claimed infringement of copyrights and patents

On 12 August 2010, Oracle, owner of Java since it acquired Sun Microsystems in April 2009,
sued Google over claimed infringement of copyrights and patents. The lawsuit claims that, "In
developing Android, Google knowingly, directly and repeatedly infringed Oracle's Java-related
intellectual property."[159]
Specifically the patent infringement claim references seven patents including United States
Patent No. 5,966,702, entitled "Method And Apparatus For Preprocessing And Packaging Class
Files", and United States Patent No. 6,910,205, entitled "Interpreting Functions Utilizing A
Hybrid Of Virtual And Native Machine Instructions".[160] It also references United States Patent
No. RE38,104, ("the '104 patent") entitled Method And Apparatus For Resolving Data
References In Generated Code authored by James Gosling, best known as the father of the Java
programming language.[161]
In response Google submitted multiple lines of defense, saying that Android did not infringe on
Oracle's patents or copyright, that Oracle's patents were invalid, and several other defenses. They
said that Android is based on Apache Harmony, a clean room implementation of the Java class
libraries, and an independently developed virtual machine called Dalvik.[162][163][164]
The Free Software Foundation has said that Google could have avoided this suit by building
Android on top of IcedTea whose GPL license provides some protection against patents, instead
of implementing it independently under the Apache License. It has also called the suit a "clear
attack against someone's freedom to use, share, modify, and redistribute software".[165] However,
the FSF also criticized Google, writing that "It's sad to see that Google apparently shunned those
protections in order to make proprietary software development easier on Android.", and
remarking that Google had not taken any clear position or action against software patents.
See also
Android Market
BlackBerry OS
Chromium OS
Google Chrome OS
iOS (Apple)
List of Android devices
List of Android OS-related topics
MeeGo Linux
Openmoko Linux
Samsung's Bada OS
Palm, Inc.'s webOS
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it makes Android an island. The highly insular nature of the platform prevents Android
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Linux applications. Android doesn't officially support native C programs at all, so it won't
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platform code from ever getting merged into the main kernel tree. Effectively creating a
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called in the patch. New undefined terms, such as "wakelock" and "earlysuspend," were
intermixed in the original January 2009 patch submittal to the mainline kernel, making
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Bibliography
Ed, Burnette (November 10, 2009). Hello, Android: Introducing Google's Mobile
Development Platform (2nd ed.). Pragmatic Bookshelf. ISBN 1934356492.
http://pragprog.com/titles/eband2/hello-android.
Rogers, Rick; Lombardo, John; Mednieks, Zigurd; Meike, Blake (May 1, 2009). Android
Application Development: Programming with the Google SDK (1st ed.). O'Reilly Media.
ISBN 0596521472. http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596521509.
Ableson, Frank; Collins, Charlie; Sen, Robi (May 1, 2009). Unlocking Android: A
Developer's Guide (1st ed.). Manning. ISBN 1933988673.
http://www.manning.com/ableson/.
Conder, Shane; Darcey, Lauren (September 7, 2009). Android Wireless Application

Development (1st ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 0321627091.
http://www.informit.com/store/product.aspx?isbn=0321627091.
Murphy, Mark (June 26, 2009). Beginning Android (1st ed.). Apress. ISBN 1430224193.
http://www.apress.com/book/view/1430224193.
Hashimi, Sayed Y.; Komatineni, Satya; MacLean, Dave (February 26, 2010). Pro
Android 2 (2nd ed.). Apress. ISBN 1430226595.
Meier, Reto (November 24, 2008). Professional Android Application Development (1st
ed.). Wrox Press. ISBN 0470344717.
http://www.wrox.com/WileyCDA/WroxTitle/Professional-Android-ApplicationDevelopment.productCd-0470344717.html.
DiMarzio, Jerome (July 30, 2008). Android a programmers guide (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill
Osborne Media. ISBN 0071599886. http://www.mhprofessional.com/product.php?
isbn=0071599886&cat=112.
Haseman, Chris (July 21, 2008). Android Essentials (1st ed.). Apress. ISBN 1430210648.
External links
Wikinews has related news: Google Android smartphone sales triple in the UK this
year
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Android (operating system)
Official Android page
o Android Open Source Project

o Android Market
o Android Developers
o Android Developers Blog
o Android Brand Guidelines
Google Projects for Android from Google Code
Android Wiki
Sergey Brin introduces the Android platform at YouTube
Android: Building a Mobile Platform to Change the Industry lecture given by Google
Mobile Platforms Manager, Richard Miner at Stanford University (video archive).
Android (operating system) at the Open Directory Project
[show]v d eAndroid (Google Inc., Open Handset Alliance)
[show]v d eAndroid devices
Acer
beTouch E110 Liquid A1 Liquid E (Ferrari) Liquid Stream S110
CSL
CSL Spice
Dell
Mini 3 Streak
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HTC
Corporation
Aria Desire Desire Z (T-Mobile G2) Desire HD Dream (TMobile G1) Glacier (T-Mobile myTouch 4G) Hero (Droid Eris / TMobile G2 Touch) Droid Incredible Legend Magic (Sapphire / TMobile myTouch 3G) Tattoo (Click) Thunderbolt Evo 4G
(Supersonic) Google Nexus One Espresso (T-Mobile myTouch 3G

Slide) Wildfire
Huawei
T-Mobile Pulse U8230 IDEOS(U8150)
LG Group
GW620 Eve GT540 Optimus KH5200 Andro-1 LU2300 Optimus

Q VS740 Ally KU9500 Optimus Z Optimus 2X
Motorola
Charm CLIQ XT Droid (Milestone) Droid X Droid 2

(Milestone 2) Droid Pro i1 Backflip Devour Atrix Droid
Bionic
Nexian
Journey
Samsung Group
i7500 (Galaxy) Moment (SPH-M900) i5700 (Spica) i9000

Galaxy S Intercept Google Nexus S
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Archos 7 Archos 8
Dell
Streak (Mini 5)
Lenovo
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Motorola
Xoom
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Adam tablet
Samsung
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1&1 SmartPad
Viewsonic
G Tablet 1st with Nvida Tegra 2
Barnes & Noble
nook nook color
HardKernel
Odroid-S
Philips
GoGear Connect
[show]v d eMobile operating systems
[show]v d eGoogle Inc.
[show]v d eLinux operating system
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"

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----------------
Who Will Win the Android vs. iPhone Race?

