Vector Analysis Notes

$oluTloHs
1,1
Page 35
CLap
Vector Analysis
sot
,t.1.,1
Option (C) is correct.
-N
: ;,, ",,
:"
:=:,:"-_:z:::,;t;:
ITa,l boul2a"
^,
So, the unit vector in the direction of (M- N) is
73o,,*5ar*2o,,
M-N
-^ - jM:Tl-Wa,+5%+q
-
sol. t.r.?
Option (B) is correct.

Vector G at (-2,1,3)
G
So,
0.92a,* 0.36a, + 0 Jayz.
: 4(- 2) (r) a, + 2 (2 + (_ z),) au _t S (J)2 a"

:- 8a, *l2aui27a"
"":ft.:ffi
unit vector in the direction
:-
sol- {,r.3
of.
0.26a,i
G at
0.39a,
0.88o,

cross product of two parallel vector fields is always zero since the angle
between them is 0:0".
i.e.
AXB:Q
loo o, o,l
It tt?-613l:o
l"
Solving
sol.
1,,t.4
(- tz - Jp)ao 1-(Bo + 6)aa + @ - 2a)a" :

it we have, 0:- 4 and a:- 2
Option (D) is correct.

From the given field vector we have the component
E, :9zf cos2r.
So for the given condition E,: 0
9zf cos(2r)
We have,
:0
This condition met when,
Z:0
of,
a:0
or,
cos2r:0 9 2r:trl2 + r:r/4
Therefore the planes on which field component
Z:0
sol-
1.1.s
A:0
and
E, will be zero are
r: r/4

FYom the given field vector we have the field components
Ev
:8zTsin2r
E" :2f sir,2r

9 A: 4z
plane
the
in
Now,
A -- 42: 0
and
So,
Eo:az(A2)sin2r:il2isin2r
:
Er:
E"
Thus
2(4zl sin2r
32i sin2r
E"

For the given condition
i.e.
-E: 0, we must have

E,: Es: E,:0
9zf cos2r : Sz1sin2r: 2f sin2r :
This condition met in the Plane
Y:
$'

of
since, the options include spherical as rveli as cvlindrical representa'tion
A, so, we will transform the vector in both the founs to check the result.
The components of vector field / are
A,: !, Ar:0 and '4' : Q
as
Now, we transform the vector componerrts in cylindrical systern
lA,l I cosd sino 0ll/
f;'l:l-;;;
" ;;;;; fil[,,|
;
ll,r,,l
:*
l;,1-l
i'
: @os$) (1) : cosp

Ar:? sin@)(1) :-sind
Ao
A,:o
$
in cylindrical system is
A(P'Q'') : cosfaP- sinPaa
Hence, both the options (A) and (B) are incorrect'
Again, we transform the vector components in spherical system
So, the vector field
'tt
il
iltr
as
IA,l Isingcoso singsind cosg]['+".|

I'lnl :lcos0t'o*p cosdsino - sindll'4,1
It
[o,l [
:
A6 :
Ao :
A"
'4
.,{
ffi
So, the vector field
ol[1
: sindcosd
(cos 0 cos @) ( 1) : cos I cos qt
(.- sin P) (1) - - sin (':
(sindcos@) (1)
in spherical svstetrt
A(r,0,$):
sol- 1.{,6
c{,s@
* *in o
sindcos@tt''
is
cos6cos?ao- sinda"

We transform the given vector field in spherica'l system'
Since the given vector tleld is F: IIa,
(), F' -- O'
The Cartesian components of the field are Fl, : 10, Fu:
as
So, the spherical components of vector field can be deterrnined
I4l Isiudcoso sirrdsinp cot0|[{,1
I nl : lcosdcosd cosdsin o - sin0ll'fl,1
So' we
get
t.l 1""--,';;; cose
; : i3#::i
tllo
arld
F,r
:-
Now, for the given point
10sind
(z:3, g-: 2, z:_
Page 3?
1) we have
: /re)Tltf {_-tf : lu
d : ran-, {ZLi: ,*"-,/ /fT(zF\
,
\ (-1) l-- 105.5'
d : tan_'(si;: ,""_,(i): 33.7.
r..
Putting all the values in the rnatrix transformation,

we have
:
10sin(rOS.S")cos(33.2.)
g
4
:
Fo _- 10cos (105.5.) cos (83.7.) : _ 2.2
F+ :- 10sirr(33.7.) :_ 5.5
Therefbre, the vector field in spherical coordinate is
tr- : F, a, * Foas * F*a5 : 80" 2.2a,e _ S.5a,o
rlol
.1.9

The given point is shown below
After 120' rotation looking down the axis the new co-ordinate
axes (r,, y,,
z') will be as shown below :
x,
lJ
So, the rotation carries e axis
into E ; g_axis into
therefore the new co-ordinates of point

g, : 7:
p are :
and
r into z.
q;
'u' :': :L:: a
:r:.a_:b
i'e' (c' *. b) is the co-ordinates of point p in the transformed
system.
Chap
Vector Analysis
Page 38
Chap
$oL
t.'1"1$
Vector Analysis

The given line r: 6, z:_ 2 is parallel to g-axis. So, the component of
parallel to the given line is
Ar:(A'ar)ao
:l(- 2a,* 2}ao* 4a") '
: (-2sirr@*20cosd)o,
At Point P, Q:90o, so, Av:-2au
{.{.'t{
anlo,

The position vector can be defined as :
R : fre,"-l yau* za"
R:nl7T7+7
So,
grad,R
: #o'*#",*Eo,
:iffi"'+16ft;7"'*Lffi-"'
ra"* Aan* za" _ P
::-R
--wT7i7
gol- {.1,t2
Option (A) is correct.
Y' A : fittl
ftQra
t + t) + St+'+
:0 +2r+2U :2(r+
sol. {,{.13
zu')
A)

We have the vector field components as
Fo: psinS , F6: P2z and F, : zcosQ
I a" paa a,l
V
Now, X
'
:;l
f, [rri,\
i186,*" o - $
t'1", - i rl&'cos
- ft
+llftet, -
;,
: lt- zsin$ -
p'fo,-[0
: -|Qsin O t
p')
At point P (7,+,2)
VxF
:-r(2x
:- 3ap*
so|- t,1.14
rJzo,r*
ar't
0]aa
(3pz
1+13)
+f,lzt
ao*(3x 1 x 2-o)a"
rzon* Wa"
v . D:fttu,)*ftoa+fi{w):o
v
ou o,l
lu"
"" wl
xD:l* h :,1
f6n"i"ol",
pcos$la"
cos $) a"
6a"
lo,
r-
o';" ol"o
to the plane of triangle is given

of vectors. so the unit vector perpendicular
by
Page 40
Chai,
^:ffi#t
Ia"%
Vector AnalYsis
Now,
ABx ag:l
a"]
18 -191
[- to 8 151
:[18 x 15-(-10 x 8)]4,-[zo x 15- (- 10) x (- 10)]a'
+[zox8-(-10x18)]o,
:350o" -200ao*340a"
_ 350a,-20}ar*340a"
:@-
So,
:
sol- {.{.{9
zO
0'664o'
0'379 ao
350%
- 2m"'+ 3a9e:--
7@I-
rooi'+
(r+o)'?
0'645 a"

given by
vector in the direction of vector AC is
fi.u
""it
ISa,
8a,*
AC
-!0a,1
aAc
WCI
1- ro;'1 1A)'+ (rs)'
:- 0.507 a,* 0.406o, * 0'761a"

: - 0.514, -l0.4Lau* 0.76a"
is always perpendicular to the plane of

Since the cross product of two vectors
triangle which is perpendicular
vectors. so, the unit vector in the plane of the
toACisgivenbycrossproductoftheurritvectorperpendicrrlartothe
pla,ne of the tria.ngle a,nd the
i.e. &p:
3(,L 1.1.20
unit vector aec'
anx a'ac:-0'5504' -0'832a'*0'077a"
Option (D) is correct'

Unit vector in the direction of AB is given by
aAB
20a,*l8ar-I9a"
@Jraf+1-to;'
:0.697 a,+
0'627 an
0'348a"
interior angle at A is defined

A non unit vector in the direction ofbisector of
AS
lloo, *
aec)
Lr10.697 o,
0'627 an
0'348a"
o'507
a'*
0'4064'
* 0'761o']
0.095a, * 0.516a, * 0.207 a"

of interior angle at '4 is given
So the unit vector in the direction of bisector
by
0.095o" * 0.516o0 *
ou":@
:
:
sol- t"t.zt
O'2O7
a,
* 0.915a, * 0.367 a"

0.77 a,* 0.92a0 * 0.37 a"
0.168a,
ThevectorfieldFcanbewrittenincartesiansystemas
F(r,v,z):W:ffia,+ffi",
F(r,y,z):#o,+ffw
(r: pcosQ,Y:
Ps|li,$)
The components
: !(.ordo.
* sinda,.)
p'
of vector field F are
4:-p"p
lcoso. 4,:
siu
d;
so the components of vector field
and.
F,:
Page
Chap
0
F in cylindrical system can be expressed
:::r
'q
lfi]
l]tfil
rr:)lcos'Q+sin'61:L
: f,lcos6(- sin/) * sin@cos@]: s

F, :0
rr
field
At the point P(p :2,
7r14,
F : +ao:
s.
1.1.22
F(p,$,r)
So tlre vector
e:
poo
0.1)
0.ba,,

Any vector field can be represented as the sum of its normal and tangent,ia!
component to any surface as
At+_A,
where ,46 is tangential component and A,, is normal component to thr,

srrrfa,ce r:20 at point P(20,150",330').
So,
Ar, : T&r:20a.
and
thererore'
"' :11,r?; cosgas

:0.043oo
30t
1.1,?f,
t o,
100oa

Any vector field can be represented as the sum of its normal and tangential
components to any surface as
A:Ar+A,
Here A1 and .4,, are the tangential and normal components to the conical
surface Since the unit vector normal to the conical surface is ap.
So,
An :-
8a,o
and therefore the tangential component to the cone is
Ar: A- An:-72a,*9aa
30L 1.1.:*

Consider the unit vector perpendicular
d : 150' is
b: b,a,* b6a6
to ,4 and tangent to the cone
(Tangential component to the cone will have

Now the magnitude of unit vector is 1
So,
b7+b3:t
Vector Analysis
as
:[
41-
be: tl)
...(1)
Page 42
and the dot product of mutually perpendicular vectors is zero.
Chap
So,
Vector Analysis
A. b:0
-72b,* gb, : g
4:!u.
....(2)
So, from equation (1) and (2) we have
a3(r
+f;) : t
'':*,
u*:t
Therefore, A:f{S", *4ar)

*61
'r-t.s$ Option (A) is correct.

The separation vector trl can be defined as
and
so,
: (r-
a)a"+
(y- b)ar*(z-
c)a"
n:M
"
(+)
: *l@- o)' + fu- b)'+ (z- c)'\-'t2 a,

+&l@
- a)'+ (v -
b)'+
(z
- ")'l-'/'o,
+&l@- a)'+ @ - b)'+ (z-
c1'1-'r' o"
: -!1ny'r, (* - o) - |1ny'r, (y - b) w - lgy,r2 (z ",

__(r- a)a"*(y-b)q-f(z- c)a" :_&
R3
Rslz
as!.
{.{.rs
c)
a,

The gradient of a scalar field at its maxima is zero. So at the top of hill
or,
Vh:0
(72r-ay+36)a,*(76y-4r- 56)o, : g
Therefore both the components
will be equal to zero
I2n-4y*36:0
l6y- 4r- 56 :0
I.e.
and,
Solving the two equations, we get,
. :x:'-2, U:3
Thus the top of the hill is located at 2 miles south

' miles east of the railway station.
$oi-
l.t.t?

Consider the position vector of point P is
R : x&c* gan* za"
So, the magnitude of R is
R: G+T+r'
and unit vector in the direction of
a':!9@
" Ji+f+/
Therefore, the vector field .F at point
b-
is
is
(-2
miles north) and 3
,:#*:#(ffi7:*11vffffi]
The divergence of the field
v''F'
F is given
Page 43
Chap
as
: tof*ffi;zy + 3a@
+ +Lztr. *6;;;ryl
: rclpfiqw - +@;#?d- +
6;fqw
y\zA)
J v(za)
z(22)
1
B z(22)
3
-q
ttr)
2@ii;4{/,
2@Ti;4l'- 1;' a S * Srt7, - 2(7+7T
ye
(i+f + /) |
:'o[#*#?#fu]
1o[*_*r] :o
But at origin (r:0, U:0, z:0)
_
expression for field

zero else where.
jL
t.r.za
the position vector.fil:0 and so the

blows up. Therefore, v . F is infinite at origin and

For a vector function to be irrotational its curl must be zero. Now we check
it for vector ,4.
VxA
:[&o-
ry
- ") - fu-
rz)fa. +ffia+ n
*a-
ra
z)la,
+l*c za - fta+ a)a"
: (- B *B) a,+ (1 - I) o"+(0 _ 0) &" :
So, vector A. is irrotational.
Again for a vector to be solenoidal its divergence must be zero. So we take

the divergence of the vector ,4 as
: S{,* 4 +&eu1 +S@- ry -,)
.A
:1*o- 1:o
so, vector c is solenoidal

Thus the vector A is both irrotational and solenoidal.
Note: since the curl of the gradient of a scal# field is zero. So, we can have
directly the result
(-Vr:_:Vx (Vr:g
Vx A:VX
We have
Comparing
--v Y :-ffa,-#",-ffo"
it with the given
vector we get
ar:- @+ z) + f :-t - rz+ fi(y,z)

dr
u
6:3'- f :3Yz+f2(r,z)
^2
of :- ,- 3a
a", -\ )+ r0z -_ @- - z) l:-
rz+3yz+ $"2 + fr(r,a)
In conclusion, from all the three results, we get
f :_+
_ rz*zyz+
Vector Analysis
Page 44
Chap
s{}L 1"*.30

Consider that the vector
.A
is
in a" direction
as shown in the figure.
Vector Analysis
So we can
and
write the vectors in cartesian form
as
A:4a,
t::G:-ll''*to"(-o')
_
_T*,
(A:4)
(B:
2_,
3)
Now the resultant vector,

So,
and
R :64,- 88 :3.22a,172a,
R : {$8 +@ : 12.43units
angle that R makes with z-axis is
_ ,"
_ uuD
0-"^.-t13.22\:zr'
\AB)
So the graphical representation of vector
s$L,r"1.3"1
is

We go through all the options to check the direction of the vector R for the
corresponding directions of A, B ar'd C.
Option (A)
since the direction of cross product is normal to the plane of vectors and
determined by right hand rule. so B x c has the direction in which thumb
indicates when the curl of the finger directs from Il to c. Thus B x
c will
be directed out of the paper and so we get direction of -a x (B x c) towarrl
east. So the given direction of R is incorrect.
In Option (B) : Direction of (B
will be directed toward west.
is out of the paper so,
-fi|: A x (B x C)
In Option (C): Direction of (B x C) is into the paper so,

will be directed toward north.
R: A x (B x. C)
C)
In Option (D) : Direction of (B x d) is into the paper so, R: A x (,B x C)

will be directed toward south. so the given direction is correct.
3(
1.1.32

As the vectors B and c are defined in cylindrical system. so, we transform
the vector in cartesian form as below
Given the vector field
B : ap+ 04+3a,,
the cylindrical components
Bo:I, 86:1, B":3
So the cartesian components of vector B is
[E:1:[:r;
lu"l
B,
;ti iilfi]
: cosdBr- sin$Ba: cosd _ sin/

(Bo: Br:
Bu : sinQBo* cosQBa : sind*cos@ (Bo: Br:
B":P"-3
and so the vector field in cartesian system is
3:
So at the
wint (2,$,3)
(cos@
sin/)a" + (sin@
cosS)au
Ja"
11
Iy
Page 45
Chap
Vector Analysis
Page 46
Chap
now we transform
Vector Analysis
B -- a,l avl3a"
the vector field C: "/2 ar+ Ja, in cartesian
system.
Co:J2, Cr:0, C":J
The cylindrical components,
So the cartesian components of vector
is
l3l:[:* "rr:[el
C'
So,
: Ji
Cr: /2
cosd
Cr:/2sind
C":t
:,/
C
2 cos da, + {i
and
So, at the
C"
noi"t
sin$au
3a"
(f,f,O)
c:
,/ 2
cos(+)",+
n,i"(T)n * to,
-- ax* au*3a,
So all the three vectors are same at
s6L l"{"35
their respective points.

For checking whether a vector is perpendicular to a given vector or not we
take their dot product as the dot product of the two mutually perpendicular
vectors is always zero.
Now we have ,4 * B : 4a,* 4au* 4a"
So we take the dot product of (A + B) with the all given options to determine
the perpendicular vector.
In option (A) (-+o,+ 4or) . (+a"+ 4ar+ 4a") :- 16 * 16 : 0

In Option (B) (4au*4a,). (4a,1-4ar*4a"):16+ 16 :J2 *
In Option (C)
(a"-l a")' (4a,+ 4ar* 4a") : 4 * 4: 8 * o
so|-
"r-{.3d

The given gradient is
YV(r,Y, z) : 1.5t y/ a,
So,we have the components as,
av
-a.clr
* 0.5f /
au
*f
yza"
: l.Sty*
v : L|{:y/ +
f1(y,
z)
:0.5f i
V :0.5f yl * fr(r,z)
0.513 yt
fr(y,
AV
oa
ff :fv'
, : ry + f,(u,z):o.bf u* + l,(y,r)
AV
Thus by comparing all the results we get,
V:O.bfg*
$oL
,!.{"35

Consider the given plane
z)
rlz :1
'
So,
Wz-1:0
function, f :ryz-l
gradient of function, Yf : yza,* rzou*
Page 47
Chap
Vector Analysis
rya"
Since gradient of the function of a plane is directed normal
to the plane scr
the normal vector to the plane at the point (2,4,+) is
yf :la,+\an+ea,,
Now consider (r,y,z) lies in the given surface r!z:r. so the tangential
vector to the given surface at the point (2,4,f) is
r : (n - 2) a, r (y - +)q + (' - [)""
This vector will be perpendicular to V/.

So,
(") . (V/) : 0
(dot product of perpendicular vector)
|{. -
z) +
+@-
a)
r(,- *) :
2r*y*322:12
sot.
t.t.3c

Let us consider a contour abcd, as shown in the figure.
As vector
has only a6 component so
its integral will not exist along
segments ab and cd, and so the contour integral for abcd is
Al
at
: (I+
I"* I^* L)d

For bc segment, r: 1 and 0. 0 .
+
at
:- rd0ae
r: d, and 0 < 0 < T/2
dl : rdAae
. :_
dl
and for da segment
so, A#
"
I=':(+){"ar)+ I=,_(i_)t
:-(r-')(+) +(e-6)1trlzy :
te
As for the given contour C, 6 tends to zero
so,
.
f d or:trnflI
dr
:I.
*t
"-,
"-o)
,EC"-,+ e-o):+(r-
e-,)
I{OTE:
l{osI of titc sllttlcnt,r r.lti a ntistak*: irere bv <lirq:cl,lv inir:grat,irrg thc givcn \'rr:l{)f
gl\.1,r1
t:otttclur (,'btrt as i,hc r.'c<:trll d inr*tdrs r,rxpr:nontia.l whicil is tk)l zcro at or.iq-itr^1{,ri!r
il,l{rl sr) ?!t
r: {}. (r1) ' i.rd?ar) 4 tl t'}xxrlirrr; rvc lravc tak:n thr: (:{)ri{,or1l'iulr:gra} in t,}rr.r liii.t: ol lirnjrr;.
."-&
".*'lo"if
]Wt"
"
Page 48
Chap
$id:l{".
d *"}!'
Option (B) is correct

The divergence of unit vector a" is
Y . a. :
Vector Analysis
i*rttl:
$lz,):l
the divergence of unit vector oo is
Y.
as:ffiStsin@):#:
and the divergence of unit vector ar is
Y.
l;{.19-1.,1.3i1111111111111111t
ao:#&(1):o

A vector can be expressed as the gradient of a scalar if it's curl is zero. Now
we go through the options.
'
o,, clu o,
Option (A),
Curl of the ,recto, :
Option (B),
Curt of the vecror
Option (C),
Curl of [he vector :n]
ad; i, *' l: O
2iz 2"rYl
:2Yz
lao paq a"l
t1l-:,
;l l* o
i,
p(#)
0l
i0
"
o?
ri
?
t"
i;
do ?l:o
P,'"io
:
3sinO o'
lr
So,
$ilt."t.'tr,3$'
it
can be expressed as gradient of a scalar'

Any vector for which rlivergence is zero can be expressed as the curl of
another vector. For checking it we go through all the options'
In Option (A),
Divergence
:*{tto-
d} -&aa+&e)
: T- tr:O
In Option (B).
In Option (C),
: tr&(#):,
Divergence :
i*1r
Divergence
"y) * #,r", #(#):
:-\lzcoso)+-r-1
So all the vectors can be expressed as curl of another
^zsindcosd
0,,.
vector'
i
\
5i1t" t i,!i*

\
for y) 0 i.e. above r-axis field will be directed towards *4" direction and\
will increase as we go far from the r-axis, since g-increases'
For y ( 0 i"e. below r-axis, field will be directed tou'ards - o" direction and
it's itrtensity will increases as we go away from the z-axis.
!i:;.

Given the divergence of the vector field is zero i.e. V
dA, , dAo _n
'l.l.t!l
'A:
-1. 1
^
or
oa -u
AL - -94"
0r
and the curl of the vector field is zero,
dy
...(1)
-^\
t.e.
VX.4:0
Page 49
I a, a, a,l
Chap
li, *,,';l:o
la,
i,
ol
_*".**o..(#_*)",:o
0A,
^-or
0A, _ n
^ -u
oa
....(2)
(Since / is only the variable of r and g. So the differentiation with respect

to z will be zero). Differentiating equation (2) with respect to r we get,
o^'4.
%.Ai 0r0y :- o
ry-jrdl.\:o
di 0y\0r )-
aA_ d l- 0A,1 _
A7-a a\-a;1:o
(from equation (1))
0rA, , }rAu _
#+fi:o
Y2An
Again differentiating equation (2) with respect to y we get
{+-014.:s
0r0y Af
p-(a!\-0?4,:o
0r\ay ) at
Lt--4a"1- a''4' : o
dn\-i;)67
(from equation (1))
a2A- . A2A^
:+#:0
dxi
:{^
' n" -0
rsot-
F.
tsi
F.:
iii
1
1.1.4*

Given, vector position of P(r,y,z)
R : ila, * ya, _l za"
: ^p 1f ,yj
R":(t+f +iyt,
So,
or
R"
: (t + t + *l21ra,* yo, + za"]
Now we take the divergence of the vector
. (R" n1:
as
*,@ + f + tyt, + &xr + f + ty,, + &Eo + f + *lt,

: (i + f + *yn fu +,I+@ + f + /Y/,-||Q{
+(t + f
tf,ft+
t(t? +
+ tyr'
u[$(t +
x*+*:k***x**
f + ty,,-,](rr)
ft +,[g(i + f + /Y/'z-'f(2')
+2f +2*)
: BIi" * nR" : (n * Z)R"
= 3R" ++R"-r(2i
Vector Analysie
7-*-
soLuTloNs 1.2
Page 50
Chap
Vector Analysis
sol
t,2"1
Correct answer is
0.
As the direition of cross vector is normal to the plane. So, direction of

B x C will be normal to the plane defined by the three vectors.
Now the dot product of two mutually perpendicular vectors is always zero
and since the direction of B x C will be perpendicular to the plane of
vector A. So A ' (B x C) will be zero.
$oL
1.2.2
Correct answer is - 1.
Dot product of the two orthogonal vectors is always zero.
l.e.
A' B:0
(4) (1) + (2k) (4) + (k) (- a) : o
4+8k-4h:0
4k:-4
k:-L
soL {.2.3
Correct answer is 6.78
Since the two points are defined in different coordinate system so we represent
the point Q in Cartesian system
as
r : pcos$ - 4cos(- 50) :2.57

y : psind:4sin(- 50) :* 3.964
and
z:2
So, the distance between the two points P(2,3, - 1) and QQ.57,-3.064,2)
is given
as
IPQI:
: 6.78 units
$oL
1,2.4
Correct answer is 15.

Since z-axis is normal to the surface z:5, so first of all we will find the
angle between z-'axis and A which can be easily obtained from the figure
shown below :
1.e.
A,
3
-f
cos@-14:ffi:m
d
cos
:74.g8" = 75'
'/-L\
Jr34l
\
Therefore, the angle between surface

Srd- 1.2.5
z:
5 and vector .4 is (90" _ d)
Chap
Vector Analysis
In a cylindrical coordinate system Laplacian of a scalar field is defined
Y'f
Page 51
15. .
:i*(,H).#r#.#
: |ffofz'sin d * 8p) +
if
2pzsins -
as
a*
ftsinlcos d)
+$QostnO * 6zcos2g)
|Qzsind+ 16p) - fienr"ir.| * 6lcos2d) +

:16*6cos2/ -ffcoszO
6cos,O
At point P(S,r12,G)
Y'f :16+o -q+!q x (tol.
1.2.6
Correct answer is 0.b
1)
: 40
A vector field is called conservative (irrotationar) if its curl is zero.
VxM:0
l.e.
la,ayazl
I * y 2kr& *
l:o
rcosrzl
zcosrz*
I
o" (0
0)
- an @os rz -
- cos rz + rzsin rz) + (2k - I) a" :

2k-7:0
k :+-- o.b.
rzsin rz
Of'
I
I
sol 1.2.? Correct
answer is -0.b .
For a scalar field to be harmonic,
Y'g:o
}'_g_*d'g
_0,g _n
di'affa7-v
2(l + 2k)y
sol- {,2.8
0 which results i" k: _i:
For vector ,4 to be solenoidal its divergence must be zero.
i.e.
V./:0
*f, * +z) + fter - Bz) + $er* By - cz) : e

1*0-c:0
C:7
sol- t.2.s
Correct a,nswer is 0.
Consider the differential displacement,
dl
so
dxa"* dyao*
dza"
f"o':(f"*)*+(f"au)u+(f"a")""
{
_ 0.5
For a contour the initial and final points are same. So, all the individual
integrals described above will be zero. Therefore.
Page 52
Ctap
fat:o
Vector Analysis
Jc
,.2"10
According to stoke's theorem.
so
f d.n:l(, xA).ds
. d,r:
Since V x (VU) : 0
So
,"2"t1
f rvul
"(vu)l
.rrs
(curl of the gradient of a scalar field is always zero)

the contour integral is zero.
According to the divergence theorem surface integral of vector over a closed
surface is equal to the volume integral of its divergence inside the region
defined by closed surface.
i.e.
fd.ds:f(v.A)d,u
v .A:s{zo4+&G,)+fiQ,u)
:0*0*0
Now,
so
1"2.'!a
fl,
[n.as:o
Consider that the cube has its edges on the r,y and z- axes respectively as
shown in the figure. As the angle between any of the two body diagonals of
the cube will be same so we determine the angle d between the diagonals
OB and AC of. the cube.
Flom the figure we get the co-ordinates of points A, B and C

B* (3,3,3) antl C- (3,3,0)
4- (0,0,3)
OB : 3a, * 3ay l3a,
So, the vector length,
and
ry;--.
/
AC:3a,+3an-3a,
For determining the angle 0 between them. we take their dot product
as
:loBllAClcos?
9+9-9:(3v5)(3./e)cosd
page bB
is
Vector Analvsis
(OB) . (AC)
So, the angle formed between the diagonals
I : cos-j/l\:
\J/
sot 4.?"t3 Correct
chapr
70.53'
answer is 32.
The circulation of
around the route is given by
,{d.m:(l.FI)d.at
where the route is broken into segments numbered

1st segrnent : (0,0,0) - (2,0,0)
r changes from 0 to 2, 'y : 0, z : 0
so,
In.m:['rrl,t":3($)l':8
.11
Jo
2nd segment : (2,0,0)
tr:2,
I to 3 as described below
gr
(2,2,0)
changes from 0
to 2,
z:
0.
[d,. m: I'urrda:o
3rd segment : (2,2,0)
tr:2, a:2,
So
.m:
(dI:
dya)
(itr:
dza")
(2,2,2)
z changes from 0 to
[,t
(dt:d,ra,)
2.
[' et ar: (3 x 4) z : 24
)')
total line integral will be :
[,]
sol i.s.{"* Correct
- dt :
+o+
24:
32uints
answer is 32.
For the straight line from origin to the point (2, 2, 2) we have the relation
between.the coordinates as
tr:y:z
dr : dry: d,z
or,
and the line integral along straight line is given as
dl : d"ra,l dyar*
dza"
Therefore, the line integral of the vector field along the straight line is given
AS
I a,. m: Izta,+ {ay,ay+ l#az

: lzid,r+ {o}a,+ f z*a,
: I i dr : (tr$) : tarl 6
12
:4X8:32uints
l'
sol "r.*.{$ Correct
answer is 0.
For the closed path defined.
the line integral in forward path : 32 units

the line integral in return path : -32 units.
So, total integral in the closed path is :
A. dI:32-32:Ounits
Page 54
Chap
Correct answer is 6.25 .

The circulation of .4 around the path
L can be given
as
f d.at:([*[*1.)o.*
Vector Analysis
where the route is broken into segments numbered 1 to 3 as shown in figure
below:
1"' segment ,
so,
(6:30", z:2,0 < p < 5) and dl:
[d.
2"d segment : (p
dpap
25
at: f'psin|dp : I'goo : T
z:2,
5,
30"
<d<
so, [d. m: Io*:o

:180", :2, <
3'd segment, (Q
180")
p < 0)
(d:
and dl:
and
dl:
d,fao
dpap
.
[n dI: fupsin|dp :o
(d:
Therefore, the circulation of vector field along the edge
I d'
Correct
JT",
tr
3o')
180')
is
:ff+o*o : 1[ : 6.25units
is 0.5
Volume integral of the function is given by
, : III r
d,rd,yd,z
: [[
zo* a*aaa"
The surface of the tetrahedron will have a slope

So, for a given value
integral will be
r* Y-l z :-I
of y and z, r varies from 0 to (- 1 -yr(r-v-
z) and
JoO, :-7-g-z
again for a given value of zt
")
ranges from 0
to
(- 1-
z). So y-integral will
be:
rt-l-z)
Jre t - u -
z)dy
::[r-t 1 --z\r-fl-''a
zta Vlo
[\-
:(-1-r),-!#:eJ# \,
:l+ ,+ {
Now there is only one remaining variable z thatranges from

have the volume integral of the function as
: fo so*(i* ,*$)*
to 0. So we
:30[ *i.fili_,
Page 55
Chap
=ao[o**-1*#]
:30 x -#: *: o'u
sot-
1.2.18

The net outward flux through the closed cylindrical surface will be summation
of the fluxes through the top(in a, direction), bottom(in - o, direction) and
the curved surfaces(in oo direction) as shown in the figure.
Since, the vector field has no z-component so, the outward flux through
the top and bottom surfaces will be zero. Therefore, the total outward flux
through the closed cylindrical surface will be only due to the field component
in ao direction(flux through the curved surfaces) which is given as
f n . ot : I:,ITf)bd,6d,z).
1 P'cos'|1" az1
-= l":f' l,S'"- o\'=t'
)@
At p:r, o. d,s :9u-*,,0d4]ll'd,,]
f
a'4
:2XrX2:4tr:12.5664
tol
1.2,19
Correct answer is 25L.3274 .

According to divergence theorem surface integral of a vector field over a
closed surface is equal to the volume integral of its divergence inside the
closed region:
i.e.
f n.as : [(o .A)du
Divergence-of vector
Ais
v.A : iS{oo,l*i&o,* *o,

: i&Ofnp + 2psin2g)) +
i*$@"in2g)+
:8+4sin2d*2cos(2/)*6
: 8 + 4sin2 d *
So bhe surface integral is
2cos2
2sin2
Vector Analysis
$* 6 :
16
firca
r
Page 56
Chap
fd
. ds :
.
I (v /) a,: lll
oe) pd,pd,gdz
Vector Ana$sis
rc [' pdp ['16 ['ar:

Jo"Jo
Jo
: 80zr :251.3274
16
x2x T
2x
b-
NOTE:
irrrtglal.e
$0L
{.4,2$
1-1ir
givcn lrtv:t{,r fir:i{i.
According to stoke's theorem, line integral of a vector function along a
closed path is equal to the surface integral of its curl over the surface defined
by the closed path.
i.e.
{c.
JrJ
m: f(v x c)ds
Curl of the vector field is
Vx
G:-6ta"
and the differential surface vector
dS : drdy(- a")
So the line integral of the given vector field is
f c.m: Ir, x G)d,s:- ll -ara"au

:
I' I' o d,yd,r.t [' f'-' t aua,
u
['
Jo
t rd,r* oJr[' ie - r) d,n
:^ltl'*alZ*t
-"[4Jn'"1 3 -rnl'
4],
:
SoL
't"2"1t
u(+
- o)*'[(tf - f)-
tA
- i)l:
7 units

The relationship between cartesian and spherical co-ordinates is
,: ^ft 1f+7,
r:
rsin9cosd,
rsind
: rEW
A: rsin9sinf
We put these values in the given expression of vector field as
/r
+qllsn trn
_Jrltaf
r
2-n-to'*lq]
t+f 12-''
: #ry[(cos/ - sin@) a,* (cos6* sin@) an]
^t
: r[(cos d - sin /) o, * (cos d * sin /) or]

Now we transform the vector field from cartesian system to spherical system
lnl
Isindcos/ singsin@ cosdll41
cosdsin@ -'i"ollr,l
l*l : lcosdcos/
sind cc,s@ 0l[4 j
F, :
:
Fe :
lFrl [ r(cos6 - sin/)(sindcos/)*
r(sin0sin/)(cos/+sin@)
rsin d
r(cos Q
sin /)(cos 0 cos Q)* r(cos
sin @)cos d sin
:
Fo :
rcos0
Page 57
r(cos Q
:T
i.e.
/)(-
sin
F : rsinla,*
sin @)
r(cos
rcos0a6a yq,
: f sin?dfrd,6a,
and the surface 5i is defined in the region
as
: ["
Jo
^91
< d < 30', 0 <

will
be :
&
1.2.23
<2r
[tn" r'"in'0,1fr,16
"fi
f,'id I';"2gdn = *lr, :2.276 :2.3

3oL
is
r:2,0
So, surface integral through out the surface
I P'
Js,
Chap
Correct answer is7.2552.

The vector function in spherical form
a^s
*l
@t
r: 2)
calculated in previous question is
F : rsinfla,*
rcos9asa ra*
The diff'erential surface r,rctor over the surface 5z is
dS : rsin0dddra
:
and the surface ^9: is defined in the region 0 3 r < 2, 0
= 0 S 2r, 0 30"
So, the surface integral of the field over the surface
is :
^92
I r ' as : I' I"

sot-
1.3"x3
:4o# :7.2sb2
rrinocosodfid.,

Given the vector
A :3(Aa,*
field,
rao)
The differentiai line vector in the cartesian coordinate svstem is
dl :
so,
dro,,
I dyao* dza"
{d.s:fzydr+[s,au
y: ^/;12
put
So. we
r:2A' and dr:
The given curve is,
4Ed,y
in the line irrtegral

tq[r,]?
I,a. m: f'ny,au+ ['ay,ay:

6x7:42units
sot.
*.3.34
Correct answer is -6.2832

Given the vector
field
"
F :r+c9s22 a"
f':so'
2cos2a
and the differential surface vector over the outer spherical surface is
dS : (lsin0d0d,$)a, (for r:2,0<O

So the surface integral over the outer spherical surface is
.
{ r ot : I" I" (r#1rrsin0d0dft):set-
'!.t"e$
Vector Analysis
The differential surface vector over the surface

d,S
@ + sin /)cos
(fr,O < d < 2n)

2n
:-
6.2812

As the integral is to be determined in spherical volurne so, we transform the
function in spherical system as,
2r :2rsin9cosd
Page 58
Chap
and so, we have the integral
Vector Analysis
: r l=,f,' l)'' ?rine"osg)(rsin0d.rd0dft)

: z[['r a,]f^1"''
;"oro]
"i,.,eaalf
: ,[t])Jg - yl:'rsingtrz
z,a,
:r*I"ft):2x#:+:o.Be2T
r$t-
'1"?.**i
contour integral of the field vector is evaruated in 3 segments

as shown
below
(1)
In Segment
So,
In segment
so,
In segment
so,
So
dl
0<p<2atg:g
dpa,
f,d. at : f\"o'dao : ("*o)[4], : t:2u,.it

(2)
dt
pddaa
ld.at : L',to*l: 2[o];t' :71

3
It
dI
:-
at
:_
the contour integral is
Correct answer is _g.

For the given contour
dl
so,
f'
oecosr/2)(d,p)
:o
drl: (z+n)units
0<d32ratp:J
pddao
2tr:r8tr
C2
d,I
_ pdeaa
. at :f",a,
['i,(odd):_2t
Therefore, the ratio of the contour integral is
fn.at
rT_:,tgJ':_9
lt.n ?2")
J,:,
a{1*,
t.2.2a
: b.141
f ,,+. at:[']{oab):ex
and for the contour
So,
03p<2,at6:rl2
dpap
f ,t ' at :l[+ I+ I]to .

{.?"a?
0<6<rf2atp:)
Correct answer is _0.1667
0<032natp:l
l
i
I
The line integral (circulation) of force F around the closed path can be
divided in four sections as shown below.
tI
i
Page 59
Chap
For segment 1 we have,
So,
So,
For segment (3) we have
So,
Y:2:0
dI :- dxa,,
Ir
.m:
so,
I' re
0<r<1
d4
:[-$]: :-+
I: Z:0
dl : dAas,
o<g<1
[r.n:f\-,,)(au):o
tr:zrU:I
dl : dna,l dzo,,
<
r<
1,0 < z<1
Ir. m:['ta,+1,'{-fyo"
:
[+], -t,tL
:* - :-
Y:z'tr:\
d,I :- dyau- d,zo,
'
f r. u: ['{_o){_dil+ I efl?a,)
:[gl:^*t+]'
:]++ :8
So, the net circulation of force .F a.round the closed path is
fr.n:(l*[*[*l)r."
:-$+o-3*8:-*:-0.1667
L t.2.2s
Vector Analysis
r!'-
Correct answer is 21.gg1 .

The Iine integral (Circulation) of vector field .4 around the closed path can
be divided into four segments as shown in figure below :
t-2lrr:/
The line integral (circulation) of force F around the closed path can be
divided in four sections as shown below.
Page 59
Chap
Vector Analysis
U: z:0
0<r<1
dl:-dro,,
Ir
So'
.m:
fr.
So,
For segment (3) we have
I' re
tu)
tr: z:0
dl,:d,Uau,
0<g<1
m: [\-*)@e) :
r:zrY:L
d,l: d,ra"* dzo,,
:[+].-[,]i
i:
For segment 4 we
have,
$'
t
ir
6
n
ft
so,
tl
't
r
F
Itl
So,
<
r< I,0 < z<l
l, ::,;;t_
:t-':-3
o"o"
[r. a: l't-n){-ay1+ f'FflFa')

:8
:
:
[4],.[4]. ]*]
path
J| around the
the net circulation of
f r-m:({*[*[*l)r."
closed
force
:-|+
,.
I
b
fr, u.zs
[r.m-['ia'+[,'?tryo,
So,
i,
:[-+]. :-+
- 3*3
is
:-*:-
0.1667

The line integral (Circulation) of vector field A around the closed path can
be divided into four segments as shown in figure below :
For segment
1,
6:0, z:0
Page 60
Chap
Vector Analysis
d,I
so,
[d. il:l@sin6)d,p:s
For segrnent
P:2, z:O
dl : pdbaa
so, [n. 41 : f" o'(odd) :8[dH :

For segment 3
Q:r, z:o
so,
6 : [-'prin|)(-0
For segment 4,
p :1, z:0
d,I : pdfi(_ a6)
so,
l<p<2
(d: 0)
d,pao,
[n.
It
at
a'
7T
***********
:2)
-2<p<-r
o<4<n
: I" p,(-pdb) :-ld][ :-n
+ 8zr*
(P
(6: ")
f d,.at:([*F[+[)d.at
0
8?r
dp)
Therefore, the net circulation of the vector is
o<Q<n
2|.9gl
sote,rrilox$'1 .3
Page 61
ehaF
Vector Analysis
13.'.r

Given the vector field has the only component in aa direction and its
magnitude is r so as r increa"se from origin to the infinity field lines will be
larger and directed along ap as shown irr option (A).
l-3.2

Options (A), (B), (D) are the properties of vector product'
Now we check the relation defined in option (C). Since the triple cross product
is not associative in general so, the given relation is incorrect' This inequality
can be explained by considering vector A: B and C ,perpendicular to A
According to right hand rule we determine that (B x C) points out of the
page and so A x (B x C) points down that has magnitude ABC '
'A
But in L.H.S. of the relation, since : B
So u'e have
and hence
Therefore
(,4xIl):g
(AxB)XC:0
(AxB)xC:0+Ax(BxC)
A:B
Fti
a
ii.
@xq
!i:
{'
:,.t:
Ax (Bx
C)
*i
hl
1i'
lr'
:.1
ir
fi
!.3.3
-.

Consider the two vectors A and
as shown below.
$i
f.
i'
fr,
lr
ti
$!
;
$
r
As the angle between the two vectors is o.
So component of vector A along B is
,4,
(cos cr)A
Page 62
Qhap
cosine of the a.ngle between the two vectors is defined as
cose
Vector Analysis
so,
$gL
stlt
,t.3"4
1.3.5
: A,'JB
A1
o,:(w)o
t .ln
:--Br
Option (D) is correct. \

Options (A), (B) and (C) are properties of V operator where as

Consider V is a scalar field. So the gradient of the field is
yv
:*****
or oy
oz
and the curl of the gradient of the field is
[o' q
o"l
El
vx(vn:l#fr#l
l-a;
: (ffi ffi)*.(# -
#)".(ffi
ffi)"": o
So the curl of the gradient of any scala,r field is zero everywhere.
sor- r.3-6
sol
1.3"?
sol
1.3,8
$ot- {"3.9
$sL
1,3"{o
$0L 1"3.1{
$oL
1"3.12
***'k*******
I
l
$oLUTIONS 1,4
3
I
Page63
chapr
Vector Analysis
sol.
i.A.{

Divergence of ,4 in spherical coordinates is given
Y
.A
as
: $Sf* d,l : $fr{*r.')

:4h+2\r*l
(Given,V.,4:0t
=k(n*2)f-L:0
So,
Of,
sol-
{.4.2
n*2:0
n:-2

Given, the vector, A : rUax+ r'ou
Differential displacement along any path in the r-y plane is defined a-s
dI : dra,* dAou
(since, dz:Oi
So, the line integral of the vector A along the closed square loop is giverr as
f d'
f"@uo,*
12 ar)
. (d,ra,*
d,yar)
$(rud,r+
: ['/f *a,+ ['f z,a*+ I'tor* I'tron

: +l+- +].fl+ -*1.*p - 1l +$rr - at :
3, t.4.3
12 d,u)
Given,
V:YxA
...(i)
According to Stoke's theorem the line integral of a vector along a closed looir
is equal to the surface integral of the curl of the vector for the loop.
i.e.
[d.
m: II"(, x A).
d,s
...(z)
where C is a closed path (contour) and 5c is the surface area of the loop.
Flom equation (1) and (2) we get
1.4.4
fd.
m: !["v.
as

The transformation of unit vector a4 in Cartesian coordinate system gives
the result.
where
at point
ao : (- sin/)a, * (cos/)an
is angle formed with r-axis.
.4,
d :90'
B,
(try:-a,
Q :90'*45' :
So,
at Point
o,- :-lo,-
So,
at point
C,
:-
a-3
135'
J2- 4o,
J2
45"
b -'
So,
Page 64
Chap
Vector Analysis
or
ho,*h",
Q :0"
at point D,
So'
Qd:Qv
0ption (B) is correct.

Given, the solution of a Laplaces equation is
7:
i.e. the field
I/
sinhrcoskgep"
satisfies Laplace's equation. So, we have
V2y
:0
azv,a2v,a2v
r -r=--r
oft
dr
dlr
Now,
-u
dz'
d2v :
uAf
'l
sinhrcoskgee"
a2v
#sinhrcosktte."
6h:d2v :
Ti
p2sinhrcoskyep,
Putting all the values in equation (1), we get

(sinh rcos kyee")(L - ti + p') : 0
t-#+p2:o
tC:/T+7
t*SYli
,1,1.uir,1;r
*&i- {.4-6
,,
tt".,tt
,',:
'
tt,"t,t'
,, . ,
,,r.'i;1 f
:ir: -:i.
i1:r,rj.';.ir1,i.

The angle between two vector fields
.' : cos ttA'Bt

\_Af
and
is defined
as
Given, electric field intensity at point P is
E :Ija,*
10a, *IAa,
So, the angle formed between the field
e:cos rl E'n" \
\T'.ql/: "os'(ffi]:
Similarly, we get
//I _
- ^r_uun
-.n.
$0L
1"4,?
E and with r-axis (a,) is

-'l 1q:\-"^"-r/-L\
cos
(6)
'/-l-\
\_/3)

faplace equation is defined as
v2V :A
Now. rre consider the option (C)
The scalar field is
v:+
So, the Laplacian of the field
v2v
I/
is given
as
01.dv\-7 Q'v *d'Y

-uO
-1
- , AV(Ai
)-7 a6ld7101 _10
_LA
/./_10\\rnt' _
: -T1 A7\
- FAt\'\-7
,): V
))r
l.e.
So,
v2v+o
it
Page 65
dciebn't satisfy Laplace's equation.

Laplacian of a scalar function is given
v2V
: v
Chap
as
. (vy) :div(gradtr/)
i.e. The Laplacian of a scalar function is divergence of gradient of
sol.
1.4,3
I/.

Given, the vector fielld,
: Jiaza,* f
zar+
So, the divergence of vector ,4 is
(f y -
2z) a"
V . A:6ryz-2+0
Therefore, it is neither divergence less and hor solenoidal
Now, we determine the curl of vector as
Vx
A:O
since, the curl of the wector is zero so, it is irrotational (i.e., not rotational).
u_
1.4.10

Laplacian of a scalar field
y in cylindrical coordinates
v2V_LAIÂV\,IA2V,A2V
*
-
is given by
naol', )'VAF d7
Since, Laplace equation is defineil as
y2V
So, we get
-.
rt l.l
t:
i"l
:0
i&(,#).#(#)*#=o

The given curve is divided in three segments AB,
So, the total integral is given as
BC
and
cD respectively.
I o' : (I"* I"* I")*
i
t,
,.,
r"/2
Jo'-
nadao+
r-R
J"-"
at1-",)+
t'l,aaha,
:ERur_2Rq_Er"r
:-zRa,r
il- *r,
fi"l

Given vector field,
Vector Analysis
A:2rcosdq
VO
For the given contour we integrate the field in three intervals
as
v2v
l.e.
So,
$1
t1'
it
+0
Page 65
dciebn't satis$r Laplace's equation.

Laplacian of a scalar function is given
Chap
as
y2V: V . (vy) :div(sradl/)
i.e. The Laplacian of a scalar function is divergence of gradient of
r.4-9
z.

Given, the vector field,
: Bfyza,* f
zau+
(f y _ 2z) a"
So, the divergence of vector ,4 is
V - A:GWz-2*
Therefor, it is neither divergence less and hor solenoidal

Now, we determine the curl of vector as
V X .24. :0
since, the curl ofthb vbctor is zero so,
r.
r.4..to

Laplacian of a scalar fi'eld
i;,
i]
i:
so, we
'1,
p.
wl*
tr,
:0
get i&(,#).i(#)*#:o

The given curve is divided in three segments AB,
So, the total integral is given as
BC
and,
cD respectively.
I o' : (I"* I"* I")"
S*
l;i
I
l
ffi
: [)'' na4or+
!i-'at1- o,)+ t'r,na4o,
j::
,i
:IRur_2&ao_$n"r
:- zfia!
i,
L
\i:
i
I
{I |,.rz
in cylindrical coordinates is given by
a7
y2V
"!?
il, rrrr
is irrotational (i.e., not rotational).
Since, Laplace equation is defined as
it
_10 1^0v1, tA,y*}ry

-Vaol'r)*VdF*
vzv
Option (A) is conect.

Given vector field,
Vector Analysis
A :2rcosda,
For the given contour we integrate the field in three intervals as
page66
Chap
.
f n m: l,t.
vectorAnalvsis
d,ra,*
Io.
d,ra,
(,'{2r"os$)d'r+of\2rcosd)dr
-C--i|-
:
: zltl'
[Zlo -'
sol i.4"i{
tuha.*
Io.
-(-"
.-

B to be solenoidal
For a vector field
'B:0
It, -' B)rIu ::o

! n. as
$oL
1.4.14
sol t.4.ts

(o" an)+(anx a,)
"
: a"+(-a"):o
: o
It gives the result that -F is irrotational (a -+ 2)
div (r) : 6
(b)
It gives the result that F is solenoidal' (b - 3)
div Grad (d) : 0
(")
(")
Curl (.F)
V . (V Q):O
Y'4:0
It
is Laplace
equation.
(d)
As
sor.
1"4.t6
(c
div div(@)
1)
v '(v ' 6):0

is a scalar quality so its divergence is not
defined'
(d -.

As by observing the given figure we conclude that the closed circular
quadrant is in r-y plane and it's segments are
, OP - dra,
PQ :2d'6ao
QO
d,ra,
So, the closed looP integral is
f a. s:
['a,+ liho+
*
rk rk t< *<:k
* {<:f
[,'a,:z($):n
_==*
z1
=,
GHARTERS
ELEGTROSTATIG FIELDS
INTRODUCTION
Electrostatic fields are produced by charges at rest. The main objective of
this chapter is to provide detailed concepts of electrostatics. They include:
o Fundamental concept of electric charges and charge distributions
r
o
o
r
o
o
FC'
Coulomb's law and its applications
Electric field intensity due to various charge distributions

Gauss's law and concept of Gaussian surface
Potential functions and potential gradient
Energy stored in electrostatic fields
Electric Dipoles and dipole moment
ELECTRIG GHARGE
ti.
$;
Electric charge is a fundamental conserved property of some subatomic

particles, which determines their electromagnetic interaction. The SI unit
of
electric charge is Coulomb. In electrostatic formulations charges have four
types of idealisations, as described below.
rr
$.
ir
i!
Point Charge
Point charges are very small charges assumed to be of infinitesimally small
volume, although they have finite volume considered as a single charge.
For
example, an electron is considered to be a point charge and has a charge
of
1.6 x 10-1e Coulombs (C). The idealisation here is that the whole charge
is
e
concentrated at a point. In generar, the point charges are denote{ by
q.
Q or
Line
Charga
This is a charge distribution in which the charge is distributed along a line

like a filament, as shown in Figure 2.1(a). The chargg'per unit length along
the line cha.rge is called line charge density. It is denoted by p1 and.defined as
dQ
^ :_,,*A0
iLryoLT: di
pL
where AQ is small charge, and AZ is small hngth.
t.rt
Surface Charge
when a charge is confined to the zurface of a conductor, it is said to be

surface charge distribution, as shown in Figure 2.1(b). The charge per unit
area over the surface is called the surface charge density. It is denoted by p,
and defined as
Page 6E
o,
Chap 2
: ]tvrils:
oo9
where AQ is small charge, and AS is small area.
Electrostatic Fields
++t+
+ +P".*+++'+
.+ *
++++
(")
'
.*r
(c)
(b)
Fieure 2.1: Various Charge Distributions (a) Line Charge Distribution, (b) Surface Charge
Distribution, (c) Volume Charge Distribution
2.2.4
Volume Charge
when the charge is being distributed within a certain defined region, it is
said to be the volume charge distribution, as shown in Figure 2.1(c). The
charge per unit volume in the region is called volume charge density. It is
denoted by p, and defined as
o,: hmS.:S
.0AU
dU
ao
where AQ is small charge, and Au is small volume.
2.3
GOULOilIB'S LAW
According to Coulomb's law, the electrostatic force F between the two point
cha,rges Qr and Q2 separated by a distance fi, is given by
,,- I QrQz- I Q'Qz

' - 4r R2 - 4no' R2
where e is the absolute permittivity of medium, e " is the relative permittivity

12
of medium, and eo : 8'854 x 10 F/m is the permittivity in free space' In
free space,
2,3.1
: #!#:(e
ro'g)
(';Y)
Vector Form of Coulomb's Law

Consider the two point charges Q1 and Qz wlth separation distance -B as
shown in Figure 2.2(a). The force exerted by Qt on Qz is
r,,
:4fuffoô
where anrz is a unit vector directed from Q1 to Qt. If two charges have the
position vectors 11 and 12, respectively, as shown in Figure 2'2(b); then the
force acting on charge Qz due to charge Q1 is
p,,:9942-4
4neo]rr- rrlt
Similarlv, force exertedby Q, on
Q1 is
Fz,
:#^ry*21: QrQr(rt- rr) - _ F,,

4neslrl
Page 69
- ,rl'
Chap 2
Electrostatic Fi,elds
Y;,^-)ffi,,
AQr&P
F",fnI
Origin
i,.l
il,)
f igrl"r:2.2: Illustration of Coulomb's Law: (a) Force Representation in Vector Form, (b)
Electrostatic Force in terms of Position Vectors
tft
Principle of Superposition
If there is a number of charges Qr, Qr, ..., Q,
placed
at points with position
vectors Tr, T,zt ...,7,,, respectively, then the resultant force F on a charge e
located at point r is the vector sum of the forces exerted on Q by each of
the charges Qr, Qr, ..., Qn.i.e.,
p _ QQ,(r- r,) - QQr(r- r') '
---T-T---T-
4treulr
- ,rl"
4ne olr
,:&2T#
2.4
- Tz
r,)
- QQ,(rtreolr - r"
l'
ELEGTRIG FIELD INTENSITY

Electric field intensity is defined as the force per unit charge when placed in
the field. If a point charge g placed in a field experiences a force .F then the
electric field intensity in the region is defined as
.E
: lim{
q-o
Q
E:Lq
or simply
It
is seen that the electric field intensity is in the same direction as the force
and is expressed in Newton per coulomb (N/c) or vort per meter (v/-).
2.4.L Electric Field Intensity due to a Point Charge

The electric field intensity due to a point charge Q at a distance
,R
from the
charge is given by
Q
E:
- - nn*zan
If n point charges Qr,Qr,.......Q, be located at points
r1,T2,..........Tn the\,
r is
using the principal of superposition the electric field intensity at point

given as
* Qr@-rr) * ""' _r er@-r^)

treolr- rrlt '
ATioV- r,"f
1 s, Qr(r- n)
+"to?, fr{
B:,Qr(r-r')
4rcolr
- n l, '
Page 70
Chap 2
2.4.2
Electric Field Intensity due to a Line charge Distribution

Consider a line charge distribution with charge density pr, as shown in
Figure 2.3. The electrii field intensity due to the entire line charge is
, :#dI
*f ",(v/*)
...(2.1)
where r is the distance of point P from the small segment of line charge,
r
and o" is the unit vector along r directed towards point P.
f ig,u|e 2.ll : Electric Field.Intensity due to a small segmerrt of Line charge
Let us generalize equation (2.1) for some special cases'

Electric Field Intensity due to a Finite Straight Line Charge
consider the finite straight line charge ,48 shown in Figure 2.4. The net
electric field intensity at point P due to the finite straight line charge is
given try
: #;E(sinor -
sina2)a"+
ffi(ctsoz - cosor)ao"'(2'2)
}'igr:rcr 2.4, : Electric Field Intensity due
to a Finite Straight Line Charge
Electric Field Intensity due to an Infinite Straight Line Charge

As a special case of the above expression, for an infinite line charge, point A
is located at (z: @) and B at (z:-oo). So,
(11
: Tl
and Qz: 0
Substituting these values in Eq (2.2), we get
: t#;R or
Electric Field Iutensity due to a Charged Circular Ring

Consider the charged circular ring shown in Figure 2.5. The circular ring of
radius a carries a uniform charge pr,cf m and-is placed o,n the

4r-plane with
axis the same aa the z-axis. Tfe net electric field intensity at point p due
to the charged circular ring is given by
pyaha"
D
" --
2otr1"*;Y
li'igure 2,ir: Electric Field Intensity due to a Cha.rged Circular Ring
2-4.3 Electric Field Intensity due to surface charge Distribution

Figure 2.6 shows a body with surface charges. Let p, be the surface charge
density in Cfrnz. Then, the electric field intensity due to the entire surface
'charge is given by
F"lgrrrr'
':;^l *f".
...(2.3)
!.(i: Electric Field Intensity due to a surface charge Distribution
Electric Field Intensity due to an Infinite Sheet Charge

For an infinite sheet of charge, the electric field intensity at any point
defined
where
2.5
a"s
,:h^
is
...(2.4)
a, is a unit vector normal to the sheet and directed toward point P.
ELEGTRIC FLUX DENSITY

As the electric field intensity is dependent on the medium, we define a new
vector field D which is independent of the medium. This vector field is
called electric flux density and given by
Page
7f
Cte
Electrostatic Fblds
D :9oE
Page 72
Electric flux density is also called electric displacement vector.

in C/m2
Chap 2
Electroetitic Fields
It
is measured
2.5.1 Electric Flux

The total electric flux passing through a surface S is given
t:Io.as
by
where dS is the surface area vector directed normal to the surface.
2.6
GAUSS'S LAW
In Electrostatics, the Gauss's law states that the electric flux passing through
any closed surface is equal to the total charge enclosed by that surface, i.e.
*--6o'ils:Q"o"r*"a
,Js
This expression can be generalized in the following two forms:
1. Ihtegral Form: The Gauss's Law can be expressed. in integral form
as
fo.d,s:Ip.d,u
where p" is the volume charge density.
2.
Differential Form: In differential form, the Gauss's Law is defined
as
Y'D--p,
2.6.1
Gaussian Surface
The closed surface to which Gauss' law is applied is known as Gaussian

surface. The Gaussian surface must satisfy the following two conditions :
1. The D and E freld lines are normal to the chosen surface : This
condition removes the dot product from the integral, leaving
Inas:
Js
2.
o.^"ro".,r
Thp D and E freld lines are constant over the surface : This condition
means that D is independent of the position on the surface and hence
can be removed from the integral, Ieaving
r{,T*Ji3"ffi
Following table provides some examples .r

Gauss' law is applicable for
electric field computation, with the corresponding Gaussian surface.
Table 2.1: Gaussian surfaces for va,rious charge configurations
2.7
ELECTRIC
POTENTIAL
.,
The electric potential at a point is aennei'rs

ihe *ork'done to bring a unit
positive
from. infinity to that point. The unit
of electric potJntial is
Joule per"9u:
Coulomb (J/C) or Volt.
2.7.1
Potential Difference
The potential difference between two points .4

and B is the work done to
bring a unit positive charge from poinf B to point
,4. It is defined as
yn, :_
. ar
lh
where I,as represents the potential difference

between the two points such
that B is the initiar point and ,4 is the final point. Fo'owing

are sorre
important points related to potential difference.
2.7.2
Potential Gradient
The rate
of change of potential with respect to the distance

is called the
potential gradient. Electric fierd is equal to
negative ofpotentiar gradient, i.e.
This relatio"
#;;;T["0 for the three coordinate systems
1. Cartesian"u,r
coordinate system:
cyrindricar
".:;;,Lk
#
:% "*
as
""1
3 sphericar ."",J;;[.ff; : i% "* # "']

n
2.7.3
:-[#w*l%
*.*u#*]
Equipotential Surfaces
Equipotentiar surface is a surface with equal
value of potentiar at every point
on the surface- Following are some important properties
of equipotentiar
surfaces:
Page Z3
Chry2
Page 74
3.
Chap 2
4;:l:$$,6s
2.4
:aiCI
No work is t"qoit"a to
r;{.eqi4$
,gtti:mn.
:,
niii*Ai*roS,':fur',4:$ehr$a& s,or.ar'6416rdth uniforml

:'::''::
*.,w$.$:.fu *hi*p; :.':,: ::::
line charge or a cylinder with unifom
:
ENERGY STORED IN ELECTROSTATIG FIELD

Electrostatic energy is defined as the energy required to establish the given
charge distribution in space. The electrostatic energy in different charge
distributions are determined below.
2.8.L Energy Stored in a Region with Discrete Charges

consider a region with n point charges Q,, Q2,......,Q, located at points
h,Pr,......,Pn respectively. If the total electrostatic potential at the points
Pr,Pr,......,Pn be respectively V,V,...'.,V,. Then, the energy stored in the
charge system is given bY
or
2,9.2
: r[Q,V+
:|fa,u
QzV*
.....,......'...
+ Q*v*f
Energy Stored in a Region with continuous charge Distribution

If, instead of point charges, the region has a continuous charge distribution,
the summation becomes integration. The electrostatic energy for line, surface
and volume charge distributions are given below :
1.
Line charge distribution
2.
1f
: iJrpsVdS
Volume charge distribution
w
where pr,t pst
region.
2.8.3
o,vat
Surface charge distribution
3.
:|l
1f
: iJ,,
p"vdu
pt alte the charge
density and V is the electric potential in the
Electrostatic Enerry in terms of Electric Field Intensity
with continuous charge distribution, assume that the

electric field intensity is E, and the electric flux density is D. Then, the
In a certain
region
electrostatic energy stored in the system is given by
w:|l
o.na,
Flom the above expression, we define the electrostatic energy

density in the
region as
u=#:*(il
Chap 2
"."0,)
:i@ . E):!u,R
2.9
Elecrnlc
DtpoLE
An electric dipole is formed when two point charges of equal magnitude

but
opposite sign are separated by a small distance. Figure
2.7 shows an electrir:
dipole with charges *.q and
separated by a small distance d,. .
-g
-q
*q
(u)
(b)
Figr,r ).7 : (a) Electric Dipole, (b) Illustration
2.9.1 Electric Dipole
of Electric Field due to a dipole
Moment
The dipole moment is defined as the product of the small

charge g and the
distance d between the charges. It is a vector quantity and
denoLd by p, i.e.
p:qd
where d is the vector joining the negative charge to the positive

charge. The
line along the direction of dipole moment is called the axis
of the dif,ole.
2.9.2 Electric Potential
due to a Dipole
Consider a point P located at a distance r from the dipole

as shown irr
Figure 2.7(b). The electrostatic potential at point p due
to the dipole is
given by
where
p is the dipole moment.
2.9.3 Electric Field Intensity due to a Dipole

Electric fierd intensity at point p due to the dipole is
obtained as
E:-YV
#r1f2cosoa,* sinr,ql
*'krF*******x
Page 7b
EXERCI$E 2.1
Page 76
Chap 2
MCQ 2,{.{
Two point cha,rges of 9 c and 36 c a,re located on z-axis at a separation of

3 m. A third point cha,rge g is placed on the r-axis at a dista,nce d from the
36 c cha^rge which makes the entire system in equilibrium. The value of q
and d a,re
(b) -4C and 2m

,(D) -4C and 1m
(A) 4C a.nd Lm
(C) 4C.and 2m
iltcQ 2.1.2
consider that the point charges -5 nc and *2 nc are located at

and (- b,0,8) respectively The net electric field inteniity at point
(- 4'0, (- 7,3, -
2)
1)
will be
(A) - I.004a"- l.284au+I.4a,

(B) 1.004a, - 1..284an + L.4a,
(C) - 7.004a, - l.284oo + I'4a,
(D) + 1.004 a, * l.284au * r.4a,
iltco
2,1.3
Which of the following
cha,rge
distribution produces the electric field intensity
E :2rUa,! 4gzar*6rza"Y lm
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
incQ 2"1.4
MCO 2.1.5
infinite Iine charge of.2nClm along r-axis

spherical shell of cha,rge density 3 nC/m3
plane sheet of charge density lnCfm2 at r-y plane
field doesn't exist
An infinite line cha.rge of 1pc/m is located on the z-axis. Electric field due
to the line charge at point (- 2, - 1,5) will be
(L) 2.4a,*
1.8a,
(C) -7.2a"
(B) 7.2a,*t4.4a,
(D) -2a,- a,
3.64,
Electric'field intensity at any point (r,y,z) in free space is E

. The electric flux density at the point (- 1,0,1) wiII be
(B) e6a"
(A) 0
(D) Atreoau
(C) -eoa,
Cornmon Data For Q. 6 and 7
: ia,+2ryan
Volume charge density in the free space in spherical coordinate system is

given by
^:l!"'^'
0<r<3m
r)
3m
MGQ
2.t.6
Net electric flux crossing the surface
(A) atr C
(C) 2rC
itcq
2.t.2
r: 1m is
Electric flux density at r
(il t"'c/^'
m is
(B) a"C/m'
(Q) tra,Cfm2
lllcQ 2.t,8
ZI
Ctap 2
Page
-r'c
(B)
(D)
(D)
".
aC/m2
A point charge 8 c is located at the origin. The total electric

flux
r* A :2 m lying in the first oCtant is
(A) lc
(B) 4c
(C) lclm
(D) a c/m
the portibn of plane
crossing
ifcQ
2't's A uniform volume charge density nClmt is distributed
inside the region

defined by a cylindrical surface of cross eectional radius
a. The electric field
intensity at a distance r (< a) from the cylindrical axis is proportional
to
(A)
"
Q)#
Commol Data For Q. 10 to 12
(B)
(D)
af
Charge density inside a hollow spherical shell of rad.ius

origin is defined as
forr <
[0
o':14"1^t
lf ",",
scQ
2.1.{o
4m centered at
rurz
for2l-r<4
\ 7'>
The Electric field intensity at any point in the region
(A) - ty /m
(B) -4 y/^
(c)
r:
r<
2 will be
(D) zv /m
i/rcQ
Itrco
2.{.ti
Electric field intensity at
(e)
shq
(c)
#q
r:
will
(s)
2't'12 If the region outside the spherical

electric field intensity at r: b ?
(a)
be
*q
(o)
*q
shell is charge free then what will be the
#q
(B) \6n
dc0
ts
(c) 3[4""
McQ
2.t.rt In a certain
(D)
region the electric flux density is
Volume charge density in the region
(A) 0Clm3
(c)
Tg
$'o+
c/m3
will
o:Y*+ffio,c/^,.
be
@)
(D
rylc/mg
#c/n'
Common Data For Q. 14 and 15 :

In the entire free space electric potential is given by
Page 78
Chry
v
Nqro& ?"'1.14
nx*& 3"1.1S
: rf t +th@ +zf +t*)
- 1) will be
(B) 3'6o' lI!' ao- 35'6o''
(L) 7.7a,*22'8ar-Zt.ia"'
(D) 2'2a, - t7'4au * 35'6a"
(C) 3.64, - 17.4a, * 35.6a"'
Electric field at point P(3,2,
Electric flux density at point P will be

(A) 31.44, * 1014, - 314.5a"PC1^"
(B) 62.8a" *202an- 629a"tCfrlt2
(C) - 0.095a, - 0.304a, * 0.948a" nC f m2

(D) 7.14, | 22.8a'o - 71.!a" PC I ^'
f{es
2"'1,1S
An electric dipole consists of two point
ch.arges
and - Q is
magnitudel- Qis lying along r-axis such that * Q is ?I ::^dl?
in
ati:- d,l2.Electric field due to the dipole at any po\nt (r,0,$) spherical
coordinate sYstem is given bY
'.Qd ul2cos'ga,*
Aireof
IS
(^)
##""
e)#",+ffion
2,'!,'l?
r4*& 2"*.1$
Me& 2.{"{$
lr/here
r >>d
e located at point
(0, y,0)
sindap]
The force applied by the dipole on a charge of +
!-,!*3
of equal and opposite
@)m""
Q)##".
(- 1'0'0)
Two equal point charges of *|nC each are located at points
point charge of
ana (t,b,o) iespectirref. What wiil be the position of third
(0,1,0X
at
0
+{i nC such ihat the net electric field E:
(B) (0, - 1,0)
(A) (- 1,0,0)
(D) (0,3,0)
(c) (3,0,0)
ncf m'
Plane 3r* 4y:O carries a uniform charge distribution with ps:2
The'electric field intensity at point (1'0,3) will be
(B) 67'85o" * 90'48orV/m
(A) - 67.8o, - 90.48anV/m
(D) -3o, - AauY f m
(C) 3a, * 4a,Y f m
loop
Electric field intensity at a distance 3 m above the center of a circular
ofradius4mlyinginthe4t-planeandcarryingauniformlinecharge
*2nClm as shown in the figure is
(A) 21.72a,*
(C) 10.86c, -t
HCQ ?",!.26
HCQ 2,1.21
10.86o"
V/m
27.72a,V
(B) 10.86o, V/m

(D) 72a,Y lm
lm
A dipole having
a moment
Toa,C-m is located at origin in free space.
E,:
(A) a cone of angle b4.Z'

(C) (") and (b) both
:.{.aa
Chap 2
consider a point charge Q is located at the origin. Divergence of the electric

flux density produced by the charge is
(A) 0, at all points
(B) +1, at all points
(c) +1, at all points except origin
(D) 0, at alr points except origin
the electric field produce due to the dipole is given by E

then surface on which
0 bttt 8,, Eu + 0 will be
rce
Page 79
E" e,
Eo
a,
If
* E, a,
(B) a cone of angle 12b.8"

(D) none of these
An infinite line charge * l nC/m is lying along entire z-axis. If the electrir
potential at the point (1,2r/2,2) due to the line charge is zero then the
electric potential at any point (p,S,z) will be
(A)
rs(r"(j))
f; vou
ro
rel
$r"(|)
('r
s+u'(*)

Electric field at any point (r,O,d) in free space is given by
.:
E:ffiyo,
HCQ 2",N.23
The electric potential will be maximum at
(A) infinity
(C) at r:-2
Hcq
2't's4
(B) origin
(D) r:* 2
Potential difference between the spherical surfaces
(A) 1/2 volt

(C) l/s volt
r:0
and
r:2 will be
(B) l volt
(D) 1/a voh
Cornmon Data For Q.25 to 27

A uniforinly charged solid sphere of radius .R has the total charge
e. consicler
the electric potential at a distance r from the centre of the ,fh"r" is
v(r).
z
HCe 2",!"?5
For
-8, plot of V(r) versus
r will be
v(r)
v(r)
(A)
(B)
./
r
Page S0
Chap 2
(D)
iltcQ 2.{.26
With the increase in

(A) increase
(B) decrease
(C) rgmain constant
(D) be zero always
$co
If R:1m
2,1,27
and
None of these
potentibl V(r) inside the charged sphere will
Q:\c
then the total stored energy inside the sphere will
be
(A) 4.34 x 10e J

(B) 6.75 x 10e J
(C) 4.5 x 10e
(D) 5.4 x 10e J
!!,rcQ 2.1,?8
(0'0'0).a'nd
Three point charges Q, -2Q and Q are located at (o'0'0)'
(r'0'0) for
point
any
at
intensity
fiLld
(-a,0,6) respectively.lhe electric
r>> 0 rs
(")"(Y)
(o)"(Y)
G).(#)
ilca
2,{.29
rB, and centered

A volume charge is distributed throughout a sphere of radius
intensity at a
at the origin, with uniform density p,c lmt .The electric field
distance r from the origin is
outside the sphere(r > B)
inside the sPhere(r < ,E)
(A)
*(#)*
(B)
*G)*
*(#)"
*(#)-
(c)
*(#)"
*$)"
*(#)"
*(#)"
(D)
ri
MCA 2.'1.30
An infinite line charge of uniform density
pr, is situated along
The total electric freld flux crossing the portion of plane !

the first octant and bounded by the planes r: 0 and r:
@)*
e&
MCO 2,{.3{
(D) zero
the r-axis'
* z:1m
lying in
Im
(B)#
@)+
in the region
Volume charge of uniform density 5 nC/m3 is distributed
5 m and
radii
of
surfaces
between two infinitely long, parallel cylindrical
2mandwiththeiru*urr"p*utedbydistanceofl-masshowninthefigure'
P4e
tr
CtQ
Electrostatic
i'lGlk
The electric field intensity in the charge=free region inside the cylindrical
surface of radius 2 m is
(B) 5,65 x 1011V/m
(A) 282.5a,Y lm
(D) 1.77 x 1,0-12 V/m
(C) 3.54a, mV/m
s"{.t2
A volume charge is distributed throughout a sphere of radius
"R
and centered
at the origin with uniform density p,Clmt.The electric potential at

distance
from the origin is

outside the sphere(r >
.R)
PoRl
(A)
Seoi
(B)
EEr
(c)
fuE
3eo
Seor
3P'Rt
(D)
0fi
Comrnon Data.For Q. 33 and 34:

Two infinite uniform sheets of cha,rge, each with density \Cf
at y:a 1 and y:- L as shown in figure.
m2 ,
are located
:b c/m
P":5 Qlm
sco 2.{.33 Electric field intensity at the origin will be

(B)
(A) 0
Q)
,
'
!
I
f,co
?.'1"34
-f,o"vln
@)
fia,v lm
fia,vln
a test charge of 5 pC is placed at point (2,5,4) then the force applied by

the sheets on test charge is
(B) 2.5 x 10-'n N
(A) 2.83 mN
(D) 5.65 x 102 N
(c) 2.83 N
If
Page E2
Chap 2
z"1.ss As we move away- frofrr the sheet charge

U 1- 7, the electric field intensity will be
located
at y:- 1 in the
region
(A) linearly increasing

(B) linearly decreasing
(C) constant
(D) zero
2.r,36
Consider a hollow sphere of radius .R centred at origin carries a uniform

surface charge density pr. The electric field intensity at distance r from the
center of the sphere is
outside the sphere(r > R)
inside the sphere(r S R)
Pnl&Y
(A)
0
eo\
(B)
rlrco 2.1.37
P"
ctJ
o.
(c)
fiw
(D)
r / "-
Pn(&Y
eo\
r/
0
o"
ry
o,
to
An air fiIled parallel plate capacitor is arranged such that the lower side of
upper plate ca,rries surface charge density 2cf m2 and upper side of lower
plate carries surface charge density -2Clm2 as shown in figure. The electric
field intensity between the plates will be
+2 Clm
-2""
2a.
B\
'to
(C\ _LA,
La.
D\
t't0
(^)
cu
xee
a.t.3s
In a certain region electric potential distribution is as shown in the figure.
v(m)
The corresponding plot of electric"fleld component E, will be
Page
t3
Ct4
Electrostatic Field3
(A)
-j
s(*)
e.t.3s Two electrons are moving with
equal velocities in opposite directions. A

uniform electric field is applied along the direction of the motion of one of
the electrons, so the electron gets accelerated while the electron moving
in opposite direction gets decelerated. If the gain in the kinetic energy of
accelerating electron is K.Esoh and the loss in Kinetic energy of decelerating
electron is K.86," then the correct relation between them is
(A) K.Ec"n: K.Er.o",

(B) K.EG'i") K.E1o""
(C) K.Ec"i,1K.E;ou
(D) Can't be determined as initial velocities are not given
{<>F:f,**+'t X+*,*
EXERGISK P-N
Page.84
Chap 2
Comrnon Data For Q.

Four equal charges of
side J 2
and 2
+2c
m in free space
are being placed at the corners
ofthe square of
in figure.
as shown
+2C
+2c.
,tT,
+2C+,[2m-*2C
ouES 2.2.1
The net force on a test charge
nC at the centre O of the square will be
N.
QUES 2,2.2
QUEA 2.2.3
ouEs 2,2,4
one of the four charges is being removed) what will be the magnitude of
the net force (in Newton) on the test charge * 1 nC placed at the centre ?
If
The three point charges, each *5 nC, are located on the z-axis at z:L in free space. The electric field intensity at point P(0,0,3) will be
N/m in o, direction.
Charges
*0
and
*2Q
7,0,
1m. What will be the

Q charge such that the net electric
are separated by a distance
distance (in meter) of point

field intensity at P is zero. ?
P form *
Common Data For Q. 5 and 6
A uniform volume charge density of 2pCfm3 is

spherical shell extending from r
2 cmto r
present throughout the
3 cm.
ouES 2.2.5
The total charge present throughout the spherical shell will be
QUES 2,2.6
For what value of
pC.
a (in cm) half of the total charge will be located in the
region2cmlr'-a?
QUES 2,2.7
Electrons are moving randomly in a fixed region in free space. During a time
interval ? the probability of finding an electron in a subregion of volume
1o 12 m3is 3o%.The volume charge density in the subregion for the time
interval will be
nC/m3.
Page E5
Chap 2
Electroetatig Fields
ouEs
Total stored charge on the cylindrical surface
x.R"3
surface charge density p2zp,Cfm2 is
having
u,C.
Consider a triangular surface in the plane
Qt ffis 2.x,$
p:2,0<z< lm
z:
0 as shown in the figure.
2r*y--5
If the triangular surface

charge on it will be
&r"**5
has charge density
x'2"'?* A circular disk of radius 5m has surface charge density ps:3r, where r (
< 5 m) is the distance of any point on the disk from its centre. The total
charge stored on the disk is
a.s.'x
Coulomb.
Consider the electric field intensity in some region is found to be E
, in spherical coordinate system. What will

in a sphere of radius 2 m, centered at origin
&t"tx$
ps:3ry C/m2 then the total
Coulomb.
*"3.33 If electric flux density in a certain region
3f
a,Y lm
be the total charge stored (nC)
?
is
D: Qf * 4z) a,*2ryarl4ra"Cl^'
Thetotalchargeenclosedbythecube 0I rI2,0< U32,-l< z< t
is
Coulomb.
&usr$
s"R.'t3 Two point charges * 1 pC and - 1 pC are being located at points (0,0,1) and
(0,0, - 1) respectively. The net electric potential at point P(- 3,0, - 4) due
to the two charges will be
Volt.
In the region of free space that includes the cubical volume 0 I
, electric flux density is given by
r, y, z 1 L
D:faa,ly2ta"Cfm'
&{Jss ;}"tr"'{}$ What is the
*r.lx$
a.R"t$ At
total flux (in Coulomb) Ieaving the closed surface of the cube
center of the cube, div D
cl-t
Comrnon Data For Q. f6 and 17
Page 86
Chap 2
In free space, flux charge density is given by
D:l\f onCfm2 r(
o'5m
lzlfunCfm2 r20.5m
quEs
2.2.16 Volume charge density at r:0.2m will
QUE$
2.2.1? Volume charge density at
be
cl^t
cl^t
r:1m will be
p:ta,- au*2a"nC m is located at

potential
due to the dipole at point A(7,2,2)
6). The electric
Volt.
2.2.ta An electric dipole having moment

point B(0,1,
will
ouE$
be
z.*.te A total charge 20nClis
being split into four equal charges spaced
at 90'
intervals around a circular loop of radius 5m.What will be the electric

potential (in Volt) at the center of the loop ?
eus$ 2.2.20 The work done in carrying a 2C charge from point A(1,I12,3) to the point
8(4,1,0) in the field .E:2ya,l2ranV/m along the curve y: /rl2 will
be
qUf;S
Joule.
2"2.21 In a certain region, the electric field intensity is given as -E : ra, - yarY f m
. The amount of work done in moving a *2C charge along a circular arc
in the region will be
centred at origin from r: 1m to r: g:
#m
.Ioule.
$
it
I
Common Data For
q.22 and 23 :
Four equal charges of + 1nC is being ca,rried from infinity and placed at
different corners of a square. Consider the side of the square is 1 m and the
charges are being carried a,s one at a time.
lrs
t
i
2.2.22 How much energy (in nJ) does it require to bring in the last charge from
infinity and place it in the fourth corner ?
QuEs
2.2.13 Total work done for assembling the whole configuration of four charges will
be
OUES
n.I.
2.2.24 The electric field in a certain region is given by

E : sindap+ (zI l) pcos$aa* psind,a"Y f m
Work done in moving a 2 C charge from A(2,0' ,7) to 8(2,30',1) in the field
is
Joule.
eucs 2,2.2s Total work done in transferring two point charges tlpC and *2mC from
infinity to the points A(- 3,6,0) and B(2,- 4,- 1) respectively is
.Ioule.
eurs 2.2.26 Four point charges of 8 nC are placed at the eor"ngrs of a square of side L cm
mJ.
. The total potential energy stored in the system of charges is
Page 87
Cbap 2
Common Data For q,.27 and 28
The potential field in free space is expressed
as
v:lvryz
Q{rEs
2,2"2? The total energy stored within the cube 1 1
x
qu&s
10-13
r,
U, z 12 will be
2.e.28 The energy density at the centre of the cube will
be
x 10-13 J.
eur$ 2.2.2s The electric field intensity required to counter act the earth's gravitational
force on an electron is
10-u
v/m.
2.?'3o Three point charges Q, kQ ar..d kQ are arranged as shown in figure. What
will be the value of ,k for which the net electric field intensity at the point
P(0, +, f) is zero ?
Qemmon Data For Q. 3L and 32 :

Consider a total charge of 2 nC is distributed throughout a spherical volume
of radius 3m. A small hole is drilled through the center of the spherical
volume charge as shown in figure. The size of the hole is negligible compared
to the size of the sphere.
eur$ 2.2.3'N If an electron is placed at one end ofthe hole and released from rest at l: 0
, what will be the distance (in meter) of the electron from center of sphere
at t:1 psec. ?
qu65 2.2.3? The frequency of the oscillation of point charge is
kHz.
7"
Page
EE
euEs
Chap 2
Electrostatie Fields
2.2.33 A total charge of 9002r U,Q iq uniformly distributed over a circular disk of
radius 6m The applied force on a 150pC charge located on the axis of disk
N.
and 4 m from it's center as shown in figure is
QUES 2.2,34
A charged sphere of radius 1m ca,rries a uniform charge density of 6 C/m3.

A redistribution of the charge results in the density function given by
p,:k(3-f)clms
where
is dista,nce of the point from center of the sphere. What is the value
of.k?
auEs 2.2.35
A 50 pC point charge is located at the origin. The total electric flux passing
through the hemispherical surface defined by r:48m, 0 < 0 < rl2 is
pC.
euEs
2.2.36 Two identical uniform charges with pr,: 80 nC/m are located in free space
at tr:0, U: -F 3 m. The force per unit length acting on the line at positive
pN in a, direction.
gr a.rising from the charge at negative y is
----
ouEs
2,2.3? Four
4 cm
1.2 nC point charge are located in free space at the corners of a square
on a side. The total potential energy stored is

xxxx*******
----
pJ.
EXERCI$E;
2,;.3
P:se8e
pr."t"o.t"tiHra?
ucq
t'3"'!
Assertion (A) : Net electric field flux emanating from an arbitrary surface
not enclosing a point charge is zero.
Reason (R) : Electric field intensity at any point outside the uniformly
charged sphere is always zero.
(A) A and R both are true and R is correct explanation of A.
(B) A and R both are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) A is true but R is false.
(D) A is false but R is true.

xcQ
2.3,4
Assertion (A) : No charge can be present in a uniform electric field.

(R) : According to Gauss's law volume charge density in a region
having electric field intensity E is given by po : yE
(A) A and R both are true and R is correct explanation of A.
(B) A and R both are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Reason

rcq ?'3'3 A potential function V
satisfies Laplace's equation inside a certain region.

In this region the potential function will have
(A) a maxima only
(B) 4 minima only
(c) a maxima and a minima both
(D) neither a maxima nor a
minima
xcQ
2.3-4
Coulomb's force is proportional to
(A)
"
(C) _L
'r
(B)
(D)
+
r
xcq 2.3"$ The proportionality constant in Coulomb's law has unit of

(A) Farads
(B) Farads/metre
(C) Newton
HcQ
2,3"$
The value of proportionality constant in Coulomb's law is

(A) e x 10,
(B) e x 10-'g
(C) 8.8b4
xcQ
2.3.7
(D) metre/Farad
(o)
10-i2
The unit of electric field is

(A) Newton
,f"
rca 2'3'& If the direction of Coulomb's force on a unit
charge
electric field is
(A)
-o"
o"
ro'g
(B) Coulomb/Newton
(D) Coulomb/metre
(C) Newton/Coulomb
(c)
'
(B) a,
(D) o"
is a,, the direction of
Page 90
M(:& 9.3"9
The unit of electric flux is
(B) Coulomb/metre
(D) Weber/m2
(A) Coulomb
(C) Weber
Chap 2
r!rl;d3
2.s.1o
wce
a.3"1{
The electric field on r-axis due to a line charge extending from
@#,p
@)
Q#
@h
oo is
#h
Potential at aII the points on the surface of a conductor is

(B) not the same
(A) the same
(D) infinity
(C) zero
r${:rn 2.3,{?
Gradient of the potential and an equipotential surface

(B) have opposite directions
(A) have the same direction
(D) have no directional relation
(C) are orthogonal to each other
iltso 2,3.t3
The unit of electric moment is
(B) C-m
(D) C-m'
(A) c/m
(c)
,1.r{:Q
t,3,1
c/m'?
Point form of Gauss's law is
(A) V x
(C) V x
vs;c p"*,'t:
D:
D:
Po
P,f
es
$t:e
2,3"ts
x D:
x D:
P"
(B) Coulomb/m
(D) Tesla
Gauss's law is
I D.ds: Q
fcl f od,s:Q
(^)
MS& 2.3,'17
(B) V
(D) V
The unit of electric flux is
(A) Coulomb
(C) Weber
Potential has the unit of

(A) Joules/Coulomb
@)
f D.ds: Q
tol
Iod,s:
(B) Joules
(D) Joules/m2
(C) Joules/m3
M$& :"3"'lS
Electric flux lines

(A) originate at (+)ve charge
(B) originate at (-) ve charge
(C) are closed loops
(D) originate at (+)ve charge and also terminate at (+)ve charge
KfrQ 2,3.{9
The electric field in free space
(A)
.-o
I
-co to
(B)
(D) q
' '60
(C) eoD
**t<{<X.*r<{.* *:k
Ppge g1
Chap 2
b
n
t^'
Ih
E
IE
I
-In'
Ib
If the electric field intensity is given by E: (ro,+yau* za,)volt/m,

potential difference between X(2,0,0) and y(1,2,3)
is
(A) -r-r
(B)
(C)
'olt
-1volt
*5 volt
\u., -ru
rcQ
2.4.2
EQ
2.4.3
vuru
There are three charges, which are given by e,,:lFC,

er:2pC and
Qt:3pc. The field due to each charge at a point p in free space is
(a,+2a,u- &"), (an+3a") and (2a,- ar) newtons/coulomb. The total field
at the point P due to all three charges is given by
(A) 1.64" I 2.2o,u * 2.5a" newtons/coulomb
(B) 0.3o, I 0.2au * 0.2s," newtons/coulomb
(C) 3o, *2au* 2o, newtons/coulomb
(D) 0.6o, -l 0.2 au * 0.5 a" newtons/coulomb
Given that the electric flux density
density at point (7,n14,3) is
rca
2"4.4
the
(A)
(c)
0.5
D:
zp(cos,il)
a"c/^r.
The charg.
(B) 1
(D) 0.5 o
An electric charge of Q coulombs is ]ocated at the origin. consider electric

potentialT and electric field intensity E at any point (r,y,z).Then
(A) .E and V are both scalars

(B) .E and V are both vectors
(C) E is a scalar and I/ is a vector
(D) ,E is a vector and I/ is a scalar
rcQ
2.4,5
Assertion (A) : capacitance between two parallel plates of area ,A' each and
distance of separation ,d' is e Af d for large Af d, ratio.
Reason (R) : Fringing electric field can be neglected for large A/d ratio.
(A) Both A and R are individually true and R is the.orr""-t explanation of
(B) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanatiorr
ofA
(C) A is true but R is false

(D) A is false but R is true
lca
2"4.6
Assertion (A) : In solving boundary value probrems, the method of images

is qsed.
Reason (R) : By this technique, conducting surfaces can be removed from
the solution domain.
(A)BothAandRareindividuallytrueandRisthecolrectexplanation
Page 92
Chap 2
(B)BothAandRareindividuallytruebutRisnotthecorrectexplanat
ofA
MSQ 4"4,?
and opposite
What will be the equipotential surfaces for a pair of equal
charges ?
(A) Spheres
(C) Non-concentric cYlinders

{sfr$ 4.4"s
(B) Concentric cYlinders

(D) None of the above
If the potential functions % and % satisfy Laplace's
equation within
closedregiorrandassumethesamevaluesonitssurface'thenwhichoft
following is correct ?
(A) K and Vz are identical
M&& 2"4"9
(B) y, is inversely proportional as V2

(C) Yt has the same direction as V
(D)ylhasthesamemailnitudeas%buthasdifferentdirection
electric field
Assertion (A) : The expression E - - V I/' where E is the
V is the potential is not valid for time varying fields'
Reasou (R) : The curl of a gradient is identically zero'
(A)BothAandRareindividuallytrueandRisthecorrectexplanation
A.
(B)BothAandRareindividuallytruebutRisnotthecorrectexplanati
of A.

xAe 2"4.ts
fficQ
caused
What is the electric flux density (in pC/m'?) at a point (6' 4' - 5)
8?
plane
r:
a
at
pC/m2
a uniform surface charge density of 60
(B) -604,
(A) -304,
(D) 60o,
(C) 30o,
at
concentric long conducting cylinders, the inner one is kept
is
what
constant positive potential * % and the outer one is grounded.
electric field in the space between the cylinders?
(A) Uniform and directed radially outwards
2.4.,t,t of two
(B) Uniform and directed radially inwards

(C) Non-uniform and directed radially outwards
(D) Non-uniform and directed parallel to the axis of the cylinders
lwcq
2.4.{c In a charge
free space,
the Poisson's equation results in which one of
following?
(A) Continuity equation

(C) Laplace equation
MCQ 2.4.13
Wr is the electrostatic energy stored
(B) Maxwell's equation

in a system of three equal point
arrangedinalinewith0.5mseparationbetweenthem.Ifl4lzisthe
stored with 1m separation between them, then which one of the
is correct
(A) W:0.5W
(C) W:2W
ICq
2.4"{4
2.4.,'5
Page g3
Chap 2
Equivalent surface about a point charge are in which one of

the following
forms ?
(A)
(C)
rca
(B) W: W
(D) W: 4W2
Spheres
Cylinders
(B) planes
(D) Cubes
consider the following statements regarding an erectrostatic field

1. It is irrotational
2. It is solensoidal
3. It is static only form a macroscopic view point.
4. work done in moving a charge in the field form one point to another is
independent of the path of movement.
Which of the statements given above are correct
(A) 1, 2 and 3
(C) Only 2 and
Ga
2.4.16
The potential (scalar) distribution is given as v: l}yn+20f .rf e6 is

the
permittivity of free space, what is the volume charge density p, at the point
(2,0) ?
(A) -200e6
(C) 200e,
mo
2.4,1?
(B) 1, 2 and 4
(D) 1, 3 and 4
(B) _200/es
(D) _240e11
The r-directed electric field E, having sinusoidal time variation eto, and
in z-direction satisfies the equation y2E":0 under source
free condition in a lossless medium. what is the sorution representing
propagation in positive z-direction ?
(A) 4: Eoe-k"
(B) E,: Eoe+ik"
(C) E": Eoe-ik'
(D) E,: Eoe+h"
space variation
-Q
2.4.18
An infinitely long uniform charge of density 30 nc

lmis rocated at y - z, z : b
' The field intensity at (0, 6, 1) is rg:64.Tay-g6.Ba"v/m. what
is the
field intensity at (5,6,1) ?
(A)
rc1
GQ
2,4.1S
(*ffi1'n
r"r
(#*#r)"
@(t##r.l'E
what is the magnetic dipole moment in Am2 for a square current roop
having the vertices at the point ,4(10,0,0), B(0,10,0); C(_ 10,0,0)
and
D(:0,- 10,0) and with current 0.01A flowing in the sense AbCDA ?
(A)
(sf _za"
(C) 4a,
(D) 4(a,* a")
2a"
2'4"2a An electric
charge Q is placed in a dielectric medium. Which of the following

quantities are independent of the dielectric constant e of
the medium ?
(A) Electric potential I/ and Electric field intensity E
(B) Displacement density D and. Displacement ry'
(C) Electric field intensity .E and Displacement density D
(D) Electric potential V and Displacement
ty'
r
Page 94
rdcq
?.4.2"1
Chap 2
Two coaxial cylindrical sheets of charge are present in free space Ps : 5 C I m2

'
at' r:2 m and ps :- 2Clm2 at r:4 m. The displacement flux density D
at r:3m is
(A) D: 5a,Cf m2
(C) D : l}l3a,Clm2
(B) D :2l3a,Clm'
(D) D: 18f3a,Cfm2
rr{{:& 2"4"?2
An electric potential field is produced in air by point charge 1pC and 4 pC

located at (-11,5) and (1,3, - 1) respectively. The energy stored in the
field is
(B) 5.14 mJ
(A) 2.57 mJ
(D) 12.50 mJ
(C) 10.28 mJ
,tt*Q 2.4.23
A dipole produces an electric field intensity of 1mv/m at a distance of 2 km

. The field intensity at a distance of 4 km will be
(B) 0.75 mV/m
(A) 1 mv/m
(D) 0.25 mV/m
(C) 0.50 mV/m
Mre z.d.a6 The energy stored per unit volume in an electric field (with usual notations)
is given by
(B) tl2eE
(A) tl2elf
(D) eE2
(C) Ll2eE'z
r"lse
?"4..*$
A positive charge of Q coulomb is located at point ,4(0,0,3) and a negative

charge of magnitude Q coulombs is located at point B(0,0, - 3). The electric
field intensity at point C(4,0,0) is in the
(A) negative r-direction
(B) negative z-direction
(C) positive r-direction
(D) positive z-direction
r{*s
3"4"2$
The force between two points charges of 1 nC each with a 1 mm separation

rn alr ls
(A) 9 x 10-3N
(C) 9 x 10-eN
ps*Q 3,4"X?
Gauss law relates the electric field intensity

density po al a point as
(A) V x E:op,
(C)VxE:p,leo
rdeQ ?,4.1$
(B) I
(D) I
x 10-6N
x 1o-12N
E with the volume charge
(B) V . E:opo
(D) V'E:p,/o
The electric field strength at any point at a distance r from the point charge
q located in a homogeneous isotropic medium with dielectric constant e , is
given by
(A)
E:ffio,
rc\ E:
,Q
oa,
4nr"
(B)
E:
fD)
,E
nas"os}
: -t-o.
4trtr"
tQ
2.4.29
The vector statement of Gauss's a law,is
(tl f o. d.s:lo"o,
tct
Eo
2.4,30
IIo. d,s: [c?n
(B)
In.as:f
Page gb
p,d,,
Chap 2
tol f"o . d.s: I o,o,

apart. Now, if a glass srab is insertecl
Two charges are placed at a distance

between them, then the force between the charge will
(A) reduce to zero
(B) increase
(C) decrease
(D) not change
-o
2.4,3{
The following point charges are located in air
+0.008pC at (0,0)m
+0.05pC at (3,0)m
-0.009pC at (0,4)m
The total electric flrrx over a sphere of bm radius with centre
(o,o)
(A) 0.058 pC
(n) b.o+o pc
(C) 0.02e pC
(D) 0.016 pC
rs
2.4.32
Electric flux through a surface area is the integral of the

(A) normal component of the electric field over the area
(B) parallel component of the electric field over the area
(C) normal component of the magnetic field over the area
(D) parallel component of the magnetic field over the area
-Q
2.4.33
Assertion (A) : The electric field around a positive charge

is outward,
Reason (R) : Gauss's law states that the differentiar of
the-normal component
of the outward electric fl,x density over a closed surface yields
the positive
charge enclosed.
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are individually

true and Reason
(R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A)
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are individualry
true but Reason
(R) is not the correct explanation oi Assertion (A)
(C) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false
(D) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true
-a
2.4.34
Point charges of Q:2nC andQ2:JnC are located at a

distance apart.
with regard to this situation, which one of the following statements is not
correct ?
(A) The force on the 3 nC charge is repulsive.
(B) A charge of - 5 nc placed midway between
e1
force.
and, ez
wirexperience no
(C) The forces Q1 and,ez are same in magnitude.

