5.

6 I Engineering Physics

D=

Le
EI
mv
x

Using equation (5.8) and (5.9) we get

ILV

D = 2dVa

(5.15)

Deflection Sensitivity
The deflection sensitivity

,S, is defined as the deflection caused by one volt of

potential difference applied to deflection plates. Thus it is given by

ILV

IL

zdVa _ _______

2dVa

(5.16
)

Here S is inversely proportional to Va. i.e. if the particle is accelerated with higher
field Va then it will spend less time in electric field and deflection will be less .
Deflection Factor

The reciprocal of deflection sensitivity is called deflection factor, It is expressed in

volts/cm.
(5.17)
2dVa
G=1/S =

IL

5.1.3 Motion of a charged particle projected at as acute angle with tbe

direction of uniform electric field
Suppose an electron is projected in to a uniform electric field at an acute angle with the
field direction and with an initial velocity vn- The electric field acts in positive ydirection and the electron gets accelerated in negative y direction. The acceleration is
F

eE

given by - a = = and is constant. The motion of electron will be very much

similar to that of projectile in gravitational field.

Electron Ballastics j 5.7

*+"

-f-

H-

-h

4-

H-Fig.5.3 Motion of a charged

particle projected at an acute angle The velocity component in x-direction vx remains

constant while vy decreases initially and again increases when the electron reverses its
path. Therefore the components are
given by,
v =vc
v

y='

=
Constant!,

(5.18)

t
\

obtain coordinates for the electron at any time t,

Using above equations we can
x

= v t - v g cos 6 t 1

(5.20)

From equation (5.19) we get

x
X

= (v 0 cos0 n y= =; oCOS 0 o

tw this value of V in equation (5.20) we have,

putting

(5.21)

5.8 Engineering Physics

Above equation is of the form y = ax + bx 2 which represents the equation of
parabola. Therefore the electron describe a projectile motion while traversing through
the electric field.
The various parameters with respect to projectile motion in uniform electric field can
be obtained as follows:

1) A particle attain maximum height when vy = 0 . Since vv =v0sin 0 + a t =0

Therefore the time taken by the charged particle to reach maximum distance in ydirection is given by

-v0Sin0

(5-23)

t=

2) The time taken by the charged particle to return to its original level along xdirection is given by

T = 2t= 2v Sin0
a

(5.24)

3) The maximum distance that a charged particle reaches in y-direction is given by

putting the value of 't' in equation (5.22) we write -

AV

(~v0Sin0)

./max

a
2

a2

2a

v 0Sin e
2a

(5.25
)

4) The range, is the distance traveled along x-direction by the charged particle from the
starting point to the point it returns to its original level along x- direction is given by

(5.26)
2

v 0Sin20
K ------------------

5.18 Engineering Physics

5.6 Electrostatic Lens

Electrostatic Lens consists of two coaxial short cylindrical metal tubes

TI

and T2 of

same size and separated by a small distance , held at different potentials Vi and V 2
respectively such that V2 > V\ . The dotted line represents the direction of lines of
electric forces from T2 to

TI.

As V2 is greater than V, , a non uniform electric field is

produced in the gap between the tubes. The equipotential surfaces are perpendicular
to the electric field lines everywhere.

Equipotential
Surface
V, >
V,

Focal

Electnc field
lines

i"

r,

Fig. 5.11

Electrostatic lens

The electrons moving along the axis of cylinders , labeled 1 in the figure , experience
no bending as electric field lines are along the same direction . The off axis electrons .
lebelled 2 and 3 in the figure 5.11 , suffer bending at equipotential contours towards
the direction of field lines and also get accelerated in the forward direction . Thus the
off axis electrons experience a converging action.
The force F experienced by the electrons at the convex equipotential surface can be
resolved in to its rectangular component F | parallel to the axis and

FJ.

perpendicular

to the axis of the tube. The action of the F| component is to accelerate the electrons

Electron Ballastics j 5.19

along the axial direction. These electrons would be acted upon by

FJ.

component and

get deflected towards the axis and are also simultaneously accelerated toward tube T 2
due to the force component FH
On crossing the mid plane MM1 of the gap, electrons face the concave equipotential
surfaces. In this region the normal component F is directed away from the axis and
hence the electrons are deflected away from the axis. The parallel component

FH

acts

to accelerate the electrons further in the direction parallel to the axis. However for
every set of values of V| and 2 the converging action is always more powerful than
diverging action because the electrons move faster in the second half of the gap and
spend less time there. The net result is. that electron beam get focused at the focal
point. Cylindrical symmetry of equipotential surfaces ensure that all the off axis
electron converges towards the axis. Thus overall effect of the system is to converge
electron beam and hence called as electron lens or electrostatic lens.
Comparison between optical lens and electrostatic lens

Light rays are bent only at the two boundaries of a lens but electron beam is refracted
continuously through successive equipotential surfaces. Secondly focal length of glass
lens is fixed while focal length of electron lens may be varied by adjusting the
potentials V| and Va of the tubes.Light rays moving from rarer to denser move with
less velocity while electron beam moving from lower to higher potential possess
greater velocity.

5.7 Magnetic lens

A magnetic lens is a device used for the focusing of charged particles, such as electrons
using non uniform magnetic fields. Charged particles are deflected based upon the strength
of the magnetic field, which can be varied by controlling the current flowing through
solenoid. This is typically applicable in electron microscope and in electron beam
machining equipments.

5.20 I Engineering Physics

Short solenoid
Fig.5.12

Magnetic lens

Short solenoid
Magnetic fields are axially symmetric have a focusing

Resultant path of electrc

F"
Axis of the lens

effect on an electron beam passing

through it. The axially
symmetric
magnetic fields are produced by short

electron

solenoids . By encasing the coil in

hollow iron shields the magnetic fields are concentrated
and improved focusing action is obtained . Such
solenoids are called thin magnetic lenses. We know that electron travelling in non
uniform fields describe a helical path. The radius of loops goes on decreasing as the
electron moves in the stronger regions of the field . In the similar way , while travelling
through the solenoid field, the helical path of the electron is twisted into tighter loops and
the turns become smaller and smaller ultimately all the electrons coming on to the axis at
the point of focus 'F' as in figure . Magnetic lenses are always converging lenses. Their
action differs from that of electrostatic lenses and glass lenses. Diverging action is
impossible in magnetic lenses. Adjusting the current through the solenoid and the initial
accelerating voltage of the electrons, the focal distance of the magnetic lens can be
adjusted. When electron beam pass through the lens system the resultant path is shown in
figure 5.12.