JANUARY 27, 2011
Googles mobile OS will be on top by year-end 2012
The iPhone may have captured the hearts and minds of many tech-savvy early smartphone
adoptersnot to mention marketerswith its sleek design, multitouch interface and available
apps. But as Android has rolled out to more and more handsets, its popularity has surged and the
loyalty of its users has increased to match that of iPhone owners. And in a few years the Android
installed base will do the same.
eMarketer estimates that after exploding from just 6% of the US smartphone market in 2009 to
24% in 2010, Android will continue to gain share through 2012, when 31% of all smartphone
users will own a device running the Google OS. That same year Apples share of the market will
hold steady at 30%, up only slightly from 2009.
The open-source Android OS requires no licensing fee and allows handset manufacturers and
wireless carriers considerable latitude to customize the user interface according to their desired
specifications, said Noah Elkin, eMarketer principal analyst and author of a forthcoming report
on mobile devices. With a growing roster of manufacturer and carrier partners in every major
market and market segment, scale for Android is coming quickly in terms of device, market
share, apps and ad revenues.
Market share figures from several research firms show just how fast that scale has come.
Between 2009 and 2010, Android grabbed a significant slice of the pie, mostly at the expense of
Research In Motion and other non-Apple handsets.
Ultimately, the winner, if there is one, matters less than marketers ability to make the most of
the growing number of smart devices to deliver rich, engaging experiences for consumers, said
Elkin.
Keep your business ahead of the digital curve. Learn more about becoming an eMarketer Total
Access client today.
Check out todays other article, Brand Values Yield Clues to Social Media Influence.
-----------
Whats the Best Mobile Operating System? Android FTW!

Posted on July 15th, 2010 in Software Testing Trends, Tester Community, Testing - Mobile Apps
by Mike Brown
The mobile wars are heating up! Microsoft is aggressively luring app developers for its Windows
Phone 7 OS, while Android quietly gains market share. Blackberry expects big things out of OS
6, while The Big Apple deals with antenna issues, the yellow screen of death and the (remote)
possibility of a recall. Interesting times indeed.
As part of our newly-launched What Do uThink? series (more on this shortly), we decided to
ask our community

they considered to be the best. Here are the results:
which mobile OS
1. Android 38%
2. RIM Blackberry 28%
3. Apple 16%
4. Symbian 12%
5. Windows Mobile 6%
What do uThink? is a weekly poll, where well be asking the uTest community their
preferences and feedback on various apps, operating systems and other technologies. To
encourage voting, well be awarding monthly and quarterly prizes to randomly selected
participants. This quarter, for instance, were giving away an iPod Touch. The weekly polls
open every Tuesday afternoon and voting takes place in the uTest Forums available to registered
testers) as well as on our Facebook page. Got it?
Good. Now back to the mobile OS results
As you can see from the fractured vote count, theres a strong case to be made for each mobile
operating system. Below are some updated excerpts from the Forums thread where this question
first appeared.
The case for Android, posted by pedro gonzalez:
As a Google OS, Android knows better than any other OS how to manage Google maps, Gmail,
Geolocators, browsers, and a lot of other Google applications. Im a Gmail user, so the Gmail
sync is one of the most valuable things for me.
There are a lot of tools for developers/testers within SDK, in addition the testing part is much
better in Android, since the OS is much flexible than others (less limitations allow the
programmer-tester to be creative).
Android is not as mature yet as other OS (Blackberry for example was released 10 years ago),
although Android is getting better and better each release. For example, Adobes Flash player is
supported in mobile devices for the first time ever from the last Android release.
There are a lot of cons too regarding the OS maturity (like the total 254Mb limitation), but it
seems that the Android guys are working on this.
The case for Apple, posted by madhukarjain:
I also voted for Apple.
Once you use it you will know why Apple can become a part of youre life, so much that you
cant think of switching to another phone.
From GPS naviation to gaming to stock trading to radio..you name it and Apple has an App for
it and mostly for free, even if not free then most apps are 99 cents which is worth the money for
its use.
Many people might disagree and will consider Blackberry or Android as better, but once you use
its full capacity then you realize whats the Magic of Apple.
The case for RIM, posted by jayadinu:
1.Obviously its performance
2.GSM for its roaming ability
3.Camera and video capability
4.Full QWERTY keyboard
4.Push Email services and many other factors like A very good deal that I could afford
Care to weigh in on this debate? The comment box is all yours. Want to vote in the next weekly
poll? Visit the uTest Forums or check out our Facebook page.
5 Responses to Whats the Best Mobile Operating System? Android FTW!

1. kenny said:
Please intervene the debate between my brother and i, which OS is best (Rim or
Android)?
Posted on July 19th, 2010 at 5:51 am
2. Trinity Zion said:

Personally I think Palm will smash the others next year with HPs help and some new
phones. Theres some interesting analysis in this blog here with a funny video
http://bit.ly/bwiZyB, they dont think Palms any good either
Also Kenny, Android is better than RIM. By a million miles.

Posted on October 26th, 2010 at 10:57 am
3. Freshbrood said:
I will always choose Windows Mobile, and I think all the other oss are gimmicks.
Windows Mobile has more 3rd party apps and freeware than ANY other mobile os- hands
down, and it always will. Its been out for way longer, and continues to develop. If you
dont like adding apps, or dont mind paying for them- then, by all means, go with the
others..
Also, Windows Mobile is so powerful, you can install an emulated Linux or Android on
top of it!
Furthermore, a Windows Mobile device is like having a miniature PC in my handsnearly all the programs are backwards compatible.
Tell me ONE (1) other MOBILE OPERATING SYSTEM that can play Atari, Nintendo,
Super Nintendo, Master System, Sega Genesis and PLAYSTATION games, smoothly, all
for FREE!!
I can also use REMOTE DESKTOP from my PHONE. Thats right, I can remotely
control my desktop from my WinMO. Can Iphone do that? Android? Blackberry?
Palm? ???
Please.. I dont want to like the mighty Bill Gates giant any more than you guys do.. but
the other oss are trendy gimmicks. Windows Mobile is where its at. Find me ONE thing
the other oss can do that WinMo cant. One.
I just dont get the hype. I guess WinMo is too advanced for the average user? It
LITTERALLY does everything- if you know how to use it.
Posted on December 18th, 2010 at 3:31 am
4. Freshbrood said:
and another note- Its not a new, foreign, proprietary os to learn from scratch. Anyones
whos familiar with a Windows PC can immediately dive into Windows Mobile, editing
and hacking and downloading and manipulating files. The most intuitive mobile os is the
one we are familiar with on our desktops- WinMo. No, I do not work for Microsoft. It
really is the shit, if you want a palm held computer that does everything your desktop
does+a phone. If you just want a really fancy phone that does a few things- get anything
else.
Posted on December 18th, 2010 at 3:40 am
5. Scott said:
Fresh Brood. Im not going to down you for being so dedicated to windows mobile
but really. Its so completely old school. Do they even support Flash yet? brb. Ok.
Just checked lol Litterally and no they dont they are so behind that you cant even cut
and paste. And you said you can install emulations of Linux or Android.
But, thats just it. An emulation isnt the real thing. Meaning you wont have absolute
compatibility with much if any of the apps and software you attempt to use on your
emulations. you say that Wondows-Mobile has more 3rd party apps. Ill be honest. Im
not sure how true that is. You could be absolutely right and Id be in the dark about it.
Which tells me its not so great that my friends tell me about it. But I will say. Ive never
seen an app I couldnt find for Android. And look how young they are. There is
NOWHERE to go but up. If I couldnt find an app for Android I wouldnt be so worried
about it seeing as its the easiest os to create and edit apps and software for. Their SDK is
supplied with the phone. The End
-Scott------------------
Android The best mobile operating system