(D) The forces on Ql and e, will depend on the medium in
which they are
placed.
Page 96
MSq 2.4"35
Chap 2
Which one of the'following is the correct statement

Equi-potential lines and field lines
(A) are parallel
(B) are anti-parallel

(C) are orthogonal
(D) bear no definite relationshiP
tvtco 2,4.36
,!!e&
3.4.3r
ilrlQ *'4.38
point charges of -10 nc and 10 nc are located in free space at (- 1,0,0) m

?
and (1,0,0j m respectively. What is the energy stored in the field
(A) Zero
(B) 450 nJ
(C) -a50 nJ
(D) - e00 nJ
the electric
A spherical balloon of radius a is charged' The energy density in
is inflated
field at point P shown in the figure given below is u' If the balloon
at P ?
density
energy
is
the
what
to o radius b without altering its charge'
(*l
(A)
(*l
(")
(c)
,(*)
(D),
which one of the following statements

is conservative
d.oes
not state that electrostatic field
(A) The curl of .E is ideutically zero

(B) The potential difference between two points is zero
(C) The electrostatic fietd is a gradient of a scalar potential
(D) The work done in a closed path inside the field is zero
flrcQ 2.4.39
Sphere of radius o
flux density at
rd*Q 2.{.4{l
r:
with a uniform charge density p,Cl^t shall have electric

a, equal to
(A) $p,i,Clm2
(B) !p,i,Clm'z
(C) ap,i.,Cfm2
(D)
tP,ucl^'
Equipotential surfaces about a pair of equal and opposite Iinear charges

exist in what form ?
(A) Concentric sPheres
(B) Concentric cYlinders
(C) Non-concentric cYlinders
(D) Planes
MCQ 9.4,4'l
For electrostatic fields in charge free'atmospherO, which one of the following

is correct ?
E:0 andV . E:0

(B)VxE+}andV.E:0
(C)VxE:}andV.E+0
(D)V x E+oandV . E+0
(A) V x
3F on 3Q and 2F or 2e, then what is the force exerted on the point
charge Q
(A)
(B)
r
-r
(c) 5r
(D)
2'4'43
-5r'
Which one of the following is the Poission's equation for a linear and isotropic
but inhomogeneous medium ?
(.!J v2E:-EF
v . Y(eV):-p
(C)
MCQ 2,4.44
z:
Plane
(B)
v . (evV):-p
(D)
V2V:-L
10 m carries surface charge density 20 ncf m2. what is the electric
field at the origin
(A) -70a"vlm
(B) -182'a, vlm
(C) 72tra"vlm
(D) -3602ro, v/m
MCQ 2,11.{5
Consider the following diagram
+e
i--,._
i'-i'-
---
?_-
di
-- +
":,{
-----------
di
l.t-t2/
------::f-,.'
..i'
-Qi''
The electric field E at a point P due to the presence of dipole as shown in
the above diagram (considering distance r )) distance d) is proportional to
(A) llr
(C) I/r3
MC6t :,,{.46
Cliap 2
Electrostdtid Fidlds
s"4'43 If the electric field established by three point charge e, ze and 3e exerts a
force
Page.97
(B) rlr,
(D) 7lr^
what is the value of total electric flux coming out of a closed surface
(A) Zero
(B) Equal to volume charge density
(C) Equal to the total charge enclosed by the surface
(D) Equal to the surface charge density
rT
Page 98
MGq
2.4.4? A charge is unifdrmly-dfstributed
throughout the sphere of radius o. Taking
the potential hi infiirity as zeroT the potential at
Chap 2
rot-lJ#*
r:
< o is
@)-l:#d.
Q)-t#a,-l'ffia, @-t#d,
mco
2.4.4s A potential field is given by V:3r2ytrue
3rz.
Which of the following is not
1A) .nt the point (1,0, - 1), V and the electric field E vanish
(B) *'y: 1 is an equipotential plane in the 4t-plane
(C) The equipotential surface V:- 8 passes through the point P(2, - 1,4)
(D) A unit vector normal to the equipotential surface V:- 8 at P is
(- 0.832* 0.55s* 0.072)
rvrce
2.4.4e
The relation between electric intensity ,8, voltage applied

d between the plates of a parallel plate condenser is
(A) E: Vld
(B) E:Vxd
(c)
(D)
E:
vl@)'
E:Vx(A"
*(*****t
X<>fi**
I/
and the distance
$ol.uTtol{s 2,{
Page 99
Chap 2
soL
t.1"1

Since the two point charges are positive so the introduced third point charge
must be negative as to make the entire system in equilibrium as shown below
3m
9C
-cgoc
in equilibrium so the force between all the pair of
a3 the system must be

charges will be equal
Fta
(g)q
(g)q
l.e.
G-df
: Fca: Ftc
_Gqs_Gq(e)
n---Try-
Solving the equation we get,
sol- 2.{"?
q:- 4C
and
d:2m

Electric field intensity at any point P due to the two point charges e1 and
Q2 is defined as
E:k(S+R,+
where,
8?^R,\
n, ,, ,;!!1f';;';'*?:;.1" 0,,", p rrom the rwo point
and
charges.
So the net electric field due
g :9 x
10n
to the two given point charges is
x (-5) x 10-n[(-7*4)o,*(3-0
2)o,]
x 1Os x 2 x 10-e[(-7+5)a,+(3-0) ou+e 1 *g

_-
:
30L
2.1.3
451- 3a,
3%
Ig"/'
1.4a,
!.284a,
a"f
*I8l-2a,
3)a,]
-l Ja, - 4a,f
,nt,,
L.004a"

For an electric field to exist, the its curl must be zero. so, we check the
existence of the given field vector first.
Given the electric field intensity
E
So,
2rya,* Ayzau l6rza"V f m

la, aa az
YxE:Zl!lo, ou!:
lw
+
dz
2az 3rz
2f-2ya,
Szan
- ra,l*
Therefore, as the curl of the given electric neta is not equal
field does not exist.
to zero so, the
page
cbap
!00
?
Efectrostatic
sol 2.1.4 Option (C) is correct.

Electric field intensity in free space at a distance
charge with charge density p7, is defined as
Fields
Given
10 6C/m
R:-2o,,-
2.{.6
7.2a,
3.6a0
kV/m
Option (B) is-correct.

Electric flux density in a certain region for the given electric field intensity
is defined as
So
sot.
ao
, :0 i*!?,)e"#)
--
2.1.$
line
: ,!*?;#
'
pr.:lp,Cf m:1 x
so,
$oL
R from an infinite
at the point
D:
D:
(- 1,0,1)
eoE
: eo(i a,*2ryan)
eo(a,)

According to Gauss law net outward electric flux from any closed surface is
equal to the total charge enclosed by the volume
i.e.
th
or,
,r,:lo,d,u
Q"n"
I:, [:,
[, (#) rr,'", drd, 'Q)
:1x2x2tr:4rC
sol.
2"{.?

As we have already determined the total electric flux crossing the surface
r:1m So, electric flux density D at r - 1m is evaluated as below:
Totalelectricflux
Sowehave
,1,:f,O.
A,S
("t,\V:4r)
dS :4r
J{o.o,:l*
D(4trl) :4v
D : f.:1c/m2
l*
Thus
soL
2.1.8

As the point charge is located at origin. So flux due to it will be emanating
from all the eight quadrants symmetrically.
So the flux through the portion of plane r* E:2 m lying in first octant is
Il8 of the total flux emanating from the charge located at origin.
and from Gauss law, total flux: Q"," : 8 C
So, flux through the surface
sol.
2.i.s
D : a,C/m2
r*
= 2 m is ai:$

We construct a Gaussian surface at p
- r
as shown
"
in figure.
PAge
iOl
Chap 2
Electrostatic FieldE
So, according to Gauss law the total outward flux through the surface
will be equal to the charge enclosed by it.
l.e.
D(2nrh)
So,
p,(trf
h)
: p,r,
r
from the cylindrical axis is
*: *(;)
Eqr
Thus
5S$- g"{""${:!
(assume the height of the cylinder is h)
Therefore the electric field intensity at a distance
p:

According to Gauss law the surface integral of the electric flux density over a
closed surface is equal to the total charge enclosed inside the region defined
bv closed surface.
i.e.
$o.as:e",,,
or
to ""''
J$n.as:+e","
As we have to evaluate E for r < 2 and since the charge
r < 2 so
Q",," :0
(sinceE:Z;
o )
density is zero for
(for r
<
2)
Therefore, JIn- as:lxo

o'
E:0
s&L 9.t,1"!

Again from Gauss law, we have the surface integral of electric field intensity
over the Gaussian surface at r: 3 as
6n -'"'
JIn.as:La"-"
{ n . as- :
E(4r x (3)') :
r_
[ '"-o,,rt
oJ
: .lrf oar- lf
{nt4a,
(#)tt,t"ndrdndft)
*l:[
I'"
E(4nxg\:4"14(3-2)
LU
n:#o.
s$r-
g"*":e

As calculated in the previous question, rve have the surface integral of the
electric.field intensity over the Gaussian surface r: 5 as
fn
. as :
lf
r.o,:
*f
oo, +
r32
lf
tat*1au
+![
oau
4(r55
:ffiT'Fierds
E(4tr
Electrostatic
x (5)') :
sol-
2.t.13
*l:,I"
: +"41
(1Ur)
,:&*
I'"
(#)rr"t"0d'r.0d'Q)
!"â,

According to Gauss law the volume Charge density in a certain region is
equal to the divergence of electric flux density in that region
P,:Y 'D
i.e.
:::tr.::ll:::;*""
- l- Q 1Sco20\+-J-41sin0s-in01
2f
r"
r'
-0
sol-
2.{.'r4

Electric field at any point is equal to the negative gradient of potential
i.e.
.
--YV:-(!v+!v+4Y\
\dr" 0a''0r'l
:-lG t *7;ff
r+zs -roz
**)",+(zwt *a+#.*z)",
|,
r\
So, at the Point
sol 2.1.1s Option (A)
:3,U: 2,2:- 1)
E : 3.6a' * l7.4an -
*p.t).*#rol",]
P(r
35.6a,Y f m
is correct.
Electric flux density in terms of field intensity is defined

So' at point P(3,2'
sol.
z.t.t6
- 1),
as
D:eoE
D : eo(3'6a,a71'4ar-35'6a")
:31.4o,,* 101o, - 3l4.5a"pCl^'

Electric force experienced by a point charge q located in the field
is
defined as
F:QE
So, the force applied at the point charge
r'
*1C
located at (0,y,0) is
(q:+ 1C)
: e)3%l2cos20a,lsindoa]
' ' treof
-44-1rin9o'
Atresr
(- o,)]
(d
90",
ao:-
&",
r:
a)
- Qd^ o.
-- 4trest'
sor-
2.1.{?

For d.etermining the position of the third charge, first of all we evaluate the
total electric field at the given point c(0,1,0) due to the two point charges
located at points 4(1,0,0) and B(-1,0,0) respectively as shown in figure.
fG
Cte 2
Pete
Electrctatic
-'2I
nC,
A(
'i+""
B(1,0,
1, o, 0)
0)
Electric field due to the charge located at point ,4 is
x to'(+) x
10
e'ffi
and the electric field due to charge at point
is
'':: rQ68T:
I
ao)
ffi(a"*
D,: kaff&: e x 10'x (+) x 1o-e x

:
#f- a,t oy)
so, Ett Ez:fi7{""+ q)+
:
4J-2-L(a,+
(- a,+ au)
('A + 1f
au)
2J2
-(ih,
As the field is directed
in a, direction so for making E:0 the third cha.rge
of +^/2 nC must be placed on gr-axis at any point g> 1. Consider the
position of the third charge is (0,y,0). So, electric field at point C due to
the third charge is.
10'g_x
(.1?)
1o-'g
@-1)'
(-o,):-d*o,
and since the total electric field must be zero

So, we have
Et,* Ez* Er
4n2'/2
as discussed above
3r
:0
,ef,?,uo,,:o
\y- r)'
Q-7)':4ora:3,-1
1, so the point
will be located at
y:
i.e. Point P will have the coordinate (0,3,0)

sol- 2.{.{8

Electric field intensity at any point P due to the uniformly charged plane
with charge density ps is defined as
: i;o"
En"
where a" is the unit vector normal to the plane directed toward point
Since the unit vector normal to any plane /:0 is defined as
a'
So, we have the
:+
Jl--lv/l
unit vector normal to the given charged plane
Zr*4y:e
AS
l4au
^ --r3a,
5
- Jg'+ 4' -*3a,r4a,
u|L_!----,:__j-
(f:
3r + 4y)
Fi:b
Since at
Page 10$
Chap 2
point (1,0,3)
Therefore,
Electroetatic Fields
/>
the positive value of o''

(2 x 1o n) l3o"*4411
(s:2nClm2)
2(ro-'g136r)\ b t
O, so' we take
:{ftw:
:ff{to,*
4an)
:67.85a"*90.48au
$oL 2"{"tg
lm

Horizontal component of the electric field intensity will be cancelled due to
the uniform distribution of charge in the circular loop. So the net electric
field will have only the component in a, direction and defined a^s below :
n : ]6o,err)
nt'7rna"
= (e
10e)
:9 x ,
so|-
2.1.20
(2
10-'g)
x (2r x n)
Cir,y",
"U#3a":70.86a,Y1^
Option (D) is correct. Electric flgx density produced at a distance r from a point charge Q located
at origin is defined as
o:ffi*
So, the divergence of the electric
v
so
it
flux density
is
D:h*1r31:o
is 0 for all the points but at origin
(r:
0) its divergence can't
be
defined.
sol-
2.1.21
Option (C) is correct'

p :Atreoa,C-m
Given the moment
point (r,9,@) produced due to an electric
a,ny
at
intensity
The electric field
dipole lying along z-axis and having the dipole moment p in a" direction is
defined as
E _ __2__
4neoru
1Z cos 0 a,
*sin
0oe)
: \1z"osla,+ sindae)
r".
Now, given that the z-component of electric field is zero
(P:
Atteoa,C-m)
E"= E' . e,, .:0
l.e.
page
. a,) lsing(ae . a")]:0

\[2cos01a,
ru'
Blectrosratic Fiolds
JJ2.o"'e-sin2dl:o
r
r"'
'
2cos20
sin2d
f[t +:"o.zd]
Thus
:54.7" or 0 :125.3'
the conical surface of angle 0 :
sot.
?"*.*x
: 0
E,:
:o
Therefore
electric field component E,
:6'
54.7"
or
125.3"
will
have the

Electric field intensity produced at a distance p from an infinite line charge
with charge density pr, is defined as
E : ^Ptzlfn p
and since the electric potential at point (I,r12,2) is zero so, the electric
potential at point (p,d,z) will be equal to the integral of the electric fieid
from point (7,r12,2) to the point to (p,6,r).
i.e.
, :_ I:,.,i,,j,r* :_ I,(#*)0, :l_hr"rali.

v :2x
10
x e x 10eln(;)
: 18h(;) (pr.:*|nc)
f*&?&;
;t;i,,:itill. $ ,:tt,'; Z iiir,i
l]1.r1
]:tr,:i t,,;:ririr-t,L-ri.
sol n"r,z3 Option (B) is correct.

Electric potential at any point for a given electric field
i.e.
is defined
as
at+c
--[n.
J
Now given the electric field intensity in spherical coordinate system
: -:r-a.
(t' + 4)'-',
and since the differential displacement in the spherical system is given as
dra, * rdra6
So we have the electric potential
d,l
* rsin0d$a,6
v:_[rr?.rr,udr_lc:nl
J lt'+4)"
f +4.+c
dY : o
At maxima'dr
,
@a+1ax2r:
Solving the equation we get,
At
r: o
d'.Y
d"f
:-
So the electric potential
sot.
?"{.s4
r:
0 and
r:
oo
u"
will be maximum at origin.

As calcrilated in the previous question, the electric potential at point (r,0,
is
LOE
Chap 2
Q)
Y:-Jr+4.+C
Page 106
Chap
So
at
r:
and at
0, electric potential is
u:f,+
2 electric potential is
w:[+
r:
So potential difference between the two surfaces is
,,:(1+c) (**"; :{vort

&ut- 2-t.25

The charged sphere will be treated as a point charge for the field at any
point outside the sphere. So, the electric field at distance r from the centre
of the sphere will be :
"E,--Gq7Q
(For
the electric potential at the point will be
So
ve)
:- f'n . at
r)
-R)
(Taking oo as a reference Point)
:-hl:Ta,:-/a;l-91| ..Q
47fo f
VQ)qI
So,
The graph
of.
V(r) will be as :
v(r)
${:}L
2.1"26 Option (B) is correct.

z
+-
-'. \
*
f\*,"
-x+
+..+
+
r,'\'',+
*.*
*
,"8\
'l,.*
t
r *
\--:--1P ",n
+O ' *:-v-
tI
+r
For determining the electric field inside the spherical region at distance
r ( < R) from the centre of sphere we construct a Gaussian surface as shown
in the figure. So the surface integral of the electric field over the Gaussian
surface is given as
:!e",":*[(#)]
E@trf)
So, the electric field
at a distance
Page 107
Chap 2
from the center is
, :#(g#)"
:&f,,*
(ror r
< rr)
Therefore the electric potential at the point P will be the line integral of the
field intensity from infinity to the point P
i.e.
v(r):1lrh,.
where
d,r*
I'u. *l
-81
electric field outside the sphere as calculated irr
Ez
electric field inside the sphere
previous question.
,?)
:-lI. #90* I'(h#,)r,1
:&[+-#(ry)l
So,
J- 2.1.2r
7(r)
decreases
with increase in r.

The total stored energy inside a region having charge density po andpotential
V is defined as
w,:|[
o,vd,,
As calculated in previous question the electric potential at any point inside
the sphere is
v(r):&lh-+,(ry))
: f";l*t, - tl1
1m,
e: 1c)
(r?:1m,
g:1c)
(n
Therefore the total energy stored inside the sphere is
,, :+I' (#)t^
"
$re
- r)j@rr dr)
:S" h"t['ttr-ra)dr
:-
, =3 [l"'l'
16zr'0['
5 Jn
3 ,,4_3x9x10ex4
^ 5-----lt-5:! * 10e: b.4 x 10:J
-16?re.
,!J. z.1.za Option (A) is correct.

The point charges can be represented as shown below.
a-2QA
'
'
'
(-o,0,0) (0,0,0) (a,0,0)
>tr
So the electric field at point (r,0,0) will be directed along r-axis. Taking
only magnitude we have the net electric field intensity at (u,0,0) as
2Q
E'_ a
A
" - lteilr-f - 4";?- G;GTfi
Fl
_l
: #ey
Page 108
Chap 2
Since
*?*'(#l* I #*#Glr-!+'(*l-
r >> al neglecting higher
:
*+*
" #a['
powers
r(#l] -
:- 6Qa' _
r<(6Qo'\
4tr,"t4 -'-\ F/
${}t- x,*,:$
* (#) we get
#al' - !
+'(#ll

According to Gauss law the surface integral of electric field intensity over a
Gaussian surface is defined as
In.as-rn
-"-env-"
r"
So for the Gaussian surface outside the sphere at a distance r
the centre of the sphere we have
E@nf)
"G#
(there is no charge outside the sphere)
Therefore at any point outside the sphere
will
be
"
(> n) the electric field intensity
E:p,(tr?t)o:p,lRr\^
"' - Eo\sv
)"'
and for the Gaussian surface inside the sphere at a distance
the center of the sphere
() ft) from
-4*ol
we have
r(<
R) from
E@rrf):d*C
Therefore at any point inside the sphere, the electric field intensity will be
':*+Po.:!(ft)o.
${lL 2"{-3{}

The portion of the plane y I z: I m lying in the first octant bounded by
the planes r:0 and r:7m has been shown in the figure through which
we have to determine the total electric field flux.
l: l
rSril'
-tt,
:r.r':.''l''' ':a)'.
:g*
zry1
""''-.
According to Gauss law the total outward flux through a closed surface is
equal to the charge enclosed by it.
,p
l.e.
total electric field flux emanating flux from the line charge between
0 and r: 1m is
So the
r:
: f o . d.s: e"n"
r ds
bE.
-o'
Joto60 -Q"o"-ot(t)
and by symmetry, flux through the defined surface will be one fourth of the
total electric field flux emanating from the defined portion .
I
QE. dS
the electric flux crossing the surface :
-T:
i.e.
"
f{o?H:,
l1. rrttli.
lir::i in
sgi-
*",!"3{
l;11 !;'1r1.
r:;
rritirl !.lrlf
1.1u,tll,rrl r:li'rir:ir'1lu-r
fi rl"$
.f '
is :il-' .
r/$ rvhl!'tl:s ill.;i1 i,lix.t.ri(.
i'r.,ir.

Consider a point P inside the cylindrical surface of 2m as shown in figure.
Now we make the use of superposition to evaluate the electric field at point
P by considering the given charge distribution as the sum of two uniformly
distributed cylindrical charges, one of radius 5 m and the other of radius
2 m, and such that the total charge in the hole is zero. Thus we obtain the
net electric field at point P as
En"t
: Et*
Ez
where .Er is the electric field intensity at point P due to the uniformly
charged cylinder of radius 5 m that has the charge density (5 nc/m3), while
.Ez is the electric field intensity at point P due to charged cylinder of radius
2 m that has the charge density (-S nC/m3)
As calculated in MCQ.61 the electric field intensity at a distance r from the
cylindrical axes having uniform charge density p, is
n,
P"T
z--o
- co4
So we have
and
Et:#;n1:L#",
E, : #;R2: i#5",
So the net electric field
at point P
is
En"t:"#f"r_
Rr)
By the triangle law of vector
Rt- R, : C:
So'
a,
En"t:5j#f*l
:282.5a,,Y lm
(separation
1m)
Page 109
Chap 2
Page 110
Chap
$oL 2"*.32
Option (B) is coryrect.

in Q'55'
As we have calculated the electric field for the same distribution
field
of
the
integral
line
so we evaluate the electric potential by taking the
intensity.
i.e.
:-[n'at
[*{t).'
:l*(#)''
torr<
forr>
is
The electric potential at any point outside the sphere (r > R)
:- I *(#),
: Q,R'
:--geo
- _p4t-tl'
[-7j- - 3eo"
, :- ["
o,
and the electric potential at arry point inside the sphere
:-lfrn'
(r <
-E) is
l'n' atf
:- I^ *#a'- l'fi(!)at
at+
:-*l-+l:-#l+l:,.
:-#I-];lhl+-+l
:#(+-+):hP'-t)
soL 2,{.33

is
Electric field at any point due to infinite surface charge distribution
defined as
where
t:h^
P,
surface charge densitY
o"+unitvectornormaltothesheetdirectedtowardthe
point where field is to be determined'
At origin electric field intensity due to sheet at g : a 1 it
,,: htw):_fi",
(w:-
and electric field intensity at origin due to sheet at
E_r _
9:-
f,a
is
origin
at
intensitY
field
So net
E : E+t+ E-, :-t;u+fiu :0
$or* 2,'t,34
{;{",):
au)
1 is
(a^:
au)

region
As the test charge is placed at point (2,5,4)' So it will be in the
y > + I for which electric field is given as
E - E+1+ E-r
: {;{u)+ hei
(for both the sheet
a':
au)
_2x(SxtO-'g)- -----Zeo uo :
Therefore the net force on the charge
F
tol.
z.t.*s
will
bx10-e
--- eo %
be
: QE: (5 x 10-6)(!r_1Q
j)*
Page 111
Chap 2
2.83

since the electric field intensity due to a sheet charge is defined
1o-3N
as
n:fftu
so
it
doesn't depend on the distance from the sheet and given
So,
tol 2.1.3e
E*r*
as
E_,
:ht-ai+htq)
:-hou:-5j#o,
\"
it will be constant as we move away from the sheet.

For any point inside the sphere when we draw a symmetrical spherical
surface (Gaussian surface) then the charge enclosed is zero as all the charge
is concentrated on the surface of the hollow sphere.
So according to Gauss's law
rr,.
,oJ
dS
: J p,du:0
E :0 at any point
Therefore
inside the hollow sphere.

now at any point outside the sphere at a distance r from the center when
we draw a symmetrical closed surface(Gaussian surface) then the charge
enclosed is
Q"n"
P,(+trR2)
and according to Gauss's law
:
esE(4iTR2) :
I
,oJ
t'
d,S
Q"n"
p"(4trR2)
,:*(#)*
sot.
2.i.s?

Electric field intensity at any point due to uniform surface charge distribution
is defined as
where
&
--+
an
-r unit vector normal to the sheet directed toward the
,!fia
surface charge density
point where field is to be determined.

The electric field intensity due to the upper plate will be
nu
: At
o,)
(a": -
a")
(o*:
o")
and the field intensity due to lower plate will be
o,:-*e")
So the net field between the plates is
E:Eu*Et
{ege 112
CIpn 2
: Ar-".y+[-2],t",)]
Etreltrostatlc Fields
s{3L k"1.38
: -
4
,).- &, 7-a o'9,,
Opti,rrr (A) is correct.
Electric lield intensitv at any point is equal to the negative gradient of

electric potential at the point
E:-YV
So, the y-component of the field is
Eo:-* oa
Now, for the interval
-3 3 A 3-2,V :20(t+3)
En:-+:_
dy
For the interval
-2 3 Y S-
1,
20Ylm
V :20
g,,:-{:g
'
dll
<*1,
V :-20t
For the interval -7 3 y
So,
E,
So,
For the interval
:-%:2oY
lm
I < y < 2;V :-20
So
For the interval 2
Eu:O
3 a < 3, V : 20(r-
3)
dll
" --dY:-2oY/m
Therefore, the plot field componentr E, with respect to y for the
intervals will be same as in option (A).
8,,
So,
r*L e.i.3$
defined

Since the electrons are moving with equal but opposite velocities so assume
that their velocities are *uoa, and -u64,.
Now let the electric field is applied in o' direction
E:
t.e.
Eottr,
So the force applied on the electrons
will be
F:eE:_(1.6x10-1e).8
du :-(1.6
lt n..
rn-l9tn
x 10-1e).8
-ffi
therefore, change in the velocity
x 10-1'g)80d, a'
x to-'n)p (rlt,\:_(1'6
:
=\dt)
rn
m.
of electron moving in * o, direction will change to
z l[!P4t o,
.u1 :
o, :-.---_(t.o
So, the velocity
usax-Q'6
:[,0-
(1.6
Since velocity deceases so loss
K.Eu,,
x ro \e)Eodt
1".
in K.E.
is
: |*r|t - |^r?
: (1.6 x 10-1e)E0d t-
Again the velocity of electron moving in
LO'6
x 10:'f ET@IY
- o, direction
will
change to
...(1)
,u2
--,uo(tr,-@z#Wo"
Pa_gc
ErectrostatrcFierds
:-[**@#@l*
Since velocity increases, so Gain
'
K.Eco,n
Comparing eq (1) a,nd

K.Econ
in K.E. is
: |*d -l*rfi
:(1.6 x
eq.
lls
Chap 2
lo-re)Eodr*L@]#M
(2) we get
K.Er,o""
***********
t'
...(2)
soLuTloNs 2,2
Page 114
f,hap
soL
2"?.1
from the centle.
since all the charges are exactly equal and at same distance
and so the
so, the forces get cancelled by the diagonally opposite charges
net force on the charge located at centre is F',r- 0N
sol
2.2.2
Correct answer is L8'

treated as an
since one of the four charges has been removed so, it will be
due to the
force
the
so
additional -2c charge has been put on the corner,
additional charge wiII be :
"
-lu(-z)
I
(tl) x to'
(r)-
:l-9 x LOs x 2 x L0-el :18N
is
and so the net force experienced by the charge Iocated at center
F,"t--18+0:18N
sol-
2.2,3
Correct answer is 19'0625

below,
Flom the positions of the three point charges as shown in the figure
will
point
charges
the
all
to
due
intensity
field
we conclude that the electric
be directed along 4,.
+5 nC
*5
nC
So the net electric field intensity produced
at the point P due to the three
point charges is
t :>#eaa
(where
ft is the distance
:&la+*+#*
of point P from the charge Q)
1a1'Y]'
(an: a")
: 5 x 1o-e x e x 1oe x [#+ t*L]""

:19.0625a"
sol-
2"2,4
Correct answer is 0.414 "

since, both the point charges are positive, so the point
on the Iine joining the two charges as shown in figure'
P must be located
(1-r)
r
rV-Tal{
Page 115
Chap 2
+1m-
Given the net electric field intensity at point
P is zero
:0
l.e.
E.E
Since, the direction of electric field intensity due to the two charges
so
will
be
opposite
l^"#l_l#etl:,
2f :(t_r)2
t+2r-|:o
-, + -/q-LA
*ff:-l+J2
r:0.474
and
r:-2.414
As discussed aborb the point P must be located between the two charges, so
we have the distance of point P from charge * Q as: r:0.4I4m
sol
2.2.s
,.''

Given the volume charge density,
So the
p,:2 jtC :2 X 10-o C

total charge present throughout the shell is defined as the volume
integral of the charge density inside the region:
t.e.
:f
:
o,d'u
I:,[,[i,,t' " 1o-6)(lsind
d'rdad'Q)
:f+n{zx1o-)"$1,,,
:
sot.
2"t"6
1.6
10-10

The charge located in the region
160 pC
cm
( r < o is
_Q_1
^v-2-2x160:80PC
Similarly as calculated in previous question we have
or
or
80
80pc
10-,2
:f+nx2 x 106.+]or,
rherefore, , :
sOL
2.2.?
Correct answer is
#
I
P,du\
I:Lt:,,(2
[#*iS
10-6) (fsin0d,rd0dfr)
+ (o.oz;,]'/3 :2.becm
: 2.6 cm
-48.
Charge density in a certain region is defined as the charge per unit volume.
Since the net charge in the subregion: B0% of. the electlonic charge
So
the
charge density
: n%!3#
_#x(-1.6x10-1e)
ht"
Page 116
4.8
10-8
:-
48 nC/m3
Chap 2
Electrostatic FieldE
soL
2.2,8

Given the surface charge density ps: p2 z
So the total charge distributed over the cylindrical surface is
.
Q: I
o,as
: I),
:8
[-,tr'
(d"S:
z) (P d'$ d'z)
pdfrdzj\
at
lili^"1r13.
P:2
:8XItZ":8zr:25.1p,C
sol-
2.2.9

Given the surface charge density
Ps :\ra Clm2
So,
total stored charge on the triangular surface is
. e : I p.d.s
*" : [' [-"*t lzry\drd,y :6.59
J,:tJr=t
J 's
sol.
2.2.{O

Total stored charge on the disk is evaluated by taking surface integral of the
charge density.
i.e.
:I
o,d's
: [\z,)(zn,a,)
: *[+], :25otr: 785.3e8 c

aoL
2.2.11
E:3fa,
According to Gauss's Iaw the total charge stored in a closed surface is equal
to the surface integral of its flux density over the closed surface.
r.e.
Q,,,:f n-'as:qt'E'ds
- ',l Gf d d,s
: eoQf)(Anf)
:toX 3X4ttx2a
: 5.3 x lo-e - 5.3 nC
2.2.12
(f
as:4trfa,)
r:2rn

According to Gauss law the volume Charge density in a certain region is
equal to the divergence of electric flux density in that region.
P,:Y'D:2r
l.e.
So total charge enclosed by the cube is
g:
I o"d'u : I' I' I-'{rr)(d,rd,vdz).
:4x2x2:16C
2.2.13

Net electric potential due to two or more point charges is defined as :
rz
' -\- L
4reoR
point P due to the two point
So, the electric potential at
t/-
Q,
Page 117
Q,
' - Ti;;ilr-
where
cha,rges is
Qhap 2
Electroetatic Fields
RyR2 are the distance of the point P

Qt:l7p,C, Qr:- 1pC and
-4r*R,
from the two point charges respectively.

So, we
/ir :
have
,Rr
2"s,',4
u:H[#_f,]:-5z8ev
Thus
sttt-
5.83
-- 4.24
The total flux leaving the closed surface is
: f O . aS
to surface)
The closed cube has total eight surfaces but as the vector field has no
component in a, direction so we have the integrals only through the four
separate surfaces as shown in the figure
,b
d,S is normal vector
so, r: I I:,"=r,o_:o'* I'I:'_.-,0::.0,,

*
f"I'-if
:- f' I'uaaar+ f f'iara,

:-[4],1'u.
:-!,
sol. s.t.d$
atY:o'
araz+
rt
['
rert
['tf
atV=1,
a*a,
IiSht
[dr].r'u
r+$x 1:-+:-0.16G7

Given the electric flux density
: iaa,l y'#anCl^'
So, divD:V'D
D
(*",*&",**"")' (iw,+f*a,)
V . D :l2rE+2iyl
: j + f,: o.rs
(center of the cube is located
(+,
L,L1l
Page 11E
sol.
2.2.{6
Chap 2
Itom the given data v/e have the electric flux density at
r:0'2 m as
D:Sfa,nCfmz
at any point is equal
point,
we ha,ve the volume
so
at
that
density
flux
of
the
to the d.ivergence
charge densitY at r:0'2 m as
According
to
Gauss law the volume charge density
Po:Y 'D
:$fter'fl):+
:20r :
2,2.17
x 5 x 4d
(r:
nClm}
0.2 m)
Again from the given data we have the electric flux density a.t
D:2lfa,nCfm2
So, the volume charge density at, r:1m
r:1m
as
is
p.:Y.D-h*1r1tr-'
sol. 2,2"t8

Electric potential at a distance R from a dipole having moment p is defined
as
,r-P'R
' - 4";F
so we have the potential at point .4 due to the dipole located at point B
t/ -
"-
as:
p'AB
4treolABl3
-(Ia,-
an+2a,)' (arj:u*8a,) x
10-e
:0.6V
sol
2"2,19

Since the charge is being split and placed on a circular loop so the distance
of all the newly formed point charges from the center of the loop will be
equal as shown in the figure.
+Ql4
+g/4
+Q/4
+Qla
Therefore, the potential at the center of the loop will be
:4(H#) :
,n
loe)
'Pq+r!)
(Q
20 nC)
sL
2"2"20
Correct answer is - 15.5 .

The work done in carrying a charge q from point ,4 to point B in the field
is defined as
-- t['n - at
Given the electric field intensity in the cartesian system
as
E :2ya,t2ra,
and since the differential displacement in cartesian system is given as
dI : dra,* dyau* dza"

So, the work done in carrying charge Q:*2C from point ,4(1,112,3) to the
point B(4,1.0) is
w - - rl[^,rra, *
[=,,?,or]
The curve along which the charge is being carried is given
as
:G
I
we have w --zl[^z(/;E)ar+
l',z1zhdy]
:- +l*vny+!ta'l|,)
A
Therefore,
__
:saL
2"2.21
Correct answer is
r:2U2
TI
-t
3 -'121
^l7Jt
15.5J
1.
The work done in carrying a charge q from one point to other point in the
field .E is defined as
--ol n.at
and since the differential displaceinent for the defined circular arc is dl
: pd$aa as-obtained from the figure
So, the work done
is
now we put r: pcosQ,

the expression to get
- - 2J6:o
[(;"" -
y:
- - z l"/n -zf
psinS
1J
Qddaa)
and o, . a6--sin$, ar. &6-
"inscos
cos@
in
(p:
t)
gdft
:-2xt[!sin(zQ)aft
:*
Uau)
Page 120
saL
2"2.22
Chap 2
*1 nc
Electrosiatic Fields
1m
+1 nc
,1 m
{i*
*1
lm
nc
Lm
*1
nc
Considet the last cha,rge is'being placed at coiner D so the potential at D

due
td the cha,rges placed tr.t the cornErd' A,B,'C is'' I L
':=*r;:ffif;-fiir
/2)
:24.36volt
potential
is zero so the work done in
at
infinity
As the
charge from infinity tothe fourth corner is
ca,rrying the last
(s: 1nc)
W:eV:10-eX24.36
:24.36nJ
soL
2,2.23
Correct answer is a8.72
Consider the first charge is being'placed at / so the potential at .4 will be

zero as there is 1ro anJ chalge prggen! at. any of the corner and therefore the
work done in carrying the first cha,rge is
w:0
now consider the second charge is being placed at

will be only due to the charge at corner ,4
l.e.
, r/y,
-
so the potential
at B
--
4ToA
and therefore the work done in placing the second charge
at B
is
w2: qv2: r(#*)
:-1-*10-tt:9nJ
I
47fs
and similarly the potential at the corner C
corners A and B
l.e.
will be due to the charges at
v,:@,'9=#(+.h)
therefore the work done in placing the third charge at C is
ws: qvs: r[#(t.#)]
(9
loe)
x ro-"/{=+ r\
\r'2
and the work done in placing the last charge at D has already been calculated
in previous question
l.e.
Wr:24.36nJ
So the
total work done in a,ssembling the whole ctrnfrguration of four charges
is
9L
2.2.24
Chap 2
={'iY,!
# i,T;6 : 48 z2 nr
The work done in carrying a cha.rge g from point r4 to point B in the field
-E is defined as
__tl,n. a
Q:2C
Given that
E:
sindop
* (z * l) pcos Sa6 * psinga"

B have h: h:2 and zt: z2:1 so the
and since the given points .4 and
differential displacement in the cylindrical coordinate systep from A to B

may be given as
dI : pddao
for0<d<30"
w-
Therefore the work done is,
-,
* ty o cos6)bd6)
:-2 x ".tC
(1+ 1) x (2)' x [sin@]lg'
:_16r*:_r'
sL
2.2-25

Consider the *LpC charge is tra,nsferred first, from infinity to the given
point ,4(-3,6,0) so the work done for transferring the charge will be zero
as there is no charge initially present.
now the potential at point
B due to the charge at
. v:*#
.4 is
"tl
:gx10n-==4--9x103
-
JgiW+T
So the work done in transferring the charge
w:eav
tol.
2.2.26
(2
1.604 J

8a-
*8
nc
8r=
1o-3)
9s=
1cm
*E
nc
,/2.m
*8
nc
cm
Page 121
4z: *8 nc
/t%
(q,r
1pc)
*2 mC at point Bis
(t#d)
(ga
mC)
page
122
The total potenJial energy stored in the system is given by
Chap2
ElectrostaticFields.
,r,
:2lO"V
W _l
where q, is the charges ? ,n" four corners and % is the total electric
potential at the corresponding corners'
For the l"t corner :
Charge,
4r :8nC
and potential, V: Vt* Vv* Vn
where Vrr,Vs, and %r are the potential at the 1"t corner due to the charges
e2, Qsa\d qa resPectivelY
n:*l&*#6*u3t]
So,
(qz: qz: {a:8nc)
8x10-s[ 1 , 1 , 1l
: --Ge,
l0T1+ 0.u7, OnTl
-1-
:7.944 x
104
Since all the charges are equal so the potential will be same at aII the corners
and therefore the total potential energy stored in the system of the charges
is
',{rr-
2.2.2?
:;x A(nVr)
:2 x (8 x 10-'g) x (1'944 x 10) :
1
0'312 mJ

Energy density in a certain region in free space having electric field intensity
,E ls defined as
uu:lesE.
and since the electric field is equal to the negative gradient of the potential
sowehave
B:-YV
:-\K""*%",*Na;",f
r a,+4q+]a""lv1*
-1Ityr-'
'
' ,f
"o ral*"i
So the energy density inside the cube
w,
:leo(E . E)
will
be
:ir,l# #. #l
+
Therefore the total energJ stored in the cube is

We
w:
wrdu
|uo
f' I'
[l#
;fu + fu]a'aua'
:zl' I'li)aw-#-#l:^**
:\x3*#:9.68x10-13J
ssl.
s.z.zs

As calculated in the above question energy density at any point inside the
cube is
,,:!^1fu+#.#l
So, at the centre of the cube (1.5, 1.5, 1.5) the energy density is
,, : ]"[651fr
3-
2.2.25
(1.5)
Chap
l:s'rsx10-13J
e(n)
m"S(- a,)
where e is the charge of an electron, rne is the mass of electron,
acceleration due to gravity and a, is radial direction of earth.
So, taking the magnitude only we have ttre required field intensity,
gs
(g
E =rneg:
2.2.30
tr:t! ])f
g is
:b.s, x ro-,lvlm
Consider the electric field intensity produced at point p(0,1,1) due to the
A, B and, c respectively as shJ*.r*in*/figure is E,
, Es and.Ec' respectively.
charges located at points
kQ
'-l
.P(0,t14,r14)
A-Blm
So the net electric field at
Enet
point P is
: Ee* Ea*
Ec
and since the electric field intensity at any distance
Q is defined
so
as t : &fr
R from
:'hPrtfi+kartft.rartft]
(!u*!*)
(-i"*i"")
:G^"I(+FilI*-
a point charge
En"'l
'^rffi.roffi.roffi
(*" - 1"")
[(*1. (+r]'''
and since
En"t:0
(1)
so we have
3
" 1'uY'
aY-
4k
t(*l
Solving the equation we
sol
2.2.3r
get
in
t1
\4 n'''
-0
[(?i.Gll'''
&
5.bg

As discussed earlier, the electric field at any point inside a charged solicl
sphere is
' : *(5)",
r is the distance from center of the sphere and p, is the volume charge
density given as
where

The electric field to counter act the gravitational force must produce the
same force as applied by gravity but in opposite direction.
i.e.
lq.
Page 123
A 2x10-e
p,:T;fr:-;GF
Page 124
Chap 2
(Q:znC,R:3m)
:I.77 x 10-11C/m3
so the force acting on electron when

the sphere is
it
is at a distance
F:eE
*"ffi:
d,2
from the center of
(e is the charge of an electron)
(rn, is mass of an electron)
"XG)
(_ 1.6 x 10-1rX1.72 X
E: let
10-11)
x 1o-31X8.85 x 1o-")
d2r
E-___(L.r7 x 1011)r
x5
#*(1.12x1011)r:o
Solving the differential equation we have
r:
a'"o/(./t-r? x mtrt) + Arsi"(/t-rz x tbil t) ""(1)
where Ar and Az are constants'
Now, at
t:0, r:3m
So putting
as the electron is located
it in equation
(1) we get,
Ar
at one end of the hole.
:3
0 as the electron is released from rest'

Az : O
So putting it in equation (L) we get
Thus the position of electron at any time t is
again at
t:0, #:
r=lcos(/ttzxrort)
At
sot.
2.2.32
t:1Psec
r':2.83m

As calculated in above question the position of the electron at any time
'r
So,
2rf
2,?.33
is
g"or(r/tr? xloflt)
: JTl7Vffi
"nJ?Vffi :_
f :- -_--_'sol.
h
o.:44
104
Hz :54.4KiH2
Correct answer is 9.44 '
Givei the total charge on the disk is Q :900tr pC : 9002r x 10-0 C

a :6m
radius of the disk is
and since the charge has been distributed uniformly over the surface
the small charge element dQ on the disk at a distance r from the center
shown in figure is given as
de
--lQ\rq
\37*" -
goon
1o-6
"(6Y
Qd,rdg)
so
as
= 25 x l}-ortlrilg'
The force applied by the charge.element dQ on
at point P is
d,F
(150
1o-6) dQ
the
Page 125
150pC charge located
x 70-6) dQ
(l + to;
(150
As the disk has uniformly distributed charge so the horizontal component of

the field is get cancelled and the net force will have the only component in
a, direction and the net force by projection on z-axis is given as
p
-.22.34
:zzo"l_ffi1:^:
e.44N

As the charge is redistributed so the total charge will remain same on the
sphere.
Total charge before redistribution.

Q,
:f
o,d'r:
(o
c/m3)($"(tI)
(p,:6Cl^')
8zr Coulomb
and total charge after redistribution
Since
So, we
have
an
['n1+tr)(Sf
ra)d,r
qrnh
: +rk[f- 4l'
-!]cJ
olo:
or
soL
2.2.35
2,2.36

According to Gauss's law the total electric flux through any closed surface
is equal to the total charge enclosed by the volume.
Now consider the complete spherical surface defined by r: 4g m through
which the total flux is equal to the point charge.
So the total flux passing through the hemispherical surface will be half of
the point charge.
l
sol.
k :2.5
,!:8:
e.
50 ttC
2
:25p,C

The electric field intensity produced at a distance p from a line cha,rge of
density pr, is defined as
Eot:2ffio0
where o, is unit vector directed toward point p arong p. so, the electric
field acting on the line charge at y:3m due to the line charge located at
g:-3m
is
ffi"
Therefore, the force
;:11? Ij?t
(Pr': 80 nc'a':
Chap 2
au'
P-
m)
exerted on the line charge rocated at
9:3m
Page 126
Chap 2
is
F:
:
s0t
2,2.3?
11.
J,@rdz)(E)
(80 x 10-'g)(240ar)
19.24v tr,N

The four charges located at the corners of square 4 cm has been shown in
figure below :
L.2 nc
L.2 nc
l"
1^
l"l
!.2 nc
1.2 nc
4cm
The net potential at the charge located at ,4 due to the other three charges
is
r''t "
,^:h(ffi+#*h)
:9 x 1oe
rv x to=- +6rtotr'2 x 1o-'g/.--!-+-]-+
Lu A
x 1.2
:
10.8
730.92
\a
1 .\
Axto-")
102/z
+ -L\
\-'./z)
Volt
Similarly, the electric potential at all the corners will be
va : vc - vo: ve:730.92Yo1I
net potential energy stored in the system is given
the
Therefore,
:llav :trQova* Qsvs* Qcvc+ qDvD)

:Ir 4x(r.2 x 10-'g) x (730.e2)
: 1.7b u,J
***xx***x<**
as
soLUTloN$ 2,3
Page 127
Chap 2
2-3.t

According to Gauss law the total outward electric flux from a closed surface
is equal to the charge enclosed by it
i.e.
,:fo.d,S:e"n"
so when the charge enclosed by the volume is zero then the net outwar<l
flnx is zeroj or in other words, the net electric field flux emanating from al
arbitrary surface not enclosing a point charge is zero.
Now, the electric field intensity outside a charged sphere having total charge
Q is determined by treating the sphere as a point charge
I.e.
: -Q-a4nesrt
where r is distance of the point form center of sphere and a" is it's radial
direction.
So the electric field intensity at any point outside the charged sphere is not
zero.
Therefore, Assertion(A) is true but Reason(R) is false.
'Option (A) is correct.

According to Gauss's law
Po:eYE
So when the field intensity is uniform
and
F
3.
yE :0
p, : 1YE:Q
So no charge can be present

2.3.3
in a uniform electric field.

Laplace's equation for a scalar function V is defined
y2V:0
as
but at the point of maxima v 2 7 must have a negative value while at

the point of minima V 2 7 must have a positive value. so the condition
of maxima/minima doesn't satisfy the Laplace's equation, therefore the
potential function will have neither a maxima nor a minima inside the
defined region.
sol.
2.3,4
sol
?,3.5
sol
2,3.S
sol
2.3,7
sol.
2.3.9
sol.
2.3.9
ii
Page.128
Chap
Electrostatiq Fields
sol.
2"3.'lO
Opti'on, (A) tb Soft_Qftai{
\#r-
2.3,11
Optrion (A)'is correct.".
8SL 2.3.12
Option (C) is correcL ,'
${}L
2"3,'13
sol. 2.3-{4
sol.
2.3.15
Option (A) is correet,
sol.
2.3.1S
Option (B)is correat,
sol.
2.3.17
Optioq (A) is correet.
$(rL 2.3.18
soL 2.3.t9
Option (A) is eorrect.
*********+*
soluTloNs 2,4
Page 129
Chap 2

Given, the electric field intensity,
E : ra,* yar_l za"
dI : a,drl ardyl a,dz
So, the potential difference between point X and
u", :_ ["8 . d,t :
:-lg
f,,
rd,r+
is
!)'rar* 1'"a,
,',*41,'"*41,',1
: -i[r' - 1' + 02 - 22+ - 3r] :

02
J.
2.4.2

Given the electric field vector at point
and Q3 are respectively.
due
to the three charges er, ez
Et - a,*2au_ a,
Ez: a,, lBa,

Es:2a"- ay
So, the net field intensity at
point
p is
':il.';ii;""
toN. 2.{.3

charge density at any point in terms of electric
is defined as
Pr:Y'D
- zp(cos2d)a"Clm2
Po:Y 'D
So, we get
:
:
sol
density
Since,
At point
fl'x
S[ro("or'6)o"l
pcos2dcfms
, :1t;"orr(*)
:t:o'5c/m3
(r,t,t),
:.4,4

Electric field intensity .E is a vector quantity while the
erectric potential V
is a scalar quantity.
3(}L ?,4"5

For an ideal capacitance the area of plates, ,4, is assumed
very high ln
comparison to the separation d between the plates.
l.e.
#=*
so, the fringing effect at the plates edges can be neglected and thelefore' we
get the capacitance between the parallel plates as
Page 130
Cbap 2
c:+
So
A and R both true and R is correct explanation of A'
sol.
2"4.6

using method of images, the conducting surfaces are being replaced by the
image of charge distribution which gives a system of charge distribution.
so, in solving boundary value problems we can avoid solving Laplace's or
Poission's equation and directly apply the method of images to solve it.
Thus both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A'
sol
2,4,7

For.a pair of line charges equipotential surface exists where the normal
distance from both the line charges are same. So, the plane surface between
the two line charges will be equipotential.
+
+
+
+
+
r
equipotential
surface
This is the similar case to method of images.

$oL
2.4.S
$oL 2.{.9

According to uniqueness theorem : If a solution to Laplace's equation (a)
be found that satisfies the boundary condition then the solution is unique'
Here it is given that the potential functions y1 and v2 satisfy Laplace's
equation within a closed region and has the same value at its boundary so
both the functions are identical'
Option (A) is correct'
FYom Maxwell's equation we have
YxE:-#
Y
xE:-ftlv r/)
(B: v x r4.)
v x(n+4a\:o
.'\- dr
I
Since, the curl of a gradient of a scalar field is identically zero. So' we get
E++A:-vv
dt
i.e. E * -v v in time varying field therefore A and R both are true and R
is the correct explanation of A.
sol :d"{fi

The surface charge density at plane r 8 is shown in the figure.
=
Page 131
Chap 2
P(6, 4, -5)
The point P is located at (6,4,

r: 8 pointing toward P is
(trt
AL' :-
- 5). So, the normal vector to the plane
Therefore, the electric flux density produced at point
is
D:to,
:T(30L 2.4,{t
a,):-Joa,

Consider the coaxial cylinder is located along z-axis. so at anv point between
the two surfaces the electric field is given as
E --O,
:-&Vo,
(Since all other derivatives
will be zero)
Given that the inner surface is at potential I/s while the outer one is
grounded so the region between the two surfaces will have a gradually
decreasing potential and so, E will not be uniform and it is radially directed
as calculated above (in o, direction).
$L
2.4.12
Option (C) is correct,

The Poisson's equation is defined
vrV
where
space
as
:-*
I/ is electric potential ar'd po is charge density.

(p,: 0) we get the Poisson's equation as
v2V
:0
So,
in charge free
which is Laplace equation.
Page 132
Chap 2
sol. 2.4.t3

placed at a separation of 0'5 m
Consider the three equal charges of Q C is
as shown in figure below :
0.5 m
0.5 m
The net stored charge in the system of n charges is defined
_
w _!s-o,
2r,or
as
v,
,*
gr is one point chaigl and yA is the net electric potential at the point
charge due to the other charges'
Now,wehavethenetelectricpotentialatanyofthepointchargeQlocated
where
in the system
as
,,:+_^(&*#)
-a
'lf o
given
So, total energy stored in the system of charges is
as
w:r(+av):m
(1)
potential at
Now, when the charges are separated by 1m then the electric
any of the charge Q due to the other two charges is
w: +,,(1 *?):
So, the stored energy
in the new svstem
is
w:B(+av):#
FYom equation (1) and (2) we have
Wz
z.4.ta
: O.5Wr or
W,
(2)
:2W

Electric potential due to point charge is defined
as
IQ
v : GqT
So, for the equal distance r potential will be same i.e' equipotential
surface
about a Point charge is sPhere'
2.4.15

An electrostatic field has its curl always equals to zeto' so electric field is
irrotational.
Statement 1 is correct'
not
solenoidal.
is
it
Electric field divergence is not zero and so
point'
Electric field is static only from a macroscopic view
work done in moving a charge in the electric field from one point to other
is indePendent of the Path'
I-
2.4.16

Given electric potential,
Page 13:l
Cbap 2
Ioua
+2oi
Electrstatic Flfds
FYom Poisson's equation we have
vrv
where,
:_foeo
7 -+ Electric potential
P, --+ Charge density
(-:). 3t. #\toYa + 2or) : - !;

l20r*120a:-ft
P,:-240e0
h
i'
(r:2, y:0)
p,:eo(I20x2+120x0)
il
I-
2.4.'!?

Given, the wave equation in space for a propagating wave in z-direction is
Y,E,+PE,:O
Now, from option (C) we have the electric field component
E'
Eoe
as
rk'
The Lapalacian of electric field is
: (_ lkf Ese-tu'
Y2E, :- li Eoe lk":- E E'
Y2E,
or,
sol.
c.s."{,a
Y"E,+
t* 8,,
So,
it
satisfies the wave equation.

Consider the infinitely long uniform charge density shown in.the figure.
The electric field intensity produced at a distance p from an infinite line
charge with density p, is defined as
E:#h
P (0,6, 1) and I (5,6,1) from

the line charge will be same so, the field intensity produced. due to the
infinite line at both the points P and Q will be same.
Therefore, the field intensity at (5,6,1) is .8.
Since, the normal distance vector of points
Page L34
sol 2.4"1s Option (A)
is cotrect
Consider the square loop ABCD carrying current 0.1A as shown in figure.
Chap 2
Electmstatic Fields
B(0, 10,0)
c(-10, 0,0)
,4(10, 0, 0)
,(0, -10,
o)
The magnetic dipole moment is
IS
where .I is current in the loop and
III,
So,
?n
^9
is the area enclosed by loop.
: (o.olxrcnf :2
A-r'rr2
The direction of the magnetic dipole moment is determined by right hand

rule.
m :2a"
i.e.
sol-
2,4,20
A.m2

Electric flux density at a distance
from a point charge Q is defined
as
D:Lô,
4Tr*
and the total flux through any defined surface is
: Io'
'$
as
So, both the quantities has not the permittivity e in their expression.
Therefore, D and Ty' are independent of permittivity e of the medium.
sol- 2.4,2{

According to Gauss's law, the total outward flux through a closed surface is
equal to the charge enclosed inside it.
dS : Q"n,
Now, consider the height of cylinder is h. So, the cylindrical surface at
p: 3 encloses the charge distribution (p, : 5 Al^") located aL p:2m.
i.e.
f D'
Therefore, we get
n(zn(3)h):
OI'
$or- 2.4.22
x 2r(2)h
o:*oo

The electric potential produced by 1 pC at a distance
(r x ro-u) gooo
:9
r,
,on
will be the energy of the
ast
W:QV
: (4 x
1s-u;gQQq
is
rT
So, the potential energy stored in the field

i.e.
: !9r j
10"
charges
where
is the distance between the charges given
as
Page 135
Chap 2
So,
J,
2A,23
1ry
:36 x-I0-3: 5.1b x 10-3 Joule

Electric field intensity due to a dipole having moment
from it is
at a distance r
O.\ r"
p2
&--liri
E" -QI
1 _GI
n, : *mV/m
|5|-
2.4.24

Energy density (energy stored per unit volume) in an electric field is defined
AS
,":|D.
:leot . B:leoE'
$L
2.4.25

The position of points A,
and C are shown below
,4(0, 0, 3)
since, position charge is placed at A and negative charge

resultant field intensity at C is as shown below :
at B
so, their
Since, the forces fl - .s so the vertical component Fjy and .Sy are get
cancelled while 4u and Fjs are get summed to provide the resultant field
in
- a" direction.
Page 136
sot-
2"4,26
Chap ?

Given,
: Qr: 1nC : 10-e C

r:1mm:103m
Charges,
Q,
Separation between charges,

So, the force acting between the charges is
----,
kQtQ,
f
toe(to-e)'z
:9x103N
30L
2"4.?7

According to Gauss's law, the surface integral of flux density through a
closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed inside the closed surface
(volume integral of charge density)
i.e. fn-as:lp,d,u
In differential form, the Gauss's law can be written
Y xD:p,
V x E :*
sol
2,4.28
2.4,23
2"4,30
esE)
: -J-a,
4trer"
o-1
: -!-A4trf

For according to Gauss's law the total outward electric flux through a closed
surface is equal to the charge enclosed by the surface'
i.e.
or.
vrr
sol.
(D:

The electric field at a distance r from the point charge q located in a
medium with permittivity e is defined as
E
so|-
as
$n.as:Q","
J"
Io.as:Ip,,d,
Jr'"-"
J"-

The force between the two charges q1 and q2 placed in a medirim with
permittivity e located at a distance r apart is defined as
7 qtq'
n'
'-4tre
I
or
F.!
i.e. force is inversely proportional to permittivity of the medium.

Since, glass has the permittivity greater than 1 (i.e. permittivity of free
space) So, the force between the two charges will decreases as the glass is
placed between the two charges.
$oL
2.4.31

According to Gauss's law the total electric flux through a closed surface is
equal to the charge enclosed by it. Since, the sphere centred at origin and of
radius 5 m encloses all the charges therefore, the total electric flux over the
sphere is given as
,bu
-.2.4.32
3,
2.4.3*
:
:
:
Qrl- Qz-t Qt
0.008 + 0.05 - 0t009
Pte l37
CtA t
Electrostatk
0.049 pC

Electric flux thro'gh a surface area is the integral of the normal component;
of electric field over the area.
The electric field due to a positive charge is directed away from
outwards.)
it
(i.e.
According to Gauss's law the surface integral of normal component of flux

density over a closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed inside it.
So, A is true but R is false.
2,4"34

Force between the two charges Q1 and e2 is defined as
F : QtQz *n
n''
4reuR2
when the charges are of same polarity then the force between them is
repulsive. The electric force on both the charges will have same magnitude.
As the expression of Force includes the term e (permittivity of the meclium)
it depends on the medium in which the charges are placed.

so the statements (u), (") and (d) are correct while (b) is incorrect.
so
2.4"3$ Option (C) is correct.

Since the electric field is negative gradient of the electric potential so the
field lines will be orthogonal to the equipotential lines (surface).
2.4.16 Option (C) is correct.

Electric potential at - 10 nC due to 10 nC charge is
t/,_ I Q
GqT
:gxtOnx 10-ll4
:
J2'+o+o
45
Volt
and so the energy stored is
W": QV
: (_10 x 10-e) x
:-450nJ
2.4.32
45
to Gauss's the outward electric flux density through any closed

surface is equal to the charge enclosed by it. So electric field out side
the
spherical balloon doesn't change with the change in its radius and so the
energy density at point P is wa for the inflated radius b of the balloon.
According
2.4"3& Option (B) is correct.

The curl of ,E is identically zero.
l.e.
So,
V
it
x,E:0
is conservative.
The electrostatic field is a gradient of a scalar potential.
FiS
t
t
l.e.
So,
Page 13E
Chap 2
t
E:-YV
V x,.E:0
(Conservative)
Work done in a closed path inside the field is zero
i.e.
In. at:o
E:o
'ot
(Conservative)
So, (a), (c) and (d) satisfies that the field is conservative.
As the potential difference between two points is not zero inside a field
the statement (b) is incorrect.
I i-
so,
;r-8.]r; option (A) is correct.

Net outward electric flux through the spherical surface,
r:
a is
fo.ds:{:o,(t"d)
: P:! no'
p:ffa,C1m,
D(4na2)
1 :t,d.4r{3 Option (D) is correct.

For a pair of equal and opposite linear chargeis the electric potential
defined
is
a,s
IlYY
' -Tinrr-41ttrr,
and rz are the distances from the charges respectively. For the same
where
11
value
of 7 (equipotential surface) a plane can be defined exactly at the
centre point between them.
i :,
i:.,r...is Option (A)
is correct.
charge free region
characteristic
In a
(p,:0)
electrostatic field has the following
Y . E:?:O
and
i{
r.
;.4".rs
x,E:0
(for static field)

Consider the force experienced by Q is F1. Since, there is no any external
applied field (or force) so, sum of all the forces in the system of charges will
be zero.
l.e.
or,
EF
3F+2F+
:0
Fr:0
R:-5F
i{ i. *.4.i!:} Option (B) is correct.

Poissions law is deiived from Gauss's law as
Y'D:p
For inhomogeneous medium e is variable and
so,
Y'(eE):p
v . ['(- v v)]: p
V ' (uv V) :*p
This is the Poissions law for inhomogenous medium.
J.
2-4.4

Electric field intensity due to a infinite charged surface is defined
Page 189
as
Chap 2
: !*a^
zeo
where p, is surface charge density and a" is the unit vector normal
to
surface directed towards the point of interest.
Given that,
p, :20nCf m2:20 x 10-e Cf m2
and
an
:-
a,(Since the surface
z: I}m
th'
is above the origin).
So we have,
n:?4jff{?o")
_20x10-ex9x
:l-
2.4./t5
4n
J6ltra"y /m
#(2cosoa,* sinda6)
So, for the given dipole,
d:
(for d <<
.R)
(, >>
d)
90'
Therefore,
p://-rt=7
t:##(o+oa)
i.e.
fa.
and

Electric field intensity due to a short dipole having a very small separatiorr
d, a* a distance .B from it is defined as
t :
b:
70e
t'
2.4.46

According to Gauss' law the total outward flux from a closed surface is
equal
to the total charge enclosed by the surface.
2-447

Electric {ield intensity at any.point
outside the sphere is defined
: --Q-a4nesI4
as
for
r)
and the field intensity inside the sphere is
':Cqffi*
0r
:
So the electric potential
forr<a
:--!-0'
4trena3*
at any point
r:
< a is
a,
v:-le-at
:--l' *"' (d,ra,)- fn'
Page 140
Chap 2
:- I"
rdlL
*.6,;ss
^#ftu'-
(dra,)
I'L^neoo'd'

Given, the electric Potential,
:Zty-
yz
of the
Electric field intensity at any point is equal to the negative gradient
Potential.
E:-Y V
i.e.
: -(Ary)a,-@t - z)an-?A)o" at (r: !, A:0' a:E:-4ay*0
So, electric field does not vanish
$*:-
?"4.q*
1)
at given point'

to a
consider iwo parallel plates separated by a distance d is connected
voltagesourceV.So'thefieldintensitybetweentheplatesisdefinedas
E'
D-d
-v
xx***x*{<t<*{<
_
at
*Qll_alxrH_n3
ELEGTRIC FIELD IN MATTER
INTRODUCTION
The laws of electrostatics that we have formulated in the previous
chapters,
relate to phenomena where no bulk matter is present. The situation
when
matter is actually present in an electrostatic field is very different. This
chapter concerned with the electric fields in matter includes the following
topics:
o
o
o
o
o
o
il'
Electric current density and continuity equation

Electric field in conductors and dielectrics
Electric boundary conditions for different media interfaces
Capacitors: parallel plate, cylindrical, spherical
Capacitance and energy stored in capacitors
Poisson's and Laplace's equations, and their solutions
ELECTRIC CURRENT DENSITY
Electric current density is defined as the current at a given point

through a
unit normal area at that point. Current densities are vector quantities
an6
it has the unit of Ampere/m2. It is represented by .r. It dan be classified in
the following three types:
1. convection current Density: It is produced by a beam of erectrons
flowing through an insulating medium. This does not obey
ohm,s lau,.
For example, current through a vacuum, liquid and so on is
convection
current. In general, the convection current density through a
firament
with charge density p, flowing at a rate u is given as
J" : PoU
2. conduction current Density: It is produced. due to flow of erectrons in a,
conductor. This obeys ohm's law. For example, current in
a conductor
like copper is conduction current. Conduction current density
is defined
AS
J:oE
3.
where a is the conductivity of the conductor, and E is the

applied
electric field.
Displacement c'rrent Density: It flows as a result of time_varying
electric field in a dielectric material. For example, current through
a
capacitor when a time-varying voltage is applied is displacement
current.
It is defined as the rate of change of erectric flux densitv with time, i.e.
t _aD_ÂE
"a
0T
-'aT
Page 142
3.3
Chap 3
""*'J':::'=::::conductins
resion with vorumd charge densitv p.,

shown in Figure 3.1. If the current density through the closed surface ,5
the conducting region be J, then the continuity equation is defined as
Electric Field in Matter
ft
. as
:-*l
(Integral form)
o.o,
v'J:-4#
Closed
surface,
Figtrre :.i.1 : Current through a closed Surface
3.4
(Differential form)
,S
ELECTRIC FIELD IN A DIELECTRIG TATERIAL

When an electric field E is applied to a dielectric material, the electric flrrx
density inside the material is given by
D:eoE*P
where
...(3.1)
is the polarization of the dielectric material'
3.4.1 Electric Susceptibility

Electric susceptibility is a measure of sensitivity of a given dielectric to
electric field. Since, polarisation P of. a dielectric material varies directly as
thenpplied electric field .E so) we can write
Ort
PsE
P - x.eoE
where eo is the permittivity of the free
...(3.2)
space and X, is the electric
susceptibility of the material.
3.4.2 DielectricConstant
In a dielectric material, we define the electric flux density in terms of electric
field intensity as
...(3.3)
D -- eoe,E
D--eE
ort
where e is the permittivity of the dielectric material and e " is the dielectric
constant also called the relative permittivity of the dielectric material.
3.4.3
Relation between Dielectric Constant and Electric Susceptibility

FYom equations (3.1) and (3.2), we may express the electric flux density
as
D:eo(I+x")E
Thus, by comparing the above expression to equation (3.3), we get the
relation between dielectric constant and electric susceptibility as
e,
:1*X"
L43.1 Dielectric
Breakdown
Page 143
When the applied electric field in a dielectric is sufficiently large, it begins

to pull'electrons completely out of molecules and the dielectric becorues
condrrcting. When a dielectric becomes conducting, it is said thal d;ielectt1r.
breakd,own has occurred.
tA.3.2 Dielectric Strength

The dielectric strength of dielectric materials is defined ix the maximr:rrr
electric field which a dielectric can tolerate or withstand without electrit.al
breakdown. Once breakdown occurs, dielectric starts cond.ucting and 'rc,
longer behaves as dielectric. The dielectric strength is measured in V7* o.
kV/cm.
IIB
ELECTRIC BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
If
an electric field exists in a region consisting of two different media, thgrr
the conditions that the field must satisfy at the interface betweerr th<
two media are called electric boundary condit'ions. To define the electric
boundary conditions, we decompose the electrical vector into two orthogoiracomponents as
E:Et+8,
where -81 and En are the tangential and normal components of E to tjrt,
media interface, respectively. Similarly, the electric flux density rnav irt
decomposed as
where
Dt and D,
D:DtlD,
are the tangential and normal components of D to the

media interface, respectively. Following are the electric boundary conditir,ns
defined for different media interfaces:
L5.1
Dielectric-Dielectric Boundary Conditions

Consider the two different dielectric media 1 and 2, characterisecl by thc
permittivities e1 and s2, respectively, shown in Figure 3.2. Accorcli.g
to boundary condition, the tangential component of the electric field is
continuous at the boundary, i.e.
Et,: E*
Qu:Pn
tr
It:';'t,i:i:::,t:]t:].-.:.''i.:l
l'igulc i].2 : Dieiectric-Dielectric Boundary Conditions
If no free charge is present at boundary
interface, then the boundan

condition for the normal component is given by
Chap 3
D'n:
Chep $
Dzn
zEzn
: Ps
Boundary Conditions
or the
Page 144
:
t=rn
slrface charge density at boundary interface is ps, then the

Wherr
bouudary corrdition becomes
(Dr,- Dr,)
nearic Field in Matter
3.5.2
Conductor-Dielectric
I
I
I
o - @,or the resistivity I

is zero, (i.e. E:0). I
)
a
conductor
inside
is zero, p 0 and so' the field
permittivity
s, and medium 2 |
Assume that medium 1 is a dielectric with
is a conductor. Let E1 and E, respectively be the tangential and normal I
conrponents of the electric field intensity in the dielectric at boundarY I
For a perfect conductor, the conductivity is infinite,
,::"._"
so, we denne
r?i:";_,y
condition for tangentiar comnonents as
Also, the boundary condition for normal component is defined
",: ?:
Conductor-Free Space Boundary
|
i
Conditions
These boundary conditions will be identical as those for a conductordielectric boundary except that e will be replaced by e6 ' so that the boundary
conditions for the tangential and normal cornponents become
Dt:O: Et,
Dn: ps ,
n -Ps
and
3.6
'"
CAPACITOR
essentially consists of two conducting surfaces separated by a
layer of insulating medium called Dielectric. The purpose of capacitor is to
store the energy in Electrostatic Field. Figure 3.3 shows the capacitor with
A capacitor
three different shaPes.

Metal
Conducting
conducting
spheres
Dielecftic
Material
(u)
I
I
Drr:Ps
or,
3.5.3
as
(c,l
Fignle il.ll: (a) Parallel Plate'Capacitor' (b) Cylindrical Capacitor' (c) Spherical Capacitor
i
l
i
,,-
t
t
t 6.1
Capacitance
The property of capacitor to store the electricity
is called its capacitance.
suppose, we give e coulombs of charge to one
of the two plates oi"up*ito,
and if a potential difference of 7 volts is
established between trr" t*i, tnu'
its capacitance is defined as
t
F
t
a
:9:
p.Gnt-iqm,""*
The unit of capacitance is coulomb/volt

which is also called Farad
Capacitance of a parallel plate Capacitor
Consider the two metallic plates of equal
area ,g separated by a distance d.
e be the permittivity of the dielectric medium
between the parallel plates,
then the capacitance of the parallel plate
capacitor is given by
If
c:+
Capacitance of a Cylindrical Capacitor
consider a cylindrical capacitor of length z,

inner radius o, and outer radius
b' rt e be the permittivity of the dielectric medium
between the cylinders,
then the capacitance of the cylindrical capacitor
is given by
L
" _- rn@d
2re
t/1
Capacitance of a Spherical Capacitor
consider
a spherical capacitor
If e be the permittivity
with inner and outer radii, o and b respectively.
of the dielectric medium between the spheres,

then
the capacitance of the spherical capacitor is given
by
C
-
3.6.2
: -""\brru( . ob \
al
Energy Stored in a Capacitor

The energy stored in a capacitor is equar
to the work done to charge
general, the stored energ"y in a capacitor
is defined a,s
Itr{to."d
: i"n
where
is the energy in Joule,
''i**ain Volt.
the voltage
3.7
it. In
is the capacitance in Fara.d, and
is
POISSON'S AND IAPLACE,S EQUAT

consider a certain region with the volume
charge density
e. In this region, poisson,s equation is
defineJas
p,
and.permittivity
,t, :_+
where
is the electric potential in the region. In the

special case of
(i.". p,:0), poisson'"
reduces to
"qultio.,
v2V :0
charge-free region
which is known as Laplace,s equation.
3.7.1
Uniqueness Theorem
According to uniqueness theorem, if a solution to Laprace's equation or

Poisson's equation can be found that satisfies the boundary conditions,
then
the solution is unique.
Fage 145
Chap 3
Electric Eield in Matten
Page 146
Chap 3
*x*t<r<*.*<t<*t<*
EXERCT$E 3.{
Page 147
art-ê
-Common Data For Q. I and 2:

In a certain region current density is given by
J :9a"-'
uc&
3"1'{
2o-sind
(n'+ t)
Total current crossing the plane
(A) oA
z:2 inthe a" direction
3'1.2
for p ( 4 will be
(B) 1.5mA
(D) 20 A
(c) -32A
ucq
a. A/m2
volume charge density in the region at a particular point (h,h,a) will be

(A) non uniform
(B) linearly increasing with time
(C) linearly decreasing with
time
(D) constant with respect to time
Comtttell Data For Q. 3 to 6 :

In a cylindrical system, two perfectly conducting surfaces of length 2 m are
located at p:3 and p:5cm. The total current passing radially outward
through the medium between the cylinders is 6A.
R'rcQ
Mcq
3'{"3 If a conducting material having conductivity o : 0.05 S/m is present for

3 ( r < Scm then the electric field intensity at p:4cm will be
(A) 238.7a,Y1m
(B) 150ooV/m
(C) 318.3a0 V/m
(D) 0 V/m
3"{.4
The voltage between the cylindrical surfaces will be

(A) 4.88volt
(B) 1.45volt
(C) 2.32 volt

mcq
3"i"s
(c)
3"'''s
vott
o
0.50
0.813
@) 2.44a
(D) s.13O
The total dissipated power in the conducting material will be
w
(c) 2e.3w
(A)
aI$Q
The resistance between the cylindrical surfaces will be
(A)
McQ
(D)
(B) 18 w
(D) o.8W
175.7
3'{"? A solid wire of radius r and conductivity o1 has a jacket of material having
conductivity o2. If the inner and outer radius of the jacket are r and .R
respectively then the ratio of the current densities in the two materials will
(A) depend on r only

(c) depend on both r and
-R
(B) depend on ,B only

(D) independent of both
and
r?
rage
Chap
ile
3
Electric Field in
Common Data For Q. 8 to 10 :

The potential field in a slab of a dielectric material that has the relative
permittivity , : g lb is given by v : - 500y
Matter
Mco
3"1.8
Electric field intensity in the material will be

(B) 500o, V/m
(A) 50o, V/m
(D) 0
(C) -500aoV/m
.lucQ
s"t.e
The electric flux density inside the material rvill be
tttcq
3.t.to
(A) 4.43 nCfm2

(C) s.85 tCfm2
(B) 3'544u wCl^'

(D) 7.08o, nCfm2
Polarization of the material will be

(A) 2.66o, nCfm2
(C) 5.31 x 10-12 aoCf rn2
(B) 7.08 nCf m2

(D) SarClm2
Cort mon Data For Q. L1 and 12:
Two perfect dielectrics with dielectric constant n:2 and enz:S are
defined in the region 7 (y> 0) and region z (a< 0) respectively. consider
the electric field intensity in the 1"t region is given by
Et : 50a,* 2\au *tcQ
3.t.tl
The Flux charge density in the
70a"
2od region
kV/m
will be
(A) 2.21a,* 0.35o, - 0.44a,PCl*'

(B) 2.2L a,* 0.35o0 - 0'44a, nC f m2
(C) 2.27a,* 0.88o, -0.44a"nCf m2
(D) 0.44, 1,0.O7ar- 0.084, nCf m2
ilcQ 3,1.'12 The energy density in the 2"d region will be
(B) 118 mJfm3
(A) 66.37 mJfrns
(D) 59 mJ/m3
(c) 472 x 106 J/m3
Mce
3.1.13 An infinite plane dielectric slab of thickness d and having permittivity

.:4o occupies the region 0 < z< d.If a uniform electric field ,E - Eya" is
applied in the free space then the electric flux density(Di") and electric field
intensity(-8,) inside the dielectric slab will be respectively
(A.)
*""
esEna"
and !a"
and
(C) 4Esa,
(B) esB6a" and !a'

(D) esEoa" and 4Eoa,
ncq 3,t"{4 The energy stored in
an electric field made up of two fields ,Er and Ez is Wn"t

where as the energies stored in individual fields Et and E2 are 1[/t and Wz
respectively so the correct relation between the energies is
(A)
W: W+ W,
(c)w>w+w
wtce
3.,t.ri
(B)
W: JW'w,
(D)w<w+w
When a neutral dielectric is being polarized in an electric field then the total
bound charge of the dielectric will be
zero
(c) negative
(A)
(B) Positive
(D) depends on nature of dielectric
rcQ
3"{"rs A cvlindrical
wire of length / and cross sectional radius r is formed of a

material with conductivitv 106(fr-)-t. If the total conductance of the wire
is 106(f)) -1 then the correct relation between / and r is
(l) ,: ,/ I
(C)
2m:
rca 3'{"t? Medium between the two conducting
@)
,: tE
(D)
r:
parallel sheets of a capacitor has the
permittivity s and conductivity a. The time constant of the capacitor will

be
(A) q
rB)
(C)
(D) lloe
"o
oe

In spherical coordinate system, the current density in a certain region is
given by
J :L"-rc"'
rco 3.'!"'ts At t:1ms,
a, Af m2
how much current is crossing the surface
75.03A
(c) 0.37 A
(A)
rcQ
3'{"*s At a particular
,:6?
(B) 27.7 A
(D) 2.77 A
time l, the charge density p,(r,t) at any point in the region

to.
(Assume pa + e as t , @)
is directly proportional
(A)
(c) 1,
'r'
xcq $.'r.2{:} The velocity of charge density at

(A) 6o, m/s
(B) 1000o, m/s
(C) 0.6 x 10-3a"m/s
(D) 600o, m/s
Common Data For
Q.2l
r:0.6
and,22
(B)
@)
m will be
Two uniform infinite line charges of 5pc/m each are located at r:0,
g: 1 and t: d, y: 2 respectively. Consider the surface g: 0 is a perfect
conductor that has the zero potential.
Ga 3.1.2"{ Electric potential at point p(_ I,-2,0) will be

(A)
(C)
rca 3.1.s?
1.2volt
+0.2volt
Electric field at the point
(B) _0.2volt
(D) _0.04volt
p will be
(A) 0.12a, - 0.003o, V/m

(B) 0.12o, - 0.086o, V/m
(C) 723a, - I8.9arV f m
(D) 0.02aa, - 0.086o, V/m
page 149
cbapB
EbctricFieldinMatttr
chap
Erectric Fierd in
ta For Q' 23 and 24

A sphere carries a polarization
Matter
uce s.,r.23
P(r): 2ra, where r is the distance
| |
;:,:t:::"ctric
:"::::
sphere. The plot of
'^'
fierd component in the radial direction

with respect to r will be
",,
ruce
3.1.24 If the radius of the sphere is a then the electric field

(A)
- trar
i",ia" tn"
I
t
I
I
'"'
cL,",
7\'r'
lx.
from the
",,
",,
outside the snhere
(B) 8zio3
(D) -8zro3
willl
Data For e.25 to 27 z

|
A short cylinder of ra.dius r and length .L carries a uniform nolarization P{
parallel to its axis as shown in the figure'
::""
ffiL
P
(Uniform)
GE1
3.1.ru
Total bound charge by the cylinder will be
(A) 2P coulomb
(C) 0 coulomb
Ge 3.t"4{t If L:2r
Page 151
(B), P coulomb
(D)
-P
Chap 3
coulomb
then the electric field lines of the cylinder will be
as
, ,, ,.F
rl
iil
'.'ril
(c) , l { lr
\'\
''.: l-
..
McQ
3.{,2?
The lines of flux charge density will be
(A)
as
J
1
Gl
l-.*-*l
| .;', -'{
(D)
r3
An infinite plane conducting slab carries uniformly distributed
surface
it's surface. If the sum of the charge densities on the two

surfaces is p""Cfm2 then the surface charge densities on the two surfaces
will be
(A) P,"f2, p""f2
(B) 2p*, - p*
(c) 0, p,,
(D) None of these
charges on both of
McQ
3"{'2$ Two infinite plane parallel

surface charges Psrtt
the figure.
conducting slabs carry uniformly distributed

and Pnz on all the four surfaces as shown in
Pstzt Psrr
Ps't
Page 152
Chap 3
Psn
Pnt
Which of the following gives the correct relation between the charge densities
(A) Rrt :
(C) R"rt :
Paz, Pstz:
Pszr
pszt:
ps22
psr2t
(B) P"tt : Pszzt Pstz:- Pszr

(D) Ar, : - P"22. Psr2: - Ps2i

The plane surfaces tr:0, t:1, a:0 and 9:1 form the borrndaries of
conductors extending away from the region between them as shown below.
between the surfacds is given by

5ry volts then the surface charge density on the surface I
If the electrostatic potential in the Iegion
3.1.30 r:
0 is
(A) -5e6y
(C) -5eo(r+ y)
tucQ 3.{.3{
9:0is
(A) -5ess
(C) -seo(r+ u)
MCQ 3.r.32
(B) -5e6r
(D) 5eo(rs)
(B) -5eor
(D) Sesry
Two infinitely long coaxial, hollow cylindrical conductols of inner radii 2 m

and 5m respectively and outer radii 3m and 6m, respectively as shown in
the figure, carry uniformly distributed surface charges on all four of their
surfaces.
If net surface charge per unit length is 10 c/m and 6 c/m for the inner and
outer conductor respectively then the surface charge densities on the four
surface will be
Surface p:2m
(A)
(B)
5l3tr
(c)
i
rl"
(D)
&3
rr.rs
Plane
z:0
p:5m
-Iln
0
21"
7ln
p:6m
alSr
4l3r
-2ln
0
surface charge layer with the charge density

in figure. If the electric field intensity in the region
0 is Ez:2a,*3au-2a"Yfm then the field intensity Elin the region
defines
ps:2nCfm2
z(
P:3m
5l3tr
-lln
-Il"
-Iln
as shown
z)0willbe
1,,
Ps:2
"'7" .." z:0
Plane
nc/m2
(A) 220a,*279a0-2a"
(B) 2a"*3an*224a"
(C) 222a"4-227ar+2a,
(D) 2a,l3a,o*226a"
bo-*oo Data For Q. 34 and 35 :

An infinite plane dielectric slab of 1m thickness is placed in free space such
that it occupies the region 0 < y < lm as shown in the figure.
Dielectric slab has the non uniform permittivity defined
-_
;o
4eo
as
for0<g<1
$+ar
3't'34 If a uniform electric field E :
4asY lm is applied in free space then bound

surface charge densities on the surface g: 0 and y: 1 will be
y:0
O
-3eo
3eo
- 5eo
at
(A)
(B)
(c)
(D)
at gr:
_3eo
o
o
8eo
_'
'_
-
t//-
Page 153
Chrp
Page 154
,i{",*
3'1"3$ As we move from the surface g : 0 toward the
surface
will
be
density
charge
polarization
volume
dielectric slab,
Chap 3
- 1 inside
the
(A) linearly increasing

(B) linearly decreasing
(C) Constant
(D) zero at all points
.s."r.:*,a
In a spherical coordinate system the region a < r < b is
occupied
dielectric material. A point charge Q is situated at the origin.

that the electric field intensity inside the dielectric is given by
n:ffio,
It
for
by
is found
a1 r1
The relative permittivity of the dielectric will be
(N
(b'z
@)
(a'
lf)
lf)
(c) (f l3)
(D) (a'lb')
r:rt i"l r?
Two perfectly conducting, infinite plane parallel sheets separated by
uniformly distributed surface charges of equal and opposite

densities p, and - ps' respectively. The medium between the sheets is filled
by a dieleliric of non uniform permittivity which varies linearly from a
value of 1 rr&r one plate to value of e2 near the second plate. The potential
difference between the two sheets will be
1a1 ,Eoa
ru)
' 'z-t
distance d" carry
reP;tt"(?)
(c)
r:{.13 3"$"3fi
(o)
#th(?)
p'h(?)
A parallel plate capacitor has two layers of dielectrics with permittivities

6r: 3Eo and ez :2o as shown in the figure.
1m
3m
If the total voltage drop in the capacitor is 9 Volt then the voltage drop in
1"t and 2"d dielectric region will be respectively
(A) ++ Volt, ff Volt
(B) 3Volt, 6Volt
(C) f+Volt, lf volt
(D) 6Volt, 3Volt
I 3.t.3s A dielectric slab is inserted
in the mediurn between two plates of a capacitor
as shown in the figure
Page 155
Chap 3
Dielectric
slab
The capacitance across the capacitor will remain constant

(A) if the slab is moved rightward or leftward
(B) if the slab is pulled outward of the capacitor
(C) (A) and (B) both

(D) none of these
3.t.4o A potential field in free space is given as V:4}cos?sin$V Point

P(r:2,0 : rf 3,$ : r12) lies on a conducting surface. The equation of the
conducting surface is
(A) 32cosdsin$: 'f

(C) 16cosdsins:'f
(B) 16cos@sinl:
(D) 32cos@sin0:
********,t<**
f
I
Page156
QhaF 3
Electric Field in
Matter
EXERGI$E 3.2
! --
&ei$
3.a.,{ A certain current density at any point (p,Q,z) in cylindrical coordinates

is given by J : t}e"(farta")Afm2. The total current passing the plane
Ampere'
z:0,0 3 p 3 2 in the a" direction is
----
Q#*ts
**j$
3.3.x Given the current density in a certain region

J : rcos20a, * f sin0a6 - f ^, Al^'.The total current crossing the
Ampere'
surface defined by 0:90',,0 <O<2r,01r( 1m is
---3.p"s
The current density in a cylindrical wire of radius 16 mm placed along the

z-axis is J: $a" Af m2. What will be the total current (in Ampere) flowing
through the wire ?