Written by Guru on October 6, 2010 in Technology | 7 Comments
Do you like this story?
Android History In July 2005, Google acquired Android, a small start-up company based in
Palo Alto, Central America. Androids co-founders who went to work at Google included Andy
Rubin (co-founder of Danger), Rich Miner (co-founder of Wildfire), Nick Sears (once VP at TMobile) and Chris White (one of the first engineers at WebTV). At the time, little was known
about the functions of Android other than they made software for mobile phones. This began
rumors that Google was planning to enter the mobile phone market, although it was unclear at
the time what function they might perform in that market.
At Google, the team, led by Rubin, developed a Linux-based mobile

device OS which they were marketing to handset makers and carriers on the premise of
providing a flexible, upgradeable system. It was reported that Google had already lined up a
series of hardware component and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to
various degrees of cooperation on their part.
In November 2007 Google announced the introduction of the Android platform, along with the
Open Handset Alliance (a consortium of 71 hardware, software, and telecom companies devoted
to advancing open standards for mobile devices. Google released most of the Android code under
the Apache License, a free software and open source license), a group of hardware, software, and
telecommunications companies that had agreed to participate in the development and distribution
of the Android platform.
Introduction to Android OS
Android is an operating system for mobile devices such as cellular phones, tablet computers and
net-books. It is based upon the Linux kernel and GNU software. According to NPD Group, unit
sales for Android OS smart-phones ranked first among all smart-phone OS handsets sold in the
U.S. in the second quarter of 2010, at 33%. BlackBerry OS is second at 28%, and iOS is ranked
third with 22%.
Android has a large community of developers writing apps that extend the functionality of the
devices. There are currently over 70,000 apps available for Android with some estimates saying
100,000 have been submitted, which makes it the second most popular mobile development
environment. Developers write managed code in the Java language, controlling the device via
Google-developed Java libraries. The latest update was Gingerbread based on Linux Kernel
2.6.33 or 34. Lets start off by taking a look at the overall system architecturethe key layers and
components that make up the Android stack. The following diagram shows the 20,000 foot
view of Android:
Starting at the bottom is the Linux Kernel. Android uses Linux for its device drivers, memory
management, process management, and networking. However programming will never be done
to this layer directly.
The next level contains the Android native libraries. They are all written in C/C++ internally, but
will be called through Java interfaces. In this layer, the Surface Manager (for compositing
windows), 2D and 3D graphics, Media codecs (MPEG-4, H.264, MP3, etc.), the SQL database
(SQLite), and a native web browser engine (WebKit) can be found.
Next is the Android runtime, including the Dalvik Virtual Machine. Dalvik runs dex files, which
are converted at compile time from standard class and jar files. Dex files are more compact and
efficient than class files, which is an important consideration for the limited memory and battery
powered devices that Android targets.
The core Java libraries are also part of the Android runtime. They are written in Java, as is
everything above this layer. Here, Android provides a substantial subset of the Java 5 Standard
Edition packages, including Collections, I/O, and so forth.
The next level up is the Application Framework layer. Parts of this toolkit are provided by
Google, and parts are extensions or services that we write. The most important component of the
framework is the Activity Manager, which manages the life cycle of applications.
Finally, the top layer is the Applications layer. Most of the code will live here, alongside built-in
applications such as the Phone and Web Browser.
One of the unique and powerful qualities of Android is that all applications have a level playing
field. What I mean is that the applications Google writes have to go through the same public API
that you use. You can even tell Android to make your application replace the standard
applications if you like.
Key features of the Android OS

App Fundamentals All the apps are written in the java programming language. In many ways,
each Android application lives in its own world
By default, every application runs in its own Linux process. Android starts the process
when any of the applications code needs to be executed, and shuts down the process
when its no longer needed and system resources are required by other applications.
Each process has its own virtual machine (VM), so application code runs in isolation
from the code of all other applications.
By default, each application is assigned a unique Linux user ID. Permissions are set so
that the applications files are visible only to that user and only to the application itself
although there are ways to export them to other applications as well.
Its possible to arrange for two applications to share the same user ID, in which case they will be
able to see each others files. To conserve system resources, applications with the same ID can
also arrange to run in the same Linux process, sharing the same VM.
A central feature of Android is that one application can make use of elements of other
applications (provided those applications permit it). For example, if your application needs to
display a scrolling list of images and another application has developed a suitable scroller and
made it available to others, you can call upon that scroller to do the work, rather than develop
your own. Your application doesnt incorporate the code of the other application or link to it.
Rather, it simply starts up that piece of the other application when the need arises.
For this to work, the system must be able to start an application process when any part of it is
needed, and instantiate the Java objects for that part. Therefore, unlike applications on most other
systems, Android applications dont have a single entry point for everything in the application
(no main() function, for example). Rather, they have essential components that the system can
instantiate and run as needed.
Bluetooth Data Transfer The Android platform includes support for the Bluetooth network
stack, which allows a device to wirelessly exchange data with other Bluetooth devices. The
application framework provides access to the Bluetooth functionality through the Android
Bluetooth APIs. These APIs let applications wirelessly connect to other Bluetooth devices,
enabling point-to-point and multipoint wireless features. Using the Bluetooth APIs, an Android
application can perform the following:
Scan for other Bluetooth devices
Query the local Bluetooth adapter for paired Bluetooth devices
Establish RFCOMM channels
Connect to other devices through service discovery
Transfer data to and from other devices
Manage multiple connections
ANDROID APP SCREEN