Atomic hydrogen contains 5.5 x 101e atom/cm3 at a certain temperature
and pressure. If an electric field of 40 kV/m is applied, each dipole formed
by the electron and positive nucleus has an effective length of 7.1 x 10-16 m.
*ss$
s.4.4
The polarization due to the induced dipole will
be
nCf m2'
el,rs 3.x.5 What will be the dielectric constant of the atomic hydrogen
&{Js$
3.?.s
The dielectric constant of the material in which the electric flux density is
double of the polarization is
&&JKs
3.a"?
An electric dipole is being placed in an electric field intensity 1.5a, - a,Y f m

If the moment of the dipole be p-- 2a'*3avC m then energy of the
Joule.
dipole will be
----
Common Data For
i.
A and O
A lead bar of square cross section has a hole ofradius 0.5 cm bored along its
length as shown in the figure.
-1
l cml
3cm
_l
3cm
(Conductivity of lead
106(ftm)-1)
If the length of the lead bar is 8 m then the resistance between the square
will be
mQ.
ends of the bar
Page 157
Chap
3"2.s If the hole in the lead bar is completely filled with copper,
resistance (in pA) of the composite bar
what will be the
(Resistivity of copper
I.T2
10-8
f)m)
Cornmon Data For Q. 10 and ll :

A capacitor is formed by two concentric conducting spherical shells of radii
a : 1 cm and b : 2 cm centered at origin. Interior of the spherical capacitor
is a perfect dielectric with s,:4.
3.2.10 What is the capacitance (in pF) of the capacitor
F r,e.rr If a portion of dielectric is removed from the capacitor such that 6, : 1 for
,
+ < 0 < zr and , : 4 for the rest of the portion, then the capacitance of the
composite capacitor will be
pF.
zs
3.2.12 Two conducting
Bs
3'2'13 Two coaxial conducting cylinders of radius 4 cm and
'"
surfaces are present at r:0 and r:5mm and the space

between them are filled by dielectrics such that n:2.5 for 0 < r( 1mm
and e,'z: 4 for I < r < 3 mm rest of the region is air filled. The capacitance
per square meter of surface area will be
nFf m2
g cm is lying along z
-axis. The region between the cylinders contains a layer of d.ielectric from
P:4cmto p* 6cm with ,:4.If the length of cylinders is 1m then the
capacitance of the configuration will be ____ pF.
3'2"14 A parallel plate capacitor is quarter filled with
a dielectric (e" : 3) as shown

in the figure. The capacitance of the capacitor will be
pF.
A:10
d:4
cm2
rnm
3'2"15 A thin rod of certain cross sectional area extends along the gr-axis from
a:0m to y:5m. If the polarization of the rod is along it's length and is
given by Pr: 2U2 * 3, what will be the total bound charge of the rod ?
s
3'2.ts A neutral atom of polarizability o is situated at a distance 1 m from a point

charge f nC. If the force of attraction between them is fl, then $ :
N
Page 158
Chap 3
ThetwodipolesPl,P2withdipolemoment2nC-mandgnC-mrespectively
in figure'
are placed at 1m distance apart as shown
euss 3.2.{? The torque on Pz due to R will be
----
*u$ 3.2.{B The torque on R due to Pz wiII be
----
Common Data For Q' 19 to 21
pN
- m'
pN
- m'
Athicksphericalshellismadeofdielectricmaterialwithapolarization
P(r)
:lwrrClm'
where
is the distance from i
the inner radius 2 m

3.?.1e If the spherical shell is. centred at origin and has
outerradius6mthentheelectricfieldintensityatr:l-mwillbe--
v/*.
cu$ 3.2"20 What will be the electric field at
{lu&$
s.2.zt If at r:
b n},
r:7 m ?
the electric field intensity is
.E
: &9
thervalue of k is
Ql}frs3.2'2?Asphericalconductorofra,diuslmcarriesacharge3mC.Itissur
outtoradius2m,byalineardielectricmaterialofdielectric
:::;, ;;;;*; ;;'th" fig*"' what will be the enersv (in Joule)
configuration
of
with
di
material
sphere of radius llJi m is ma'de of dielectric
is embedded i
0'6nO/m3
density
charge
free
constant ,:2.If a uniform
Volt.
it then the potential at the centre of the sphere will be --'
&r.,s 3,2.23
ouEs
Aparallelplatecapacitorisfilledwithanonuniformdielectriccharacteri
plate in meter' If
ir" ,):- ifi+ iOOi,,l where a is the distance from one
them is 10
between
separation
surface area of the plates is 0'2 m2 and
be
PF'
then the capacitance of the capacitor will
3.2"24
----
t2'25 A two wire transmission line consists of two perfectly
conducting cylinders.
each having a radius of 0.2cm, separated by a centre to centre distancc gt
2cm. The medium surrounding the wires has relative permittivity ,-- 2.
If a 100 V source is connected between the wires then the stored charge rrer
unit length on each wire will be
nC/m.
3J.26 A tank
is filled with dielectric oil of susceptibility y": 1. Two long coa-rial

cylindrical metal tubes of radii lmm and 3 mm stand vertically in tht'
tank as shown in the figure. The outer tube is grounded and inner ong is
maintained at 2 kv potential. To what height (in pm) does the oil risc iu
the space between the tubes 7
(mass density of
oil
0.01gm/crn")
FEs 3'2'27 A conducting spherical shell of inner radii 2 m and outer radii 3 m ca.rri,
uniformly distributed surface charge on it's inner and outer surfaces. If the
net surface charge is 9 C for the conducting spherical shell then, the surfa<ri:
charge density on outer surface will be
cl^'
ruEs
3'*"28 An infinite plane dielectric slab with relative permittivity r.: 5 occupies
the region r > 0. If a uniform electric field .E : r}q,,v/m is applied iir tlr;
region z < 0 (free space) then the polarization inside the dielectric will bc
ke
luEs
6a,Cf m2 such that value of ,k is
3'2'2s Two perfectly conducting, infinite plane parallel
sheets separated bv
m cany uniformly distributed surface charges of equal ancl

opposite densities *bnO/m2 and
-5 nCfrn2 respectively. If the medirrrn
between two plates is a dielectric of uniform permittivitv e : 4o then tlrr,'
a distance
potential difference between the two plates will be

lus
kv.
3'2'30 Two perfectly conducting, infinite plane parallel sheet separated by
distance 0.5 cm carry uniformly distributed surface charges of equal ;in,l

opposite densities. If the potential difference between the two plates is 5 k\:
and the medium between the plates is free space, what will be the chargg
densities (in pC) on the plates ?
Page 159
Chap 3
'Electric
Field in Matter
Pgge 160
Cbrp
auEs
3.2.3{
Dbctric Field ia Matter
A steel wire has a r-adius of 2 mm and a conductivity of.2 x',;

steel wire has a.rr- alurrinium (o : 3.8 x 10? s/m) coating of 2 mm thickness I
The total cuuent carried by this hybrid conductor be 80 A. The curred I
x 105 A/m2'
density in steel .I,, is
I
--.--
I
&:q"$ffits 3"?":??.
The medium between two perfectly conducting infinite plane parallel sheetsl
consists of two dielectric slabs of thickness 1 m and 2 m having lermittivities I
4:2o and ez:4eo respectively as shown in the figure'
Infinite
Infinite
sheet
+
+
+
+
0.6 nClm2
0.6 nC/m2
+
+
+
+
+
1m
If the conducting
2m
sheets ca,rry uniformly distributed surface charges of equal
and opposite densities 0.6 nc/m2 and - 0.6 nc f m2 respectively, what will be
the potential difference (in Volt) between the sheets ?
{<**+r(*<{<***
{<
EXERCTSE 3.3
?bge 16r
CUep
dbctric Field in tr,iatte,r
xco
3.3.{
The electric field in the three regions as shown in the figure a"re respectively
Er, E, and .Es and all the boundary surfaces are charge free.
If
e1
es
2,then the correct relation between the eledtfic fibld is
(A) E, + E2+
(B) E
E3
(C)E=Ez:Et
a
rco
3.3.2
ICA
3.3"3
The unit of poldrization in dielectric is
The taplacian opbrator,
(B) c/m
(D) C-m'?
V2
(A) has unit of m2

(C) has unit of 1/m2
I rco
3,3,4
Laplace's equation has

(A) two solutions
(C) no solution
rcQ
3.3.5
Ez
(D)El=Ez*Es
(A) c/m'
(C) C/m3
: Et*
(B) is a vector operator

(D) has no unit
(B) infinite solutions
(D) only one solution
The surface charge density in a good dielectric is
(A) zero
(C) infinity
(B) p"
(D) -p"
ICO
3.3.6
If e": 2 for a dielectric medium, its electric susceptibility

(A) 1
(B) 2
(c) 3
(D) 2es
rcQ
3.3.7
Example of non-polar type of dielectric is

(A) water
(B) hydrochloric acid
(C) sulphur dioxide
(D) oxygen
HCO 3.3.a
Example of polar type of dielectric is
(A) oxygen
(C) hydrogen
teQ
is
(B) water
(D) nitrogen
3.3.e If the voltage applied across a capacitor is increased, the capacita,nce

(A) increases
(C) remains constant
(B) decreases
(D) becomes infinity
value
162
chap 3
page
Electric Field in
nilcq
3.3.10 If electric suscepiibility.of

(A)
(C)
Matter
rucQ
3,3.{{
3"3.rt
dielectric is 4, its relative permittivity is
(B) 4
(D) 2
Poisson's equation is
(A) V'
(C) V'
tutce
(B) V'Y:- P,f e

(D) V'Y:- P,f e
e
V:- P,
Y:
p,f
Boundary condition for the normal component of

dielectric is
E,r: B*
(C) E*r:
?t,,
(.F')
ilrco
3"3.t3
The boundary condition on .O is
(A) o" x (E
(C) Er:6,
McQ
- Er):o
3"3"14 The electric field just
on the boundary of a
(B) E"r -
fi,2:
(D) E"r:
Ps
(B)
'(E'- Er):o
""
(D) none of these
above a conductor is always
(A)normaltothesurface(B)tangentialtosource
(D) (C) zero
McQ
3.3.{5
The normal components of D are

(A) continuous across a dielectric boundary
(B) discontinuous across a dielectric boundary
(C) zero
(D) *
x**x<t<******
EXERGI$E 3.4
hC!
Elechic
rco
nca
3"4""!
3"4"2
parallel plate air-filled capacitor has plate area of 10-a m2 and plate
separation of 10-3m. It is connected to a 0.5 V,3.6 GHz source. The
magnitude of the displacement current is (e : frfO-'g n/m;
(A)
10 mA
(c)
10 A
(B) 100 mA
(D) 1.5e mA
t has the electrical permittivity ar: 1.5e0 farad/m and occupies

the region to the left of r: 0 plane. Medium 2 has the electrical permittivity
z: 2.5o faradf m and occupies the region to the right of r : 0 plane. If 4
in medium 1 is ,Er : (2a, - 3au * la") voltf m, then fi in medium 2 is
(A) (2.0o, - 7.5art2.5a") volt/m
(B) (2.0a, - 2$an+ 0.6a,) volt/m
Medium
(C) [2.0o,
(D) (2.04,
* 3.0ar*
l.Oa") volt/m
2.0a,* 0.6o") volt/m
MCA 3.4,3
The electric field on the surface of a perfect conductor is 2 V/m. The

conductor is immersed in water with e.: 80eo. The surface charge densitv
on the conductor is (e : i# P/*)
(A) o C/m2
(B) 2 Clm2
(C) 1.8 x 70-11 Cf mz
(D) 1.41 x 10 e C/mz
MCO 3.4,4
The space between the plates of a parallel-plate capacitor of capacitance C

is filled with three dielectric slabs of identical size as shown in the figure. If
dielectric constants &r 61, 6z and e3, the new capacitance is
Me& 3.d"$
(A)
(C)
(er
r"l
@i#:tr
-t ez* ez)C
If the potent ial, V : 4r -12 V, the electric field is

(A) 6 v/m
. (B) 2Ylm
(C) av lm
(D) -4a,Y lm
raE
Cfrt
FiSink
Page 164
rtrcQ 3.4.e
Chap 0
Two dielectric rireditr,'with permittivities 3 and

tharge-free boundary as shown in figure below :
,/E
ut" separated by a
The electric field intensity in media 1 at point Pr has magnitude Er and

makes an angle or : 60o with the normal. The direction of the electric field
intensity at point P2,a2 is
(A),*-,(4E')
(B) 45'
(c)
(D) 30'
"",-'(4E')
MCQ 3"4.7
Assertiou (A) : Under static conditions, the surface of conductor is an

equipotential surface.
Reason (R) : The tangential component of electric field on conductor surface
is zero.
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are individually true and Reason
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are individually true but Reason
(R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A)
MCO $.4.8
Along
metrethickdielectric (e
3eo)
(A)
(C)
l,rcQ 3.4"s
4eoa,
36soo,
< r < 5 is
6e,.The polarization
slab occupyingthe region 0
placed perpendicularly in a uniform electric field

Pr inside the dielectric is
.Oo
(B) 8eso,
(D) Zero
The flux and potential functions due to a line charge and due to two
concentric circular conductors are of the following form :
(A) Concentric circular equipotential lines and straight radial flux lines.
(B) Concentric circular flux lines and straight equipotential lines

(C) Equipotentials due to the
are concentric cylinders and
"hurg"are straight lines.
equipotentials due to two conductors
(D) Equipotentials due to line charge are straight flat surfaces and those due
to two conductors are concentric cylinders.
ilrcQ 3.4.10
There are two conducting plates of sizes 1m x lmand2mX 2m. Ratio

of the capacitance of the second one with respect to that of the first one is
(A) 4
(B) 2
(c) 112
(D) rl4
-Q
3.4.{{
Consider the following
In a parallel plate capacitor, let the chalge be held constant while
Page 165
the
dielectric material is replaced by a different dielectric. Consider

1. Stored energy
2. Electric field intensity.
3.
Capacitance
Which of these changes

(A) l only
(C) 2and3only
(B)land2onIy
(D) 1, 2 and
3cl 3.4"!2
By what name is the equation V . J: O frequently known

(A) Poisson's equation
(B) Laplace's equation
(C) Continuity equation for steady currents
(D) Displacement equation
-a 3.4"'!3
Method of images is applicable to which fields

(A) Electrostatic fields only
(B) Electrodynamic fields only

(C) Neither electrostatic fields nor electrodynamic fields
(D) Both electrostatic fields and electrodynamic fields
DQ 3.4"{4 What is the unit of measurement of surface or sheet resistivity?

(A) Ohm/metre
(C) Ohm/sq. meter
(B) Ohm metre

(D) ohm
GO 3,4.{5
Which one of the following statements is correct ?

On a conducting surface boundarv, electric field lines are
(A) always tangential
(B) always normal
(Q) neither tangential nor normal
(D) at an angle depending on the field intensity
*o
which one of the following is correct ? As frequency
3.4"{6
increases, the surface
resistance of a metal
(A) decreases
(B) increases
(C) remains unchanged
(D) varies in an unpredictable manner
rca
3.4.1?
Application of the method of images to a boundary value problem in

electrostatics involves which one of the following ?
(A) Introduction of an additional distribution of charges and removal of a
set of conducting surfaces
(B) Introduction of an additional distribution of charge and an additional
set of conducting surfaces
(C) Removal of a charge distribution and introduction of an additional set

of conducting surfaces
(D) Removal of a charge distribution as well as a set of conducting surfaces
Chap 3
Page 166
i/lco
3.4",rs
Assertion (A)
: Potential
everywhere on a conducting surface of infinite
Chap 3
extent is zero.
Reason (R) : Displacement density on a conducting surfdce is normal to the

surface.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
[,t*s
3,4-*$
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
A is true but R is false
A is false but R is true
A parallel plate capacitor of 5pF capacitor has a charge of 0.1pC on its

plates. What is the energy stored in the capacitor
rscg
3"4.20
charge
(D)
pJ
of 1 Coulomb is placed near a grounded conducting plate at
distance of 1m. What is the force between them
(A)
#.N
tcl rela
ifico
3-4"21
-(B)1pJ
(A) 1mJ
(C) 1 nJ
tut
sh *
(D) 4zes N
The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is given by sf where A is

the area of each plates. Considering fringing field, under which one of the
following conditions is the above expression valid ?
(A) is tending towards zero
@ is tending toward.s infinity
1c;
fisr
(D)4i.
''dro
!$cQ 3.4.22
What is the expression for capacitance of a solid infinitely conducting solid

sphere of radius '.R in free space ?
(A) 2reoR
(B) AtreoR
(C) 8aeo.E
(D) 0.52'es,R
fr.ltcQ 3.4"23
A point charge of + 10 pC placed at a distance of 5 cm from the centre of a

conducting grounded sphere of radius 2cm is shown in the diagram given
below:
What is the total induced charge on the conducting sphere ?

(A) 10 pC
(B) a pc
(c) 5 pc
(D) 12.5 pC
I$Cq 3.4.24
For an electric field E- Essinwt, what is the phase difference between the
conduction current and the displacement current ?
(B) 45'
(D) 180'
33.25 An infinitely long line charge of uniform charge density prclm
is situated
parallel to and at a distance from the grounded infinite plane conductor.
This field problem can be solved by which one of the following ?
(A) By conformal transformation
(B) BV method of images
(C) BV Laplace's equation
(D) By Poisson's equation
3.4'15 An air condenser
of capacitance of 0.00b pF is connected to a d.c. supply of

Volts, disconnected and then immersed in oil with a dielectric constant of
2.5. Energy stored in the capacitor before and after immersion, respectively
500
IS
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
rGo
x 10-4 J and 250 x

250 x 10-4 J and 500 x
625 x 10-4 J and 250 x
250 x 10-4 J and 625 x
500
10-4 J
10-4 J
10-4 J
10-4 J
3'4.2? A 3 pF capacitor is charged
by a constant current of 2 pA for 6 seconds. The

voltage across the capacitor to the end of charging will tre
(A)3v
(c)
rcQ
3.4.28
(B)4v
(D)ev
6v
Consider the following statements
A parallel plane capacitor is filled with a dielectric of relative permittivity

r'r &nd connected to a d.c. voltage of I/ volts. If the dielectric is changed to
another with relative permittivity s,r :2et, keeping the voltage constant,
then
1. the electric field intensity E within the capacitor doubles.
2. the displacement flux density D doubles
3.
4.
the charge Q on the plates is reduced to half.

the energy stored in the capacitor is doubled.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below
(A) 1 and 2
(B) 2 and 3
(C) 2 and 4
(D) 3 and a
HCQ 3.{,29
A coil of resistance 5o and inductance 0.4H is connected to a bOv d.c.

supply. The energy stored in the field is
(A)
10 joules
(C) 40 joules
HCO 3.4.30
(B) 20 joules
(D) 80 joules
The normal components of electric flux density across a dielectric-dielectric

boundary
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
are discontinuous
are continuous
depend on the magnitude of the surface charge density
depend on electric field intensity
Page 167
Chap 3
Electric Field in
Matts
Pt"-!6E- ,
ctai
"
Ebctric'field in Matter
Mcqi.3'4i3r.. Qopqide,r the fuflqwrnglpt&fegleFrts in conneetion with boundary relations of

, r el.gctric field : 1,. ,,, :l-,., ,, .
.,
1. In a single medium electric field is continuous., - i
2. The tangential components axe the same on both sidd of a boundary
between two dielectrics.
3.
4.
The ta,ngential electric field at the boundary of g, dieJe.ctric and a current

carrying conductors with finite conductivity is zero.
Normal components of the flux density is continuous across the chargefree boundary between two dielectrics.
Which of these statements is/are correct ?",

(A) l only
(B) 1, 2 and 3
(C) 1, 2 alnd 4
(D) 3 and 4 only
,
MCO 3,4,32
The capacitance of an insulated conducting sphere of radius .R in vacuum is
' ,
(L) 2tresR
(c) 4;eoB2
lvlcQ
(.8),4neoR
(D) 4tresfR
3.4.33 A parallel
plate air capiacitor ca,rries a cha,rge Q at its maximum withstand

If the capacitor is half filled with an insulating slab of dielectric
constant 4 as shown in the figure given below, what are the maximum withstand
voltage and the cha4ge.qn the Capaeitor at this voltage, gespectively ?
voltage tr/.
(B) 4V,2.5Q
(D) Vl4,Q
MCQ 3.4.34
when an infinite charged conducting plate is placed between two infinite

conducting grounded surfaces as shown in the figure given below, what would
be the ratio of the surface densities A and p on the two sides of the plate ?
-__/
t
(A)
(c)
Charged plate
(dr+ t)
(d'+
Ld.
o,/^'
t1
(B)
(d"+ t)
(dr+ t)
(D)
h
d,r
].*.
(A) l9 - eoD+ P'

(B) D: eo(g* P)
(C) D: eoE* P
(D)E:D+eoP
f. *".
h
r 3437
:
't
F
The polarization in a solid dielectrie ts,related,to'thd electric field .E a"nd the

electric flux density D according to which on of the following equations ?
Image theory is applicable to problems involving
(A) electrostatic field only

(B) magnetostatic field only
(C) both electrostatic and magnetostatic fields
(D) neither electrostatic nor magnetostatic field
six capacitors of different capacita.nce s c1, c2, cr, co, G and c6 are connected
in series. Cr) Cz) Ct) Ce) Cs > Co. What is the total capacitance almost
equal to ?
(A)
(B) c.
(c) c4
(D) G
c,
e.ela
Two extensive homogeneous isotropic dierectrics'meet on a plane z: 0. For

z) 0, r= 4 and for z 1 0, a=2. A uniform electric field exists at z> 0
as Er : 5o, - 2q* 3a, kw/m. What is the value of. E," in the region z <
0
?
(A) 3o
(B) 5o,-2ao
(C) 6a,
(D) o'-q
flux density D = L Coulomb/m2. The slab is uniformly polarized. What is

the polarization P of the slab in Coulomb/m2 ?
(A) 0.8
(B) 1.2
(c)
(D) 6
ts lr'eo Which one of the following
glves the approximate value of the capacitance

between two spheres, whose separation is very much larger than their radii
R?
(A) hr/esR
(C) 2neo/R
I r'c"c't
(B) 2reoil
(D) aneolR
Assertion (A) : For steady current in an arbitrary conductor, the current

density is solenoidal
(R) : The reciprocal of the resista,nce is the conductivity.
Fpj"
(A) Both A a,nd R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are true but R is Nor the correct explanation of A
Page 169
Chap 3
Electric Field in Mdtter
Page 170
";$(:Q S..d3
Cbap 3
Assertion (A) : Displacement current can have only a.c components.

It is generated by a change in electric flux.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
Reason (R) :

.ii *
3.4".13
A plane slab of dielectric having dielectric constant 5, placed normal to a

uniform field with a flux density of 2 cfm2, is uniformly polarized. The
polarization of the slab is

(A) 0.a Clm'
(B) 1.6 C/m'?

(C) 2.0 clm'z
(D) 6.a Clm'z
IL&
3"4.d.4
;{.& 3.4.4$
Ohm's law in point form in the field theory can be expressed
(A) v:
(B) J:
(C) J:
(D) ,? :
as
Rr
Elo
oE
ptlA
A medium behaves like dielectric when the

(A) displacement current is just equal to the conduction current
(B) displacement current is less than the conduction current
(c)
displacement current is much greater than the conduction current

(D) displacement current is almost negligible
r,*{.&.}"S"dS
A copper wire carries a conduction current of 1.0A at b0Hz. For copper

wire e : oi |.tr: lh, o: 5.8 x 10mho/m. what is the displacement current
in the wire ?
(A) 2.8 x 10 A
(B) 4.8 x 10-11 A
(c) 1A
(D) It cannot be calculated with the given data
llil{r* 3"4"i}?
Assertion (A) : when there is no charge in the interior of a conductor the

electric field intensity is infinite.
Reason (R) : As per Gauss's law the total outward electric fl,x through
any
closed surface constituted inside the conductor must vanish.
f,tfi&
3"4"d}.*
A point charge * I is brought near a orner of two right angle conducting

planes which are at zero potential as shown in the girren figure.
which one
of the following configurations describes the tQtal effect of the charges for
calculating the actual field in the first
quadrant\_--,
page 171
Chap
(A)
(B)
F
H
(c)
(D)
r
h
i
h*"
i
The electric field across a dielectric-air

interface is shown in the given figure.
The surface charge density on the interface
is
:1
--t
i ":n
E:26.,
(A) -4e,
(C) -2es
Q
(B) -3ee
(D) -to
3'4"50 when air
pocket is trapped inside a dielectric

of relative permittivity ,b,,
for a givenapplied voltage across the
dielectric, the ratio of stress in the air
pocket to that in the dielectric
is equal to
(A) r/5
(e)s
(D) 5_1
(c)1+b
x***>t**>t**{<
soLUTloNs 3.{
Page 172
Chap 3
Electric Field in Matterr
sol' 3.{.{

For a given current density, the total current that passes through a given
surface is defined as
r:It.as
where dS is the differenjtial surfaee area having the direction normal to the
surface.
fl$ : pd,pdftaz for the plane z: 2

Therefore the total current crossing the plane z:2, p < 4 is
So we
have
:(ff",-ffi""){oo'00"")
: f" ( l-2}=sin|'
-
./a=oJp=o\ c. +
)@aoao)
:-ll=,ftoaolll?t"oaol
:0A
sol.
3.1.2

Flom the equation of continuity we have the relation between the volume
charge density, p" and the current density, .I as
9*:-v
0t
.J
Given the current density,
t:Too-ffio"N^'
So, we have the components
Therefore,
Jo:
T,Jr:
0 and
J,:- (ffi
*:-li#;@r,)+I#.*]
:\tr&*'.*(#y)l
-0
So, volume charge density
sol. 3.t.3
will be constant with respect to time.

Given the current 1: 6 A is flowing radially outward (in ao direction)
through the medium between the cylinders. So the current density in the
medium between the cylinders is
t:h+:ffiq
: $a"
27tp
(I:2ml
Af m,
'
For a given current density in a certain medium having conductivity o, the
electric field intensity is defined
as
Page 173
E_J _lf 3 -t
D-o-o\fi-,1
Chap 3
(p: 4 x Lo-z m1 o :0.05 S/m)
2rx4xl0'
0.05
:238.73Y lm
Voltage between the cylindrical surfaces is defined as the line integral of the
electric field between the two surfaces
i.e.
v:-[n.m
Now the electric field int6nsity in the medium between the .two cylindrical
surfaces as calculated
a.nd
in previous question
is
": *(h"r)
the differential displacement between the two'cylindrical surfaces is dl
dpap
So the voltage between the cylindrical surfaces is
, :- I:::i,(#r",). {aoo,):-#'(*)
:-
4.88 volt
So, the voltage between them will be 4.88 volt.

As we have already calculated the voltage between the two cylindrical
surfaces and the current flowing radially outward in the medium between the
surfaces is given in the question. So the resistance between the cylindrical
surface can be evaluated directly as
r
F
3.r.6
3.1.7
:Y:#:
0'813o

Since voltage between the cylindrical surfaces is
and cuirent flowing in the medium is
So, Power dissipated in the medium is
p : VI: (4.88) x 6:29.2gwatt
(Y:
4.88
I/ :
4.88 volt
volt,l: 6 A)
1:6A

Consider a constant voltage is applied across the ends of the wire so, t6e
electric field intensity throughout the wire cross section will be constant.
i.e.
where
E :4:o1
J2
02
.Ir is the current density in the material having conductivity o1.
is the current density in the material having conductivity

So,the ratio of the current density is
"I2
Jr
Jz--Qoz
i.e.
3.1.8
it will
be independent of both rand
.R.

Electric field intensity is defined as the negative gradient of the potential
o2.
Page 174
Chap 3
:-YV
:-(#**%"*#"")
:
$aL
3.{"9
500a,,
V/m

For a given electric field intensity E in a material having relative permittivity
e,, the electric flux density is defined as :
" : g*1r 8b x 10-12) x (booan)
e,:815
:7.}8aynCf'm2
${3t- 3"t.,lo

For an applied electric field intensity ,6 in a material having relative
permittivity e', the polarization of the material is defined as
P : eo(,- t)E
$$r- 3"t"1{
=[H:il:i];'j{$::"'

since the two regions is being separated by the plane y : 0, so the tangential
and normal component of the electric field to the plane 9: 0 are given as
Ert :50a'- 70a"
Eu =
20an
FYom the boundary condition, the tangential component of electric field
will
be uniform.
I.e.
Ezt
: Eu- 50a,- 10a"
and the normal component of the field is nonuniform and given as
E2E2n: E1E6
Ern
- Z"-:!1zoo4:
e",
the electric field intensity in the second region is

Ez : Eztl Ezn : (504, - 10a,) * (Sau)
: 50a, * 8ao - \\a,kY f m
Therefore the electric flux density in the region 2 is
So
Dz: reoEz
: 5 x 8.85 x 10-12(50o, ]-San- 104,) x 103
: 2.2I a" -f 0 .35 ou - 0 .44a" pC I ^'
$ot-
3.1.12

Energy density in the region having electric field intensity Ez is defined as
W, :le*eoEz' Er, where the relative permittivity of the medium is e,r
As calculated in previous question the electric field intensity is
Ez :50a"* 8a, - I}a"kY f m
So the energy density in the region 2 is
*":i,x
F
Y.
lar-rs
(s)r+ (10),] x
ee[(bo)r+
106
Page 178
59 mJ/m3

As the dielectric slab occupies the region 0 < z< d and the field
intensitv
in the free space is in * a, direction so, the field will be normal to tht
boundary of plane dielectric slab.
so from the boundary condition the field normal to the surface are relatecl
as
Ei, :6o9
Therefore,
L
3.1.i4
E^
: &Eoa": *a"
Din
.e
Ein
= +eo!
o,:
(s
:|a
:$uo
41111
sE()a,

Total energy stored in a region having electric field is given
as
(E . E)du
.
f,tn,* az) (8,+ n,)au
(E: fi-r
E2;
: !^ [ {al + E3 + 2r,, . E,)d,

: l^ | nla, +|r, fidu + eo(n, . E")d,,
|
|
: w+
r,f..rs
wr+
eo@,'
E2)du

Consider a neutral dielectric is placed in an electric field.E,
due to whic6
the dielectric gets polarized with polarization p, the bound surface
chargc
density of the dierectric be prs and the bound volume charge
density a" p*
So the total bound charge by the dielectric is given as
Qbound:
frorras+
oo,o,
Since for a given polarization P of a dielectric material, the

bound surfircc
charge density over the surface oi material is defined as
Pps:P'an
where
a'
is the unit vector normal to the surface directed outward.

while the bound vorume charge density inside the material is
defined as
ppr.:_ V . p
so we have,
Qbouna
: frt, . a,)d,s - v
|
. e a,
:fv.ds- lv.va,
But according to the divergence theorem
$p. ds: J,fv
I
vr
Therefore,
Qoou,a
:0
. pdu
Chap 3
(d,sa,:6s1
pist
rzo
Qt'h
sol.
3-,1-{6
olribn (nlt$,mlum
Given thd conduAii"itv
Etirc{ric FieH in }iaitdr
"f
a = lo(Om)-t
5r :19619;-1
-"t"it"t,
and cond'ubtance of the wit'e,

Sin'ce the cohtluctance
So we
have,
1oo
of a Wife of 'length I having cross sectional aida S
: Jdf"t
(5:
:.8
, -!
sol. 3.{,17
Optioh (A) is correct.

Ad the medium between capacitor plates is conducting so
it
carries
aS well as capaditine property.

Considei thd platds'dre separdtbd' liy a dista^nce d and the surface area
pbtes ib ,9 as dhbwn in the ffgure.
resi$tive
So the
total resistance of the medium between plates
ib
R:4
OD
arrd capacita,nce of the capacitor.is
u:_T
^ g,S
Therefore the time constant of the capacitor will be
, : RC:3
soL
3.1.18

For a given current density, the total current that passes through a
t:ft.w
J
where dS is the differential surface area having the direction normal to

surface.
Since the current density is independent of d and
the current
d so we can have di
I - J. S- J(4trf a,)
- !-"-to'noP
:4trx(6)'xlx ato"to*
: 4n x 6 x e-r: 24tre-L: 27.7 A
.t
i.te

of continuity we have the relation between the volume
charge density, p, and the current density, J as
FYom the equation
Q*:-v
dt
.J
and since the curent density have only the mmponent in
aet -_ t
-
0t
direction so we bale,
o ,.
S6rt'tJ')
0p, :-7A;\'
_ _ l 0 ts1
t"--ro,r\)
Integrating both sides we get,
p,e,t)
where
/(r)
:- I i"-""t dt+ f(r)
is the function independent of time.
P,(r,t)
:$-"-tot *
.,1'1
co
P,(r,t) :0
put the given condition in the equation to get
Now for t -+
So, we
3.1.20
therefore
p"(r,t)
i.e.
p,(r,t)
.h
/(r):0
1Q1"-to"
rt

The velocity of eharge density can be defined as the ratio of current density
to the charge density in the region
(1/')"-to"to'
:h:W:ro3ran
u:L
So, at r:0.6m, o : 103 x 0.6a, : SSQa"m/s
i'e'
3.1.21

The given problem can be solved easily by using image theory as the
conducting surface g: 0 can be repiaced by the equipotential surface in
the same plane g:0 and image of line charges (p', :- 5pC/m at r:0,
A :- L and r :0, A - - 2) as shown in the figure
o]:
5 pclm
Pl,: -5 P..l^
Pr:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
5 Pcf m
Pr:
5 Pc/m
Page 177
Chap 3
Electric Field in Mritter
r178
QhaF 3
Page
Electric Field in
The work done to p?rly a unit positive charge from a point located at a
distance a from the line charge with charge density n, to another point
located at a distance b from the line charge is defined as
Matter
Uu:-&n(L\
z'Êo \u I
and since the surface
g: 0 has zero potential, so the potential at point P
will be equal to the work done in moving a unit positive charge from
plane y: 0 to the point P. So the potential at point p will be
the
v,:_2fun(!)
where a is the distance of the surface
g:
0 from the line charges while b is
the distance of point P from the line charges.
so,
scl.
3.{.t2
ve
:-b \=L!-'lzt_r(*)_ r(+)*,"(+).r(+)]

t
:- O.r';;;

Electric field at a distance .fi| from a line charge having uniform charge
density p, is defined as
P:=Pt
- 2neo 4
172
so the net electric field intensity produced at the point

line charges discussed in previous question is given as
due to the four
,:Eh#
where .fi| is the distance of point P from the line charges

Therefore, E : :-pt [(- 1' -2'0) - (0,1,0) * (- 1, - 2,0)
--r,r6,[1tr 1-BOT- *_ (- 1, - 2,0) - (0, - 1,0) _ (- 1, - 2,0) - (0, - 2,0)

l(- 1, - 1,0) l'
l(- 1,0,0) I'
(t#
: u;#l_s*!) _
* s+E . q+al
O.\2a,
0.0032a,
0.12a,
0.008a,
(0,2,0)
V/m
sol 3.{.23 Option (C) is correct.

For a given polarization P inside a material, the bound volume cha,rge
density inside the material is defined
as
pr, __v . p
Since the polarization of the sphere is p(r):2yq,,
So the bound volume charge density inside the sphere is
pp,
:-v . p(r) :_-hf;fn2t :-+ x 6f :- 6
Therefore the electric field intensity inside the sphere at a distance

the center is given by
: I P"xtnf
E-,1
" - 4reoQ'!"n-7<L' G;;---7-e'
: Ho,:-ffio,:-(*]ir",
so the radial component of the'electric field inside the sphere is
D_
Dr
--
2Î
^
c0
r from
$
p
IB
linearlv decreasing with a.roo"
F-"
r
fj';}
br""
F
Ir
(-*)
with respect to
r as shown
Chap 3
F,
i-
f
r
B
$
F
p
t
h
h
F'
[,r.
t
Page 179
3.1.?4 Option (C) is correct.

For a given polarization P of a material, the bound surface charge density
over the surface of material is defined as
t
F
PPs:P'o'n
so the bound surface charge density over the spherical surface is
prt : P(r)' a,
:2r:2a
So,
(at the spherical

total bound surface charge over the sphere is
Qps
:2a x
4tra2
(a":
surface r:
a,)
a)
:8ra3
and the bound volume charge density inside the sphere as calculated above
is
Pro:-6
So,
total bound volume charge inside the sphere is

Q,,
: o,,(tra'): (- 6) x (+"0):-
stra'
Therefore the total bound charge in the sphere is

Qboud : Qrs* Qr, :8ra3 - 8zro3 : 0
According to Gauss law the outward electric field flux through a closed
surface is equal to the charge enclosed by the surface and since the
total
bound charge for any point outside the sphere is zero So, the electric
fielcl
intensity at any point outside the sphere is .E: 0.
3.'t.as

For a given polarization P of a material, the surface charge density
over the
surface of material is defined as
Ps: P'
where
an
a, is the unit vector normal to the
surface directed outward of the

material.
while the volume charge density inside the material is defined as
P'--V
'P
Since the the cylinder has uniform polarization

So, volume charge density inside the sphere is
p.
P'-- v'P:0
and the surface charge density over the top and bottom surface of the
cylinder is
Ps:P'an:tP
(+P at top surface and -p at bottom
surface)
Pase 180
So the
Chap,3
total bound charge by the cylinder is

Qbouna:
Qs*
Q,
: l, oras + |
sol.
,,,0,
:I+
P(rrf)
- rQrf)l* o :
3.1,2S

As calculated above th" .,rolrr-" charge density inside the cylinder is zero
while the surface charge density at top and bottom surfaces are respectively
*P and -P, so the cylinder can be considered as the two circular plates
(top and bottom surface) separated by a distance .L. since the separation
between the plates is larger than the cross sectional radius (L : 2r)
so the
fringing field(electric field) will exist directed from the upper plate towards
the lower plate.
sol. 3.t.27

The electric flux lines will be the same as the electric field intensity outside
the cylinder but as the volume charge density is zero pu: 0 inside the
cylinder
n ' ds:0 and therefore the flux lines will be continuous.
$oL 3.1.28

consider the charge densities of the two surface of the slab is p,1cfm2
p*Clm'as shown in the figure.
As the sum of the charge densities is p",Cfm2 so we have
"" f
Pt*
P"2
: Psl
and,
"'(1)
and since the electric field intensity inside the conducting slab must
be zero
Sot
Et* Ez :0
where ,81 is field inside slab due to charge density
slab due
to
...(2)
p"1 and
Ez is field inside
p,2
ti:+:*::r*:+'r+' +r*.r+ +. +. + +
+.+ri+.+r'+:+ *,+: +:+
+..i+..+
As the electric field intensity at any point
due to the uniformly charged
plane with charge density p5 is defined as
E:#o,
where
o'
is the unit vector normar to the plane directed toward point
So we have,
: He
E, :
Hu"
E,
F}om equation (2)
o")
Putting the result in equation (1) we get
Prt: Pr2-
PL
:-
a,)
(a,:
o,)
(a,
#Fo,\-t
n!!a.:o
tc\
'
-c0'
PsI
Ps2

As the slabs are conducting so net electric field inside the slab must be zero.
and since the electric field intensity at any point P due to the uniformly
charged plane with charge density pe is defined as
t : #,",,
where
a, is the unit vector normal to the plane directed toward point P
So, the net electric field intensity inside slab 1 is
Hta")rffia"*Ho"+ffia":o
(o,,
:-
a" for pnt while
4.,
a" for rest of the charge densities)
- P*t* P"n* P,zr* Przz :0
... ( 1)
and the net electric field intensity inside slab 2 is
ffie ""7+ffit a"1+ffi? a)+ffia":o

(on: o. for pnz while o,, : -
Solving
3"$"3{i
Ps2t
and
P"12
9s12
Przz
for rest of the charge densities)

...
(2)
eq (1) and eq (2) we get,

PsI1'
s8L
Ps11
o,z
Ps22
: -
P"zr

As all the four surfaces form the boundaries of the conductors extending
away from the region between them so, the medium outside the defined
region is conductor and sb the field intensity outside the region will be zero.
Now the electric potential in the non conducting region is given as
V :5rA
So the electric field intensity in the region is
E :- YV :- bya,- brao
From the conductor-free space boundary condition we have the surface
charge density on the boundary surface defined as
P"
oE'
where E, is the normal component of the electric field intensity in the free
space.
So, the surface charge density on the surface
&: (- 5y) (the "":1"i::,:ponent

eo
__
oclg
En:
r:
0 is
5y for the surface r
0)
Page 181
Electrlc triold
ir
s
Mritter
th"p
Page 182
$ol
3,'t"3,1
Chap 3

Again as discussed in above question, the surface charge density on the
surface g: 0 will be given by
p" : sEn
and since the field component normal to surface .r/: 0 is
En:-5r
So, the surface charge density on the surface
P, :$oL
3.,t-32
g:0
is
Seor

Flom the symmetry associated with the charge distribution the electric
field must be radially directed. Then choosing Gaussian surfaces which are
cylinders having the same axis (p: 0) as the conductors and of length l,
we get
(2rpI)Eo:O
for
p<2m
for
p<2m
(Since there is no charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface)
Thus
Ep
:0
Now, since the field inside the conductor 2 < p < 3m is zero; there cannot
be any charge on the surface p:2m.
Ps:0
1.e.
at
P:2m
and all the charge associated with the inner conductor resides on the surface
P:3m.
10C/m: b n
pt:ffi
rlclm2
1.e.
atp-$*
Proceeding further we have
2nprEo:
where
I is length
So
*(ro
for5< p<6m
Clm)r
of the cylinder.
,:#oo
for5<p(6m
This the field produced by the inner conductor but the fact is that the field
inside the conductor 5 < p < 6m is zero that gives
[prLr:r- : eolEL,r:r' (-
and
:'.(r:ftO",)' (- :-ffi:_,Lclm'
",)
[p,L,o:u*
:*rr.;
sol. 3,t,33
or)
:r;r,,:,zn(s)]

FYom the boundary condition for the charge carrying interface, the tangential
component of electric field on either side of the surface will be same.
Et;:
1.e.
Ezt
while the normal components are related
E6-
E,,
as
P1
g
the field intensity in the region z ( 0 is

Ez - 2a"*3au-2a"
So the tangential component,
E,21 :2a"|
now
a,s
3ao
I
r,
tI
i
component,
Ezn :_ 2a"
Therefore the field components in region
(z > 0) are
and the normal
I
t
and
Eu : Ezt:
Eu _
2a"
hlFl
crr!
ElectrfoFHdLn
3av
n^+*:[_z+#*1ftfa,:224a,
So the net field intensity in the
Et
,"gio, z > 0 is
Eul E6 : 2a,* Jau *
: 3.1.34
224a,"

As the dielectric slab occupies the region
0 < y < 1m and the erectric field
in the free space is directed along o, so, the field
will be normal to both the
boundary surfaces g: 0 and g: 1.
So from the boundary condition the field
normal to the interface of dielectrics
are related a^s
86
:5oB
(where -o, is the fierd inside the dielectric)
E,:AG+vYE:9{@o,)
so the polarization
t;ji#kectric
p : Er_ oEt
:
t, -
ffi
since
e: . 4eo
$+yY
is
: (6p -,,)tr + ur a,
oE,
,.,;,L1;s.;{H:
Now for a given

a dierectric material, the surface
charge density over the surface of dielectric
is defined
PPs: P'
an
where an is the unit vector normal to the

surface directed outward of the
dielectric.
So, the bound surface charge density
at y _ 0 is
[p*L,,=o:P'(-ar)
(o^: - au)
:14 - (r + l)le,(_ 1) :_(4 _ 1)ro
3eo
-U:0
and the surface charge density at y:1 m
is
[P*Lu=r: P ' (ar)
[a
(1
+ yI]so(l)
(4_
4)eo :
(o":
or)
r- 3.1.35 Option (A) is correct.

As calculated in previous question, polarization
inside the dielectric is
p :[4 _
(t + s)]eoa,
since for a given polarization p inside a
material, the bound vorume charge
density inside the material is defined as
Ppr:- V ' P
So
the volume charge density inside the dielectric

is
e,
:-&14 - (r + yfle,
so when we move
linearly increasing.""*:
;tt
'r!', :1m,
the votume charge density wiil be
i
i
I
I
Page.lM.
Chap Q
sol.
3.{.36

As the charge is'being located at origin so the field intensity due to it will
be in radial direction and normal to the surface of the dielectric material.
Therefore the flux density will be uniform(as from boundary condition) and
at any point r inside the dielectric flux density will be
: -Q-a4rt'
D
Now
it
is given that electric field intensity at any point inside the dielectric is
n:ffiu
and since in a medium of permittivity e
e,so the
flux density is defined
as
,eoE
So for the given field we have
ffi",:r,"(ffi")
Fd
^b2
sot.
3.{.37

The electric field between the plates carrying charge densities
is defined as
*p,
and
-p*
E:+
where e is the permittivity of the medium between the plates.
Now consider that near the plate 1 permittivity is e1 and near the plate 2.
permittivity is e2. So at any distance r from plate 1 permittivity is given by
E
: t*(T).(Since
So the field intensity
the permittivity is linearly increasing)
at any point in the medium will be
P-
D-
Pn
e*(T)r
Therefore the potential difference between the plates will be
v:foro
sol.
3.t.3s
Ps o,
e,+(,+)_

The capacitor of a parallel plate capacitor is defined
c:+
So, the capacitance
in 1't dielectric region will
Cr:+:+
and the capacitance
in
2nd
Therefore the voltage drop

V, -=
et,
as
be
dielectric region
in 1't dielectric region is
Cz v
'r-"7;,V
(where
I/
is total voltage
vo
dropi
:ffiffi(ovotp;
and
similarly,
Y,
PtG
:]&rvort
Ct4t
::9t-u'
- eJ4' - SeJiJ-ee (o) : f{
3eo'5

Consider the dielectric slab is of thickness f and dr,
width in the medium as shown in the figure.
vort
are the remaining
Dielectric
slab
sfi.i*ffiffis##H#j;
.IS$ffi.
,$w
'ffi
d,
Now the capacitance of the whole configuration will be considered as the

three capacitors (capacitance in the three regions) connected in series as
shown in the figure
c1
c2
c3
C,:+, tr:#
So,
The equivalent capacitance, is defined
1 1 1 1
e;:q-6*q:
and G -dt
-qE
as
t
u-s
.@t+da)
---;r
Since t; (&+ dn) will be constant although if the dielectric slab is moved
leftward or rightward so the equivalent capacitance will be constant. But if
the slab is pulled outward then the capacitance will change as the effective
surface area of the capacitance due to dielectric slab changes.
t 3.1.40 Option (C) is correct.

Given, the potential field in free space
: $coslsing
So, the potential at point P (r:2,0:t,O:$)
V
v,
ffi.o'(+)""(6)
is Siven as
: 2.5 vort
Now, as the conducting surface is equipotential, so, the potential at any

point on the conducting surface will be equal to the potential at point P.
l.e.
or
V : Vp:2.5Volt
49cosdsind : 2.5
I"
l6cosdsind
: I
This is the equation of the conducting surface.
>k*********>k
fl5
Electric Field in
Mattc
soLUTloN$ 3,2
Page L86
Chap 3

For a givel current density, the total currnt that passes through a given
t: Jft.
as
where dS is the differential surface area having the direction rormal to the
surface.
dS : pdpd$a, for the plane z:0

Therefore, the current passing the plane z:0r 0 < p
So we have
t:
[:,[:,ltoe'(da,+
:10
f2t
Jo
o")f
'
<
2 is
(PdPd'\o")
f2
Joe"
odzdf
- ,o I f,'oaoao
:'[+]:,,xtotl
:
10
x 2 x 2r
(z: 0)
40rA
125.664A

For a given current density, the total current that passes through a given
t: J[t.
as
where d$ is the differential surface a.rea having the direction normal to the
surface.
So, we
have
Thereforei
0
<
4$
(rsind d,$)Gr)aa for the surface
the total current crossing the surface
r< lm is
t : [ ("o"' 0o, + f
l'
of'of
:lol?"><
-$ilt.. 3"2"3
0: 90'
d : 90",0 < Q < hr.
sinlae -
rz o,o)
. (rsin0d,gd,rae)
,in'odidr
[+1,
at
o:90"
:2n xi:+:1.5708A

For a given current density, the total current flowing through a cross section
is defined as
r: [t- as
where dS is the differenjtial cross sectional area vector having the direction
normal to the cross section.
So we
have
ffi : pdpdba,
(since the cylindrical wire is lying along z-axis)
Therefore the total current flowing through the wire (cross section) is
r: (?") .
_
:
Page 1E7
@aod,Qa"1
Chap 3
/50\,^.
Jo=o lr=,\ftYoaoao1
116xto-3 sz"
:;: x t#f ;-iJr,i :5 026A

Since hydrogen atom contains a single electron (-ve charge) and a single
proton (+ve charge). So, the dipole moment due to one atom of the hydrogen
will
be
: qd
where g is electronic charge and d is effective
length
i.e.
So'
L.6 x 10-1e C and d,:7.7 x 10-16 m

p :(1.6 x 10-1e) x (7.1 x 10-16)
the polarization in a material is defined as the dipole moment per
e:
and since
unit volume.
ie
P:
Therefore
npwhere n is the number of atoms per unit volume.
":ll: il;:::H:,#'
p :(5.5 x 1025) x (1.6 x 10-1e x 7.1 x

:6.25 x 10-e Cf m2 :6.25nCf m2
So,
10-16)
When an electric field E is applied to a material with dielectric constant ,

then the polarization of the material is defined as
P : eo(e,- l) E
So'
^tl
ar
x 10-e
:1.7655 x
x40x10
":1*0.0177:1.0177
'-
enEo.u 8.85
6.25
10-
10-2
D :2P + P: Dl2
lf the polarization of a dielectric material placed in an electric field E is P
Given
, then the electric flux density in the material is defined as
D:eoE+P
or
eoE* Dl2
D:2eoE
(1)
and since the relation between the electric field, .E and flux densitv, D
inside a dielectric material with dielectric constant e" is defined as
D:
eoe,E
So, comparing the result
with equation (1) we get,
Energy on a dipole with moment
p in an electric field
Wn:-p. E
:- (- 2a"f-Jay) . (7.ba,- a,)
:*(_3_3):.61
e": ).
.E is defined as
Page 188
suL 3.3"&
Chap 3

Resistance of a conductor
area is
^9
of length
R:JOS
where
and having uniform cross
o is the conductivitv of the conduc
Given the conductivity,

the length of the conductor,
o
I
side of the square cross section,

and radius of the bored hole,
So, the net cross sectional area is
,s:
: b x 106(Om) I
:8m
:3cm
r:0.5cm
area of square cross section(bar)
or
- area of circular cross section(hole)

: a2_rf: (3)r_zr(0.5)r:(9 _i)cm,
The total resistance between the square ends is given
:
R:-lo
OD
:
$$L 3"r"$
1.948
(5
106)
10-3f,)
, [(r-i)
as
x ro"1
1.95mf)

The two materials of composite bar will behave like two wires of
-R1,(resistance due to lead) and -R6'(resistance due to copper) connected
parallel.
As frorn the previous question we have the resistance due to the lead is
l?; : 1'948mO
and since the area of the cross section filled with copper is equal to the
of the cross section defined by hole so we have
Sn
-4:4
Cross sectional area
cm2
I :8m
Length of the bar
"'_7-
and conductivity of the copper,
ur--
resistivity of
tle
copper
- 1J2t
So the resistance due
Rc
rhererore th"
lo.E
to copper is
: -l-:
*i'd;i;J.L;t-1Hm
;":
R:Rcllft,:q##+P
:
s{}*- 3.2.ts
924.62

Given the radii of spherical shell
: 1cm:
10-6
e:
-"
g24.6p,e
as
0.01 m
b:2cm:0.02m
The capacitance of a spherical capacitor having inner and outer radii a
b respectively is defined as
n _ 4r,o _ 4r x 4 x 8.85 x
1 1i 11
la-a/
onT - onz
10-12
9.9 pF
F 3.2.1{
:
Correct ansifi/er is 7.26 .

Since the dielectric has been removed from the portion defined bV
so the composite capacitor will have the dielectric fillecl only in
\
(f < d < ")

fth portion
of the total capacitor and so the configuration can be treated as the two
capacitors connected in parallel with each other.
The capacitance of the portion carrying air(e" : 1) as the medium between
the spherical shells
1
/1
4z'x 8.85 x 10-12
: 4x
t'r: 47 ..x 4treo
i
11
-a-6
onT - 0.-02
&
0.56
Page 189
Chap 3
10-12- 0.56 pF
The capacitance of the portion carrying dielectric(e": 4) as the medium

between the spherical shells
c,:f;x
where C is the capacitance if no any portion of dielectric was removed

already calculated in previous question.
So we have
"r:tx
Therefore the equivalent
8.9
10
12
:6.7 x
10
12
as
:6.7pF
capacitance of the composite capacitor is,
C"o: Ct+ C2:0.56+ 6.7 :T.26pF

3
3a.t2
z(mm)
I
Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is defined
/'1
as
e^9
d,
where
is the surface area of the parallel plates

d is the separation between the plates
^9
Here, the three different regions
will be treated
as the three capacitors
connected in series as shown below
ct
c2
c3
So the capacitance of the region 1 is
Capacitance of the region 2 is

Capacitance of the region 3 is
: ffi:2oooeo's
c3 :
o3#: 5ooeoS
Cz
Therefore the equivalent capacitance of the whole configuration is
Page 190
1 1 1 1 lr 1
1
lt
e,: q*6* 4 :;;sl25o-o+2ooo*-soo/
Chap 3
So,
C"c
:3.45 x
102es,9
The capacitance per square meter of surface area will be

C"o'
s6L
3,1,13
QSo
3.45
102e6
3.05 nF
rn2

Capacitance between the two cylindrical surfaces is defined as
" - t"(b6
Where
length of,the cylinder
--+
inner radius of the cylinder
b -+ outer radius of the cylinder

Since, the medium between the conducting cylinders includes the die
layer(e,:4) from p:4cm to p - 6cm ahd air(e": 1) from p:

to p- 8cm, so the configuration can be treated as the two
connected in series.
Now for the dielectric layer
(e,:
4) from p
4 cm
to p -
cm,
is
.n _2reoe,I _ 8zree
"'-ln(614) -ln(1.5)
and for the air medium (r"
1) from p:
=
(l:
6 cm
to
p:8cm,
capacitancei
So, the equivalent capacitance of the configuration is evaluated as
111
e; : q:6
C"q
s$L
3.2.'14
rn(1.5) -r, h(aft)

: -?io
-Zro
L43PF

The equivalent arrangement of the capacitor can be drawn in form of ci
as below
For which the capacitances are calculated as below

n _ eoSl2_gaq _ so x 10 x 10-4 _o
.,
vrdl2 d - 4x10-3 -4
n _e,esSf2 _e"eoS
"'---d,lr-T--T _Seo
- _l I
Cr
-
n
_ ao X 10 x 10-a _ eo
"'-,_esSf2
d - 2x4xro3 -8
Therefore the equivalent
$acitance of the capacitor
is
n Sen
c"c:
Lz15
cc*ffe: f + #k
T-T -T
Page 191
:?:2.T6pF
Chap 3
Correct answer is 0,
For a given polarization P inside a material, the bound surface chargt:

density over the surface of material is defined as
PPs: P ' an
where o, is the unit vector normal to the surface directed outward.
while the bound volume charge density inside the material is defined
as
Ppo:-V ' P
Since the component of polarization of rod along g-axis is pu: 2y2+ 3. Sc,.
the polarization of the material is p : (zt + 3) or. and the charge densiti.
on the surface of the rod is po, : P . o,n
At y:0(top surface)
At y: 5(bottom surface)
po:(2f*3)au. (-o,):-g
po : (2f *3) a,. (aJ: bg
and since the polarization has no radial component so no charge will be

stored on its curvilinear surface and so the total bound surface charge orr
the surface of the rod is
ooror: p51,S+ pnS(S is the cross sectional

I
:-3,5*53^9:50^9
Qos:
areai
Now, the bound volume charge density inside the material is
pp,:- V . P --v . (zf +B)oo:-+a
I
t
so the total bound volume charge stored inside the material will be
Qr,
:I
:
So, Total bound charge

Qboand:
3.2.15
oo,d,u
I\- ay) sd,y :- +{$l', -sos

Qs-t
Q':50,S- 50S:0
0:n
r:1 m
z--\
o:anc
"9
Electric field produced by the point charge at a distance
E: +1to
,t fr
is
Qoo-
'
So, the induced dipole moment in the neutral atom due

.E produced by the point charge will be
to the electric fiekl
P:aE:=9!-oA
4Tsf
and since the electric field intensity produced due to a dipole having momerrt
p at a distance r from the dipole is defined as
Eaip:
ffi1r"ood,+
sinoaol
where d is the angle formed between the distance vector
moment p
r and dipole
So the field.produced by the induced dipole at the point charge is
Pqge 192
Qbap 3
EQetric Field in Matter
.t| 99 \
2p _'\+treof )
:tAreorn
tresf -
'
2aq
(Areof
(0
rs
: r
bs shown in the
Therefore the force experienced by the point charge due to the field
by induced dipole is
qEarp
:r"(hf
:2"(+ x 1o-e x e x ro'f x
4:2N
a
So'
$sa- 3.2.{7
r"*
S:
Electric field intensity produced due to a dipole having moment

distance r from the dipole is defined as
Earp
ffi1,
a,
sir. 0 ae)
"o,
is the angle formed between the distance vector
where d
r and
moment p
So the electric field intensity produced due to dipole Pr at Pz is
n,:ffio,:]ffio,
Therefore the torque on Pz due
(o:r
to Pr is
l-p2xEt
Taking the magnitude only we have the torque on
'
ssl-
3,2"18
:::'
P2 is
sin e0 "
:::;
f : :;],(,H)
Electric field intensity produced due to a dipole having moment p,

distance r from the dipole is defined as
Ear.p
ffi
1, "o"
a,
al,
si'. 0 aa)
where 0 is the angle formed between the distance vector r and dipd
moment p
So the electric field intensity produce due to dipole Pz at Pr is
__g X 1ol x 2o'
Ec :_ P,
u2
4t
=2n._
fi72a'
:-|ffi
Therefore the torque on P1 due
to
,r:{
Pz is
T:prXEz
Considering the magnitude only we have the torque on P1 is
y:
:2 x 10-e x /-9i::10-'g
x 2\
\ 47160
I
:3.24 x 10-z N-m : 0.324 pN,m
sot-
3.2"19
p1%2sin0
(0
rl7
Since the spherical shell is of inner radius r : 2 m so region inside the spha
will have no polarization and therefore the total charge enclosed inside tl
shell for r
<2m will be zero.
Le.
:0
Qur"
According to Gauss law the total outwa,rd electric flux from a closed surface
is equal to the charge enclosed by the surface and since the total enclosed
charge for r< 2m is zero so the electric field intensitv at r:lm will be
P,age 1p3
Electurtc Fleld
Chap 3
in Mattq
zero.
l' 3-2.20 Correct answer is 0.

i
Since the total bound charge by a polarized neutral dielectric is zero as
I
discussed earlier. So for any point outside the spherical shell the total
enclosed charge(bouna chargl) will be zero and as discussed in the previous
i
to Gauss law the electric field intensity
outside the spherical shell will be zero.
question, according
i'
So, for the surface
r: 7
at
a,ny point
:0
E :0
e"n"
is
Therefore the electric field intensity
l. 3.2.2{ Correct answer is -1.
As we have to find electric field at r: 5 m so we determine first the charge

enclosed by the surface r : 5 m which will be equal to the sum of the volume
charge stored in the region 2 < r < 5m and the surface cha,rge stored. at
r:2m.
Since for a given polarization P of a dielectric material, the bound volume

charge density inside the material is defined as
.Ppu:-V ' P
So the bound votrume charge density inside the dielectric defined
region 2 ( r { 6m will be
Pp.:-v
so the
. P(r)
:-#*(n*)
total bound volume charge in the region 2
e*: | 0,,d, : I:,-l

:-ZOn[rll:-
in the
:_i
< r < 5 m is
x 4nf dr
60zr
Now for a given polarization P inside a dielectric material, the bound surface
charge density over the surface of dielectric is defined as
PPs: P' an
where a' is the unit vector normal to the surface pointing outward of the
material.
So the bound surface charge density
pos
at r:2 m is
= P(r)' (-
"") charge over the surface

Therefore the total bound surface
e*
:-* x 4trf
:-$, 4n x 22 :-
(a^:- q)
r:
m is
(for spherical surface
S: &rf)
r:2m
40r
total enclosed charge by the surface r: b m is

Q"n" : Qoo+ Qo":- 60zr - 40r :- 700tr
So the electric field intensity at r: 5 m will be,
So, the
E:h"%*:h*
=#h*
:-$*
Since, from the given problem, we have the electric field
at
r:
...(1)
as
//
" E:Lo
to
Page 194
Chap 3
Thus, by comparing equations (1) and (2), we get
k:-l
sol.
3,2,22

Since the electric field intensity
at any point inside a conductor is

zero, so the electric flux density at a distance r from the center of
spherical conductor can be given as
r<l
D:l[0,Q
lfi7w' r> 1m
where Q : 3 mC is the total charge carried by the conductor.

and since the dielectric material surrounding the spherical conductor
permittivity ,:3, so the electric field intensity at a distance r from
center of the sphere is
r( 1m
l<r<2m
r)
So, the
2m
total energy of the configuration is
,,:+lo.
Ed,u
: Ll[',a, * f
&)G*r){+"r a,). f (#)(#e)e"n

Lffi*{!f'ga,++I- i*}
g{#l+1,.*t-+ :#{*.}**}
l;l
(3x10-3)2xgx10e
2
:2.7 x
sol
3.t,23
L04
0,4
x#
J :27kJ
The electric potential at the centre of sphere will be equal to the work
done to carry a unit charge from infinity to the centre of the sphere (
Iine integral of the electric field intensity from infinity to the center of
sphere)
i.e.
v:_[oe.
at
p,:0.6nCf
Since the sphere has uniform charge density
so the electric field intensity at a distance

can be given as
o".,
E:l l#an,
.\
p,Rt -
16""
m3 embedded in it
from the center of the sphere
rlR
r)R
where B is the radius of the sphere i.e. r? :
-F
a/ 1f ^
So, the potential at the centre 9f .sphere
V:
:- I''"
E
3
r!
*
:-#(
rti
will
be
Page l9b
, (where differential displacement is
d,l:
d,ra,)
t
tt
#fu(h)'a'- [,',ffa'
hl "[-i],: -#h[+]:,,
:&:#+r^_
5 x 0.6 x
10_
xex
: 9 volt
i
:
1oe
(e,:2)
go:o.6ncf
lot. 3.2"*d Correct answer is 45.1 .

consider the surface chi,rge density on the parailer plates is
electric flux density between the plates is defined as
m3
ps so the
D : pron
where a, is the unit vector normal to the surface of plates
directed from one
plate toward the other plate.
Since permittivity changes from layer to layer, but the
field is normal to
the surface so electric flux densitv D will be uniform throughout
the plate
separation as from boundary condition.
so the electric field intensity at any point between the parallel plates
is
D :
E: o,
Ps&n
2es(1
e,:2(I
+ 100o)
100a'z)
Therefore the voltage between the plates can be evaluated

by taking the line
integral of electric field from one plate to the other plate
, :- I'
: *hI
"
:- I::Gtrftu').
ra"t
(dI:
d,a)
a-#.a (the direction or o is along a")

:f,xfr>. #[,."-'(#)]i'
:ftxhtt-ol :ffi
Now charge stored at the parallel plates is
br)(E
where ,S is surface area of the plates
p' X (0'2)
So, the capacitance of the capacitor is evaluated as
S:0.2m2
n_Q _p"x(0.2) 16e^

v \p"T) /80es
: 4.bI x 10 rr : 45.1pF
7r
ssL
3.x"a$

For the two wire transmission line consists of the cylinders
of radius b and
separated by a distance 2h (centre to centre), the capacitance per
unit
length between them is defined as
.
: ---Jl9cosh-l (h/ u)
Herc, 2h: 2 cm and b : 0.2 cm
C'
Chap 3
: {;,(*1
"^+ffi*fi:ffi+#*
- lon . m
Prgc.
Ctlp
lqf
Eloc'trh Fleld
b.Matter
7tx2x8.85x10-12 :3.64 x 10 11 F/m (e,:21
C':
So'
So the charge per
cosh-'(1/0.2)
unit length on each wire will be,
(%
'=i:i::^n"ilo
30L
3.2.26
100
V)
Consider the oil rises to a height h in the space between the tubes.
So, the capacitance of the tube carrying oil partially will be treated as
two capacitors connected in parallel.
Since the capacitance between the two cylindrical surfaces is defined as
"
1t:-
Where
In(bla)
I -+ Iength of the cylinder
o --r inner radius of the cylinder

b - outer radius of the cylinder
So the capacitance of the portion carrying oil (1": 1) as the medium
between the cylindrical surfaces is
n
_
..._2tre,eoh
""'-ln(3fl)
treoh
(":x"+1:2)
-ln(3)
and the capacitance of the portion carrying air(e,: 1) as the medi'n

between the cylindrical surfaces is
- h)
/1 _2neo(7
_ _,"Cn,
uanr
Therefore the equivalent capacitance of the tube carrying oil to the height
his
C : Coal
Ca;,r
Since the energy stored
0 + h)
:27r^-ol;l3f
in a capacitor is defined
W : |CW
where
as
7 is the applied voltage to the capacitor
So the net upward force due to the capacitance is given by
o _ dWt _7 rr2dc _l
'' -_aF_2,
m-2,
172
2trs
ET3)
and net downward force on the oil due to gravity
F : nlg :
(0.01gm/cm3)
will
r(b2
be
az)h
xg
: 0.01 gm/cm3
mass density
:ffi
Since
r(9-
1)
1o-6
x hx s :o.o8trhl
in equilibrium both the upward and downward forces are equal
So,
0.08trhg
0.08r'hx(e.8)
:Lr'l{(;l
:|xQx
h:+*
"_Xtr-"i-
(z x 103)2x2x8.85x10-12
:4.11 x
103)'zx
41.1u,m
0.08x9.8xIn(3)
10-5 m
Correct answer is 0.0796.

From the symmetry associated with
the charge distribution the electric
field
must be radialrv directed. As, there
is no charge enclosed
r:2m
by the surface
so we get
hie
t0?
Ctrp s
ENechlc
FlihlhMette
E,:0
forr<2m
Now from the conductor-free space
boundary condition we have the surface
charge density on the boundary
surface defined
P"
where
space.
as
oE,
E, is the normal component of the electric

fierd intensity in the free
r:2m
Ps : E':0
So the charge density
at
Therefore the total charge
is given
wil
as
is
be concentrated over the outer surface

which
A : s : t C/m,
^ : 4;F
^, :
d* fi
ps2
0.0796C/m2
Correct answer is g.
As the dielectric slab occupies the region
r ) 0 and the electric field in the
free space is directed along o" so,
the field will be normal to the boundary
surface, z: 0 of the dielectric slab.
so from the boundary condition the
field normar to the interface of dielectrics
are related a^s
,sE;
E'
: eoE
(where ^8, is the field inside the dielectric)
: *:Y:2o'
(e":
So, the polarization inside the

dielectric is
P : (e - eo)Eo : (5uo _ eo)Eo:
Since, from the given problem,
we have
P:
So, we get
sol-
3.2.29
lce
gs
5)
a,
oa,
ft:8
Correct answer is 2g3.

Consider the parallel sheets arrangement
+
+
5 nC/m2 +
- 5 nC/m2
+
+
Electric fierd intensity at any point

with charge density ps is defined as
due
to the uniformly charged
prane
u:#o^
where a, is the unit vector normar
to the plane directed toward
-* wv"wru point
l,
e is the permittivity
of the
medium.
and
t=r
So
Page 19E
the field interrsity inside the dielectric due to the left sheet will be
Qhap 3
(w:
o,:5_x]91p,1
au)
and again the field intensity inside the dielectric due to right sheet will be
n,:-j4_J{{(-o,) :
*#:"
so the net field intensity inside the dielectric
Et*
(a": will
an)
be
E2:L9o,
Since the field intensity is unifor"m inside the dielectric So potential difference
between the plates will be directly given as
(distance between the plates)
-------i='
--5x10-n.,.,
+ts0
:2.824 x
3.2"s0
102
Volt
283
kV
(e

Assume that the surface charge densities on the plates is +
field intensity between the plates will be
Pm so
4eo)
the electric
E:Z
and the potential difference between the plates will be given by
V : E x (Distance between plates)
x 103:(e) x (o.s x
1o-'?)
Therefore the surface charge density is

(8.85 x 10 ''?)I15
Pt:6-'''
3.2.3{
t03)
:8.85p,C

Since, the wire is coated with aluminum So,the configuration can be treated
as the two resistance connected in parallel and therefore, the field potential
will be same across both the material or we can say that the field intensity
will be same inside both material.
l.e.
where
ort
where
:
ErE"r E"t
J*
Eot
Field intensity in steel

Field intensity in aluminum.
:Ja
O31
Oat
..f1 --+
current density in steel

current density in aluminum
Jor
o', -+ conductivity of steel

ool + corductivity of aluminum
So, we get,
J,t_o"t- 2x106
Jot - oot - 3.8 X 107 --119
Ja : 19J't
Now, the total current through the wire is given
...(1)
as,
I : J"r(nat)* J"t(nb2 - na')

where
o -+ cross sectional radius of inner surface (steel wire)
b -+ cross sectional radius ofouter surface (with

Since, thickness of coating is
coating)
: 2 x 70-3
b : a* 7: (2 x 10-3)+(2 x 10-3): (4 x 10-3)
t
So,
Therefore, we get,
80: J"tr(4 x 10-6) + J"tfn(to x 10-6)_a.(a x to{)l

80: J"ttr(A x 10-b) +rcJ"rlr(tz x 10-6)l (from eq.(1))
*, : ,rtTlb= : 1.10 x tol Afm2
l,1232
t
or,
So,
As calculated in previous question the electric field between the two dielectrics
having surface charge densities p" and
-p.s is
E:+
where e is the permittivity of the medium between the sheets.

So electric field
and electric field in slab 2
Since
: *:
h
n, : ?:
h
in slab 1 is
A,
is
the electric field between the sheets is uniform so the potential

will be
V :EE x (distance)
: ,',(1m)+ rr(zm)
difference between the plates
:fi{D+h@:*
0.6 x 10-e
8'85 x 10=rt
****r<>t*X*'1.*
67'8
Volt
page 199
Erectri.
r.ru r"*oli.l
Plse ?99
Chap
sol.urloNs 3,3
-,
l'
Hectic Fie$ lq.Mattq

''-i,,;
'.r,,
sol
3.3"r

According to boundary condition the tangential components of electric field
a,re uniform
l.e.
fl1 : E2r- fit,
...( 1)
but the normal component of electric fields are non uniform and defined as
rEn: zEzn:4Esn
(Given)
e1
e3
Since
-
So,
Enn:Er,*
Er^
...(2)
and as the net electric field is given by

E : Ett E, (sum of tangential and normal component)
Therefore by combining the results of eq (1) and (2) we get
Et: Es* Ez
ir
i
fl
sol-
3.3.2
sol.
3.3.3
3()L
3-3"4
sol-
3.3,5
$oL 3.3.6
$or-
3.3.?
$oL 3,3.8
sol.
3.3.9
sol.
3.3.'ro
soL
3"3"11
sol.
3.3.'12
EOL 3.3.{3
sol- 3"3,{4
sol.
3.3.15
soluTloNs 3,4
Page 201
Chais
nnctrtc Fteld in Matter

The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is defined
c : fu-A: 8.85 x 1o*12 x lg-a :8'85
:-ff*-
..
as
. \rl
4*
1o-r3
\,*\
The charge storedpn the capacitor is
Q:CV
: 8.85 X 10-13 :4.427 X 10-13
Therefore, the displacement current in one cycle
I:8:fQ
:
4.427
10-13
x 8.6 x 10e:
(/:
1.b9 mA

The electric field of the EM wave in medium 1 is given
3.6 GHz)
as
Et:2a"-Zou*\a"
since the interface lies in the r: 0 plane so, the tangentiar
and normal
components of the field intensity in medium 1 are

Ett :- 3au* a,, and Eh: lq,,
Flom the boundary condition, tangentiar component of electric

fierd
is uniform. so, we get the tangential component of the field
intensity
medium 2
in
as
Ezt : Eu:- Saul ay

Again from the boundary condition the for normal component
of electric
flux density are uniform
l.e.
or
Dn:
e1E1n
Dz,
2E2n
So, we get
1.5eo2a, :2.5eoE2n
or
Ern
- {a,:7.2a,
Thus, the net electric field intensity in the medium

2 is
Ez : Eztl E2n :- Bau* a"* I.2a,
l'
3"4"3

The surface charge density on a conductor is equal
to the electric
at its boundary.
ie
l, 3.44
":i;'i;:o:'r:r-,,X2:141
fl'x
(e
x to-scfmz
density
80e,)
The configuration shown in the figure can be considered

as the three
capacitors connected in parallel as shown below
.l
Page 202
Chap 3
Now, consider the distance between the two plate is d and the total surface
area of the plates is S. So, for the three individual capacitors the surface
area is S/3 and the separation is d. Therefore, we get'
n eo61(s/3)
", -- d
"
eoez(!l3)
d
n
vt:--d
sos3(s/3)
Since, the three capacitance are in parallel So, the equivalent capacitance is
C"s: Ct* Czl
Ct
r0sr(^9/3), o2(S13), 60s3(s/3)
T-A---T
: (#X..t") : (u,*?*")"
it
.?"6,$
(r
: #)

The electric field is equal to the negative gradient of electric potential at
the point.
E:-YV
l.e.
Given, electric potential
:4r*2
E --4a,Yfm
V
So,
.*1.
*.4"$

The angle formed by the electric field vector in two mediums are related
tanor
as
gr
tana2 -- e2
So, for the given field vectors we have,
tan60":: 3
lano.2 J Z
:1
oz : tan-1(1) :45'
tarta2
or
*,39 3"4.7

The tangential component of electric field on conducting surface is zero
(since the surface conducts current) so, under static condition we have,
or
-V
V : E:0
V : constant
i.e. the conducting surface is equipotential.

So, (A) and (R) both true and R is correct explanation of A.
f..f.8

since, the electric field is incident normal to the slab. so, the electric
field
intensity(E,) inside the slab is given as
Ei :6ofio
Page 208
Chap 3
,r:#:ro"
Therefore, the polarization inside the slab is given as
Pt: EoX"Et
where X" is electric susceptibility defined &s X" : , _
I
P,
lt*e
eo(3
So, we have
l)Eo :4se,,
to both the line charge and concentric circular conductors, the

equipotential surfaces are circular (cylinder) i.e. concentric equipotential
Due
lines.
The flux lines due to both the configurations (line charge and concentric
circular conductors) are in straight radial direction.
I
er,ls

Capacitance of 1"' plate is given
as
n -St-e(txt)
"t- d -----{-:a
The capacitance of
2od
plate is
n
"z--Sz-e(2x2)
4e
d -----tr-:T
So, the ratio of capacitances is
' an
11
fr:+
Consider the dielectric material with permittivity e1 is replaced by a
dielectric
material with permittivity e2.
The capacitance of parallel plate capacitor is defined as
c:+
i.e. the capacitance depends on the permittivity of the medium and so,
due to the replacement of the material between the plates the
capacitance
changes.
Now, the charge is kept constant

l.e.
OT,
Qt:
CtV:
Q,
CzVz
so, due to the change in capacitance voltage on the capacitor changes and
therefore the electric field intensity between the prates changes.
The stored energy in the capacitance is defined as
w:g2C
As total stored charge Q is kept constant while capacitance changes
so, the
stored energy in the capacitance also changes.
Thus, all the three given quantities changes due to the replacement of
material between the plates.
li
soL
Page 204
3"rt"t2
Chap 3

According to continuity equation we have
v.J:-Qp
0t
As for electrostatic fien
*:0
so, we get
V.J:0
sal-
3"4.{3
$sL
3.4.'14 Option (C) is correct.
$0L
3.4.15

Since a conducting surface is equipotential so no electric field
exists tangential to the surface and therefore the electric field lines
normal to a conducting surface boundary.
ssl.
3,rl,"lS
Option (B) is correct'

Surface resistance of a metal is defined

Electrostatic fields onlY.
Surface or sheet resistivity is defined as resistance per unit surface area'
the unit of surface resistivity is Ohm/sq' meter'
as
R"={#:rc
,l
so, as frequency
I
I
(/)
increases the surface resistance increases.
sgl-.3,4,17

when we determine force using method of images then in this method,
cond,ucting surface is being removed and an additional distribution of
is being introcluced symmetrical to the existing charge distribution.
sOL 3.4"{8

The conducting surface is equipotential and since the potential at infinity
zero so, the potential every where on a conducting surface of infinite
rs zefo.
Since the conducting surface is equipotential so displacement density on

conducting surface is normal to the surface'
So A and R both true but R is not correct explanation of A'
$01
3.4.1e
Capacitance, C:5PF:5
10-2F
Charge on caPacitance,
6
Q :O.IPC : 0'1 x 10 C
The energy stored in the capacitor is defined as
(0.1 x to-6f
*" :4
- 2x 5 x 10-12 :lmJ
- 2C _
3.d.zo

Consider the charge of 1C is placed near a grounded conducting plate at r
distance of 1m as shown in figure.
,lC
1C
t
t
i'
'*l
Chap
-----i-----1
2m
r
r
using image of the charge we have one negative charge opposite side of the
plate at the same distance as shown in the figure and the force between
them is
i
k
&
-1 - 16t-1* "'
r:G)iJ- 4"-e'f C;W:
'Hr
r
I
Negative sign indicates that the direction of force is attractive.
Fringing field has been shown below in the figure
l.*'

Ilinging field
r
t
ftinging field
The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is given
as
_ eoe,
C-'''A
il
It is valid only
when the fringing is not taken into account. Now; the

fringing field can be ignored only when the separation d between the plates
is much less than the plate dimensions. so, for the fringing field taken under
consideration, Af d, is tending towards infinity.
3J'22

The capacitance of a solid infinitely conducting sphere is defined.
C:
as
treoR.
where .R is radius of the solid sphere.
l'3.4.?3

The electric potential produced by a point charge Q at the a distance r from
it is defined as
tl-.4
v
where u is permittu"t*n*'io"medium. so, the electric potential produced
by the point charge *10pC at the centre of the sphere is
A
' - Gar
rl-
t
t
P4e 2[E
1oxlo-6
an6o@t10T
(Given
r:5cm)
,,1
As the surface of sphere is grounded so' the total voltage on the

capacitor will be equal to the potential at its centre as calculated aboreNow, the capacitance of the isolated sphere is defined as
Page 206
Chap 3
C :Atrea
where a is the radius of the sphere. Therefore, the induced charge stored
the sphere is given
as
ena: CV
_ (z x
:4x
$0L
3"4.24
:t+r*r)fff$
ro-'?)
(10
1o-6)
(Given
(r x ro-)
a:
10-6C:4p,C

E : Eosinat
Given electric field
The conduction current is defined as
J" : o(E): ogosinat
where o is conductivity and ,O is electric field intensity'
and the displacement current density is
, : dD -AE
E:, E
: eno(wcosut) :
,la
So
sol
3.4"25
the phase difference between J. and
ernosi"($
"/a
- rt)
is 90''

Method of images are used for the charge distribution at a distance from
grounded plane conductor.
sol-
3,4.*S

Given
C :0.005pF:5 x 10-eF
V :500V
Capacitance of condenser,
Supply voltage,
,
Permittivity of oil,
befQre immersion is
in
condenser
stored
So, the energy
:2.5
w:+cV:Ixsx
:6.25 x
(immersed
to-'gx(soof
10-4 J
After immersing the condenser in oil the capacitance changes while the
charge remains same.
i.e.
Qafterinmersi,on
Qb"fur"i**"rrion
:2.5 x
: (5 X 10-'gX500)
10-6 Coulomb
The capacitance of the cond.enser after immersion is
: ,C
: (2.5X5 x 10-'g) :1.25 x 10-8 F
Therefore, the stored energy in the condenser immersed in oil is
Coft",im
.
i
ssL
3,4,2?
"r"ion
d :J?-+*:2.5
w:ô
2C1uft"ri**",sion) 2(1.25 X 10-")

Given,
1o 4J
Capacitance,
:3pF:3 x 10-6F
I :2p,A:2 X 10-6 A
Current,
Page 20?
Chap J
Charging time,
t:6sec
So, the total charge stored on capacitor is
Q : Charge transferred
: It :
(2
10_6X6)
Therefore, the voltage across the charged capacitor is

_(2 x 10-6)(6)
_a
-e -
:4
-;10=-
Volt

Given, the total charge on capacitor : V
(1) Electric field between the plates will be given
as
E:-YV
which is independent of permittivity of the material filled in capacitor
so .O
(2) The
will be constant
displacement flux dehsity inside the capacitor is given as
D:eE
(3)
As ,E is constant while permittivity is doubled so

The charge stored on the plates is given as
where
D will
also be doublecl.
Q:CV
I/ is constant but capacitance c will be doubled as it
proportional to the permittivity given
is directh,
as
g:rt
-ad
So, the charge on plates
will be get doubled.

As discussed already, the capacitance will get doubled.
Therefore, the statements 2 and 4 are correct.
()

since, resistance doesn't store any energy. so, the energy stored in the
is only due to inductance and given as
c'il
w:|r'P
where ,L is the inductance and .I is the current flowing in the
circuit. At
the fully charged condition, inductor is short circuit and therefore. current
through the circuit is
I
So, the energy stored
w
tol
3.4.30
:X: T: toa
in the field (in the inductor) is
: |{0.+)(1of :
2o Joules
The normal component of erectric flux density (D) across a dielectric-
dielectric boundary is given
as
D1n- D2n: p"

where p, is the surface charge density at the interface.
Option (D) is coirect

The equivalent capacitahte bf series cpnnected capacitance has the value
less than the smallest capbcitance here the smallest capacitance is ca so
the
total capacitance is less then Co
CrlCu
C*= Cu
sot.
p.4.ss

Given, the electric field intensity in rnedium
1.
Et:5a,-2o4*3a"
Since, the mediuril interface lies in plane
z:
0.
So; we get the field compdnents as
and
Eit:\ar-2an
En :3a"
Now, From the boundary condition for electrii field we have
Eu: Ezt
4E1n :6rB;,
So, the field coi,nponents in medium 2 are
Ezt: Eu:5o;-2ou
Ern:ZE*:go"
Therefore, the net electric field intensity in medium 2 is givdn as
Ez : Ezt* E2n : 5a, - 2ar* 6a"

So; the z-component of the field intensity.in rnedium 2 is
:6a;
Er,
3"4.3e Option (A) ls correct.

Electric flux density,
D : lC/mz
Relative permittivity,
Cr =O
Since, the normal .componerlt of flux density is uniform at the boundary
surface of two medium so, the flux density insid'e the slab is
D:LCfmz
Therefore, the polarization of the slab is given
3.4.4a
as
=(+)o :tX 1 :0.8

The capacitance of a isolated spherical capacitor of radius
C:
-R
is defined
as
treoR
Since the two spheres are identical and separated by a distance very
much
larger then R. So, it can be assumed as the series combination of crprcitu,rr"es.
Therefore, the net capacitance between two spheres is given

l.e.
3.4.4{
c:##;:ffiW#:2,reo'
as

For steady current in an arbitrary conductor the current density is given
r_I
"-A
as
Page 209
Chap 3
and since 1 is constarrt So, J is constant and therefore V x J:0

is true'
So, the current density is solenoidal' i'e' Assertion (A)
false'
The reciprocal of resistivity is conductivity' i'e' Reason (R) is
Page 210
Qhap 3
sol-
3.4,42

Sinceo the displacement current density is defined
as
to:#
So,itisgeneratedbyachangeinelectricflrrxandthereforethedi
is
current has only A'C. components as derivative of D'C' components
A'
i.e. A and R both are true and $ is correct explanation of
sol-
3.rt.43 Option (B) is correct.

,
Dielectric constant,
:5
D :2Clm2
FInx density,
So, the polarization of the medium is given as
l\l : * x 2 :7.6Clmz
p
- :('
a
\rl-
80L 3,4.44

as below
The ohm's law in point form in field theory is expressed
(For constant
V:RI
u:fin
wherelislengthintegraland,4isthecrosssectionalarea.So,weget
D:PJ
E:Lo
l.e.
sol.
3.4.45
J:oE

Displqcement current density is defined
as
Jo:rQ
-" At
and the conduction current density is defined as
J":oE
for a dielectric e must be larger while conductivity must tend to zero.

So, we get
Ja
))
J"
i.e. displacement current is much greater than conduction
sol.
3"4.46 Option (B) is correct.

Conduction current,
/.
:1A
Operating frequencY,
f :50H2
Medium PermittivitY'
e -
PermeabilitY
current'
c0
lt : lto
o : 5.8 x
10 mho/m
ConductivitY'
densit5
The ratio of conduction current density to the displacement current
is
J"o
Jo-a
I"IA *_
Io/A
(,4 is cross sectional area)
ra :
ffr":
,"r5
tl6*(1) :
Chap 3
+.a
1o-11A
sot
3.4"4?

when there is no charge in the interior of a conductor, the electric field
intensity is zero according to Gauss's law the total outward flux through a
closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed.
Now if any'charge is introduced inside a closed conducting surface then an
electric field will be setup and the field exerting a force on the charges a.nd
making them move to the conducting surface. so all the charges inside a
conductor is distributed over its surface. Therefore the outward flux through
any closed surface constructed inside the conductor must vanish.
A is false but R is true.
sol-
3.4"d,A

when the method of images is used for a system consisting of a point charge
between two semi infinite conducting planes inclined at an angle
/, the no.
of images is given by
'nr:/369"-r\
\@ I
Here the angle between conducting planes is

So,
N:3
/:
gg'.
and since all the images lie a. a circle so we have the image charges as shown
in figure.
sol
3.4,49

Consider the two dielectric regions as shown below.
Et: a'
Er:2a,
Since the field is normal

fields are,
Region
et:
1eo
Region 2
e2:2es
to the interface so, the normal components of the
En : 7- and E2n:
From boundary condition we have
Page 211
rEu-
Page 212
zEzn
P"
(where p, is surface charge density on the interface)'
Chap 3
G,X1) -(zeo)(z)
: p"
P,:-3o
$ct
3.4"s0

The'stress is called the force per unit area which is directly proportional to
the electric field intensity and electric field intensity is inversely proportional
to the permittivity of dielectric material.
l.e.
So, ratio of stress is
noL
:s
:.rllo
4:rl?o
llSes
Ez - lle
*****(*{<**t<*
CHAPTER 4
MAGNETOSTATIG FIELDS
Magnetostatic fields are produced by the moving charges, (i.e., charges that
are moving with constant velocity) or constant current flow. In this chapter
we shall study the subject of magnetism that includes following topics:
o Concept of magnetic flux, magnetic flux density, and magnetic field
intensity.
Biot-Savart law, which defines the magnetic field at a point due to a

differential current element.
r
o
Ampere's circuit law, which defines the magnetic field in a loop.
o
42
Magnetic field intensity due to various current distributions: straight

line current, square current loop, solenoid, etc.
Scalar and vector magnetic potential.
MAGNETIG FIELD CONCEPT

Steady magnetic fields are also called static magnetic fields or magnetostatic
fields. The two opposite ends of a magnet are called its poles. If a magnet
is floated freely, one pole will point towards the north pole and is called the
north pole of the magnet, denoted by N. The other pole is the south pole,
denoted by 5, as shown in Figure 4.1. Following are some important,terms
related to magnetic field.
4.2.1
Magnetic Flux
Magnetic flux is the group of magnetic field lines emitted outward from the
north pole of a magnet, as shown in Figure 4.7.It is measured in Weber and
is denoted as @.
\
I
Fignle 4..1.: Magnetic Flux Lines from a Magnet
Page 2L4
4.2.2
Qhsp 4
Magpetostatic Fields
Maguetic Flux DensitY

Magnetic flux density is the amount of magnetic flux per unit area of
a section? perpendicular to the direction of magnetic flux. It is a vector
quantity and also known as the magnetic induction. The unit of magnetic
flux density is weber per squared metre (wb/m') or Tesla (?). It is denoted
by B.MathematicallY'
u:
*@^
the
where djD is a small amount of magnetic flux through small area d^9 of
to
normal
vector
unit
is
the
a,
and
section perpendicular to magnetic flux
thesurfacearea.Theaboveequationmaybealsoexpressedas
o:In'as
Js
i.e. the magnetic flux through any surface is the surface integral of the
normal comPonent of B'
4.2.8
Magnetic Field IntensitY

The degree to which a magnetic field can magnetise a material is called
Magnetic field intensity or Magnetising force. It is a vector quantity and
d.enotedbyll.ItsunitisNewtonperWeber(N/wb)orAmperepermetre
(A/*).
4.2.4
Relation between Maguetic Field Intensity (rr) and Magnetic Flux

Density (B)
The magnetic field intensity is related to the magnetic flux density as
B : p,H: FIF,H
where, pl is the permeability of the medium, ps: 41r x 10-7H/m is the

permeability of free space, and. p, is the relative permeability of the medium'
4.3
BIOT.SAVART'S LAW
when electric current flows through a conductor, it produces a magnetic

field. Biot-savart's law gives the magnetic field intensity produced due to
a current element. According to the Biot-savart's law, the magnetic field
intensity d.f1 produced at a point P due to a differential current element
1d-t, shown in Figure 4.2, is given bY
dH
__
u##s
As we know, the magnitude of cross product (I d.L x a6) is equal to

so, in vector form the magnetic field intensity can be given as
(l
d,l sin
a)
d'H:t#
_ IdL x_R
4nR"
where o6 is the unit vector along the distance vector tr|. Hence, the total
magnetic field intensity produced by the current carrying conductor is
H:|ry#
fIdLx R
:J,.-ffi
. .(4.1)
Page 215
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Fields
F'igurc
.tr,.2:
Illustration of Biot-Savart's Law
Direction of Magnetic Field Intensity

As the magnetic field intensity is the cross prod.uct of Id,L and .fi| so, its
direction can be determined by either "Right-hand rule,' or *Right handed
screw rulett.
1.
Right-Hand Rule : The direction of dH can be determined by the righthand rule with the right-hand thumb pointing in the direction of the
curtent, the right-hand fingers encircling the wire in the direction of dll
as shown in Figure 4.3(a).
2.
Right Handed screw Rule : The direction of d,H can be determined also
by the right handed screw rule, with the screw place along the wire and
pointing in the direction of current flow, the direction of rotation of the
screw in the direction of. d,H as shown in Figure 4.3(b).
dH
Irigurr" '1 i} : Determination of Direction of Magnetic Field Intensity using (a)

Right Hand
Rule, (b) Right Handed Screw Rule
13.2
Conventional Representation of (H) or Crurent (1)

The direction of the magnetic field intensity (11) or current (1) is represented
by a small circle with dot O if fI or 1 is out of page or by a small circle with
cross sign a if 11 or ,I is intci the page as shown in Figure 4.4.
H( or4 is out
d
l,r )
II(or
1) is in
a
(1,)
l'igur:e 4.4 : conventional Representation of
(or
r) (a) out ofthe
page (b) Into the page
Page 216"
"
'
4.4
AtlPEREtSjCIRCUlf;AI,:'l*tlr' ' r.,
Chap 4
'
!.
, ;
,; ,,;
'
Ampere's circuital lau states that the line integral of the magnetic field
intensity around any cloSed,,nq!\.is Eqp{ to the {irect curlF+t" enclosed,,by
the path. The closed path oh which Ampere's law is applied i's known as
Amperian Path or Amperitin'tbop: F6llotvirtg are the two matherriatical forrns
of Ampeie's circuital law:
Integral Form of Amperets Circuital Law
If the total current enclosed by a closed loop .t ,be ,I as shown in Figure 4.5,
then from Ampere's circuital law tLe hirc integral of magnetic field intensity
I[ around the closed loop .t'is equal to 1, ire. ' ,
" r1 r'r'
[n. at:t
Jr.
Il.igrrrr.:,1.i.l:IllustrationofAmpere'sCircuitalLaw.
Differential Fsrm of Amperets Circuital Law

In differential form Ampere's circuital law is defined
as
YxH:J
i.e. the curl of the magnetic field'"intensiby"(.Ef) is equal to the current
density (J) pJ the point in space. ff at agy point, no current density exists,
then the curl of the magnetic field is zero at that point.
4.5
MAGNETIC FIELD INTEIIISITY DUE TO VARIOUS CURRENT IilsTRtBUT|ONS
Similar to the different charge distribution discussed in previous chapters,

we can have three types of current density distribution given as:
1. Line current density, 1, given in Ampere,
2. Surface current density, I{, given in Ampbre per meter (A/m), and
3. Volume current density, J, given in Ampere per squared metre (A/m'z)
These current densities are related to each other as
IdL=KdS=Jdu
Thus, in terms of the distributed current sources, equation (4.1) becomes
H:II4#
,:ly#
H:lw
(Line current)
(Surface current)
(Volume current)
Now, we obtain a more generalised explUnion.Sf ,some typical ,urrent

distributions.
Page 217
Chap 4
Magnetoetatic Fields
Iegnetic Fteld Intensity due to a Stralg[t Line Current

Consider a straight current carrying filamentary conductor of finite length
,4.B located along the z-axis as shown in Figure 4.6. The current flows
from point ,4 to point B. The magnetic field intensity produced due to the
straight line current is given by
I,
,}, : fr(roscz
- cosal)c6
..@.2)
where or and a2 tuto the angles subtended at point P by lower end ,4 and
upper end B respectively.
I(into
the page)
Figrrrc
"1.1i:
Magnetic Field Intensity due to a Straight Line Current
Magnetic Field Intensity due to an Infinite Litre Current

A special case to the above expression is found when the conductor is infinite
in length. For this ca.se, point A is at (0,0, - oo) while B is at (0,0,"o). So,
the angle subtended by its lower a,nd upper ends respectively becomes
i
(}r : l80o
0z :0o
Therefore, equation (4.2) reduces to
and
rt',r-- I ^
wrrd
This expression can also be derive using Ampere's circuital law.
Magnetic Field Intensity due to a Square Current Carr
'yrng
Loop
in the z: 0 plane and carrying

in the anti-clockwise directionas shown in Figure 4.7. The net
magnetic field internity at the origin due to the square current carrying loop
Consider a square loop of side 2a located
a current
is given by
:fr1o.
7ra
Page 218
Chap 4
2a
l;
igirr*r
.1,.7:
Magnetic Field Intensity due to Square Current Carrying Loop
1.5.4 Magnetic Field Intensity due to a Solenoid

Consider a short solenoid of length ,t and radius a as shown in Figure 4.
. It has n turns per metre of its length and it carries a current 1. The
section of solenoid is shown in the Figure 4.8(b). Magnetic field intensity
point P due to the solenoid is given by
n : !posa2-
(a)
cosc,ll&,
(b)
Figurr,r,l.li; (a) Solenoid with n T\rrns per Unit Length, (b) Cross Section of Solenoid
4.5.5
Magnetic Field Intensity due to an Infinite Sheet of Current

Consider a thin infinite current carrying conductor plane having a uniform
surface current density ,K. The magnetic field intensity due to the infinite
sheet of current is given by
H:;Kxa"
1
where a, is the unit vector normal to the surface directed towards the point
of interest.
4,6
MAGNETIC POTENTIAL
Just like an electric potential, we can define a potential associated with

magnetostatic field. In fact, the magnetic potentials are of two types:
1.
2.
Magnetic Scalar Potential, and

Magnetic Vector Potential
Scalar Potential
Page 219
Chap 4
From Ampere's law we know
YxH:J
If the current density J is zero in
some region of space, then we have
x.EI:0
Since the curl of magnetic field intensity is zero, so we can write the magnetic
field .EI as the gradient of scalar quantity as
H:-YV*
'..(4.3)
where, 7- is called the magneti,c scalar potential.lts unit is Ampere. Equation

(4.3) can be expressed in integral form as
(v^)no:- Juf'n .
at,
Following are some important points related to magnetic scalar potential:
s:r,,rscalai
tlb 63i,
,lofiir*eryte.
Magnetic Vector Potential

FYom law
of
conservation
of magnetic flux density, we know that
the
divergence of flux density is zero. i.e.,
V.B:0
Since, the divergence of the curl of any vector is zero. So, vector
expressed as the curl of another vector field, (say ,4), i.e.
can be
B:Y xA
The vector field ,4 so defined is called the "uector magnet'ic potent'ial".Its
unit is weber per meter (Wb/m). Magnetic vector potential satisfies the
Poisson's equation, i.e.
y2
:_
LtoJ
***********
EXERCT$E 4.1
Page 220
Chap 4
Maguetostatic Fields
M3* 4.t.{
Magnetic field intensity .E[ exists inside a certain closed spherical

The value of V ' .EI will be
(A) 0 at each point inside the sphere.
(B) 0 at the center of the sphere only.

(C) 0 at the outer surface of the sphere only.
(D) Can't be determined as .E[ is not given
MeQ 4.1.2
A circular loop of radius a, centered at origin a"nd lying in the rg

carries current 1 as shown in the figure.
The magnetic field intensity a the centre of the loop will be
(A)
*""
Q) *""
trac& 4.1"3
@)
-*""
@)
+",
In the free space a semicircular loop of radius a carries a current 1.

will be the magnitude of magnetic field intensity at the centre of the
(A)
,,4
@)+
Q)*
@+
Co'nrnon Data For Q. 4 and 5 :

A long cylindrical wire of cross sectional radius
distributed over its outer surface.
ilca
4.1"4
.R carries a steady
Magnetic field intensity inside the wire at a distance
r(<
.R)
current
from it's
will be
(A) non uniform
(B) zero
(C) uniform and depends on r only
(D) uniform and depends on both r and R
axes
*{{:a 4-1.5
The magnetic flux density outside the wire at a distance r(> .R) from it
center axes will be proportional to
(B) Ilr
(D) rlR
(A)
"
(C) rlR
Page 221
Chap 4
Two infinite current carrying sheets are placed parallel to each other in free
space such that they carry current in the opposite direction with the same
surface current density. The magnetic flux density in the space between the
sheets will be
(A) zero
(B) constant
(C) Iinea,rly increasing from one sheet to other
(D) none of these
I
F.
1..r.7
i
l.al-8
In a spherical co-ordinate syslem magnetic vector potential at point (r,0,4)

is given as A : l2cos|on. The magnetic flux density at point (3,0,2r) will be
(B) 0
(A) 4aa
(D) 36oa
(c) 4a
An infinite plane current sheet lying in the plane g: 0 carries a linear

current density K: Ka," Alm. The magnetic field intensity above (y > 0)
and below (g < O) the plane will be
(A)
g>0
y<0
f",
-Ta,
(B)
(c)
(D)
2e'
io,
-2Ka"
K
2Ka,
q%
-Tav
Comrnon Data For Q. I and 10 :

In a Cartesian system, vector magnetic potential at a point (r,y,r) is defined
as
: 2t ya, + 2f rao - Sryza"wb/m

I +t.e The magnetic flux density at point (1,-2,- 5) will be
(B) 40o" * 80a, * 6a, wbfmz
(A) 40a" *6a,"wbfml
(D) 80a" - 6a"wbfm2
(C) -40a, - 804, - 6a"wbf m2
I rlt.'ro The total magnetic flux through the surface z:4,0 < r S 1, -I < U < 4
A
will
be
(A) 20 wb
(C) a0wb
'
'
(B) - 10/3 wb
(D) 130/3 wb
, 41.11 The current density that would produce the

A:2aa in cylindrical coordinates is
magnetic vector potential
(A)
'
-Lo,
PnP'
re)#",
Q)
h",
@)h",
F
Page 222
mcQ
{1"{.'12 Magnetic field intensity produced due to a current.souxce is given
Chap 4
g :
(zcos ay) o,y + (z *
The current density over the

(A) (o, - 0,y- a")Afm2
rz
plal;re
eu)
will
as
a,,
be
(B) -o, * &v- &"

(C) -2a,t au-2a,
(D) o, * ar* a,,
&{eo
,s"x'13 Assertion (A) : In a source free region, magnetic field intensity

expressed as a gra.dient of scalar function.
Reason (R) : Current density for a given magnetic field intensity is

AS
J:YxH
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
lxen
A and R both are true and R is correct explanation of A.

A and R both are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
A is true but R is false.
R is true but A is false.
4.'l-'14 An electron beam of radius a travelling in o, direction, the current

is given
as
J :2(r\ - 1\",
al
Fc
The magnetic field intensity at the surface of the beam will be
(A)
n6rQ 4.{"{S
$"'
(n)
#",
Q)4",
@)
*",
If there is a current filament on the r-axis carrying

(A) 0.1(a"-2a)Afm
(B) 1.76a"- 1..62au Af m
(C) (- !.077a,* I.62a,n) Alm
(D) -0.1(2o"- ou)
\
r$*fi {.{"{6
A in a,
(4,2,2) ?
4.4
then what will be the magnetic field intensity at point
In the plane z : 0 a disk of radius 3 *, centered at origin carries a

^/
surface charge density pr:2C/^'. If the disk rotates about the z
an angular velocity w:2rad/s then the magnetic field intensity

point P(0,0,1) will be
(A) a" Alm
(B) 2a" Alm
(C) au Alm
(D) 2a, Alm
Common Data For Q. fZ and 18 :

In a Cartesian system two parallel current sheets of surface current
Kt:3a,A-r/m and Kz:-3a,Afm are located at r:2m and r:respectiv'ely. The net vector and scalar potential due to tfre sheets are
at a point P(I,2,5).
+r.r?
Consider the scalar potential at any'point (r,U,r) in the region between the
two planar sheets is V*. The plot of I/- versus g will be
Page 223
Chap 4
I/_(A)
:
-{
g(m)
V^(A)
s(m)
E! .,1.18
The vector potential at origin will be
(B) -3paa"Wb/m
(D) -3wb/m
(A) Spaa,Wb/m
(c)

A uniformlv charged solid sphere of radius r is spinning with angular velocit i'
a:4radls about the z-axis. The sphere is centered at origin and carrics a
total charge 5 C which is uniformly distributed over it's volume.
Ee
/r,{.19
The plot of magnetic dipole moment of the sphere, m(r) versus the ratlir
of the sphere, r will be
"(*)
r(m)
r(m)
r(m)
rn(r)(A-m2)
PVge 224
$cq
4.1.?o
Chap 4
Magnretostatic Fields
:,,
:;Q
.4.1.21
The anrage.Enm$ig$dd intensity wtthi4'the sphere will be
(N
#w
(B)
fi",
7",
(D
#""
rect4ugglar cail, lyipg.ip t[re plane r+7g-1.52-3.5 carries a

quch that the qragretic nom.ent of the coil is dirocted away frorn
origin. If the area of the rectangular coil is 0.1 m2 then the magnetic
of the coil will be
(A) -0.2c" - 0.2sn* 0,3.q A-mz
7A
(B) ?c" + EA - 6p" !r-lrr'

(C) 1.4a, + 4.2a0 - 2.1o" A,-mz
(D) 0.2c" * 0.6a, : 0.&c, .A,-m2
r*cQ 4.{.22
Vector magnetic poterrtial
(6y
2z)
a"*
in a
certain region
The electric curront density at any point (4

(A) (- 8o, * zau* 6q") Nmt
(B) (3c, * o") Af m2
(c)
4",t.23
y, z)
will be
A-/m2
Magnetizing force at arry point. P on z-axis due to a eemi infinite

element plaped along poeitive o-axis is Il. If one more similar cu
element is placed along positive y-axis then the resulta,nt magnetizing
at the point P will be
(N
HlJ'
(B)
J'
(c) 2H
@)
t*tQ
4"1.24
is
(D) fr(8o" *2an-6o")

Mgo
of free space
4xzon
-nH
.[-shqped fi'lanrentary wire with semi infinite long legs making

90' at origin atrd lying in y-z plarre as stpwn iir the figure.
an
If the current flowlng in the whe is I = 4 A thetr the magnetic Ilux

at (2 m,0,0) will be
(A) -2 x 10*7(c,+ a,)Wb/m'?
(B) 2 x 10-t(o,+o,)Wb/m'
(C) -4 x 10-?(a,* a)Wb/m2
(D) a x lO-'(a"+a,)Wb/m,

An infinitely long straight conductor of cylindrical cross section and of radius
.R carries a current 1, which is uniformly distributed over the conductor
cross section.
If the cond uctor is located along z-axis then the magnetic flux density at a
distance p ( < -R) from the cylindrical axis will be
@)#"
@)#"-
Q)#",
ro)#"r
Magnetic flux density at a distance p(>,R) from the cylindrical axis will be
proportional to
(A) 1
(B)
',p
'p' +
(c)
4.1"2v
(D) p'
The magnitude of the magnetic field intensity produced at center of a square

loop of side a carrying current 1 is
(A\
rc\
'
2/' I
TA
-JJ2ra
tst
hI
(D)
EI
'
4,1"28 For the
7T O,
' Ifo,
single turn loop of current shown in the figure the magnetic field
intensity at the center point P of the semi circular portion will be
1:8
1m
,-l
1'2m
(A) 5.8 A/m

(B) 5.8 A/m
(C) 3.8 A/m
(D) 3.8 A/m
outward
inward
outward
inward
***rk**{<***<*
Page 225
Chap 4
EXERGISH 4"2
Page 226
Chap 4
Meo 4,2"{
A conducting filament carries a current 5 A from origin to a point

. Magnetic field intensity at point (3, 4, 0) due to the filament currd
be
wbf m2
MCQ 4.2"s
A circular conducting loop of radius 2m, centered at origin in the

z: 0 carries a current of 4 A in the a6 direction. What will be the
field intensity at origin in a, direction ?
$0&
A long straight wire placed along z-axis carries a current of 1: 10A ir

*4" direction. The magnetic flux density at a distance p:5cm fron
wire will be
x 10-5 wbf m2
4"2.3
mcQ 4.2.4
For the currents and the closed path shown in the figure
Ampere.
, Jd H . dl:
L
12:10 A
o
MCQ 4,2.5
Two infinitely Iong wires separated by a distance 5m, carry currents

opposite direction as shown in the figure. If 1: 8 A, then the magnetic
intensity at point P is
A/m in o, direction.
1m
&
P>
01
5m
MStt
4"?.G
Two point charges Q1 and Q2 are located at (0,0,0) and (1,1,1) respectivelj
A current of 16 A flows from the point charge Q,. to Q, along a straight win
connected between them. What will be the value

$ n. dt (in A/m)
"f {he
around the closed path formed by the triangle having
vertices (1,0,0).
(0,1,0) and (0,0,1) ?

An infinite current sheet with uniform current density K:20a,, A/m is
located in the plane z:2.
The magnctic field intensity at origin will be
Magnetic field intensitv at point (2,

direction.
itcs
4"?.s
-1, 5) will
A/m in o, direction.
be
____
An infinite current sheet with uniform surface current density K

is located at z:0 as shown in figure.
4'x'{ii}
ao
In the free space two cylindrical surfaces p :0.5 cm and p : 0.25 cm carries
the uniform surface current densities 2a, Af m and - 0.8o, A/m respectively
and a current filament on the entire z-axis carries a current of 14 mA in
the *o, direction. The surface current density on the cylindrical surface at
p:8cm. which will make the net magnetic field H:0 for p> 8cm will
be
A/m in a. direction.
Common Data For Q. 10 and 1L
HcQ
Afm in
4a, Alm
Magnetic flux density at any point above the current sheet (z > 0) will be
pocr,, n'b/m2
uca 4.x"1!'i The vector magnetic potential at
z:-
2 will be
x poarwbf m2.
rcQ ,4.*.52 In the free space, magnetic field intensity at any point
b,6,r) is given by
H:2p2 aa A/m. The current density at p :2 m will be
Afrf in a"
direction.
HCQ 4"*"1l;3
Magnetic field intensity produced at a distance p from an infinite cylindrical

wire located along entire z-axis is 3pae A/m. The current density within the
conductor will be
A/m2 in o, direction
HCA r*,R,{d
A circular loop of wire with radius r?:0.5m is located in plane tr:0,

centered at origin. If the loop carries a current I : 7 A flowing in clockwise
as viewed from negative r-axis then, its magnetic dipole moment will be
A-mz in a, direction.
MC& d"*"'rs
In the free spaceT the positive z-axis carries a filamentary current of 10 A

in the -o, direction. Magnetic field intensity at a point (0,2,3) due to the
Page227
Chap 4
Prge 22E
filamentary current will be
A/m in a, direction.
Ctap 4
Magnctctatic Fields
iltca
4"e"'!6
A filamentary conductor is formed into an equilateral triangle of side 2 m

that carries a current of 4 A as shown in figure. The magnetic field intensity
at the center of the triangle will be
A/m in o. direction.
s(m)
r(*)
trrcQ 4,2",t?
A current sheet .I(:4a,, A/m flows in the region -2 < z ( 2 in the plane
r: 0. Magnetic field intensity at point P(3,0,0) due to the current sheet
will be
A/m in a,, direction.
afrcQ 4"2"1S
A square conducting loop of side 1 m carries a steady current of 2 A. Magnetic

flux density at the center of the square loop will be
X 10-6 wbfm2
Me& 4.2"{S
A filamentary conductor is formed into a \oop ABCD as shown in figure. If

it carries a current of 3.2 A what is the magnitude of magnetic field intensity
(in A/m) at point P ?
tvtc{ 4,x.2{}
The magnetic field intensity at point P due

configurations shown in figure will be
I:4
MCQ 4"?"41
to the steady current
Al^.
In the plane z:5m a thin ring of radius, o:3m is placed such that z
-axis passes through it's center. If the ring carries a current of 50 mA in o6
direction then the magnetic field intensity at point (0, 0, 1) will be
mA/m in a, direction.
Ga 4.2.23 An infinite solenoid (infinite in both direction) consists of 1000 turns per
unit length wrapped around a cylindrical tube. If the solenoid carries a
current of 4 mA what will be the magnetic field intensity along its axis

The two long coaxial solenoids of radius o and b carry current 1: 3 mA but
in opposite directions. Solenoids are placed along y-axis as shown in figure.
The inner solenoid has 2000 turns per unit length and outer solenoid has
1000 turns per unit length.
4'*"fr3 Magnetic field intensity inside the inner
solenoid
will
Al^
be
directed along or.
ICQ
4,X";t6
The magnetic field intensity in the region between the two solenoids will be
A/m directed along o,.
4.2""X&
What will be the magnetic field (in A/m) outside the outer solenoid
4,*.}{{
A long cylindrical wire lying along z-axis carries a total current 1o : 5 mA

as shown in the figure. The current density inside the wire at a distance p
from it's axis is given by J s P. If the cross sectional radius of the wire is
2cm, what will be the magnetic flux density (in nwb/m') ut p:1cm ?
11,:s
rca
,4"3"a?
*l
Magnetic field intensity is given in a certain region
as
":P*io,*3#tau-ffia,Afm
What is the total current (in Ampere) passing through the surface
,l3 A ( 4m, 3 3 z< 4m in a, direction ?
HCQ 4"4.i?*
fr:2m
A phonograph record of radius 1 m carries a uniform surface charge density

ps:20C1^'.If it is rotating with an angular velocity cu : 0.1rad/s; what
will be the magnetic dipole moment (in A - m2)
Page 229
Chap 4
Magnetoetatic Fields

A circular toroid with a rectangular cross section of heiglrt h: 10 m, carries
a current 1:10A flowing in 105 turns of closely wound wire around it as
shown in figure. The inner ancl outer radii of toroid are a: 1m and b : 2m
Page 230
Chap 4
respectively.
ib
I
to,
I
4.*"3$
What will be the total magnetic flux (in weber) across the circular toroid
4.X.3n
If the magnetic flux is found by multiplying the cross sectional area by the
flux density at the mean radius then what will be the percentage of error ?
eee& 4.*.35
An infinitely long straight wire carrying current 5 A and a square loop of

side 2 m are coplanar as shown in the figure. The distance between side AB
of square loop and the straight wire is 4 m. What will be the total magnetic
flux (in pwb) crossing through the rectangular loop 7
C
+
l2 rn
m square loop is lying in r-E plane such that one of it's side is parallel
to 3r-axis and the centre of the loop is 0.3 m away from the y-axis. How
much Ampere current must flow through the entire y-axis for which the
magnetic flux through the loop is 5 x 10 5 Tesla rnz ?
lvlLu {.&.Jd
!r{*Q 4"2"33
Consider a filamentary wire is bent to form a square loop of side 2 m lying

in the r-y plane as shown in the figure. If the current flowing in the wire
is
0.5
1: 1 A then the magnetic flux density at the center of the loop will be
xlO-7 a"Wb/m2
2m
An infinitely long straight wire carrying a current 20 A and a circular loop

of wire carrying a current 1 are coplanar as shown in the figure. The radius
of the circular loop is 10 cm and the distance of the centre of the loop from
the straight wire is 1m. If the net magnetic field intensity at the centre of
the loop is zero then the current 1:
Ampere.
+2.33
Two perfect conducting infinite parallel sheets separated by a distance 2 m

carry uniformly distributed surface currents with equal and opposite densities
4o,, and- 4a, respectively as shown in figure. The medium between the two
sheets is free space. The magnetic flux between the sheets per unit length
along the direction of current will be kp,sarWbfm such that the value of k
is
t<*
t(*t(* ** ***
Page 231
ehaF 4
Magaetostatic Fields
hlDrt8
HXFRCI$E 4.3
qri'
rfj+rr.tr.;c
1lie16s
MC(l
,4,"3"t
Assertion (A) : For a static magnetic field the total number

of flux lines
entering a given region is equal to the totar no. of flux
lines reaving the
region.
Reason (R) : An isolated magnetic charge doesn't exist.
(A) Both A and R one true and R is the correct expranation
of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation
of A.

ItcQ
4.3.?
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using
the codes given
below. (Notations have their usual meaning).
List-I
List-II
a.
b.
Amperets
c.
d.
Gauss's
law
Conservative nature of
l. Y . D:
magnetic field
law
B.
Non existence of magnetic monopol
Codes
Z.
4.
ft.
V
p,
as:
In.
at
'B:0
f n.at:o
abcd
(A)3142
(B)2143
(c)2413
(D)3421
MCQ 4.3,t
The source which doesn't cause a magnetic field is

(A) A charged disk rotating at uniforl speed
(B) An accelerated charge

(C) A charged sphere spinning along it's axis
(D) A permanent magnet
rllrc& 4.3.4
The correct configuration that represents magnetic

flux lines of a magnetic
dipole is
(A,
tAl
rVl
,",@l@
,",@)l@
ls
Page 233
,',@)l(@
The correct configuration that represents current I and magnetic fieid

intensity .6I is
I
aa
I
oo
o a ,no o
(c)
oo
aa
I
oo
I
aa
(n)o o H8
oo
aa
In a certain region consider the magnetic vector potential is C and the

current density is J. Which of the following is the correct relation between
and
A?
(B) V'z-A : p4J

(D) V'?A :- p'J
(A)VA:J
(C) V x A:-FJ
,o.
If the magnetic field,

(A) 1.6r'o,p wb/m2
(C)
,3"8
7.6np,
wb/m
{(o r H).
(A) zero
(c)
H:
4a,, A/m, flux density in free space is
(B) I6na"pwb/mz
(D) 160no, wb/m
ds
(B)
1"""
1o1
f n.as
The magnetic field in a an ideal conductor is
(A) zero
(C) finite
(B) infinite
(D) the same
The unit of scalar magnetic potential is

(A) Ampere
(B) Volt
(C) Amp/m
(D) Volt/m
VZ-is
(A) zero
(C) J
(B) V2V*
(D)
v.v%
a,s
its outside field
Chap 4
4.)".r* v xAis
Page 234
Chap 4
(A)
(c) ./.
(B) B
(D) 0
n".l,.,':i Torque has the unit of

(B) N/m
(D) N
(A) N-m
(C) N'm'?
'{.;1.{,$
{a.asi,
(B) I
(D) J
(A) zero
(c)
:;
*t. {."}"': i
11
Absolute permeability of free space is
($ ar x 10-7 A/m
Q)
atr
10-7
(B) aa'x
(D) azr x
F/m
xx
r<t(
*x t<* *i(*
10-7
H/m
70-7 Hf m2
mKmKcilsK 4.4
Page 235
Chap 4
Common Data For Q. I and 2 :

An infinitely long uniform solid wire of radius
of density .I
The magnetic field at a distance
to
c,
carries a uniform dc current
from the center of the wire is proportional
(A) rforrlaandlf 12forr> a

(C) rforr( aandlfrforr) a
(B) 0forr( oandTf rforr> a

(D) 0for r< ound'41r'forr> a
A hole of radius
b(b < a) is now drilled along the length of the wire

distance d from the center of the wire as shown below.
at
The magnetic field inside the hole is

(A) uniform and depends only on d
(B) uniforrn and depends only on b

(C) uniform and depends on both b and d
(D) non uniform
Two infinitely long wires carrying current are as shown in the figure below.
one wire is in the y - z prane and parallel to the 3r axis. The other wire
is in the r - g plane and parallel to the r axis. which components of the
resulting magnetic field are non-zero at the origin ?
(A) ,, g, z components
(C) y,, components
(B)
components
",y
(D) r,z components
':
'?o
i.'.
i.'L . '
'G'Page 236
d'P
&,{s*4'4^4Afluxofl.2mWbeXeItSinamagnethavingacross-Sectionof30cm2
flux densitY in tesla is
(A) 4
(c)
w**
2.5
The magnetic flux densitY
4"4"$
related
as
consicler
and the vector, magnetic Potential4
A:Vx B
(D)A:Y'B
(B)
(A) B:Vx A
(C) B:Y ' A
m*c& 4"4,$
(B) 0.4
(D) 40
electrostatic and
the following statements relating to the
magnetostatic field
:
body is
of charges on an isolated conducting
distribution
relative
The
1.
of the bodv'
Jependent on the total charge
surface is zero'
2. The magnetic flux through any closed
is/are correct ?
Which of the above statements
(B) 1 onIY
iLj x"t,rr* 1 nor
(D) Both 1 and 2
(C) 2 only
Thelineintegralofthevectorpotential.4aroundtheboundaryofasurface
S-r"pr"r"rrtt1tni"n one of the following?
(A) nfux through the surface S
(B) Flux densitY in the surface S
(C) Magnetic field intensitY
(D) Current densitY
f$3*& 4"4"?
&.**qd'.*'&Aninfinitelylongstraightconductorlocatedalongz-axiscarriesacurrentr
g plane
field at any point P in the rin the *ve z-clirection' The magnetic
is in which direction?
(A) In the Positive z-direction

(B) In the negative z-direction
radial line OP (in r
(C) In the direction perpendicular to-the
joining the origin O to the Point P
(D) Along the radial l\ne OP
M*e
- g plane)
of 5 cm radius' What
A 5 A current enters a right circular cylinder
4.4.9
is
end surface?
linear surface current density at the
(A) (50/zr) A/m

(B) (100/zr) A/m
(C) (1000/zr)A/*
(D) (2000/zr)A/f!$*&
potential due to an infinitesimally

is the value of the magnetic vector
it ?
evaluated at infinite distance from
small
d..&.rs what
""p'""t "t"*""t'
(A) InfinitY
(B) UnitY
(C) Zero
depending on the strength of th
(D) Any number between zero and infinity
cur.rent element
a.n.rr
what is the magnetic field intensity vector .E[ between two parallel sheets
with separation 'd' along z-axis both sheets carrying surface current
K:
K,,a,v ?
Current density
(4, ir cylindrical coordinate system
J (p,d,
r)
fr,rof orr. i:l
is given as:
:i:;
where a, is the unit vector along z-coordinate axis. In the region, a < r <
, what is the expression for the magnitude of magnetic fielci intensity (r1)
(q
"'l
#o'-
1C;Jo(43p
o3)
Ja-
b
?
a'1
@1
fi6'+
@l
*rp'- dl
4.4.'t3
which one of the following concepts is used to find the expression of radiated
.E and 11 field due to a magnetic current element ?
(A) Concept of vector magnetic potential
(B) Concept of scalar electric potential
(C) Concept of scalar magnetic potential
(D) Concept of vector electric potential
4.4,,t{
The circulation of ,E[ around the closed contour
0
(c) 4l
(A)
c,
shown in the figure is
(B) 2l
(D) 6l
e 4.4.1s The unit of magnetic flux density is

(A) gauss
(B) tesla
(C) bohr
(D) weber/sec
Q
4'4'{$
The magnetic flux density created by an infinitely long conductor carrying

a current I at a radial distance _R is
(^)#
(C\
P'I
^
'"' 2iF
Chap 4
(A) -k,a,
(B) +kao.u
(C) -k,a,
(D) Zero
E 4J.12
Page 237
@)#
,n,
\"/ -4rR2l
'l1
Page 238
nAse 4"{.r?
II
Match List I with List
and select the correct answer using the codes
below the lists.
Chap 4
List-II
List-I
a.
b.
c.
d.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Work
Electric field strength
Magnetic flux
Magnetic field strength
Codes
Ampere/metre
Weber
Volt/metre
Joule
abcd
(A)4327
(B)1324
(c) 4231
(D)r234
14CQ 4.4, 1E
A long straight wire

magnetic field 1 Am
carries
a current
: 1 A. At what distance
(A) 1.5e m
(B) 0.15e m
(C) 0.015e m
(D) 0.00159 m
e{&Q 4.4,'tti}
How much current must flow
field lmAm
(A) 1.0 mA
(C) 2.0 mA
ffis&
4"4"4e
in a loop radius 1m to
Produce a
(B) 1.5 mA
(D) 2.5 mA
Assertion (A) : Knowing magnetic vector potential

density B at the point can be obtained.
A at a point, th
Reason(R):V',4:0.

(B) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A
r*f& 4,4"t{
The magnetic vector potential
1. B: Y x A
3.
o:l#
obeys which equations
2.
Y2A:-
Select the correct answer using the code given below

(B) 2 and 3
(A) 1 and 2
(C) 1 and 3
!
I
itbl
t-
s8s&
d,,,;l..j|?
p4J
(D) 1, 2 and 3
A long straight wire carries a current 1:10 A. At what distance is th

1
magnetic field 11: 1 Am ?
(A)
(C)
1.1e m
1.5e m
(B) 1.3e m
(D) 1.7e m
what
is the magnetic field due to an
infinite linear current carrying conductr,r
Chap 4
:#ofu
(c) H: # ol^
(A)
Page 239
(B)
11
s:*ol^
(D) fI
:*otrr
Equation V-. B : 0 is based on

(A) Gauss's Law
(B) Lenz's Law
(C) Ampere's Law
(D) Continuity Equation
Plane
y:
0 carries a uniform current density 30a"mAf m. At (1,20,
what is the magnetic field intensity

(A) - 15a,lrrA/m
(B) 15,a" mA/m
(C) 18.85o, mA/m
(D) 2\a"mA/m
GQ 4.4.*6 Which
vector
(A)
(C)
one of the following is not the valid expression for magnetostatic lrei.i
B:v.A
v . B:0
(B) B: V x,4
(D) V x B: poJ
4..1'R? Which one of the following statements is correct ? Superconductors a,,

popularly used for
(A) generating very strong magnetic field
(B) reducing i2r? losses
(C) generating electrostatic field
(D) generating regions free from magnetic field
-Q 4.4.c*
.\\
Assertion (l) : I A . d,S :0 w]rere, B : magnetic flux density, d,S:

vector with dire6tion normal to surface elements d,S.
Reason (R) : Ttrbes of magnetic flux have no sources or sinks.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A

rcQ 4"4"4$ Plane definedby z: 0 carry surface current density 2a, Af m. The magnetrc
intensity' Hr' inthe two regions -a < z< 0 and 0 < z <o are respectiveJv
(A) on and -a,

(C) o" and - o,
(B)
-*r<x**xxx***
- an and a,
(DJ - a, and e,,
ir'
t1
I
I
sol-uTlol{$
Page 240
Chap 4
I
I
4.1
s{}L
4"*"':

Since the field intensity exists in a closed surface and lines of field intensity
makes a closed curve so the flux lines leaving the spherical surface equal
the total flux entering the surface and So the net flux
*:{u.d,s:o
According to divergence- theorem
fa.as:f(r.B)d,u
o: Jfv
Since volume of the sphere
V . H :0 at all points
or
I
will have certain finite value
so,
V.B:0
. Bdu
inside the sphere
:'',i 4.1.2 Option (A) is correct.

The magnetic field intensity produced due to a small current element /dl
defined as
d,rr
where
__
Idl x
?n
4rR2
dl is the differential line vector and oa is the unit vector di
towards the point where field is to be determined. So for the circular

carrying loop we have
dI
aR:-
addao
QP
Therefore the magnetic field intensity produced at the centre of the circ
loop is
Iadba' x
ao)
rr : Ja:o
["
-(4trd
t
I
: ffilol\^ (o") : fia"
s$I-
4.,t"3
Alm

As calculated in previous question the magnetic field intensity produced
the centre of the current carrying circular loop is
H:*
will produce the field intensity half

produced
the field intensity
by complete circular loop.
So by symmetry the semicircular loop
i.e.
${}L 4.1"4
$*-
Field intensity at the centre of semicircular loop
:Lr:

Since current in the wire is distributed over the outer surface so net enc
current, 1"n". for any Amperian loop inside the wire will be zero.
and as from Ampere's circuital law we have
]
F
So.
rt
f n.
f n.
or
d,r:r"n"
d,t:o
.E[
:0
;-
4-1.s
Page 241
(1""":0)
for r<.R

consider the cylindrical wire is lying along z
-axis as shown in the figure.
As the current 1 is distributed over the outer surface of the cylinder so
for an Amperian loop at a distance r(> ,?) from the centre axis, enclosed
current is equal to the total current flowing in the wire.
i
i
Now from Ampere's circuital law we have,

I
J B' dI:
B(2rr)
It
4.1.6
thl"n"
PnI
or
B:
or
B.+
uÎ
(1"
": I)
Tnror

consider one of the sheet carries the current density Kr. So, the other sheet
will have the current density -I{r.
Magnetic flux density produced at any point p due to a current sheet is
defined as
B:ffxxw
where r{ is current density of the sheet and an is the unit vector normal to
the sheet directed towards point p.
so for any point in the space between the sheets normal vector will be
opposite in direction for the two sheets as shown in figure
i,e.
0,n2 :anl
Chap 4
Therefore, the resultant magnetic flux density

between the two sheets will be
Page 242
ch"p
a : flKt
@^
at any point
* (- r(r) x (-
a' is unit
vector normal to the surface, and

density. So the cross product will be a constant.
Since
sol. 4.t,7
ort
"
o^
(at (3,0,2r))

Consider the current sheet shown in the figure.
defined as
due
to a current sheet is
g:!xxa^
where -I( is, current density of the sheet and

the sheet directed towards point P.
4.t.s
an,
I(r is given current
: USuq ao :4ao
Magnetic field intensity produced at any point
$oL
B:Y XA: V x(l2cosdae)

:l${rrr"oso)aa:l439d
4.1.4
paKl

The magnetic flux density at any point is equal to the curl of magnet
vector potential ,4 at the point.
l.e.
sol.
o,')]
the
a, is the unit vector normal to
so, for s >
n :!(xa") x (or) :-|xo,
and for y <
n :|(xa,) x (-
c.r)
(K:
: *o" (K:
Ka"
A.f
m,
Ka, Lf m,
a,:-

Magnetic flux density is defined as the curl of vector magnetic potential
l.e.
B:Y xA
az I
la,a o1r
a
a
-l 0, dy dz
-l
lzty zf
-8ruzl
: (- 8rz -0) a, + (0 + 8yz) a, + (2f
So the net magnetic flux density at (1, - 2, - 5) is
B :40a,* 80au *6a"wbf m2
4.t.{o
a,:

Total magnetic flux through a given surface 5 is defined
- 2t) a"
as
ao)
an
o:Ia.as
Page 243
Js
where d^9 is the differential surface lvector having direction normal to the
surface
So, for the given surface
49
z: 4, 0 I r I 1,
1-
<
3r
< 4 we have
(drdy)a"
and as calculated in previous question we have
B : (- 8rz- 0) o.,+ (0 +8yz) ar+ (2f - 2*) a,
Therefore, the total magnetic flux through the given surface is
*:
I'. ,L,rrt-2i)(drdy)
:2xtl^fau-zxs['ta,
: r[4]_, -rr[$],:2xS-.tf
:40wb
sol-
4"{",t,1

The magnetic flux density at any point is equal to the curl of the vector
magnetic potential at the point
B:Y xA
:f,fiodr)o, :|ffeao, :7o"
l''t
The current density
in terms of magnetic flux density B is defined
:L(v
P4'
as
x B)
:h[-*G)]":fua
This current density would produce the required vector potential.
sol- 4"{.r2

The current density for a given magnetic field intensity .EI is defined
J:Vx,6[
H : (zcosay)au*(z-t
Given
So
o,
vrI/:l I *
:l- *,
or,
av
arn
""s
ay
a,
- ? &t, *
: - cos aAa, *
:
J V X H:J -- a,* aa-
4.1"{3
eu)a,
a,l
*i
l(z+es) zcosay 0l
au
e\)
au
r-z
(*, *, ou - ft 1, +,, ))l *
eu o,"
cosayeryJ-
Therefore the current density in the
sol
as
ou-
ev
a"
plane is
a, Af m2
(a:0
in r-z plane)

In a source free region current density, J: 0.
The current density at any point is. equal to the curl of magnetic field
intensity .EI.
i.e.
J:YXH
Chap 4
rft
1
(J:0)
VxII:O
or
Page 244
and since the curl of,a given vector field is zero so

gradient of a scalar field
Chap 4
sol- 4.{.{4
can be expressed as the
H:Yf
i.e.
So
it
A and R both are true and R is correct explanation of A.

As the beam is travelling in o" direction so the field intensity produced by
it wilt be in aa direction and using Ampere's circuital law at it's surface we
have
H5(2ra)
: I*"
H6(2r a)
I' r(t - f,)z" pap
H6(2na):n"l+_*l:^
H6(2na)
or
sol. 4-t.{5
:ry
":to,

According to Biot-savart law, magnetic field intensity at any point P due to
the current element ldl is defined as
n:IIq4P
J 4rR'
where
is the vector distance of point
P from the current
element.
I:4.44
Now the current element carries a current of' 4'4

So we have,
A in * a' direction'
P: (4a,,*2ar*3a") - (ra,)
(Since on
r-axis E- and z-component will be zero)
R: (4- r)a,*2ao*3a"
R
and
.
,itI
b
I
il
L.
Idl
: r@_,jf+t'+5z
: Jirir+29
:4.4d,ra,
(filament lies from
Therefore the magnetic field intensity is

(4.4a,) x l(+ - r) a, + 2g,! + 3o.1
_
H
-- - J-[**
*
ar e?
- 8, + 291','
4'4 t2o.- u*r)
[*- ,,_ sid* zolt/,,,,
- 4n \o-, 3o,,)J_*
+
1f
r:-cx)
dr
to
r:
@)
:#eo"_s",y[u*S$yz].-
Page 245
Chap 4
Magnetostatic iields
: ffi{Zo" - 3or)
4.4
0.1077 a,
0.762an
:0.1a"
0.2a, Af m
ALTERNATIVE METHOD:
According to Ampere's circuital law, the line integral of magnetic field

intensity .Ef around a closed path is equal to the net current enclosed by the
path.
Since we have to determine the magnetic field intensity at point (4, 2, 3) so
we construct a circular loop around the infinite current element that passes
though the point (4,2,3) as shown in the figure.

Now from Ampere's circuital law we have,
sH. dr:r",,
(2nr)
(I^"
+.+
4.4
2tr x J73
Now direction of the magnetic field intensity is defined
where
a4: o.tx aP
or + unit vector in the direction
r: t/!3
4.4 A)
from figure.
as
of flow of current
unit vector normal to the line current directed toward the point.
-t
So we have,
a6:a,x l(4a" 2au t 3a,) - @",)l
(4- 4)'+22 +82
@p-+
:(,,x@#A
Therefore the magnetic field intensity at the point (4,2,3) is
Lr
:
:
4.4
(2a,
zrt/ts
- 3ao)
Jts
^4L{2o"-Jau)
- 0.2o" Alm
O.Ia"
Page 246
sol.
4.{.'ls
Chap 4
Sincetheuniformlychargeddiskisrotatingwithanangularvelocity
u:2ndls
about the z-axis so we have the current density

K : p"x (angula.rvelocity) : p"(up) : 2
x2x
K :47aa
or
AccordingtoBiot-savartlaw,magneticfieldintensityatanypointPdueto
the current sheet elemenf KdS is defined as
[4!Exgt
s :- J"
4trR2
where
is the vector distance of point P from the current element'
Now from the figure we have
R : a"-
or
and
So the magnetic field
Pis
P&p
R: rE+V
or:4
^/I+p-due to a small current element
intlnsity
d,H:eW:
On integrating the above over @ around the
complete
with
us
leaving
components get ca,ncelled by symmetry,
H(z): h['" Jo
f
-Kd^9
at point
4p(ar* pa")
4tr (p' + l)t/'
circle, the o,
'
!""ru@anat)
atr@'+
'n{ l)
:rIn (f,fua* :21{v.:l#-l:
""
:rl*#lo,:o,At^
$0L rt,1.t7

fit" *ug*tic field intensity produced at any point P due to an infinite
as
sheet carrying uniform current density K is defined
u :l1x x a)
toward the point P'
where a, is the unit vector normal to the sheet directed
Sothefieldintensityproducedbetweenthetwosheetsduetothesheet
Kr:3a" located at tr:2m is
(o' :- c,)
gr:!1to,) x (- a,) :-lao A,lm
and the field intensity produced between the,two sheets due to the sheet
I{z:- 34, located at r:- 2m is
n, :i?Ba,) x (o") :-|a,
(o,:
A/m
o,)
Therefore the net magnetic field intensity produced at any point between
the two sheets is
H : Hrl H2:-3ou
Since the magnetic field intensity
at any point is the equal to the negative

gradient of scalar potential at the point
H :-Y V*
So for the field H-- 3o, in the region between
t.e.
the two current carrying
sheets, we have
a, (the field
-3au -- 4%:
dy
V*:3yl
or
Putting
V*:0
has a single component
where
Cr
for point P(1,2,5) (given), we have
0:3x
Cr:-6
or
Thus,
and the graph of
in o, direction)
Q is constant
(2)+Cr
V^:(By-6)A
I/-
versus y
will be as plotted below
s(m)
4.1,18

The magnetic flux density at any point is equal to the curl of the vector
magnetic potential at the point
l''t
B:Y xA
(1)
B : hH :- SpnavWb/m, (calculated in previous question)

As the magnetic flux density is in ao d.irection so A is expected to be z
Since
-directed. Therefore from eq (1) we have
-44'
- ^ or.
or
Putting
A":
A; :3por* Cz
O at point P(1,2,5) (given),
0
or
So,
'2,.
Ol.[O
:3pn]-
we have
Cz
:- 3po
A,:\pr(r- 1):-3p"
Cz
Thus, the magnetic vector potential at origin is
A --Spaa"Wbfm
at origin (0,0,0)
Page 247
Chap 4
Page 24E
sol. 4.{.19
Chap 4
Option (C) is correct,

Magnetic dipole moment of a spherical shell of radius
charge density p, is given as
* : {prrrn
where
a.,
having surface
is angular velocitr-
total charge of 5 C is distributed over the volume of the sphere

the magnetic dipole moment of the sphere is given as
Since the
m(r):
so.
(p,:p,dr\
f*fo,oOrr
where p, is uniformly distributed volume charge density of the sphere

Therefore, we have
m(r)
:*""8 :!Q,t
(": #\
1
- "^ (s) x (+) x f :4f A'-m2 (Q:5c, ti:4
-5
rad/s)
I
i
i
rn(r)(A-m2)
r(m)
sot
4"r.20

The average magnetic field intensity over a sphere of radius r, due to steady
currents within the sphere is defined as
l2x4f
I2m :G--Frr
no,":G-;F
:-z7Tr
(m:4f
As the sphere is spinning about the z-axis so, the produced magnetic field
will be in o, direction as determined by right hand rule. Thus, we have
Hoo"
sot- 4,{,21
:1a"
fir

Magnetic dipole moment of a conducting loop carrying current / is defined
as:
rn : ISa,
where ,S is the area enclosed by the conducting loop and 4,, is normal vector
to the surface.
So we have
(7) (0.1)a"
Now the given plane is
t*3Y-1'52:3'5
For which we have the function
f : r+3Y-1'52
and the normal unit vector to the plane is,
,':ff:
So the magnetic dipole moment of the coil is
(I
7 A,
^9:
0.1 m2)
na
(o.T@!ll+; t'59)
0.2a,x* 0.64,
Page 249
Chap 4
0.3a, A-m2

The magnetic field intensity, (^tr) in the terms of magnetic vector potentiiil.
(A) is defined
as
H:L(v
Pt '
x A)
:*to x (6y- 2z)a,+4rzaol
frl-
a",
2au
6a,f
Since the electric current density at any point is equal to the curl of magnetic
field intensity at that point.
J:YxH
l.e.
So, we have the electric current density in the free space as
J
:.4"i.2i
Yx
fr[-a",
- 2artBa"l :
consider the point P on z-axis is (0,0,h) and current flowing in the current
element is 1 in a, direction. since the magnetic field intensity at any point
P due to a current element I is defined as
Hf :4fofcosar- cosol]46
where
p --+ distance of point p from the current element.

01
at p.
by the upper end of the element at p.
angle subtended by the lower end of the element
02 -'+ angle subtended
So for the given current element along positive e-axis we have
0r :90o
0z
Therefore,
:0o
n:ffia6
Now the directicin of magnetic field intensity is defined
(p:
h)
as
a'o:Q4xaP
where al is unit vector along the line current and oo is the unit vector
normal to the line current directed toward the point p.
So,
Page 250
Chap 4
Magddatic
ea
e" X
e,":-
6o
Therefore magnetizing force is
Fblds
or
I
I
F.
:he
o')
H:h
Now consider the current flowing in the current element introduced i

the positive gr-axis is 1 in o, direction. so, the magnetic field inte
produced at point P due to the current element along the positive gr-a
i
i
t
I
ru
r
:fi["osc2-
cosatfa4
cos
4;;[cos O' -
90"]a,4
(p
h,r]1
gQo, 42
: ho,
(a6: a, X a" =
magnetic field intensity produced at point p dr
Therefore the resultant

both the current elements will be
or,
Hn"t
Hn"t
: fin
*nC
ao* a,)
Thus, from equation (1) we have
H'"t
${3;.4.1"?,1
: /i H

Consider the flux density at the given point due to semi infinite wire alr
y-axis is .El1 and the flrix density due to wire along z-axis is 82.
The magnetic flux density B produced at any point P due to a straight n
carrying current ,[ is defined as
: ffiposo2- cosal]a4
'o.l:11/2
where
p - distance of point p from the straight wire.
+
a2 +
a1
angle subtended by the lower end of the wire at p.

angle subtended by the upper end of the wire at p.
and the direction of the magnetic flux density is given as
q is unit
a'6:otxdP
where
vector along the line current and a, is the unit vec
normal to the line current directed toward the point P. So, we have
:2m
ad : av X (a"):P
a"
(ar:
o,r,
Q,o:
f:
: a, X a":-
Page 250
So,
Chap 4
Therefore magnetizing force is
a6
n : fn6t-
H:h
4,
",)
Now consider the current flowing in the current. element introduced

the positive y-axis is 1 in an direction. So, the magnetic field i
produced at point P due to the current element along the positive g-axis
n:*l.ose2-cosarla6
4TPt
: ffi1cos}' - cos90']o6
:ffio.
(p
h,or
9oo, oz
: o'l
X a": ql
Therefore the resultant magnetic field intensity produced at point P due to
both the current elements will be
: ffitHo"t :
hrn
Hn"t
or.
(or:
on
au* a,)
Thus, from equation (1) we have
H'*:/2H
$*,,4"1"f;"*

Consider the flux density at the given point due to semi infinite wire aloug
y-axis is Br and the flux density due to wire along z-axis is Bz.
The magnetic flux density B produced at any point P due to a straight wire
carrying current I is defined as
ffiposa2 -
cosal]a,p
(2,0,0)
where
p + distance of point P from the straight wire.
+ angle subtended
a2 + angle subtended
a1
by the lower end of the wire at P.

by the upper end of the wire at P.
and the direction of the magnetic flux density is given as
o'4:Q4xQ'P
where or is unit vector along the line current and ao is the unit vector
normal to the line current directed toward the point P. So, we have
P:2m
a6 : Qy X (a"):-
a"
(at: anrap: a,)
: E, az: 0
at
Therefore the magnetic flux density produced at point

infinite wire along gr-axis is
t' :
similarly
*)
Page 251
due to the semi
Chap 4
(as y tends
cos$)1- o4
to
:-#o"
ffi(coso we have the magnetic fl'x density prod.uced at point p due to
semi infinite wire along z-axis as
Ar:-ffiU
Thus, the net magnetic flux density produced at point
-shaped filamentary wire is
:-ffa_
:-
4.1,26
:
due to the tr
2n&o"
2(ar* o") x
1o-7
wb/m2
Option (A) is correct

Using ampere's circuital law we have
f
l B' dl:
lhI"n"
As the conductor carries current .I which is uniformly distribute over the

conductor cross section so, the current density indde the conductor is
l:4
we construct an Amperian loop of radius p(< R) inside the cylindrical wire

for which the enclosed current is
t*:(#)trt : \#)
and since the current is flowing along z-axis so using right hand rule we get
the direction of magnetic flux density along *a6.
Thus, from Amperes circuital law, we have
(86)(2rp) : 7","
or
E-
4.1-26
'-:#(#)
B-PIIP^
-
2nfr*o

Similarly as calculated above we construct a,n Amperian loop of radius
p(> R) outside the cylinder for which the entire current flowingin the wire
will be enclosed.
i.e.
I"r" : f
and from Ampere's circuital law we get,
B6(2trP) : p4I
Bo:
So
tu- 4.1.27
fia
PaI
w
1

Consider one half side of the square loop to determine the magnetic field
';'
I
$
p
'ilage 252
intensity at the centre O as shown in the figure.
Uhap 4
i' f aguetostatic Fields
,l
0i
al2
il
I
h
The magnetic field intensity f/ produced at any point

wire carrying current I is defined as
due
to a strail
n:fiposa2-cosa1]
where
p + distance of point P from the straight wire.

ar + angle subtended by the lower end of the wire at P.
az angle subtended by the upper end of 'thefire at P.
'
So we have
P:al2
ar:7t/2
az : n/4
and
Therefore the magnetic field intensity produced at centre O due to the h

side of the square loop is
I t -r --^7r\-:
Hr- 2"Gn\"oZ
- "usZ/
As all the eight half sides produces same field intensity at the centre of
I
loop so, net field intensity produced at the center due to the complete sqri
loop is
Hnet
sot- 4.{.2a
:g/-J-\ :2qra I
\J2ra)

For the shown current loop we divide the loop in two segments as shown
figure
Segment
I:8
Ill
1m
;-J
I s.emuot z
2m
Now the field intensity due to segment (1) (Semicircular loop) at point
can be given directly as calculated in Que.60
l.e.
n,
: *
or
F'
: Zfu :2
where a is radius of semicircular lo
Alm
(o:
1r
again for determining the field intensity due to segment (2) we consider
as the half portion of a complete square loop of side 2 m and since the fir
intensity due to a completer square loop of side a carrying current 1 can
b-.
directly given from previous question.

l.e.
Page 2r;r:
H_ zJzt
7fa
so the field intensity due
H,
ChaP 'r
Magnetostatic FielJ.
to the half portion of square loop is
/i I
:IH:
zTa
s,:/z-G)-4/,
" ,r(2)
(1:
7r
A,
a:2m)
As determined by right hand rule the direction of field intensity produced

at point P due to the two segments will be same (inward) therefore, the net
magnetic field intensity produced at point p will be
Hn"r
Ht* Hz : ,
*****:***{<**
* nf :
3.8
A/m
inward.
Tt'
soLuTloNs 4,2
Page 254
Chap 4
sol
4.2.,t
r0
I
Magnetic field intensity
at any point P due to a filamentary current
defined as
u:fi1cosa2-cos01]tr4
where
p + distance of point p from the current filament.

or ' arrgle subtended by the lower end of the element ut p-[l
'!
02 + angle subtended by the upper end of the element at p-]
l
Flom the figure we have
P:/fa4:5
ot = IEl2 + Cosgr:
and
cos'c
: -L:P Js'iIE tt
Now we Put these values to get,
H:#(+3-9",
:#o* :0.074aowbf
(1:5i
m2
l
$oL
4.2"2
According to Biot-savart law, magnetic field intensity at any point p drnl
n:IldlxF
J 4trR"
where -E is the vector distance of point
Here current is flowing in o6 direction
p from the current
element.
So the small current element
Idl : Ip64o, :4 x 2dbao : gddao

and since the magnetic field to be determined at center of the loop so r
have
:2m
,l
(radius
: 2l
and
dn :- &p
(pointing towards origiri
Therefore the magnetic field intensity
at origin is
n : [* (8deq):_t_
: a" Afm
/t2,3
a,)
f,; ,*_!_uo" : #[e]:0.
cm
According to Ampere's circuitar law,

the line integrar of magnetic fier,r
intensity 11 around a crosed path is equal
to the net current enclosed by thtr
path.
since we have to determine the magnetic
field intensity due to the infirril r:
line current at p = 5cm so we construct
a circular loop around the jine
current as shown in the figure.
Now from Ampere's circuital law
we have
or
rhererore
J'8.
dI:Fof","
B(2rp): /a X 10
(1*"
*" n'*
l() A)
cm as
l:ii-1"ff-ry'x""1':'l''
:4 X 10:;"wb/m2
Z' x S
x-iOf
4.2"4
Correct answer is _20.

According to Ampere's circuital
the contour integrar of magnetic
intensity in a closed path is equal.law
to the current
by the path.
i.e.
fi:i
"rr"tor"a
$8. dI:1","
"right
Now using
hand rure, we obtain the direction
of the magnetic fiertl
intensity in the loop as it will be opposite
to the direction of ,t.
so,
$n. m:-r"n":-2oA
(10A is not'inside the loof. So it

won,t be considered.)
4.2.5
Correct answer is _1.5915 .

The magnetic field intensity produced
at a distance
straight wire carrying current 1 is
defined
H:+
p froman infinitery l,rrg
as
As determined by right hand rule, the

direction of magnetic field intensily
will be same(in _ a, direction) due to
both th"
magnetic fierd intensity due to both"rrr"ntir;;;;";;.,ri _r,,.
the current carrying wirr,.;
;,rlHnet
H:Hr*Hz
^\, I
---I2r@\-/ av)+
,'4it
au)
Cbap 4
P:5
Page 2bb
:-q$* :-ln:-
Page 256
Chap 4
i"
?,6
(r:
1.5e15av
Correct ansli'er is 6.
Since the current flows from Q and terminates at Q2 and the charge
located at the surface ofthe contour so the actual current is not enclos
the closed path and the circulation of the field is given as
fn . m: pnllaf","
: *lf
' ds + | an, '
llo1"o"
M"h
and
asl
""
where .Ei is the electric field intensity produced by charge
field intensity produced by charge
so,
Q2.
froL,":#[''(g).,,(g)]
Q1
while
.Ez
is
:+#*+#
As the current flows from Qr and terminates at Q2 so the rate of change

the net charges is given as
-#:#:16A
Therefore from equation (1) we have the enclosed displacement current
lIoL^":f t- rol +f {ro) : oa

Thus, the circulation of magnetic flux density around the closed loop is
Ia'a:/ro(6)
..i
: 6po Wb/m
d,l :6
LIn.
J
lto
'
t'
I.
5$L
4"1.7
ln.
d,l
Correct answer is
10.
:6
Magnetic field intensity at any point P due to an infinite current carrying

sheet is defined as
n:!xxu
where K is the current density and o" is the unit vector normal to the
current sheet directed toward the point P.
Since we have to determine the magnetic field intensity at origin so from
the figure we have
lol.
0* :- O,
Therefore the magnetic field intensity at the origin is
Page 25?
n :${zou) x (- a"):toe'A/m
Magnetoctatie FtcHe
Cbap 4
(K = 20a,)
4,2"8
Magnetic field intensity at any point P due to an infinite current carrying

sheet is defined as
6 :|xx
o,
where ,fi( is the current density of the infinite sheet and a" is the unit vector
norpal to the cuirent sheet dF ctgd,to.i;af0 the point P.
Since we have to deterlnirre tbe medhetic field:intensity ut point (2,
-1, 5)
which is above the plane sheet ai shown in figUie, so we have,
Arr:l
A"
Therefore the magnetic field intensity at the point (2,
n :|Poo,x
iol.
4.?,t'
a)
-l,
b) is
:-$eu :-loouAlm
(K:4Qd,)
Correct ans\4/er is -0.13 .

Consider the current density at p=8cp'is / drectgd along
Now the magnetic field for p > 8 cm nqst bb zero.
ta:.
l.e.
(for p'!.8 cm)
I[
=0
So flom Ampere's circuital lp,w wo hbve
In'm-l",":o
Since for the region p > 8 cm the A.qperian loop wilt have all thd currs:rt
distributions enclosed inside it.
i.e.
I"n"
: l4x
10-3
+2 x (2Tx 0.s x
:6.43 x
10-2)
-0.g x
(2zr
"
10-2+
x 10-2)
+J(ZrxSx10-'z)
0.25
/(tdn'x l0a)
So we have
6.43
or
or
x 1o-2+
,I(16n
10-1'+"0
d
:--
J':-
(1"""
6:43 x 10-!
16n x 10-2
0.13o,
A/m
= 0)
Page 258
sol. 4.2.ro
Chap 4
Correct answer is -2.

For determining the magnetic field at any point above the plane z: 0.
draw a rectangular Amperian loop parallel to the 37-z plane and
an equal distance above and below the surface as shown in the figure.
Flom Ampere's circuital law,
m:thl"n"
Ie.
Since the infinite current sheet is located in the plane z: 0 so, the
-component of the magnetic flux density will be cancelled due to
and in the closed Amperian loop the integral will be only along y-axis.
we have
:
231 :
B(21)
pal","
paKl
(1"n":
As determined by right hand rule, the magnetic flux density above the plarl
z: 0 will be in - a, direction. So we have the flux density above the currc{
sheet as
A :-^l
&y
=-21taouwbfm2
ALTER}IATIVE iIETHOD:
The magnetic flux density produced at any point
carrying uniform current density I{ is defined as
(K:4Alnl
P due to an infinite shed
n -luo(K x a,)
where a" is the unit vector normal to the sheet directed toward the point P.
So, magnetic flux density at any point above the current sheet I{ :4a" k
a :|n@a,)
sol.
4.2,11
Correct answer is
(a":
x (o") :*2ttnaswbfm2
o,l
-4.
Magnetic flux density at a certain point is equal to the curl of magnetfu

vector potential at the point.
r.e.
B:Y xA
So from the above determined value of magnetic flux density
we have,
V x .4 :-2poauwbfm2
(l)
Since ,4 is parallel to I{ so the vector potential ,K will depend only on z.
Hence, we have
A(z) a"
Flom equation (1) we have,
I o, a, a,l
_2pna,:l *
*l
00
-2pnar:'-uilO,
lA(z)
or
A(z)
Page 259
Che 4
Magnetctatic Fi,ldg
|
I
:2pr,
A :2pnza,
So,
Therefore the vector magnetic potential
A
3,4.?,.12
Correct answer is
--
at
z:-2
is
4paa.wbfrn
12.
current density at any point in a magnetic field is defined as the curl of

magnetic field intensity at the point.
J:Y xH
Since the magnetic field intensity in the free space is given as
:2p2
ao
Therefore the current density is
t :iryA",:|firzp,)a"
:6Pa":l2a,A/m2
ltol
4.!",13
(p:2m)
Given that the cylindrical wire located along z-axis produces a magnetic
field intensity, H : 3pa6.
so, applying the differential form of Arnpere's circuital low we have the
current density with in the conductor
as
J:YxH
a"l .lao pa6 a,"
.la,a pa6
_Ilplan
a
, ao
a E
do a;al_11
l:716
'
a
A,l I o 3p, 0
:
|,fttttla,: 6a" Al^'
,lAo
sol
4"2"14
pA6

Magnetic dipole moment of a conducting loop carrying current 1 is defined
as:
m:
IS
where ,5 is the area enclosed by the conducting loop. So we have
m :7 x (zr x 0.52) : 5.5

(I : T A,.R : 0.5 m)
The direction of the moment is determined by right hand rule as when the
curl of fingers lies along the direction of current,then the thumb indicates
the direction of moment
So,
sol
4,2.,r5
m :5.5a,
A-m?

Since the current is flowing in the
So,
Idl
: l|dz(-
a")
a, direction
Pace 100
c,fnlP
,,
Ma6mtort*le Flelds
defined as
n:f,l"osa2-costrr]a"
- distance of point P from the current filament.
or + angle subtended by the lower end of the element at P.
oz + angle subtended by the upper end of the element at P.
where p
Now from the figure we have,
oI
P:2
az:r-0
Cos02 : cos(n -
0)
:-cosg:--+:,/2'
0r
and
or
COS01
:0
: COS0:
n:
So,
3'-
3"15
(angle subtended by end
z: *)
fiPosa2 -
cosar]o4
:u!ml'-(-#)]",:9
Now the direction of magnetic field intensitv is defined
x (r+
h)"
as
'a4:atxaP
where or is unit vector along the line current and an is the unit vector
normal to the line current directed toward the point P.
aa : (- a,) x (a,): a"
So we have
Therefore,
':#('+#)(".)
: 0.73a, m
.
sol
4,2,{6
A,f

As the magnetic field intensity at the center of the triangle produced by
all the three sides will be exactly equal so we consider only one side lying
along c-axis that carries 4 A current flowing in + a, direction a,s shown in
the figure.
Now the magnetic field intensity at any point P due to a filamentary current
/ is defined as
n:fiPose2-cosa1]o4
where
p+
distance of point P from the current filament.
01
02 +
angle subtended by the lower end of the element at p.

angle subtended by the upper end of the element at p.
c(m)
c(m)
From the figure we have
tan3o.
and
:t * e:h
(11
:,rT
0z
rf
6:+ + cos01 :
30o =e cos02
"orf
lt
:- _T
- g9g$g.: /5
so the magnetic field intensity produced by one side of the triangle

at centre
of the triangle is
H' :
az
;!J-[cos
-', ,'
,ti
cos ar] a6
3:- /51{-a
r ITt2,1il^
]u,:ior
Now the direction of magnetic fierd intensity is determined
as
Q'6:0'1 XQ'P
where ar is unit vector along the line current and, ao is the

unit vector
normal to the line current directed toward the point p.
and since the line current is along r_axis so we have
A6 : A, X Ay: &z
i,t
(At= A, Op= Ov)
Therefore the net magnetic field intensity due to all the
three sides of triangie
is
H : BHt: s x (*)o :9a, A/m
(ao:
o,)
:2.9649a" Alm
s{tl 4"*,{7
Correct answer is -0.75 .

According to Biot-savart law, magnetic field intensity at
any point p due to
the current sheet element Kd,S is defined as
n : J"frqf_l:es
4rR.2
R is the vector distance of point p from ihe current element.
Nou'we consider a point (0,y,2) on the current carrying sheet,
from which
we have the vector distance of point (3,0,0)
where
R:(3a,*\an*0o,)-(0a,+ aay* za"):(3s, - yq_

a, : 3aL-J!+J? 3e' :-!.9- nsz
"/3"+f+l
^/g+ur+/
za.)
h1:fr
f&cldE
'trpr
Page 262
Therefore the magnetic field intensity due to the current sheet is
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Eields
4(- za, - 3q,,)

J":-rJ,:-* 4Rg + yp + \wdadz
_
: f, f-
we note that the r component is anti symmetric in z about the origin (odd
parity). since the limits are symmetric, the integral of the r component over
z is zero. So we are left with
':I:f
+^1sffi4qauaz
I:le; s)rtrv;71. :a,z

:-** I,hd* :- n9o,l*,."-'(6)]1,
- - + ""
:-? ,
7f
:sol.
4.2,{A
(2)
0.7ba"
(0.5e) o,
Alm
'o
I-2
0.1
1m
As all the four sides of current carrying square loop produces the same
magnetic field at the center so we consider only the line current AB for
which we determine the magnetic field intensity at the center.
Now the magnetic field intensity at any point P due to a filamentary cuuent
.I is defined as
where
HI : 4fifcosa, - coscl]o6
p-+ distance of point p from the current filament.
or
angle subtended by the lower end of the filament at
a2
angle subtended by the upper end of the filament at
P.
P.
Flom the figure, we have
p: i,^,
1
So
CLz=
45" and d,r=
180'- 45.
the magnetic field inten'sity at the centre o due to the line current
n':
ffi1"os02
cosar]
: GIG/D[cos45' - cos (180" - 45')]
t 2: :f;
-- 1\x J2
1\
n,'.,
A-B is
and the magnetic flux density produced by the line current

.4.B is
Bt:
:
lhHr :4tr X tO.7 X fr1f

5.66
10-7 wbf m2
Therefore the net magnetic flux density due to the complete square roop
will
be four times of .B1
i.e.
B:4Bt:4X
:'2.26 x
(5.66
10-?)
10-6 wbfm2

According to Biot-savart law, magnetic fierd intensity at any point p
due to
, : JI IdIx an
4trR2
where -R is the vector distance of point p from the current
element.
As the cross product of two parallel lines is always zero so the straight
segments will produce no field at p. Therefore the net magnetic
field
produced at point P will be only due to the trvo circular
section.
i.e.
H : Hco-f Hde
tE
:[["''
@ffi-l]*,:,. +[1"* wffi:trsrl,,:,_

:
I"''/%ao- ["''fuao
:fr *['-+] (t)" :0.2 Alm
"
ALTERNATIVE METHOD:
The magnetic field intensity produced at the center of a circular

loop of
radius .R carrying current 1 is defined as
g:J-2R
and since the straight line wilr not produce any field at point p
so due to
the two quarter circles having current in opposite direction, magnetic
field
at the center will be
,:i[*-*)
where
o -+ inner radius
b -+ outer ra.dius
,:+[#_#]:o2Atm
f,iffi
q{ff,
rUagtretrr*tlt
m
P{G
e04
$oL 4.2.20
Chap d
Ittagnstotatic FioLls
Correct answer is 0,82 .

The magnetic field intensity at any point
current 1 is defined as
due
to an infinite fi
H:* z7t p
p from the infinite current filament.

Now the two semi infinite lines will be in combination treated as a si
infinite line for which magnetic field intensity at point p will be
where p is the distance of point
:#
H,
(.R is the length of
point P from line current
4
- nxz _t
-i
(I:4A,R:2
As the magnetic field intensity produced at the center of a circular loop

radius .R carrying current f is defined as
H:#
so magnetic field produced at point P due to the semi circular segment is
nr:t";E:+
Therefore net magnetic field intensity produced at point
p is
H:Ht+Hz_**i
: 0.82 Alm
$AL 4.2.21
Magnetic field intensity produced at any point

loop carrying curre4t -I is defined as
'E
p on the axis of the
: 2(f, Ît tflzrz^,+
^,
where ft, is the distance of point

the radius of the circular loop.
P from the centre of circular loop and
Flom the figure we have
p:3m
and
h:5-1:4m
and using.right hand rule we conclude that the magnetic field intensity is
directed along -Fa,.So the magnetic field intensity produced at point p is
H_
50
1o-3(3)2
+ 421e/z
9x50x10-3
:ffi@":l'8o'mA/m
2(32
Assume the cylindrical tube is of radius a for which we have to determine
the magnetic field intensity at the axis of solenoid. Now we consider a small
ring (small section of solenoid) of the width d,z at adistance z frompoint p
lying on the a:ris of the solenoid as shown in the figure.
The total current flowing in the loop of the ring will be

d,I : nld,z where n is the no of turns per unit length
since magnetic field intensity produced at an-y point p on the axis of the
circular loop carrying current f is defined as
':T#w
where h is the distance of point
P from the centre of circular loop and p is

the radius of the circular loop.
So we have the magnetic field intensit;r due to the ring as
(p: o,h:
z)
Florn the figure we have
z:acoto+dz*_ffin
and
sind:g:-L:+
r Ja2+l
1 -sin3d
(o,+/yr'e3
The total magnetic field intensity produced at pdint
due to the solenoid is
u:ll--ffffi:+l:,ff-s,;-_odn)
:-9|'::"odo :$("oro - coszr)
:nI:1000X4X10-3:4Alm
i
4.2.*3 Correct answer is -3.
r
(n:1000,1:4mA)
'
As calculated in the previous question the magnetic field intensity inside a

long solenoid carrying current .I'is defined as
: nI
where n is no. of turns per unit length

and since using right hand rule we conclude ihat the direction of magnetic
field intensity will be right wards (+ or) due to outer solenoid and left wards
((due to inner solenoid. So the'resultant magnetic field intensity
"r)) inside the inner
produced
solenoid will be
H : Ht+
H2 : nrl(- o) * n2loo
where n1 arld na ate the no. of turns per unit length of the inner and outer
solenoids
So
respectively.
'
H -- (B x to{)(2000)a"+
: 3 x 10-3(- 1oo0)a, :-
(3
Bou
10-3)(1000)a
A/m
Page 265
Chap 4
r,'
1
Page 266
sol
4-2.24
Chap 4
Since no any magnetic field is produced at any point out side a solenoid
in the region between the two solenoids field will be produced only due
the outer solenoid.
H:
l.e.
rulay
:1000x3x10-.or:lqAlm
sol.
4.2,25
Since no any magnetic field is produced at any point out side a
so, at any point outside the outer solenoid, the net magnetic field
produced due to the two solenoids will be zero.
soL
4,2.26
Since the current density inside the wire is given by
Jqp
J:kp
So we have,
where ,t is a constanL
and the total current flowing in the wire is given by
h: IJ'as
J"
or
5x1o-3:[To'[,i"Aoo
5
10-s
-hrk(2 \
(/o
mA)
l0-2)g
u:*xtx#:ffix,03
So we have
Now for the Amperian loop at
p:1cm
enclosed current is
h":lJ.as
:
fl x 1o-2
I kp(2rp) dp
JP=o
:(# x 1d) 'r"[+].
:+r+x1o-3:fixfi-s
So from Ampere's circuital law we have
$a.
Jt
m:thr"n"
B(2np)
:#
10-3
Therefore the magnetic flux density
at
p: lcm is
:#r rd$rT
x 4n x
ro-7
:1.25 X 10-8
:
sQL 4.2.27
l2.5nWb/m2

Current density at any point in a magnetic field is defined as the curl of
magnetic field intensity at the point.
J:Y xH
l.e.
So the current density component
in o, direction
is
J,:(V
I4,
:w-#
"
Page 267
Chap 4
Magnetostatic Eblds
:-(
: -\G;1Y
-. 't,,o+6lz\t
+ ox'
z
)ar
Therefore the total current passing through the surface x =
,3Sz<4mis
:-I^f
(#++z+z)dudz
:- I^l#+z+,afn,az ::4,?"28
m,
t < y< 4m
r:lJ,.ds
:- I:,t,(&+otz)d'ud'z
aol-
259
(d,S:
dyd,za")
(r:2m)
+T2z)dz
I^ (Zo
Magnetic dipole moment of a conducting loop carrying current 1 is defined

AS:
m:
IS
where S is the area enclosed by the conducting loop. So for a ring of radius
r, magnetic dipole moment
m: I(trf).
Now as the charged disk(charge d.ensity, fu:20C1^')!4g!atinS witn
angular velocity tl:0.1rad/s so, the current in the loop is givEn as
d,I
p,
ard,r
Therefore the magnetic dipole moment is
*:
:
f
'rl
a4nf1
l:o(rr"dr)(rf)
: pru^ f d,,
['
:20 xo.t t
"[fl,
: t:1'5708 A-m2
r
I
Page 268
&oL 4.2.25
Chap 4

Magnetic flux density across the toroid at a distance
from it's center is
defined as
a:ffiao
1-
Total no. of turns

Current flowing in the toroid
across the toroid is given by the surface integral
flux
magnetic
So, the total
of the flux density
where
o: In'
l.e.
as
where d,S is differential surface area vectot.

Consider a width dr of toroid at a dista,nce
r from it's center as shown in
figure
Centre axis
I
'i
;t+ffi
Irr+lln
total magnetic flux across the toroid
So we have the
o:
2tr
sol. {.2,30
(d,S:
I:-,^(#a,)@ara,1
4nx7O-7x105x10x
as
1.39
10
'(?)
(N:
105,
/:
hd,ra6)
10
A)
Wb

As determined in previous question the magnetic flux density across the
toroid at a distance r from it's center is
a:ffiao
So at the mean radius,
'--5!:1'5m
B:hll67f o^
we have,
(r:
1.5
m)
Therefore the total magnetic flux is
o'
:I
"
d,s
: I:,(#
*){na,"o)
105 x 10 x 101-12
:Fl',l1
- 4zr x 10-7 x
(dS:
hdra5)
(l[:105, 1:10A)
:1.33Wb
Thus, the percentage of error is
Tnerror
:P4
100%
(d:
1.39wb as calculated above)
: E};#a x Tooro : - 4.3r%

The magnetic fl,x density produced at a distance p
from a straight wire
ca^rrying current .I is defined as
B:PI
Now consider a strip
dp of thesquare roop at a distance p from the
straight wire as shown
"iri$o
in the figure.
Total magnetic flux crossing the strip is

d{^: B(2dp)
(area of sftip
:ffiear)
So,
the flux crossing the-complete square
:2dp)
loop is
":',,ikedp)
: Sl"d2
:e.#(t"f)
--
Jn,
4.2.sa
g.11
10-7 Weber
0.g1!r,Wb
Correct answer is 20g.5 .

As calculated in previous question the total
fl'x crossing through the square
Ioop due to the straight conducting element
.
is
,!* :
f'
"ffi{t
ao)
.where 1 is the current carried by the conductor, tr is the side of the square
loop and a,b are the distance of the two sides
of square loop from the
conductor.
So we
have
: 0.5 m
o:0.3-g[:0.0bm
tr
b:0.3+ry:0.b5m
Thus,
,b-
:
I::",H@ sap)
: ffU"olg;iE :
fflnny
Therefore the current that produces the net

flux
t:^&t)x5x1o-5
= 208.5 A
{)*: 5 x 1o-5 Tm2 is
pagel
Ch+r
Magnetostatic
Fieb
Page 270
fist.
4"2.33
We consider only the half side of the loop to determine the flux density at
the center as shown in the figure.
Chap 4
The magnetic flux density B produced at any point P due to a straight

carrying current I is defined as
3:/;1cos02-coso1]tl,,
41T
PL
p - distance of point P from the straight wire.

or + angle subtended by the lower end of the wire at Poz + angle subtended by the upper end of the wire at Pand the direction of the magnetic flux density is given as
where
a6: a1X aP
where a; is unit vectolalong the line current and ao is the unit vector
normal to the line current directed toward the point P.
Therefore, the magnetic flux density produced at centre o due to the half
side of the square loop is
nr:]';1"os02-cos01){r6
' 4trPt
where
Thus,
P: trn
o,
",
: E and coso2 : +V:

VI +r
\,/ z
: Go#$D (#_ o)", (ao: aux (-0"): o,)

:t!:o.Wb/m'?
J2
As all the half sides of the loop will produce the same magnetic flux densitlat the centre so, the net magnetic flux density produced at the centre due
to whole square loop will be
B
sor-
4"2,34.
:8Bt :4J2 x !o-7 a"Wb/m'z

:5.6569 x I0-7 o,"Wb/m2

Using right hand rule we conclude that the field intensity produced at centre
of the loop by the loop wire and the straight wire are opposing each other.
so, the field intensity at the centre of the loop will be zero if
Hrir" :
Hloop
...(1)
where H.i," is the field intensity produced at the center of loop due to the
straight wire and H6* \s the field intensity produced at the center of loop
due to the current in the circular loop.
Since the magnetic field intensity produced at a distance p from an infinitely
long straight wire carrying current
H:+
So we
have
is defined
as
Page 271
Chap 4
lidagnetostatic Fields
H*,"
!Q:1q
- =J--:
n
2r(I)-2tr-
(I:20A,p:1m)
and as calculated earlier the field intensity produced by circular loop at its
center is
Hr* : *,
Huop:rGd*F)
oft
So
where o is the radius of the loop
-$:sr
(o
10 cm)
putting the values in eq. (1) we get

10
-.t
T -ut
I : Z:
7f
Thus,
Dr.4,2.35
0.6366

The flux density due to infinite current carrying sheet is defined
as
s:Sxxw
r(
is surface current density and a, is unit vector normal to the

surface directed toward the point where flux density is to be determined.
So, for the sheet in z:0 plane,
where
B,
and for the sheet in
: t(4o,) x (",) :-
2pnav
(w: a")
z:2 m plane
ar: ttao')
x (- a,) :-2poan
(o":-
Therefore, the net flux density between the sheets is
B : Bt+ B2:- 4na,

Thus the magnetic flux per unit length along the direction of current is
r^
l,
;ffiff;
=t_
*****+*****
between the prates).
o")
tl.
soluTtoNs 4.3
Pag272
Chap 4
$0L
4"3.1

is not possible to have an isolated magnetic poles (or magnetic
If we desire to have an isolated magnetic dipole by dividing a magnetic
successively into two, we end up with pieces each having north and
poles. So an isolated magnetic charge doesn't exist.
That's why the tota,l flux through a closed surface in a magnetic field
It
be zero.
i.e.
B'
dS
:0
or more cle-ar, we can write that for a static magnetic field the total
of flux lines entering a given region is equal to the total number of flux
leaving the region.
So, (A) and (R) are both true and R is correct explanation of A.
$sL
4,3,2
sot-
4"3,3

The Magnetic fieid are caused only by current carrying elements aqd
gr
as
R
AtrR3
Since an accelerated Qlectron doesn't form any current element(Idl) so it

not a source of magnetic field.
sol.
4.3-4

Accordirlg to right hand rule if the thufnb poipts in the direction of out
or inw#d cufrent then rest of the fingers will curl along the direction
magnetic flux lines, This condition is satisfied by the configuration
in option (C),
sot.
4.3.$

According to right ha,rd rule if the thumb points in the direction of
then rest of the fingprs will curl along the direction of magnetic field li
This condition iq satlsfied by the configuration shown in option (C).
sol
4.3.6
Option (D) is corrept.

Since the magpetic flux density is defined as
and
B:Y xA
Vx.B=pnJ
Now using the vector identity, we have
V x (V x .1t): V(v .
or,
A)- vzA
Vx.B=V(V.A)-V'zA
poJ: V(V . A)-Y'A
ort
As the vector pciteritial is always divergence free so we get,
y2A:_ poJ
lE
,L3.7
Optioh (A) h corffitr
/L3.8
aot
4.3.9
I_ d3.lo
$L
4.3.1{
t_
4_3.{2
Optiotr (B) is cprrect.
Jt
/t.3,t3
43.14
4.3.15
-.
trL
rIrl
*r
ttlqn*e**nd
***rt*!t*ttt**
soLUTloN$ 4,4
Page 274
Chap 4
Magnetoatatic Fields
sol. 4.4.t

For r) a,
I"ncro""d,
f u,
: (lra2) J
d,l:1"n"1o""4
H(2rr) : (tra2) J
Io
ttLr - in,
uol,
l.e.
For
r<
(ra2)
,t
forr>a
f_
o,
So,
n. m:
H(2trr)
I"nctosed
:#
+
H:^J'u
2ra'
3(}L 4"4.2
I":

Assume that the cross section of the wire lies in the
figure below
Hqr,
r-y
forr(r
plarre as shown
ir
Since, the hole is drilled along the length of wire. So,
it
can be assumed tha
the drilled portion carriers current density of. - J.

Now, for the wire without hole, magnetic field intensity at point P will b
given as
H6(2rR)
: JQrR') =)
Ho,
: *
Since, point O is at origin and the cross section of the wire located in rplane. So, in vector form the field intensity due to the current carrying wir
without considering the hole is given as
Hr: {@a,+ yau)
(1)
Page 275
Again, only due to the hole magnetic field intensity at point P will be given
as
(Haz)(2rr)
:- J(trr')
n*:=*
Again, if we take O' at origin then in vector form
n,
: j@,a,+ u,an)
(2)
r' and g'denotes point'P'in the new co-ordinate system.

Now the relation between two co-ordinate system will be
where
'
So, putting
r:fi'*d
it into equation
and A:g'
(2) we have
Hr:+Kr_Aa,+yayl
Therefore, the net magnetic field intensity at point
Hn"t
is
: Htt Hz: {do,
i.e. the magnetic field inside the hole will depend only on d.
tot
4,4"3

Due to 1 A current wire in r-y plane, magnetic field be at origin will be in
r direction as determined by right hand rule.
Due to 1 A current wire in y-z plane, magnetic field be at origin will be in
z direction as determined by right hand rule.
Thus, r and z-component is non-zero at origin.
tol.
4.11.4

The total flux,
Cross sectional area,
So, the flux density is given as
iD:L2mWb :1.2 X 10-3Wb

,4 : 30 cm' :30 x 10-a m2
D O 1.2x10-3
IJ:=;:*:0.4TeSla
A 30 x 10-.
soL 4.4.5

The relation between magnetic flux density
and vector potential ,4 is
given as
B:Y xA
sol
4.4.S

For an isolated body the charge is distributed over its region which depends
on the total change and the curvature of the body. Thus Statement 1 is
correct
Since the magnetic flux lines form loop so the total magnetic flux through
any closed surface is zero. Thus Statement 2 is correct.
sol.
4-d.?

The magnetic flux density in terms of vector potential is defined
B:VX,4
In.as:f(oxA)ds
as
Chap 4
o-fd"at
Pryo.{o
cFsl
u*irbutc
i.e. the line integral of v6ctor potential A around the boundary of a

5 is equal to the flux through the surface S.
Fhla
sot
4.4.8

the figure.
consider the current element along z-axis as shown in
of magnetic field directing normal

Using right hand rule we get the direction
to radial line OP.
sol.
4.4.9

Forthegivencircularcylinder,considerthesurfacecurrentdensityisK.So.
is given as
the totJ current / through the cylinder
K(2rr)
where
is radius of circular cylinder'
So,
so|. {.4,{O
: I
K:
: c,f
ro-\:5Q
A/"'

r, -----^--+ element
small current
Magnetic vector potential of an infinitesimally
ii
defrned as
A:
l':
T##
Given that 'R where .R is the distance from current element'
So
3ol
+.n.r't
oo
A:0

Considerthetwopa^rallelsheetsareseparatedbyadistance.d'asshownil
the frgqre below
The two sheets carries surface currents
K:
Kuay
Pa[{p277
At any point between them the magnetic field intensity is given
u :i,*
(a,,*
a,t)
r ',r i,
4.4"1a
and ad :
g :|Kuo, x (-a"+
So,
trL
a,
az
a,)
Option (C) is correct

For the given current distribution, the current enclosed inside the cylindrical
surface of radius p for a< p < 6 is
L,"
: l,'(t,$)e"oao)
:\f{o'-':)
and the magnetic field intensitv is given as
In. at :!f;{t
H(2rp)
H
5L
4"4"13
Jo(p'-
- --iF p
"l
ot)

The radiated .E and .EI field are determined by following steps
(1) Determine magnetic field intensity .EI from the expression
fl : p,H: Y X A
(2) then determine
from the expression
x.EI:rdP
-' 6t
So, the concept of vector magnetic potential is used

E and -EI field.
to find the expression
of radiated
tol.
4-4".t4

Using right hand rule, we conclude that the direction of field intensity is
same as determined for the two correct elements 31 and 21 whiie it ig
opposite for the current element 1. Therefore, from thd ampere's circilital
law, we get the circulation of .E[ around the closed contour a.s
,{
J
sol
4.4-15
n .m:
lencro,ed
"'**-
:21+BI- I : 4I

The unit of magnetic flux density
sol.
4.4,16
(B) is Tesla or Wb/m2

From Ampere's circuital law, the circulation of magnetic field intensity in a
closed path is equal to the current enclosed by the path
i.e.
I'H'd,I:1","
So, for the 6urrent 1 the circulation at a radial distance .R is given as
H(2trR): I
u :4a
Mqulrfi }ttb
where o,u is the normal vector to the upper plate and a,r is normal vector
to the lower plate both directs toward the point between them
anu:-
Cr+
as
; :..'
Page 27E
Therefore, the magnetic flux density at the radial distance
Chap 4
is
_ P4tt
B-"^H-PyI
- tiE
sol-
4,4,17
80L 4.4,18

Unit of work is Joule.
Unit of electric field strength (.8) is volt/meter.
Unit of magnetic flux is Weber,
Unit of magnetic field strength is Ampere/meter.
So, inthe matchlist we get, A - 4, B' 3, C Option (A) is correct.
Magnetic field intensity at a distance
current I
2,D' I'
from a long straight wire carrying
is defined as
H:-I
- 2rr
1:=1- 2rr
r : +* :1.59m
so|.
4.4.19

Consider the current flowing in the loop is 1 and since the magnetic field
intensity is maximum at the centre of the loop given as
H:J
-2r
r
is radius of the loop. So, the current that must flow in the loop to
produce the magnetic field 11: 1mA/m is
where
I:2rH:2X1X1:2mA
30L 4,4.20

Magnetic flux density B in terms of vector potential A is defined
as
B:Y xA
A also we know V ' A: 0 but it is not

the explanation of Assertion (A).
i.e. A and R both are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
So,
sol- 4.4.2r
can be easily obtained from

(1) Magnetic flux density in terms of vector potential is given
as
B:Y xA
(2)
Poission's equation for magnetic vector potential is
:_ pnJ
potential
for a line current is defined
(3) Magnetic vector
y2
as
[P^nt
A-_J_GE
So, all the statements are correct.
sol
4,4,22

Magnetic field intensity due to a long straight wire carrying current 1 at
distance r from it is defined as
H:*
\L--
::!q
zTr
Page 279
'Chap4
Magnetostatic tr'ields
r:*:1.59m
Magnetic field intensity due to an infinite linear current carrying
conductor
is defined as
f n.
d,t:r","
H(%rr): t 3 H:*

The net outward magnetic flux through a closed surface is always zero
as
magnetic flux lines has no source or sinks.
f n.
t.e.
[*'-"
as
:o
(1)
Now, from Gauss's law we have
It,
a,
.B)d,u:f
a.
as:o
(2)
So, comparing the equation (1) and (2) we get
V.B:0
ao{. 4.4.25

Given, the plane g: 0 carries a uniform current density B0a, mA/m
and
since the point ,4 is located at (r,20,
so,
unit
vector
normar
to
the
-2)
current sheet is
A":AY
Therefore, the magnetic field intensity
, :L*
K:30a" mA/m)
toL
4.4.26
an
:!{soo") x (ar) __
t5&,mA/m

The magnetic fl'x density at an;r point is curl of the magnetic vector
potential at that point.
Le.
B:Y xA
Flom the Maxwell's equation, the divergence of magnetic
fl'x
density is
zeto.
i.e.
V.B:0
Again from the Maxwell's equation, the curl of the magnetic field intensity
is equal to the current density.
i.e.
or,
VxH:J
VXB:pnJ
The expression given in option (A) is incorrect

t.e.
sol.
4.4.27
(B:
paH)
B+V.A,

superconductors are popularly used for generating very strong magnetic
field.
rY
I
L
fl
hr" rao
chry4'
so!.
4-4.24
ttft69{p{*h llclb
Option (A) is carrgct.