Application Widgets App Widgets are miniature application views that can be embedded in
other applications (such as the Home screen) and receive periodic updates. These views are
referred to as Widgets in the user interface, and you can publish one with an App Widget
provider. An application component that is able to hold other App Widgets is called an App
Widget host.
Data Storage- Android provides several options for you to save persistent application data. The
solution you choose depends on your specific needs, such as whether the data should be private
to your application or accessible to other applications (and the user) and how much space your
data requires.Your data storage options are the following:
Shared Preferences- Store private primitive data in key-value pairs.
Internal Storage- Store private data on the device memory.
External Storage- Store public data on the shared external storage.
SQLite Databases- Store structured data in a private database.
Network Connection- Store data on the web with your own network server.
Android provides a way for you to expose even your private data to other applications with a
content provider. A content provider is an optional component that exposes read/write access to
your application data, subject to whatever restrictions you want to impose.
Search Features Search is a core user feature on Android. Users should be able to search any
data that is available to them, whether the content is located on the device or the Internet. The
search experience should be seamless and consistent across the entire system, which is why
Android provides a search framework to help you provide users with a familiar search dialog and
a great search experience.
Androids search framework provides a user interface in which users can perform a search and
an interaction layer that communicates with your application, so you dont have to build your
own search Activity. Instead, a search dialog appears at the top of the screen at the users
command without interrupting the current Activity.
The search framework manages the life of the search dialog. When users execute a search, the
search framework passes the query text to your application so your application can perform a
search. Once your application is set up to use the search dialog, you can:
Enable voice search
Provide search suggestions based on recent user queries
Provide custom search suggestions that match actual results in your application data
Offer your applications search suggestions in the system-wide Quick Search Box
Support for multiple displays Android is designed to run on a variety of devices that offer a
range of screen sizes and resolutions. For applications, the platform provides a consistent
environment across devices and handles much of the complexity of adapting an applications UI
to the screen on which it is being displayed. At the same time, the platform exposes APIs that
give application developers precise control over their applications UI when displayed on
specific screen sizes and resolutions. It also supports multiple media formats.
Sophisticated Apps - Its hard to cover all the great apps, as there are plenty out there. I shall
describe the Maps app in detail. The map rendering facility on Android device is similar to
Google Earth.
MapActivity to handle creation, loading, streaming and event handling
MapView to display a map as a component
MapController to navigate between map locations
Overlays used to display additional graphics as layers on top of a map
Locations on a map specified using the Geo-URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) standard
not fully supported
Specify latitude and longitude as a Point, translate this on map using the PixelCalculator
class
There are other fascinating applications like the one shown below which depicts weather
conditions.
ANDROID WEATHER APP
Android Compatibility
Android is designed to run on many different types of devices. For developers, the range and
number of devices means a huge potential audience: the more devices that run Android apps, the
more users who can access your app. In exchange, however, it also means that your apps will
have to cope with that same variety of hardware.
Fortunately, Android has built-in tools and support that make it easy for your apps to do that,
while at the same time letting you maintain control of what types of devices your app is available
to. With a bit of forethought and some minor changes in your apps manifest file, you can ensure
that users whose devices cant run your app will never see it in the Android Market, and will not
get in trouble by downloading it.
Some other great features of Android OS
The platform is adaptable to larger, VGA, 2D graphics library, 3D graphics library based on
OpenGL ES 2.0 specifications, and traditional smartphone layouts.
SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes
Android supports connectivity technologies including GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EVDO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and WiMAX.
SMS and MMS are available forms of messaging, including threaded text messaging and
now Android Cloud to Device Messaging Framework (C2DM) is also a part of Android
Push Messaging service.
The web browser available in Android is based on the open-source WebKit layout engine,
coupled with Chromes V8 JavaScript engine.
Android supports the following audio/video/still media formats: H.263, H.264 (in 3GP or
MP4 container), MPEG-4 SP, AMR,AMR-WB (in 3GP container), AAC, HE-AAC (in
MP4 or 3GP container), MP3, MIDI, Ogg Vorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF,BMP
Android can use video/still cameras, touchscreens, GPS, accelerometers, gyroscopes,

magnetometers, proximity and pressure sensors, thermometers, accelerated 2D bit blits
(with hardware orientation, scaling, pixel format conversion) and accelerated 3D
graphics.
Includes a device emulator, tools for debugging, memory and performance profiling.
Android has native support for multi-touch.
Conclusion
The features I explained above clearly illustrate reasons for Android being the best mobile OS to
date. The next android software update called HoneyComb is slated for release in 2011.
----------
Mobile operating system

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A mobile operating system, also known as a mobile OS, a mobile platform, or a handheld
operating system, is the operating system that controls a mobile device or information appliance
similar in principle to an operating system such as Windows, Mac OS, or Linux that controls a
desktop computer or laptop. However, they are currently somewhat simpler, and deal more with
the wireless versions of broadband and local connectivity, mobile multimedia formats, and
different input methods.
Typical examples of devices running a mobile operating system are smartphones, personal digital
assistants (PDAs), tablet computers and information appliances, or what are sometimes referred
to as smart devices, which may also include embedded systems, or other mobile devices and
wireless devices.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Market description
3 Mobile navigation
4 Smartphone operating systems

o 4.1 Worldwide smartphone operating system market shares
5 Smartphone operating systems feature comparison
6 Feature phone operating systems
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
[edit] History
The increasing importance of mobile devices has triggered intense competition among
technology giants, like Google, Microsoft, Apple, and Nokia in a bid to capture the bigger
market share pre-emptively.[1] Palm, Research In Motion and Ericsson are also significant firms
in the mobile platform sector. In November 2007, Google formed a Linux-based open source
alliance to make inroads into this mobile platform market, raising consumer awareness of the
growing mobile platform frenzy.[2]
[edit] Market description

Mobile platforms are in the nascent stage, and any projection regarding the market growth is
hard to make at the present time. It is noteworthy that Intel is taking the initiative to focus on
portable devices other than mobile phones. They are Mobile Internet Devices (MID) and UltraMobile PC (UMPC). Meantime, Palm abandoned its plan to develop Foleo, which was to be a
companion device for a smartphone.
[edit] Mobile navigation