As tb maguetic flu:i lines have no source or sinks i.e. it forms a loop. So thc
total outWird flux through a clmed surface is zero.
i.e.
ll
sol.
4.4.29
B.
ds
:o

The magnetic field intensity due a surface current density .K is defined
g =!xx
as
o^
Where c^ is unit normal vector to the current carrying surface directed

toward the point of interest.
K :2o,.,
Girren that,
and since the surface cqrrying cunent is in plane z: 0.
for.-a < z<O

and' ,',
So,
F.
1
iI
i'i
Fbr 0'<
tl
and
z1s,
^ On::
g,
nr:!(zo,) x (- @") :
g"
Or:
nr:l(za,)
********;i:f
a,
x (",)
--
av
HAqTER 5
MAGNETIC FIETDS IN MATTER
txTRODUCTtol{
ffi"#:il::jililfTff
o
t
.
o
;I1rJ""1-
to provide detaled concepts

of magnetic
Magnetic f6rce on moving charge,

current element, and between
two
current elements.
Lorentz force equation that
describes the net force on a
moving charge
in presence of both electrio and
magnetic forces.
Magnetic dipole moment and
magnetic torque.
Magnetic boundary conditions
that relates
va'v ta.ngential
--.--v the
v.-rsE
and normal
components of magnetic field.
o Magnetic
of materials: magnetization, magnetic:
. susceptibility,characteristic
permeability.
o Types of magnetic materials: paramagnetic,
diamagnetic, ferromagnetic.
o Energy stored in magnetic field
and inductors.
3 Analogy between electlic and
magnetic circuits.
IT
MAGNETIG FORGES
Magnetic
exerted by a magnetic field

on charged particles, current
i:1::current
loops. These t"**r*
[r]""r'uru discussed in folrowing
$:ffi::'and
L2.l
point Charge in
Magnetic Field
If we atow a charge to move
e
with a verocity u in the presence
Force on a Moving
l;'o' ",
then the magnetic force
F^:
.ff
exertei
o'ti"
of a magnetic
particle is given
"n"rged
Q(ux B)
..(5.
1)
Lorentz Force Equation
since' the electric force
p on a stationary
-r or moving erectric charge Q in an
electric field E is given by
F"_QE
so' from equations is.r;
ffi;tL**:}fr?in
*a
the presence or
(5.2), the. total force experienced

[}?
electric as weu
magnetic
utr,'ir,"
;-;;"
F:F"*F^
QE+ Qfux B\
This equation is known
* i)*"tz
y'orce equation The

comparison of the
two forces (electric and magnetic forces) experienced by a moving charge

been summarized in the table below:
Page 282
Chap 5
Maguetic Fields in Matter
Table 5.1: Comparison between Electric Force and Magnetic Force
5.2.2
Force on a Differential Current Element
in Magnetic Field
The differential magnetic force experienced by various differential

elements are given below.
r^:
[.tat, x n
(Line current
,^:l*xBds
(Surface current)
r^:ftxBda
(Volume current)
IdL is the line current element, KdS is surface current element, Jdr
is volume current element, and .FL is the magnetic force exerted on thc
respective elements in presence of magnetic field B.
where
5.2.3
Force on a Straight Current Carrying Conductor in Magnetic Field

Flom above discussion, we can say that if a conductor of length .L
a current ,[ is situated in uniform magnetic field B, it would experience
force given by
OI,
F*:ILxB
F- : BILsin9
where d is the angle between the vectors
5.2.4
ar,Ld
L.
Magnetic Force Between Two Cunent plements

Consider the two differential current,elements ltd,Lt and lzdLz separated by
a distance r. The magnetic force between the two current elements is given
by
[dl'x(4'xo')
F:FlIz[
an Jr,Jr,-------This equation is also called Ampere's force law.
5.2.5
Magnetic Force Between Two Current Carrying Wires

Consider the two straight, long and parallel wires separated by a distance R
as shown in Figure 5.1. Wire(1) carries current 1r and wire(2) carries current
Iz. The force exerted by wire(l) at wire(2) is given by
p,:4*(-
oJ
Similarly, the magnetic force exerted by wire(2) at wire(l) is given by
P'
EyI'I' ^
-riTq
Thus we conclude that there is

a force of attraction between the
two wires
carrying currents in the same direction,
i.e.
l4l: +#:141
4:_ 4
and
,L-,
R
!'igure i.1: Magnetic Force between

Two Current Carrying Wires
TAGNETIC DIPOLE
A magnetic dipole is created when a

negative magnetic charge
positive magnetic charge
- Q^ and, a
Q* arepraced ai a smal ,Jo.r"iio' l. A bar magnet
or a sma'filamentary loop carrying
a current is known as a magnetic
dipole.
Figure 5.2 shows a bar magnet anj
its
equivalent
Magnetic Dipole Moment of Bar

Magnet
"urr*
toop.
The magnetic dipole moment of

the bar magnet is a vector quantity
directed
- e- to + e,". rt is denoted l, _-""1'gu"r.-*"'""'
from
m:
Q^l
Bar
Magnet
Surface
area,
^9
Figiire 5 2 : Dipole Moment of a Bar

Magnet.and its Equivalent current
Loop
Magnetic Dipole Moment of Current

Loop
If a magnetic dipole is rinked to a current
loop with area s and carrying
1 as shown in Figure 5.2' then that ioop
magnetic dipole
il ;
ffi#i
where,
a'
is the
"#;i:;ii,3r
r" the plane of the roop and its direction
page 28J
MagLeiic Fields
Chap b
Matter
is determined by the right-hand rule.
Page 284
Chap 5
Magnetic Dipole Moment of Current Carrying Coil

If a coil has N turns (i.e., N loops), the net magnetic moment of the coil is
given by
Magnetic Fields in Matter
m:NIS
5.4
IUIAGNETIG TORQUE
When a current loop is placed parallel to a magnetic field, forces act on the
Ioop, that tend to rotate it. The tangential forces times a radial distance
at which it acts is called the torque or mechanical moment, on the loop
Mathematicallv,
T:d,xF
where F is the force acting on the loop and d is the moment-arm (i.e., radial
distance of the force from axis of rotation). Torque is expressed in Newtor
metres. It is a vector directed along the axis of rotation of the loop.
5i.4.1 Torqrie in Terms of Magnetic Dipole Moment

as a vector rn, with direction normal to
the plane of the loop; the torque relation can be expressed in a more general
form using vector product. i.e.,
If the magnetic moment is regarded
.l-nxxB
where, T : Torque on loop (Nm)
rn : rnan: magnetic moment of loop (Attt')
B : flux density, Wb/m'
5.5
MAGNETIZATION IN ilIATERIALS
Magnetization is defined as the amount of magnetic moment per unit
volume. It is also called magnetic polarisation density. It is a vector quantilr
and denoted AV (m) Its unit is Ampere per metre (l/*). If there are
N atoms in a given volume Ao with magnetic moments rrt4,TTI4,Trt4,....rrL5
respectivelv, then' magnetization is given by
M
5.5.1
: Jir.(#i-,)
Magnetic Susceptibility
In a linear material, magnetization is directly proportional to field intensity. i.e
M gH
M -- x*H
or,
where
X- is the
magnetic susceptibility of the medium. The magnetb
susceptibi,li,ty of a magnetic material is a measure of the degree of magnetization
of a material in response to an applied magnetic field.
5.5.2
Relation between Magnetic Field Inten^sity and Magnetic Flux Density
In a magnetic material,
magnetic field intensity
3:
magnetic flux density is expressed in terms of
as
p,o(H* M)
: FoF,H :
P,H
u^(t+x^)n
where,
coil b
Page 2Eb
poF, is called permeability of the medium, expressed in Henry per

metre (H/m),
Ho : 4tr x 10-7H/m is the permeability of free space, known as absolute
permeability,
tl, :(I*X*):fi
dimensionless.
)tl tb
*ance
ir tt"
t
relative permeability of the medium,
it
is
Classification of Magnetic Materials
loop-
Depending upon the values
of the magnetic susceptibility (x^) or the

relative permeability (/"), -ugtretic materials are broadly classified into
three groups as
1. Paramagnetic materials
2. Diamagnetic materials, and
3.
Ferromagnetic materials.
Paramagnetics and diamagnetics are linear magnetic materials whereas

ferromagnetics are non linear materials. The characteristics of these magnetic
materials are given in Table 5.2.
to
nral
nal
|.G
MAGNETOSTATIG BOUNDARY GONDITIONS

Magnetic boundary conditions are the conditions that B or .E[ or M field
must satisfy at the boundary between two different magnetic media. In
the following sections, the boundary relationships are described separately
for the field components normal to the bound.ary and tangentiai to the
boundary.
unit
ntitr
E are
.-?ll-r
15.f
Boundary condition for the normal components

Consider the normal components of magnetic field shown in Figure 5.3. The
two different magnetic media 1 and 2 are characterised by the permeabilities
p4 and,6l2 respectively' Flom the boundary condition, the normal components
of magnetic field are related as
Bn:
Bzn
In terms of the field intensity, the boundary condition can be written
lhiln:
as
p,zHzn
Thus, the normal component of B is continuous, but normal component of

.EI is discontinuous at the boundary surface.
L'igurc ii.i): Magnetic Boundary Conditions
Chap b
Thble 5.2: Classification of Magnetic Materials
Page 2E6
Chap 5
q.N. Paramagnetic
1.
Diamagnetic
The atoms or
molecules
have a
permanent
magnetic dipole moment.
Ferromagnetic
The magnetic material Ferromagnetic materiak

does not have permanent are made up of smafl
patches called magnetk
magnetic dipoles.
domains.
2.
In the absence of
any
applied external magnetic
field, the
permanent
The presence of an
external field Bs will
induce magnetic dipole
moments in the atoms or
magnetic dipoles in a
paramagnetic material molecules. However,
An externally applied
field Bo will tend to
Iine up those magnetk
dipoles parallel to thc
external field. The stron6

are randomly aligned induced magnetic dipoles interaction betweel
and thus do not have any are anti-parallel to Bo, neighbouring atomk
magnetization (M:0) leading to a magnetization dipole moments causes r
and thus, the average M and average field much stronger alignmeil
magnetic field (B;) is also anti-parallel to 116, and of the magnetic dipoler
zero.
therefore, a reduction in than in paramagnetk
the total magnetic field materials.
strensth
.).
these
The enhancement of thc
When placed in an external

field (fr), the dipoles
applied external field can

be considerable, with the
total magnetic field inside
a ferromagnet 103 or 1d
times greater than tbe
applied field.
a torque that
tends to align rn with
-E[, thereby producing a
net magnetization (M)
parallel to H . Since 81 is
parallel to H, it will tend
to enhance the field.
The magnetization (M)
is not only in the same
direction * (II), but also
linearly proportional to
it.
experience
4.
5.
Paramagnetism
is
temperature dependent.
6.
7.
lJ,)t,X^>0
p,,
1I,x*<0
X^) 0,F,) I
(Itt paramagnetics X^ (In diamagnetics X- is

is usually of the order of usually of the order of
10-6 to 10-3.)
- 1o-5 to - 1o-s)
Examples: Air, platinum, Examples:
Copper, Examples: Iron, steel
gold, silver, lqad, silicon, nickel, cobalt etc.
tungsten, potassium,
aluminium, chromium,
palladium, copper
sulphate, manganese, etc.
diamond,
bismuth,
antimony, mercury, tin,

zinc, alcohol, hydrogen,
nitrogen, water, etc.
Boundary Condition for the Thngential Components

Now' we assume that the boundary carries a surface current density
k
normal to the plane as shown in the figure. According to boundary
condition,
the ta^ngential components of magnetic field in the two media are
related as
(H"- Hr,) : K
or
(E -E"\: n
\/rt Fzl
In vector form the boundary condition can be given as

(Hr- H) X a,tz: K
where, a'rz is the unit vector normal to the boundary directed from
medium
1 to medium 2. If the media are not conductors, then the boundary
is free
of current, i.e., K: 0; and then,
Hrt:
Hzt
Eu:Pn
and
Fr
l-tz
Law of Refraction for Magnetic Field

For a boundary interface with no surface current, we define the law of
refraction as
!u,n-d,
lrt
tan?z
Fz
where d1 and 02 are the angles formed by the field components with the
boundary interface, and pr,1, r-r2 are the magnetic permeabilities of the tvno
different media.
TAGNETIG ENERGY
Iir order to establish a magnetic field around a coil, energy is required but
no energy is needed to maintain it. Just as energy is stored in electrostatic
field, energy is also stored in magnetic field of inductor.
Energy Stored in a Coil
Consider a coil with self-inductance .L. If the current flowing through
coil is
1, then the magnetic energy stored in the coil is given by
w*:|tF
Energy Density in a Magnetic Field

In a magnetic field with flux density B, the stored magnetic energy
density
is given by
,*:!1n . ny
where
-Er is the magnetic fierd intensity in the region. The total magnetic
energy stored in a region is obtained by taking the volume integral
of the
energy density, i.e.
w^:
3.8
f **d,,: I*@
H)d,u
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
If all the magnetic fluxes associated with a particular distribution of currents,
is confined to a well defined path, then that can be considered as
analogous
to an electric circuit in steady state and refer as magnetic ci,rcu,it. tr'igure
S.4
hrr
Chlr
Magnetic Fields
ir - -
T'
I
Page 2EE
Chap 5
ciicuit fhiih is analogous to electric circuit.

between electric a,nd magnetic circuits is given in Table 5.3.
shows a magnetic
Figure
l'-l..1: Analogr
betwen Elatric md Magnetic Circuit.
lhble 5.3: Analogr between Electric and Magnetic Circuits
rgpetiE
:.1;tiii.,:.,,,
i ::a'::::? :::;,. I t4t.:;a : a.Li:a :t: :iar::.:.|
::.:is: j95:::i...i
ffi*
r!:}:irir]li!i;.s1,it
t:....:t::.::,,',:;
1:t
:.,::..:
..t
:ii?a*-,21 .,aa...;..,riiiit!.:.li::::i::i:li
ii:
W* ffiffiiff;
.',ri.'r;::il:li{i;!t4:.1-,!!
:t::l.l:;
r$
*********rt:1.
EXERCTSE 5,{
Pacs
Magnetic
An electron is moving in the combined fields E:0.7a,- 0.2ar* 0.3a,kV/m

and B:- 3a, f2an- a,Tesla. If the velocity of the electron at t:0 is
y(0) : (200a" 300an 400a,)m/s then the acceleration of the electron at
t: 0 will be
(charge on electron, e: 1.6 x 10-1e C1 mass of electron,rn" : g.1 x 10-31 kg)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
x 1013(1.la, * 7.4a, - 0.ba") mfs2

2.1 x 104(a, * au- a,)mf s2
3.5 x 1013(6a, t6ar- a")mfs2
3.19 x 10 17(6o" *6ar- a")mf s2
1.75
DQ
s,1.2
lca
5"1.3
consider two current loops Q and cz carrying current d and .I2, separated
by a distance ,8. If the force experienced by the current loop G due to the
current loop G is -F, then the force experienced by current loop G due to
the current loop G will be
(A)
(B) .F
current element of 2m length placed along z-axis carries a current

of 1: 3 mA in the * o, direction. If a uniform magnetic flux density of
B : o,,* 3o, wb/m2 is present in the space then what wiII be the force on
the current element in the presence of the magnetic flux density ?
(A) 6a, - 18a, mN
(B) - 18a, * 6o, mN
(C) 18a, - 6o, mN
(D) - 1.8a, * 6ao mN
-r
(c) - r(*)
(D)
\+,)
A rectangular coil of area 1m2 carrying a current df 5 A lies in the plane

2r * 6y - 3z :4. such that magnetic rnoment is directed away from origin.
If the coil is surrounded by a uniform magnetic field B
=6a"*4au*5a,
wb/m2 then the torque on the coil will be
(A) 3o, - 20an - 20a, N-m
(B) 30a" - 20a, - 20a, N-m
(C) 2la, - 74au - 14a, N-m
(D) 6a. - 4an- 4a. N-m
ICA
5"'t.$
A circular current loop of radius 1 m is located in the

centered at origin. What
of magnetic field B :
is flowing in the loop ?
(A) 2otr(2a,- a,)

(C) &r(a,* ao)
sco
5"1.6
prane
z- 0 and,
will be the torque acting on the loop in presence

4e, - 4ou - 2a"wbf m2 , if. a uniform current of 10 A
(B) 40tr(a,+ ar)
(D) 40tr(a, - au)
Magnetic flux density inside a magnetic material is B. If the the permeability

: 3/o then the vector magnetization of the material will be
of the material is p
(A)
@)ffi
rc)
fn
D\
?A
'
Jgo
$e
6bap 6
ficldr ln lfidfr
Page 29O
iltc{l
s.1.2
Chap 5
t$cQ 5.1.8
A portion of B--H curve for a ferromagnetic material can be

by the analytical expression 3 : pakH . The magnetization vector
the material is
(A) (6,k- t)a
(B) kH
(D) (k - r)H
(c) (r+ t)a
A large piece of magnetic material carries a uniform magnetization M

magnetic field intensity H, inside it. The magnetic flux density inside
material is given by
Bs: Pa(Hsl Il/1)

If a small spherical cavity is hollowed out of the material then the
field intensity
at the center of the cavity will be
(A) 2rro
(C) rr,
magnetic
@)
-ry
H0++
(D) rr.

A nonuniform magnetic field B inside a medium with magnetic suscepti
X^:2 is given as B : Aza,Tesla
ilcQ
lllcQ
5.'t.9
s,t.to
Bound current density inside the medium will be
(a) $a,.0./m'
(n) 3fo4, {/m'
Q)
(D)
fia,Alm'
ffio,A/m'
Total current density inside the medium will be
(^)
h", tl^'
@)
(D) 4paan Alm2
Q) fia,Alm'
f,a,Alm'
The two homogenous, linear and isotropic medium is defined in a Cartesian

system such that medium 1 with relative permeability Hn: 7 is located in
the region g < 0 and medium 2 with relative permeability

region y > 0.
pa: 6 is in the
s.l,{l
The magnetic field intensity in the 1"t medium is.EIr:9a,i76ou-10o,.

What will be the magnetic field intensity in the 2"d medium ?
(A) 9a, - 78.67ar-lI\a" Af m
(B) 9o, | 2.63a0 - l\a" Afm
(C) 9o, * 18.67 ao - 10a" A.f m
(D) 18.67a" - 9ao -t 70a" Afm
5.1.12
Magnetic flux density in medium 2 will be

(A) (6.8o, - 74.1au * 7.5a") x 10-5 wbf m2
(B) (6.8o, 1-I4.7a,r-7.5a") x 10-5 wbfm2

(C) (14.1a, - 6.8a, *7.5a") x 10-5 wbf m2
(D) (5ao, + I77oo- 60a")wbf m2
4a" * 3 a, Wb f m2
The magnetic flux density in the regio n z 0 is given as B
0 carries a surface current density K 4ay A/m; then the
.If the plane
magnetic flux density in the region z > 0 will be
z:
(A) 44, + 3(1 + un)a"Wbf m2

(B) 4o, * p4au*3a,
(C) (ao, + 3a,)(1 + po) wb/m'?
(D) 4o, lApnaulSa,Wbf m2
rq s.t.{s An infinite plane magnetic material slab of thickness d and relative

permeability p" occupies the region 0< r< d. An uniform magnetic field
B : Boa, is applied in free space (outside the magnetic material). The field
intensity Hin and flux density Br inside the material will be respectively
(A) Wp^Bo and p,,Bs
@) J-r",tând Bo
(C) t""Bo
""a
ft
(D)
lce s."i.ts In the two different

are (81, 11r) and
ff
and. p,,Bo
mediums of permeability 1,tr and p2, the magnetic fields

(Br, Hr) respectively
If the interface carries no current then-the correct relation for the angle d1
and
dz is
(A) Blcos& : Bzcosgz

(C) Brsindr : B6in0z
(B) Ilrcos4 : Hzcosflz

(D) Both (B) and (C)
$"i"1s In a three layer medium shown in the figure bglow,
Magnetic flux impinges

at an angle dr on the interface between regions 1 and 2. The permeability
of three regions a"te [ht p2 and tr,lr. So the angle of emergence da will be
independent of
(A) pt and
(C) All h,
pz both
Fa and Fz
(B) pa only
(D) p1 only
Page 291
Chap 5
u--'
$.1.17 The magnetic circuit
Pqsg 202
Ma6Dstic Dields ln
shown
in the figure has .l[ turns of
coil.
a,nalog for the magnetic circuit shown in the figure is
CbrD 6
Mrtter
H,B
HcGl
(A) r+
,u;
(c)
(D)
,5,1.18 The coil of the magnetic circuit

100
ro
NIo
shown in figure has 100 turns.
turns
E,B
Which of the following is correct electrical analog for the magnetic circuit
lR2 Rr -.r*O 8u
R7
1000/
(c)
tl6
,R3
1000r
lR1
10001
In the free space the magnetic flux density B points in the a, direction and
electric field .E points in the a, direction as shown in the figure. If a charged
particle at rest is released from the origin, then what path will it follow ?
$,"r"*o
A point charge *2 C of mass rt : 6 kg is injected with a velocity uo: 2aum/s

into the region y > 0, where the magnetic field is given by B : 3o,wbfm2
. If the point charge is located at origin at the time of injection then in the
region y > 0 the point charge will follow
(A) a circular path centered at (0,0, - 2)
(B) an elliptical path centered at origin
(C) a circular path centered at (1,2,0)
(C) a parabolic path passing through origin
$.1.x"? Two filamentary currents of -54, and 5o"A are located along the lines
U : 0, z : - Im and A : 0, z : lm respectively. If the vector force per unit
length exerted on the third filamentary current of 10a,A located at y= k,
z: 0 be F then the plot of ,F versus k will be
10
e(*)
e(m)
Pryc
Mqntic
Fioldr
203
thrp 5
h Ithttctr
Page 294
Chap 5
tt(^)
5.t.22 A current filament placed on r-axis carries a current 1:104 in *4,

direction. If a conducting current strip having surface current density
K:3a,A/m is located in the plane y:0 between z:0.5 and z:1.5m
then what will be the force per unit meter on the filament exerted by the
strip ?
(A) 6.64" pN/m
(C) 6a, pN/m
,i

A thick slab extending from U:- a to
density J: Joa,
trtcQ 5.1.23
(B) 6.6o, pN/m

(D) 0
y:1o
carries a uniform current
Plot of magnetizing factor 11 at any point in the space (inside or outside

slab) versus 9 will be
s"1-24 If a magnetic dipole of moment rrl:nr4ar is placed at the origin then the
force exerted on it due to the slab will be
(A) oN
(B) mapaloya"
(C) mapalsa"
(D) - rnstuJ(.)!o,,

A long circular cylinder placed along z-axis carries
M:
s.{.zs
bp2
magnetization
J at any point inside the cylinder
is proportional
ao.
The volume current density
to
(A)
(C)
(B) tlp
(D) p"
p
psin@
5.1.t6
The plot of the magnetic flux density B inside the cylinder versus p will be
Ge s.r.2?
Magnetization of a long circular cylinder is M along it's axis. Which of the

following gives the correct pattern of magnetic field lines (B).
(c)
(D)
{t
\\
rcq $.{"zs
Magnetic flux density
inside a sphere that carries a uniform magnetization
M will be
0
(n) *p"iw
Q) @y
@) ?p,wt
(A)
P4r15
CtT5
Magnetic Fields in
I\[&
Paf"
Mcq
106
Chap 5
IUlgrlth
Sieldr in Matter
5.{.29
A short cylinder placed along z-axis carries a "frozen-in" uniform magnetizatim

M in * a, direction. If length of the cylinder is equal to its cross sectional
diameter then pattern of its surface current density .I( will be as
IM
(B)
K
(D)
IM
11
til
iirl
ti,l
ii,
ri
lii;
iir!
iiii
5.{.30 A short cylinder of length equals to it's diameter carries a

magnetization M as shown in the figure.
uniform
L:2a
The correct sketch for the magnetic field intensity
-If
inside the cylinder is
5-1.31 An infinitely
long straight wire of radius o, carries a uniform current 1. The

energy stored per unit length in the internal magnetic field will be
(A) uniform and depends on I only
(B) non uniform

(C) uniform and depends on a only
(D) uniform and depends on both 1 and
s.1.32 A
mass spectrograph is a device for separating charged particles havirig

different masses. Consider two particles of same charges Q but different
masses m and 2rn injected into the region of a uniform field B with a
velocity o normal to the magnetic field as shown in the figure. When the
particles will be releasing out of the spectrograph the separation betweel
them will be
s,,,,..]O
O,
tJ
(B)ffi
rnu
(D) 0
(A) 2mu
(c)
i
,
;
t
!
i
N

Consider a conducting filamentary wire of length l meter arrd mass 0.3 kg
oriented in east-west direction, situated in the earth's magnetic field at the
magnetic equator.
(Assume the magnetic field at equator has a value of 0.6 x 10-a wb/m2 arrtl
directed northward)
I
i
s'1.33
fa
I
I
t
r
I
i
f
I
f
!
The current that required to counteract the ear-th's gravitational force orr
the wire must flow from
(A) west to east

(B) east to west
(C) any of (A) and (B)
(D) none of these
I
I
t-a s'1'34
;
t
?,
I
I
L
lI
lI
What will be the magnitude of thc currenl flowing in the wire

the gravitational force ?
(A) 4e kA
(B) 24.5 kA
(c)
e8
kA
(D) 4.e kA
|Do s.1.3s B-.Er curve for a ferromagnetic

lr
f
,,
r
E'
Ir
I
material is given as B : 2paHH. what will

be the work done per unit volume in magnetizing the material from zero to
a certain value 86 :2poH3 ?
g) +p,4
tD ap^#
(c) ap,H\
@2+
lH
$
E
I
I
&.
r
r
I
as to counteract
Page 297
Chap
s.1.36
Page 29E
Electron beams are injected nolmally to the plane edge of
field
Chap 5
.EI
uniform
Ho&, as shown in figure.
Magnetic Fielde itr Matter
The path of the electrons ejected out of the field will be in

(B) - o, direction
(A) +a, direction
(n) (O - a,) direction
(C) (O* o) direction
ileQ
$,1.37
Two perfectly conducting, infinite plane parallel sheets separated by e

distance d, cany uniformly distributed surface currents with equal and
opposite densities
.I( and -
respectively, The medium between the two
plates is a magnetic material of non uniform permeability which varies

iinearly from a value of [17 neat one plate to a value of pq neat the second
plate. What will be the magnetic flux between the current sheets per unit
length along the direction of flow of the current ?
(o)
(s) (p'+ w)Kd
e+!')*o
P)(ry)Kd
(c) (fr +
fi)xa
Comrnon Data For Q. 38 and 39 :

The magnetic field intensity inside an infinite plane magnetic material slab
is given as.Ef : 4a"!2ao. The permeabilitv of the magnetic material is;r
:2114
s.t.3n If the magnetic material slab occupies the region 0<z<2m then the
magnetization surface current densities at the surfaces z: 0 arrd z: 2
will be respectively
(n) (-aO *2a,)
and (44,
-2o')
(C) (Aa,+ 4ar) and (2a,- 4a')

!!!eq
s.{,39
J* will be
(B) 4a,*2au
The magnetization volume current density
(A) 0
(C) 8a"*
tvrcQ s,l.40
(B) (-2a,+ 4q) and (2a"- aa,l

(D) (2o, + 4q) and (-2a,+ 4o,l
4au
(D)
-4a,-2a,
Two infinitely long straight wire and6 third wire of length I are pa"rallel to
each other located as shown in the figure.
Infinitely long wire carries a current l while

the wire of length / shown at
the top carries a current 2I . The magnitude
of the force
by the
top wire is
"*pJri".r""d
@)
ltrl
@)#
(B)
Q)#
Medium 1 comprising the region z > 0 is a magnetic

material with
permeability r^:4ltn where as the medium
2, comprising the region z< 0
is a magnetic material with permeability p2:
zpn. Magnetic fl1x density in
medium 1 is given by
.
Br : (0.4a,* 0.ga, + a,)Wb/m2
If the boundary z: 0 between the iwo media carries a surface

current of
density .K given
by
K :fi@.2o,_o.aau)Alm
then the magnetic flux density in medium 2
will be
(A) (0.8o" + au+ a,)Wb1m2

(B) (- q,,*0.8aa- a,)Wbfm2
(C) (r" * 0.8a, * a")Wb/m2
(D) (o, * 0.8o,) Wb/m,
x***x*x>Fx**
page 299
Chap b
HXERCTSH 5.2
Page 300
Chap 5
&ua$
5.2,1
An electron beam is passed through a uniform crossed electric

magnetic fields .E :7\aaV/m and B:3a"wb/m2 (.8 and B are mut
perpendicular and both of them perpendicular to the beam). If the
passes the field without any deflection, what will be the velocity (in m
of the beam
Common Data For Q. 2 and 3:
In the free
with surface current densit

are located in the plarre z:0, z:7
space three uniform current sheets
Kt:4ar, Kz:-2a,,, Ks:-2a,

z: - 7 respectively.
&tiH$
5.?^3 Net magnetic field intensity produced between the sheets

A1m in o, direction.
and z: 1 will be
qrjtr$
5.4"3 If a conducting filament located along the line y:0, z:0.2m carries ?
current in I a, direction then what will be the force per unit length
on
gus$
5"2.4
it will be
proa,
located at
N/m
Magnetic flux density inside a medium is So"mwb/m2. If the

permeability of the medium is 2.3, what will be the magnetization (in A;
inside the medium ?
QL'r$ 5"2"$
A magnetic material of relative permeability F, : 4/r is placed in a

field having strength H:2p2 aoA/m. The magnetization of the material
p: 2 will be
A/m in a, direction.
euss
5.2"s
A metallic bar of cross sectional area 2m2 is placed in a magnetizing

H : 70 A/m. If the field causes a total magnetic flux of Q : 4.2 mWb in
bar then the susceptibility of the bar will be
suxs
5"2.?
An infinite circular cylinder is located along z-axis that carries a uni

magnetization M:0.7a, Afrn. The magnetic flux density due to it i
the cylinder will be
x 10-7 a5.
*ux$
5,2.s
Magnetic flux lines are passing from a nickel material to the free space.
the incident of the flux line makes an angle at: 75" to the normal of tha
boundary in the nickel side as shown in figure then what will be the angh
a2 (in degrees) with normal of the flux when it comes out in free space ?
(relative permeability of Nickel : 6fi)l
Page 301
Chap 5
atrEs s.;t"s
Two infinite plane conducting sheets are located in the plane z: 0 and
z:2m.The medium between the plates is a magnetic material of uniform
permeability p : 4pn.If in the region between the plates a uniform magnetic
flux density is defined as B: (3a,+4a)x 10-3Wb/m2, what will be the
magnetic energy stored per unit area (in J l^r) of the plates ?
l's $"!.'!o A
conducting wire is bent to form a circular loop of mean radius 50 cm

. If cross sectional radius of the wire is o, such that o << 50cm then the
internal inductance of the loop will be
nH.
q'Es s'a'{"t A 200 turns of a coil is wound over

a magnetic core of length 15 cm that has
the relative permeability of 150. The current that must flow through the coil
to produce 0.4 Tesla of flux density in the core is
Ampere.
Common Data For
e.
L2 and LB
A filamentary conductor is formed into a rectangle such that it's corners lies
on points P(1,1,0), 0(1,3,0), -R(4,3,0), S(4,1,0). An infinite straight wire
lying on entire r-axis carries a current of 5 A in a, direction.
3Es 5'2"'t? If the filamentary conductor carries a current of 3 A flowing in a, direction

*
from Q to rt then the force exerted by wire on thc side
Qi? of rectangle will
be
____
orpN.
c',Es 5'2"t3 The total force exerted on the conducting loop by the
straight wire will be
avFN'
QEs 5'?'14 A conducting current strip of 2 m length is located in the plane

r: 0 between
9 : 1 and u : z. rf surface current density of the strip is .r(: 6o, A/m the1
the force exerted on it by a current filament placed on z-axis that carries 1
current 1:10A in *a, direction will be
pN in au direction.
Common Data For Q. lb and 16 :
A conducting rod of square cross section of side 2 cm carries a unifbrm
magnetization M: 4 Alm along it's axis. Length of the rod is .t )) 2 cm.
ItEs 5"2.{5 If the rod is bent around it into a complete circular ring then
density inside the circular ring will be
x 1,r,swbf m2
magnetic flux
rut
i.if'
ir
t
Page 302
Chap 5
s*Js$
$"2.16 Assume that there remains a narrow gap of width 0.1mm between the
o{ the rod when it is formed into a circular ring. The net magnetic
X 10-7 wbf m2
density at the center of the gap will be
strg$ s,2"{?
Mutual inductance between an infinite current filament placed along

in
and rectangular coil of 1500 turns placed in r-y plane as shown
will
mH.
be
(6, 1, 0)
QUrC 5,*"',18
&sn$ 5"9.',s
QUS$ 5.2.20
2 m wic
A planar transmission line consists of two conducting plates of
in *
placed along r-z plane such that the current in one plate is flowing
p
the
If
both
direction.
a,
irt
iirection. while in the other it is flowing carries4Acurrentandthereisaverysmallseparationbetweenthemt
x l-to
force of repulsion per meter between the two plates will be
Averylongsolenoidhaving20,000turnspermeter.Thecoreofsolenoid
and it carr
formed of iion. If the cross sectional area of solenoid is 0'04 m2
per
meter (J/
stored
enelgy
the
be
will
a current .I:100mA then what
iron,
of
(relative Permeability
P.": 100)
in it's field ?
i
A rigid loop of wire in the form of a square is hung by pivoting one of
abt
side along the r-axis as shown in the figure. The loop is free to swing
it's pivoted side without friction. The mass of the wire is }'2kglm
carries a current 2A. If the wire is situated in a uniform magnetic
B:1.g6Wb/m,
then the angle (in radian) by which the loop swings
the vertical is
QUf;S 5.2.21
The medium between the two infinite plane parallel sheets

current densities 4a" and, -4a'Afm, consists of two magnetic
carr
m and 2 m having permeabilities pr1 : 2pa and p"2:

respectively as shown in the figure' The magnetic flux per unit len
between the current sheets along the direction of flow of current will
slabs of thickness
X p'oaowb/m.
!L--.'
K=-
page 303
Chap 5
4a,
aiQa 9,@aa
2m
oooooeo
K:4a"
Lm
5'2'22 Two infinite
plane conducting sheets lying in the plane r:

0 and z: 5 cm
carry surface current densities * 20 mA/m au a,nd
-zo Âl*a, respectivery.
If the medium between the plates is a magnetic
material of uniform
permeability rr: 2pn then what will be the energy

stored per unit area (in
J /^") of the plates ?
5'2'23 A square
loop of a conductor lying in the yz plane is bisected

by an infinitely
long straight wire carrying current 2 A a,sshown in
the figure. If the current
in the square loop is 4 A then the force experienced by
the loop will be
pN in a, direction.
lEs
5'2'24 A certain region z < 0 comprises a magnetic

iiredium with permeability
lt':l\pn' The magnetic flux density in free space (z> o) *.r.o-ur urrgt"
d, with the interface whereas in medium 2 flux density
makes an angle d2
as shown in the figure. If.
then whai will be the urrlgrrt*
deflection (0r_ 0r) in degrees
',2:l.2au*0.ga,
?
Z:0
q'Es 5'2'25 The coil of a

magnetic circuit has 50 turns. The core of the circuit
has a
relative permeability of 600 and length of the core
is 0.6m. What must be
the core cross section (in cm2) of the magnetic circuit
so that the coil may
have a 0.2 mH inductance ?
Common Data For Q. 26 and,27

Consider the magnetic circuit shown in figure
Page 304
Chap 5
The cross sectional area of the section on which coil is wound is ,9r where
all the rest of the section has the cross sectional area ^92. Magnetic core
the permeability 1t : 7000p14.
cm' then the total reluctance of the circuit will
*i,ts$ 5"?.26
If
c{rss 5.2.2?
If the number of turn of the coil is 100 then the equivalent
,9r
5 cmz
of the coil
is
and
,92
10
self
mH.

A System of three coils on an ideal core is shown in figure below. The
sectional area of all the segments of the core is ,S: 100 cm2.
2cm
1fi : 500 then what will be the self inductance (in mH) of the coil
/y'' turns ?
$crs 5"3.28
If
$rrfis
If lfr:
5"2,e9
250 then the self inductance of the coil Nz
be
mH.

A system of three coils on an ideal core that has two air gaps is shown
the figure. All the segments of core has the uniform cross sectional
2000 mm2.
Page 30b
Chap b
Magdetic fieias in Matter
&:250 turn
4:500
turn
QUES
5':"3o what will be the mutual:lnductance (in mH)
QUE*
s"2.3* The mutual inductance between l/2 and lI, wili be
auE$
$.2.3p The magnetization curvd for an iron alloy is approximately given by
a
If
Il
alloy
incredses from 0
is
: !n+
between Nr and /fz
mH.
H2prwblm2
to 210 A/m, the energy stored per unit volume in the
MJ/rn3.
**+*t<******<
EXSRC|$E 5.3
Page 306
Chap 5
n{co
5,3.t1
Path of a charged particle A that enters in a uniform magnetic field

(pointing into the page) is shown in.the figure'
aaaa
Path of charged pa.rticle
8A8A
The deflection in the path of the particle shows that the particle is
(B) negatively charged
(A) positive charged
(D) can't be determined
(C) uncharged
MCQ 5,3.2
Unit of a magnetic point charge is

(A) Ampere meter
(C) Ampere meter square
(B) coulomb meter

(D) doesn't exit
rvrcQ 5.3.3
Which of the following statements is correct for a current free interface

between two different magnetic media ?
(A) Normal component of magnetic field intensity will be continuous.
(B) Tangential component of magnetic flux density will be continuous.
(C) Magnetic scalar potential will be same in both the medium.
(D) None of th"r"
i,tco
List I shows the type of magnetic materials and List-II shows their criterions.
Match List I with List II and select the correct ansv/er using the codes given
below : (Notations have their usual meaning)
5,3.4
List-II
List-I
a.
b.
c.
d.
Diamagnetic
Non-magnetic
Paramagnetic
Codes
(A)
(B)
(c)
(D)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ferromagnetic
X.*:0, F,:I
X^)0, F,2
SI
0, p,,)>
X^<0,
X*))
p,,
XXHRffiilffiM S-4
Page 30E
Chap 5
Magpetic Fielde
ir
Mptter
MC& 5.4"1
A current sheet J :
A/rn lies on the dielectric interface r:

with e"r :5, lt,t: 1 in R,egion-1 (r < 0) and
,2:2t lr,z:2 in Region-2 (" > 0). If the magnetic field in Region-l J
r:0- is ,E[r : 3o, * 304, A/rn the magnetic field in Region-2 at r: 0- is
10q,,
between two dielectric meclia
x>0 (Region-2) : e,z: 2, V,,:2
l_
I
.I
x<0 (Region-1)
s"r:
(A) Hr: 7.5o,, * 30a,

(B) Hr: 3a' * 30ao -
* l\a, Af m
10a" Af m
(C) Hr: Lba, * 40a, Af nt

(D) II, : 3a", * 30o, * I]a, Af
MCA 5.4.2
nr
A bar magnet rnade of steel has a tnagrretic nroment of 2.5 A-rn2 and a rnass
of 6.6 x 10-3kg. If the density of steel is 7.9 x 103kg/m3, the intensity of
magnetization is
(B) 3 x 106A/rrr
(D) 8.2 x 106 A/m
(A) 8.3 x I0-7 Af nI

(C) 6.3 x 10-7 A/m
tlltcQ 5.4.3
If the current
magnetic field of
(A) -2.0a"mN
(C) -2.04, N
l|ltcQ $,4.{
H:5a. lp

below the lists :
List
a.
b.
c.
d.
Magnetic flux
Reluctance
Permeability
:
abcd
(A) 3421
(B) 1243
(c)3247
(D) t423
in a
(D) 2.0a. N
II
and select the correct ilnswer using the code gil'en
MMF
Codes
10 aa, Arnp-m is placed

A/m, the for<-.e otr the current element is
(B) 2.04, mN
element represented b1' 4
List
1.
2.
3.
4.
II
Conductivity
Electric crrrrent
Eil,IF
R.esistance
ttc{i
$..i{. $
consider the following statenents as$ociated'nith boundary conditions
between two rnedia:

1" Normal component of B is continuous at the surface of discontinuity.
2. Normal cornponent of D may or may not be continuous.
Wrich of the.staternent(s) given above is/are correct?

(A) 1 onlv
(B) 2 onlv
(C) Both 1 arrd 2
(D) Neither I rror 2
HCix s"4*s
I
Magrretic currellt is cornposed of which of the following

(A) Only condur:tion cornponent
(B) Onlv displacement cornponent

(C) Bottr conduction and displacement components
(D) Neither corrduction cornponent nor displacement component
urc& $,4.?
wt'ch
one of the following is the correct expression for torque on a loop in

rnagnetic field B ? (Here M is the loop moment)
r:v. B
(C)":MxB
(A)
MS*
$,;*"{1
Nlatr:h List I with List

below the lists :
(B)
":M.B
(D)":BxM
II
and select the correct answer using the code given
List-I
a.
b.
c.
d.
Line charge
Displacernentcurrent
Power flriw
Codes
List-II
1.
Maxwell
2.
Poynting vector
3.
Biot-Savart's law
4.
Gauss's law
aircd
(A) 1243
(B) 43r2
(c) i342
(D)4213
[,t68
$"4.$
MC{} S"4,9*
What cloes the expression lJ . A represent

(A) Elt't't ric ('rr(,rg.v derrsit.y
(B) Magnetic errergy density
(C) Power dersity
(D) Radiation resistarrce
Two thi'parallel wires are carrying current along the same direction.
The
lbrce experienced by one due to the other is
(A) Parailel to ihe lines
(B) Perpendicular to the lirres and attractive

(C) Perpendicular to the lines and repulsive
(D) Zero
Pnge
i09
Chap 5
Mnglietic Fftjtdl iri Matter
hr{O
ft5
lltdc
iltGQ 5,4.11
ffiinMatter
ilCO 5.4.'t2
boundary sepaxatdsitwo,rnagnetic materials of permeability p1 and A,

. The magnetic field'iector in pr is rrr with a normal component H6 anr!
tangential component f4r while that in pq is H2 with a normal componem
H,,2 and a tangential component r{2. Then the derived conditions wourd bc
(A) f/' - H2andHn: Hn
(B) //rt - Htza\dFrHa: FzHnz
(C) flt: HzatdlhH,*: FzHnz
(D) //t : Hz,Hn- H12and [hHa: paHnz
The dependence of
B (flux density) on H
(magnetic field intensity) for
different types of material is

Paramagnetic
Ferromagnetic
'-,eDiamagnetic
rvrco 5.4.13
Statement I : Pola.rization is due to the application of an electric field to

dielectric materials.
Statement II : When the dipoles are created, the dielectric is said to be
polarized or in a state of polarization.
(A) Both Statement (1) and Statement (2) are individuallv true and
Statement (2) is the correct explanation of Statement (1)
(B) Both Statement (1) and Statement (2) are individually true but
Statement (2) is not the correct explanation of Statement (1)
(C) Statement (1) is true but Statement (2) is false
(D) Statement (1) is false but Statement (2) is true
ilca
5.4.14
I
I
The following equation is not valid for magneto-static field in inhorhogenous

magnetic materials
(A) V . B:0,
(C) V x A: B
f,,tco 5.4,{5
(B) V . H:o
(D) V x H:J
Assertion (A) : Superconductors cannot be used as coils for production of

strong magnetic fields.
Reason (R) : Superconductivity in a wire may be destroyed if the current in
the wire exceeds a critical value.
(B) Bolh Assertion (A) and Reaso.n,.(R), are ,individually true but Reason
5,4"tS
A conductor 2 metre long lies along the z-axis with a current of 10 A in o,

direction. If the magnetic field is B:0.05a" T, the force on the conductor is
(A) 4.0a, N
(B) 1.0a, N
(C) 1.0a"N
5'4'4v
(D) 3.0aN
The force on a charge moving with velocity o under the influence of electric
and magnetic fields is given by which one of the following ?
(A) q(r+Bxu)
(B) q(.8+ ax H)
(Q q@+ax E)
(D)q(.8+axB)
s'4'18 If a very flexible wire is laid out in the shape of a hairpin with its two ends
secured, what shape will the wire tend to assume if a current is passed
through it ?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
5.4.ts
Parabolic
Straight line
Circle
Ellipse
Consider the following :

Lorentz force F : e(a x ts) where e,u and, B are respectively the charge
of the particle, velocity of the particle and flux density of uniform magnetic
field. which one of the foilowing statements is not correct ?
(A) Acceleration is normal to the plane containing the particle path and B
(B) If the direction of the particle path is normal to B, the acceleration is
maximum
(c) If the particle is at rest, the field will deflect the particle
(D) If the particle path is in the same direction of B, there will be no
acceleration
5.4'2s What is the force on a unit charge moving with velocity u in presence of
electric field E and magnetic field B ?
(A) E-a.B
I
u. B
(C).8+Bxa
(D) .E+ ax B
(B) ,u+
HCQ 5.4"2t
vtrhat is the force experienced per unit length by a cond.uctor carrying 5 A

current in positive z-direction and placed in a magnetic field B : (Bo" + aau) ?
(A) 15a, * 20a, N/m
(B) -20a,* 15au N/m

(C) 20a,- 15a, N/m
(D) -20a,- 20a,Nf m
P4r 3fr
ct?
Magnetic Fields' in
ltfie
Page 312
$cq
5.4.22
Chap 5
boundary'"'d
Which one of the followjrig formulae is not correct for the bound
two rnagnetic matrials
9",
?Y
(A) B^:
I
(B) B, : ^/ B,r+
I
(C) fl, : Ha* Hr
I
(D) a,zt X (H, - Ilir) : I{ where a,zt is a unit vector normal to the interface
and directed from region 2 to region f
Magnetic fields in Matter
Bo
i
i
ilc{t
5.4"23
Interface of two regions of two magnetic materials is current-free. The region

1, for which relative permeability lrt:2 is defined by z< 0' and region 2'
0 has Fa:7.If 81:7'2a,10'8ar* 0'4a'T; then IIz

(A) r/rlo[0.0 o,,* 0.4o,y+ 0.4a"]Llm
z>
is
(B) tlp4lt.za,*0.8as+0.8o.]A/m
(C) tlprlt.za,*0.4ay*0.4a"f Alm
(D)
1/k[0.6a,*0.4ay+0.8o,]A/m
itca
r.4"24
If ,4 and J
are the vector potential and current density vectors associated
with a coil, then I n ' t

(A) flux-linkage '
du has the units
(C) energy
XXXXXT(t<*(***
of
(B) Power
(D) inductance
$Ol-UTlOl{S"5;'*
Page 313
Chap 5
&Iagnetic fields'ini i'1lttder

For a moving cha,rge Q in the presence of both electric and magnetic fielcis.
the total force on the charge is given by
time
glB+ (u x B)]
E --+ electri'c field

o - velocity of the charged particle
B - magnetic flux density
where
So, at
0 total force applied on the electron is
F(o):
Nowwe
y(0)
have
e[E+(V(o) x B)]
I B :(200a,-300o*- 400a,) x (-i3.a,*2a,-r 1100o, *I400a, - 500o"
a,i
therefore the applied force on the electron is
F(0)
m"a(0)
(1.6
1.6
10-1e)[(0.la,
(f(0) :
o(o;
-0.2a,*0.3o,) x
103
*11004, *1400a, - |r00ru.1

o,'+
+
- 200)oo* (300 - 500) a ]
m"a(0), where o(0) is a,cceleration of electron at t -- 0)
10-l'g[(100
(1400
1100)
i9+
' "-s a)
---\.--, *6ao_
-./
10-,,x 2oo(6o,,
: 3.5 x 1013(6a, * 6a, - a")mf s2
19
9.1 1
x

Force F applied on a current element
density B is defined as
in the presence of magnetic ilux
F:I(LxB)
.I
where
tr
--+
current flowing in the element

--> vector length of current element in the direction of
current flowing
F :3 x l0-3f2a" x (o,+3a)]
:6 x 1o-3[or-3o,] -- 18o,*6aomN
So,
I rol
5.1.3

The magnitude of the force experienced by either of the loops will be sa,rne'
but the direction will be opposite.
So the force expfrienced by G due to C2 will be -.F.
3()L 5"t.j1

Magnetic dipole moment of a coil carrying current .I and having area .9 is
given by
m:
where
ISa,.
o, is normal vector to the surface of the loop.
Since the coil is lying in the plane
2r*
69
- 3z:4
so the
unit vector normal
to the plane of the coil is given
Page 314
as.
Qhap 5
(f:2r*6Y-
So,
Magnetic l'ields in Matter
Therefore the magnetic dipole moment of the coil is
rn
: (5)G)p9'l+ ]e)
_ 5(2a,+
6oo
7
As the torque a magnetic field

is defined as
(1:5A,S:1
* 3a")
on the loop having magnetic moment
T:r'z.xB
So the torque on the given coil is
,'-t_[5(2a"+
:
${}L
5"'1.5
304,
7-
6_au
20au
3a")
I x (oo,
l
204, N-m
4ou
ba")

Magnetic dipole moment of a coil of area ,9 carrying current 1 is defined
rn : ISan
where a, is the unit vector normal to the surface of the loop.
and since from the given data we have
1
S
:10A
: rf :7r
(I)':
(normal vector to the surface z: I

So the magnetic moment of the circular current loop lying in the plane z:
an
: az
rS
m : IUra"
Now the torque on an element having magnetic moment
of magnetic flux density B is defined as
T:mX
m in the presenoe
Therefore, the torque acting on the circular loop is
| : (I\ra") x (4a" - 4ao - 2a") (B:

: I}tr(4ay* 4a") : 40r(a,* ay)
s$i-
s.1"6
4a,,

Given the permeability, p: 3/o and magnetic flux density
So the field intensity inside the material will be
i H,:#:&
4a,
2o,)
: B
Since the magnetization of a magnetic material is defined hs
lw
:E-
114
where B and
So we get
5{}L 5"r,?
fil
are the flux density and field intensity inside the material.
BB28
M: Pn
JUo
JUn

As the magnetic flux density and magnetic field intensity inside a magnetic
material are related as
ri
B:hIhH
,,
so, comparing it with given expression for magnetic flux density we get
relative permeability as
th.
Page
Jlb
Chap 5
!':k:k-I
Therefore, the magnetization vector inside the material is given as
M:(w_t)H:(k_l).tl

For the spherical cavity of magnetization
Bcavuu
M, the flux density is given
\
by
:?^*
since the cavity is hollowed. so not magnetic flux density at the center of
cavity is
Bo"t:
Bo- B"o-tv
- Bo-?^*
and so the net magnetic field intensity at the center of cavity is
Hn"t
: *",",:
#[", -?^*]
hl^*'* pnM-?^rl
:[**#],
(Bs:
Pa(Hs+ M))

In a magnetic medium the magnetic field intensity and magnetic flux density
are related as
B: n(I*x)H
So the magnetic flux density inside the medium is
n:6#n:ffio"
(B:
4za,T,
y*:2)
Now the magnetization of a magnetic medium having magnetic field intensity

.E[ is given as
M:X^H
:q(lz\-\3n)-'
o=:'z
JPo
The bound current density inside a medium having magnetization

given
is
is
a^s
Jt:Y xM
l
l
1
:VX(ffi^):firo1^,
1
aoL 5.r.{0

Total current density inside a medium having magnetic flux density
given as
"-m':h[w]"
(B:4za,,T)
Page 316
Chap
$oL
$"1.1't

Magnetic field interrsity in 1't medium is given
lfle
respectively the tangential and normal

=ni,',\':,:'-'0""
to the boundary interface in rnedium
intensity
of the magnetic field
Flom boundary condition we have
H,,: H,,
where H17 and
and
a,rQ
1.
lhHz,,: FtHu
respectively the tangential and nornlal component

magnetic field intensity in medium 2. so we get the components in medi
where Hzt arld H2n
a.re
2as
Hy-9a,-I}a"
Hzn:
"*rt"
and
:4H,,
p,2pn
(i6@J
t8.67 aa
Therefore, the net magnetic field intensity in medium 2 is
Hz: Hzt* Hzn

: 9a,1-18.67 ao - l\a" Af m
$sL
5.1."14 Option (B) is correct.

Magnetic flux density in any medium in terms of magnetic field intensity
defined as
B:FH
where
p is the permeability of the medium.
medium 2 is given
So, the magnetic flux densilv
as
t' ::3?rl-Y?rY;x
(ea.
:
sol
5,{,*3
(6.8o"
!4.1a0- 7.5a,) x
18.6T an
- roa") (t"o:
10 5 wb/m2
The magnetic flux density in region z ( 0 is given
B :4a, l3a"Wbf
as
m2
Now we consider the flux density in region 1 is Br. So, we have
Br : 4a,* 3a"
Therefore the tangential component Brr and noimal component
rnagnetic flux density in region 1 are
Brt
and
Page 317
Br, of the
:4o''
86 = 3a,"
From the boundary condition the tangential and normal components of

magnetic flux density in two mediums are related as
Bn: Bz'
Brr- Brr: pnK
where B21 and B2n ore respectively the tangential and normal components
of the magnetic flux density in region 2 and K is the current density at the
boundary interface.
get
and
So, we
Bzn
u"
: Bn:3a"
(8":3a')
(Brr:4a,, K:4ao Alm)
jIZ,,:f:T,,
Therefore the net flux density in region 2 (z > 0) is
Bz
s.i.14
r-
: Bzt* Bzn - 4a,*
Apnau-f 3a,

As the surface boundary of the slab is parallel ro yz-plane so the given
rnagnetic flux density will be tangential to the surface.
1.e.
Bro
and
llt'o
Bo
Lr -Bro-Bn
---- ltn
Pn
Since the tangential component of magnetic field intensity is uniform at the

boundary of the magnetic material so, magnetic field intensity inside the
materiai is
il
H;n : l{ro-
Btlo
P'o
Therefore, the flux density inside the material is
Bt,:
:L
5.1"{5
ltHon
: f,^#
F,Bo

From boundary condition the normal component of flux density is uniform
at boundary
:
Brsin4 :
i.e.
Brn
Bz,
Bzsinqz
and the tangential component of field intensity is uniform
i.e.
s"1.t$
Hu: H*
-lricosdr : Hzcosqz

Relation between d1 and
d2 at boundary of region (1) and region (2)

p4tanfi - p2tan1z
and at the interface between region (2) and region (3) is
pqtan9s
p4tan9ai
So, combining the two eq. we get,
Thus,
da
patanfi - p4tan9a
will be independent of pa only.
since
Chgp
as
d2:
Bt
$tll.
Chap 5
Option (A) is.correct.

Flom the analogy between electrical and magnetic
following relations,
Page 31E
5.1.17
.f
we have
- 7 (voltage)
-' 1 (current)
@ (magnetic flux)
R (Reluctance) - -R (Resistance)
(magnetomotive force)
Now, magnetomotive force,
f,:NIo
and so, the electrical analog of the magnetic circuit is
sol- 5.{.14

For drawing the electrical analog replace the coil by a source (
force) and each section of the core by a reluctance. In the shown
material there are 9 sections so we draw the reluctance for each of them
we get the magnetomotive force as
.f
:10001
So the equivalent circuit is
$oL 5.1.19

Consider the particle carries a total cha,rge Q.
Since for a moving charge Q in the presence of both electric and
fields, the total force on the charge is given by
F = QIE+ (u x B)l
.E - electric field
where
o - velocity of the cha,rged particle
B --+ magnetic flux density
So initially the magnetic force on the particle will be zero as the
is released at rest (o: 0). Therefore the electric field will accelerate
particle in y-direction and as it picks up speed (consider the velocity
a: kou,,k is very small) a magnetic force develops which will be given by
F:axB
since the magnetic field is in a, direction while the beam has the velocity i
a, direction so the magnetic force will be in o, (au x a") direction.
Therefore the magnetic force will pull the charged particle around to th
right and as the magnetic force will be always perpendicula,r to both th
li
velocity of particle and electric field. so the pa,rticle will initially goes up in
the gr-direction and theh followitrg a
path lowers down towards the r
"otrie
-axis.

For a moving charge Q in the presence of both electric and magnetic fieicls,
p glE+ (u x B)l
where
.E --+ electric field
u --+ velocity of the charged paiticle
Il - magnetic flux density
since initially the velocity of the charge (at the time of injection) is
uo:2aum/s
and for the region y > 0 magnetic flux density is B: 3a, wb/m2.
will be no any velocity component in -l a, direction caused by the
field (since the magnetic field is in a, direction).
so there
a, :0
So we consider the velocity of the point charge in the region y ) 0 at a
particular time I as
a : uaay* u"a"
Therefore we have the force applied by the field on the charge particle at
time f as
I.e.
-fft
"
So, we get
and
*#
""]
: Ql- 3u,a" *
Ql(urau
u"a,) x(3a")l
3a
"
ool
du,,
38
dt - mu"
+:-3Q
atm
u.,
From the two relations we have
#*(#1,":o
u, :,4,cos(
# r) *r,.i"(f;
r)
where ,41 and 81 are constants.

and since at t:0, u":0 (since charge was injected with a velocity
direction)
Putting the condition in the expression we get 1,:0
and so we
have ,, : B,.ir(. ,r r): Brsinl
in o,
e:2C, m:6kg
Page 319
Chap b
:. ' 'r
1
tsage 320
Chap 5
(0, 0, 1)
(0,
&,
o),1
rrro A
(0, 0, -1)
Net magnetic flux density arising from the two current filaments
5o, A at the location of third filament is given by
B:Bt*Bz
-5o.
an
(r
wlrere Br and Bz are the magnetic flux density produced by the currer
filaments 5o, and -5o' respectively. Since the magnetic flux densil
producetl at a distance p from a straight wire carrying current 1 is define
AS
tt.af
: ffioo
Page"321
and the'direction of the magnbtic,flux.,denSity is given as
a4:
o4
Chp
o'P
where ol is unit vector along the line curreirt and oo is the unit vector
normal to the line cuirent directed to;ward the point p. so, the magnetic
flux density produced by the currejnt filament 5o, is
B':';dfr6[""(tr#)]
: *#qfta"+
a')
sinrilarly the magnetic fl'x density produced by the current filament
a':;frffi1[r-"'l "(ffi)]
:
^#F,(
ko"*
(-
5o,) is
a'Y)
Therefore from equation (1), weget the net mh,gnetic flux density experienced
by the third filamentary current of
10 o,
as
: *ffi4.;fka,* au- ka,+ ao)
5p, b.^,
2r(l + k2)\--at
bu
4177540
As the force experienced by a curreiit element
flux density B is de{ined as

dF :141*
ldl in the presence of magnetic
where 1 is the current flowing in the elernent and dJ is the differential vector
length of the current element in the direction of flow of current.
Force per unit rneter length experienced. by the third filament is
r:
['_ottoa,dr)x#na,
:u*f,*fu*:ffiuN
or,
r :6f6r'u
Thus, the graph between
10
sol- 5"f,22
1A:an-)
and ,t will be as shown in the figure below
&(-)

Consider the strip is formed
carrying curcent Kdz.
of many adjacent strips of width dz
each
'tr,tald*ic.riaas in Metter
Page 322
Chap 5
Since the magnetic flux density produced at a distance

wire carrying current 1 is defined as
p from
B:!"1
- 2rp
So the magnetic flux density produced by each differential
strip
dB:tt"\Kd')'
- --frl -u
is
(Using right hand rule we get the direction of the magnetic flux
along ar)
Therefore the net magnetic flux density produced by the strip on the
filament is
(K:3 Al
I'_:,Wa,:ffn(t*)"
"::6.6
x IA-'auwbfm2
As the force experienced by a current element
flux density B is defined
ldl in the presence of
as
dF : Idlx B
where 1 is the current flowing in the element and dl is the differential
length of the current element in the direction of flow of current. So the
exerted on the filament per unit length is
: JI tilx n
: ft Ood,*a") x (6.6 x 10-7au) :6.6a,p,N/m
Jr:n'
sol.
5.1,23

Consider a rectangular Amperian loop of dimension (I)
slab as shown in the figure below.
Amperian loop
(2y)
---'l
As from the Amperes circuital law, we have
Page B2B
I H. dl:1","
I
Chap b
So for the Amperian loop inside the slab we get
HeA:eyx[)(Js)
for -a < U < a

(Net magnetic field intensity along the edge 2g7 will
be cancelled due to
symmetry)
Therefore the magnetic field intensity (magnetizing
factor)
inside the slab is
H:
or
at any point
JoUa"
n:Jolyl
(for
o)
lul<
and the magnetic field intensity (magnetizing factor) at
any point outside
the slab is
Thus, the plot of
5.1.24
H:Joa
Il versus y will be as shown below
(for
lyl>
o)

Force on any dipole having moment rn due to a magnetic
flux density B is
defined
a^s
F:V(*.8)
Since the magnetic moment of the dipole is given as
,ITt,
mnLa
(1)
and as calculated in previous question the magnetic
field intensity produced
due to the slab is
H:
Joga"
So we get the magnetic flux density produced due
B - paH:
to the slab
as
trhJoAa"
(2)
Therefore from equation (1) and (2) we get
m. B:0
Thus the force acting on the dipole is
F:0
5.{.25

Magnetic flux density inside a magnetic material is defined
B : pn(H+ Il)
as
and M will be in same direction inside the cylinder.

Now as the magnetic field lines are circular so outside the
cylinder
make a loop. Thus, the magnetic field lines will be as shown
below
So,
it will
PsBe'324
Chop 5
Megr6ie. FioldE iri Ma*ter
sol- s,{,26
sol
5,1-27
As calculated above the volume current densitv inside the cylinder
J : liltaSo, we can get the flux densitv by Arnperer's circuital law
is
|
I
as
!;,,.::I,';u
'#ot*'/:
is
Now the enclosed current in the loop
l",":[J.rts
: ['
fTr'"r)lpdpdrt)
:2tr xrrl(]:,
: I}trf
So, the magnetic flux densitv inside the cylin<,ler is
B:#1,,":ltl-r,np'
(I :
10trp3)
Thus the plot of magnetic flux derrsity B versus p is as shown below
sol.
5.4.28
Let the
magnetized sphere
magnetization be
be of radius r, ceutered at origin and the
M in o, direction
as shown in figure.
PsEe.0g5
Ohap 5
Magnuiic Fieldc in Matter
Volume current density inside a material is equal to the curl of magnetization
J:Y xM
i.e.
So the volunte current density inside the cylinder is
J:Y
x(L[a"):g
and siuce the surface current density in terms of magnetization is defined as

K -- M x a,, where o,, is unit vector normal to the surface.
So the surface current density on the sphere is
K:(Ma) x (o")
: Msin9aa
(a": w)
...(1)
Now, corrsider a rotating spherical shell of uniform surface charge derrsity a

. thzit corresponds to a srtrfirce current density at any point (r,0,Q). So we
have
K : oaRsin9aa
.,., - angular velocity of spherical
-R - radius of the sphere.
whcre
...(2)
shell across z-axis
and the magnetic flux density produced inside the rotating spherical shell
is defined as
:lpoaR
...(3)
Comparing the eq.(1) and eq.(2) we get
M:
oaH,
Putting this value in eq.(3) we get the magnetic flux density for the
rnagnetized sphere as
:!u,M
(M:
ouil)
Optiorr (B) is correct.

The surface current density of a material in terms of its magnetization is
defined as
K : M x a",
where
a, is unit vector normal to the surface.
So, the surface current density of the cylinder is
6:(Ma,)x(a,)-Mo4
(M : Ma,,an:
ap)
Therefore the surface current density is directed along a6 as shown in option
(B).
F"Tt
Page 326
sol. 5.{.30
Chap 5
Magretic Pields in Matter

Since the magnetic flux density inside a magnetic material is defined
: pa(H+ ItD
as
So, we have the magnetic field intensity inside the material as
n :LBM
P4
and outside the material the magnetic field intensity is
II:LB
P4
So the field lines outside the material
will be same
as for
the case of
flux density shown earlier. Whereas inside the material the direction
magnetic field intensity will be opposite to the direction of magneti
Thus the sketch of the field intensity will be same as shown in the
(B).
sol 5.{.3t Option (A) is correct.

Consider the wire is lying along z-axis. So at any point inside the wire (
distance p < a ftom it's axis) magnetic field intensity will be determined
f n. dr: r"n"
H(2np): r(#)
OI,
(Ampere's circuital
(for Amperian loop of radius
n:ffioo
The direction of the magnetic field intensity is determined using right

rule.
Now the stored energy in the magnetic field 11 is defined
w^
as
: ftu"fi a,
in the internal magnetic filed per unit length (over

unit length in z-direction) will be
So the stored energy
I:, I:", I:,## Pd'Pds'lIz #

'Therefore, the energy per unit length depends only on / and is uniform I
the uniform current.

sol- 5.{.32

Consider the path followed by the two particles are the curvatures havii
radii r, and rz as shown in figure. So at balanced condition centrifugal fcr
will be equal to magnetic force.
f,
i
[i
I
r#
p
ffi
ptr
:{
it
Ir
k
l
Therefore for the first charged particles
+:
Bqu
) r':ffi
and
So
PPI
T2 :
Bqu
'"
) y,-p_Bq
Page 327
Chap 5
the distance between the two particles at releasing end is
- 2rz_?":r(W)_r(ffi):W
5.1.33 Option (A) is correct.

The wire is oriented in east-west direction and magnetic field is directed
northward as shown in the figure.
I
r
I
I
I
Since the direction of gravitational force will be into the paper(toward the
earth) so for counteracting the gravitational force, applied force must be
outward.
Now the force experienced by a current element ldl in a magnetic field B is
r:f
Qat)x a
As the magnetic field B is directed toward north therefore, using right
hand rule for cross vector we conclude that for producing the outward force
current must flow from west to east as shown in the figure below.
L3(,L 5.1,34

consider the current flowing in the wire is 1. so the magnetic force applied
by the field Bo on the wire is
F^ : ILBo
where .D is length of the wire
At balanced condition the magnetic force will be equal to the gravitational
force:
F^:
mg
where rn is the mass of the wire and g is acceleration due to gravity.

So comparing the two results we get the current flowing in the vrire as
r-m9
,_LBO
Since
Therefore
tol
5,1.35
Bo
:0.6 x
I-
10-4Wb/m2, m
(0.3) x e.8
:
O;los , tol

Given the B-H curve for the material,
:0.3 kg and -t : lm
49
kA
(S: 9.8 m/s)
'
Page 32E
Chap.5
j,, .,,,"8."*ieuaHlff
The work done per unit volume in m4gnetizing a material frorn 0 to

has non uniform permeability is defined as
,trm
-Bo
thet
: fth . aa
Jo
Now for determining dB . we can express
B :2pnlf
dH
where a;r is the unit vector in direction of .EI.
So,
!,.
#:4paHa11
:4PnH
and
,^: Js
-^l 3ln
[u"H.(ap^H):+^141'":!P!!{3
3
sol-
5.{"36

As discussed earlier, the path of electron will be parallel to the input beem
but in opposite direction. so the ejected electrons will be flowing in the q
direction.
sol
s"1.37

As the permeability of the medium varies from p4, to 1t2 linearly. so at
any distance z from one of tire plate near to which permeability is p1, the
permeability is given
as
(ttz-
l-r:Ft+T,
tt't\
(u
The magnetic flux density between the two parallel,sheets carrying equal
and opposite current densities is defined as
B:FK
where K is the magnitude of the current density of the sheets.
Therefore the flux per unit length between the two sheets is
!,Jo: foAa,
where d is the separation between the two sheets.
: *l'lr,*@;@,)0,
+
#(4)]:. : *(*+*1
(from equation (1))
liouxd,z
: Kfu,
sol 5.1.3s Option (B) is correct.
Given the field intensity inside the slab is
H :4a,*2aa
So the magnetic flux density inside the slab is given as
B : FH where ,u is the permeability

:2pr(4a,* 2ar)
Therefore the magnetization of the material is
of the material.
0t:2po)
M:E-H
P4
: 8o" * 4a,u - (4a, * 2ar) : 4a, * 2ay
Now the magnetization surface current density at the surfaces of a magnetic
material is defined as
K^-Mxa"
where o" is the unit vector normal to the surface directed outward of the
material So, at
z:
0 magnetizatibri purface current density is

x (_ o",
fK,^),r"=o
,: y
:
and at
so,
t39
4av
Page 829
(an: - a,)
Chap
Maguetic Fields in Mattsr
2a"
d, the magnetization surface current density is
Lr(^],r"=o:Mx(q")
-(4a,*2au) x (o") :-4ay*2a,
(a,,: a,)

As calculated in the previous question the magnetization vector of the
material is
M:4a,j-2q
The magnetization'volume current density inside a magnetic material
equal to the curl of magnetization.,
l.e.
rs
J-:Y xM
Therefore the magnetization volume current density inside the slab is
la- a,
a"l
l^:l{ ,i il:o
lao
l+
| 2 ol

As @ shows the direction into the,paper while o shows the direction out of
the paper. So the wire of length / carries current 2I lhat flows out of th.
paper.
The Magnetic field intensity produced at a distance

straight wire carrying current 1 is defined as
l{-
p frorn an infinite
-wI
so the magnetic field intensity produced at the top wire due to the infiniter
wire carrying current inward is
11^,
: --J-2n(J2I)
(p:izt';
H?
and the magnetic field intensity at top wire due to the infinite
wire carryi'g
current outward is
H42
::-+;
-'#[!i"l!"sity at the wire of rength r is

Hy : (H6* Har)coso
k:
lT
t,)
Therefore the resultan
:-2!:-
2tr1Jzt1" -L
ur2
r.
I
- 2rl
since the force exerted on'a current element ld,t by a magnetic field
i
l
fl
is
ll1a 3t0
Ctq
defined as
"'
dF =(pIr(IdD
So the force experienced by the wire of length I is
:0,H,)(21)t
: u(fi)eU
:+
sol s"'r"4'r Option (C) is correct.
'
since the boundary surface of the two medium is z:0, so the nor
component 81, and tangential component Bu of magnetic flux densitr
medium 1 are
: a"
Bt :0.4a,*
Brn
and
0.8o,
As the normal component of magnetic flux density is uniform at the bound
of two medium so, the normal component of magnetic flux density in

medium 2 is
Brn: B1.n: a"

Now for determining tangential component of field in medium 2, we I
calculate tangential component of magnetic field intensity in mediur
which is given as
Hu :4!
where pr is the permeability of mediun
Ft'
:fitr.no"*0.8o,)
:Vt#t
0a:4
Again from the boundary condition the tangential component of magn,

field intensity in the two mediums are related as
a, x (H1t- Hr,)
: K
where Hzt and H11 are the tangential components of magnetic field intenr
in medium 2 and medium 1 respectively, -r{ is the surface current densit5
the boundary interface of the two mediums and o, is the unit vector non
to the boundary interface. So we have
""
"
:
o, 0.4 e,)
fi{0., (# - Hu,)ou - (X - Ho,)o, : fi@.2o, - 0.4a,)
l!19#2!'
Comparing the
(Hz* a, + Hu,
a,)f
and gr-components we get
Hru:T*#:E
and
Hztu
:H *#:#
Therefore the tangential component of magnetic field intensity in medi
2is
Hr,:ff",+ff",
and the tangential component of magnetic flux density in medium 2 is
Bzt : kzHzt: a' * 0.8ov

Thus the net magnetic flux density in medium 2 is
Bz: Bzr* Bzn:

+{<**1.*t< t<t<*x
a,J-0.8a,a* q"
SOLUTION$,5.2
Page BBI
Clrap 5,
tL
5"2,,!
For a moving charge Q in the presence of both electric and magnetic fields,
where
.E
e[E+ (u x B)]
electric field
o - velocity of the charge
-+ magnetic flux density
Since the electron beam follows its path without any deflection so the net
force applied by the field will be zero
l.e.
Q[E+(o x B)]
:6
ISau*uX3a":Q
As the electric field is directed along a, and magnetic field is directed along
&u so the velocity of beam will be in a" direction (perpendicular to both
of
the field).
V : ka"
1Bg,":0
lSan-3kao:g
Consider the velocity of the beam is

So we have
15ao*ka,
'
So, the velocity of the beam
L s.2.2
k:f:5*/,
will be 5 m/s along the r_axis.

The magnetic field intensity produced at any point in the free space will be
the vector sum of the field intensity produced by all the current sheets.
Since, the magnetic field intensity produced at any point P due to an infinite
sheet carrying uniform current density I{ is defined as
n :|(x
a,)
where a" is the unit vector normal to the sheet directed toward the point p
. so in the region 0 < z < 1 magnetic field intensity due to f{z and I(s will
be cancelled as the unit normal vector to the two sheets will be opposite
to
each other.
Therefore in this region magnetic field intensity will be produced only due
to the current density Kt: 4a, which is given as
n :*Krx an:!t+o,) x (a,)

:_
2%
(o,:
o,)
Alm
Correct answer is - 14.

As the conducting filament is located along the line g: 0, z:0.2m which
is in the region 0 < z < 1m, so, the net magnetic field intensity produced on
the conducting filament by the current sheets is
H--
2a"
Alm
(as determined in previous question)
Chap
B = UgH:-2Pna,t
oft
Page 332
Now the force experienied by a current element

magnetic flux densitY B is defined as
IdI in the presence
dF : IdIx F
wherelisthecurrentflowingintheelementanddtisthedifferential
length of the current element in the direction of flow of current'
conducting filament is
So ior"e per unit length experienced by the
(I:7 A, dl:
(-2prao)
#:7a,x
:- lLtno,,Nlm
s{31-
5.2,4

field i
In a magnetlc medium the magnetization in terms of magnetic
is defined
as
M:X*H
where
1-
is magnetic susceptibility given as
(relative permeability, pr'':

\n, : lt - 1: 1.3
flux densiqv
and since the magnetic field intensity in terms of magnetic
given as
H:1:ffi
:
So
sol
5.2,5
(B:\a,"mwb/
4zr
\_Ig-t ^ =o,
x 10-' x 2.3
lTJ}a, Af m
the magnetization inside the medium is
M : X*H :2249 Alm

in a medium in terms of magnetic fiIed intensity b
defined as
B:pH:1,l,pnH
: (lr)$n x 10-1 Qt
' :32 x 70-7 p2 a6
(p'':
"o)
4f
'
H:2f
ao
Alml
Againthemagneticfluxdensityinsideamagnetizingmaterialisdefinedas
6 : p^(U+ M)
where M is the magnetization of the material' So' we have
* :f,-,
:lT#-'tf"r
: r,,l+_ ,]",
M
sot
5.2,6
p:2
M:
2.19o0

Given
A/m
'
:70 Alm
H
Magnetic field intensitY'
@ :4.2 mWb
Total magnetic flux in the bar,
S:2m2
Cross sectional area of bar,
in the bar
So we have the magnetic flux density
I
_F__2_-_,
:9
- 4'2 >t'10-'
,,
Page 383
Chap 5
2.t mwl;lmz
since tfre magnetic field intensfty and magnetic flux density are
related
as
B = tu(L*xiH
2.1,x 10-3 (4n y i0-?) (1 + .r._) (20)
=
.
So, we
have
(t+xi:ift#fi
!,
y _/3x10-5 _f\
^n-\4,rxloi-L)
: (23'87 - r) :22'87
trL
5.3.?
correct answer is g.g
volume current density inside a material is equal to the curl of magnetization
i.e.
J:YXM
So the volume current density inside the cylinder is
J:Y x(0.2a"):O
1M:Q.Ta"Afm)
and since the surface current density in terms of magnetization

is defined as
K : M x an where o, is unit vector normal to the surface.
So the surface current density of the cylinder is
7S
(0.7a")
x o, :0.7a0
(M:0.Ta"Afm, a,:
ao)
Therefore the current flowing in cylinder is just similar to

a solenoid and the
field inte'sity produced due to a solenoid at any point inside
it is given as
: paK: panl
where n, is the no' of turns per unit rength of the sorenoid

current flowing in the solenoid.
a'd 1 is the
Thus, the magnetic flux density inside the cylinder is (direction

is determine,l
by right hand rule)
B
pL
$.2.8
0.7
pna,
8.8
10-7
a,
(K
:0.7)
Correct answer is 0.3b6

From snells law we have the relation between the incidence
and refracted
angle of magnetic flux lines as
tanat _
tana, where
trr'1
prr
1t*
and pt2 ate relative permeability of the two medium.
tan /b
tano2
Page 334
Chap 5
600
tan /b
tano2
Q2
600
_.^_-1[tan75"1
_ udr
:
sol.
5,2,9
(relative permeability of air
t-T0fJ
0.356'
The magnetic stored energy per unit volume of the plate for a given
flux density (uniform permeability) is defined as
:t"- "
wm
Given
B :(Ja,+4au)x 1o-3wb/m,
So we have,
- L-(V#t)x
:L,r.
and therefore
:;[#]
:2.49
1o-3A/m
x10-6:#4,lx+F
Jlm3
now the separation between the plates is given as d:2m

Thus magnetic energy stored per unit area of the plate is
W*lA:u*xd
-(2.49)X2:5Jlm2
sol-
5.2"10

Internal inductance of a loop of radius
tn
is defined as
: ffi(arr1 :4tr x lo-7 x
2rrX 50 x
:
$oL 5.2.{t
(r:
10-2
50
157.1nH

Given that,
B :0.47
N :200
I : lScm:
the magnetic flux density,

no. of turns of coil,
length of magnetic core,
permeability of the core,
So, current required
15
to produce the given magnetic field
10-2
is
'-BI
" -iN
(1501a)(200)
$oL 5.2.12

The magnetic flux density produced at a distance p from an infinitely
straight wire carrying current 1 is defined as
B:lt
- 2np
So the magnetic flux density produced by the straight wire at side Qfi of
loop is (direction of magnetic flux density is determined by right hand rde)]
Bqp:
ffi""
(P:
page 33F
(1r:5A)
Chap
:15
o.
o7f
8(1,3,0)
3)
a(4,3,0)
1r:5 A
Force experienced by a current erement
density
is defined
as
dF
J41*
ldr in thepresence of magnetic fl'x
where 1 is the current flowing in the element

and dl is the differential vector
length of the current element in the direction
of flow of current.
So the force exerted by wire on the side
of the square
er?
loop is
Feo:l)^ho'xBqn
i
where 'I2 is the current flowing in the square

roop as shown in the figure. so,
we get
Fe,
" (W)
rl(- a,)
In ,{saro,1
:*v-
(Iz:
A,
dl:
dra")
_-5x4zrx10-7x3_
--2i-aY
:- 3 x 10-6 arN -- B ou pN
tol. 5.2.!3
Total force on the loop will be the vector
sum of the forces applied by the
straight wire on alr the sides of the loop. The
forces on sides pe and .R,S
will be equal and opposite due to ,y-*Ltry and
so we have
FPQ* Fns :0
Therefore the total force exerted on the
conducting loop by the straight wire
is
: Fgp* Fsp
(1)
where Fqa and Fro are the forces exerted.
by the straight wire on the sides
Q.R and .9P of the conducting loop respectively.
As calculated in previous question we have
Ftotal
Fgp :_ 3 x 10-oa, N
similarly we get the force exerted by the wire on
the side
^9p of the loop
Fsr:
f"rrarx
as
B,sp
where Bsp is the magnetic flux density produced

by the wire on the side
. So, we get.
sp
tu-ffio,
Page 336
Chap
:*n"
Fs,
(1t
: I^'t(- d,ua,) x ffo,
(Ir:
3 A,
:'i
dI: -
:9 x 10-6arN
Thus, from equation (1), the total force exerted by the straight wire on
conducting loop is
Ftot"l
tt*L
5"2.1&
:-3 x 10-6an* I x
:6 x 10-6arN
10-64,

Consider the strip as made up of many adacent'strips of width dg.
carrying current, Kdy
I x:oo"
Since the magnetic
t1^
flux density produced at a distance p from a str
/ is defined
B_ el
2np
wire carrying current
as
So the magnetic flux density produced at distance 3r from the

filament located along z-axis as shown in the figure will be
"
Hf- o,) (Direction is determined using right hand
:-#A-10r*'
zTra
As the force experienced by a current element
flux density B is defined
ldl in the presence of
as
dF:Id,lxB
and since the length of strip is
of strip is given by
l:
m so, the force exerted on the width
dF:l(KdixB
Therefore the net force exerted on the strip is
r : [' ,tz) (6a") x (-H *)ty

:-Y*1t"'1'
:-
26.4a, pN
= 2 m, K
5.2-t s
Correct a.nswer is 4.
Lt the circular ring being placed such

that magnetization M is iri
direction and
So, we
have
the ring is centereil at origin.
page B3Z
aa
Mag;nbtic Fields
M :4aa
Circular Ring
As the surface current density of a materiar

in terms of its malnetization is
dcfined as
K : M x qn
where
a, is unit vector normal.to the sutface.
So the surface current density of the

ring is
4ao X
ao)
(-
4q"
(Iu[ = 4aa, a,:, ap)
and since the volume current density
insiJe a material is equal to the curl
of magnetization M
J:YxM
l.e.
So the volume current density inside

the ring is
J:Vx(4aa):g
(M:'Aaa)
Now from Ampere's circuital law

we have
{a. u:t'^l.
l,
Pw ' Pnf
-'
and for determining the fierd inside

the circurar ring, the current present
on
the inner surface of ring will be considered
only. So we get
(B)(arfi: wegetrp)
Therefore the magnetic flux density inside

the circular ring is
(p*) (4)
(K: a Alm)
aprwb/m2
ALTERNATIVE METHOD:
Magnetic flux density inside a magnetic
material is defined
B:thM
and since the magnetization of the rod

is
directly the magnetic flux density inside the
B :4pnWb/m2
M: 4A/m
ring
as
a^s
so, we can have
Chap b
Matter
Page 338
Chap 5
5(}L 5,2.t6

As calculated above for the complete circular ring, magnetic flux
inside the ring is
B:
pnaawbf m2
(Magnetic flux density will be directed along the assumed d

magnetization)
Now we calculate ttre flux density contributed by the gap at its centre
it was the complete ring. The gap has its cross section in form of a
loop as shown in figure below
a:2
cm
o,
I
As calculated in previous question the surface current density of the
K :4
ri.g
Alm
and since the width of the gap(square loop) is ut sb, net current in the
is
I : Kw:4w
Now the magnetic flux density at any point P due to a filamentary
1 is defined as
n:f,poso2-coso1]a,
where
p - distance of point P from the current filament.
+ angle subtended
oz + angle subtended
by the lower end of the filament at Pby the upper end of the filament at PSo the flux density at center of the square loop produced due to one side
the loop is
or
B"q,:^f&)"(h)
(P:1cIrI,Q1 :135'
Summing the flux density produced due to all the four sides of loop, we
total magnetic flux density produced by the square loop as
B"q:4"(#ffi):/iu!') *n'
-
/Tpo x
(4)
(o.r
T
1o-3)
x 1o'
(tu:
0.1
:{}!uôr
Page 339
Therefore at the centre of the gap the'net magnetic flux density
will reduce
by this amount of the flux density. Thus at the centre of the gap
the net
magnetic flux density at the centre of the loop will be
u*'
-i;!'u"-,^
:
^(n
- +/i x ro-)
:50.04 x
s.2.1r
10-7 wbfm2
The magnetic flux density produced at any point

filamentary current 1 is defined as
due
to an infinite
B:!Î27Tp
p from the infinite current filament.
Now consider a small area d,s of the coil located at a distance r from
where p is the d.istance of point
the current filament. The magnetic flux density produced on

current filament along y-axis is
B:#:
it
due to the
(p: ,)
since the flux density will be normal to the surface of the coil as determined
by right hand rule therefore, the total magnetic flux passing through the
coil is
.,t
: I a . d,s :
:
I:,1:,(#)@,a0 Snz
As the mutual inductance in terms of total magnetic
M:+
fl*
,lr* is defined
as
where 1-+ current flowing in the element that produces the magnetic flux.
N-r Total no. of turns of the coil that experiences the magnetic flux.
Thus the mutual ind'ctance between the current filament and the loop
is
,:ry(#rn3)
5.2.18
:o.33mH
N:1500
since the two conducting plates of width w:2m carry a uniform
current of
I: 4 A each so, the surface current density of each plate is
K:L:t:2Alm
Now consider the first plate carrying current in *a" direction is located
at
g: 0 and the second plate carrying current in - a" direction is rocated at
U : d, where d is a very small separation between the plates.
since the magnetic field intensity produced at any poinf l due to an
infinite
sheet carrying uniform current density I( is defined as
n :|(x
a,)
where o" is the unit vector normal to the sheet directed toward the point
P. So, the magnetic field intensity prod.uced at the second plate due to the
Chap b
Magnetic Fiel& in Matter
first plate is
Pale,S{0
Chap 5
Hn
Mbgntlc tr'telds in Matter
* a,) :- |,tro-
Now the force per meter, exerted on the
F" :
I' IiKz
B,z)
ds
s,'
2"'1
(Kr:2a*-'
plate due to the 1"t nlate will
be
where .f(2- rurrent density of the 2"r plate

B12J rrl&gntic flux clensity produce<l at the 2'd plate due to l"t plate
It
I
F : I' I?-2o,) x (poHtz)d,ad'z (Kr:-fa"tn'r: prHr) |
So,
: I' I'r. 2a,)'x(- sno) dvd"z :41tua,
As the force applierl by first plate on the 2nd plate is in a., direction so it
is a repulsive force. Therefore the reprrlsive force between the plates is 4pn$.?"{s
Correct answer is
10.05
n : 20,000 turns/meter
turns,
Relative permeability,
lL, : 100
,S : 0.04 m2
cross sectional a,rea,
1 : 100 x 10 3 A
Current in the solenoid.
So, its self inductance will be,
L' : ltnp,n,zs
: (4n x 10 ;) x (100) x (20.000)'z x (0.04)
:2.011 x 103
Therefore the energy stored per unit length in tlte field is
No. of
I
I
I
I
I
I
|
I
I
I
|
W',, -'!L'f :lr 2'011 x 103 x 10 ' :10'05J/m
soL . 5.2.20
Correct ans!\,'er is 0.785'1

consider the square loop has sicle a. Now, when the loop is situated in the
field B:1.96wb/m'. suppose it swings with an angle o. So in the nes
position the torque must be zero. Gravitational forces acting on all the sides
of loop will be down wards ancl the force drrc to magnetic field will be in
horizontal direction as shown in the ligure'
al2
omg
So, in balanced conclition.from the shown figure we have
a ms sin a(a)
a rns sin
"($)
tanfY
: rc,
_B_
2mg
!
I
I
I
!
]
I
s.?"*1
tan
t(t):
rf 4=0.78s4
FaEe 341
Correct answex is -40.

At any point in between the two parallel shuts the net magnetic flux density
produced by the two sheets is given as
B:BtiBz
where 81 is the flux density produced by the lower sheet and, 82 is the flux
density produced by upper sheet.

Now the rnagnetic flux derrsity produced at poirrt
having current density ,fi( is defined as
#K x
due to a plane sheet
a,
where o, is the unit vector normal to the sheet and directed toward point
. So, the flux density produced by lower sheet is
B, :5(+o,) x
o,
(K:4a,, an:
a")
: - 4a,, &, - -
o,)
and the flux density produccd by the lower sheet is
B,'
So tliel net rnagnetic
: t?
4a,)
x (- a,)
(K
flux density produced in the region between the two
sheets is
: +(4&,) x
:-
a"+$F+a") x (-o,)
4p,au
where p, is the permeabilitv of the medium.

Therefore the flux density in region 1 is
Br-"qru,r1
o,r:
--
4p,1
: -
4p,z et,
8pn
a,
1tr:
and the flux densitv in region 2 is

Br"grorr2
So the net flrrx per
:-
16 pa
a,
p,
2p
4tto)
unit length in the region between the two sheets is

(B**,.1) (width of region l) + (8,"n,o,,2) (width of region
! :
: (- 8p, a,)( ) + (- 16 p1 a,)(2)
:* 40pa1a, Wblm
2)
$'*"aa
Correct auswer is 2\.IB2T .

Considelr the sheets its showrr in figrue that having the surface current
densities -1-20 mA/rua, and - 20 tu.Alma,
*20arrli'Af m
9r6i*ri4.*r:
:
z/,
t,
.,' 5 cnl
't
-20a mA/nt
So the field intensity between the plates
will be given
as
Chnp 5
Magnetic Fields in
Mdter
H:HrlHz
Page 342
where .EIr is the field intensity produced by the sheet located at r:

.EIz is the field intensity produced by the sheet located at r: 5 cm.
Now the magnetic field intensity produced at point P due to a plare
having cuuent density .fi( is defined as
Chap 5
s:|Xxa^
where o" is the unit vector normal to the sheet directed toward point P.
the magnetic field intensity in the region between the plates is
n :LK.X
.-;-'-
a,,r*
lxrx
*ffi
:LQo x
10-3ou)
:-
10-3o,
20
o*
(o")
+!?zo x 10-3ar) x (-a)
and magnetic flux density in the region between the sheets is
B : pH - _ 40tn x
I0-3
a"
Qr:
Therefore the stored magnetic energy per unit volume in the region is
,*:LH.B-${soorcx10-6)
: 400 x 4tr x 70-7 x 10-6 : I60tr J lm}
Since the separation between plates is
d:5cm.
So, stored energy per
area between the plates is

W^l
so|.
5.2.23
: u)^ x 4 : (1602r) x (0.05)

:8r J lm' :25.1327 J lmz

Consider the square loop is of side 2a as shown in the figure
Since the sides BC and AD crosses the straight wire so no force will be
experienced by the sides, while the flux density produced by the straigl*
wire at sides AB arrd CD will be equal in magnitude.
Now the magnetic flux density produced at a distance p from a straight wire
carrying current .I is defined as
B:lt
- 2rp
*
r
i
i
the magnetic flux density produced by the straight wire at the two sides
of the loop is
So
:fr.il:ffi
B:y\2):p"
Since the force exerted on a current element
defined as
/r1r:2A'P:ol
IdI by a magnetic field B
is
4p:(tdt)xB
Therefore the force experienced by side
F :14(2a)",lxfffio,l
t
Page 343
AB of length 2o is
Chap 5
: f{_",)
(1:
A)
Similarly force experienced by side CD is
4 :la(2a)(-
")1"[#t-".)] Yg,l
Thus the net force experienced by the loop is
F:
Ft+ F2
:Yer)
:16x 4xI0-7a,
: 6.4a, Jr,N
irl
s"x"s4
Correct answer is b0.6 .

According to Snell's law the permeability of two mediums are related
patanfi - p,tan9z
as
tanh _l\pn
tan01 :
tan?z
p.n
l5tan02
...(1)
Now, the given flux density in medium 2 is
Bz:7.2a,0*0.8a,
So the normal and tangential component of the magnetic flux density in
medium 2 is
Bzn
:0.8a"
Bzt
and
l.2au
FYom the figure we have
tanlz
or
0z
- k:#:3
: tan t (2lB)
from equation (1)
tandt : L5tan02
tandr : 16
d : tan-1(10)
Thus the angular deflection is
or- oz: tan-t(10)
: 50.6'
5.2.2t
- tanl(2lz)

For calculating total reluctance of the circuit, we have to draw the electrical
analog of the circuit. In the given magnetic circuit, there are total six section
for which six reluctance has been drawn below.
For a given cross sectional area and length. of the core

^9
reluctance is
'
defined as
Paqe $44
R.:J-
Chap 5
Mag4etic lields
ir
Matter
I.LD
Where p is permeability of the medium in core

So, we have
5 x 10-2
R;:
'-1rooos";(5x10- ) lRz
10-2
(1000a)(10
lRt:
10-2
(1000po)(10
(D :
14
^'
,o_a;
10-4)
10-2
(loooto)(lotlo-o)
1oP"
*
-
Rs:Rs: Ufu
4x10-2
Ra:
[ooofiFotlo-5:
20A,
.)
50p,0
5o/h
xtt^
since all the reluctance are connected in series so total reluctance of

magnetic circuit is
.'::T;:#I#.J#
: #^:
sol.
5,2.2S
d^.*^
358098'62
For a given reluctance R.
of.
a magnetic circuit, the self, inductance is
AS
.N
u_(R
"f _-
Then,
Where
N is no. of turns of
(1ooy
\-.^/
(o,:
@lZ\p")
don
:2.79 x 10-2
:27.9rr'H
$oL $,2.t7

Give that
:50
l:0.6m
No. of turns of coil,

Length of the core,
Inductance of the
p, :600
L : O.2mH : 0.2 x
coil,
10-3
So, the cross sectional area of core is
o- Ll - (o'2 x 1o-3Xo'6)
o:
u*:-(6oorrJGof:
-
sol.
5"2.2$
6.366
10-5 m2
0.64 cm2
Since the core is ideal so it's reluctance will be zero and so the electrical
analog for the magnetic circuit will be as shown below'
1
Page'3{5
'
Chap 5
The reluctanc R1, Rz and R3 is produced by the air gap.
h _ 4x10' 4)
'rr _ &oSr
p6(100 x 10 (D
2x10'
2
(D
,ar
......:-
"t -
roltoo
,1
&,
t rol:
,R,: *-2-\n-2 --2^

pr{,(100x10-{)-ph
So, the
total reluctance seen by coil 1[
R,
: !lr+ Rr llR,
:!+a:5
llnt ltt,
and the self inductance of coil
L,
is
: #;:
lt'o
will
be
62.8 rnH
5.?"*s 'Correct answer is 23.6

The total reluctance of the magnetic circuit as seen from the coil 1/2 is
R.,
: (R,l
:r t 4-
R,)+ R,
)
- 11 1
"11 2t
I
(as
calculated abov'
\
\lt"" lu,)' ya,

4,2
70
:3/h-/r":3r
Therefore the self irrductance of the coil 1[r is
Ni Qsor :
, - -R'r:
Lr:
CoF^)
5.s"*8
23.6 mH

Since the coil ifr and N: are directly connected through ideal core so entire
flux produced b;' lI, will link with 1f1.

The electrical analog of the magnetic circuit is shown below where thc
reluctance R1 and fl2 are the reluctance due to air gap.
So, the reluctance seen by coil
R.,:
-L-:"'* prS
,AI2
is
--9.!C)
ga(2000 x i-J
- -- ir,
2
Consider the current flowing in coil Nz is ,iz. So, the total flux produced by
Page 346
Nz zz is
Chap
500i" :250pnw
pltt^-)
Since the entire flux wiII link with lfr So mutual induction between
16 is
qh
N,'i,
: fr:
M: Lrz:ry:@#9:28.54mH
s&L
5.4.3t
As the coil Nr and Nz are directly connected through an ideal core so entil
flux will produced by 16 will link with y'fi and so flux linked with Ng wiil t
zero. Therefore the mutual inductance between Ns and Nz is zero.
srlr
5"2.34
Given, the expression for magnetization curve,
: ln + IP p"wblmz
The energy stored per unit volume in a magnetic material having

magnetic flux density is defined as
.*:
ffu . an
Jn:o
Since, magnetic field intensity varied from 0

r27O
'*:
Since,
JuHodB
#:!+zn
So, putting it in equation we get,
,* : I?,r(!+zn)an
H2 , 2H312'o
:[T*-Flo
I
:6.18 x 106J/m3
:6.2MJlm3
***
>1.
{.
rl.
****
to
210
A/m
So, we have
linea
-1
$olurloNs
5.3
Page 147
Chap 5
Magnetic Fields ia Matter

Force applied by a magnetic field
on a moving charge with velocity o is
defined as
F:uX
Since the direction of velocity u and B are perpend.icular to each other as

obtained from the shown figure so the resultant force will be perpendicular
to both of them.
i.e. the force on the moving charged particle will be in upward direction.
and as the particle is also deflected in upward direction with the applied
force so it gives the conclusion that the particle will be positively charged.
x,
5-3.2

since a magnet bar must have south and north pole i.e. a single pole charge
can't exist. So, a magnetic point charge doesn,t exit.
!t
5.3.3

The boundary condition for the current interface holds the following results.
(1) normal component of magnetic flux density is continuous.
l.e.
(2) Tangential
Bn: Brn
component of magnetic field intensity is continuous.
Hrt: Hzt
So, (A) and (B) are wrong statement. Now, we check the statement (C).
consider the rnagnetic field intensity in 1"t medium is .EI1 and magnetic field
intensity in 2"d medium is .Er2. so, it's tangential component will be equal
i.e.
Htt: Hzt
(tangential component)
Since scalar magnetic potential difference is defined as the line integral of
r.e.
magnetic field intensity
i.e.
u- w: f n. dl: r
and since there is no cuirent density at bound.ary.