Canalys has estimated that in 2009 the installed base of smartphones with integrated GPS was
163 million units worldwide, of which Nokia accounted for more than half (51%) having shipped
cumulatively 83 million GPS devices. On January 22, 2010, Nokia released a free version of Ovi
Maps which is expected to double user amount.
[edit] Smartphone operating systems
Table showing most of the current mobile operating systems for smartphones, PDAs and
netbooks in 2010
Share of 2010 Q3 smartphone sales to end users by operating system, according to Gartner.[3]
Operating systems that can be found on smartphones include Nokia's Symbian, Google's
Android, Apple's iOS, RIM's BlackBerry OS, Microsoft's Windows Phone, Linux, Palm/HP's
WebOS, Samsung's Bada, Nokia's Maemo and Meego among many others. Android, Bada,
WebOS and Maemo are built on top of Linux, and iOS is derived from the BSD and NeXTSTEP
operating systems, which are all related to Unix.
The most common operating systems (OS) used in smartphones by Q3 2010 sales are:
The Symbian OS and its successor Symbian platform from the Symbian Foundation (36.6%
Market Share Sales Q3 2010)[4] (open public license)
Symbian has the largest share in most markets worldwide, but lags behind other
companies in the relatively small but highly visible North American market.[5] This
matches the success of its largest shareholder[6] and customer, Nokia, in all markets
except Japan. In Japan Symbian is strong due to a relationship with NTT DoCoMo, with
only one of the 44 Symbian handsets released in Japan coming from Nokia.[7] It has been
used by many major handset manufacturers, including BenQ, Fujitsu, LG, Mitsubishi,
Motorola, Nokia, Samsung, Sharp, and Sony Ericsson. Current Symbian-based devices
are being made by Fujitsu, Nokia, Samsung, Sharp, and Sony Ericsson. Prior to 2009
Symbian supported multiple user interfaces, i.e. UIQ from UIQ Technologies, S60 from
Nokia, and MOAP from NTT DOCOMO. As part of the formation of the Symbian
platform in 2009 these three UIs were merged into a single platform which is now fully
open source. Recently, though shipments of Symbian devices have increased, the
operating system's worldwide market share has declined from over 50% to just over 40%
from 2009 to 2010.
Android from Google Inc. (25.5% Market Share Sales Q3 2010)[4] (open source, Apache)
Android was developed by a small startup company that was purchased by Google Inc.,
and Google continues to update the software. Android is an open source, Linux-derived
platform backed by Google, along with major hardware and software developers (such as
Intel, HTC, ARM, Samsung, Motorola and eBay, to name a few), that form the Open
Handset Alliance.[8] Release on November 5th 2007, the OS has a following among
programmers.[9] There have been six releases of Android- Android 1.0, 1.5, 1.6, 2.0, 2.1
and 2.2. All are nicknamed after a dessert item like Cupcake (1.5) or Frozen Yogurt (2.2).
Most major mobile service providers carry an Android device.
The Apple iPad tablet computer uses a version of iOS.
Since the HTC Dream (T-Mobile G1) was introduced, there has been an explosion in the
number of devices that carry Android OS. From Q2 of 2009 to the second quarter of
2010, Android's worldwide market share rose 850% from 1.8% to 17.2%.
iOS from Apple Inc. (16.7% Market Share Sales Q3 2010)[4] (closed source, proprietary)
The Apple iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad all use an operating system called iOS, which is
derived from Mac OS X. Third party applications were not officially supported until the
release of iOS 2.0 on July 11th 2008. Before this, "jailbreaking" allowed third party
applications to be installed, and this method is still available. Currently all iOS devices
are developed by Apple and manufactured by Foxconn or another of Apple's partners.
RIM BlackBerry OS (14.8% Market Share Sales Q3 2010)[4] (closed source, proprietary)
This OS is focused on easy operation and was originally designed for business. Recently
it has seen a surge in third-party applications and has been improved to offer full
multimedia support. Currently Blackberry's App World has over 15,000 downloadable
applications.
Windows Mobile from Microsoft (2.8% Market Share Sales Q3 2010)[4][10] (closed source,
proprietary)
The Windows CE operating system and Windows Mobile middleware are widely spread
in Asia. The two improved variants of this operating system, Windows Mobile 6
Professional (for touch screen devices) and Windows Mobile 6 Standard, were unveiled
in February 2007. It has been criticized for having a user interface which is not optimized
for touch input by fingers; instead, it is more usable with a stylus. However, unlike
iPhone OS, it does support both touch screen and physical keyboard configurations.
Windows Mobile's market share has sharply declined in recent years to just 5% in Q2 of
2010.[11] Microsoft is phasing out the Windows Mobile OS to specialized markets and is
instead focusing on it's new platform, Windows Phone.
Windows Phone from Microsoft (negligible Market Share Sales in October 2010)(closed source,
proprietary)
On February 15th, 2010 Microsoft unveiled its next-generation mobile OS, Windows
Phone 7. The new mobile OS includes a completely new over-hauled UI inspired by
Microsoft's "Metro Design Language". It includes full integration of Microsoft services
such as Windows Live, Zune, Xbox Live and Bing, but also integrates with many other
non-Microsoft services such as Facebook and Google accounts. The new OS platform has
received some positive reception from the technology press.[12][13][14] As Windows Phone 7
is a new platform, there is no backwards compatibility with Windows Mobile
applications and some power-user features that were in Windows Mobile will not be
present until near-future updates.
The Palm Pre running HP (formerly Palm) webOS. HP purchased Palm in 2010.
Linux operating system (open source, GPL) (2.1% Market Share Sales Q3 2010, non-Android
Linux-based OS's only)
Linux is strongest in China where it is used by Motorola, and in Japan, used by DoCoMo.
[15][16]
Rather than being a platform in its own right, Linux is used as a basis for a number
of different platforms developed by several vendors, including Android, LiMo, Maemo,
Openmoko and Qt Extended, which are mostly incompatible.[17][18] PalmSource (now
Access) is moving towards an interface running on Linux.[19] Another platform based on
Linux is being developed by Motorola, NEC, NTT DoCoMo, Panasonic, Samsung, and
Vodafone.[20]
Palm webOS from HP (certain parts open sourced) and Palm OS/Garnet OS from Access Co.
(closed source, proprietary)
Palm webOS is Palm's next generation operating system. PalmSource traditionally used
its own platform developed by Palm Inc. Access Linux Platform (ALP) is an
improvement that was planned to be launched in the first half of 2007. It will use
technical specifications from the Linux Phone Standards Forum. The Access Linux
Platform will include an emulation layer to support applications developed for Palmbased devices.
bada from Samsung Electronics (closed source, proprietary)
This is a mobile operating system being developed by Samsung Electronics. Samsung
claims that bada will rapidly replace its proprietary feature phone platform, converting
feature phones to smartphones.The name 'bada' is derived from , the Korean word
for ocean or sea. The first device to run bada is called 'Wave' and was unveiled to the
public at Mobile World Congress 2010. The Wave is a fully touchscreen phone running
the new mobile operating system. With the phone, Samsung also released an app store,
called Samsung Apps, to the public. It has close to 3000[21] mobile applications.
Samsung has said that they don't see Bada as a smartphone platform, but as a platform
with a kernel configurable architecture, which allows the use of either proprietary Realtime operating system (RTOS) kernel, or the Linux kernel. Though Samsung plans to
install bada on many phones, the company still has a large lineup of Android phones.
MeeGo from Nokia and Intel (open source, GPL)
At the 2010 Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Nokia and Intel both unveiled 'MeeGo'
a brand new mobile operating system which would combine the best of Moblin and the
best of Maemo to create a truly open-sourced experience for users across all devices.
Maemo from Nokia (open source, GPL)
Maemo is a software platform developed by Nokia for smartphones and Internet Tablets.
It is based on the Debian operating system.
Maemo is mostly based on open source code, and has been developed by Maemo Devices
within Nokia in collaboration with many open source projects such as the Linux kernel,
Debian and GNOME.
Maemo is based on Debian GNU/Linux and draws much of its GUI, frameworks and
libraries from the GNOME project. It uses the Matchbox window manager and the GTKbased Hildon as its GUI and application framework.
Limo
[edit] Worldwide smartphone operating system market shares