So, we have U- U:0 or V : V i.e. magnetic scalar potential
same in both medium.
will
be
tol.
5,3.4
soL
5,3.5

A diamagnetic material carries even no. of electrons inside it's atom.
Number of electron in carbon atom is six.
which is even so it is a diamagnetic material rest of the material having odd
no. of electrons.
sol.
5.3.6

A paramagnetic material have an odd no. of electrons and since atomic no.
of Al is 13, which is odd. So, it is a paramagnetic material.
i
I
So,
Page 34E
Chap 5
A and R both true and A is correct explanation of R'
s4)t. *"3"?
s*il
$""3"S
s*i-
s.3"$
&*1- $,s.'r$
$$*-
s"3,'N$
s{}i-
$"3"''1fr
Optit-,n (C) is correct.
Volumecurrentrlensityirrsi<ieamaterialisequaltothecrrrlofmagnetization
i.e.
J:YxM
andthesurfacecurrentdensityinterrnsofmagnetizationisdefinedas
K:Mxa,
wherea,,isuuitvectorrrormaltothesurface.Considertlrecylirrderis
along z-axis
so,
(tr,,:
Ap and
M :
MA"
is
Therefore the volume current density inside the cylinder
J:Yx(Ma"):g
(M is not the function of
and the surface current density of the cylinder is
K : Ma,X ao:1t'1or
Sothecurrentflowingincylinderisjustsiurilartoasolenoidandthefi
it is zero' Thus
intensity produced due to a solenoid at any point outside
as
have the magnetic field intensity outside the cylinder
'Efou1ti6"
$*i-
$"3,13
: 0

Forceappliedonamovingchargeinthepresenceofelectricandmagnetk
field is defined as
F : F"* Fn,: S@+ a x B)
where.{andF-aretheelectricarrdmagneticforcesappliedonthecharges
it is clear that the rroving charge experiences both the electric and magnetk
(in direction of
forces. The electric force is applied in a uniform clirectiou
force is
magnetic
the
electric field) i.e. it is an accelerating force while,
of,
velocity
field and
applied in the normal direction of both the magnetic
both the options
the charged particle i.e. it is a deflecting force. Therefore,
A'
of
are correct but R is not the correct explanation
x*x***r<****
s$LarTIsKs s"4
Page 349
Chap 5

From boundary condition we have the following relation between the
magnetic field intensity in the two mediums :
PrHn : FaHz,
(Hr- Hr) X aa12: K
and
I[
(1)
(2)
and H2 are the magnetic field intensity in the two mediumst an12
is the unit vector normal to the interface of the mediums directed from
medium 1 to medium 2 and K is the surface current density at the interface
of the two rnediums.
where
Norv. the rna,gnetic field intensity in rnedium 1 is
Ht :3a,*
30a,
As the interface lies in the plane
Htn
A/m
u:
0 so, we have
- 3a'
From equation (1), the normal component of the field intensity in medium
2 is given as
: ft:
Hzn
t.so,
Therefore, the net magnetic field intensity in medium 2 can be considered as
Hz :1.5a,* Aar* Bo.

where ,4 arrd B are the constants. So, from equation (2) we have
[(34, + 30an) - (7.5a,* Aao* Ba")f x a, : 1go,
[1.5o, * (30 - A) a, - Ba"f x a" - I\a,
0 - (30 - A) o"- Bo, - I\a,
Comparing the components in the two sides we get
30-,4:0e/:30
-B - 10 + 6:-
and
(3)
10
Putting these values in equation (3) we get the magnetic field intensity in
medium 2
as
:1.5a,*
Hz
sol
$"4"*.
30oo
70a, Af m

Given,
the magnetic mornent

m, :2.5 A-rn2
Nlass of magnet,
mass:6.6x103kg
density of steel,
density : 7.9 x 103 kg/m3
So, the net volume of the magnet bar is
mass _ 6.6 x 10 3
" -density
7.9
105
0.835 x 10 m3
Now. the magnetization of the magnet is defined as the magnetic moment
per unit volume sor we get magnetization of the rnagnet bar as
6
2.5
a, m
tvt:
r:0s55"10-
Page 350
Chap 5
:3x106A/m
sol-
5"4.3

Given,
Magnetic field intensity,
rr :5a"
A/^
lt
Id,l:4 x 10-aorA-m
Current element,
So, the magnetic flux density is given as
B : FH :Sa"Alm
Since, the force exerted on a current element 1dl placed
is defined
So,
in a magnetic
as
r:(rdt)x
putting all the valdes we get,
p :(4 x 10-aar) x (5a,)

:-2x10=3a,N:'-2o,mN
$0L 5.4.4
So, for the given match
$cL
5.4,5
$oL s.4.5
3, B
'
2,
C'
4, D
'
7.

At the surface of discontinuity (interface between two medium) the
component of magnetic flux density are related as
B'n: Btn
i.e. normal component of magnetic flux density is uniform at the surface
discontinuity.
Statement 1 is correct
At the boundary interface between two mediums, the normal component
the electric flux density is related as
i.e. disconti
Dzn- Dn: P,
where p^ is surface charge density at the interface. If the interface is
free (pr:0) then, the equation changes to
i'e' con
Drn : Drn
So, the normal component of flux density at the surface of discontinuity
or may not be continuous.
Magnetic current is composed
components.
sol* 5.4.7
list we get, A
of both
displacement and cond
Torque exerted on a loop with dipole moment

defined as
M in a magnetic fiekl B
is
T:MxB
as defined below
B:-J-_----.
4rR"
(b*3)
Displacement current is determined by using maxwel's equation as

Y x H : J.* Ja where -Ia is displacement current density (c _+ 1)
Time average power flow in a field wave is determined by poynting vector
as
:!n,
x n,
using Gauss's law line charge distribution can be

-L 5d.9
(d-2)
determined.

Magnetic energy density in a magnetic field is defined
,^:!t
Wire
as
The force exerted due to the wire 2 at wire 1 is given
'
(a -+ a)
.A

Consider the two wires carrying current as shown below
Wire
as
F:(rdt)x(.B)
where 1dl is the small current element of the wire 1 and Il is magnetic
flux
density produced by wire 2 at wire 1. As determined by right ha;d rule
the
magnetic flux density produced due to wire 2 at wire 1 is out of the paper.
which will be towards wire 2. In the similar way the force due to wire 1 at
wire 2 will be toward wire 1 i.e. attractive and perpendicular to the wire.
sol
5.4.'tl

Flom the boundary condition for magnetic field, we have the followirrg
derived condition as
and
sol.
5,4.12
PtHa:
Hn:
fuH,,2
Hn

The magnetic flux density B and magnetic fierd intensity
with permeability p are related as
- p,H: F,lhH
rl
in a medium
Now, for the different magnetic materiar relative permeability p, are

listed
below:
Chap 5

Biot savart's law gives the magnetic fl*x density
p, I tat* n
Poo"
Page 351
Page.352
Free space (var-'uurn)
,lf,r-L
Chrip 5 Mapietic Fields in Matter
Diamagnetic
pt,'
{ 1
F,2 7'
F' )'2 1
Paramn.gnetic
Ferromagnetic
So, the
IJ-fI
curve for the respective material has been shown
(depending on their slopes p).

Ferromagnetic
OParamagnetic
.Vacrnrm
B
Diamagnetic
H&.r:rr.
$",{,"13 Option (A) is correct.

When a dielectric material is placed in an electric field then the electri
dipoles are created in it. This phenomenon is called polarization of th
dielectric rnaterial.
So, we conclude that both the statement are correct and statement (2)
correct explanation of (1).
${:i-
ir
$.4.,rjr Option (B) is correct.

For an inhomogeneous magnetic material, magnetic permeability is a variabh
and so, it has some finite gradient. Now, from Maxwell's equation we kntr
V'B:0
B:FH
v.B:V,(pH)
0:V.p,+V.H
Since,
So,
In the above equation
V ' p have some finite
v.H+o
$$1. $"4.r$

Force on a current element
'
!9*t
s"4"{g
value therefore,
(in inhomogeneous mediuml
ldl
kept in a magnetic field
is defined
as
F : Jt{ Id,Ix B
[(10)(2)a,] x [o.obo,]
1.oas N

as
,r, :72J ' A

wliere
$$L
$"4.'t?
s{3L $,4"'tS
is the current density and ,4 is the magnetic vector potential.

The force on a moving charge q with the velocity tr in a region having
magnetic field B and electric field .E is defined aus
p : q(84- a y.. B)
The currents in the hairpin shaped wire flows as shown in the figure.
ffi:H
exerted on a roop with dipole

moment
M in amagnetic fierd B is
T:MxB
5.4.8
tatx
-p,l
Displacement current
VxH
i, d"t**;r"d by using maxwe',s equation

as
J.l^Ja where .Ia is displacement current
(b
-_>
density (c _
.
Time average power flow in
a fierd *urr" t, a"rurmined
by poynting vector
Pou":|n"xn"
oL
5.4.9
1)
as
(d -+ 2)
as

Consider the two wires carrying
current as shown below
Wire I
Wire
The force exerted due to the

wire 2 at wire 1 is given
F:(rdr)x(B)
s.4.rt
J)
using Gauss's law rine charge distribution

can be determined. (a -+ 4)
Magnetic energy density in a
magnetic field is defined
,,_:|J.
0L 5.4,{o
Chap b
Magnetic Fietds iu Matter

Biot savart's law gives the magnetic
flux density as defined below
pagie Bb1
as
where ,dt is the smalr current

element of the wire 1 and
B is magnetic flux
density produced by wire 2 at
wire 1. As determined by right
hand rule the
magnetic flux density produced
due to wire 2 il;;
I
i,
ort
of the paper.
which w'l be towards wire 2. In
the sim'ar *"y t;; force due
to wire 1 a,t
wire 2 will be toward wire 1
i.e. attractive and perpendicular
to the wire.
condirion for magnetic fietd,

we have the fouowing
fi:ftJi:,1J,,::dary
PtH6: p2f!*
and
Hn: Hn
5.4.t2

The magnetic flux density B
and magnetic field intensi ty
with permeability p are related
as
ffik:'the
H
differeBn;::r-r2fl"ri'r
H ina medium
relative permeabilitv p. are risted
Page 352
Free space (vacuurn)
,Fr-t
CLip
Diamagnetic
P',Sl
Paramll.enetic
F,Z\
Malnetic Fields in Matter
Ferrornagnetic
So, the
11,')'>
l]-fl curve for the
respective material has been shown
(depending on their slopes p).

!'erromagnetic
"
-"uParamagnetic
.Vacuum
Diamagnetic
*.,i!r. $.4"'!3
${3;- $.4"44

When a dielectric material is placed in an electric field then the electrb
dipoles are created in it. This phenomenon is called polarization of tbe
dielectric naterial.
So. we conclude that both the statement are correct and statement (2) b
correct explanation of (1).
For an inhomogeneous magnetic material, magnetic permeability is a variabh
and so, it has some finite gradient. Now, from Maxwell's equation we knor
'B:0
B:FH
v.B:1.(p,H)
0:V'p,+V'H
V
Since,
So,
In the above equation V
v.,Et+0
.$$k. s"4.'t$
' p have some finite value

Force on a current element IdI kept in a magnetic field B is defined
:fo',Jr',rirt"rx [o.osa.]
*#L
S",{"'tS
wliere
$.4,,!?
as
is the current density and
is the magnetic vector potential.

The force on a moving charge q with the velocity
magnetic field B and electric field .E is defined a^s
o in a region having
P:r1(E*axB)
$*L
5,d1,'{8
as
1.oav N

'r'r,:lrJ'
s{}t
therefore,
(in inhomogeneous medium)

The currents in thc hairpin shaped wire flows as shown in the figure.
Hairpin
Page
BEB
Cbap 5
Magnetic Fields itr Matter
As the direction of current are opposite so the force acting between them is
repulsive, and So it tend to a straight line.
5.4.1s

Given, the Lorentz ibrce equation,
F : e(ax B)
is at rest then u :
If the particle
0 and
particle due to the magnetic field.
3"4.3*
so there
will be no any deflection in

Force acting on a small point charge'g moving in an
p : qE* q(u+ B)
EM
wave is defined as
So,forg:1
!
t
F:E*axB
s.4"*'t Option (B) is correct.
I
' tol-
Given,
Current flowing in the conductor,

.I:5A
Magnetic flux density,
B :Ba"* ay
since. the force experienced by a current carrying element ldl placed in a
magnetic field B is defined as
d7;,:(Idl)x B
As the current flowing in a, direction so, we have
dI : dla"
and the force experienced by the conductor is
dF :(Sdla") x (Ja" *4au)

Therefore, the force per unit length experienced by the conductor
is
dF
u
sol.
5.4.22
:'_'#:.io**,*

From the boundary condition for magnetic field we have the following
relation :
Normal component of magnetic flux density is continuous
Ba:
l.e.
B,tz
Any field vector is the sum of its normal and tangential component to any
surface
Hr: Ha*
i.e.
Ha
when the interface between two medium carries a uniform current r( then
the tangential c,mpo*ent of magnetic fierd intensity is not uniform.
Hs-Hp:ff
l'e.
Ot,
(1,p1
X (Ht- Hr): K
Page 354
Chap
Magnetic Fields in
But,
Matter
s.,..
B,
s.rr.z3 option (A)
B"z* Bn
is correct.
Given, the magnetic flux density in medium 1 is
Br : 1.2a"*
0'8ao
0.4a,
and the interface lies in the plane z: 0'

So, the tangential and normal components of magnetic flux density in tbc
two mediums are resPectivelY
Bu:7'2a"*
Bn:0'4a,
and
0'8a,
Now, from the boundary condition of current free interface, we have tbe
following relations betweea the components of field in two mediums.
Brn:
Brn
: E"
F:PD\
EIL
a,nd
Therefore, we get the field components in medium 2 as
B2n: Bn:
and \
Bzt
O'4a"
""(#)
:!g.zo,*0.8o,):(0.6o'+0.aan)
Thus, the net magnetic flux density in region 2 is
Bz:
Bzn* Bzt
:0.6o' *0'4ar*0.4a"
So, the magnetic field intensity in region 2 is
,, : #:
$oL
5.4'24
fi{o.uo,*0.4a,*0.4a")

Energy stored in a magnetic field is defined
w.:![n'
So, f
J
a'
ta,
Jd,u hasthe units of energY.
**X*rk***t<XX
as
Alm
gHAPTER 6
TIME VARYING FIELDS AND MAX}UEIL

EQUATIONS
3t
INTRODUGTIOlI
very populalald ther are known as
Electromagnetic
HnYi:::::oT::"
rhe *"i"
til" ;"pt";";;';;;;,;:"il?fi:1
*:li:.::irioas.
"f equations.
background and concepts on _,1h
Maxwell's
Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction

for three different
|:: "::ltl-,^^*l_crl*i:
-
.2
o
r
uaa)eD:
cases:
field, moving conductor with static magnetic
,"ar"r"t^*r;;;Jrfi;
moonafi^
ft^ll
magnetic
field.
rent
They include:
Lenz's law which gives direction of

the induced current
associated with magnetic flux change.

Concept of self and mutual inductance
in the loop
Maxwell's equations for static and time

varying fierds in free space and
conductive media in differential and integrai
form
FARADAYS LAW OF ELECTROUAGNETIG

INDUGTION
According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction, emf induced in a
conductor is equal to the rate of
flux lint<age in it. Here, we w1l
"hurrgelf
denote the induced emf by 7"-r. Matheiratically,
ii" inauc"a emf in a closed
loop is given as
v^t:#:-#[a.as
...(6.1)
the total magnetic flux through the
closed roop, B is the magnetic
flux density through the loop and .9 is
the surface area of the loop. If the
where
@ is
closed path is taken by a.n

becomes
Y*:-
.r[-turn filamentary conductor, the induced

emf
NH
1.2.1 Integral Form of Faraday's Law

we know that the induced emf in the closed
loop can be written in terms of
electric field as
I/emr:fra.at
...(6.2)
From equations (6.1) and (6.2), we get
f,n.
ar,
:_#!,"
. o,
This equation is termed as the integral form

of Faraday,s law.
...(6.3)
Page 356
6.2.2 Differential Forrn of Faraday's Law
Chap 6
TiEe Vary'ug Fields rnd
Applying Stoke's i;heorem to c'cluation i6.li), we obtain
Maxwell Equatioos
It,
"
E)'ds
--!t[a.
as
Thus, equatirrg the integrands in above equa,tion, we get
V r: E :-d^P
dt
This is the differential form of Faradav's
6.3
law-.
LENZ'S LAW
extrrration is ciue to Lenz's larv wlfch states that
the direction of ermf inclucerl {)pposes tire carrse prorirrcing it. To understancl tbe
Lenz's law, con-sider the two conducting lo<rps placed in magnetic fields n'ith
increasing arrd decreasing flux dernsities respectively as shown in Figure 6.1.
The negative sign in F-ararliry
rt-:
i t,,.."ori,,g
lr
(")
.
I]r;,11;,1 1; .l.
.B
I D,,.r.uring B
r"-J-\
'-*"{*1
(b)
Deternrinationc,fDirectiouof lntlr.rcedCurrerrtin aLoopaccortlingtoLenz's

B in Upward Direction
(a) B lrr Upward l)ircctiou Increasing with Tirne (b)

with Time
l{E Yt{ FSL&*|!?V AF
Ta detdrrnine the polarity of induced emf (direction of induced

we may follow the steps given heiow.
Step',1r Obt;ain the direction of'magnetic flru density thrirugh the
In both tlre Figurcs 6.1(a) (b) tlrL rnirguet,r field i's
upward.
Step 2:
Deduce whether the field is increasing or decreasing with

along its directiou. In Figure ti.1(a). the magnetic field
upward is increa-sing', wtrerc;us in Figurc 6.1ib), the"rrn

fickl directed upward is decreasing with time.
Step'3: For increasing fieid aesign tire dirtxtion of induced current
the loop such that it produces the field opposite'to th6 gi
,rnagntic lield clirection. Whereas for decreasing field Escign
direcrion of irrcluccrl cnrroirt irr the lcop such that it prodtrces
field in the same direction that of the given magnetic field.
Figure 6,1(a), rrsing riglrt hand rule ue conihrde that any
flowing in clockwise direction in the ioop will cause a m
field directed downward and hence, opposes,the increase in
(i.e" opposcs the ficld that carrscs it). Simiiarlv in Figure 6.1
using riglrt hand rule, we conclude that a,nv current flowing
qnti-cklckwise directior in thc loop wili cause a magnctic
dire.t'ted rrpward and iience, opposes the decrease in flux
opposes the field that carrses it).
,
the polarity of intluced ernf in the loop corresponding to

thc obtainccl rlirection of indrrced current.
*S.iS:
aA
MOTIONAL AND TRANSFORMER EMFS

According to Faraday's law, tbr a flrrx
thro'gh a loop, there wilr
'ariation
be i'clnr:e<l ernf irr the loop. 'rhe variation
of fl'x with lirne may be caused
in following three wa.ys:
6.4.L Stationary Loop in a Time Varying Magnetic Field

FoI a stationarv ioop located
emf in the loop i-s given b.y
i,,,,,
in
ti,
tirne va,rying rnagnetic field, the induced
: .[ n",tn-
J,o,#. ot
This emf is induced by the tirne_varyirrg currerrt (producing time_varying

rnag'etit: fieltl; irr a, statiorrar,v loop is called transfor
", "*j.
6.4.2 Moving
Loop in Static }\Iagnetic Field

whc'n a condrrcting krup is *rr,vi.g irr a static fierltl. a,n ernf is induced
in the
loop. Tlris i'tlucecl errrf is <:alled, rn,ol:icnnl .ntf antd given bv
V.,,i
: Jti n,,,. rtl : [ir> Bl.

Jt'
r
{tL
where u is the velor:ity of loop in rnagnetic field. Using Stoke's

theorem in
above equatiorr, wr_, gct
y x 8,*: V x (ux
6.4.3
B)
Moving Loop in Time Varying Magnetic Field

Ihis is the gerreral ca,se of in<hrcexl etrrf when a conrlucting loop is moving
in time varying tnagnel,ic lield. Combining thc above two resrrlts,
total emf
induced
is
: f,"n . at :_
I,#. d,s+ {.{, ^ B) . dL
.ds+ffurB\.dL
v,,,= J.fl.I
" - |
dt.
%u,r
or.
!L\-
using st.ke's thettt:rn,
t";:H;;["
as
tn,,
"tilJ,i'lo,i*ruoo
i' differential
form
v xE=-O,f+Vx(uxB)
6.5
II{DUGTANGE
Arr inductatrce is
the iner:tial property of a cilcuit caused by a1 incluced

reverse voltage that opposes thc flow of current when
a voltage is applied. A
circuit or a part of circuit that has inducta,nce is called an inductor.-A
device
can have either self ind'ctance or rmrt'al inductance.
6.5.1
Self Inductance
consider
a circuit .arrvi*g a varving currr:nt which prod'ces
rnagnetic I'ieid r,vhich in
the change in
fl'x.
trlr*
varying
prr:duces irr<iuced emf in the circuit to oppose

The errrf iuduced is called emf of self-induction because
Page
iil
Chap 6
Tlme Varyiry fielde ana
Maxwell Equetiols
Page 35E
Cha[' 6
Time Varying Fields and
Maxwell Equations
the change in flux is produced by the circuit itself. This phenomena is called
self-induction and the property of the circuit to produce self-induction b
known as self inductance.
Self Inductance of a Coil
Suppose a coil with N number of turns carrying current ,I. Let the curred
induces the total magnetic flux @ passing through the loop of the coil. Thus,
we have
NIDcl I
: LI
,NO
o:
I
or
NID
or
where
.t is a constant of proportionality known as self inductance.
Expression for Induced EMF in terms of Self Inductance

a variable current i is introduced in the circuit, then magnetic flux linked
with the circuit also varies depending on the current. So, the self-inductance
If
of the circuit can be written
L,
as
: ft
diD
...(6.4)
Since, the cha,nge in flux through the coil induces an emf in the coil given
dO
r/
V"^r:-ft
\r
...(6-51
So, from equations (6.4) and (6.5), we get
V^r:- L#
6.5.2 Mutual
Inductance
Mutual inductance is the ability of one inductor to induce an emf acr6

another inductor placed very close to it. Consider two coils carrying curreil
I and -Iz as shown in Figure 6.2. Let 82 be the magnetic flux density
produced due to the current 12 and $ be the cross sectional area of coil 1So, the magnetic flux due to Bu will link with the coil 1, that is, it will pasr
through the surface &. Total magnetic flux produced by coil 2 that p*
through coil 1 is called mutual flux and given as
Qrr: I Br. dS
1
to current
12,
a,s
the ratio of the flux linkage on coil
i.e.
Mn
Nt9"
h
where Nr is the number turns in coil 1. Similarly, the mutual induciance M21
is defined as the ratio of flux linkage on coil 2 (produced by current in coil
1) to current i, i.e.
Mz,
N'9"
--j-
The unit of mutual inductance is Henry (H). If the medium surrounding

the circuits is linear, then
Mtz:
Mzr
Jg,
We define the mutual inductance Mp
Page Bb9
Chap 6
Time Varying Fielde and
Maxwell Equations
Circuit
Circuit
I;'ii;u'' 6.2 : Mutual Inductance
between Two Current Carrying Coils
Expression for Induced EMF in terns of Mutual Inductance

If a variable c'rrent f2 is introduced in coil 2 then, the magnetic
flux linked
with coil 1 also varies depending on current rz.so, the mutual
inductance
can be given as
Mr,
d!,"
...(6.6)
axz
The change in the magnetic flux linked with coil 1 induces

an emf in coil
given as
(V^r\:-d9t'
...(6.7)
So, from equations (6.6) and (6.2) we get
(%-r}
: - rrr#
This is the induced emf in coil 1 produced by the current

i2
similarly, the induced emf in the coil 2 due to a varying
current
1 is given as
(V"-r),
I 6.6
in
coir 2.
in the coil
: - Mrr#
Mru1ry6aa's EQUATTONS
The set of four equations which have become known
as Maxwel|s equations
are those which are developed in the earlier chapters
and associated with
them the name of other investigators. These
describe the sources
"qoutiorrs
and the field vectors in the broad fields to electrostatics,
magnetostatics and
electro-magnetic induction.
6.6.1
Maxwell's Equations for Time Varying Fields

The four Maxwell's equation include Faraday's law,
Ampere,s circuital law,
Gauss's law, and conservation of magnetic flux. There
is no guideline for
giving numbers to the various Maxwell's equations.
However, it is customary
to call the Maxwell,s equation derived from

Maxwell's equation.
Faraday,s law as the first
Maxwellts First Equation : Faradayrs Law

The electromotive force around a closed path is equal
to the time derivative
of the magnetic displacement through urry s,rrface
bounded by the path.
or
xE:-ry
dt
frn. at :_!r[ n . as
(Differential form)
(rntegral form)
T'"'
I
kl
Page 360
Chap 6
Maxwell's Second Equation: Modified Amperets Circuital law
The magnetomotive force around a closed path is equal to the cond

plus the time derivative of the electric displacement through any
bounded by the path. i.e.
Time Varyiry Fields and

Maxwell Equetionr
F
I
V x.EI
f n'
ar,
: t*#
(Differential
: l(t+@ur)' *
(Integral
Maxwellts Third Equation : Gauss's Law for Electric Field
The total electric displacement through any closed surface

volurne is equal to the total charge within the volume. i.e.,
Y'D:p,
ort
enclosing
(Differential
(Integral
fo.4s:lp,d,u
This is the Gauss' law for static electric fields.

Maxwell's Fourth Equatiou : Gauss's Law for Magnetic Field
The net magnetic flux emerging through any closed surface is zero. In
words, the magnetic flux lines do not originate and end anywhere, but
continuous. i.e.,
f,a.
Of,
-0
(Differential
(Integral
dS
This is the Gauss' law for static magnetic fields, which confirms the
existence of magnetic monopole. Table 6.1 summarizes the l\{ax
equation for time varying fields.
Table 6.1: Maxwell's Equation for Time Varying Field
ffiriti$',&l
:?
..p469ii$$.,:;,,,,try
in*isi
.i ;!!l;.li.l.:,J
;:..:
-i.ir' j t,::.ijrr"irr,r.,r!1ii
r:.,
,olp.tttgmi.bgnetii
''',',
:;:llidffi{s6
r,;::i,r::;;,:rr)
:i r,t"r '
r-
v.t tr; ri4&;'t

ir:r,,
All.I
:,::i*
i:
i-','.:. j ..! -jl
l:.r.iir r:
::r:i,.
:rr'1
:.
r,' 1'1
.1],:ttttttttttttttt;a:''a,:t
l::dgl
le;.,;:*$.ff,:
i4i r '.'. ,i .,i..' {i}.ir11:lru!rr:r,r...i..r.4

r'i . ..:,,: :r:r " i:..r,....t :r,.!ii,::.. r: :,. r._:r,,r; i
;rit i: i" 1:ai ;a u:r i:.!,Jl.jtfi t!.r'!,i
,,.-:.......aa
:.4
:.' \ t
a, :.'.., l:..f-.'
4,'.. .t 1'
. !,
t.i. 1ri,;:: 1!i :ii!:t:rt.,l

i,!;'ii:,-!?-'i.,-.
. ;-.:::"::-a..:::._i -:-... |: r . ...1,
6.6.2
vell's Equations for Static Fields

Maxwell
For static fields, all the field terms which have time derivatives are zero.
aB _,,
nt -v
^-r
ano
0D : u
-At
-n
Therefore, for a static field the four Maxwell's equations described

reduces to the following form.
ab
Thble 6.2: Maxweil's equation for static field
:s;N.:,
Chap 6
Iffiatial,Ibrm
L,.
Jt
,,v x.fi,.:,,ir,
r..:..'
, ,,.,,
'
y.
,
i,.r.*
g t ar, *a
F,erad'ayls ; .'lqw
Jt
., -,lrl
$,n,
Js
-.
..,,, ,, .of
electromaffretic induction
In.an:{t.n
,.'
*
,V: ;'o
t...'
Page 361
..._t.
X-+"{4,au,
Modified Ampere's circuital

law
Causs' Iaw of 'Eloetiixtatics
s,
l:
Maxwell's Equations in Phasor Form

Inatime-varyingfield,thefieldquantities E(r^y,z,t),D(r,A,z,t),B(r.y,z,t)
) H(r,y,z,t), J(r,A,z,t) and po(r,y,z,t) can be represented in their respective
'
phasor forms as below:
:P"e{E"e''}
:pte{D,e''}
B: R"{8,"-'}
H : R*{II,"-'}
E
D
...(6.8a''
...(6.8b)
...(6.8c)
..(6.8d)
and :":Y"l:.I,!j
illi]
where E,rD,,B",H".J, and pu" a,te, the phasor forms of respective fiel,:i
quantities. Using these relations, we can directly obtain the phasor form ol
Maxwell's equations as described below.
Maxwell's First Equation: Faraday's Law
In time varying field, first Maxwell's equation is written
as
v x.E:-%|
.(oe)
Now, from equation (6.8a) we can obtain
YxE
:V
X P.,e{E,e,'}: Re{V
E"eP'}
and using equation (6.8c) we get
:$n"1n,
".')
: R"{i,-o, ".'}
Substituting the two results in equation (6.9) we get
Re{v x 8""''}
Hence,
or,
: - n"{jrn"*'I
VxE,--jwB,
.
$ n". an :- ja
"JsI a" as
Jt
(Differentialfornt)
(Integral forrn)
Maxwell's Second Equation: Modified Ampere's Circuital Law
In time varying field, second Maxwell's equation is written
v x .Er :
t*#
...(6.10)
From equation (6.8d) we can obtain
Vx
.F/
:V
X Re{,Er"e''}
as
: Re{v x
H"eYrl
Time Varygg Fields and

Maxwell Equations
Page 362
Chap 6
Maxwell Equations
From equation (6.8e), we have
J : Re{J"err}
and using equation (6.gb) we get
H : $n" 1o
"
",'j
Re{j, D
"
"to,}
Substituting these results in equation (6.10) we get

Re{v x H""tor} :Re{J"er, * juD"ept}
Hence,
V x trI" : J"+ jaD,
or,
.
frn, dL :
e,+ i,tD") .
(Differential fo
d,s
(Integral fo
Maxwell
rell's Third Equation: Gauss's Law for Electric Field
In tirne varying field, third Maxwell's equation is written
Y.D:p,
as
...(6.
}}om equation (6.8b) we can obtain
v . D:v.Re{D""to'}:Re{v. D"".'}
and from equation (6.8f) we have
p,:Pue{p*er'}
Substituting these two results in equation (6.11) we get
Hence,
or,
Re{v . D""r,} :R"{p*"to,)

v . D, : po,
o" .
(Differential for
aS : p*d,u
f
(Integral for
Maxwell's
ell's Fourth Equation: Gauss's Law for Magnetic
Field
v'B:o
...(6.r
F}om equation (6.8c) we can obtain
v . B :v . Re{B,"to,}:Re{v. 8""*,}
Substituting it in equation (6.12) we get

Re{V' B,ePt} -0
Hence,
V.B,:Q
or.
,
(Differentialfon
: v
ds:o
6a,.- uD
Isus
(Integral fon
Table 6.3 summarizes the Maxwell's equations
in phasor form.
Table 6.3: Maxwell,s Equations in phasor Form
,,tj--:
9:
t.: r'i
.r$*:ff;*i,g&
, :.r;..:.:li'.:l
e
:
.-..
4' i'
r ,l.l::ii
l.a,.i:.ll:al
f a"
. ar=
.
f{.r"+ tnD,) as
iag*{
ItMi66d',,::, ;.:.
circuiAf l*+. ,,
EOUATIONS IN FREE SPAGE
Page 363
For electromagnetic fields, free space is characterised by the following

parameters:
Relative permittivitY, , : 1
Relative permeabilitY, 1tr,: !
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
J:0
Po:0
Volume charge densitY'

As we have already obtained the four Maxwell's equations for tirnevarying fields, static fields, and harmonic fields; these equations can be
easily written for the free space by just replacing the variables to their
respective values in free space'
Maxwell's Equations for Time Varyrng Fields in trYee Space

By substituting the parameters, J: 0 and p,:Lin the Maxwell's equations
given in Table 6.1, we get the Maxwell's equation for time-varying fields in
free space as summarized below:
Thble 6.4r Maxwell's Equations for Time Varying Fields in Free Space
Bi&redal&q&.'
L:t','.
*..x',b';:#
tffi-,:;l
$[am.,
i#'r'rr
feliilrystta'tr'
2,
3.
r.r;r.r-ri Li-,ii..-,,-r,i:,ri... :r;i..._:ir:rri,rrrr.i.
v,' D;.0
dn. dg=o
d&riddl l&!e,'of Ebbtrmt&tiis
'
Js
@d,lryq
4;,
,,{4
ri# Mqgqrtwtatip
,q{,: .qigneiic
nono.pote)
J7.2
Maxwell's Equations for Static Fields in trbee Space

Substituting the pa,rameters, J: 0 and pu : 0 in the Maxwell's equatiorr
given in Table 6.2, we get the Maxwell's equation for static fields in fre,:
space as summarized below.
Thble 6.5: Maxwell's Equations for Static Fields in Flee Space
*
$t $i
:,1:l::::::a:!;l:l[':::rir,tir::
S.X.
il*.hi&;i.,,.::i I : .i:t:ai:::
,1:
,
$:,
tlli;,|:,,,i'::;;'
:',1,r,.
i.'.
F.,*, :f,fi,*&
.,. .:tr: j,.
4;
;::::.,
:.:,:.:'
:t::l*..' :..,:,,:.li:ll.rit
tit:itilii
r:qri:'X:',,&,,+tS l
.:,]$l::l',,iilr,lr.rg
,V..r
jir:0,|:ii-:i.tii
:t,,.:.-rtit.
g'*

Maxwell Equations
l
i
I
l
ConductivitY, o :0
Conduction current densitv'
s.N.
ehap 6
.,.:r:..,.:u
*:t
*irixdts;}}*sr
Page 364
Thus, all the four Maxwell's equation vanishes

for static fields
Chap 6
Time Varyiug Fields and
MaxweII F,quations
space.
6'7'3
Maxwell's Equations for Time Harmonic Fields

in Fbee space
Again, substituting the parameters,.f:0 and po:Q
in
the
equations given in Table 6.3, we get the Maxwell's

equation for time
fields in free space as summarized below.
Ihble 6.6 : Maxwell,s Equations for TimeHarmonic

Fields in Flee Space
*'t<********x
l.
J'
kH
EXERGISE 6.{
Page 365
Chap 6
Maxwell Equations
A perfect conducting sphere of radius r is such that it's net charge resides
on the surface. At any time f o magnetic field B(r, t) inside the sphere will be
(A) 0
(B) uniform, independent of r
(C) uniform, independent of f
(D) uniform, independent of both r and f
ln
e.r.:
A straight conductor ob of length I lying in the ry plane is rotating about

the centre o at an angular velocity t.r as shown in the figure'
@
&
@ @ @ 1,/
@@&@@
@@@@&
@
@
(jp
lG
If
@s@@@@@
a magnetic field
is present in the space directed along a, then which of
the following statement is correct ?

(A) V"b is positive
(B) %, is negative
',
(C) %" is positive
(D) l/a" is zero
tQ
6"r.s
Assertion (A) : A small piece of bar magnet takes several seconds to emerge
at bottom when it is dropped down a vertical aluminum pipe where as an
identical unmagnetized piece takes a fraction of second to reach the bottom.
Reason (R) : When the bar magget is dropped inside a conducting pipe,
force exerted on the magnet by induced eddy current is in upward direction.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A.
(B) Both A arid R a,re true but R is not the cortect explanation of A'

Self inductance of a long solenoid having
proportional to
(A)
"
(c)
,,?
n turns per unit length will
(B) 1.ln
(D) tln'
be
Page 366
&qc&
$"1"5 A wire with resistance .R is looped
on a solenoid as shown
Chap 6
Maxwell Equatiofs
''
If a constant
current is flowing in the solenoid then the induced

flowing in the loop with resistance r? will be
(A) non uniform
(B) constant
(C) zero
tdlC& $"1.S
(D) none of these
A long straight wire carries a current
locos(arf). If the current

along a coaxial conducting tube ofradius r as shown in figure then
field and electric field inside the tube will be respectively.
(A) radial, longitudinal

(C) circumferential, radial
f'{C& S"'!"?
,I:
(B) circumferential, longitudinrl

(D) Iongitudinal, circumferentii
Assertion (A) : TWo coils are wound around a cylindrical core such that
primary coil has Nr turns and the secondary coils has N2 turns as showr
figure. Ifthe same flux passes through every turn ofboth coils then the
of emf induced in the two coils is
Vtz - Nz
%-rr I[t
i---..--..-.---
Reason (R) : In a primitive transformer, by choosing the appropriate no t

turns, any desired secondary emf can be obtained
I
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of
t.
l.
A'
Page 366
t!t*&
s"{.5 A wire with resistance ft
is looped on a solenoid as shown in figure.
Chap 6
Maxwell Equations
If a constant
current is flowing in the solenoid then the induced

flowing in the loop with resistance -E will be
(B) constant
(A) non uniform
(D) none of these
(C) zero
r!:& $,1.6
A long straight wire carries a current 1:.Iocos(cut). If the current
along a coaxial conducting tube of radius r as shown in figure then

field and electric field inside the tube will be respectively.
(A) radial, Iongitudinal

(C) circumferential, radial
erc& 6"1"7
(B) circumferential, longit

(D) longitudinal, circum
Assertion (A) : Two coils are wound around a cylindrical core such that
primary coil has Nr turns and the secondary coils has Nz turns as shown
figure. Ifthe same flux passes through every turn ofboth coils then the
of emf induced in the two coils is
Vatz
%^tr
Nz
- n[
:-*-o
Secondarv coil
(N, turns')
Primary coil
(N, turns)
tr-----''
.a
rl:.i,.ii..r:.r"
.i..{:i:,.,::. . i,ri:.ir r,., :
rj.U
t:
j:::r
Reason (R) : In a primitive transformer, by choosing the appropriate noturns, any desired secondary emf can be obtained.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
l.
t,
lqQ
5.1.rt
In b non magnetic medium electric field E : Eocosut is applied. If the

permittivity of medium is e and the conductivity is o then the ratio of
the amplitudes of the conduction current density and displ.acement current
density will be
(A) pa lae
(B) olwe
(C) opalue
(D) uelo
Fa
6",!.s
In a medium, the permittivity is a function of position such that E

= O. tf
the volume charge density inside the medium is zero then V . ,o i. roughlv
equal to
(A) e,E
(B) -e.E
(c) 0
(D) -Ye. E
:a
6.1"{O
In free space, the electric field intensity at any point (r,0,$) in
spherical
coordinate system is given by
"
sindcos(wt_
=-7ae
kr)
The phasor form of magnetic field intensity in the free space will be
bsin_Q
' A\' (tp,gr e-jh a^Y
(B)
-H
(C) @!n
(D)
&EPd e jb a,
"-in'
e-ir'a,
Common Data For Q. Ll and 12 :

A conducting wire is formed into a square loop of side 2 m. A very long
straight wire carrying a current 1:30A is located at a distance 3m frorn
the square loop as shown in figure.
/:30
a:2
Ee 6."t.tt
Eo 5"r.r2
If the loop is pulled away from the straight wire at a velocity of 5 m/s then
the induced e.m.f. in the loop after 0.6 sec will be
(A) 5 pvolt
(B) 2.5 pvolt
(C) 25 pvolt
(D) 5 mvolt
If the loop is pulled downward in the parallel direction to the straight wire,
that distance between the loop and wire is always 3 m then the induced
e.m.f. in the loop at any time I will be
(A) linearly increasing with f
(B) always 0
(C) linearly decreasing with I
(D) always constant but not zero.
such
ErQ 6.1,13
Two voltmeters ,4 and B with internal resistances .Ra and -Rs respectively is
connected to the diametrically opposite points of a long solenoid as shown il
figure. current in the solenoid is increasing linearly with time. The correct
relation between the voltmeter's reading V1 and Vs will be
Page 367
Chap

Maxwell Equations
Page 36E
Chap 6
Tlne Varying Fields and

Maxrell Equations
(A) Vo:
(B)
1rt
sv::H
yA--va
Q)h:-h

Two Jrarallel conducting rails are beirrg placed at a separation of 5 m with
a resistance B : 10 f) connected across it's one end. A conducting bar slider
frictionlessly on the rails with a velocity of 4mf s away from the resistance
(}9
o
@
c,
If
a uniform magnetic field
B:
Tesla pointing out of the page fills entire

region then the current 1 flowing in the bar will be
2
(B) *40A
(D) -4A
(A) oA
(c) 4A
fft{:s 6,1.t5
The force exerted by magnetic field on the sliding bar will be

(A) 4 N, opposes it's motion
(B) 40N, opposes it's rnotion

(C) 40N, in the direction of it's motion
(D) 0
ri*&
6.,!.16
Two small resistor of 250 o each is connected through a perfectly conducting

filament such that it forms a square loop lying in n-g plane as shown in the
figure. Ma,gnetic flux density passing through the loop is given as
fJ
aaa
aB8
aaa
:--
7.5cos(120a"t,.-
30')a"
The induced current /(f) in the loop will be

(A) 0.02sin (72hrt - 30')
(B) 2.8
(C) -5.7sin (l2hrt

6.1.17
Page 360
103sin(120zrt- 30")
(D) 5.7sin(120zrt
30')
30')
rectangular loop of self inductance tr is placed nea,r a very long wire

carrying current i1 as shown in'figure (a). If ir be the rectangular pulse of
current as showir in figure (b) .then the plot of the induced current iz in the
loop versus time t will be (assume the time constarrt of the loop, r > LIR)
(a)
f,co 5-t.19
Two parallel conducting rails is placed in a varying magnetic field

B
0.2 cos ufa,. A conducting bar oscillates on the rails such that it's position
:0.5(1 - cosr..,f ) m. If one end of the rails are terminated in a
resistance .R:5O, then the current f flowing in the rails will be
is given by A
0.5 m
&@@
@@@
@@@
@@@
@@a
a&sB
8@@
@@@
Chap 6
Tin Varying Fieldr and

Maxwell Equations
(A) 0.01c,.'sin0/t(1+2cosut) (B) -0.01arsina,r(1*2cosc,.'t)

(C) 0.01c..'cosr.,'t(1+ 2sinat)
(D) 0.05c,.,sinu.'(1+ 2sir.''t)
Page 370
Chap 6
Maxwell Equations
ffeq s.1.1$ Electric flux density in a medium
(e.:
10,
F,:2)
is given
as
D :1.33sin(s x to\- o.2r)arp.Clm'

Magnetic field intensity in the medium
\
*t\"
(A) 1o-5sin(3 x to8t - 0.2r)a, Alm

(B) 2sin(3 x 108, -0.2r)a,Alm
(C) -asin(3 x 108, -0.2r)auA,lm
(D) asin(3 x 108t -0.2r)auAlm
McQ
_-_-_-_
6.{.2$ A current filament located on the e-axis in free space with in the interval
-0.1 < r< 0.1m carries current 1(0:8f A in a, direction. If the retarded
vector potential at point P(0,0,2) be ,4(f) then the plot of ,4(l) versus time
will be
A(nwb/m)
A(nwb/m)
.4(nwb/m)
1(nwb/m)
Common Data For Q. 2l and,22

In a region of electric and magnetic fields .E and B, respectively, the force
experienced by a test charge qC are given as follows for three different
z
velocities.
m/sec
ar
Force, N
q(ay+ a")
e!
qal
az
q(2ar+ a")
Velocity
6"1.21 What will be the magnetic field B in the region ?

(A)
(C)
{
l'
o,
o,
(B) o, - ou
(D) a, - a"
6.1.2? What will be electric field

(A) a,- a"
(C) a,1- a"
6'l'e3
,E in the region
Page 371
(B) au (D) o, *
a"
a"-
Chap 6
Maxwell Equations
o,,
Inanon-conductingmedium (o:0, I,t,: ,: 1), the retarded potentials are

given as V : y(r- ct)volt and ,4 : A(+ - t)a,Wblm where c is velocity
of waves in free space. The field (electric and magnetic) inside the medium
satisfies Maxwell's equation if
(A) J:0 only
(B) p,: o only
(C) .r: p,: o
(D) Can't be possible
6.1.24 In Cartesian coordinates
magnetic field is given by B --2f ra". A square

loop of side 2 m is lying in ry plane and parallel to the g-axis. Now, the
loop is moving in that plane with a velocity n:2a, as shown in the figure.
What will be the circulation of the induced electric field around the loop
(B) q
(A)
(c)
4-#9-
"r
a*q
(D)q?)
Cornrnon Data For Q. 25 to 27 : \

In a cylindrical coordinate system, magnetic field is given by
forp< m
[0
B:lZsinata" for4< p15m
forp>5m
[0
rflcg 6,'t.?5
The induced electric field in the region
(A)
p 14m will be
(s) uff@"r
(C) -2coswta6
MCQ 5.1.26
The induced electric field at p
(A)
4.5
s'{"27
x*a",
13;
m is
.raaff!&
Mcq
(o)
l7oggsc'rt
(P1 -I7uc'-osut
The induced electric field in the region p
) 5 m is
(A) -f;c.,cosuta4
@)
(C) -gpcosata6
-_gffe!",
@) 9effet",
$cq
Page 372
Chap 6
Tine Jqryiry Fild8 ara

Maxill Equations
6.r"s8
Magnetic flux density, B:O.rta, Tesla threads only the loop abcd lying in
the plane ry as shown in the figure.
@t
d
+
40
aaa
aaaB
aaa
l_
I
Consider the three voltrneters V1, V2 and V3, connected across the resistance
in the sarne rgr plarre. If the area of the loop abcd is 1m2 then the voltmeter
readings are
V2
V,
(A) 66.7 mV
(B) 33.3 mV
33.3 mV
66.7 mV
66.7 mV
(c)
33.3 mV
66.7 mV
66.7 mV
33.3
(D)
33.3
mV
66.7 mV
66.7 rnV
mV
Cotttmon Data For Q. 2g and J0 :

A square wire loop of resistance ft rotated at an angular velocity ru in the
uniform magnetic field B: 5av mWb f m, as shown in the figure.
ilcq 6't"rs If the angular velocity, a:2tadl

will be
(A) 2sindpV/m
(C) 4cosd rNlm
n{3Q
then the induced e.m.f. in the loop
(B) 2cosd rN lm
(D) 4sindpV/m
6'1'30 If resistance R: 4omQ then the current flowing in the square

'
(A) 0.2sin0mA
(B) o.tsindmA
(C) 0.1cosdmA
mcq
sec
loop will be
(D) 0.5sind mA
6'1"31 In a certain region magnetic flux density is given as

B:
Bssinwt ar. A
rectangular loop of wire is defined in the region with it's one

corner at origi.,
and one side along z_axis as shown in the figure.
ti
\
Page S73
Chap 6
Time Varying Fieldg and
Maxwell Equations.
If the loop rotates at an angular velocity
c,., (same as the angular frequency

of magnetic field) then the maximum value of induced e.m.f in the loop will
be
(B) zBosu
(D) 4BgSw
(A) !B,)Su
(c) &s,
Corrmon Data For Q. 32 and 33 :

Consider ihe figure shown below. Let B: 10cos120ntWb/m2 and assume
that the magnetic field produced by i(t) is negligible
ooo
o,ao
o.,/ o
EA 6,{.32
The value of u,* is
(A) * 118.43 cos 120zrt V

(C) -118.43sin t20nt V
3e
6,t"s3
(B) 118. 3cos120zrt V

(D) 118.43sin720nt Y
The value of z(t) is
(A) -0.a7cos120nf A
(C) -0. 7sin120nt A
(B) 0.47cosI2Urt A
(D) 0.47sinl2hrt A
*,F
r(** {.***t('f
:l
EXERGISE 6"2
Page 374
Chap 6
Time Var 'yrng Fields and
Maxwell Equations
QUES 6.?,t
A small conducting loop is released from rest with in a vertical evacuated

cylinder. What is the voltage induced (in mV) in the falling loop ?
(Assume eaxth magnetic field : 10 6 T at a constant angle of 10" below the
horizontal)
6.t.2 A square
loop of side 1m is located in the plane r: 0 as shown in figure. A

non-uniform magnetic flux density through it is given as B : 4lf a,,The
emf induced in the loop at time f : 2 sec will be
Volt.
Qt^rgs
6.2'3 A very long straight wire carrying
a current 1: 5 A is placed at a distance

of 2 m from a square loop as shown. If the side of the square loop is lm
then the total flux passing through the square loop will be
x 10-7 wb
a:1m
l,'
quEs 6.2.4
In a medium where no D.C. field is present, the conduction current density

at any point is given as ./a : 20cos(1.5 x 108i)o, Al^'. Electric flux density
in the medium will be Drsin(l.5 X 1084 aunCf m2 such that Do: __**
ouEs
A conducting medium has permittivity, :4s and conductivity,

o:L.74 x 108s/m. The ratio of magnitude of displacement current and
conduction current in the medium at 50GHz will be
X 10-8.
6,2,5
rsrEs 6.2.s
In a certain region magnetic flux density is given as B: 0.Lta,Wp/m'?. An

electric loop with resistance 2 O and 4 O is lying in r-y plane as Shown in
the figure. If the area of the loop is 1m2 then, the voltage drop v1 across the
2
O resistance
is
mV.
Page 375
chrp
a 88+oaAA
a
-'4-* a
a aaaaa a
a aaaaa a
V,
+11-a
a
a a a
a a a
I
I
f*
: crEs
6.2.7
f
p
t
magnetic core of uniform cross section having two coils (Primary and
secondarv) wound on it as shown in figure. The no. of turns of primary
coil is 5000 and no. of turns of secondary coil is 3000. If a voltage source of
12 volt is connected across the primary coil then what will be the voltage (in
Volt) across the secondary coil ?
%:12 Volt
[ *="
u.u"u
Magnetic field intensity in free space is given
r[
lt
eirEs
6.2.3
:0.1cos(15r'y)sin(6n'
as
x 10et- br)a"Af n
satisfies lVlaxwell's equation when I b l:
Two parallel conducting rails are being placed at a separation of 2 m as

shown in figure. One end of the rail is being connected through a resistor
,R : i0 0 and the other end is kept open. A metal bar slides frictionlessly
on the rails at a speed of 5 m/s away from the resistor. If the magnetic flux
density B : 0.1Wb/mz pointing out of the page fills entire region then the
Ampere.
current 1 flowing in the resistor will be
R:10
l,:eucs
6.a"to
An infinitely long straight wire with a closed switch ,5 carries a uniform current
I:4A as shown in figure. A square loop of side a:2rn and resistance

Maxwell Equations
\------/'
distanee 2m from the wire. Now at a.ny time tthe switch is open so the current .[ drops to zero. what will be the totd
cha"rge (in nC) that passes through a corner of the square loop after t: to ?
R-l0jq,lqpated.a$,p
Page 376
Chap 6
Tine Varying Fields ard

Maxwell Dquations
a:2
QUE$
6.2.t1 A circular loop of radius 5m carries a current I:2A. If another small

circular loop of radius lmm lies a distance 12 m above the large circula,r
the common axis as shown in figure then total flux through the small loop
will
be
12m
Qus$
6.2.{2 A non magnetic'medium at frequency ,f:1.6 x 108H2 has permittivity
resistivity p : 0.77 Q - m. What will be the ratio of amplitudes

of conduction current to the displacement current ?
e
QUE$ 6"2"t3
54eo and
In a certain region a test charge is moving with an angular velocity 2raaf sec
along a circular path of radius 2 m centred at origin in the r-y plane. If
the magnetic flux density in the region isB: 2a,"wbf m2 then the electric
field viewed by an observer moving with the test charge is
V/m in
o, direction.
l
In a nbn uniform magnetic field B:8ta,Tesla, two pa.rallel rails with

a separation of 20 cm a,nd connected with a voltmeter at it's one end is
located in r-y pla.ne as shown in figure. The Position of the bar which is
sliding on the rails is given
as
r : t(r+0.4f)
lEs
e.e.ra
What will be the voltmeter reading (in volt) at f :0.4sec
Page 377
''t
:i
Chap 6
l , \rar:i
Time Varying Flelds and

Maxwell Equations
cm
J,
-s
6.2"'t5 What will be the voltmeter reading (in volt) a,t r: !2 cm
6.2-{E In a non conducting medium
(o:
0) magnetic field intensity at any point
.tf : cos(1010t - bx)o" A,lm. The permittivity of the medium is

e:O.I2nF/m and permeability of the medium is p:3 x 10-5H/m. D.C.
field is not present in medium. Field satisfies Maxwell's equation, if I 6 l:
is given by
r
i
:.
lF
o.z.r:
Electric field in free space in given

.E
It
as
5sin(10zry)cos(6zr
satisfies Maxwell's equation for
Los
bn)a,
l: I
Fs 5'2.18 8 A current is flowing along a straight wire from a point charge situated at
the origin to infinity and passing through the point (2,2,2). The circulation
of the magnetic field intensity around the closed path formed by the triangle
having the vertices (2,0,0), (O,Z,O) and (0,0,2) is equal to ____ Ampere.
{}s
,
6.2.{e A 50 turn rectangular loop of area 64 cm2 rotates at 60 revolution

seconds in a magnetic field
per
z77twblm2 directed normal to the

axis of rotation. what is the rms value of the induced voltage (in volt) ?
0.25 sin
******trl.*'k*
');tx'
EXERCI$E 6.3
Page 378
Chap 6
Maxwell Equations
.d(,e &"3"{
Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes gi
below (Notations have their usual meaning)
List-I
a
b
c
List-II
Ampere's circuital law
L. Y . D:po
Faraday's law
2. V'B:0
3. y x E:-A-B^
Gauss's law
dt
Non existence of isolated magneticharge
Codes
4. V
. , AD
.E[: t*-at
abcd
(A)432t
(B) 4r32
(c) 2374
(D)4312
F"{eG S"3"!
Magneto static fields is caused by

(A) stationary charges
(B) steady_currents
(C) time varying currents
(D) none of these
8l$c& 6"3"3
Let a be magnetic vector potential and E be electric field intensity

certain time in a time varying EM field. The correct relation between
and ,4 is
$rcs 6"3"{
(A)
E:-#
g1
p: 0!
dt
A closed surface 5 defines the boundary line of magnetic medium such t

the field intensity inside it is B. Total outward magnetic flux through
closed surface
(A)B.s
(C) Bx s
[*]e{} 6,3.5
A:-#
(D) A:#
@)
will
be
(B) 0
(D) none of these
The total magnetic flux through a conducting loop having electric

E: 0 inside it will be
(A) 0
(B) constant
(C) varying with time only
(D) varying with time and area of the surface both
3e
!e
6.3.S
6.3.?
A cylindrical wire of a large cross section made of super conductor carries

current 1. The current in the superconductor will be confined.
(A) inside the wire
(B) to the axis of cylindrical wire
(C) to the surface of the wire
(D) none of these
If B;
denotes the magnetic
flux density
increasing
with time and
Ba
denotes the magnetic flux density decreasing with time then which of the
configuration is correct for the induced current 1 in the stationary loop ?
b. 6.3.i
;
Fr
A circular loop is rotating about z-axis in a magnetic field

The total induced voltage in the loop is caused by
(A) tansformer emf
(B) motion emf.
(C) Combination of (A) and (B)
(D) none of these
B:
6'3.e
E 6.3.rs
For static magnetic field,
(A) V x B:
(C) V ' fl:
P'oJ
Displacement currerit density is
(B)
(A) D
(q aDl at
tQ 6.3.t1
(B) V x B-- pJ
(D) V X B:0
Q) arl at
The time varying electric field is
(A)
E:-YV
(c) E :-vv-
-Q 6.3.12 A field can exist if it satisfies

(A) Gauss's law
(B) Faraday's law
(C) Coulomb's law
(D) All Maxwell's equations
(B) E:-VV- A
(D) E:-YV-D
Bocosat&u.
tt
(lry3
h6a
Tine Varying FitLlt
ad
Maxwell Equatbns
Page 380
uce
6,3.{3
Cbap 6
Time Varying Fiel& and
Maxwell Equatiors
Manwell's equations give the relations between

(A) differerit fields
(B) different souices

(C) different boundary conditions
(D) none of these
ilrcc
o.3.t4 If .E is a vector, then V ' V X E is
(A)
(C) does not
(B) 1
(D) none of these
exist
Mcq
6.3.15
The Maxwell's equation ,
r$ce
6.3.16
For free space,

(A) o: o"
Y ' B:
0 is due to
(B)
(A) B
(D) none of these
(C) non-existence of a mono pole
:'pH
(C) J +
B:I
(D) none of these
nca 6.3.1? 'For time va,rying EM fields
(A)VxH:J
(C). V x E :0
(B)Vx-f,[:b+J
(D) none of these
***********
EXERGISE 6.4
Page 3El
Chap 6
Time Var 'yrng Fields end
Maxwell Equations
64''
fi,ffn";:"- ;13,;1"ffii"ffr#;i,*#
: B'(vti
"' -
7+r".)
[Hint : The algebra is trivial in cylindrical coordinates.]

(A) -r:
@)
#(r*t=-),r*
(C)
6.A"2
J:
0,r
r:-#(,fu),,"
(D) r:
#(r#),r*
(A)V .E:O,VxB:0,(B)V
.E:0,V.8:0
(D)VxE:O,V.8:0
(C)VxE:0, VxB:0
6.4"3
If c
is closed curve enclosing a surface s, then magnetic field intensity

the current density J an{the electric flux density D are related by
fr1t*#). *
Q) ff,H' d,s: [1t*#).
"
(^)
F_
F sr
rt Ir.
t t fr.
IIH.d,s:
The unit of V
(A) Ampere
cr"5
The Ma:cwell equation

(A) Ampere's law
(C) Faraday's
r^c.5
H,
dl: #,1r*#1. ot
d,t:
il(r*%?).
-EI is
(B) Ampere fmeter

(D) Ampere-meter
(C) Ampere fmeterz
For static electric and magnetic fields in an inhomogeneous soruce-free

medium, which of the following represents the correct form, of Maxwell's
equations
to
Yx
law
H:
*4
"
ir based on
(g) Gauss'law
(D) Coulomb's law
A loop is rotating about they y-a:<is in a magnetic field B

T. The voltage in the loop is
Bocos
ut
Q) a"
(A) zero
(B) due to rotation only
(C) due to transformer action only
(D) due to both rotation and transformer action
I
5.4.7
The credit of defining the following current is due to Maxwell.

(A) Conduction current
(B) Drift current
(C) Displacement current

Q 6.4.8
(D) Diffusion current
A varying magnetic flux linking a coil is given by
A:LlJ\f .If
the emf induced is 9 V, then the value of ) is.

(A) zero
(B) 1Wb/s2
(C) -1wb/s'
(D) swb/s'
f
3 s,
at time
Page 382
Assuming that each loop is stationary and time varying magnetic field
, induces current ,I, which of the configurations in the figures are correct
MSe 8.4.9
QhaF 6
Maxwell Equations '
1.
Increasing
Decreasing
o
o
2.
4.
(B)land3only
(A) 1, 2,3 and 4

(C)2and4only
*tEQ e.4.t0
o
o
Increasing
Decreasing
3.
(D)3and4only
Assertion (A) : For time varying field the relation E - - V V is inadeq

Reason (R) : Fa,raday's law states that for time varying field V x E: 0
(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are individually true and
(B) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are individually true but

.v'!e6, S"d.{
Who
developed
magnetic field
(A) Gauss
(C) Hertz
fdcQ 8.4,{2
t?rcc
6.4.13
(B) Faraday
(D) Maxwell
A single turn loop is situated in air, with a uniform magnetic field normal
its plane. The area of the loop is 5 m2 and the rate of charge of flux
\s 2'Nblrnzls. What is the emf appearing at the terminals of the loop ?
(B) -2v
(A) -5v
(D) -1ov
(c) -0.4v
Which of the following equations results from the circuital form of Ampere's law
(A) V x
(c)
&cQ 6,4.{4
the concept of time varying electric field producing
E:-#
v . D:
v . B:o
(D)vx H: J+#
(B)
Assertion (A) : Capacita,nce of a solid conducting spherical body of r
o is given by Atresa in free space.
----!
Reason (R)
: V X trl: jaE+ J
(A) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct

explanation of
A.
(B) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct
explanation
Page
BEB
Chap 6
Maxwell Equations
of A.

6'4-t5
Two conducting thin coils X and Y (identical except for a thin

cut in coil
Y) are placed in a uniform magnetic field which is Jecreasing at a consta,nr
rate. If the plane of the coils is perpendicular to the field lines,
which of the
following statement is correct ? As a result, emf is induced in
(A) both the coils
(B) coil I/ only
(C) coil X only
(D) none of the two coils
6'4'tc
Assertion (A) : Time varying electric fierd produces magnetic fields.

Reason (R) : Time varying magnetic fierd produces erectric fierds.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct expranation of A
(B) Both A and R are true but R is

6'4'{?
Nor
'f
Match List I (Electromagnetic Law) with List II (Different Form)

and select
the correct answer using the code given below the lists :
List-I
List-II
a.
b.
Ampere's law
1.
Y.D:po
Faraday's law
2'
v . J:-qdt
c.
Gauss law
3' Vx.E[: J+Q

dt
d.
Current
4'
Codes
(A)
(B)
(c)
(D)
rGQ 6.a.r8
the correct explanation
E:-dP
dt
4
4
d
4
Two metal rings 1 and
2 are placed in a uniform magnetic fierd which is

decreasing with time with their planes perpendicular
to the field. If the rings
are identical except that ring 2 has a thin air gap in

following statements is correct ?
(A) No e.m.f is induced in ring 1
(B) An e.m.f is induced in both the rings

(C) Equal Joule heating occurs in both the rings
(D) Joule heating does not occur in either ring.
it, which one of the
t
Page 38d
fficq
6.4.te Which'one of the following

radiation
Chap 6
i

Maxwell Equations
Maxwell's' equatious glires the basic
?
.:i
V x -E[: ADI At)

v x E: ABI Atl
Y ' D: oI
(C)
v . D:'ol
(A)
Y x E:- 0Bl 0t1

(B)v. D--aB'l atl
(D)v'B-p
"vxH:(aDl
t|llc{l 6.4-21
(A)
v x H:#*,
(B)
v x E:A#
(c)
v . D:
(D)
V.
Match List i (Maxwell eciuation) with List

correct answer :
List
II
at)l
Mrtr $"4"2o Which one of the following is NOT a correct Ma:<well equation
-l
B:o
(Description) and select the
a. f a. ai:o
b. fo. as:ln,du
c. f n.at:-l#.ot
d' n'at:14'orl4'ot
f
List
II
1.
The mmf aiound a closed path is eciual to the conduction current plus
the time derlvative of the electric displacement eurrent through any
surface boundeitl by the ilath.
2.
The emf a,round a closed path is equal to the time d.erivative is equal
to the time derivatirre of the magnetic displacerhent through any
surface bounded by the path.
3.
The total electric displacement through the surface enclosing a volume

is equal to total charge within the volume
4.
The net magnetic flux emerging through any closed surface is zero.
Codes
abcd
(A)
(B)
(c)
(D)
nics
6,4.22
1324
432r
4231
r234
The equation of continuity defines the relation between

(A) electric lield a"nd magnetic field
(B) electric field and charge density

(C) Ilux dehsity and charge density
(D) current density and charge density
s"d$"ar What is the generalized Maxwell's equation V

space
(C) V
0.4"24
H:#
Magnetic field intensity is 'EI

density J Almz ?
3a,
H:
J"
(D) V
H:
A circular loop placed perpendicula,r to a uniform sinusoidal magnetic field

of frequency c.rr is revolved about an axis through its diameter at an angular
velocity a2 radf sec (uz < ur) as shown in the figure below. What are the
frequencies for the e.m.f induced in the loop ?
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(B) ayu2l uzanduz

(D) arr - trr2 and at* az
(A) ,t andaz
(C) az,ar- c.2andu2
Hcq
s.4,26 Which one of the following
(A)V x
H:(o+ire)E
is not a Maxwell's equation
6.4.2?
Consider the following three equations
tol
f," 'ds:o
x.E:-#
2.Y xH:J+#
1.
3' V'B:0
Which of the above appear in Maxwell's equations ?
(B) 1 and 2
(A) 1, 2 and 3
(D) 1 and 3
(C) 2 and 3
i,Ico
6.4.28 In free space, if p,:0,

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
the Poissonts equation becomes

Maxwell's divergence equation V ' B:0
Laplacian equation
YzV:0
Kirchhoff's voltage equation

None of the above
(B)r:Q(D+uxB)
tl f"r-dl:f t.as+ffr.as
Hca
* 2ra" A'f m' What is the current
(B) -7a"
(D) I2o"
(C) 3a,
EV:0
Page 3Eb
Chap 6
Tine Varying Fiel& and
(B) V
Taan
(L) -2a,
IGQ 6.jl.S$
for the free
(A) V x .E[:0
lca
x -E[: t"*#
Maxwell Equitions
Page 386
rucQ 6"4"29
Chap 6
Time Varyiag Fields and
Maxwell Equations
A straight current carrying conductor and two conducting loops A

are shovm in the figure given below. what are the induced current
two loops
and
IN
(A) Anticlockwise in A and clockwise in B

(B) Clockwise in A and anticlockwise in B
(C) Clockwise both in A and B
(D) Anticlockwise both in A and B
McQ
6"''1'3t' Which one of the following equations is not Maxwell's

equation for a static
electromagnetic field in a linear homogeneous medium ?
(A) V .
lllcQ
6"4'3{
B:0
(B) V
tl f"t.
dl: kr
Match List
below :
I with List II
List
D:6
(D) V"4
pyJ
and select the correct answer using the codes given
List
II
Continuity equation
1. vx H: J+#
Ampere's law
2.
,dD
dt
3.
Y x E:-A-B
dt
Faraday's law
Codes
(A)
(B)
a
4
4
4
4
(c)
(D)
McQ
4.
Yx
J:-Q!n
dt
6'4'32 The
magnetic flux through each turn of a 100 turn coil is (13

- 2f) milliwebers where f is in seconds. The induced e.m.f at r: 2 s is
(A)
1v
(c)
0.4
-1v
(B)
(D) -0.4
v
-\-
rca
6,4.33
Match List I (Type of field denoted by A) with List

select the correct answer using the codes given'below :
List
II
II
1. V 'A:0
VxA*0
List
A static electric fietd in a charge free region
A static electric field in a charged region
A steady magnetic field in a current carrying

conductor
A time-varying electric field in a charged medium

with time-varving magnetic field
Codes
(Behaviour) and
2. v.A+0
V xA:0
3. v.A+0
VxA.*0
4. V 'A:0
VxA:0
abcd
(A)4231
(B)4213
(c)2431
(D)2413
rco
6.4.34
Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched

D ' ds: {v
(A) Gauss Theorem ,
f"
(B) Gauss's Law
fo.
(C) Coulomb's Law
(D) Stoke's Theorem
rcQ
6,4.35
rcl
6.4.36
'
a":{oa,
Ddu
db^
dt
fe.m:f,$x{)'ds
Y x E:- (aBldt)
.-ou:-&f B .
Maxwell equation
i^t/;
tGQ
rr
v-
dI
is represented in integral form
f Ex at:-$f B.dt
o,:-&lB'
rst
f E'
rnl
f Exat:-ftf B'dI
as
d's
Two conducting coils 1 and 2 (identical except that 2 is split) are placed in
figure'
a uniform magnetic field which decreases at a constant rate as in the
If the planes of the coils are perpendicular to the field lines, the following
statements are made
1.
2.
an e.m.f is induced in the split coil

e.m.fs are induced in both coils
Page 3E7
ChaP 6
Time Valying Fields and
Marwell Equations
3.
4.
Page 38E
Cbap 6
Time Varyiag Fields aud
Maxwell Equations
equal Joule heating occurs in hoth coils

Joule heating does not occur in any coil
Which of the above statetnents is/are true ?

(A) 1 and 4
(B) 2 and 4
(C) 3 only
(D) 2 only
MCq 5"4"3?
For linear isotropic rnaterials, both .E and .EI have the time dependence
and regions of interest are free of charge. The value of V x .EI is given
(A) oE
(C) oE+
mcc
6,4,38
Which of the following equa,tions is/are not Maxwell's equations(s)
(A) V .
I
(C)
jwe
(B) jueE
(D) oE * j,.oe E
J:-*
(B)
-E:*#
v . D:
folf
pu
H.rlr:l("r*,#).*
{
I
i
t
Select the correct ans$'er using the codes given below
(A)2and4
(C) 1 and 3
(B)lalone
(D) 1 and 4
.l
t{so
s.4"3s
Assertion (A) : The relationship between l\Iagnetic Vector potential ,4 and

the current density J in free space is
V x (V x,4)
: hJ
For a magnetic field in free space due to a dc or slowly varying current
Y2A:-hJ
,1
Rea,son
(R) : For rnagnetic field
V',4:0.
I
!
i
:
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
MCO 6"4,4$
clue
to
dc
fo
or slowly varying curreri
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

Both A and R, are true but R, is NOT the correct explanation of A
Given that
V x .E[: l+Qdt
Assertion (A) : In the equation, the ad<iitional term * fr necessary.

Reason (R) : The equation will be consistent with the prl'riciple of conservation
of charge.

HCo 6.4.4{
A circular loop is rotating a,bout the g-axis as a cliameter in a magnetic field

6 : Bosincrta,Wbf m2. The induced emf in the loop is
(A) due to transformer emf only
(B) due to motional emf only
(C) due to a combination of transformer and motional emf
(D) zero
which are placed

Consider coils C1, Cz, Cr and G (shown in the given figures)
by the coils
produced
in the time-varying el""tric field ,E(t) and electric field
:
C'r,C', and Cin c.rrying time varving current 1(t) respectively
E(t)
2.
1.
Coil planes are orthogonal
Time va.rying electric field

E(t) parallel to the Plane
of coil Ct
'al
(r)
\--/
OO.
3.
4.
Coil planes are orthogonal
Co-Pianer coils
The electric field lv'ill induce an emf in the coils
rcQ
6.4'cs
(A) C' and Cz

(C) Cr and C3
(B) G and G
(D) G and Ct
Match List I (Law/quantity) with List

select the correct answer :
II
List
law
Gauss's
b.
Ampere's
larr
2.
c.
Faraday's
law
3.
d.
Poyrrting
vector
4.
1'
c.
(A)
(B)
(c)
(D)
II
Y'D:P
List
a.
Codes
(\ilathematical expression) and
{<******{<***
Yx
E:-0#
P:ExH
P:q(E*uxB)
V x ,E[:
J"*#
Page
3t9
ChnP 6
Maxlell Equhtlons
soLUTloNs 6.{
Page 390
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields atrd
Maxwell Equations
30L 6,{.t

FYom Faraday's law) the relation between electric field and magnetic field is
v x E :-a-B^
0t
Since the electric field inside a conducting sphere is zero.
l.e.
E:0
So the rate of change
in magnetic flux density will be
AB
6:-(v
Therefore
sol- 6"{.2
B(r,t) will
x@:s
be uniform inside the sphere and independent of time.

Electric field intensity experienced by the moving conductor ob in the
presence of magnetic field B is given as
E: aXB
where u is the velocity of the conductor.
So, electric field will be directed from b to o as determined by right hand
rule for the cross vector. Therefore, the voltage difference between the two
ends of the conductor is given as
vt:-
fun'
JO
Thus, the positive terminal of voltage will be a and

50L
6,1,3
Voo
will be positive.

Consider a magnet bar being dropped inside a pipe as shown in figure.
Pipe
Falling
magnet
Ring of pipe
I in the magnet flows counter clockwise (viewed from

above) as shown in figure. So near the ends of pipe, it's field points upward.
A ring of pipe below the magnet experiences an increasing upward flux as
the magnet approaches and hence by Lenz's law a current will be induced in
it such as to produce downward flux.
Thus, 4,a must flow clockwise which is opposite to the current in the magnet.
Suppose the current
lt-
Since opposite currents repel each other so, the force exerted on the magnet
due to the induced current is directed upward. Meanwhile a ring above the
magnet experiences a decreasing upward flux; so itts induced current parallel
to 1 and it attracts magnet upward. And flux through the rings next to the
magnet bar is constant. So no current is induced in them.
Thus, for all we can say that the force exerted by the eddy current (induced
current according to Lenz's law) on the magnet is in upward direction which
causes the delay to reach the bottom. Whereas in the cases of unmagnetized
bar no induced current is formed. So it reaches in fraction of time.
Thus, A and R both true and R is correct explanation of A.
sol 6.t.4

The magnetic flux density inside a solenoid of n turns per unit length
carrying current 1 is defined as
6 : panl
Let the length of solenoid be / and its cross sectional radius be r. So, the
total magnetic flux through the solenoid is
O : (pnnl) (trf) (nt)
(1)
Since the total magnetic flux through a coil having inductance .t and
carrying current .I is given as
iD:LI
So comparing
it with equation (1) we get,

L : por*I#I
and as for a given solenoid, radius
and length / is constant therefore
Lqn2
n 6.1,s

The magnetic flux density inside the solenoid is defined
where
So the
as
B - p4nl
??
--+
no. of turns per unit length

current flowing in it.
total magnetic flux through the solenoid is
o:IB.d,S:(panl)Qrar)
J
where
o --+ radius of solenoid

Induced emf in a loop placed in a magnetic field is defined
as
tr
dO
V"^f :-E
where @ is the total magnetic flux passing through the loop. Since the
resistance .R is looped over the solenoid so total flux through the loop will
be equal to the total flux through the solenoid and therefore the induced emf
in the loop of resistance will be
Vmr:-Ta2p-"#
Since current 1 flowing in the solenoid is constant so, the induced emf is
%-r:0
and therefore the induced current in the loop
sot.
c.'t.G
will be zero.
Page 391
Chap 6
Time varyiug Fields and
Marwell Equatione
Page 392
Chap 6
*-l#ilTi:"#lT:',rffTffilt*i,r
frne'Varying fielda and

Mar*ell Equations
$oL 5,{,7
wh'e the erectric'-

I
In Assertion (A) the magnetic flux through each turn of both coils are
"qud l
So, the net magnetic flux through the two coils are respectively
I
A: NriD
and
i\z
: NziF
where @ is the magnetic flux through a single loop of either coil and ,A/r. trfz
are the total no. of turns of the two.coils respectively
Therefore the induced emf in the two coils are
diD,
tf
Yemfl
yernr2
--E--
:_
do"
T:_
n, dib
trlzl
^, do
lur6
Thus, the ratio of the induced emf in the two loops are
V^tz
Nz
%,nir- ifr
Now, in Reason (R) : a primitive transformer is similar to the cylinder core

ca,rrying wound coils. It is the device in which by choosing the appropriate
no. of turns, any desired secondary emf can be obtained.
So, both the statements are correct
80L
6"'1.8
but R is not the explanation of A.

Electric flux density in the medium is given
eE
as
: Eocosat
(E:
Escoswt)
Therefore the displacement current density in the medium is
h : #:-aeEosinut
and the conduction current density in the medium is
J" : oE: oEocOsut

So, the ratio of amplitudes of conduction current density and displacement
current density is
W-- u"
lJ"l
$gL 6.1.9

Given the volume charge density p,:
So, from Maxwell's equation we have
Y'D:p,
V.D:0
(1)
Now, the electric flux density in a medium is defined as

D : eE (where e is the permittivity of the medium)
So, putting it in equation (1) we get,
or,
and since
Therefore,
:0
E. (v e) *e (V . E) :0
Y9=o+Ve=o
V'
(e.E)
V.lq=0
(given)
I
I
L 6.{.{*

Given the electric field intensity in time domain
Page 393
Cbap 6
as
!)o,
6 :l-1"6_(yt:T
So, the electric field intensity
E, :V0
and
Tine Varying Ftelds atd

Maxwell Equations
in phasor form is given
"*i*"
as
: (- ltelwo "-ir' or
Y x E, :lf7@,")qo
Therefore, from Maxwell's equation we get the magnetic field intensity as
g":-!-lA:
lAro
6.{.11
h.
v!-"i*o
r
dTo

Magnetic fl1x density produced at a distance p frctm a long straight wire
: !ta^
z1T p.
where a6 is the direction of flux density as determined by right hand rule.

So, the magnetic flux density produced by the straight conducting wire
linking ihrough the loop is normal to the surface of the loop'
Now consider a strip of width dp of the square loop at distance p from the
wire for which t[e total magnetic flux linking throrrgh the square loop is
I
t
t
f,
I
II
given as
o:fa.as
E'
Js
: # [r'.'f,toor)
-T'"\- p )
--P.IaulP*a\
(area of the square loop is
t]s:
atl,fi')
The induced emf clue to the change in flux (when pulled away) is given
v"mt
Therefore,
Given
:-# :-g
as
r1[*(']')l
v^,:-#G"#-i't#)
# :
r"lo"itY of looP
m/s
and since the loop is currently located at 3m distance from the straight
wire, so after 0.6 sec it will be at
(o --+ velocity of the loop)
P :3+ (0'6) x u'
:3*0.6X5:6m
So,
%*r
:_po x [3!) x 2[trri _f rsll
:25 x 10 ? volt :
sol. 6,t,"t2
(a:
2 m,
1:
30
A)
2.5 pvolt

Since total magnetic fl1x through the loop depends on the distance from the
straight wire and the distance is constant. So the flux linking through the
Ioop will be constant, if it is pulied parallel to the straight wire. Therefore
the induced emf in the loop is
V^r:-# :0
(@ is constant)
Page 394
${}L 6"*.{3
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields aad
Maxwell Equations

Total magnetic flux through the solenoid is given as
E : panl
where n, is the no. of turns per unit length of solenoid and
is the current
flowing in the solenoid.

Since the solenoid carries current
that is increasing linearly with time
Iqt
t.e.
So the net magnetic flux through the solenoid
will be
iDqt
itr:kt
where&isaconstant.
ort
resistances
,Ba, .Re is
loop
consisting
Therefore the emf induced in the
,r
,enr __
dO
dt
V^t:- k
and the currert through .Rr and ,Bz will be
r_k__HTE
,na
Now according to Lenz's law the induced current I in a loop flows such as
to produce a magnetic field that opposes the change in .El(d)i.e. the induced current in the loop will be opposite to the direction of
current in solenoid (in anticlockwise direction).
So,
Vt: IinaRe:-#+fu
and
r D -t kRn -\
Va-- tindtlB
- \E;+E )
Thus, the ratio of voltmeter readings is
Vr
Va---Re
Rs
$oi* s.t.{4

Induced emf in the conducting loop formed by rail, bar and the resistor is
given by
rr
v" r :_
dO
ilt
where O is total magnetic flux passing through the loop.

The bar is located at a distance r from the resistor at time
magnetic flux passing through the loop at time t is
O
rails
: IB.
J
d,S
:Blr
where
l. So the total
I is separation between the
Now the induced emf in a loop placed in magnetic field is defined

V*t :-Edo
as
is the total magnetic flux passing through the loop. Therefore the
induced emf in the square loop is
where
V^,
:-*t(Bln)
:-
Since from the given figure, we have
l:5m
B :27
BI#
(iD:Blr)
and
drf dt
velocity of bar
Amls
So, induced emf is

V.mr
:-
(2) (5) (4)
: - 40 volt
Tine
I:ry1:-#:-4A

As obtained in the previous question the current flowing in the sliding
bar is
I:-4A
Now we consider magnetic field acts in a, direction and current in thrr

sliding bar is flowing in * a, direction as shown in the figure.
Therefore, the force exerted on the bar is
r : I rmX B : [\_ +aro") x (2a,)

i.e. rhe force exerteo:."tiiltJli;#l3T
motion of the sliding bar.
h, ar.ro
i
q
in
opposite direction
to
the

Given the magnetic flux density through the square loop is
B : 7.5cos (I2\trt_ 30.) o,
So the total magnetic flux passing through the loop will be
as
o:{a.
Js
: [-7.5cos(l20rt- JO")a,](r x 1)(- a,)

: 7.5cos(120zrf - 30')
Now, the induced emf in the squa.re loop is given by

V.
:-#:
7.5
1202'sin(120a.t- 30')
The polarity of induced emf (according to Lenz's law) will be such

that
induced current in the loop will be in opposite direction to
the current 1(i)
shown in the figure. So we have
IU):-W
-:x.
6.,r.1?
7'5 l!204'sin(120zrt
VaryingF*d
nqft
Maxwell
Therefore the current in the bar loop will be
- g0") (R:2s0*
2b0
b00
o)
5.7sin(12hrt- 80")

consider the mutual inductance between the rectangular loop and straight
Page 396
wire be
M.
Chap 6
So applying
KVL in the rectangular loop we get,
M#: tffi+ nb
Tino Varying Fielde and

Maxwell Eqrntions
...(i)
Now from the shown figure (b), the current flowing in the straight wire b
given as
h:
Itu(t)
- Iru(t- 11 (/r is amplitude
or,
ffi : tro1t1- t,6(t- t1
So,atf:0 ff:t,
and
Solving
MI1
it
ffi
of the current)
(2)
nA
(from equation (1))
we get
i,
: ff Ire-t*rtt'
Again in equation (2) at
for0<t<I
t: 7 we have
__i
dt -- t'
dh
and
Solving
-MIL:tff+nU
it
(from equation
(l))
we get
'io
:-4Le-@/L)$-n
-rv
for
t>
Thus, the current in the rectangular loop is
[ {r,e-@/L)t
t,
_._l
L2
-1
0<
l-ft'"-'o'uu-n t>
t<T
T
Plotting i2 versus f we get

'2(t)
sol- 6.t,{8

Total magnetic flux passing through the loop formed by the resistance, bar
and the rails is given as:
o:la-as
So, the induced
- B . S : [0.2cos ata,]. [o.f (t - g)a,]

|
: 0.1[1 - 0.5(1 - cosrut)]coswt (y:0.5(1 - cos*rt]{
: 0.05cosc..,t(1 + cosot) : 0.05(cosc.r t* cos2ut) |
emf in the loop is
I
V^r:-#
and as determined by Lenz's law, the induced current will be nowins
{
{
1
opposite direction to the current
i.
so the.current
o:-Vu!'
:-I / d@t
R- --F-\-E)
'
: S[-
:_
6.t.te
in wt
in the roop will be
Page
30i
Chap 6
Time Varying Fields ard
2w cos wtsin
Maxvell Equations
wtf
0.01c^,,sina..rt(1+2coswt)

Given the electric flux density in the medium is
D = 1.B3sin(a x rO8l _0.2r)arp.C/m,
So, the electric field intensity
in the medium is given
E:Q
where e is the permittivity of the medium
: D _
E
--,eo
oft
Now, rrom maxweu,s
as
1.33
t0-6sin(3
@or(e.:10)
;rl":;"t$Jf"g
108'
x t08t-0.2r),
0'2r)
.^\
ao
y xE:-#
or,
+:-y
xE
dt
:--!4"
AE,,
dx
:- (- 0.2) x (1.b x 10a)cos(3 x 108, _ 0.2r)au

:3 x 103cos(B x 108t -0.2r)a,
Integrating both sides, we get the magnetic flux density

in the medium
x loscos(3 x 1o8r_ o.2r)au
: I,
" :fi-f$,tn(3
x rosr -0.2x)au
as
10-5sin(3 x 108, _ 0.2r)a, Tesla

Therefore the magnetic field intensity in the medium
is
Thus
H:B-P
B :
ll":2
lt, pn
II :4sin(3 x
108,
0.2r)oo Alm

P(0, 0, 2)
fir
The magnetic vector potential for a direct current flowing

in a filament is
given as
: [ ffio.a,
Here current 1(t) flowing
in the firament
shown
in figure is varying with
I'
time
Page 398
as
I(t) :311'
Chap 6
Maxwel! Equations '
So, the retarded vector potential
at the point P will be given
n:f4ffio'*
as
where -R is the distance of any point on the filamentary current from P as

shown in the figure and c is the velocity of waves in free space. So, we have
R:/;\4andc:3x108m/s
o:[)j_,,@wo".o,
Therefore,
:Wlli:ffia'-
l,)ia"]
:8 x 1o-7r[rn(r+ JATn)f :,-ffit"]5,
t-
:8 x rc-tr1^( o'r+{4'u
\-0.*
+,/ 4.01
\-0.1
10-15
:8 x 1o-8t- 0.53 x 1o-15

A : (80f - 5.3 x 10-7)a" nWb/m
or,
t : 6.6 X 10-e : 6.6 nsec
So, when A: 0
A *-5.3 x l0-?nWb/m
andwhen f :0
(U
Flom equation (1) it is clear that, A will be linearly increasing with resped
to time. Therefore the plot of A versus f is
,4(nwb/m)
15.3 x 10
I{OTE
'.lirn.r: var'.virrg potrrrt.ial is
$or- 6,{-21
tistallr calkrl thc lr,:inrdi:d pi,tutT'ial

The force experienced by a test cha,rge g in presence of both electric
.E and magnetic field B in the region will be evaluated bv using
force equation as
p : q(E*ax B)
putting the given three forces and their corresponding velocities in
equation we get the following relations
q(ar* a") : q(E+ a,x B)
So,
: q(E* oo x B)
q(2ar* a") : q(E* a" x B)
nsry
Subtracting.equation (2) from (1) we get
a" : (a,- an) x B

and subtracting equation (1) from (3) we get
au : (&,- ar) X B
B: B,a,* Buau* B"a,in eq (4) to get

a" : Bve"_ B"&v* Bra"_ B"o,
Now we substitute
So, comparing the
r,y
page 899
Chap 6
and,z components of the two

sides we get

Maxwell Equatiom
:1
and
B" :0
Again by substituting B: B,a,*
Brau* B,a" ineq (5), we get
ay : B,&s- Bue,_ Boa"a B"au
B,+
BU
so, comparing the
r,y
and.z components of the two

sides we get
B,+8,:r
and
By
as calculated above
:0
B,:O,therefore B,:L
Thus, the magnetic flux density

in the region is
B : a,Wblm2
(8,:1, Bu: B":0\
Option (C) is correct

A' rul"uiuiud i;;;"rs
So,
putting it
q]restior the magnetic flux densitv

in the region is
t : aaWb/m2
in Lorentz force equation we get
F:q(EavxB)
ort
q(%+ a,)
q(Ey a, X a,)
Therefore, the electric field intensity

in the medium is
: q* a"yfm
30L 6.1.23

Given
potential,
and retarded vector potential,
Retarded scalar
: y(r_ ct)volt
A : U(t _ ,)o,Wb/m
V
Now the magnetic flux density

B:VxC
:-*o":
as
(r-f)o,r""ru
(1)
So, the magnetic field intensity

in the medium is
H:BPo
(pa is the permittivity of the

medium)
: *(r-
f,)o" 11^
(2)
and the electric field intensity

in the medium is given as
E
so, the erectric
__o
r_#
:(ct- r)au
o,*;;1;; jih;lff j ,,:'
D : eoE
Now we determine
equation.
(a)
or'
(ee is the
rou";"!?; :)#?#"rd
Y.D:p,
pa:y.[ro("r-x)ar]
(B)
permittivity of the medium)
to satisry au the
r"",nn**",!1]
(from equation (a))
-0
Page 400
Chirp
It
means the field satisfies lVlaxwell's equation
(b)
Ti$e Varying Fields atrd

Maxwell Equatiors
if p,:9.
V.B:o
Now, v.B-v.[(,-f)",]
So,
it
(from equation
(l
already, satisfies Maxwell's equation
(")
vx.EI-t*Qatr
Now.
v x .tr :-%4;",:ho,:
t[fro,
(from equation
and from equation (4) we have
dD : ncay: tE;
-At
(Since in free space
J fi"
c:
Putting the two results in Maxwell's equation, we get the condition
1.,
J:0
iI
.i
J
'I
ii
(d)
Vx.O:-#
Now
VxE:Af;a,:-a,
q. :o,
ot
it already
satisfies Maxwell's equation. Thus, by combining all the results

we get the two required conditions as
0 and p, 0 for the field to satisfu
Max.well's equatiorr.
So,
J:
se:L
s"1.s4

Given the magnetic flux density through the loop is
B:-2f ra.
So the
total magnetic flux passing through the loop is given
* : I u . ds : I'-'
I'-' (-1",).
(-
as
d,rd.ya,)
: (zi" "Ir)t
l:4h(#)
Therefore, the circulation of induced electric field in the loop
f n. m:-@d, :-*l^"(#)l
4 d (r+2\
:__
-- (qElal-\
" /
\r )
4r r 2drt
: -tTZ(? ,Il )
__
: 8 ror__
: 16
s$L
s.*"as
is
tdr
'1'44"r r'@+'
\A:

As the magnetic flux density for p<4 is B:0 so, the total flux
through the closed loop defined by p:4m is
o:Ig.d,s:o
J
So, the induced electric field circulatir.rn for the region p
{n.m__di| _n
il"
a
m is given
as
E:0
or,
6.t.26
forp<4m

As the magnetic field for the
region p14m and p) 5m is
zero so
the distribution of magnetic
nr* a"rrrity a^s shown in figure below. we get
'm @-t-J
{âo
\w
At any distance p f.o.* origin in

the region 4 < p <5 m, the circuration
of
induced electric field is given

as
$n.
Jc
OI,
n:-dq
dt --ddt (l'' *)
:-$1z"inrtQrp, nar)l
-
.:_2arcoswtQrp2_I6n)
:- 2ucosut("t _ rcn)
F _ 2(pt_ 16)c..,cosc.rf
E(2rp)
So, the induced electric nufa

irrt"i3i
:-t
Kl.s)t
p:
ty at
- 16)r..,cos
4.5
m is
cr.,f
:-fiwcoswt
n
6.7.27

For the region P)5m the magnetic
flux density is 0 and so the total
magnetic flux passing through
the closed loop defined by p :5
m is
a:l'".
:o+
so, the circuration
is
ds
_[â.n+|,n.
f\zrinwt)a".
d,S
-t"yrl:
nagnetic flux density
"r;11:::lt"r1r
as
{or
l8zrsinc"'r
any loop in the region p
f n' m:-#
' E(2rp):-$(tSnsinwt)
:_
.a
lgrwcosut
So, the induced electric field

intensity
,:Jfftlo,
in the region p > 5m is
page 401
Chap 6
Time Vmying t'tslds
ad
Maxrrcll Equatirons
Page 402
Chap 6
Tine Varying Fields and

Maxwell Equations
soL
6"1"29

The distribution of magnetic flux density and the resistance in the circuit
are same as given in section A .(Q. 31) so, as calculated in the question, the
two voltage drops in the loop due to magnetic flux density B :0.1t az are
14 : 33.3 mV
and
V :66.67 mV : 66.7 mV
Now % (voltmeter) which is directly connected to terminal cd is in paralld
to both V and I{. It must be kept in mind that the loop formed by voltmete
V3 and resistance 2 O also carries the magnetic flux density crossing through
it. So, in this loop the induced emf will be produced which will be same as
the field produced in loop abcd at the enclosed fluxes will be same.
Therefore as calculated above induced emf in the loop of % is
V^t : 100 mV
According to lenz's law it's polarity will be opposite to 73 and so
-V^r:V+vs
or,
sol.
6"1.29
%:100-33.3:66.7mV

ThelatludE\emf in a closed loop is defined as
/\
rr
.
'emt --dQ
dt
where @ is the total magnetic flux passing through the square loop
At any time f , angle between B and dS is g since B is in oo direction
the total magnetic flux passing through the square loop is
so
o:Ia.as
J
: (B)(S)cos0
: (b x 10-3)(20 x 10-3 x 20 x 10-3)cosd'
:2 x 10-6cosd
Therefore the induced emf in the loop is
t,v. f :_ dO
ilt
:-2
x ro-6$(cosd)
:2 x l}-Bsinlffi
and
So,
$oL 8.r.30
as
a:
d0
V^r
:
:
:2rad/
angular velocity
(2
sec
lO-o)sin0(2)
4 X 10-6sin0
fm
4sind pV/m

As calculated in previous question the induced emf in the closed square loc;r
is
V^t
So the induced current
I_
4sin0
p,Y f
in the loop is
W
R
where ,R is the resistance in the loop-
_ 4sin0 x
(ft
40 x 10-3
0.1sind mA
:
scl. 6.{.3{
10_-o
:_#
:-
no
40 mO)
Chap 6
as
:-$Unorina;r) (,gcosdl
s
ftlsin
(0:
i,,'tcos a'rtl
o.'t)
--
BoScos2ut
Thus, the maximum value of induced emf is
lV"6l:
sol. 6.{,32
BoSu

e.m.f. induced in the loop due to the magnetic flux density is given
aa
as
$1to"os l2}rt)(trp2)
UT.:
':-r(to x T!
10-'?f
(1202r)(-10sin120zrt)
L2zjsinl2}nt
As determined by Lenz's law the polarity of induced e.m.f will be such that
b is at positive terminal with respect to o.
l.e.
or
sol
6.{,33
Vo: Vt: L2tf sinl2}nt

Vt :- I2fisinl2}nt
: - 118.43sin 120zrt Volt

As calculated in previous question, the voltage induced in the loop is
Vt
:-
12z2sin720trt
Therefore, the current flowing in the loop is given
IU):-h:
:
0.47
sinl2hrt
rI
t
***X*rl.****.*
Page 403
Maxwell Equations
\
The total magnetic flux through the square loop is given
, : f t . d,S :(&sinc.,t)(S)cosd
So, the induced emf in the loop is
V*
as
$oLr,sTx$rus s.2
Page 404
Chap 6
Time Varyfuig Fieldi and
Maxwelt Equa^tions
sol.
6,2.1
As the conducting loop is falling freely So, the flux through loop will
constant. Therefore, the voltage induced in the loop will be zero.
$oL
6"2.2

The magnetic flux density passing through the loop is given
B:4ff
as
a,,
Since the flux density is directed normal to the plane z: 0 so the totd
magnetic flux passing through the square loop located in the plane r: 0 i
, : I u . d.s : [=,[),fnor)
d,yd,z
:r
@s
Induced emf in a loop placed in magnetic field is defined
(dyd,z)
+!
as
V"^t:-Eda
where @ is the total magnetic flux passing through the loop.. So the induced
emf in the square loop is
v"*
:-#:-
(@=fl
2t
t:2sec the induced

%",i :- 4 volt
Therefore at tirne
sol
6"2.3
ernf is

Magnetic flux density produced at a distance
p from a long straight
fl '= unl
fio,
where o6 is the direction of flux density as determined by right hand rule.
the flux density produced by straight wire at a distance p from it is
(a"
is unit vector normal to the

":Ho,
Therefore the total magnet flux passing through the loop
is
*:
Iu. ds : I'"'#oo,
where dp is width of the strip of loop at a distance p from the straight

Thus,
, : I'(#)y : #^(t):
:
sol-
6"2,4
(2
10-1 (5)ln (1.5)
gpr,,1r
4.05
10-7
s)
Wb

The displacement current density in a rnedium is equal to the rate of
in electric flux density in the medium.
Jo
:-dtap^
Since the displacernent current density in the medium is given

as
.Ia
20cos(1.b
1o8r)a,
Page 40b
Chap 6
Time Varying Flelds o.d
Maxwell Eqrntions
A/^,
So, the electric flux density in the medium is
n: f-loat+c
As there is
'o
DC
(C*
constant)
,;/#::1if ;"'fij1,?f*l,"-" getc:0 and thus,
, _: 20sin(1.5 x 108r).
1;;10*-Jo,:1.33 x 10-7sin(t.b x 108t)a,
: 133.3sin(1.b x 108t)onnCfm2
Since, from the given problem we have the flux density
D6sin(1.b
Do
133'3
1o8t)ornCfm,
So, we get
IOL
$.2.5

The ratio of magnitudes of displacement current to conduction current in
any medium having perurittivity e and condrrctivity o is given as
l-&!q"."$9!L9qII9!t | _
Conduction current j
..,e
-7
where ur is ttre angular trequency of the current in the medium.

Given frequency, / : 50 GHz
Permittivity, -4es:4x 8.85X 10-12

Conductivity, o:1.I4 x 108s/m
So,
a :2trf:2tr x 50 X 10e: 1002r x 10e
Therefore, the ratio of magnitudes of displacemelt current to the conduction
current is
I
Ial
ll;l--
6,2.$
_mq11
l0n_X_4_X&!5;1 10-" :9.75

1.14
108
10-8

Given magnetic flux density through the square loop is
B :O.lta, Wb/m,
So,
total magnetic flrrx passing through the loop

iD : B.
d,9
:(0.1rX1):
0.11
The induced emf (voltage) in the loop is given
V^,
:-ff,:
is
as
0.1Volt
As determined by Lenz's law the polarity of induced emf will be such that
V+
V':-
%*r
Therefore, the voltage drop in the 2 O resistance is
Vr: I 2 \'
lT+z)e
sol
6,e,7

Voltage,
r/
t I
%*r) :
: sr'3 mv
V:- Nr#
where @ is total magnetic flux passing through it.
Again
Page 406
Qhnp 6
Vr:-
Nr#
Since both the coil are in same magnetic field so, change in flux
Time Varying Fields aud

Maxwell Equations
will be sane
for both the coil.

Comparing the equations (1) and (2) we get
V _M
V-W,
,, : u#: (12)9333 :7.2vott
sot
6.2.8
Correct answer is
41.6
In phasor form the magnetic field intensity can be written
II, :
o.1cos(1"5zry)e-
jb'a"
Af
{
I
I
I
I
I
as
Similar as determined in MCQ 42 using Maxwell's equation we Set the
relation
I
I
1
(r5nf+b'--l#-'
+
So,
sol-
6.2,9
b:*41.6ndfm
lbl-41.6rad/m

Induced emf. in the conducting loop formed by rail, bar and the resistor is
given by
V"-f
:-E do
total magnetic flux passing through the loop.

Consider the bar be located at a distance r from the resistor at time
the total magnetic flux passing through the loop at time t is
where
@ is
,:lt.ds:Btr
(area of the loop is
Now the induced emf in a loop placed in magnetic field is defined

do
V" :-E
l.
So
^9: lr)
as
where @ is the total magnetic flux passing through the loop. Therefore the
induced emf in the square loop is
,:-fitau) :-
y"
Bl dr
(O:BLrl
Since from the given figure, we have
and
I:2m and B :0.1Wb/m2

drf dt : velocity of ba,r : 5 m/s
So, induced emf
is
V^r
:-
(0.1) (2) (S)
:-
I
I
(15rf + b2 : Groeo
r..r :6zr X 10e
Here
so, (1b?r'I+ 6z : /6r' x 1Qe12
b2:l7bi
1't
o11
According to Lenz's law the induced current ,I in a loop flows such as to

produce magnetic field that opposes the change in B(l). As the bar move
away from the resistor the change in magnetic field will be out of the page
so the induced current will be in the same direction of f shown in figure.
Thus, the current in the loop is
r- V^t (-ti
,:--r:-'10':0.01A
6.2"1c
Correct answer is 2ZT.

Magnetic fl'x density produced at
a distance
carrying current 1 is defined a^s
(ft:
Chap 6
p from a long straight wire
t:Ho,
where aa is the direction of flux

density as determined by right hand
rule.
since the direction of magnetic fl'x
density produced at the roop is normal
to the surface of the loop So, total
nu* p*rirrg tfr.ough tlr" loop is given
by
*:
.s :
I"'
I:,(H)r"*l
PoIa fa dp
-Ztr
p
(ds:
ad,p)
l,
:$!,mz:$mp1
The current flowing in the loop is
So,
V"
flooo
a.\d.induced e.m.f. is Zu6.
r.: Ir"""R:-4
tvuP'e
dt
ffos:-f,r'12yff
where
is the total charge passing through

a corner of square loop.
# :- **r"@#
:_#tne)
d,e
R:4e)
dr
Therefore the total charge passing

through a corner of square roop is
q :-ffime1foar
: -ffitn1z1(o - 4)
:uffEmp.
:2.77 x
Dt 6.a.r{
10-z
C :2TT nC

since the radius of sman circular
loop is negligible in comparison to
the
ra'dius of the large loop. so, the
flux density aitr"rn the small loop
will
be
constant and equal to the flux on
the axis ofthe loops.
So,
pal R2
B ---2-@17y""
where
r?
radius of large loop
--+
distance between the loops
ry1
12
(5)'
o,,:ffia,
tr,rrS*,
: ^:*# " tii,o"si,
\iJ"rr*"tt
Therefore, the total flux passing
': I "'
d,S :
page 402
10O)
il;i,
ffi " "f wherer is radius of small circular loop.

_25x4trxIO7
-=-6f*
x z(10-3f :44.9fWu
Time
litying
Fields and
Maxwell Bquations
sol. 6.2.t2
Page 40E
Correctans\r,er'is'2i7.
Electric field in any medium is equal to the voltage drop per uni
Chap 6
Maxwell Equatiors
,
i.e.
:Y
-d
where
-+ potential difference between two points.
distance between the two points.
The voltage difference between any two points in the medium is

V : Vocos2rft
So the conduction current density in the medium is given as
(o --' conductivitY of tl
J" : oE
: E
(p '
V -Vocos2trft
--pdpd
OT,
resistivity of
tl
(v\.
IJ"l:h
and displacement current density in the medium is given as
,,
ort
: # :,fr :,&l*P9],u:
: *l-r"ftsin(22rfi)l
vscos2nft)
rrr_2rfeVo
l"dl-- -T
Therefore, the ratio of amplitudes of .conduction current and displacement

current in the medium is
v') lba
lr_ V4 -- @lQ"kv')
lr,l
't'' : n x
:2.7
sol.
6.2.{3
2rIep
1
1t.e x 10) x (54 x 8.85 x
10-1'?)
0.77
Let the test charge be q coulomb So the force presence of experienced by the
test cha,rge in the presence of magnetic field is
F:
q(a
x 4)_
and the force experienced c6n b4written in terms of the electric field
intensity as
F:QE
Where .6 is field viewed by observer moving with test charge.
Putting it in Eq. (i)
qE:q(uxB)
E:(upa6)x(2a,)
where ar is angular velocity and p is radius of circular loop.
:(2)(2)(2)a, :8a,Y lm
6.2,14

As shown in frgure the bar is sliding away from origin'
Now when the bar is located at a distance dc from the voltmeter, then, the
vector area of the loop formed by rail and the bar is
45 : (20 x 10-'z) (d*) o"
total magnetic flux passing through, the loop is
So, the
Page 409
o:In.as
: ['
Chap 6
o") (20
tat
time Varyig Fields and
x ro-2 dra")
Marwell Equations
_ r.o[(r + o.a4]'
3
Therefore, the induced e.m.f. in the loop is given as
V^,
7"-r
:-#:-+
x 3(r+ o.4ff x (t+r.2f)
:-
1.0[(0.4)+(0.4fF x [1+ (1.2)(0.4),]

(t: 0.4 sec)
0.35 volt
Since the voltmeter is connected in same manner as the direction of induced
:-
emf (determined by Lenz's law).

So the voltmeter reading will be
6.2"15
Ve^r:
0.35
volt
Correct answer is -2J.4
Since the position of ba,r is give as
r:
So for the position r:
+0.4f)
l2cm we have
0.12: t(t+0.4f)
f : 0.1193 sec
of,
t(L
As calculated in previous question, the induced emf in the loop at a particular
time f is
I/"-,
_(1.6)[r +
So,
at l:0.1193sec,
z"-r
r
l
o.aff (1+ r.2f)
since the vortmeter
:-
1.6[(0.
1es)
+ o.1{-sr.{tf f [r + (1.2)(0. 1 1e3f ]
t,l;l;1?3i1;#:lXJ*
the direction or induced
emf as determined by Lenz's law. Therefore, the voltmeter reading at

r: 12 cm will be
V : V^r:- 23.4 mvolt
6,2.15
Correct answer is +600.

Given the magnetic field intensity in the medium is
Ir = cos(lolot- br)a" Af m
Now from the Maxwell,s equation, we have
:#
# :-ffi":-
V x.EI
or,
bsin(10,0t- br)o,
O=
since no
where C is aconstant.
I-bsin(1010r -br)dt+ C
D.c. field is present in the medium so, we get c 0 and therefore,
--
o:
c /mz
fmcos(lo'or and the electric field intensity in the med.ium is given
E:2
r :7 :
br) an
012 xjfrFl'rdcos(101o'
as
br)a,o
@:O.r2nF/m)
Again From the Maxwell's equation
Page 410
Chap 6
Tine Varying Fields and
or,
Maxwell Equatirons
xE:-#
#:-V x[#"ot1ro"'-br)a,f
:-$sin(r
So, the magnetic flux density
"
o'o'-
bn)a,
in the medium is
:- I #sin(1010' :
br)a,itt
C#lomcos(10'or
- bt)a"
We can also determine the value of magnetic flux density as
(U
:
B:FH
: (3 x 10-5)cos(101ot- br)a,
(2)
Comparing the results of equation (1) and (2) we get,
, ,b' 10'".^:
(1.2)
10-5
b2:3.6x105
b
6.2.{?
:*
600rad/m
Correct answer is 54.4L4 .

Given the electric field in time domain
as
.E :
Comparing
it
5sin(1ozrg)cos(6n x Los - br)a,

general
equation for electric field intensity given as
with the
B : Eocos(ut- pr)a"
r.r:6zrX10e
We get,
Now in phasor form, the electric field intensity is
aA: 5sin(10r'g)e-jb a,
Flom Maxwellfuqrrhtion we get the magnetic field intensity
H"" ----!-*(o
"1u114
(1)
as
t B"):*l*",-*
hl**-*"1
:--r^luo""os(102'y)e-'o'o,+ j5bsin(10zry)or]"-t*
Again from Maxwell's equation we have the electric field intensity
n,:fi6(v
x rr,)
:hl*_+\""
as
:6ft4fnb) (- ib) sin( tory) s-tb' + (50n) (10zr)sin (10 rv) e-ib'la"
ffiltt2+
Soo,f]sin rorye-ib'a,
Comparing this rezult with equation (1) we get
-J--tsu'+ 5ool)' : b
dPreo'
b2 + tOO# : uj p.eo
or,
b2+toof :(62-x roef x
b2
+t00# :400tf
b2:300#
d-T
(w:6r x 10e,'/a,r':+)
b:-F ^/S}}nrad/m
lDl:/300 r:54.474radfm
So,
EL 6,2..!8
Let the point change located at origin be
of the page through the closed triangurar
page 4l

Maxwell Equations
e and the current 1 is flowing out

iath as shown in the figure.
(0, 2, 0)
As the current 1 flows away from the point charge

along the wire, the net
charge at origin will change with increasing time
and given as
#=-,
so the electric field intensity will also vary through

the surface and for the
varying field circulation of magnetic field intensity
around the triangular
loop is defined as
f H . dt :[kfa*\U"].".
I
where [1"[".- is the actua( flor/of ctra.ge car]ed

encrosed conduction current
and [16[," is the current due to the varying
field called enclosed displacement
current which is given as
fIoL,"
: #[a,o.
d,s
: $f o . as
(1)
From symmetry the totar electric flux passing

through the triangular surface
is
ln.as:$
so'
fIoL,"
whereas
: #(g):a#:-{
LI"L,":
(from equation (1))
so' the net circulation of the magnetic field intensity

around the
triangular loop is
f"n'
(1: 8 A)

As calculated in previous question the maximum induced
voltage
rotating loop is given as
lVtl:30*
From the given data, we have

Bo
:0.25 Wb/m,
:64cm':
closed
il:f16f,,"+fl"L,"
:-{+r:$1s):za
t 6.2.'rc
64
Chap 6
10-a m2
in the
Page 412
Chap 6
Maxwell Equations
and
is covered)
, -.60 x Ztr :377 rad'f sec (In one revolution 2zr radian
I ".
So, the r.m.s. value of the induced voltage is
[/"-r]^^,
h"r*
ftlY"-r |
1,o.zsx64x1o-4x377)
- rE\
:0.4265
Since the loop has 50 turns so net induced voltage will be 50 times the
calculated value.
l.e.
:50 x (0.4265)
[v"-L-"
L
fi,n,s
21.33 volt
****'F******
soLUTtONs 6,3
'
page 413
Chap6
Tine l&rying Fields and
'
Maxwell Equatious
tol.
6,3.1
tol.
6,3"2

The line integral of magnetic fierd intensity along a crosed loop
is equal to
the current enclosed by it.
.f
r.e.
lH.dl:1"n"
so, for the'constant current, magnetic field intensity will

be constant i.e.
magnetostatic field is caused by steady currents.
Ilr,
s.r.r

Flom Faraday's law the electric field intensity in a time varying
field
\
defined
as
Vx
-E
F.
where
I;#
\)
field.
is
is magnetic flux density in the EM
and since the magnetied'x density is equal to the curr of

magnetic vector
potential
l.e.
So,
lt
p
B:Y xA
putting it in equation (1), we get
y xE:_$tv r,a)
or
V X.E -v
- Y ,\-l
Therefore,
lol
6.3.4
:-#
0 r\
\-aT^)

Since total magnetic flux throrrgh a surface S is
defined
o:In.as
Flom Maxwell's equation
it
zeto
'. I
as
is known that curl of magnetic flux density is
V.B:0
fn
. as :
If,
B)d,u:o
(Stokes Theorem)
Thus, net outwards flux will be zi:ro for a closed surface.

sol.
6.3.5

trlom the integral form of Faraday's law we have the
relation between the
electric field intensity and net magnetic flux through a
closed loop as
----\
da
9E'. dt:-ff
r
since electric field intensity.is

'ero (E:0) inside the conducting loop. so,
the rate of cha^nge in net magneiic fl,x through the closed
loop is
t
d@
Page 414
-v
a -n
Chap 6
i.e. @ is constant and doesn't vary with time.

Maxwell Equations
s$L
{!"3,S

A superconductor material carries zero magnetic field and zero electric
inside it.
B :0 and .E: 0
l.e.
Now from Ampere-Maxwell equation we have the relation between
magnetic flux density and electric field intensity as
y xB:pallp"rT
So,
:0
(B:0, E:
since the net current density inside the superconductor is zero so all
current must be confined at the surface of the wire.
sol 6.3.? Option (C) is correct.

According to Lenz's law the induced current 1 in a loop flows
produce a magnetic field that opposes the change in B(t)'
such as
Now the configuration shown in option (A) and (B) for increasing
flux B;, the change in flux is in same direction to Br as well as the current
flowing in the loop produces magnetic field in the same direction so it
not follow the Lenz's law.
For the configuration shown in option (D)' * the flux Ba is

well
with time so the change in flux is in opposite direction lo 86
field
produces
magnetic
the
loop
the current 1 flowing in the
direction so it also does not follow the Lenz's law.
For the configtrration shown in option (C), the flux density 116 is
with time so the change in flux is in opposite direction to 116 but the c
1 flowing in the loop produces magnetic field in the same direction to
(opposite to the direction of change in flux density). Therefore this is
correct configuration.
$oL
s"*.s

Induced emf in a conducting loop is given by
do
where @ is total magnetic flux
V" t:-Zl
through the loop.
Since, the magnetic field is non-uniform so the change in flux will be
it and the induced emf due to it is called transformer emf.
by
Again the field is in a, direction and the loop is rotating about z-axis s
flux through the loop will also vary due to the motion of the loop. Thb
causes the emf which is called motion emf. Thus, total induced voltage ir
the rotating loop is caused by the combination of both the transformer and
motion emf.
$0L s,3.$
g$L
6"3.10
soL
6"3"1t
_-__r_
r
I
I
p
sor o.r.rz
-. ..'.',
ror. s.r.rc
I
..r.,,
[ -.
ror- e.s.rs
I ror- o.e.rz
I
page 4tb
Chap 6
Maxwell Equations

*>t********x
r
$
r
I
a
t
F
.G.
Page 416
Chap 6
Time Varytng Fiel& and
:
Maxwell Equatious
sol. 5.4.{

Given, the magnetic flux density in air
B:
as
h(ataa-ffi")
'(1)
Now, we tra,nsform the expression in cylindrical system, substituting
and
r':rcosf and g:rsind

oo : cosbzn- sin/46
o'v : sindo"* cos$oa
So, we get
B:
Boa6
Therefote, the.magnetic field intensity in air is given
as
Boo,
,which is constant
= L:
Pn I'to
So, the current density of the field is
J:Yx.E[:0
30L 6.4,2
(since I1 is consta.r*)

Maxwell equations for an EM wave is given
as
V'B:0
Y ' E:fu
Y
xD:-ry
ot
v x .Er :#*,
So, for static electric magnetic fields
V.B:0
V.E:pu/
V
YxH:J
gol.
6.4.3
(#:rl
x.E:0
(#:o
''AD
vxrr : t*at
)
sol-
6.4.4
f[to " H1.
as --
Il,tr.oz;.
Maxwell Eq
lntegral
as
fH.dr:ll1r*#).*
Stokes

Flom Maxwells equations we have
v
Thus,
Vx
xfir:#*,
.EI has
unit of current density
(i.e',
Al^')
sol
6.4.5

This equation is based on Ampereis t#",is from
Ampere,s circuitar law we
have
$n.
Jt
or,
as
Applying Stoke,s theorem we get'
/tv
><.rr).ds
V
Then,
it
=lt.as
x.EI=J
is modified using'continuity equation
Vx.EI:J+#
h.""
. tol-
as

when a moving circuit is put in a time varying magnetic field induced
nt" tyTimponents. one due to time variation of magnetic flux densityemf
B
and ot|f\ue to the motion of circuit in the field.
()
6.4"?
Option (e) is correct.

Fbom maxwell equation we have
Vx-6t:r*#
The term
sol.
6.4"8
a"no", displacement burrent.

Emf induced in a loop carrying a time varying magnetic flux
U^l:-#
g
__
: -,\l
is defined as
/_1 r*s\
a\3"'i
at time, f : 3s, we have

e =_)(BI
,\ :- lWb/s2
sol.
6,4.9
4lZ
Chap 6
Time Varyhg Fields and
Maxwell Equations
a:/encreed
f,n. u=J"r.
Page

According to Lenz's law the induced emf (or induced current) in
a roop
flows such as to produce a magnetic field that opposed the change
in B.
The direction of the magnetic field produced by the current is determined
by right hand rule.
Now, in figure (1), p directed upwa.rded increases with time
where as the
field produced by cufrent -I is downward so, it obey's the Lenz's
law.
In figure (2), B directed upward is decreasing with time whereas the field
produced by current 1 is downwards (i.e. additive to the
change in B) so, it
doesn't obey Lenz,s law.
In figure (3), B directed upward is decreasing with time where as current
-I
produces the field directed upwards (i.e. opposite to the
change in B) so, it
also obeys Lenz's law.
In figure (4), B directed upwa,rd is increasing with time whereas current

1 produces field directed upward (i.e. additive to the change in B) so, it
doesn't obey Lenz's law.

Thus, the configulafion 1 and 3 are correct.
Page 41E
Chap 6
Time Varying I'ields and
Maxwell Equations
sol
6.4.10

Faraday's law states that for time varying field,
vxE:-AP
At
Since, the curl of gradient of a scalar function is always zero
v x(vv):o
t.e.
so, the expression for the field,
E:- v I/ must include some other terms b
--O r-#
i.e. A is true but R is false'
6"4.{t

Faraday develops the concept of time varying electric field producing e
magnetic field. The law he gave related to the theory is known as Faradayb
law.
a.4..2

Given, the area of loop
,9:5m2
Rate of change of flux density,
ry:zwb/m2lS
dt
So, the emf in the loop is
.
6.4"{3
%*r
:-$[a'
as
: (5x-2) :-
10

The modified Maxwell's differential equation.
V x,EI
: r*#
This equation is derived from Ampere's circuital law which is given
as
f H' dI:1","
I
f t, "'H\'
ds
: lns
YxH:J
$oL
6.4."14

Electric potential of an isolated sphere is defined as
C : treoa
The Maxwell's equation in phasor form is written as
(free
V x ÊI: jteE*oE: jueE*J
So
A and R both
are true individually
but R is not the correct
of A.
sol.
6.4.1s

a coil is placed in a time varying magnetic field then the e.m.f. will
in coil. So here in both the coil e.m.f. will be induced.
If
tol
6.{.16
30L 6.4.{?

Both the statements are individually correct,but R is not explanation of A.
Ampere'slaw
Faraday'law
Vx.E:#
x,tI:J+ODdt
(a-3)
(b-a)
(c'1)
(d-2)
Y -D:pu
V .J :-U
Current continuity
6.11.18
dt

since, the magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of the ring is decreasing
with time so, according to Faraday's law emf induced in both the ring is
v"-r
: _ftf a.
as
Thereforeqmf will be induced in both the rings.

6,4.tS
/\
Option ($) i$ correct.

The Basikea of radiation is given by the two Maxwell,s equation
:#
y xE:-#
V x.EI
; tol. 6.4.20

The correct Maxwell's equation are
Vx-EI:t*#
V x.O :-#
tol
6.4.2{
V . D:
V 'B:0

In List I
a.
fB.dS:O
The surface integial of magnetic flux density over the closed surface is zero
or in other words, net outwa,rd magnetic flux through any closed surface is
zero. (a - 4)
b.
fn.as:Ip,du
Total outward electric flux through any closed surface is equal to the charge
enclosed in the region.
(b-+ 3)
/ fn.m:-l#ot
of
i.e. The line integral the electric field-intensity around a closed path is
equal to the surface integral of the time derivative of magnetic flux density
(c-2)
Chap 6
Time Varying fields and
Maxwell Equations
Gauss law
30L
Page 419
f n.ot:l(#+r)aa
i.e. The line integral of magnetic field intensity around a closed path is equal
to the surface integral of sum of the current density and time derivative of
electric flux density.
(d-+ 1)
soL
Page 420
6"4.tr2
Chap 6
Tiqe Varyiry Fields and
Option (D) is correct

The continuity equation is given
as
Y . J:--p,
Maxwell Equatibns
i.e.
so!-
6.4.23
it
(J)
relates current density
and charge density
p,,.

Given Maxwell's equation is
' AD
Vx.EI - ,1,+
dt
For free space, conductivity, o:0
J":6fi:g
and
so,
Therefore, we have the generalized eqttation
V x.EI :A^D
-0t
sc|.
6"4.24

Given the magnetic field intensity,
H:3a,*7yan*2ra,
So from Ampere's circuital law we have
J:YxH
la"
a,. a.l
t'
ooo
I d"
:
$oL 6,4.?5
l3
dp
.,.
7y 2ri
a,(0)
a,(2
0)+ a,(0)
:-20,

The emf in the loop will be induced due to motion of the loop as well as t
variation in magnetic field given as
%*r:-fffi-as+t'@xe)at
So, the frequencies for the induced e.m.f. in the loop is
80L
6"4,2S
c,.,r
and
c,r.
p:
Q(E + a
x B) is Lorentz fbrce equatiorr.
sol.
6.4.27

All of the given expressions are Nlaxweil's equation.
sol.
6"4.28

Poission's equation for an electric field is given as
v, V
:-*
where, I/ is the electric pltential at thc point and p,, is the volume charge'
density in the region. So, for po: Q we get.
Y2V :0
Which is Laplacian equation.
$oL
6.4.2e
I
I
The direction of magnetic flux due to the current 'i' in the conductor hl
determined by right hand rule. So, we get the flux through ,4 is pointing i"t"l
the paper while the flux through B is pointing out of the paper.
According to Lenz's law the induced e.m.f. opposes the flux that causes iL !
so again by using right hand rule we get the direction of induced e.m.f.
anticlockwise in A and clockwise in B.
Page 421
Chap 6
$.,1"*s Option (D) i_s correct.

y2 ! :_ p,J
Time Vap 'ymg Fields atrd

Mai:s,ell Equations
This is the wave equation for static electromagnetic field.

i.e. It is not \,[axwell's equation.
6"4"3.t

Continuity equation
VxJ
:_q'
dt
Ampere's law
Vx,EI
(b-1)
+o-P
dt
*At
J _aD
Faradav'k*
"/
VX,E
t/
Option (Bfn correct.
l
Induced emf in a coil of
t/
Yt|t
(a-+ 4)
lf
(c-2)
AB
dt
(d-3)
turns is defined
as
nrdib
--- r\ (l,l
where @ is flux linking the coil. So, we get
V^r
:*
roo#J(3
2q
- 1oo(31 - 2)
- 100(3(2F - 2):-
1000
mv
(at
t:
s)
-1V
8.4"3n Option (B) is correct.
A static electric fiekl in a charge free region is defined
and
V ..8:0
V xE:0
as
(a-a)
A static electric field in a charged region have
v'E:Q:t+0
and
(b -+ 2)
Vx.E:O
A steady magnctic field in a crrrrent carrying conductor have
V.B:O
VxB:traJ*0
A time varying electric fiekl in
field
have
-'
a charged medium
VxE:-ry+0
dt
v.E:fu+0
so*
6.4.$d
(c -+ 1)
with time varying magnetic
(d'+
3)
, :-'lLtdt
t.'
It
is Faraday's law that states that the change in flux through any loop
induces e.m.f. in the loop.
Page 422
$oL
6"4"35
Chap 6

From stokes theorem, we have

Maxwell Equations
[{r"E)'ds:fn'at
Given, the Maxwell's equation
vxE:_(aBl
aq
Puttlpg this expression in equation (1) we get,
f n.m:-ftf"a.as
sol
6,4.3S
3(}L 6,4.37

Since, the flux linking through both the coil is varying with time so,
induced in both the coils.
Since, the loop 2 is split so, no current flows in it and so joule heati
not occur in coil 2 while the joule heating occurs in closed loop 1 as
flows in it.
Therefore, only statement 2 is correct.
The electric field intensity is
: Eoetot
where -Es is indePendent
So, from Maxwell's equation we have
V x.EI
: t*#
:
30L
6"4.38
sot- 6,4,39
oE
e(1't)Eoe''
oE
jaeE

Equation (1) and (3) are not the Maxwell's equation.
Flom the Maxwell's equation for a static field (DC) we have
VxB:pnJ
v x(v xA):pal
v (v . A)- v'A : p\J
V
For static field (DC),
'A:0
Y2A :- FnJ
therefore we have,
So, both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A'
$oL
6"4.40

For a static field, Maxwells equation is defined
as
YxH--J
and since divergence of the curl is zero
v.(vx,EI) :s
f.e.
V'J:0
but in the time varying field, from continuity equation (conservation of
charges)
v . J :-o!,
il +o
So, an additional term is included in the Maxwell's equation.
t.e.
V x.EI
: r*#
),/
where
:
ff "
displacement current density which is a necessary term.
Chap 6
Therefore A and R both are true and R is correct elphnation of A.
tol
6,4,41

since, the circular loop is rotating about the y-axis as a diameter and
the flux lines is directed in a, direction. so, due to rotation magnetic flux
changes and as the flux density is function of time so, the magnetic flux also
varies w.r.t time and therefore the induced e.m.f. in the loop is due to a
combination of transformer and motional e.m.f. both.
tol
6"4.d2

For any loop to have an induced e.m.f., magnetic flux lines must link with
the coil.
observing all the given figures we conclude that loop e and G carries the
flux lines through it and so both the loop will have an induced e.m.f.
Gauss's law
Y.D:p
:1.+0P^
Ampere's law
Vx
Faraday's law
YxE:-ABdt
P:ExH
Poynting vector
.EI
*,1.x****+***
dt\
Page'C2B
(a-1)
(b-5)
(c-2)
(d-3)

Maxwell Equations
CHAPYER 7
ELEGTROMAG
a
ITTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we
concentrate
on the fundamental properties
of
electromagnetic waves as they propagate in various types of media, and their

interaction with matter. Following are the topics included in the chapter:
'
o
r
.
o
o
r
r
o
o
Definition of EM waves
Wave equations and solutions
Propagation characteristics
Waves
in conductors and dielectrics
Poynting vector and average power consideration in EM wave

Polarisation: Linear, Circular, and elliptical polarization
Normal and oblique incidence of EM waves
Reflection and transmission coeffrcients
Brewster angle
ELECTROTAGNETIC WAVES
In general, wave is a carrier of energy or information and is a function of time
as well as space. As far as we are concerned, a wave means Electromagnetic
wave (or simply EM wave). some examples of EM waves are radio, radar
bearns and TV signals. Maxwell predicated the existence of EM waves
and
established it through his weil-known Maxwell's equations.
General Wave Equation for Electromagnetic Waves

Consider a linear, homogeneous and isotropic medium. The three-dimensional
equation or Helmholtz equationin an absorbing medium or lossy
".l"lor\uu
dielectric medium is defined as
p,#- po#:o
v2H- p,#- po#:o
v2D-
...(7.1)
...(7.2)
Now, we will consider the modifications in the wave equations for different
cases.
|2.2
Wave Equation for Perfect Dielectric Medium

In a perfect dielectric medium, the conductivity is zero, i.e.
it in equations (7.1) and (7.2) we get
y2E
: rt#
o:0.
substituting
1{
ETI C WAVES
-T
Page 426
A2 II
YzH== p_aT
and
Chap 7
These are the wave equations for perfect dielectric medium.
Electromagoetic Waves
7.2.3
Wave Equation for Free Space

We have already studied the parameters of free space which are as
1.
2.
3.
Relative permittivityt
,:I
F,:7
e:es)
(i.e. p: trto)
(i.e.
Conductivity, o :0
Substituting these parameters in equations (7.1) and (7.2) we get
A2E
== Lt oo-Af
A2 II
YzH= poeo-AT
Y2E
and
These are the wave equations for free space
7.2.4
Wave Equation for Time-Harmonic Fields
The standard form of wave equations for time harmonic fields (in
form) are defined as
vtEr- tos:o
v'.[lr- "f Hs:0
and
where
7 is a complex
consta.nt called the propagation constant.
Propagation Constant
For a medium with permittivity e, permeability tt, and conductivity a.
propagation constant is given by
1:{fuilo+w)
Propagation constant is expressed
in per meter (m-1). It can be
defined as
''l
o+ jP
where o is the attenuation constant, and p is the phase constant as describd

below.
7.3
1.
Attenuation constant (o): The real part of the propagation constad

is defined as the attenuation constant (a). The attenuation constax
defines the rate at which the fields of the wave are attenuated as th
wave propagates. Its unit is Neper per metre.
2.
Phase constant (B): The imaginary part of the propagation constant i

, defined as the phase consta"tt (B). The phase constanf,defines the rat
at which the phase changes as the wave propagates. Its unit is radia
per metre.
UNIFORM PLANE WAVES
The uniform plane wave has two important words in it; uniform and planr
L. Plane: The term plane means that the electric and magnetic field vecto:
both lie in a plane and all such planes are parallel. In addition, tl
phase of the wave is constant over a plane.
2.
'
Uniform: The word uniform means, the amplitude and phase of vecto
E and -E[ are constant over the planes.
In Figure 7.1, we have chosen the eiectric field to be in r-direction and

the magnetic {ield will turn out to be orthogonal to r-direction and so is
directed in the g-direction. The field vectors ,E and .E[ are in the r-g plane
flane waves. The word uniform, also means that the field vectorr
of r and g in these planes. Thus, the vector fields E and
oly be functions of. z and time, i.e.
E : E,(z,t) a,
...(7.3)
H : Hr(z,t) au
...(7.4)
le associated with these field vectors propagates in the z-directions
hopagation of a Uniform Plane Wave

the time factor e,t into above equations, we get the instantaneous
the field components as
E (2, t)
Rnl(E o e-'" e'') a,f
H (2, t)
Re[(flo e-'"
"*')
ou)
E6 and flo of the field components are related as
Hn:fu
"n
rhere
r7 is i,ntrinsi,c i,mpedanced.the medium. Following axe some important,

points related to uniform plane waves.
r,.t:il*,:trtq$${ri
.1;r:rl
!i:,,t,t;:ir:.
'bfe''?gM
Page 427
Chap ?
Electromagnetic Waves
Page 42E
Chap 7
Electromagaetic Wave
7.4
WAVE PROPAGAfION IN LOSSY DIELEGTRICS
'
7.4.1
Consider a uniform plane wave travelling in a medium where the conductivity

is nonzero, (o * 0), that is, a lossy medium. Let us study the various
characteristics of the plane waves in the medium.
Propagation Constant in Lossy Dielectrics

We have already defined the propagation constant as
and
l:61+ip
Solving the above two equations, we obtain the attenuation constant (c)
and phase constant p as
...(7.5)
and
: r\l +
...(7.6)
Thus, c and p a,re both nonzero for the medium and hence, thepropagation constant, 7 includes both imaginary and real parts.
7.4.2
Solution of Uniform Plane Wave Equations in Lossy Dielectrics

We have the field components of the wave propagating along o, direction as
Re[(Eo e-'"
H(z,t):
Re[(I/oe-'"
E (2, t)
a.nd
o'l
...(7.7)
"'')ql
...(7.8)
"to')
: a+ j0 in equation (7.7), we get

E(z,t) - Re[Eee-"' eiPt*Pz)ar7
\Q,t) : Eoe-o"cos(ut- Bz)a,
Substituting 1
or
Simila"rly, the magnetic fie1d component is obtained as
:
II(z,t) :
H(z,t)
or
Re[I/oe-"'eiPt-8") asl
Hoe-o"cos(wt- Bz)a,
Here, Ese-o' is the instantaneous amplitude of electric field, f/6 e-"' is the
insta.ntaneous amplitude oilnagnetic field and (4,'t Bz) isthe instantaneous
phase angle of the wave.
Velocity of Wave Propagation in Lossy Dielectrics
'
The velocity at which a fixed point on the wave trlielling is called velocity of
wave propagation. Let us consider a fixed point P on the wave ,4 sin (u.r t gz)
-
'
'
i.e.
wt- Bz:
constant
As the wave advances with time, point P moves along * a, direction.

Differentiating both sides with respect to time, we get
,_g#:o
dza
E:
B-
,o:ff
...(7.e)
where uo gives the velocity of fixed point
P on the
wave which is called the
velocity of wave propagation
Wavelength of Propagating Wave

The wavelength of the propagating wave can be given as
), : upT
where uo is the velocity of wave propagation, and ? is the time period of the
wave. So, substituting equation (7.9) we get
or
1.4.5 Intrinsic lrnpedance
Consider
^:(fr),
^:4p
:(4f),
a uniform plane wave travelling in * a" direction with
field
components
E"
and
- Ese-l" a,
H": Hoe-l'av
...(7.10)
..(7.11)
The ratio EolHo is called intrinsic impedance a,nd dpnoted by 4, i.e.

,1
E"
-Ho
Solving equations (7.10) and (7.11) using Maxwell's equation, we get
or
n-i'tt:-L
' 't J jwp(" + rul)
- | t--Fu
Gifr,
n =
"'(7'12)
Thus, the intrinsic impedance is a complex quantity. Its unit is ohm (O).
can be also expressed as
,t :lrtl/!_;ln!4.
with
and
.4.6
,/nE
l'l:ldFr
tan2lr:L
Loss Thngent
For a time-harmonic field, we have the Maxwell's equation,
V x II" :(o* jue)E"
It
Page 429
Chap 7
Page 430
Chap 7
Electromagnetic \ilavcs
where
t"
i,rl, - t#1",
ite"E"
is the complex permittivity given by,
,f
e":elI-il d]
r
e":('-jr")
where (e') is the real part and (e") is the imaginary part of the
permittivity. The ratio of. (e") to (e') is the ratio of the magnitude of
conduction current density to the magnitude of the displacement c
density. This ratio is defined as the loss tangent or loss angle of the medi
i.e.
o
ld:|,:
| ' ' a-,loE,l,lweE"l
lJ"ooao"tionl
:tang
lJo*l,*"^.o,
where tand is the loss tangent and I is the loss angle. The Ioss tangent
a measure of how lossy a medium is. For a lossy dielectric, loss tangent
I
the order of unity.
7.5
WAVE PROPAGATION IN LOSSLESS DIELEGTRICS

lossless dielectric is one in which o << u. So, for lossless dielectrics
medium parameters may be considered as
o=
0,
t:
eg7
: Folt,
The propagation characteristics of the lossless dielectrics are obtained

follows:
7.5.1 Attenuation Constant

Flom equation (7.5), we have the attenuation constant
+l/'.#-'l
Substituting o: 0 in the above equation we get the attenuation constant

a lossless dielectric medium as
7.5.\
:0
(7.13)
...(7.13)
...
Phase Constant
Flom equation (7.6), we have the phase constant
+hE;#.'l
Vl
Substituting o: 0 in the above equation we get the phase constant in a

lossless dielectric medium as
7.5.3
: rr/G
...(7.14)
PropagationConstant
Propagation constant in a medium is defined by
'y:a+ jp
Substituting a and B from equations (7.13) and (7.14) , we get the propagatim
constant in the lossless dielectric medium as
j : ja{G
Velocity of Wave Propagation
Page 431
Chap 7
The velocity of wave propagation in a medium is given by
oo:fr
Substituting 73 from equation (7 .L4), we get the velocity of wave propagation
in the lossless dielectric medium as
wp
a1
-
@"/
lt
t/
U,e
?.5.5 Intrinsiclrnpedance
Fbom equation (7.12), we have the intrinsic impedance
n:
't t-@(o + jue)
^/
Substituting o: 0 in the above equation we get the intrinsic impedance in

a lossless dielectric medium, as
,t-l ttr
e
7.5.6
Field Components of Uniform Plane W'ave in Lossless Dielectric

Since, the field components of uniform plane wave in ,lossy dielectric is giverr
by
and
E(z,t)
H(z,t)
:
:
Eoe-o" cos(wt
Bz)a"
Hoe-o"cos(ut- 0z)A
So, by substituting a : 0 in above equaiions, we get the
in lossless dielectric
field. components
as
:
g :
B
E6cos(ut- Bz)a,
t/6cos(wt_ By)a,
where Eo and Ilo a,re related as
Eo
-^- fO
fr:n:\/E
Thus, we see that for a lossless dielectric medium, the wave propagates
without any attenuation, and the electric and magnetic fields are in phase
with each other.
7.6
WAVE pROpAGATtOt{
tl{
PERFECT qONDUCTORS
perfect, or good conductor, is bne in which o>> a. So, for good

conductors the medium parameters may be considered as
d: oo r
c-s'
F:FolL"
The propagation characteristics of good conductors are obtained as follows
:
7.6.1 Attenuation Constant

Ftom equation (7.5), we have the attenuation constant
) (r) so we get
toFa
\/ --r-
Here, the condition is, o
...(7.15)
Page 432
7.6.2
Phase Constant
Chap 7
FYom equation (7.6), we have the phase.constant
Again, applying
in a
phase constant
2 ae in above
equation, we
as
,.j
(7 16il
7.6.3
PropagationConstant
Propagation constant in a medium is dg{ined
jp
'y:a+
.
7.6.4
as
Substituting o and B from equations (7.15) and (7.16), we get

propagation constant in the good conductors as
t{
i
"t:'/ry+l/ry
Velocity of Wave Propagation

The velocity of wave propagation in a medium is given by
,,:Bu
Substituting
B from equation (7.16), we get the velocity of wan
propagation in a good conductor
",-a-@
"r - ,S .;i'.e*;-,
as
,,1 p,o
7.6.5 Intrinsiclmpedance
Flom equation (7.12), we have the intrinsic impedance
Since, o
2 we,i.".T (
1. So, we ca,n
write
t+ffct
Hen\tre
intrinsic_imp
_f
"OffiLn
n:\/
I
a good conductor reduces is oUtainea
7.6.6 $kin Effect
When an AC current is applied to the conductors, it shows skin etrect- {

is the tendency of an alternating electric current to distribute itself wttl{
a conduc\or in suc\ a way \hat \tre cunen\ densi\y is \\re \argest o"o q
surface of the conductor, while decreasing at greater depths. Mathematiclt
skin effect is expressed by skin depth'
Skin
I
I
Depth
is defined as the depth in which the magnitude of the wave is attenu:{

to e-1(- 37%) of its original value. The electric field of a propagating {
in a good conductor in a, direction is given by
I
It
Ese-o'cos(ut-
Pz)a"
where Eoe-o" is the instantaneous amplitude of the field. So, after travelling
a distance z:6, the field reduces to
: Eoe-"6
...(7.LT)
Now, from definition of skin depth, the electric field of uniform plane
wave after traveling a distance 6 (skin depth) reduces to e-1 of its original
vahre. i.e.
...(7.18)
Eoe-r
So, from equations (7.17) and (7.18) we get
c6:1
u:a
't
or
Substituting equations (7.15), we get
^-1-- ! L2uu'o
Thus, in a good conductor, the depth of penetration decreases with

increasing frequency (a,).
7.7
WAVE PROPAGATION
11{
FREE SPACE
In free space, we have the parameters
O:0,
F:
T}1e propagation characteristics
7.7.1
FO
in free space are obtained as follows.
Attenrration Constant
FYom equation (7.5), we have the attenuation constant
in a medium
...(7.1e)
Substituting o: 0 in the above equation we get the attenuation constant in

a lossless dielectric medium as
a:0
7.7.2
Phase Constant
From equation (7.6), we have the phase constant in a medium
...(7.20)
Substituting o:0, t : 6o and

phase constant in free sPace as
g : u,/
F: llo in the above
equation we get the
ttoeo
7.7"3 Propagation Constant

Propagation constant in a medium is defined by
'y
o+
i[3
substituting a and. p from equations (7.19) and (7.20), we get the propagation
constant in the free sPace as
.y : ju^/_p*q
Page 433
Chap 7
Page 434
Chap 7
7.7.4
Electromagnetic'tilaves
Velocity of Wave propagation

The velocity of wave propagation is given
by
,o:fr
Substituting p from equation (2.20),we get the
velocity of wave
in the free space as
Q1
__-.::
.y
a^/
7.7.5 Intrinsic
:'
poeo J poeo
108m/s
Impedance
Flom equation (7.I2), we have the intrinsic impedance
n: E@_
substituring
Jf'r): po io the above equation, we set
1: 0, in,:r:,"
intrinsic impedance
free space as
TF;
,10:JTi:7ZOn=377Q
7'7'6
Field components of Uniform plane wave

in Fbee space
we have field components of uniform plane wave
in lossy dielectric as
E (z.t) : Eoe-o' cos(at 7z)a,
and
II(z,t) : Hoe-o,cos(ut_ Az\a,
free space attenuation ctnst"nt,'a":0. so, the
fierd components
l]Te^lt
reduces to
6:
.EI :
Eocos(ut_ pz)a,,
flocos(wt_ py)a,
These are the field components of ,roifor* prane
wave propagating in free
space) where E6 and IIs are related as
Eo :
t4n
H-o
_^rlo:
'/ the
Thus, we see that in free space)
wave propagates without any attenuation
and the electric and magnetic fields
it inJr" with each other.
7.8
"r"
POWER COHSIDERATION
II{ ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
One of the important characteristics of electromagnetic

wave is that it
can transfer energ"y from one point to another.
The law of conservation of
electromagn etic fi:W is mathematicallv
expressed
ffTiltr,#:H***
7.8.1
Poynting's Theorem
According to Poynting's.theolem, at any point
in an erectrornagnetic field.
the power per unit area is described by a ,recto.
termed as poynting vector
which is basically a curl of erectric field intensity
vector and magnetic fierd
intensity vector. i.e.
F:ExH
The magnitude of Poynting vector (p) is the power
flow per
it points along the direction of wave propagation vector. Ils unit area, and
unit is watt per
squared meter (W/m'). For time harmonic field,. the phasor of

vector is defined as
P,: E, x II,*
Poynting
Page 435
...(7.2L)
Electromagneticwaves
Chap 7
where the asterisk (*) sign in the magnetic field vector represents the complex
conjugate of the vector. This is the instantaneous power in uniform plane

wave also called the compler Poynti'ng uector.
'?.8.2
Average Power Flow in Uniform Plane Waves
To determine the time-average power flow in a uniform plane wave,

integrate equation (7.21) over the time-period 7. i.e'
we
Poo:#[, r"0'
po,:+l?t"xH,+)dt
or
This is equivalent to
g",:!n*lE, x f/"x]
P,, is the time-average power density vector in a uniform plane wave which
is expressed in Watt per squared meter (W/m2). The total time-average
power passing through a surface ,S is given by
P.,:f P",'dS
Let us generalize this expression for lossy and lossless dielectric media.
Average Poynting Vector in Lossless Dielectric Medinrn
For a uniform plane wave propagating in a lossless medium in o" direction,

we have the field components
E"
H""rl:
and
Eoe-iB'a'
E!"-io"
ou
Hence, the time-average Poynting vector in the field is
p^,:fRe[E,x H"*f
1
: $n"[ta" -p,a,) * (]r'o,a)l: fr",
Similarly, we can also obtain the average Poynting vector

magnetic field as
D
foo:
in terms
of
-!4t
2 a,
Average Poynting Vector in Lossy Dielectric Medium
Let us consider a uniform plane wave in a lossy dieleefrc medium. The

phasor fields written in the vector form are
E, : Eo-o" e-i?" A,
H" : Se-"2
So, the average
" l'tl "-ioz "-fr'^

vector in the uniform plane wave is
?*t*
P",:fRe(E, x II,*)
: ]n"[ta"-o" e-ie" a,)
" (ffiu"'"tu' "n,",)]
Page 436
: ffi"-r",
a,
"oslg,,)
Chap 7
The average power in the \4rave contains the faetor e.'2"' . rvhich saJ's d
the power is being dissipated in the merdirirn. as thc w-a\ passes through
7.9
WAVE POLARIZATION
wave polarization is the electric fir,:lti vector orientation as a function

time. at a fixecl point in space. rhe three important types of polari
are (1) Linear, (2) Elliptical, a,nd (3) Circular polarization.
7.9.1
Linear Polarization
A wave is said to ber linea,rl.,, irolarised if the elcctric fielcl rernains along
straight line as a function of tinre at, sorrre poirrt in the rnediurn. For the
propagation irr * o.. directicln, the iinear polarized wave r,vould in
have its electric field phasor exprcssr:d as
B, : (86u,*
E,1t1ar)e.-
"'p-tit"
where E6 and E*r are constant arnplituries along z and g. As the e; arrd
-components of eiectric field are in sa,me phase. so it is a lin,early pola
waae' rn general, for tire rn'ave traveling betvi'een diff'erent media, li
polarization may be of lbllowing two tl"pes:
1.
Parallel Polarisation:
lt i-\ defined as the
polarisatiorr
in which t
electric fieid of the rvave is pa,rallel to the pla,rre of incide'ce" par

polarisation is a,iso called vertical polarisation,
2-
Perpendicular Polarisation: It is clefined as the polarisation irr whicl

the electric field of t,he wave is yrer:pcndicrrlar to the plane of incidencePerpendicular polarisat,ion is alsr.r cralleti h.c,rlzontai polarisation.
7.9.2 Elliptical
Polarization
In elliptical polarized wave. the tip of the, electric fiel<l vector traces out
an elliptical locus in space. Fbr thr: wave propagation in +-o, rlirect
the elliptical polarized wavc '*'orilil in glener;ti hare itr; electric field
expressed as
E, : (E,s.a' * Eat{''
ar)r,:
rt:
i3:
where p is thc pilast t-liffert'rrcc bctw'ccri tlrc .r and y-comporjcnts of elect

field rector such dhat 0 < r! < rl2.
7.9.3 Circular Polarization

A circularly polarisecl-wave is oire in which the tip of the electric
vector .E traces a c'irclt: a,s tinie virries, This is the special case of ellipti
polarizerl wave. Here, the arnplitude, of :r and g-components of electric
vector are equai. (i.e. 81, -- E,p : ^&'e) and ph,l-se clifference between them i
x12 (i.e. 6:* nl2). Thuq, eiectric fielci phas.-rr of circrrlar polarizecl wave
in general form as
E" : (Eno,,* Elte'r'r/2 11r)e "' ,-t"'
In time .domain, we tlrav express thc electric fiekJ vector of
expressed
polarizcd we\/e
as
E(t) : Eneosurta,f
E6cos(r^,'l
nf 2)a,,
Circular polarization rnay be of the followirrg two types:
Chap 7
1. Right-hand Circular Polarization
When E, lealls E, by r 12 (i.e. tlt : * T 12), we obtain the r and 3t-components

of electric fie.'ld vector as
A, - Escoswt and E, : Eosin",rt
The instantarleous angle that .6 rnakes with the z-axis is given by
: tan '{*\:
\,
oL
,,
This indica,tes that electric field vector (E) rotates at a uniform rate
with an angular velocity iu irr a counterclockwise direction as shown in
F igure 7 .2(a). \\'hen tlie lingers of the right hand follow the direction of the
rotatiorr of ,8, tlie thuuib points to the direction of propagation of the wave.
Tlrus, it is a ri,qkt-harr'd ot Txtsitirte c'irctilurly polari,zed waue.
(")
l:r,-t:rr','
:..i
(b)
Ilhistratbn of Circular Polariza,tion (a) Right-hnnd Circular Polarization, (b)
Lcft,-hand Circular I'olarizat
ior
2. Left-hand Circular Polarization
Wherr E, lags 8,, by rf 2 (i.". ,p : rl2), we obtain the r and y-components

of electric field vector ol. circular polarized wave as
E,: Iloelswf and En :- Eos\nut
The iristantaneous angle tllat -E rnakes with the z-axis is given !y
'
rari
'{l:\:-rt
\t',!
This indicateg that elcctric field vector (E) rotates at a uniform rate
with an angular vekrc,it]' ar ill a clockwise rlirectiorr as showrr in Figure
7.2(b). When thc fingers of ther left hand follow the direction of the rotation
of .O, tLre thurnb points i,o the direction of propagation of the wave. Thus, it
is a left-h,and or n.egati.ue cir<ntlarly polarized waue.
psrhr?$
1.
"s
RH!EM&#R
For a linearly polarized wave, the, r'and::y-1c!tp{loncnt- d*t$$.Sdd...

are in same phase.
2. For an elliptical
r and;g-comibd t$dktdg|.
O < 6 I rl2.
polarized wave, the
field have the phase difference
3.
For a circular polarized wave, the r a.ud gr-components of"electric field

:t':'
have the equal amplitude (i.e. Ea - E ; &1's&d:i.p&d{i,
hretween them
Page 437
is n12 (i.e.
d:tnl2);
Electromagletic Wavea
Page 438
Chap 7
7.1O
REFLECTTON
REFRACTION OF UNIFORM PLAI{E WAVES
when a plane wave propagating in a homogeneous medium encounters

interface with a different medium, a portion of the wave is reflected from
interface while the remainder of the wave is transmitted. Depending
the manner in which the uniform plane wave is incident on the boundar.rl
two types of incidences may occur:
1. Normal Incidence: When a uniform plane wave is incident normally to
the boundary between the media, it is known as normal incidence.
2. Oblique incidence: When a uniform plane wave is incident obliquel-v
(making an angle other than g0") to the boundary between the two
media, it is known as oblique incidence.
In the following section, we will consider these two types of incidences ai
various media interfaces.
7.11 NORMAL INCIDENCE OF UNIFORilI
PLANE WAVE AT THE INTERFACC
BETWEEN TWO DICLECTRIGS

Consider a plane wave propagation along the t o, direction incident normaftr
on the boundary z:0 between medium I (r< 0) characterized by o1, y
Fr a,nd medium 2(z > 0) characterized by o2, zt ltzt as shown in Figure Z.&
I"lgur:c 7.i): Normal Incidence
of uniform Plane wave at the Interface
between
Dielectrics
In general, the field components of incident, reflected, and transmitted

waves are expressed as given in table below.
Table 7.1: Representation of Field Components of Incident, Reflected, and Tlansmitted Wave
lnterface between Two Dielectrics
fr
E,Jt\
Eo8" &
\ -/- =
t---
r .-- -l-
:j!
w,;)'
I
I
r
p.n.r Reflection
I
and Thansmission Coefficients
The ratio E,nf En is called reflect'ion coeffici,ent denoted by
-f
and given by
_rlz-\t
I _- E,o
Enu - \z* rlr
t
I
Page 439
The ratio Er l E* is called transmiss'ion coefficient denoted by
and
given by
E,' -E*-
t
I
2nz
,lr+rh
Ft-tt.z Standing Wave Ratio

I
i
I
i
I
I
I
The total electric field intensity in medium 1 is the sum of the electric fields
of the incident and reflected waves, i.e.
Er,(z) : Ei"(z) + 8,,(z)
,-/-.
The ratio of the -a*imu- amplitude to the minimum of the total elQctri|
\
field , E1 | is called stand,'ing waue ratio, i.e'
l.a'l
1+l-rl
r lt!qq!!
.
-1-lfl
"-laL.
' lmrn
:-
-.ji,,..u.rr:ir .::.rir,,..i::r
f;'arer
1.
jr::r,rrlr:tiilii. ;:t
dit$e
a:rt
::|f...
:a
i-rr..: ::::..ri,irti,ut.rl
,,
2.
3.
4.
7.12 NORMAL INCIDENGE OF UNIFORM PLANE WAVE ON A
PERFEGT
CONDUGTOR
consider that a uniform plane electromagnetic wave) propagating along

* a" direction in a perfect dielectric medium (ot : 0) of permeability pr and
permittivity e, is incident normally on the surface of a perfect flat conductor (
02: oo). The conductor surface is taken at z:0 pla,ne, as shown in Figure 7.4.
Mediurn
(o':
ifrur
o)
2
fr, Medium
(ar: oo)
1.1: Normal Incidence of Uniform Plane Wave on a Perfect Conductor
Chap 7
Electromagnetic T[avee
Since the depth of penetration for a perfect conductor is zeto, the
Page 440
*ac
will not travel beyond the z: 0 plane. In general, the fiqld components of
incident and reflected waves for the interface are expressed as given in table
Chap 7
below.
Table 7.2: Representation of Field Components of Incident and Tlansmitted Wave for Interface
between Dielectric and Perfect Conductor
id
H*(z) = H,oeil'" (- q\ : -
Eo
"it'"
o,
7.12.1 Reflection and Thansmission Coeflicients

Notice from Figure 7.4tlnat the wave is totally reflected. So, the reflection
coefficient is given by
E'o
'' - E,o--_ '

Since, there is no transmitted wave (i'e' E61: 0)' So' the
transmission
coefficient is zero. i.e.
r:0
7.12.2 Standing Wave Ratio
Since, the wave is totally reflected in this case with reflection coefficient
lf I : f . So, the standing wave ratio is infinite' i'e'
g:oo
7.13 OBLIQUE II{CIDENCE OF UNIFORT PLANE WAVE AT THE INTERFACE

BETWEEN TWO DIELECTRICS
/)l\
l_/
For oblique incidence of uniform plane wave at the interface between two
dielectrics, we consider the following two cases:
1. Parallel Polarization
2. Perpendicular polarization
7.L3.1 Parallel Polarization

Figure 7.5 shows the oblique incidence of a uniform plane wave (parallel
polarized) where the .D field lies in the rz-plane) the plane of incidence.
Both the mediums are lossless.
Reflection and Tlansmission Coefficients for Parallel Polarization
The reflection and transmission coefficients for the parallel polarised wave
are defined as
and
n Ea,
r|:fr:
rlzcosflt
''' - FP
En-
rl2cos01* 4rcosd,
11
rncos9t
qrco;6t+nlc;sdt
2rl2cosot
-
Bfewster Angle for Parallel Polarized Wave

The incident angle at whicir there is no reflection (i.e. E"o: 0) is called
i3.-
Brewster arrgle. For the para,llel polarized wa\ propagating through lossless
mediums, the Brewster angle dal is expressed as
sin2
ds,
:
: L,---azlLuL9
I
-\t1le2f
z:0
l:'irlitir:
I i;: Oblique
Lossless I)ielectrics
Inciderice of Parallel Polarized Wave at the Interface between Two
13.2 Perpendicular Polarization

corrsider the oblique incide'ce of a perpenclicular polarized wave shown in
Figure 7.6. Both the mediurns are lossless and the .E field is perpendicuiar
to the rz-plane, the plarre of iricidence.
Medium 2(",p")
rk
\:,:1.
fl
.,6
Z:0
I:'iliiir'<' ?.ii: Obiique Incidence of Perpendicular Polarized Wave at
the Interface between
Two Lossless Dielectrics
Reflection and rlansmission coeffrcients for perpendicular polarization

The reflection and transmission coefficients for perpendicular polarized
wave
are given by
,.8
and
E6
Ett
_ r12cos0i- r1pos06
- ryrcosf3 rjtcos9,
E,D _
2r12cos0,
Ei-
arcor9,ar"";6-
Page iWl
Chap 7
Electronagnetic Waves
Paee 442
Chap 7
W'ave
Brewster Angle for Perpendicular Polarized
Fortheperpendicularpolarizedwaveplopagatingthroughlosslessmediums.
the Brewster angle' ds' is expressed as
sin2du,
: I-
u,Gzf p,zet
I-GJNT
7'|4oBLIouEINGIDENGEoFuNIFoRtPLANEwAvEoNAPERFEGT
CONDUGTOR
Considerthatauniformplaneelectromagneticwave'propagatingalong p
dielectric medium (or: 0) of permeability
i:", Jo**ton in ea perfect
surface of a perfect flat
and permittivity , ls incident obliquely on the
polarization and
Aguirr, we will consider the two cases: parallel
i"TuI"L,
PerPendicular Polarization'
I
7.14.1 Parrillel Polarisation
,i
7.7 shows the obliqle.ingidSn1 :: ',o"?1!il-",Y'::î.:?,"-",:" "

reflected wales lie in the
",*,rr"
perfect conductor. Electric field of the incident and
rz-p|ane,theplaneofincidence.Asthedepthofpenetrationforaperfect
,"r"a""toriszero,thewavewillnottravelbeyondthez:0plane'So,the
reflectioncoefficientofparallelpolarisationisobtainedas
r
rr:
f,:_
I..iglrr'e7.7:obliquelncidenceofParallelPolarized.WaveonthePerfectConductor
7.t4.2 Perpendicular Polarisation

Inthiscase,theelectricfieldisperpendiculartotheplaneofincidence.
Consideraperpendicularpolarisedwaveincidentonaperfectconductoras
shown in Figure 7'8'
is zero, the
since, tie depth of penetration for a perfect conductor
wavewillnottravelbeyondthez:0plane.So,thereflectioncoefficientof
perpendicular polarisation is obtained
,r_$:_1
- En-
as
--Tl
Page 448
Chap Z
Elettromagnetic Waves
lligurc 7'ti; oblique Incidence of Perpendicular Polarized

Wave on the perfect Conductor
******,k*+**
xxHKCtSH
Page 444
Chap 7
?.{
!
f,sc&
?.r.t
propagating wave is given

a certain medium electric field intensity of a
In
{3r)anY
rhe erectric n"rd ph"fl,9'i1;""#;ffi1?:(A) Eoe-1"*'B)'a,nY l:at

j1)'aaY
(R) jAoe-e*
ltr_
(C) - jE,)e-1"+jo)" avY lm
(D) -i&os("-j1')aoY lm
f",*sc*
?,d"2
lm
b;-
I
I
I
I
plane
Eosin(z)cos(ct)o, represents the electric fiell of a
E:
wave in free sPace'
Assertion (A) :
,.
i
j
I
Reason(n):Aplanewave/propagatingwithvelocitytloin*o,direction:
must satisfY the
equation
:o
tJ
dl
dt - "'r',a]!,
f$
of A'
(A) Both A and R are true ancl R is the correct explanation
(B)BothAandRaretrrrebutRisnottlrecorrectexplanationofA.
r$*&
?.*.3
A propagating wave in free space has magnetic field intensity

.E[ :0.1cos(10e1 - aE)a"Alm
: lcm at time'
What will be the electric field intensity of the wave at I
t
0.1ns
(A) -37.7 a"Y lm

(B)-37.6o, V/m
(C) -1e'84,Y l^
(D) 37.6o" V/m
ir,r{&
r..!.4
space is given
Electric field intensity of linearly polarized plane wave in free
field
magnetic
of
form
phasor
by E :(Sar- 6o')cos(r"'t-502)Y lm' The
intensity of the wave will be
(A) -r7o(5a,* 6ar)e rt" v l*

^-c50,
(C) (5o, -6a,)e
r$'!s{3 ?,"!"$
Yln
(B) (5a"
(D)
- oa")ffvp
-(5o"'+aa.,1effvp"
EM wave
In a perfect conductor (resistivity' p = 0) magnetic field of any
(A) lags electric field bY 90'
(B) leads electric field bY 45"
(C) lags electric field bY 45'
(D) will be in ptra,se with electric field
-l!
Commsl Data For Q. 6 and 7:

An electromagnetic wave travels in free space with the electric field
component
E"
*r*s
McQ
(5a"* l0a")e-la'-'"'t
lm
?.'t.s
what will be the phasor form bf magnetic field intensity of the wave
(A) -29.66e j(' 2")tr.L/m
(B) -5"/5 e-i14x 2z)mA/m
(C) 29.66e't4r-2'ztmA/m
(D) -29.66e 44'-2'\ A/m
?'{'7
What will be the time average power density of the electromagnetic wave
?"i'li
(A) -3o, * ^/i ar- 2a"

(B) -2^/i a,l {i ao- a"
(C) 3o, -,/S au+2a,
(D) 2,/i a, - ,/i a, + a"
*rcs
Common Data For Q. g and l0 :

In free space an electric field intensity vector is given by
E :100cos(at_ pz)a"
where r,,, and p are constants.
?.'r's If P: -#:
I Pneo
-.
what will be the magnetic flux density vector
Il
(#:3xro+8m/s)\
(A) 3 x l01ocos(cur _ gr)a,

(B) 3.JB x 10-7cos(c..,t - |r)on
(C)
B x 108cos(a.,r - gr)o,
_
lnl us x 1o 6cos(u., t- Bz)a,

ucQ
?"{.{r}
The poynting vector of the E_M field will be
(il
n^
pr)o"
fficos2(at(C) f04 fik cosz(r,.,t - 0r)o"

HcE
7't"*'t
A propagating wave has the phasor form of its electric field intensity 4efined
as E" :.(-2^/5 0,+ r/5 ao- o,,)2-!'r"(-t'aliv-22)v/m. The wave is
rinearly
polarized along the direction of
l,
(B) r04l@.cos2(wt- pr)o,

(D)
(ut _ [32)a,
+cos,
\/ po
The electric field associated with a sinusoidallyaime varying

electromagnetic
field is given by E : Ssinrrsin(2r X 108 _ ,[i rz)orV
li
The time average stored energy density in the electric field is
(A) ,4aeosin2rr
(c) lflsnzzrr
-'-.-.
(B)
(D)
ffsin2rr
sinrnr
Chap 7
f, lssfr'gmagnetic Waves
(A) (o6b.9o" - 331.6a")W l^,

(B) (1a8.9a" - T4.rSa")W/-,
(C) (- 331.6 a" * 66s.9a)W l*'
(D) (- 7 4.lS a, * 148.9 a,) W l^,
Hc$
Page 44b
[ae
aa6
MCA
7,',1"',12
Chap 7
Electric field associated with a sinusoidally time varying blectromagr

field is given by .E :10sin(ry)sin(6tr x 108' -'/lrt)a'V/rn' What
field ?
be the time average stored energy density in the magnetic
1l; 1p1zs *
(B)
5osin2a-r)
#(25 * 5osin2zrr)
(c) 14q-!d(2s + trosin'?zrr)
Q) fuQ; *
ile6
7.{.13
McQ
?.{.'14
( )
5osin2z'r)
on the surfr
An electromagnetic wave propagating in free space is incident
field
electric
the
of
of a dielectric medium (Pn, 4Eo)'If the magnitude
field
electric
incident wave is Eo then'what will be the magnitude of the
the reflected wave ?
(B) -Eoi3
(A) -2Eol3
(D) - E,
(c) Eol2
is given by
Magnetic field intensity of a propagating wave in free space
I[ :
0.3cos (ut
ff the total time period of the wave be

time,
BY)a" A'lm
then the plot of
I/ versus y
r: $ will be
(B)
MCo ?.1.{t
plane wave is propagating with a velocity of 7 '5 x 107 m/s

fi
a lossless medium having relative permeability 1t',:4'8' The electric
phasor of the wave is given bY
E" : geflst o"Y lm
What will be the magnetic field intensity of the wave ?
(A) 11.05cos(9.54 x 106r+ 0.3r)an mA/m
(B) 22.13cos(9.54 x 106r+ 0.3r)ao mA/m
A uniform
(C) 22.13cos(9.5a
(D) 11.05cos(2.25
x
x
106r+ 0.Zz)umA/m
107r+ }-3r)armA/m
ilcq 7"'r'{6 I' uniform
prane.
wave t. oroolrl*]ng at a
veloc-lty of z x roz mf sin
dielectric such that the eleciric
a perfect
and magnetic neias or the
wave are given bv
E(r, t) : 900 cos (5 x 106n _ pr) y
f
a,
lm
ff
(A) "::',x#'T'*'il';'l
1.70,2.6s
(c)
itcE
?.t""r?
HCQ ?,{.rs
1.20,
1.58
!'";"'"T I ; #^Y/'', n" m edi um

wi,, i,, :
(B) B'4, 5.32
(D) 2.37, 2.6s
":T
An electromagnetic *.,"
in free space in _ o, direction
i. propagating
with a frequencv o and prt*"
u"gj" ,ulr. rir" EM wave is polarized
i.
* o' direction. If the ampritude or lt"ctri"
field of tt *uu" is ao tnen tt
magnetic field of the wave will
e
"
be
ral
#"*(wt+fr)au
(B)
(c)
-#"os(wt+?r)*
(o)
4s.a'cos
(wt*ucr)ao
ffcos(c,.,
t_i,)u
what will be the electric fierd of

a prane wave polarized parallel
to trre :r_:
plane and propagating
in free .p."" io it direction
(1'1'1)' that has the ampritud<

(A) Eocosl, t
+,
\!]W)
+
ft-(r +, . 4](T)
-
(B) z'"o'[,
"
ui;;iou"rr",
(c)'Eocos[, t _
ft;t,
from origin to the
p<.rint
i.r with zert.r phase a'gre.,
f(r +, -
4](*#)
(D) Eo"osl,t +
f(r +,. 4]("#)
HCQ ?,r"ts
il:"lr: j*1:"::"L:l|_"i^":?:*s_is
done for a microwave experiment

ri,
lj"trT:tT:ilJ:
i'T':J;"li?,i:'j":T"1'igT.::-":1",Fil;r;ffi
N:,: ,,^='7, o: a.zs ib;s'i-l
It;"1::i""t
(A)
greater.than 0.64 pm
"
(B) less than 0.64 pm
(C) exactly equal to 0.64 pm
(D) none
ICQ 7.{.20
of these
rn a nonmagnetic materiar.of
conductivity o : 2 x 102 s7m,
electric fier. of
a propagating plane wave
is given by
.E : Jcos(10? t _ O.Zy)a,
* 2sin(102 t _ 0.2y)a, y /m
What will be the value of
(A) (2 - r36eo)F/m
"omple* o"#ifiu,r, of the medium ?
(B) (36e6 - 12)F/m
(c)
(D)
HCQ 7.1,21
- p)F/m
(36e0 + j2)F
/m
(36
Assertion (A) : All the metals

are opaque.
Reason (R) : skin depth of
metars
(A) Both A and R are true and

"t"l"lrr" range of nanometers.
R is the correct explanation of
A.
(B) Both A and R are true but
R is not the correct explanation
of A.
page 447
Chap Z
Page 44E
nfisa ?,t.tn
Qhap 7
Slectromagnetic lVaves
In the plane z:0, electric field of a wave propagating tL *az directio

f."" ,pu,"" is .Eo which is varying with time f as shown in the figure'
tro(\'/rn)
0.5
1.5 2
t(p-sec)
:
If the magnetic field intensity of the wave at f
of 11r versus z will be
1F,sec be
IIr
then the
(B)
75
7b 0 75
z(m)
z(m)
I{,(A/rn)
Hr(Alrtt)
(D)
-150
!|4ca ?"'1.23
150
z(m)
medirrm in
Electric field of an electromagnetic wave propagatirrg in a
is
wave
jo')dt3''
The
:
direction is given by E" Eo(an(A) left hand circuiarly polarized
(B) Right hand circularly polarized
(C) elliptically Polarized

(D) iinearl;, Polarizerl
iilca 7.t.24
the
e.,lectromagnetic wave has the electric field intensitY in
a Per
on
incident
is
wave
EM
form given by .8, : 4(o,- ie')e-ia' . The
reflected
the
of
polarization
What will be the
at
An
corrductor located
wave
Y:0.
(A) Ieft hand circular

(B) Right hand circula,r
(C) elliptical
(D) linear
An electromagnetic wave propagating in free space is incident on a perfectly

at r> 0. The electric field of the incident wave in
the phasor form is given by Ex:l0a"e-i(6v+8c)V/m. The net electric field
of the total wave (incident and reflected both) in free space afber reflection
conducting slab placed
will be
(A) L0a,e-\6u-8r)V /m
(C) - j20a"e-6vsin8r V/m
(B) *10a,e-{6Y-8')V/m
(D) paa"e-rosin8rV/m
Electric field intensity of an EM wave propagating in free space is given by

Et, :25a,e-16"+0v)V /m
If the wave is incident on a perfectly conducting plane at y:0 then the
magnetic field intensity of the reflected wave will be
(A)
(B) (# +ffi)e-tu"-8u) Alm
+ ffi)e-t6' 8v)A/m
-(#
(c)
(#+#),^'O
(D)
-(#
+ ffi)ea6"-8,) Alm
The complex electric field vector of a uniform plane wave propagating in

free space is given by E" : (Ji o, - e,y - 2"/-B a"1e-n'o1r(4x+Jiv-22) V/-. tlru
unit vector in the direction of propagation of the wave will be
@::"$@
r+t-3tut4@
(C)
(D)
-/Ea.*2a,)
(3o"
(3a,+"/i%-za,)
Cornmon Data For Q. 28 and 29 :

In free space complex electric field vector of a uniform plane wave is given by
E, : (,/i a, *
o,")
e-t{{.6x-zv-sz) Y 1^
rcQ ?,1'28 The apparent wavelengths along the
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
ilcQ
7'1.2s
\)v^"
m
m
16.7 m
28.87 m
16.7
28.87
m
m
28.87 m
25m
r, y
25
28.87 m
16.7
25m
25m
and z axes are
L6.7 m
The apparent phase velocities along the
r, y and z axes are
uPt
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Meq
1.73
UP"
x 1010m/s
6.93 x 108 m/s

2.77 x 107 m/s
1.2 x 10em/s
7.1"3o Which of the following

uniform plane wave
1.5
x 1010m/s
6 x 108 m/s
2.4 X I07 mf s
1.2
x 10em/s
x 1010m/s
x 108 m/s
1.6 x 107 m/s
1.2 x 10em/s
1
complex vector field represents the electric field of a
(A) (- i", - 2au - l{i a")e-n'u(/iv+")

(e) (", -iZ", - {{ a,)e-no'r(x+'/iz)
tcl
o"f"-po2r(ria+sv+zz)
[(;"* i+)^+ (r + 4)"- ilE
rol
o,le-iloz^("6,+ru+2")
[(-6 - i+)**(t. t$)o,+ iJE
Page 449
Cbap 7
Electromaptic Waves
Page 450
ilcQ
7.t.3t
Chap 7
which of the following.gairs of vector .8" and rr, field represents

the
electric and magnetic fiblh"vectors of a uniform plane wave
E"
H"
(A) (i""-t2ao+ it/51)t rn"*")vlm (a,- pao- /i a")"-,(/i,+4

A/m
@) (i""+ l/3 a")e-t"('+fr')Y/m
(-la,+ i/i a,)e-t'('+'tr") 61*
(C) (i"" - j,/i a")e-t"(,+/'") y f 11
(-/iir."- ia")e-r.("+r{4 A/n
(D) (-r", - 2ao+ jlT a")e-n't"('tr"+4y 1^ (a,
{B'a,)e-n:"1n"+4 g1_-},
llitcQ
?.1.12
12a,
The following fields exist in charge fre regions
p:
60sin(ot_t I0r) a,
wt - 2p) a6
Q:
f;co"1
: Bp2cotqar+
|cosga6
lsinds
,S :
in(ut _ 6r) aa
R
The possible electromagnetic fields are
(A)
(c)
P,Q
(B) R,S
(D) g,s
P,R
*{.*****{<***
EXERCI$E 7.2
Page 4b1
Chap 7
quF$
7,2.,1
In air, magnetic field intensity is given by H :10cos(6 x 107 t _

ky)a, Alm
. Wave number /c for the EM wave will be
rad/m.
QUE$ ?.2"2
An.elec\magnetic wave is propagating in certain non magnetic materiar

su.ch t(at)he magnetic field intensity at a,ny point is given
by
.E[ : 1.5cos(10et_ bz)a, Alm
The phase velocity of the wave in the medium will be
x 108 m/s.
QUES 7,?,3
Magnetic field intensity in a certain non-magnetic medium is given

by
II :
I/ecos(wt_ pg)a" Alm

If the wavelength of the EM wave in the medium be 12.6 m then what will
be the phase constant p (in rad/m) in that medium ?
quss
r'z'4
rn a nonmagnetic material electric fierd intensity is given by
E :8cos(4 x
108,
-2r)arylm
What is the relative permittivity of the medium

qu$
?.2.s
Electric field intensity in free space is .o :l2cos(b

The time period of the wave will be
ns.
7''''6
In air, a propagating wave has erectric fierd intensity given by
E :9cos(4 x
108,
108i _
pz)a,vlm.
_ Br)a"ylm
What will be the time taken (in ns) by the wave to travel one-fourth of it,s
total wave ?
QUHS
?'2*? What will be the intrinsic
QuEs
?.2'8 A radio wave is propagating at a frequency of 0.5 MHz in a medium (

o:3 x 107S/m, LL,:, = l).The wave length of the radio wave in that
medium will be
mm.
QuEs
?"?'3
impedance (in f,)) of a lossless, nonmagnetic

dielectric material having relative permittivity e,:2.25 ?
Phasor form of magnetic field intensity of a uniform plane wave in free

H" : (2 + j5)(aau+2ja")e-jp" A/m. what is the maximum
elestric field (in kv/m) of the plane wave ?
space is given as
Qurs 7'2"10 An electromagnetic wave is propagating from free space to a certain medium
having relative permittivity 6" : 9. If wavelength of the wave in the medium
be 20cm then what would be it's wavelength (in cm) in free space ?
It
qus
Page 462
?.2.{{ If
some free charge is being embedded in a piece of glass, t}ren the

"ft-pl
second.
rvill flow out to the surface nearly after
----( For glass relative permittivity e,:2.25, conductivity o : 10-12 S/m)
Chaf 7
Electromagnetid Wdve
eue$
I
I
4). A plane wave is propagating such that I

the electric field intensity of the wave is E : Eoe-"/itsin(108t - gr)onv/-. I
The loss tangent of the medium will be
|
?.?.t2 In a certain medium
(e"
4,
p,,
----
Common Data For Q. 13 and
In
14:
8, 11,,: 0.5, o : 0.01 S/m a plane wave is travelling in

direction that has the electric field intensity E:0.5cos(10ezrt* rf 3)a,
a lossy
medium (e"
*o,
at z:0.
I
I
eun$ ?.a.13 What will be the distance traveled by the wave to have a phase shift of 10'
eug$
So, the value
ouEs
a distance z, the arnplitude of the wave is reduced by

mm.
of z equals to
2.a14 After traveling
40%-
?.t.{i A plane wave is propagating with frequency f :50kHz in a medium (

o:2s/m, ":80, p,,:4). What will be the skin depth (in meter) of the
medium
eur$ 7.2.{e Three different dielectrics of permittivities 4eo, 9eo and 3e6 are defined in
the space as shown in figure. If the leading edge of a uniform plane wave
then how
propagating in a' direction is incident on the plane r:-6m
much time (in ps) it will take to strike the interface defined by the dielectric
2 and dielectric 3
it
Dielectric I or",*r"r"
112
-i n"" se"."
:lrl
:-6m
Fu,4o
tr: 0
rn, 0..
r:3 rn
r,
.
An electromagnetic wave of 50 N{Hz frequency is incident on a dielectric
medium such that it's skin depth is 0.32 mm.
(Permittivity of dielectric :6.28 x l0-?)
QUE$
?.2.1? The conductivitv of the dielectric will
r.z.tt
lij*
be
x 105 s/m.
If an electromagnetic wave of 8 GHz frequency travels a distance of 0.175 mm

in the dielectric medium then it's field intensity will be reduced by _*_ dB.
YIF
?"x"'!s An electromagnetic wave propagating in free space has magnetic field

intensity -E[ :0.lcos(wt- l3y)a,A/m. What will be the total power (in
mw) passing through a square plate of side 20 cm located in the prane
r+tl:2?
QUES ?.g.CS
\)
QuEs
An electromagnetic wave propagating in a lossless medium (p, : 4po, 6r : o

, or:0) defined in the region g ) 0 is incident on a lossy med.ium (pu: to
, 2:4(), o2:0.1S/m) defined in the region y30. The electric field
intensity of the incident wave in lossless medium is given by
8," :5e'Fo a,Y fm
What will be the standing wave ratio ?
?.2"x'! Phasor form of electric field intensity of a uniform plane wave is given by
n
"
(oE o,
-h
"r)
un
o4r(-2o- ,u+'/T
The wavelength along the direction of propagation is
") V I
*
meter.
Qurs ?"*"2? In free space the complex magnetic field vector of a uniform plane wave is
given by H" :-(fr
a,+ a")e'fr'0t'(Jzx-zv-tz) A/m. Flequency of the plane
wave
QuEs
will be
NIHz.
?'4.x3 A uniform plane wave in region 1 is normally incident on the planner

boundary separating regions 1 and 2. Both region are lossless and e,1: pf,
, ,2: ia. ltthe20% of the energy in the incident wave is reflected at the
boundary, the ratio
Quss ?"2.24
e,,zf
en is
An electromagnetic wave propagating in medium I (po, er) is incident on

mediurn 2 (pa, ez) as shown in figure such that the electric field of reflected
wave is 1/5 times of the electric field of incident wave. The value of e1/e2
equals to
Medium
For r:
*xxxt<***
t<*t<
Page 453
ehP
Electro4ag4etic Wavee
EXERGISE 7.3
Page 454
Chap 7
Electromngnetic Waves
MCO 7.3.1
What will be the direction of wave propagation in a non magnetic

in which magnetic field intensity at any point is given by
.EI : 3cos(a.rt- kz)a, Afm
(A) + a" direction

(B) - o" direction
(C) + a, direction
(D) + au direction
nrcQ 7,3,2
The skin depth in a poor conductor is independent of
(A) Permittivity
(B) Permeability
(C) Requency
(D) None of these
MCQ 7,3.3
Poynting vector is given by

(A) ,E x .H
(C)
rYrcc 7.3.4
E. H
(D)H.E
(B)
HxE
Poynting vector gives

(A) rate of energy flow
(B) direction of polarisation

(C) electric field
(D) magnetic field
ntcQ ?"3.5
E . H of a uniform
(A) EH
plane wave is
(B) 0
(D) qH'
(c) qE'
McQ
?"3's
For a uniform plane wave in the r-direction
(A)
(C)
MCQ 7.3.7
and
H,:0
Complex Poynting vector,
(A)P:ExH*
(B)P:ExH*
(C) P:lExH*
(D)ExII
t{-
(B) r/,: 0
(D) E,: O
Depth of penetration in free space is

(A) infinity
(c)
tlltcQ 7.3,8
E,:
E,:0
is
(B) 1/a
(D) small
rca
?.3.s
Uniform plane wave is

(A) Iongitudinal in nature
Page 455
ChtP ?
Electromagaetic Warea
(B) transverse in nature

(C) neither transverse nor longitudinal
(D) r-directed
rcq
7"3.to
The dir;rytion of propagation of EM wave to obtained from
(A)'/ />4
I
(B) .E x
(D) H
(c)lE/
rc&
?,3,{1
The velocity of an EM wave is

(A) inversely proportional to B
(B) inversely proportional to o

(C) directly proportional fo B
(D) directly proportional to o
rco
?"3"{?
Velocity of the wave in an ideal conductor is
(A)
(C)
HCA ?"3.13
zero
moderate
(B) very large

(D) small
Velocity of an EM wave in free space is
(A) independent of /
(B) increases with increase in /
(C) decreases with increase in /
(D) zero
MC& ?,3.{jl
The direction of propagation of an EM wave is given by

(A) the direction of .D
(B) the direction of .El

(C) the direction of E x H
(D) the direction of E ' H
$ce
?"3"t5
For uniform plane wave propagating in z-direction
(A) .8,:0
(B) rr,: o
(C) Er:0,
(D) E":0,
i,!eQ 7.3,16
H":0
Velocity of propagation of an EM wave is
(il,[ff
(c)
MCQ 7,3,17
Hv:0
+
lto
(B)
(D)
f;
Consider the following statements regarding the complex Poynting vector

P for the power radiated by a point source in an infinite homogeneous and
lossless medium. Re(P) denotes the real part of f), ^9 denotes a spherical
surface whose centre is at the point source, and o* denotes the unit surface
normal on ,9. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
(A) Re(P) remains constant at any radial distance from the source
(B) Re(F) increases with increasing radial distance from the source
(C) #Re(P) ' (dso") remains constant at any radial distance from
Page 456
Chap 7
th
s6urce
Q)
ffpre(P1
'
Q"Sa,) decreases
with increasing radial disiance from th
source
ItcQ 7"3.t1
uco
?.3.{9
The electric field of a,n electromagnetic wave propagation in the positir

direction is given by E: a,sin(wt- 0z) + orsin(cut - 0z* f). The wave b
(A) Linearly polarized in the z -direction
(B) Elliptically polarized
(C) Left-hand circularly polarized
(D) Right-hand circularly polarized
L^ equation
^^-.-+:^-. a28"._ t4}r=E^' . tu
If a plane electromagnetic wave satisfies the
ffi:
df
wave triropagates in the
(A) r-direction
(B) z-direction
(C) g-direction
plane at an angle of 45' between the
(D)
"-y
urco 7.3,20
and z direction
The intrinsic impedance of copper at high frequencies is

(A) purely resistive
(B) purely inductive

(C) complex with a capacitive component
(D) complex with an inductive component
iltcQ 7,3"21
The depth of penetration of wave in a lossy dielectric increases with increasing
(B) permeability
(D) permittivity
(A) conductivity
(C) wavelength
uEQ 7,3.22
The polarization
(A) linear
(C) left hand
8XCA 7,3.23
of wave with electric field vector E
circular
0")
(B) elliPtical
(D) right hand circular
7a'
ao)
It increases as frequency increases.

It is inversely proportional to square root of p and o.
It is inversely proportional to square root of /
It is directly proportional to square root of p and o.
Which of the above statements are correct
(A)land2only
(C)2and3only
?.3.24
Eoe\'t+
Consider the following statements regarding depth of penetration or skin

depth in a conductor :
1.
2.
3.
4.
nco
(B)3and4only
(D) 1, 2,3 and 4
Consider the following statements :

1. (Electric or magnetic) field must have two orthogonal linear components.
2. The two components must have the same tnagnitude.
3.
The two components must ha.ve a time-phase'difference of odd multiple

of go".
Which of these are the necessaxy a.nd sufficient conditions for a timeharmonic wave to be circula"rly polarized at a given point in space ?
(A) 1 and 2 qnly
(B) 2 and 3 only
(C) 1, z ar1d s\
(D) 1 and 3 only
(,
lcQ 7.3.25 Assertion fAf :The velocity of light in any medium is slower than that of
vacuum.
Reason (R)
: The dielectric constant of the vacuum is unity and is lesser

than that of a.ny other medium.
(A) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation 9f
(B) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation
ofA

lcQ 7.3'26 According to Poynting
theorem, the vector product E

which one of the following?
(A) Stored energy density of the electric field
(B) Stored energy density of the magnetic
(C) Power dissipated per unit volume
xH
is a measure of
(D) Rate of energy flow per unit area
lca 7.3.2?
Poynting vector is a measure of which one of the following ?

(A) Maximum power flow through a surface surround.ing the source
(B) Average power flow through the surface
(C) Instantaneous power flow through the surface

(D) Power dissipated by the surface
rcQ 7'3.28 The electric field component of a wave in free space is given by
I
Fe 73'2e
I
L
E : 50sin(L07 t+ kz) any lm

Which one of the following is the correct inference that can be drawn from
this expression ?
(A) The waye propagates along y-axis
(B) The wavelength is.188.b m
(C) The wave number k: 0.83 ra.d,lm
(D) The wave attenuates as it travels
For an electromagnetic wave incident on a conducting medium, the depth

of penetration
tA) is directly proportional to the attenuation constant
(B) is inversely proportional to the attenuation constant
(c)
has a Iogarithmic relationship with the attenuation constant
(D) is independent of the attenuation constant
rcq 7'3.30 What is the effect of the ea,rth's
magnetic field
frequencies in the vicinity of gyro-frequency
in the reflected wave at
page 4b?
chap
Electromigndtic waves
I
lI
(A) No attenuation in the reflected wave

(B) Decreased attenuation in the reflected wave
(C) Increased attenuation in the reflected wave
(D) Nominal attenuation in the reflected wave
Page 45E
Chap 7
ri
e8*.$ ?"3.31

For electromagnetic waves propagating in free space :
1. electrical field is perpendicular to direction of propagation
2.
3.
4.
electrical field is along the direction of propagation

magnetic field is perpendicular to direction of propagation
magnetic field is along the direction of propagation
Which of these statements are correct

(A) 1 and 3
(C) 2 and 3
iq1*{* ?,:},$e
(B) 1 and 4
.(D) 2 and
Skin depth is the distance from the conductor surface where the field strengtl
has fallen to
(A) z' of its strength at the surface (B) e of its strength at the surfac
(C) (f/e) of its strength at the surface (O) (tlre) of its strength at th
surface
.4c{t ?"3.33
The depth of penetration of a wave in a lossy dielectric increases with

increasing
(B) permeability
(D) permittivity
(A) conductivity
(C) wavelength
_&{rt 7,*,34
When a plane wave propagates in a dielectric medium

(A) the average electric energy and the average magnetic energy densitier
are not equal.
(B) the average electric energy and the average magnetic energy densities
are equal
(C) the net average energy density is finite

(D) the average electric energy density is not dependent on the avera83
magnetic energy density
*{ i:i ?-3"3*
ntll
7.3"36
What causes electromagnetic wave polarization ?