Wind
Symb
iOS
Sour Da
BlackB Andr
ows Oth referen
ian
(App
ce te
erry OS oid
Mobil ers ces
OS
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e
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Gart
25.5 16.7
1.5 [22]
10 36.6% 14.8%
2.8%
ner
%
%
%
3Q
[edit] Smartphone operating systems feature comparison

Only the latest versions are shown in this table, even though old versions may still be marketed.
Window Window Black
Android webO
iOS
s Mobile s Phone Berry Symbian
S
OS
Open
Compan
Handset HP/Pal Microsof Microsof
Symbian
Apple
RIM
y
Alliance m, Inc t
t
Foundation
(Google)
Current
7.0.7004.
4.2.1 2.3.2
1.4.5 6.5.3
6.0.0 9.5
Version
0
OS
Mac Linux Linux Windows Window Mobil Mobile OS
Feature
Maemo MeeGo Bada

Linux
Sams
Nokia Foundati
ung
on
5.0
1.1.2
1.2
Linux
Linux
Linux
OS
Family X/Uni
x-like
ARM,
Support
MIPS,
ed CPU
ARM Power ARM
Architec
Architec
ture
ture, x86
C, C+
Program +,
C, C++,
C
med in Objec Java
tive-C
Propri
Free
Free and
etary
and
open
EULA
open
source
except
source
except
License for
except
closed
open
closed
source
source
source
compon
comp
modul
ents
onents
es
Public
issues No
Yes[23] No
list
Package iTune
APK
manager s
Non
english
languag Yes
es
support
Limited[
27]
CE 5.2
s CE 7
e OS
ARM
ARM
ARM ARM
C++
C++,
.NET
Java C++
(Silverlig
ht/XNA)
Eclipse
Proprieta Proprieta Propri
Public
ry
ry
etary
License
No
No
No
Windows
Prewar
Mobile
e (3rd
Device Zune PC
party
?
Center/A software
homeb
ctiveSyn
rew)
c
Underlin
ing spell Yes[28] No[29]
No
checker
Keeps Yes Limited[ ?
31]
state on
ARM
ARM,
x86
C/C++ C++
ARM
C++
Free
and
open
source Free and
Propri
except open
etary
closed source
source
compon
ents
Not
Yes[25] Yes[26]
anymore[24]
No
rpm+yu
Nokia Ovi dpkg+a
m+zyppe ?
Suite
pt-get
r
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Limit
ed
(Sear
ch is
not
diacri
tical
mark
insens
itive)
Only
Yes
Office[30]
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Limit
ed
shutdow
n or
crash
Very
Internal Limit
Limited[ Yes
Search ed[32] 33]
No
Universa Limit
l
ed on
Search[34] most Yes
and Very model
Limited[3 s[36]
Yes
Yes
Yes
5]
Proxy
Yes
server
Ondevice
Yes[38]
encrypti
on
Sync to
Cloud
commun
Yes[43]
ication
encrypti
on
Desktop
Yes
Sync
cut,
copy,
Yes[50]
and
paste
(Bro
wser
does
not
keep
windo
ws
open)
Very
Limit
ed
(Only
searc
hes
conta
cts by
name
and is
not
diacri
tical
mark
insens
itive)
No[37]
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No[39]
No
Yes[40]
No[41]
Yes[42] ?
Yes
No
Yes[45] ?
Yes,
with
3rd
party
apps
Yes
No[44]
No[46]
No[47] Yes
No[48]
Yes
Yes
Yes[49] Yes
Yes[51]
Yes
No, but
planned[5 Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes[54]
Yes
2][53]
undo
Yes[55] No[56]
Phone
Yes
No[57]
Limite
No
d
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
number
linking
to dialer
Internet Internet
Default
Explorer Explorer
Web
Webki
Webki
Webkit Webkit Mobile Mobile
Webkit
Browser t
t
6.0
7.0
/Engine
(Trident) (Trident)
Official
Windows Window
App
Symbian
Applicat App Android
Marketpl s Phone App
Catalo
Horizon,Ov
ion
Store Market
ace for Marketpl World
g
i store
Store
Mobile ace
Unified
Yes No[58]
?
?
No[34]
Yes ?
Inbox
Email
Sync
BES,
POP3, POP3, POP3, POP3, POP3,
protocol
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IMAP, IMAP, IMAP, IMAP, IMAP,
s
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MAPI MAPI MAPI MAPI
MAPI
supporte
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d
Push
Exam
Notificat
Example Yes
Example Example Yes Yes
ple
ions
Voice
Exam
Recogni
No[59]
No
Yes
Yes
Yes Yes
ple
tion
Call
Recorde No
No[60]
?
?
?
?
?
r
Tetherin Bluet Mobile Mobile USB,
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ss,
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AIFF,
PCM/W
WAV
AVE (8and 16bit linear
PCM
(rates up
to limit
of
hardwar
e),
WAVE
MP4,
WMV
H.263,
,
H.263,
H.264,
All
H.264
H.263
H.264
WMV,
(some
AVC,
MPEG
,
Video
AVC,
MPEG4,
require
MPE
-4,
H.264
Playbac
MPEG-4
MPEG4@ optiona
G-4,
H.263,
,
k
SP,
HD 720p l debian
MH.264
DivX,
DivX,
30fps,
packag
JPEG
WMV
XviD
MKV,
es)
,
DivX, XviD
XviD,
3gp
Turn-by- 3rd Google Carrier 3rd Party No
3rd 3rd Party 3rd
turn
Party Maps
softwa Software navigatio Party Software, Party
GPS
softw Navigati re, 3rd
n just
Softw free global Softwar
H.263,
H.264,
WMV,
MPEG4,
MPEG4
@ HD
720p
30fps,
DivX,
XviD
Many
Sams
ung
LBS
are
on (will
not work
with
limited
Party
phone
Softwa
coverage
re
)[63] or
3rd
Party
software
VGA,
720p on
Video up to
select No
out
576p,
devices
480p
iOS 4
Multitas
only[64 Yes
Yes
king
]
Desktop
interacti
No
Yes
No
ve
widgets
Integrate
d
Hardwar
Some
No
Yes
e
Models
keyboar
d
Bluetoot
h
Yes[66] No[67]
No
keyboar
d
Yes
Yes
(Curre
(Hardwa
ntly
Videoco
re
iPhon
nference
Currentl
e4
front
y
No
and
video
Availabl
iPod
camera
e on
Touch
Some
4
Models)
Only)
Can
No
Yes
No
share
images
via
Bluetoot
maps[61]
or 3rd
are
party
software
e,
Nokia Ovi Nokia
Maps
Ovi
Maps
(Rout
e 66))
Nokia AV Nokia
Out
AV Out
None
(PAL/NTSC (PAL/N
), HDMI
TSC)
Yes
Yes,
limited[65 Yes
DLN
A
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
(through
No
"live
tiles")
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
[68]
No
Yes
Yes
Yes,
with
?
plugins
No
No[61]
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No[61]
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
h with
all
mobile
Skype
Yes
Yes[69]
Faceboo
k IM
Yes Yes
chat
Jailbr
eakin
g
Requi
red
and
Open
SSH
ssh
Yes
Install
ed
(free
from
Cydia
Appli
cation
)
OpenVP
?
N
WPA
Yes[72] No[73]
PEAP
Remote
Frame ?
?
Buffer
Screens
Yes[74] No[75]
hot
Comin
g on
Verizo No
n with
2.0
3rd
party ?
patch
No[70]
Yes
Yes[71]
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Remote
?
Desktop
Yes
Yes(3rd
Party
Software)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No.
Possible
through
homebre
w or
SDK.[77]
Yes
(3rd
Party Yes[79]
Softw
are)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Homeb
rew
No
require
d
Yes[76]
[78]
GPU
Accelera Yes
ted GUI
No[80]
No
Yes[81]
Yes
Official
Windows/M
SDK
Mac Multipla Multip
Window Wind
GNU/L GNU/Li Wind
Windows
ultiplatform
platform OS X tform[82] latform
s
ows
inux[83] nux
ows
(Qt)
(s)
Window Black
webO Window
Feature iOS Android
s Phone Berry Symbian Maemo MeeGo Bada
S s Mobile
7
OS
[edit] Feature phone operating systems

Common operating systems for feature phones include Nokia OS with user interfaces S30 or
S40.[84] S40 offers APIs for Java ME.[84]
[edit] See also
Tablet computer
Smartphone
Smart TV
Nucleus RTOS
[edit] References
1. ^ Can Mac OS X succeed as a mobile platform? 2007-01-22
2. ^ Google Enters the Wireless World
3. ^ "Gartner Says Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales Grew 35 Percent in Third Quarter 2010;
Smartphone Sales Increased 96 Percent". Press release. 10 November 2010.
http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1466313. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
4. ^ a b c d e[citation needed]
5. ^ North American Market
6. ^ Symbian Shareholders
7. ^ Symbian Facts
8. ^ http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/oha_members.html
9. ^
http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/146450/developers_praise_android_at_go
ogle_io.html?tk=rl_noinform
10. ^ "CEO Ballmer Reportedly Says Microsoft 'Screwed Up' with Windows Mobile".
eWeek. 28 September 2009. http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Windows/Microsoft-CEO-SteveBallmer-Says-Company-Screwed-Up-Windows-Mobile-241614/.
11. ^ [1]
12. ^ http://www.engadget.com/2010/02/15/windows-phone-7-series-is-official-andmicrosoft-is-playing-to/
13. ^ http://gizmodo.com/5471805/windows-phone-7-series-everything-is-different-now
14. ^ http://www.crunchgear.com/2010/02/15/windows-phone-7-series-our-take/
15. ^ Shipping Linux-based Phones at Technology News Daily
16. ^ Microsoft Excluded from DoCoMo at The Register
17. ^ Incompatibility in Mobile Linux at OS News
18. ^ Search Mobile Computing
19. ^ Running on Linux
20. ^ Motorola Press Release on Partnership on Linux Platform
21. ^ Samsung s8530 Wave II review
22. ^ "Worldwide Converged Mobile Device Operating System Market Shares and 20102014 Growth". 2010-09-07.
http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/qQjngE0rTd8yp1SXLrr4FA?feat=embedwebsite.
23. ^ Android Issues Tracker
24. ^ Symbian Foundation is completing its transition to a licensing body
25. ^ Maemo Issues Tracker
26. ^ MeeGo Issues Tracker
27. ^ Android Issue 3732: Search Improve contact searchAndroid Issue 3393: No Unicode
support on SMS sendingAndroid Issue 9199: SQLite3 Unicode Case not working (only
ASCII case works) (include ICU support)
28. ^ iOS 4 features: Spell-check and text replace
29. ^ Android Issue 10332: Retrospective spell checking on all input fields as an OS feature
(input device agnostic)
30. ^ http://www.engadget.com/2010/10/20/windows-phone-7-review/
31. ^ Android Issue 8880: Keep open URLs/windows on shutdown or crash
32. ^ iOS will not search Contacts notes field
33. ^ Android Issue 3732: Only search Contacts name field but not any other fieldAndroid
Issue 2518: Calendar app has no search.
34. ^ a b Bonnie Cha (27 October 2010). "Top 5 things I dislike about Windows Phone 7".
CNET. http://www.cnet.com/8301-17918_1-20020922-85.html.
35. ^ WP7 on HTC Mozart - Unable to search for additional Contact fields - by design or
bug?
36. ^ Notes search not available in BB Torch
37. ^ Android Issue 1273: IP Proxy Settings for Wifi Network
38. ^ iOS 4: Understanding data protection
39. ^ Android Issue 8686: Add support for ActiveSync Device Encryption Policy
Requirement
40. ^ Microsoft Windows Mobile encryption
41. ^ Galen Gruman (8 November 2010). "Windows Phone 7 lacks on-device encryption".
InfoWorld. http://www.infoworld.com/d/mobilize/windows-phone-7-lacks-deviceencryption-585.
42. ^ BlackBerry Stored Data Security
43. ^ Apple - iPhone in Business - Integration
44. ^ Android Sync Communication is not encrypted
45. ^ Standard BlackBerry encryption
46. ^ Android Issue 66: OpenSync desktop synchronisation support

47. ^ Palm needs to develop a Palm Pre desktop sync application.
48. ^ How to Sync Windows Phone 7 with Outlook
49. ^ Maemo Sync
50. ^ Nilay Patel (2009-03-17). "iPhone finally gets copy and paste!". Engadget.
http://www.engadget.com/2009/03/17/iphone-finally-gets-copy-and-paste/.
51. ^ Android Issue 3190: Improve copy-paste in Browser/WebView
52. ^ Microsoft Windows Phone 7 does not have copy/paste
53. ^ http://www.engadget.com/2010/10/11/copy-and-paste-coming-to-windows-phone-7-inearly-2011/
54. ^ Does Bada OS have Cut, Copy & Paste?
55. ^ Phat^Trance (2009-05-23). "iPhone: Undo Typing Cool feature in iPhone 3.0".
dailymobile. http://dailymobile.se/2009/05/23/iphone-undo-typing-nice-feature-iniphone-30/.
56. ^ Android Issue 6458: Enhancement: Undo
57. ^ Android Issue 4575: Phone number linking to dialer
58. ^ Android Issue 8261: Unified Inbox (Gmail & other mailboxes in 1 place)
59. ^ Android does not natively support voice commands, but Google provides a cloud based
closed source implementation (Voice Actions for Android) that will only work when
online Android Issue 11062: Offline voice commands for opening apps, controlling music
player, and making calls
60. ^ Android Issue 2117: Enhancement: Call Recorder
61. ^ a b c d "Windows Phone 7 OS review: From scratch". GSM Arena. 8 October 2010.
http://www.gsmarena.com/windows_phone_7-review-521.php.
62. ^ http://wmpoweruser.com/hackstethering-come-to-htc-wp7-handsets-htc-hub-comes-toall-other-wp7-devices/
63. ^ Android Issue 4471: Downloadable maps for offline navigation/location
64. ^ http://www.maximumpc.com/article/features/smartphone_face_ios_vs_android_vs_blackberry_vs_maemo
65. ^ http://blogs.microsoft.co.il/blogs/alex_golesh/archive/2010/07/14/silverlight-forwindows-phone-7-tombstoning.aspx
66. ^ Finally, Bluetooth keyboard support for the iPhone
67. ^ Android Issue 1147: RFE: Support for external keyboard, mouse
68. ^ Bluetooth Keyboards On Windows Phone 7
69. ^ http://www.skype.com/intl/en-us/get-skype/on-your-mobile/skype-mobile/android/
70. ^ "Skype says no to Windows Phone 7". MobileCrunch. 13 May 2010.
http://www.mobilecrunch.com/2010/05/13/skype-says-no-to-windows-phone-7/.
71. ^ http://www.skype.com/intl/en/get-skype/on-your-mobile/?cm_mmc=m102
72. ^ [2]
73. ^ Android Issue 1386: Feature req: support WPA2-Enterprise with EAP extensions
74. ^ Screenshot#iOS
75. ^ Android Issue 6547: Screen shots
76. ^ How to make Windows Mobile screenshots?
77. ^ Take a screenshot on Windows Phone 7
78. ^ http://wmpoweruser.com/home-brew-delivers-againscreen-shot-functionality-arrive-onthe-htc-hd7/
79. ^ Screenshot for Symbian OS
80. ^ Android Issue 6914: Make android use the GPU (if available) for UI and browsing.
81. ^ http://www.anandtech.com/show/2969/windows-phone-7-series-the-anandtechguide/13
82. ^ http://developer.android.com/sdk/index.html
83. ^
http://wiki.maemo.org/Documentation/Maemo_5_Final_SDK_Installation#Installing_Ma
emo_5_SDK_using_GUI_Installer
84. ^ a b http://www.forum.nokia.com/Technology_Topics/Device_Platforms/Series_40/
[edit] External links
Mobile Platform
Java ME
Intel Mobile Platform
Android-based smartphone shipments leapfrog Apple's iPhone
Qualcomm Uplinq Mobile OS Developer Conference (Annual)

[hide]v d eMobile operating systems
Linuxbased
Access Linux Android bada DSLinux Familiar iPodLinux LiMo MeeGo

(Moblin Maemo Qt Extended) Mobilinux Openmoko Linux OPhone SHR Qt
Extended Improved Ubuntu Mobile webOS
Other
Windows CE (Windows Phone 7 Windows Mobile) BlackBerry OS BlackBerry

Tablet OS GEOS iOS Nintendo DSi OS Nokia OS (S30 S40) Palm OS PSP
OS Symbian platform (History of Symbian MOAP(S) UIQ S60 S80 S90)
SavaJe
Related
platform BREW Java ME (FX Mobile)
s
See also: List of digital distribution platforms for mobile devices, Mobile development
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_operating_system"
Categories: Mobile phones | Mobile operating systems | Mobile phone operating systems
Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements
from November 2010
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Android (operating system)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Android 2.3 "Gingerbread"

Open Handset Alliance

C (core),[1] C++ (some third party

Free and open source software

Latest stable release GRH78C[2] / 21 January 2011; 13 days

ARM, MIPS, Power Architecture,

3 Hardware running Android

7 Claimed infringement of copyrights and patents

Open Handset Alliance

Released 23 September 2008[36]

Multiple resolved issues

Maps adds details and reviews

Screen timeout longer when using speakerphone

"Show" & "Hide" Dialpad included in-call menu

Support for saving attachments from MMS

Support for marquee in layouts

Ability to record and watch videos through camcorder mode

Uploading videos to YouTube and pictures to Picasa directly from the

A new soft-keyboard with text-prediction

Bluetooth A2DP and AVRCP support

Ability to automatically connect to a Bluetooth headset within a

Animated screen transitions

An integrated camera, camcorder, and gallery interface

Gallery now enables users to select multiple photos for deletion

Updated Voice Search, with faster response and deeper integration

Updated search experience to allow searching bookmarks, history,

Updated technology support for CDMA/EVDO, 802.1x, VPNs, and a

Support for WVGA screen resolutions

Speed improvements in searching and camera applications

Gesture framework and GestureBuilder development tool

Google free turn-by-turn navigation

Support for more screen sizes and resolutions

New Browser UI and HTML5 support

New contact lists

Better contrast ratio for backgrounds

Improved Google Maps 3.1.2

Microsoft Exchange Server by Exchange ActiveSync 2.5 support

Built in flash support for Camera

MotionEvent class enhanced to track multi-touch events[47]

Improved virtual keyboard

The 2.0.1 SDK was released on 3 December 2009.[48]

Integration of Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine into the Browser

Improved application launcher with shortcuts to Phone and Browser

USB tethering and Wi-Fi hotspot functionality

Added an option to disable data access over mobile network

Updated Market application with batch and automatic update

Quick switching between multiple keyboard languages and their

Voice dialing and contact sharing over Bluetooth

Support for numeric and alphanumeric passwords

Support for file upload fields in the Browser application[54]

Support for installing applications to the expandable memory

Adobe Flash 10.1 support[55]

Support for extra-large screen sizes and resolutions (WXGA and

Native support for SIP VoIP telephony

Support for WebM/VP8 video playback, and AAC audio encoding

New audio effects such as reverb, equalization, headphone

Support for Near Field Communication

System-wide copypaste functionalities

Redesigned multi-touch software keyboard

Enhanced support for native code development

Audio, graphical, and input enhancements for game developers