(A) Refraction
(B) Reflection
(C) Longitudinal nature of electromagnetic wave
(D) Tlansverse nature of electromagnetic wave
Fields are said to be circularly polarized if their magnitudes are
(A) Equal and they are in phase
(B) Equal and they differ in phase by -F 96"

(C) Unequal and they differ in phase by + 99'
(D) Unequal and they are in phase
'i******,t<XXX
EXERCTSE 7.4
Page 4b9
Chap
A plane wave propagating in air with E : (8a, *
6ao
Ea") si@t+t,*ru) y f yn
is incident on a perfectly conducting srab positioned at

e
of the reflected wave is
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
rcQ
7"4.?
(- 8a,,- 6au (- 8a,* 6av (- 8a" - 6ay (- 8o,, * 6a,y -
< 0. The .E field
5o,)
1^
1^
"t@t+lx+aly
5o")
"t@t-lx-ai 1^
5o,)
"t@t+sx+ad
5a") ei@t-3r-ail V /m
The electric field of a uniform plane erectromagnetic wave

in free space, along
the positive r direction is given by E:n(q+
ja")e-jrr,. The frequency
and polarization of the wave, respectively, are
(A)
1.2 GHz and left circular
(B) a Hz and left circular

(C) 1.2 GHz and right circular
(D) a Hz and right circular
The electric field component of a time harmonic plane EM
wave traveling in
a nonmagnetic lossless dielectric medium has an
amplitude of 1 v/m. If the
relative permittivity
oJ
the medium is 4, the magnitude of the time-average
power density vector (in
(A)
(c)
3a
7.4.4
#
@#
#r
A planewave havingtheelectric field components

24 cos (3 X I08 _ py) a,
-8,
v/m and traveling in free space is incident normally on a rossless medium
with p pn and e 9eo which occupies the region y Z 0. The
reflected
magnetic field component is grven by
(A)
(B)
711.5
is
(B)
FQ
W/mr)
frcos(B x
108r+
y)a,A/m
108r+
y)a,Afm
2!6cos(3
(C)
-frcos(3 x 108r+ y)a"Alm
(O)
-frcos(3 x 10sf + y)a,A/m
A uniform plane wave in the free space is normaily incident

on an infinitely
thick dielectric slab (dielectric constant u, : 9). The magnitude
reflection coefficient is
(A) 0
(B) 0.3
(c)
0.5
(D) 0.8
of the
Page 460
MCQ 7.4.6
Chap 7
A plane wave of wavelength ) is traveling in a direction making an angh

with positive r-axis and g0' with positive g-ilds. The .E field of the
wave can be represented as (Eo is constant)
(A) E: aoEoej("**"-i")
(B) E
: avEoe4"t-n^'-*')
: arEoe4"**'*I")
(D) E : suEoe\"-*'**")
(C) E
rvtcQ 7"4.?
The .EI field (in A/m) of a plane wave propagating in free space is
n: o,ffcos(a.'t - az) + w(wt- 0z+$)*l

is
The time average power flow density in Watts

i
iico
?.4.4
(A)
(C)
50?d
Y\o
(B) 1qq
rh
(D)
"
!q
rlo
A right circularly polarized (RCP) plane wave is incident at an angle

to the normal, on an air-dielectric interface. If the reflected wave is
polarized, the relative dielectric constant
e"2 is
Linea.rly
polarized
MgQ ?.4,S
@)
lt
(c)
/5
3
When a plane wave traveling in free.space is incident normally on a mediun

having ,: 4.0 then the fraction of power transmitted into the medium b
given by
(A)
(c)
&rsQ ?.rt,to
(B)
(D)
3
+
(B)
;
(D)
*
A medium of relative permittivity ,2:2 forms an interface with free A point source of electromagnetic energy is located in the medium al
a depth of 1 meter from the interface. Due to the total internal reflection,
the transmitted beam has a circular cross-section over the interface. The
area of the beam cross-section at the interface is given by
space.
(A) 2r mz
(c)
f{ca 7.4,{{
i ^,
mz
(D) z'pz
A medium is divided into regions I and II about z: 0 plane, as shown in

the figure below.
Lr-1.
(B)
Page il61
Chap 7
A1e-lesqromagnetic wave with electric field Er
ndgall/
on the interface from region

the\rrti/rface i.s
(A) Er: &

(C) 3a, *3o,0*5a,
rcQ
7,4,{2
/.
:4a,,*Jaulba,"
The electric file
is incident
in region II at
(B) 4a,*0.75ou- I.25a"

(D) -3a" *3an*5a,
The magnetic field intensity vector of a plane wave is given by

H(r,y,z,l) 10sin(50000r+ 0.0042* 30) a,
where ar, denotes the unit vector in y direction. The wave is propagating
with a phase velocity.
(A)5x10am/s
(C) -1.25
tQ
7.a.{3
107
(B)
-3 x 108 m/s
(D)3x108m/s
m/s
Refractive index of glass is 1.5. Find the wavelength of a beam of light with
frequency of 101a Hz in glass. Assume velocity of light is 3 x 108 m/s in
vacuum
(A) 3 pm
(C) 2 p,m
Gt 7.4.14 lf E: (a"+ ja)
Poynting vector is"ikz-htt

(A) null vector
(B) 3 mm
(D) 1mm
and
.E[: (k/rp)(ao+ ja,)
(C) (2klwp,) a"
etkz-r't , the time-averaged
(B) (klup,) a"

(D) (k/2wp,) a"
GGI 7.4.{5
A plane electromagnetic-vrave propagating in free space is incident normally

on a large slab of loss-less, non-magnetic, dielectric material with e ) eo
. Maxima and minima are observed when the electric field is measured in
front of the slab. The maximum electric field is found to be 5 times the
minimum field. The intrinsic impedance of the medium should be
(A) 1202r A
(B) 60zr O
(C) 6002r O
(D) 2atrA
EQ
7.4,16
The depth of penetration of electromagnetic wave in a medium having

conductivity o at a frequency of 1 MHz is 2b cm. The depth of penetration
at a frequency of 4 MHz will be
(A) 6.25 dm
(B) 12.50 cm
(C) 50.00 cm
(D) 100.00 cm
'3a
7.4.a7
A uniform plane wave traveling in air is incident on the prane boundary

between air and another dielectric medium with e":4. The reflection
L
T
coefficient for the normal incidence, is
(A) zero
(B) 0.333l0.
(B) 0.5/180"
(D) 0.333/180'
Page 462
Chap 7
ffcq 7.4.18 If the electric field intensity associated with a uniform plane e
wave traveling in a perfect dielectric medium is given by
: 10 cos (2zil07 t - 0.1zrz) V/m, then the velocity of the traveling wave
(A) 3.00 x 108 m/sec
(B) 2.00 x 10E m/sec
(C) 6.28 x 107 m/sec
(D) 2.00 x 107 m/sec
$fi*g
?.4.{* A plane
wave is characterized
(A) linearly polarized

(C) elliptically polarized
rn*Q 7"4.30
by.E:
I o,rerP)"iat-tkz. This ware

(B) circularly polarized
(D) unpolarized
(0.5a,
Distilled water at 25'C is characterized by a: 1.7 x 10-a mho/m

e:78eo at a frequency of 3 GHz. Its loss tangent tan6 is
n/m)
1e :
(A) 1.3 x 10-5
(B) 1.3 x 10-3
(C) 1.3 x r0-4178
(D) 1.3 x I0-5 f78eo
MeQ 7.4.e1
A material has conductivity of 10-2 mho/m and a relative permittivity

The frequency at which the conduction current in the medium is equal
the displacement current is
(A) a5 MHz
(B) e0 MHz
(C) 450 MHz
(D) 900 MHz
rvtgo ?.4"2?
A uniform plane electromagnetic wave incident on a plane surface

dielectric material is reflected with a VSWR of 3. What is the
incident power that is reflected ?
(A) 10%
(c) 50%
r4cQ
(B) 25%
(D) 75To
?'4.23 A uniform plane wave in air impinges at 45'
angle on a lossless
material with dielectric constant e.. The transmitted wave propagates
30' direction with respect to the normal. The value of e" is
(A) 1.5
(B) /15
(c)
r,'fa
7"4,24
Two coaxial cable 1 and 2 a,re filled with different dielectric constants
and ez respectively. The ratio of the wavelength in the cables (^/)t i,
7.4.25 Identify
(B) {;l,r
(D) e,zlea
which one of the following will NOT satisfy the wave equation.
(A) 5oeit''-sa
(C) cos(l+ st)

f*lcQ
(B) sin [a.' (10 z + 5t)]

(D) sin(r)cos(f)
?"4.26 A plane wave propagating through a medium
[e,
has its electric field given by E:0.5Xe-t'ls)rin11gsl

impedance, in ohms is
.t
i*:r
@)'I'
(N lf e,Llt
(C) etf e,z
McQ
(A)
377
(c)
182.s
/14'
(B) 198.5/180"
(D) 1#q
8,
u,:2,ando
Bz)y lm. The
\
,,)
*,e
r.a"z7
The time
average poynting vector,
E:24ei(at+P") auY f m in free space is
(A\
7f
(D)
7t
Fe
?.4.28
7.4.2S
/^r, for a wave
with
$,
-&o"
The wavelength of a wave with propagation constant
@)
'
+n
/0.05
(B) lom
(C)
20 m
(D)
30
(0.1.tr
I fi.2r) m-r is
The skin depth at 10 MHz for a conductor is 1cm. The phase velocity
of
electromagnetic wave in the conductor at 1,000MH2 is about
(A) 6 x 106m/sec
(B) 6 x 107 m/ sec
(C) 3
108rn/sec
a'
(D) 6 x 108m/sec
A uniform plane wave in air is normally incident on infinitely thick slab. If

the refractive index of the glass slab is 1.5, then the percentage of incide't
power that is reflected from the air-glass interface is
(A) o%
(B) 4%
(c)
20%
(D)
some unknown material has a conductivity of

of.
4tr X
I0 ? Hlm.
(A) 15.e pm
(C) 25.e pm
z.e.ez
mho/m and a permeabilitl

l GHz is
The skin depth for the material at
(B)
(D)
20.e pm
30.9 pm
The plane wave travelling in a medium of e" I,

- F,: 1 (free space) has an
electric field intensity of 100^/i V/m. Determine the total energy
densitl'
of this field.
(A) 13.9 nJfms
(B) 27.8nJf m3
(C)
Ee
I
100%
106
139 nJlm3
(D)
278 nJ f m3
7.4.33
For a plane wave propagating in an unbounded medium (say, free

space), the
minimum angle between electric field and magnetic field vectors is
(A) o'
(B) 60.
(c) 90"
(D) 180"
BQ 7.4"34
For no reflection condition, a vertically polarized wave should be

incident
at the interface bet*een two dielectrics having 6r : 4 and z : g, with
an
incident angle of
t""-'(?)
(B)
t""-'(;)
(c) ta"-'(3)
(D)
t*-'(#)
(A)
cQ 7.4"35
The eiectric field comporrent of a wave in free space is given by
E:10cos(107t+ keauylm
Following is a list of possible inferences
1. Wave propagates along au
2. Wavelength ,\ : 188.5 m
3.
Wave amplitude is 10 V/m
Page 468
Chap 7
B\ 4a,
1f
-4a,
(C) 4a.
tQ
in
4.
5.
iad/'m
Wave attbmiat6s as'it travels
Which of these infererrces can be'drawn frorn'.8 ?
(B)2and3only
(A) 1, 2,3, 4 and 5
(D)4and5only
(C) 3and4only
Page 464
1
Chap 7
Dlectromagnetic Waves
rd*c
?"4,36
Wave number
0:33
A plarre wave is generated under'water (e : 81e6 and, pt, - p)' The wave
parallel polarized. At the interface between water and air, the angle c I
which there is no reflection is
Ms& ?.4.3?
(A)
83.88"
(c)
84.86"
(B) 83.66'
(D) 84.08"
An elliptically polarized wave travelling in the positive z-direction in air
r ardy components
E, : 3sin(ot- Bz)Y lm
E, : 6sin(c.rt- Bz* 75') V/m
If the cha"racteristic impedance of air is 360 f), the
average power per
area conveyed by the wdve'is
(B) a w/m'?
(D) 125mW/m2
(A) 8 w/m'?
(C) 62.5mW/m2
h{$$
7.4,38
The intrinsic impeda,nce of copper at 3 GHz (with para'meters

F: 4tr x 10-7 Hlm;e : !0-7e l36n; and o : 5'8 x 10? mho/m) wiII be
(A)
(C)
(B) 0.02erl2 ohm

(D) 0.2eftla ohm
0.02erla ohm
0.2eht2 otun
s$cq 7.4.39
In which direction is the plane wave .E: 50sin(108 t*22)anV/m, (where

is the unit vector in y-direction), travelling ?
(A) along y direction
(B) along y direction
(C) along z direction
(D) along z direction
t.lcQ 7.4.40
If.
: (a,+ ja)
e-jPz
, thetL the wave is said to be which one of the
(A) Right circularly polarized

(B) Right elliptically polarized
(C) Left circularly polarized
(D) Left elliptically polarized
7.4.41
Page 465
Chap 7
What must be angle 0 of acorner reflector, ,rr"n tn"J an incident wave

reflected in the same direction ?
(A) 30'
(B) 45"
(c) 60'
(D) 90'
7.4.42
is
Whieh one of the following statements is correct ?

A right circularly polarised.wave is incident from air onto a polystyrene
(e,:2.7). The reflected wave is
(A) right circularly polarised

(B) left circularly pola,rised
(C) right elliptically polarised
(D) left elliptically polarised
7.4.43
The electric field of a wave pro.pa,gating through a lossless medium (ph,8160)
is .E: 10cos(6r x 108t - br)a,

What is the phase constant B of. the wave ?
(A) 2r rad/m
(B) 9r radfm
(C) 18n radf m
(D) 81rad/m
rcQ
7.{,44
If the
phase velocity of a plane wave in a perfect dielectric is 0.4 times its

value in free space, then what is the relative permittivity of the dielectric ?
(A) 6.25
(c)
2.5
@) 4.25
(D) 1.25
7.4.ds In free space.E(r,t):60(ut-2r)ooV/m. What is the

crossing a circular area of radius 4 m
w
(c) 120 w
(A) 480
average power
in the plane r: consta.rrt

(B) 340 w
(D) 60 W
7'4.46 A
plane electromagnetic wave travelling in a perfect dielectric rn-_edium of

intrinsic impedance 4r is incident normally on its boundary with another
perfect dielectric medium of characteristic impedance rl2, The electric and
magnetic field strengths of the incident wave are denoted by E1 and H1
respectively whereas E and 1/, denote these quantities for the reflected
wave, and E1 and, Ht far the tra"nsmitted wave.
Which of the following relations are correct ?
1. E;:
2. E,:
3. E1 :
r11H;
TtH,
r12H1
Select the correct arlswer using the codes given below

(A) 1, 2 and 3
(B) 1 and 2
(C) 1 and 3
(D) 2 and 3
l)
Ll
Page 466
?"4.4?
, A
Chap 7
plane electromagnetic wave travelling in a perfect dielectric -"0,,rof dielectric constant er is incident on its boundary with another perfect
|
I
dielectric medium of dielectric constant ez. The incident ray makes an andc I
of dr with the normal to the boundary ,,rifu,"". The ray transmitted into th I
other medium makes an angle of dz with the normal.
I
If e1 : 2e2 and 4:60', which one of the following is cqrrect ?
|
(A) 02:45"
(B) d,.: sin-10.433
(C) qr: sin-10'612
(D) There will be no transmitted
i
I
?.4.4s
I
I
wave
Match List I (Nature of Polarization) with List II (Relationship Betwee" .f

and Y Cornponents) for a propagating wave having cross-section in the Xlplane and propagating along z-direction and select the correct answer ,
List-I
a. Linear
List-II
1. X and Y components are in same phase

components have arbitrary oh"*
b. -Left circular 2.
#r"llj"""
abcd
(A) r423
(B)4123
(c) r432
(D)4t32
7"4"4s Match List I with List II and select the correct answer
List-II
List-I
a.
Propagation con3tant
1.
{w;E
b.
Radiation intensity
2.
*@')
c.
Wave impedance
3.
E,f Hl
4.
ExH
Codes
abc
(A)r23
(B)432
(c)132
(D)423
7"4.5Q Assertion (A) : For an EM wave normally incident on a conductor surface
the magnetic field ,E[ undergoes a 180' phase reversal and the phase of
electric field ,E remains same.
Reason (R) : The direction of propagation of incident wave will reverse after
striking a conductor surface.
b.;1,
I
I
|
c. Right circular 3. X component leads I/ by 90"

d. Elliptical 4. X component lags behind Y by 90'
Codes
I
I
|
I
(B) Both A and R are true but R is Nor the.coriect,explanation

of A
If the -o field of a plane polarized EM

E: e,,E,t auEu then its If field is:
(t)
wave travelling in the z-direction is
",h- ",ft
(B)
aft
aft+ ",ft
(D)
-""ft- "'ft
e) ",*-
In a uniform plane wave, the value of EIH is

(A)
(c)
liE
@ '\trn
(D),/G
The phenomenon of microwave signals following the curvature

of earth is
known
as
(A) Faraday effect

(C) wave tilt
(B) ducting
(D) troposcatter
which one of the following statements is NoT correct for

H : o.Ee-o t,cos (1061 _ 2r) a, Af m
(A) The wave frequency is 106 r.p.s
(B) The wavelength is 3.14 m
(C) The wave travels along * r-direction
(D) The wave is polarized in the z-direction
a plane wave
with
The vector magnetic potential of a particular vrave traveling

in free space is
A: o',A,sin(wt- pz) wherc A, is aconstant. Tlie expression
for
the electric field will be
given by
(A) - a"pA"sin(ut- Bz)

(B) - arliA,sin(ut- pz)
(C) - aruA"cos(wt- gz)
(D) - a,uA,cos(ut
-,pz)
L'-"
t
f
t
I
f
'*'
In free space.EI field is given as H(z,t):-Ufcoslr,r

(A) 20cos(ot-t Bz)a,
(B) 20cos(c.,'tt- Bz)a"
(C) 20sin(r..'t* Bz)au
(D) 20 sin(c..'t -f Bz) a,
If
electric field intensity phasor
fr.: 10e-Au a"V/m.The

(A)4x3x108
(B) ay x B x 108
(C)rx3x1o8
(D)10x3x108
tI
pz)at, E(z,t) is
of an EM wave in free space is
angular frequency
r"u,
in rad/s, is
Page 462
Chap Z
Paeg
fa
I'IGS ?"4.$$
Chap 7
Electpomagnetic Waves
Assertion (A) : Electromagnetic t\:aves propagate being guided by par

plate perfect conductor surface.
Reason (R) : Tangential component of erlectric field intensity and normal
component of magnetic field intensitv are zero on a perfect conductor surface(A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are irrdividually true and Reason
(B) Bottr Assertion (A) and Reason (R) arc individuallv tnre but Reason
?-d"ss A uniform
plane wave is prclpagating in a material for which e
4eo, p
7pn
o: 0. The skin depth for the material is

(A) zero
(B) infinity
(C) 28 m
(D) 14 rn
and
?.4.60
Consider the following statcments :

1. In conducting medium the field attenuates exponentially with increasing
depth.
2.
Conducting medium behaves like an open circuit to the electromagnetic

field.
3.
4.
In lossless dielectric rclaxation tirrre is infinite.
In charge-free region, the Poisson's equation becornes Laplace's equation.

(A) 1,2 and 3 only
(B) 1,3 arrd 4 only
(C) 2, 3 and 4 only

ll3cl
7.4"61
In free
(D) 1, 2, 3 arrd
space
E (2, t)
60r'cos(c,,t
Az) a, \r f rn.
The average power crossing a circular area
z:constant is
(A) 16zr wattfm2

(C) 14rwattfm2
MCQ ?,rt.s2
In free
of
?r square rnetres
in the plane
(B) l5; rvatt/rrr2
{l)) l:tru'alt/rrr''
space
E (2, t) : 72Ur cos(at - PZ) a, Vn

What is the avera,ge power in Wm 2 'J
(A)
(C)
7'4.63
(B) 60na,
(D) 720ra.
30zlo,
90tra"
The electric field of a uniforrn plarre wave is given by :

.E : 10sin(3zr x 10Ei - rZ)a,* 10cos(3r x
What is the corresponding magnetic {relcl Il
(A)
$sin(32'x
(n) $sin(3zr x
10if -nZ)a,,+Scos(3zr
108,
-nz)(-
Ssinl3a' x
108t
- rZ)a,*
(o) Ssin(3zr x
108i
- rZ)(-
1C)
10rl
o,S+dS"os(3zr
* rZ)a,,ym-l
-.nz)(-o,)Am
x 10sr- ,Z)-(a,)Am-,
l$cos(3zr x 10if
a,) + l*"!sin(32'
1081
- rZ)(a,)
10sr
Atn
- nZ)(*
c,,)
Am
Consider the following sta,tements in connection with electromagnetic waves
Page 469
Chap 7
Conducting mediurl bchaves like an open circuit to the electromagnetic

fir'ld.
2. At radio and rnicrowave
frequencies the relaxation time is much less
than the period

3. In loss-less clielectric the relaxation time isEnite.
4. Intrinsic impedance of a perfect dielectric medium is a pure resistance.
Which is these staternents is/are correct ?
(B) land2only
(A) 1 only
(D) 2, 3 and 4
(C)2and3only
7.4.6s Assertion (A) : The velocity o{ electrornagnetic
waves is same is same as
velocity of light.
Reason (R) : Electrons also travel with the same velocity as photons.
(A) Both A and R are trtre and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A arrd R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A

(D) A is faise but R is true
Which of the following is zero as tr,pplied to electromagnetic field
(A) grad tliv ,4
(B) div grari l''

(C) div curl A
(D) curl curl A
tQ
7"4"6?
What is the Poynting's vector on the surface of a long straight conductor

of m,dius b and concltrctivity o which carries current / in the z-direction ?
(A)-2!,t)\i,
@)#i.
t.oi.
(C)
' or0-
(o)
12
r2
mc&
?,s"s{3
*il
Corrsidel the fbllt-rrving statements regarding EM wave

1. An IIIVI wave irrcident on a perfect dielectric is partially transmitted and
ptlrtiall;' rellected
2.
3.
ittcidertt on a perfect conductor is fully reflected

When an ENI wave is incident frorn a more dense medium to less dense
rnedium at an angle eqr,ral to or exceeding the critical angle, the wave
suffers total internal reflection
Arr EN{
waver
Which of the statements given above are correct

(A) Orrly I and 2
(B) Only 2 anr.l 3
(C) Only 1 and ll

(D) 1, 2 and 3
M*S
7"4.*.$
A unifbrm plane wave has a wavelength of 2 cm itr free space and 1cm in a
perfect dielectric. What is the relative permittivity of the dielectric ?
(B) 0.5
(A) 2.0
(D) 0.25
(c) 4.0
Eleciromagnetic Sfaves
Page 470
ilca
7.4.?0
Chap 7
Electromagretic Waves
rucd ?.4.7{
meolum
the medium
*tne
uv"Duq'Iru of
dielectric constant
15
MCq 7.4,72
it-
["o]
In the wave
equati
il**"t'r='rc
Q)
*rca
7.4.73
: p#dtp'#
r
*"*
*g
r,
p"#
(D) All of the above
for
|
I
three
I
I
Poisson's equation finds application

discharge
2'
which term is responsible
on Y2E
1.
:1
in
vaccum tube and gaseous
Problems
and potential
Gauss,s iaw is useful for determining field

about bodies having unsymmetrical geometry'
I
I
distribution
l
nerds
3'Forthepropagationofelectro-magneticwaves'thetimevaryingelectricl
4 lil1H'j,Tffi::fi":?]'l'#ls"'c
correct
Which of the statements given above are
(A) 1, 2 and 3
(B) 1, 3 and 4
(C) 2, 3 and 4
(D) 1, 2 ard 4
ilcq 7.{.74
What is the phase velocity of plane wave in a

(B)
(A) ,tfTtfry
uctort?
Q)\m)
tuco 7,4,75
propagating in z-direction is
The instantaneous electric field of a plane wave
E(t) :la,Etcos
r,.ri
ouE2sinut]e-ik"
This wave is
(A) Linearly Polarised
(B) EllipticallY Polarised
(C) Right hand circularly polarised
(D) Left hand circularly polarised
tt
co
7"4.76
electromagnetic wave has

Assertion (A) : Skin depth is the depth by which
been increased,to 37% of its original value'
Reason(R):Thedepthofpenetrationofwaveinalossydielectricincreases
i.l.
\
$
with increasing wavelength.

r
F"
7A.77 Which one of the following is the correct

terms of vector potential A ?
(A)
L 7A-7&
t
rB) v2,4 -PtA
v'?,4.
(D) v"4
r)V:-lt"
pr# :-
I
I
I
Which one of the following statements is correct ? The wavelength of a wave

propagating in a wave guide is
(A) smaller than the free space wavelength
7A'7* Wrich one of the following
statements is correct ? For a lossless dielectric

medium, the phase constant for a travelling wave, B is proportional to
(A) r"
l'r
@)
J;
(c) | le,
(D U ^[;
It
L- 7.4.80 In a lossless medium the intrinsic impedance rl :60tr and p. :

the value of the dielectric constant e"
(A) 2
t
I
(c)
Ir
xFO
pJ
(B) greater than the free space wavelength

(C) directly proportional to the group velocity
(D) inversely proportional to the phase velocity
-d:+--J
dF:-r
(c) v2A #:- pJ
electromagnetic wave equation in
7.4"81
HCQ ?,4"En
4r'
S'li"*z
1. What is
(B)
(D)
An electromagnetic field is said to be conservative when

(A) V'E: p(A'q Af)
(B) v'?fl: p(A'zq Af)
(C) Curl on the field is zero
(D) Divergence of the field is zero
Given that .E[:0.5exp[-0.1r]sin(1061 -2r)a"(Alm), which one of the
following statements is not correct ?
(A) Wave is linearly polarized along a,
(B) The velocity of the wave is 5 x 105 m/s
(C) The complex propagation constant is (0.1+72)
(D) Thgm,ve is traveling along a,
For a conducting medium with conductivity o, permeability p, and

permittivity e , the skin depth for an electromagnetic signal at an angular
frequency o is proportional to
(A)
(B) tlu
"
(o) tlp
Q) tl^[;
Page 471
Chap 7
Page 472
lleea ?.4"84
Chap 7
,t
The electric field of a uniform plane wgve is given by

a, * 10cos(ot- rz) an(Y lm)
, ( : .,
is
The pola,rization of the wave
(A)
Circular
i:l
:lH:''
I
I
4= 10s
.'. j'
'
(D) Undefined
mca
7.4"s5
In
free space
E(z,t)
,Er(2,
t)
0.10 cos (4
10]
pz)
a'
A'f
m;
T.he
\s
(A) .E(z,J) : 37.7cos(4 x 10?t -'pz) a;' i '

(B) E(z,t):2.65 x 10cos(4 x 10?' *ifJ'z)a"
(C) E(z,t) : 37'7cos(4 x 10?t -'P')o'
(D) E(z,t): - 37'7 cos (4 x t0? t .* 04 dt
'
A plane wavewhose electric field is given bi- 'E: l00cos(r'ot : (

noimally fiom a mateiial 'A"having 'eo = 4, p,:1 and'a
,B' having , 9i p, 4 and 'o : 0. Match iterns in List I w
=
=
select the correct answer :
.,ti
illCA 7r4.8S
List
',i'
a
b
c
d
tiat rI
Intrinsic impedance of medium
'B'
coefficient
TYansmission coefficient
Reflection
Phase'shift constaht of medium
Codes
1' 6t
2' 80zr'
3' ll7
4' 8 '7.'
'
'
iA'
'
abcd
(A)4123
(B)2341
(c)432t
(D)2143
MCQ 7,4.87
In free space E(z,t) : 5}cos(at - 0z) a, V f m and

H(z,t) :5/72rcos(ut- pz)au Afm. The average power crossing a circular
in plane z: coristant is
area of radius ^[Zl
^
(A) 2oo w
(B) 250 W
w
(D) 350 w
(c)
MCO 7.4,88
3oo
Consider a plane electromagnetic wave incident normally on the surface of a

good conductor. The wave has an electric field of amplitude I Y lrn and the
skin depth for the conductor is 10 cm.
Assertion (A) : The amplitude of electric field is (l I e'z) (v lm) after the wave
has travelled a distance of 20cm in the conductor.
Reason (R) : Skin depth is the distance in which the wave amplitude decays
to (1/e) of its value at the surface.

.
t.4.ae Three media
i'1'
.i
are characterised by
1. ,:8,h:2ro :0
2' ": 1rF,: 9,o : 0
3. ,:4,F,:4ro:0
e' is relative permittivity, 11, is relative permeability and o is conductivity.

The value of the intrinsic impedances of the media l, 2 and B respectiveiy
aIe
(A) 18S Q, JTT O and 1131 e

(B) 377 CI, 1131 O and 188 e
(C) 188 O, 1131 Q, and gTT e
(D) i131 Q, 188 e, and BZT 9
7'4.eo A plane EM
(8,,H,) travelling in a perfect dielectric medium of surge

strikes norrnally oR an.infinite perfect dielectric medium
of surge impedance 22.lf the ref[acted EM wave i, (E",rI,), the ratios
of
Eif E, and H,lH, are respectivelv
(A) 3 and -3
impedance
wave
'Z'
(B) 312 and r/z

(C) 314 and 3/2
(D) 314 and 2/B
t'4's1 For a perfect
conductor, the field strength at a distance equal to the skin

depth is xYo of the field strength at its surface. The value ,wo, is
(A) Zerc
(B)
50%
(c)
36%
(D) 26%
*<*******,k**
Page 473
Chqp z
sol-urloils
Page 474
Chap 7
7,1
Electromagnetic lilaves
!i{:L ?"1"'l

FYom the property of phasor, we know that the instantaneous electric field
is the real part of {8,"i"}.
E(r,t): R"{8,"''}
where .8" is the phasor form of electric field.

Given the electric field intensity in time domain,
E (*,
::,:":.ir,l:: ; :;l*:,,
ll
:-ff"
",
ar"i(d-a46r+ C'C'
where C.C. i; complex conjugate of the 1" part'

So, using the property of complex conjugates we get
E(r,t)
:2rt"{-+"-aa
"i@t-oxt
^}
: P,;e{- jEoe-ax
4u}
"-i1x "iut
get
(1),
we
equation
with
it
Comparing
E,
s$L
?.'1.2
:-
jEoe-P+iF)'onY
l^

Wave equation for a plane wave propagating in -f a" direction is given
#[-,"#:o
a^s
where o, is the velocity of wave propagation
Now from Assertion (A) the electric field is
B
It
Eosin( z)cos(ct)a,
it satisfies the wave equation
represents the electric field of a plane wave if
i.e. #- o#:o
FYom
where c is velocity of wave in free space
the given expression of field intensity we have

AE
dt
oft
Thus, we get,
cEosin(z)sin(cl)
a2E :-ar
ort
and
:-
AE
lfr.
.'0,r,
oz
c'Eosin(z)cos(ci)
Escos(z)cos(ct)
A2E :
-{
dt
- "'ol^4
-dt
Eosin(z)cos(ct)
:o
fies the wave equation so it represents tbe

Since, the electric field
wovE.
of 6a plane
field uI
.tlul(l
..
Pl@[g wave.
$yt-.
.!
Therefore, A and R both are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
[-.,,,

Given the magnetic field intensity in free ,p*" i,
.EI : o.1cos(1oet _ By)a"Alm
(1)
The general equation of magnetic field intensity of the EM wave propagating
in a, direction is given as
II :
flscos(wt_ Bg)a"Alm
Page 475
Chaq 7
(2)
Comparing equations (1) and (2) we get,

direction of wave propagation,
&*:ay
and angular frequency,

So, the phase constant of the wave is
o:
a
,r:q- 10n
c 3x108
: 3.33 rad/m
10e
rad/sec
(c is velocity of wave in free
Now, electric field intensity in free space is defined
space)
as
fi :_qsa6 X H
where 16 is intrinsic impedance
in free
space and a6 is d.irection of wave
propagation.
So,
E --ZT7(ar) x 0.1cos(10nt- gy)a"
:-
(rn:
377
a)
37.7cos(1oet - B.lJy) a,
Therefore, electric field intensity of the wave at U:lcm at t:0.1ns is
E - - 37.7cos[(10,)(ro-'o) _ (s.33)(ro-,)]o,
:-
tol- 7,{.4
37.6a,Y
lm

Given the instantaneous electric field in the free space is
B : (bau - 6a,)cos(c,.,t- b}z)y lm
So, the phasor form of electric field intensity is
E" : (Ea, _ 6a,)e-iso" V f m
The phasor form of magnetic field is given in the terms of electric field
intensity as
n":fi@)x(E)
where oa is the unit vector in the direction of wave propagation and
intrinsic impedance in free space.
So,
n"
Lfie)x (5o, -6a,ye-Fo'Yfm

:
t a,, - 6ar)
v /^
#(-
176
is the
(at,:
a")
e-no"
:-fi{uo,+6ou)e-no"yfm
sol
7,1.5

For any electromagnetic wave propagating in a medium electric field leads
magnetic field by an angle d,, where d, is the phase angle of intrinsic
impedance given as
ta420*
:'La
Now, for a perfect conductor
o-1=*
p
I
I
I
Page 476
I
I
Chap 7
so, electric o"ro r*r:-llretic field

Iags electric field bY
45'.
'I
$sL 7"{,6
i
"l
4b'or in other words masnetic

in phasor
Given, the electric field intensity of the wave
field
I
form
: (5a,* 104')e'7ax-22)V lm
as
So we get the directio.t of *u"" propag,ation
E,
ar:ffiffi:*#?:w
iJr*
Therefore, the phasor
of magnetic field intensity of the Rlane wave
given as
H,
where
:^r(tnt)
sol.
7.1.7
29.66e-il4b22)
rlo
is
I
I
I
:-t-:-^:^ l.--^ronno i
|
is intrinsic impedance in free snace
x po,+
1oa,1e-\a"-2")vlm
I
I
mLlm
is given
The time average power density of the EM wave
g*"
1
: Laax
E,
:-
as
: {ôo
I
I
whereEisthemagnitudeoftheelectricfieldintensityofthewaverottsI
and
the unit vector in the direction of wave propagation
impedance in the free space' So, we get
JgTry (4ao-J9"\ :
(D
' ave - 2(t2oir) \ ./zo )
$0r-
?"1"8
To
is the intrinsic
I
l
L48.9a'- 74'L5a"Watt/m2

,q., tne given electric {ield vector has the amplitude
Eo e2J6 a'+ JE ar- a")
So in the same direction the wave will be polarized'
sol- 7.{.9

Flom Maxwells' equation we have
V x.l9
Given
oft
So,
:-#
E :100cos(ut- Bz)a'
E: 100Bsin(a,'t- Bz)au
:-#- v x,E : loopsi".(wt- Pz)a,
Yx
Therefore the magnetic flux density vector rs
: -199."or1
I no1sin(ot - Bz)a,d't
:
ut
,/
pz)oo
(u:ffi\'
P'reo
:3xlOlocos(art-Ar)ou
sol-
?.'!.{0

-.:
Poynting vector in an EM field is defined
.:.
.i,
phge 4?Z
as
Chap Z
IP:EXH
.
ElectromagneticTfaves
where .E is electric field intensity and .EI is the magnetic field intensity in
the region.
Now, the electric field intensity in the region is given
as
E :100cos(wt- Bz)a"
and as calculated in previous question the magnetic field intensity in the
region is
B: Jx
1010cos(art
pz)ao
So, the poynting vector in the field is
P:Ex#
:
[100coi(c.,
[3
t- Bz)a"lt
10'0cos.(al- Bz)a']
P4
IAz\a, - pt f4"os2(ut- 3 xP41012" os2(wt- \-'

\
V lln
Bz\a.
t--t--'
sol ?"1"1{ Option (B) is correct.

Time average stored energy density in electric field is defined
w":f,eofl,.
as
E-,
where -8, is the electric field intensity in phasor form and
.OJ
is its conjugate.
Therefore, the average stored energy derisity in the region is
tr, =
(s sin nr"-t"12
"-t'4""
q) . (Ssinnre*r/'dfr""
au)
:ff-si^zTr
lol. ?.i.'ta Option (B) is correct.
Given the electric field
'
,E:
In phasor form, E" :
l0sinzrysin(6zr
10 sin
zr y2-h/2 s-i/
108,
p"?
-JEm)a,Vfm
a"
So, from Maxwell's equation, the magnetic flux densi[y in the phasor form
is given as
6,:!1v
" Ja\
E")
:6tr x 108 as determined from the given expression of .8.

i'/ira
So, B" : @in n y) e-,t e*+ i6r{id (costr y) e- 6 e-fr n, ou
#*
where a
Therefore, the time average energy density stored in the magnetic field will
be
'
of'
'tj)n
fi{a, ' nI)
where .Bl is trre conjugate of
B,
,^:ffi125*5osin2zrr)
sol z-1.,t3 Option (B) is correct.

The reflection coefficient of the wave propagating from medium
2 is defined as'
to medium
Chap ?
I
I
i
f:m
Page 478
where ?h and ?12 are the intrinsic impedance of the two mediums lespectively.
So, the reflection coefficient for the wave propagating from free space to a
dielectric medium is given as
Electromagnetlc Waves
I
I
]
' --T-rlo
q+rh
where 4 is intrinsic impedance of the dielectric medium and ry is intrinsic
impedance in free space. since the intrinsic impedance of the dielectric
medium is given as
- [7'"'r-\/ ttre-t/
4o-'n2
rnl2 - rn
'F
So, we have
no/2
rn
_rl2-7 __1
- Ll2+r-
Therefore, the magnitude of electric field of reflected wave is
E, : fEo:-*
$oL
?.t.'ra
(Eo is the magnitude of incident field)

Time period of wave propagating in a medium is given as :
f :T
whefe or is the angular frequency of the wave.
Given the magnetic field intensity in the free space is

0.3cos (wt - By)a" Alm
.E[
So,
at t :Tl8 the magnetic field intensity is

.Er
: 0.3cos("$ -
0u)",:
0.3cos(+
- gu)",
(T:2rlu)
Il
:0.3cos(0y-"1+)
or,
get
the plot of fI versus y as shown below
we
Therefore
$0t ?.1"15 Option (D) is correct.

Phase velocity of the medium,
up
:7.5 x
107
m/s
F, :4'8
o :0
(lossless medium)
Conductivity
SincephasevelocityofanEMwaveinamediumisdefinedas
vp
",_
-
F",
where c is the velocity of wave ir1 air, p. is the relative permeability of

medium and e, is the relative permittivity of the medium. So, we have
,le'il
thl
7.5
I07
(c:3x108m/s)
oIt
s,'= 3.33
Now the intrinsic impedance of the medium is given
_
n:
'' \/t_@
o *.iue -
:377
.
as
lm:4b2.4e
(o:
0)
g77
0)
E":gsfl.z,r,Vl^
(1)
and the general equation of electric field phasor of an EM

wave propagating
is
E": pos-it3ia"yfm
e)
So, comparing the equations (f
) and (2) we get

direction of wave propagation,
ak:- a,
and phase constant,
0 :Q.Jrad,/m
and from the Maxwell's equation, the magnetic field phasor of
the
given as
n,:rrloix
war,-e is
n"
where 4 is the intrinsic impedance of the medium and o; is the

unit vector
in the direction of wave propagation.
so,
u" : -4#4(- o,) x (ben., a")
: ffi"nt,
au
(at,: - a,)
r|.oiefli, aumA/m
and the angular frequency of the wave is given as

a : pup : (O.BXZ.5 x i0?) :2.25
I0z
so, the magnetic fierd intensity of the EM wave in time domain is

H(r,t) :Re{H"eto'} : 11.05cos(u.,f * 0.,8r)a,
' : 11.0bcos(Z.ZS x 107t+ 0.Jr)anmAlm
7.1.16 Option (B) is correct.

Given the field intensities of the plane wave
E(r,t)
H(r,t):
So,,we get
lEl
goocos(5
t06rt
as
l3r)arV
lm
- pr)a"ylm
900,
l,Hl: 1.9, cu: 5 x 106n
1.9cos(5
106zrf
Now, the intrinsic impedance in the medium is
,t
:g:
lIIl-
gog
1'9
:473.2
-:ru'r
and phase constant of the wave in the medium is
:9-up
5=x 1o6zr :
o.224m-r
7x107
Therefore,
o:
m
,l:,/E:rh
and
Since, for a perfect dielectric
=fi:Z/t"r,
Comparing the equation (1) and (2) we get,
Chap 7
Given the electric field intensity in the phasor form is
in a, direction
Page 479
(1)
(2)
Page 4E0
"
Chap 7
,*w):[*61p6
+.ffi,
+ L37
Again ftom equa.tioq (1)
,,
ssl
7,1"t?
,,- -= (.H)\ X 5.37 :

:_ (DY
\4Tt.7 )
\t/ r,"
.
3.4

plane wave propagating
General'equation of electric field intensity of a
Eo an4 '{requency o is gi
free space l.t - o" direction having amplitude
as:
F : E.cqs(art* fln)a"
is thq unit vector in th
where B is phase con$tant oi tt'u wave and a'
in
i*"ir"* or pohrization of wave and Qince itt" Bnl wave is polarized *4"
direction. So,
!
(trn
and we get,
_:_
(tr,
(in free space
P = Eocos(ut+lr)a,
P: i)
wave is given as
Therefore, the ryagnet.ic field intensity of the
p :fr(o,) x (E)
wave prop4gation and rp is tbc

where or is the unit vector in the directiorr of
intrinsic irnpedanie of the wave in the medium'
so,
Ir -frt-"")
= ffcos(,,t
$oL
?"1.{s
[Eocos(r"'t
+ir)a"l
(o*: - a')
+lr)a,

a plane wave propagating in
General equation of blectric field inteqsity of
free space is giveor as
E = Eocos(ut- k' r)a"
lc is the wave
where o" is unit vector in direction of polarization'
: t'
propagation with amplitude k : Aû
r: aa,+ 11ro't+ zo" is the pmition veetor'
origin to point (1,1;1)since, the warreis prqprgiing in tlre direction from
in the direction of wave
So,
and since the fleld is polatized parallel
So,
*"
to r-z plane
=ffi
where
and 'n are const
Now,theelectricfie}clofwaveisalwaysperpendiculartothedirection
propagatior,r of EM wave" So, we have
k'a-=0
lu
Igi &i
3211
, lrna' + nn,l =
[7\---;6-ll l{ara
rn*n =0
]
'ln :" n
polarization of the wave is
Therefore, the unit vector in the direction of
1
q, -
*o,*(-m\d,"'
az__sz
Paqe 4E1
puttingarthe"","",l"ffiffl,*]ftl""oricnerd,rrJ:;?
o'\ rro" +uo^.+ za-\11a,-:a"\
4 : Eo"orlrt-',(o'*
9=* ') .'('o'+a%*'")]1-m-)
c\
lz
I
: Eocos[r,.'i -
sol
7.{.19
ft;(*
+r
. 4l(W)

For the microwave experiment the angular frequency is
w :2rf :2n X 10 x 10e
: 2zr X 10lo
o.
6.25 x 707
So,
(t
(/:10GHz)
2zrXr.l0loxixasSx1oT
: I.I2 x 108 >> 1
Therefore, the skin depth of the material is
6-r-A-\/E-
(olue >>
"w
1)
:
\/ 2rx 1010x1x4ztx L0-7x6.2bx107
: 6.36 X 10-7 m : 0.636 F,m
Thus, for the successful exppnirr\ent, wfdth of coatin$ must be greater thhn
skin depth
i.e.
sol. 7.{,20
r > 0.636
t > 0.64'pm
Option (p) is correct.

Given, the electric field intensity of the plane wave
.E = 3cos(107 t - 0.2y) a"+ ?sin(107t - 0.2y)a"V /n
comparing it with the genera.I equation of electric field of a plane wave, we get
Angular frequency,
Phase constant,
a =107
0 =A.z
So, the phase veloCity qf the prqpagating wave
io-q
_u_10t_.
u':7:ffi:5x1o7m/s
^,
ort
-+:=5x10?
where c is velocity of wave in air and e" is the relatiyg permittivity of the
medium.
So,
^ /3 x 108\'
":tE*toE/:"o
Therefore, permittivity of thg ryediur.r,r is
=its=36e0
Now, the complex perraittivity of the medium is given
ac-e
where
a4d
Thus,
,,r,
-JE
: :36g0
-r, o 2XlO7
a
10'
:
e" (36e6 - P)F l^
'
4s
Chap ?
Electroriragnetic Waves
Page 4E2
sc'. 7.{"2{
option (A) is
correct.
Conductivity of all the metals are in the range of mega siemens per meter I
and frequency of the visible waves are in the range of 1015 Hz. So, we can I
Chap 7
assume
Conductivity of a metal = 106 S/m

I
Frequency of a visible. wave - 1015 Hz
I
Now, the attenuation constant of a wave in a certain medium is given as :
I
":"uTfl@-1
Since for a metal, o
So,
>>
":r.r[E^/E
--T
- \/@
Therefore, the skin depth of a metal is
r_1_t2__E
- e- \/ ,tto - t/ 70ttx4rx
10-7x
106
= lnm
Thus, the skin depth is in the range of nanometers for a metal and that's
why the wave (visible wave) can't penetrate inside the metal and the metals
are opaque.
i.e. (A) and (R) both are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
sol
7"1.22

since, the wave is propagating in free space so, the velocity of the wave is
3 x 108 m/s and the amplitude of magnetic field intensity in z:0 plane is
given as
rro
: p!
\o
Therefore, the plot of magnetic field intensity IIe versus time

plane is as shown in the figure below :
t in z:
t(psec)
Since, the wave is propagating in * a" direction so' an amplitude which

exists in the plane z: O at any time f must exist in the plane
z:(7 x
So, the amplitude of IIo
10
6- t) x 3 x
108m at
will be equal to the Ht at t:
l:lpsec.
1 Jr,sec
for the plane
z:(106-t) x3x108m
Thus, the plot of 1/r versus z will be as shown in figure below
Hr(Alm)
Page 4E3
Chap 7
-300 -150 u
30L 7.1.23
r50 z(m)

Given the electric field intensity in phasor form
E"
Es(ar- io,,)s-io'
So, the instantaneous expression of electric field intensity
"
will
_',i;!::::] .,,in (wt)t|
e-
be,
i a.
:=Y",I,17
Eo (o, cos(cuf ) + o,sin( ,,t)) e-i1'
Therefore, the magnitude of the field is
lEl:@
:
or,
l&f +lE,l'
Eo
which is a circular equation i.e. the wave is circularly polarized.

Now, the insta,ntaneous angle 0 that the field E makes with y-axis is given
tanl
as
Eosinat
bocosat
0:ut
ort
Therefore as the time increases,
rotates from y
to z as shown in
figure
below:
and since the direction of wave propagation is in *a, direction so, the
rotation from y to z obeys the right hand rule. Thus, we conclude that the
field is Right hand circularly polarized.
sol-
7,,t"24

Given the phasor form of electric field intensity,
E,
:4(a"-
ia"1s-ioo
So, thc electric field intensity of the reflected wave
E* : ffL(a,- jo,))"tun
where
l'
will
be
is the reflectian coefficient at the interface. Therefore,
:4(-
o,"+ ja,)eiBY (for perfect conductor f :- 1)

and the instantaneous expression of the electric field of reflected wave will
E*
be
,B
: Re{4(- a"* ja,)(cosat+ jsin,lrt)}eiB!
- 4(-
cos(at) a" - sin(wt) a,)

Therefore, the magnitude of the reflected field is
Page 484
Ctap,7.
lEl:@
Dlectromagnetic Waves
or,
ejP'
IE
l'+l0rl':+
which is a circular equation i.e. the wave is circularly polarized'

Now, the instantaneous angle 0 that E makes with z-axis is given
as
tanl:ffi
0:ut
So, as time increases, electric field -E rotates from z
figure below
to r
the
as shown
since the direction of wave propagation is a,long - aal sQl the rotation from
z to r follows left hand mle. Thus, we conclude that the EM wave is LHC
(left hand circularly) polarized.
sol. 7"t.25

Given the electric field intensity of incident wave,
8," : !Oa"e (6Y+ 8x)
So, the direction of wave propagation is
K :6ay*8a,
Since the wave is incident on the perfect conductor so, the magnitude of the
reflected wave is given as'
(f:-
E,o:-Ett:-Ija,
1 for perfect conductor)
The direction of wave propagation of reflccted wave wiil be along (6a,

8a,)
n:o
Therefore, the field intensity of the reflected wave is
E" :-
10@'
''-i(6u-8t)
T\us, the net electric field intensity of the total u'ave in free space after
reflgction will be
E" : 8,, * Eu : r1a"s {9u+a') 1 [- 10a" e-(6e-82)]
: I}a"e fru (e-r8" - t') - - 720a"e rosin8r V/m
"
sor
7,,*.2s

Given, the electric field intensity of the incident wave,
Et, :25a"e-{62+8?) V/m
So, the direction of the wave propagation is
k:
Pege 485
"Chep ?
Electromegnetic lVaves
Ga,"-f 8au
Since the wave is incident on a perfect conductor so, the magnitude of the
electric field of the reflected wave is
Ero
: -
(reflection coefficient,
E;o
**
The reflected wave will
25a,
propagate
in 6o. - 8a, direction
as shown
l-:-
1)
in figure
below:
Y:l)
So, we get the electric field intensity of reflected wave as
E" :
-- 25A, e i(6'-8u) Y f n
Since, the rnagnetic field intensity of a plane wave in terms of electric field
intensity is defined as
:lbnx
rlo' "
El
where o1 is unit vector in the direction of wave propagation and 4s is the

intrinsic impedance of free space. So, the rnagnetic field intensity of the
reflected wave is given as
H,":f,,@^yE,,)
where,
So, we get
on
H,"
6a, 8a,,
: lc
i: ffi,-- : (0.0a, - 0.8o,)
-'ffi1t0.e""- 0.8ar) x (- 2sa,e-'to'-8n))]

: *ror, [(- 15 au - 2o a,) e- t(6"
: - (# +
sst- ?"i"37
-8!)
e- x6 "
67T.9')
au)1
A/m

The general expression fbr phasor form of electric field vector is
E,: Eoe 4t*B'!-a:)
Comparing the given field with this expression we get,
0,r* 0,a* l3"z: o.o1z'(-3r* /Ey-2z)

So, the propagation vector is
V (13,r+
/ry + 0,2):
0.01ur(-3
a,* JE au-
Therefore, the direction of the propagation of the wave is
Jo")
-3a"+'/3ou-2a"
-to-L!'-LA
9+3+4
- - k
-r'
Page 486
Chap 7
:|1-n,+/3ou-2o,)
sol- 7"{,28

FYom the given expression of the field vector, we have the propagation
vector,
: *(JE a,-2ayr, y
So the phase constants along
o,:*,
an.d z-axes are
on:-r#,
3o,)
g,:-*
Therefore, the apparent wave lengths along the three axes are
:T: #^: #:
^,
28'87 m
\-rE-l
:ffi:pg1:125m
\2r2r
\":
sol.
7.1,29
2r
21501
w n:.+rt:+?
ll-rr/l
16'7 m

As determined in previous question, the propagation vector of the plane
wave is
k:#(J3a,-2au-3o")
Therefore, the direction of wave propagation is
o,:I
So
&-?'--e
the phase constant along the direction of wave propagation is

A
: k' at:0'I6r
Therefore, the angula,r frequency of the propagating wave is
apg
:(3 x 108) x (o.tOr)(In free space up: 3 x 108m/s)
:1.51 x
108rad/sec
So, for the determined values of apparent phase constants

question, the apparent phase velocities are given as
.. (t 1.I1 X 108 : 6.93 x 108 m/s
up":
in
previous
p, - lJJr\
\E/
u"-6,
^,
-u -1.51 L108:6x10sm/s
,
ano
sol.
7.1,30
l-'*-l
-. r.., _ 1.bL X.108 :+^.

:4x 108m/s
up,:8,:l+l

The necessary condition for the vector field E - Eoe-iP to represent the
electric field intensity of a uniform plane wave is
k'Eo:g
where lc is the propagation vector of the wave and
.Eo
is the amplitude of
the electric field intensity of the plane wave. Now, we check all the
options for this condition.
(A) From given data we have
k :,/5 an*
Eo
So,
:- ja,-
given
a"
2o,u*
j/E
a"
k. Eo:-2^/3+jJg+0
(B) Flom given data we have
: a, - J2au k:e,l/Ea"
k. Eo:1-3*0
Eo
So,
,/E a"
(C) Flom given data we have
E,
so.
: (/E + t|)".+(r + 4)"-
ili
o"
: ^/i a,*3ar*2a,
k.Eo:t*++r++-plE+o
(D) Flom given data we have
E,
: (-Ji - i+)".* (t - j+)"*
jJE
a,
k:"/ia"*3ar*2a"
So,
k.
Eo
q /;
/o
--3- jt**B-j+L+pJE:0
So the vector represents electric field vector of a uniform plane wave.
sol ?.d"s1 Option (D) is correct.

For the field vectors -8" and
.EI" defined as
E, : Eoe ja
and
H, : l{us-i?
The condition that it represents the field vectors of a uniform plane
Eo'Hs:Q,
Eo'k:0and Hs. k:0
wave is
k is the propagation vector of the plane wave.

Now, we check the all given pairs for this condition
where
In Option
:- ja, - 2ar* j,/5 a"

Ho - a, - J2aa - ,/E a"
k:,/Ta,,*a"
Eo. Hn:- j+il- jg:0
(D)
and
So
Eo
k:- j/i+ j,/E:g

Ho'k'^/E-/5:o
Eo.
Therefore,
it
represents the field vectors of a uniform plane wave.
sct ?.'t"3* Option (A) is correct.

For a propagating electromagnetic wave, the field satisfies the following
Maxweell's equation.
V..E:0
Y xE:-0-P
+o
dt
Now, we check the condition for the given fields as below.
page 48?
Chap Z
Electromagpetic Waves
*''
Page 4E8
Chap-7
Electrpmagnptic. Waves
So,
and
i.e.
{'} 6osin(ut* ratr)a,

V.P:0
V x P--600cos(a.,f*10r)au*0
-*',n.
is a possible EM field.
agarn,
So,
and
: Q"or( ut-
2p)aa
V. Q:0
v x Q :|ftlroo.s(r.,r-
2p)!a"*
i.e. Q is a possible EM field
R :Sp2cotSao+lcosSa*
So,
i.e.
v.R:f,Strt"otOyff+o
R is not a possible EM field.

,S
Sp,
lsindsin(cuf
.s=J
r" stn
6r)aa
0^sirtut-arf
i.e. S is not an EM field.

Thus, the possible EM fields are P and Q.
******:k****
\Y'6) +o
Or
sol.uTloNs 7,2
Page 489
ehap 7
Elecirbriraineiii'Waies

Given the magnetic field intensity,
Ir :
l0cos(6 x 107r _ ky)a" Alm

Comparing it with the general equation of magnetic field.
g : /locos( ut - ky)a, A/m
:6
get,
ar
x
So, the wave no is,
We
k
sol.
7.2.2
1'07
: t:
H#
:0.2
(c is the velocity of wave in free
space)
Given magnetic. field intensity in the non magnetic medium is
.Er
Comparing
We get,
and
1.5cos(roet- Sz)a,Afm
it with the general equation of magnetic field

1Y : f/scos(wt - Bz)a" Alm
intensity
: 10e rad/ sec

0 :5.
ru
So, the phase velocity of the wave
as
,r:ft:#:2x1oqm/s
sol.
7.2.3

wavelength of an electromagnetic wave with phase constant
is defined as
p in a medium
A:2I
-p
so, the phase constant of the wave in terms of wavelength can be given
p
sol-
7.2.4
:+ : &:
o.b
(,\:
rad/m

Given the electric field intensity in the nonmagnetic material
E : gcos(4 x 108, _2r)arylm
Comparing it with the general equation of electric field
We get,
g : flgcos(wt- pr\ou A]m

a:4 x 108rad/s
and
0 :2rad/m
as
12.6 m)
as
So, the phase velocity of the wave in the medium is given by
'up:fr:2xL08mfs
since the medium is non magnetic so,
of the medium is given as
ltr:
pa and the relative
permittivity
Page 490
Chap 7
$fiL
?.2.5
:2.25
:(eY: /l tx lqY
\uol \2 1oE/

The general equation of electric field intensity of an EM wave propagating
in a, direction in a medium is given as
gr : Bocos( wt pr)au Alm
.
Comparing
it with the given
expression of electric field intensity, we get
w:b x 108rad/s
So, the time period of the EM wave is
,
$sL
?"4,$
:+:a
, ,Zn.û :
5x10'
12.57 ns

The general equation of electric field intensity of an EM wave propagating
in o, direction in a medium is given as
Comparing
B : Eocos(wt- pr)arA,lm
it with the given expression of electric
field intensity, we get
u:4 x 108rad/s
So, the time period of the wave in air is given
21 2tr
u -4x108
'
:
Since
15.71 ns
in one time period the wave travels its one wavelength
taken by the wave to travel
t
s{}L
?"2"?
as
)/4
:T:+
so, time
3.93 ns

Intrinsic impedance of any material is given
Tl:@
- t/ o*
where
())
distance is
p is permeability, o
as
jae
is conductivity and e is permittivity of the
medium.
Since the given material is lossless, nonmagnetic and dielectric so, we have
O:0
p:po
and
(lossless)
(non magnetic)
(ur:2'25)
:7s:(2.2b)eo
Therefore the intrinsic impedance of the material is
s{il.
?.2.s
llo
1.5
377
1.5
(^: ,[* : srr a)
251.3 O
Given,
Flequency of the wave propagation,
: 0.5 MHz : 0.5 x 106 Hz

o:B x 1o7S/m
"f
Conductivity of medium,
Relative permeability of medium,
Pr:er=1
So, the angular frequency of the wave propagation is
w :2rf :2n X 0.5 x 106 : zr x 106
and
---- we-
get
o--
orx 107
a - zr X 106.3X 8.85 X 10-12
:0.1 x 1013 >> 1
Page 491
n-t""t--**rr"";"T;"1
Therefore, the phase constant of the propagating wave is given as
_T
tra _\/
- fd4a
(olwe >>
1)
iffi
v-
:7695.29ndf m
So, the wavelength of the radio wave in the medium is
,2n
.oL
2.2.s
^:?:o.8mm
Given the magnetic field intensity of the plane wave in free space is
H" : (2 + jl)( an + 2ja,) e-jB, Af m
Flom the Maxwell's equation, the maximum electric field intensity of the
plane wave is given as
:nolHl
,Ei
I
tmu
I
lmd
where ri6 is intrinsic impedance in air and
field intensity of the plane wave.
lf/ [*
is the maximum magnetic
Now, the maximum magnetic field intensity of the plane wave is given
III l^* : /ii; Ef
as
where .EIf is the complex conjugate of the magnetic field phasor.
So,
lIrL*:
:
r/2g x 2o :24.1Alm
Therefore, the maximum electric field intensity of the plane wave is
lE l-* ,hlIJ l** 377 x 24.I 9.08 kV/m
tot.
z"2.to

For an EM wave propagating in two mediums, the waverengths of the wave
in two mediums are related as
!- tq
E-r/ ,
where \ and )2 are the wavelengths of EM wave in two mediums with

permittivity rr and 2 respectively. So, the wavelength of plane wave in free
space is given as
&_
T: \/tI,,
\:
\,/e,
where ) is the wavelength of the wave

permittivity e".
So,
SoL
?.2.{1
k :20"/g :
in the
medium with relative
(,\:
60 cm

Given,
Conductivity of the glass,

and relative permittivity of the
glass,
ro-12
, :2.25
S/rn
20cm,
6":
g)
pel1itti$ty
Page 492
So, the
Chap 7
: or:2,258o
Therefore, the time taken by the charge to flow out to the surface is
(2.25) x (8'85 x 1o-L)
of" gJass
is
-'-o
= : 19.9 = 20 sec
soL
7"2-t2

Given the electric field intensity of the propagating wave,
"
: *NP/m and. o :
pr)arV lm
(11
propagating
plane
il
wave
The general equation of electric field intensity of
a" direction is given by
(2\
E - Ese-o'sin(wt- Pr)aoYlm
Comparing equation (1) and (2) we get,
Eoe-"/3sin(108t
108rad/sec
So, the attenuation constant of a propagating 'ryave is given as
:,J +l/'*(#l *']

^:,F+(#J
"
Let
ffu,e,(n*
Therefore,
(rn-1):
ort
Now, we put o
1)
u2Q2
uf pnoU,,,
= 113,'p,= ;:4) u:
108 so, we get
^ 1_zx(rftf
4
'- (ro8f x (af
cB
JA-L--
('o
3 x 108\2
ro-7:2(YZ"
"
rtrx+
:3x108m/s\
a:|+t
_9_g
14
fiw:&
Thus,
so|.
7.2,13
loss tangent
: #:
O.SZ

Flom the field intensity we get,
u:!}er
is given that, p,: 0.5,

So, the phase constant,
and
it
o:
0.01
S/m,
e,: 8.
0:,
:
10ezr
poeo(exos)[Fm.,l
20.95
Page 493
*"*'i6 i'6 frrit a phase shift of L0'

Pz:I0":ffirad
Let the distance travelled by the

So,
Cbap 7
Electromagnelic tYaves
7r
z-: 18t-@os4:6'rrmm
-813
The attenuation constant of a propagating wave in a medium is defined
as
":,J+WIW_\
Now, from the given data {rre have
1f,,:0.5, o : 0.01 S/m, e, : 3.
'.
So,
:1gnn
.u
,f@
:'0.9425
Initially the amplitude of the electric.field : 0.5
So, after travelling distance z amplitude of wave :0.5e-"".
Therefore, the distance travelled by the wave for which the amplitude of the
wave reducedby 4O% is evaluated as
60
0'5e-"' '= U.5
^t" x ffi
,'
(0.e+2s)z
(amplitude reduces
9.6
z:6&rstt(#)
oft
to 60%)
:s42mm
skin depth (d) of any medium is defined as the reciprocal of attenuation

constant (a) of a plane wave in the medium
6:1
Le.
:"ffi
The attenuation constant of.the plane wave in the medium is given
Now,
022
u 2trfe,e6 2r x b0 X 103 X g0 x g.gb x 10-12
i.e.
:8991.8
So,
ae
d
))
>>1
-\/
IAnr
(o/ue>>
/t
:0.4n
v-
Therefore,
sol. 7.2.{6
as
6:1:-j-:o.Zg6m
(\.
t)-47f

Velocity of the wave in free space is
' c:
^/*:3
1o8m/s
So, the velocity of the wave in dielectric 1 is
uPl:
- \/tET'
7)
in dielectric 2 is
c
tltn
oo:/guo:g
The velocity of wave
Page 494
Chap 7
Electromagtetic Waves
The velocity of wave in dielectric 3 is

c
un:t/ tun
B^:n
Therefore, the time
f taken by the wave to strike
the interface at
r:5m
t:hltz-lh
_ 6 -3 -2
3 x tbr-;/'-;F
l
i
l
: (0.02 + o.o2 + o.o2) x 10-6

:
$oL
?"4.{r
0.06
Jr,sec
{
1
Given
wave, , f :50MHz:50 x 106 Hz

Skin depth of the dielectric medium, 6 :0'32mm : 0'32 x 10-3 m
Permittivity of dielectric,
F :6.28 X 10-7
Flequency of the propagating
So, the conductivity of the dielectric medium is given as
:
$0L ?.2,{8
0.99
Correct answer is
105
S/m
-60.
Flequency of the wave,
"f:8GHz:8x10eHz
z :0.775mm : 0.175 x
Distance travelled by the wave,
10-3 m
Lr:6.28 X 10-7
and as calculated in previous question the conductivity of the dielectric
medium is
S/m
So, t\e attenuation constant of the wave in the dielectric medium is
':
:
0.99
105
Jnfw
3.95
104
NP/m
Therefore, the reducing'fH"to, of the field intensity

distance z is
201ogne-"'
sol. ?"2.{9
20logro
e-(3'e5
x 10r)x
(0 175
x 10 3)
in dB after travelling
- -
60 dB

Given, the magnetic field intensity of the EM wave propagating in free space.
,EI
0.1cos(r,.,t
By)a, Alm
So, the time average power density of the EM wave is given as
po,"
: |rorr o,
is the intrinsic impedance in free space and 1/ is the magnitude of

magnetic field intensity in free space.
where
so,
r7s
poo":|$zo"){o.ty",
:0.6tra,
(no: L20r,I1:0.1)
Therefore, the total power passing through the square plate of side 20 cm
is given as
Putot
: P"," ' dS
I
- Pou" . San
S : (0.2tr : 0.04 m2
(Side of square
and an is the unit vector normal to the plate given as
0.2 m)
:%ilu
a,
so,
ptotot
J2
:(o.atra,).
:
:
[r
*(#)]
0.05331Watt
53.31mW
sol z.z.zo Correct
answer is 10.025
Given, the electric field intensity of the incident wave,
Ei"
ge,-rtu
6"y
l^
So, we get the phase constant of the wave
or,
Atr
lJl -
as
t)
:r
i"/@Yi : s
f/
(A:9\
''
w,u"
uP
,:)
Now, the intrinsic impedance of the lossless medium is given
n,: {T,:rr/t:2qo:754
and the intrinsic impedance of lossy medium is
,n:lrnl/!,
where, the magnitude of the intrinsic impedance is given as
60tr,r :95.48
'
(15.18I/.
and the phase angle of the intrinsic impedance is
tan2lr,
or
0,n
: +:3.77
uz
:
37.57"
So, the reflection coefficient of the wave is given as
n2q2+
rh
ry
95.48
/37.57"
uo-1*lrl
-1+0.8186
-1-ll-t
-1--o-31s6tl
10.025
- 754
95.488.57" +754
0.1886/171.08"
Therefore, the standing wave ratio is
chap
Elictromagnetic Waves
where ,9 is the area of the square plate given as
i.e.
page 49b
as
?"2"r{
Page 496
94up z
Co;fec '; ,ftgfrg1..ilv-.:{4$ .

As calcrllqfrp&,.lriffiidous'question we ft ave tle pro.pagatiqn -vectqr frorn
given data as
" Eldtromagnrctic,Waves
0.04n(- 2a, - 3a, i JE a,)

direction'of
wave prcipagation is
'the
O:a4tr(-2a, - 3au *
:
lc
.and
a,
Ga")
4_ (-za,- zq+,/E a")
-ffi
_ *2a,_B.au+,/5
a"
Therefore, t'he phase constant along the direction of propagation is
0:k'ax
. -2a,
= [o.oarr(-z a,--1'3au* 6r,)] (
\au *,fi
- -T-
a"
0.16n
So, the wavelengttr along the direction of wave propagation is
A:4:12.5m
lJ
$oi-
?"2"22
Cerrect answer is 24.
Flom the given expression of magnetic field vector we get,

B,r* fty* A"z :0.\Atr(,/i r- 2y - 32)
So, the propAgation vector of :the plane wave is
k: y (0,r* lty* 0"2)
0,04r(/E a, -
2au
3o")
and the directisn of wave propagation is
^ lc _ 0.0{*(./Q e, - 2a, -r-E-@
3o")
_(J3a,-2au-3a,)
4
Therefore, the plrase constau! alE4g the direptlo4 of wave propgga{ion is
13:k'qn-0'L6zr
Since'the wavd is prop4gating in'ftee qpace so it's phase velocity will be
up:l x 1oqq/s
9:3x108
or,
11
So,
tle
freqpe5rcy' .of t4e plq.ng wpve is
(3 x 108X0.167r)
f" :ffi:2'4xro7Hz
(+o
:2rfl
:24MHz
s$L
7,2,23
Correct an$wpr ip 17.9

Since, 20% of t$9 anelgy in fihe incident w.pvg is reflected at tfrg bgundary.
So, we have,
t nt2:100
lr
I 20
of,
lf I :
^1A.2
:+
0.447
wl;rcre 1- is
have
the rcflect;ion coefficieit^:atttil'rft"dh;hh interface. Therefore.

rlz
Tt
rh+, Tt
:*
0.447
(,r: dt,,2:
!a+
:+
rt2)
0.447
1t'o
ltr '-l+0.447
-TTTW
IL :2.62 or 0.3g
ttn
l'Lt2
9o
So,
g-
7.2.24
r7
(UeY:
\Wt
0.056 or LT.9

Intrinsic impedance of 1"t medium is
Tt: !qfN
and the intrinsic impedance of 2"d medium is
!z
't': Ê
So, the reflection coefficient at the interface of the two medium is given as
'r --Tz-rlt
n2+ry
/W
tT
tT
tt'o
'-" : {--pz--l,q
fp^_ M
\/er'\/e,
1
ort
!e, !e,
lr 11
\/er'\/e,
5+1
5
--I
t
a-
(given
": +)
t-/Ez
Var
r+'!tF
2
o /ez
!t
Page AQf
. Chap.7
Eleetiondgieitc Wav6s
0.442
^{@z-^ffr :*
n'{t+q'{@
lt,r . ltQ
we
!ez
o
, -r 4 -'lqE
ct
*xxxx*{<*x<*x
(py rationalization)
soLUTloNs 7,3
Page 498
Chap 7
soL
7,3.,t

Given magnetic field intensity in the non magnetic medium is
.E[ : 3 cos(ot - kz)a, Af m
The negative coefficient of. z is (wt - kz) shows that the wave is propagating
in * a, direction.
sol.
7"3.2

Attenuation constant for a plane wave with angular frequency ar in a certain
medium is given as
":,,/+l[lw-']
(1)
Since for a poor conductor, conductivity is very low

i.e.
o(t
<<Q
o aa1
ue
So, in equation (1) using binomial expansion we get,
":"^/+[r+]1;y-r]
tudl o o tu
2 Jrue - 2! e
Thefefore, the skin depth of the poor conductor is
6:!:Z
E
a oy'LL
which is independent of frequency
scl
7.3.3
$oL ?.3.4
sol.
7.3.5
$oL ?.3,6
soL
?.3.?
sol-
7,3,8
sol
7.3.9
so|.
7.3.{O
sol
7.3.{l
sol. 7.3.{2
30L ?.3.{3
sol.
7.3.14
(c..').
(olue << I)
sol.
7.3.1$
.sol
7,3,t6
' '". '.; .l .,',; ,"
'
Page 499
Chap 7
Electro-a gnetii Waves
"
sol. 7.3.{7

Power radiated from any source is constant.
sol

Given, the electric field intensity of the propagating wave
,E : a,sin(wt- pz) * arsin(wt_ 0z+r12)
so, we conclude that the wave is propagating along a, direction and the field
components along o, and a, are equal.
7.3.{8
I.e.
Er:Ey
Therefore, the wave is circularly polarized. Now we will determine the field
is either right circular or lefb circular. The angle between the electric field
.E and r-axis is given as
Q
:tan'(rffi)
- +^--rTcost''f 1 :|-ut
zr
so, with increase in time the tip of the field intensity moves from y to r
in a, direction therefore, the wave is
-axis and as the wave is propagating

left hand circularly polarized.
sol- 7.3.{9

We have
d'8"
-aFdv --'^zo2E,
As the field component ,8" changes with z so, we conclude that the EM wave
is propagating in z- direction.
sol
7,3.20

Intrinsic impedance of a medium is given
as
qSince, copper is good conductor i.e. a
))
&16
q:r/ry:/yrc:
Thus, the impedance will be complex with an inductive component.
so, we get
SOt :.S,zf

The depth of penetration or skin depth is defined
as
6:-L
i.e.
or,
/"fw
6. -L
/7
6oJi
(\:
"/f)
So, the depth of penetration (skin depth) increases with increase
in
wavelength.
sol
7.3,22

Given, the electric field intensity of the wave
(zrt) : flo si(wt+ 9z) ar + eo ei@t+ Bz) o,!
...(1)
Generalizing E(z) : a,Er(z) * auE2(z)
...(2)
comparing (1) and (2) we can see that E1(z) and E2(z) are in space quadrature
but in time phase so, their sum .E will be linearly polarized along a line that
E
Page 500
chp
makes an angle
i, wiih r-axis as shown below.
Electlo&gnotic.Wavec
sol

The_Skin depth of a conductor is defined
?.s,23
as
"1
"-Jm
So, statement 2 and 3 are correct while are incorrect.
sol.
$oL

For circular polarization the two orthogonal field componen ts must have
sarlre magnitude and has a phase difference of 90'.
So, all the three statements are necessary conditions.
7,3"24

' Velocity of light in any dielectric medium is defined
7,3.25
tb
j
i
as
1_
1 _c
"-rG-7G;
-7where c is velocity of light
in vacuum and e" is dielectric
constant of the
medium.
Since e"
1, so u
< c. Therefore, both A and R are true and
R,
is correct
explanation of A.
$oL
?.3.26

The poynting vector is the instantaneous power flow per unit area in an EM
wave and defined as
P:ExH
So,
sol.
EX
.E[ is rate of energy flow (power flow) per
unit area.
7"3.2? Option (C) is correct.

Poynting vector represents the instantaneous power density vector associated
with the EM field at a given point.
P:ExH
I.e.
$oL
7.3.28

Given, the electric field intensity of the wave irr free space,
E:
Comparing
5osin(107
t+
kz)a,,y f rt
it with the general expressiorr
of electric field defined
as
B: Essin(at- l3z)arYlm
We get,
(1) The wave propagates in - a" direction along z-axis.

(2) The wavelength is given as
^:i
:+:
(3) Wave number. k

' (4) The
$oL
*#i":188.5m
,*"at:0.033
it travels.
wave doesn't attenuate as
?.3"2$ Option (B) is correct.

An electromagnetic wave incident on a conductirrg medium has the depth of
penetration (skin depth) defined as
i.e. inversely proportion to attenuation cqnFtant.,

?"3-34
Pa!e.5O1

The gyro frequency is the frequency whose period is equal to the period of
revolution of an electron in its circular orbit under the influence of earth's
magnetic field. So, the radio wave at frequency near f is attenuated by the
earth's magnetic field. (Since, there is a resonance phenomena and oscillating
electron receive more and more ene.rgy from incident wave.)
An EM wave propagating in free space consists of electric and magnetic field
intensity both perpendicular to direction of propagation.
taa,

Skin depth (6) is the distance through which the wave amplitude decreases
toafactor et or7fe.

The depth of penetration of wave (skin depth) in a lossy dielectric (conductor)
is given as
-a-laG
6--1-
So, the skin depth increases when
(1) permeability decreases

(2) conductivity decreases
(3) frequency decreases
Since. the wavelength of the wave is given as

,,
A:!+JT i.e. .l*l
So, as
30L
?,3"34
,\ increases, / decreases and therefore, skin depth increases.

For a good conductor,
: 0: /"fW
Since, the skin depth is defined as
6:* o, d :tr
@:0)
Now, the phase constant of the wave is given
as
. :t 2tr
11
So, we have
s{fi-
?,3,3S
.1^
u:
p:2n
It
is defined for a good conductor.

The polarization of a unifcrrm plane wave described the time varying
behaviour of the electric field intensity vector so for polarization the field
vector must be transverse to the propagation of wave.
i.e. Transverse nature of electromagnetic wave causes polarization.
sol.
7.3,3S

Fields are said to be circularly polarized if their components have same
magnitudes but they differ in phase bv +90'.
**********>k
Chap 7
Electronagne0ic"Wavi*
solurloN$
Page 502
Qhnp 7
7.4
60L
?.4.1

Electric field of the propagating wave in free space is given as
B : (8a,* 6a, + 5a") e!@t+3"-n') v l^
that
wave is propagating in the direction (- 3o'*4a)'
So, it is clea,r
Since, the wave is incident on a perfectly conducting slab at r:0. So, tbe
reflection coefficient will be equal to -1.
8," : (- l) E^ :- 8a. - 6au - 5a"
r.e.
Again, the reflected wave will be as shown in figure below :
-3arl4a,
Flee space
r:0
i.e. the reflected wave will be along the direction
field of the reflected wave will be
E, : (-
8a,
6au
3a,*
4au. Thus, the electric
5o") ei@t-\x-4i V
lm
sol.
?.4.2

Given, the electric field intensity of the EM wave as
E : lO(au r ja,) e-r25'
So, we conclude that the wave is propagating in a, direction and the y
and z-components of the field are same. Therefore, the wave is circularly
pola.rized.
Now, the angle formed by the electric field with the z-axis is given
as
0:at
with increase in time the tip of the field magnitude rotates from z Lo g
-axis and as the wave is propagating in o, direction so) we conclude that the
wave is left circular (i,e., left circular polarization).
The phase constant of the field is given as
n _wt-c
So,
o< 2rf
(0:25)
25x3x108
r" - 25xc
21
2x3.14
: l.2GHz
$oL 7,4,3

Intrinsic impeda,nce of EM wave
,t
:,/T:
r[E^
:ry:60tr
Time average power density of the EM wave is"giv""
Page 503
Chap 7
po,":L"r:t#
Electromagnetlc Waves
11
-ztTni-w
sol-
7.4"4
(E:IY
lm)

In the given problem
(Fleespaceg<0)
n': n/H : l20tr

Reflection coefficient at the medium interface is given
_400tr-120n _
'. _q2-rlr
rh*nt - 40n-t720tr -
as
As, given the electric field component of the incident wave is
Er :24cos(3 x 108 - 7u)a"

that the incident wave is propagating along a, direction and
the angular frequency of the wave is
u:B x 108rad/s
phase
So, the
constant of the wave is given as
So, we conclude
,, _va _tt-lbB_'
3x108
Therefore, the reflected wave will be propagating

electric field component is given as
E,
where
E16
fEncos(3
(0:
108+ g)
r rad/m)
is the maximum value of the field component of incident wave.
i.e.
So, we
in - a, direction and its
:24a,
n* :-|lZ+cos(3 x
E6
have
108
+ g)0,]
:_
12cos(B x 108+ gr)o,

Therefore, the magnetic field component of the reflected wave is given as
H"
:!(ar
q'- x E,\
where 11 is the intrinsic impedance of medium 1, and ar is the unit vector

in the direction of wave propagation. So, we get
n,:
nonLfo,
x (-12cos(3 x
108+
:,ficos(3 xt08+u)a"
sol 7"4.5 Option (C) is correct.
The intrinsic impedance of the wave is defined
,t
'
rc
I
\/e
-
as
y)"")l
where p is permeability and e is permittivity of the ,rnedium.

Now, the reflection coefficient at the medium interface is given
r _ rlz_ rlt
Page 504
c@P7,
Electr6dagnetic Waves
'
rl2+
Substituting values for
rh
and rp we have
,:r/r=-/E-:r-{E:t-{g
^/++J+" r+J;- 1+Js
as
I
(t': r)
:- 0.5
ll-l:0.5
or,'tt-
I
I
$oL ?,4,6
Since, the wave is propagating in a direction making an angle 90" with
positive y-axis. So, the y-component of propagation constant will be zero.
As the direction of propagation mak6s dn angle 30' with positive r-axis so.
we have the propagation constant of the wave as "'
'
7:
p cos
30'r
-F psin 30'
gr
where B is the phase constant of the wave..So, we get
'
^r
=++.tTto =$'+\u
Now, in all the given options the direction of electric field of the wave is
Sd; considering that direction we'get the field intensity of
giverr along
the wave as
",
E
sol-.?.d7
auEsei@i-t)
-,p,f"'-(*"fr)l
Option (D) is cor,t'ect.

Since, the given field intensity,have components in o".and c, d.irection so,
the magnitude of the field,intensity of the plane wave is
'
I Hl'
: HZ+'H'. = (fl.(*l: (#l
So, the time average power density of the EM wave is given as

Po,"
soL
7"4"8
:rkr! r' :ryffif:
Option (D) is correct

The Brewster angle is given
tanln
@ watts
as
: ' f@
Yt
tan60':
-\/ tE
1
Of
$oL 7.4.9
rZ:B

The reflection coefficient a,t the medium interface is given
'r --rlz-\r
rh+ry-So, the transmitted'power is
lE-J*
_L4E _r-{4 _
/..+{E - r+G-TTIT--s
P,:(7_lruPt
OI'
as
4:(t -t)o:$e
n8
Pr-g
rol ?.4''o option (D) is
,;'|
+:
+
Je, - Jz
g :45"
=t
or
r rr:
rr
":',T;l=
t.
The configuration is shown below. Here .4 is point source.
,zl\
/t\
rr:i:__;:;)
ozitll-J-=-\
'
Now
AO:1m
Flom geometry BO :1 m
Thus,
area: nf :rx
tor.
7.4.'ti
OB:n
i-
ri2

Given, the electric field of the EM wave in medium 1 as
Fq :4a,*3.or*5a"
"As the medium interface lies in the plane
components of the ehctric field are
i.
F11
r:
0 sg, the tangential and normal
:Saul5a"
Ero :4e,
Now, from the boundary condition we know that the tangential component
of electric field is uniform. So, we get
and
Ezt : Ett:3au*5a,
Again from the boundary condition the norma-l component of displacement
vector are equal.
i.e.
Or
or
ot
Dzn: Dn
e2fi, : e1fin
4eo4^ :3o4a",
&,,
:3a,
Thus, the net electric field intensity in medium 2 is
&:4r*
ta-12
Ezn:3a,*}au*5a"

Flom the expression of the magnetic field intensrty of the EM wave, we have
Angular frequency,c.r : 50,000
Phase
constant, 0 :0.004
So, the phase constant of the wave is given as
_!4_ 5x10a _rr< xru

,,
v1^7^tm/s
"r-F -4X10-:L.zo
]oL
7.4.t3 Option (C) is correct.

Refractive index of glass
nn
{11,e,
l.s
FYequency f :t1taHz
c:3x108m/sec
The wavelength of the l}La Hz beam of light is
Page 505
. QhBp z,
!I
^:1:%.g:3x10-6
as
Page 506
Chap ?
Electromagnetic lVaves
So, wavelength of the
light beam in glass is given
+: "f#{ :2 x 1o-6 m
:
sgl-
^,
7.4.14
The time average poynting vector of the EM wave is defined
po,":{netz x r/,']
as
I
where, .8, is the phasor form of the electric field intensity and IfJ is tne
I
complex conjugate of the phsor form of magnetic field intensity. So, we have I
E"
x H"' : (a"+ jau) sjk"- j't
ia,t
" he
(-, u) jrl:
"."1hPoo":fn"1r, x .Er,-]: o
Thus,
an)
"-!kz+iat
I
j
$*r-
7,4,15
we
I
i
have
: "ffi:5: i;]+J
lfl:Z3
vswR
or
Ij
As the wave is normally incident on the interface so, the reflection coefficient
will be real (either positive or negative). Now, for a wave propagating from
medium 1 to medium 2 having permittivities sr and e2 respectively.
(i) If e2 > e1, the reflection coefficient is negative
!.
:
(ii) If
then, the reflection coefficient is positive.

Since, the given EM wave is propagating from free space to the dielectric
material with e ) es, therefore
2
1-
f :-?3
or.
or'
rlz,\
rh+ rlt --2J
rn- 72Ur 2
;;+m;:-g
So,
sol
?.4,ts
rh
:24tr

The skin depth (6) of a material is related to the operating frequency (/)
n
b- n
fcr
Therefore,
l1
n
lL- \/4
2561
tT
6D: t/ i"25:12.5cm
$oL
?.4"17

The intrinsic impedance of a medium with permittivity e and permeability
is defined as
\
TE
n:\/7
So, the reflection coefficient
is given
Page b07
at the boundary interface of the two mediums
as
-r:ry-l!-/#-/4
rh*rh IE+JE
:-l-'fe,
tiG: -1-/4
m
: +: 0.333/180"
since
':
r.4.1&

We have
E(z,t) :
10 cos (2zr
107
u :2tr X 107,
0 :0.In
So, we get
0.Itrz)
Therefore, the phase velocity of the wave is given
Dt 2.4.{s
'o
fr:u#Y:2
as
x 108 m/s
g : (0.5a,*
We have
So,
and
i.e.
aneG)"i(ut-kz)
its components along r and y-axis are
lE,l
lnrl
9.5"i@t-*z)
s6 sj{"-t"")
ln,l + la,l
Since' the components are not equal and have the phase difference of
so7 we conclude that the EM wave is elliptically polarized.
rf2
z.A.za Option (A) is correct.

Loss tangent of a medium is defined as
tan6
ae
where o is the conductivity e is permittivity of the medium and c.r is

operating angular frequency. So, we get
(w:2trf)
J-
7.4,21
LT x10-4 x g
3t1otx
10e
39
1.3
10_5

The required condition is
lr"1 :;rr1
i'e. the conduction current equals to the dispracement current. so, we get
lJ"l:lJdl
oft
oft
laEl : lue t1
o :2nfoe,
r_
'
(u:2rf,
2o
2T X or 4tfoe.
9
10e
X2 x
10-2
:45 x 106:45
MHz
e"ee)
Qhln
Page 508
sol.
7,4,22
Chap 7
t1
Eleciromagnetic Waves

VSWR (voltage,standing.wave latio) of the.trans4ission,line is defined
a.s
where -l- is the reflection coefficient of the transmi3sion line. So, we get
od
-
or,
1+li-1
I
(VSWR:
1-TlT
tt
3)
lrl:0.5
Therefore, the ratio of the re{lected power strength to the incident power is
given as
,P,
n:lr|:o'25'
Thus, 25% of incident power is reflected.

sol.
?.4.23

The fig is as ghown below
As per snell law
sin4
sin4
sin30"
-:---:-;-6
t_
srn4c
J2
--,rr
/^
!Er
-o
sol.
7.4.24

Since, the phase constant is defined
as
'n2tr
P:T:a\/Pe
So, the wavelength in terms of
,2r
A:----
a\/
1"-!\/e
oft
So, we get
sol.
7.4.25
l'
\z-l
permittivity of the medium can be given
as
tE;
e'

A scalar wave equation must satisfy following relation
tE-,*olE^
"o
af
where
a*
,o
:o
:
fr
...(1)
(Phase velocity of the wave)
Basically ar is the multiply factor of frequency,
and p is multiply factor
of zor
roty.
Page 50Q
So, we can conclud.e that expresSidn

equation (1) (i.e. the wave equation).
sol- 7.4.t6

In a lossless dielectric
bption (C) does not satisfy
(o:0) *edio*, impedance is given by
\:r/T
where
p is permeability and e is perrnittivity of the medium.
So, we get
n:@
' \ o,
:120r.x
:
3(}L 7.4,27
I20n
x Utr, :'188.4

Given, the electric field intensity of the EM wave as '
E - 24ui@t+P,) auy f m
Now, the time average poynting vector for the EM wave is defined
as
(r":
*)
where q is the intrinsic impedance of the medium and ar is the direction of

wave propagation. Since, from the given expression of the field intensity we
conclude that the wave is propagating along
, : H?
so|.
7"4,?8
o")
* o,
:-To"
So, we have
(o*:- o",lE l:24Y
lm)

Given the propagation constant of the wave
So, we get
of'
'l:Q*i0:O.1rr*.fi.2n
0 :0.hr
2f : o.zn
Therefore, wavelength of the propagating wave is
A:&:1om
sol.
?.4.29

Skin depth.of the conducting medium at frequencS
.fr
10
MHz is given
as
-ffi
6_
or
OIt
70-2
/" i iot
Il,O:'7t
10-3
lou
(,fi
"
Now, phase velocity at another frequency
", _
Putting p,o: l0-3 f r
,,
ehspz
("fr:
1000MHz) is
^,/ Lto
in the above expression, we get
,,:ffi=ox1o6m/sec
10
MHz)
PaS"e 510
soL
7,4.30
Chap 7

Reflected power P, of. a plane wq,ve in terms of incident power
P;
AS
where,
is the reflection coefficient at the medium interface given as
rh_ rlt
-tr - -ETz*qt
(2!
where 41 and q2 are the intrinsic impedance of the two mediums (air and
glass) respectively. Since, the refractive index of the glass is 1.5
i.e.
flz : Ct/ llaz: I.5
where
Pa
e2
(3)
Ltn
(Permeability of glassi
crao
(Permittivity of glass|
So, putting these values in equation (3) we get
and
Jd :1.5
tu"
,h: ,/;:
rh
rh
1.5
T^
!Er
Therefore, from equation (2) we have
&- tru : 1 , 1'9 :-'!5

r :-#+rh-l+1'5Thus, from equation (1) the reflected power is given
(for
\^"^ free space 11: ryf
as
e:(ff"e
or'
*0L
7.4.31
E:n%

Skin depth of a material is defined
"{_-
as
,/;lF
Putting the given values in the expression, we get
(_
' _;ER 1x10ex4z-x10-7x106
*aL
7,4.32
15.9 u,m

The energy density in a medium having electric field intensity ,E is defined
a^s
where e is permittivity of the medium|el E l2

So, due to the field E:700\/; V/m in free space, the energy density is
we
," :
:
$0L ?,4,33
]1a.ss
1.3g
x 1o-"Xloo./;f
10-7 Jf m3
:13gnJ/m3

For a uniform plane wave propagating in free space, the fields E and E
are every where normal to the direction of wave propagation or and thei
direction are related as
o,6XAg:q',
i.e. the angel between electric field (ar) and magnetic field vector (o") i
always 90'.
sol
7,11.34

The incidence angle of an EM wave for wliich there is no reflection is calied
Brewster's angle. For the vertically polarized wave (parallel polarized wal.e)
the Brewster angle is defined as
tan0s11:
{?,
So, for the given dielectric medium we get
tanlBu: ,Fn
or,
EOL 7.4.35
: tan-t/i\
d"tt
\2)

Given, the electric field component of the EM wave propagating in free
space,
.D : locos(107 t + kz)ouy lm
The general equation of electric field component of an EM wave propagating
in a, direction is given as
So, we conclude
or
.E : Eocos(ut* kz)ouylm
that the EI\I wave is propagating in o. direction.
: 107 rad/s
2rf : 107
107
I __E
So,
.\
?:%g
X 2tr :188.5m
i.e. wavelength of the wave is

wave amplitude, Eo :70Y lm
wave
number'
:+: #: #
:0.033 ,ua1^
The wave doesn't attenuate as it travels. so, statement (2) and (3) are
correct.
?.rt.36 Option (B) is correct.

The incidence angle of a plane wave for which there is no reflection is called
Brewster's angle. For the parallel polarized wave, Brewster's angle is given
as
tanfll1,:
,/?
where r and 62 are the permittivity of two mediums respectively.

so, for the given parallel polarized plane wave the incidence angle (4) ro, ,ro
reflection is given as
or,
tanli: {#
4
: tan-t(+)
a for no reflection
a :90o - 0t
Therefore, the angle
83.66'
is
Page
5ff
Cbrp 7
Electromagnetic Wewr
-P.age
sor- ?.4.32'optio,{'@JifS,in-1dfut.
ffZ
7' "OhaP
nr"co.ori"g"*id
'cio"r', tii"Yffiil{#ibtic iinpedance of air,

? :360O
g, :lidin(ot-,pz)v lm
Waves
'So,
Ev =- p sin(ari
:-"
pz
75")Y I m
the time average piriler per'unit area is

1,
-LW'ove-2
Tl -2^
(D
(a'f +ln'l)
360
(3r+6r)
: ,1z .,n --T60L'6.25 x ro-zW/*?
:62.5'mW/-'
soL
7,4.38
bpiion (A) is'correct.

'Op'rirhing hequ'ehcy
'Midiirm"pafimeiers,
.f :'3'GHz : 3. x 10e Hz
p = 47T i<'ro-'H/m
e
Lo-e 136r
o, :5.8 x
10?S/r4
So, we have inirinsiC impedance dedned as
trl=ffi:
5.8
r.(
:2.02 x
Ztr
o,:|tan-'(#) =fxtun-' /
=2ng:4
So,
$oL
7.4.39
L0?
t;lo'tE il"
\tO?T
10_20
The phase angle of intrinsic impedance is given
| .. r
5.8
lr".
1t
as
107
r\ w
"
10-e
n:ln1{")o.\2et'/aQ
bption (D) is correct.

Given, the elecilic ffeH of a plane wave,
F:
5osin(108r+ 2z)quY lm
Compaiing it with tirp genqral exprps'siop electric field of a plpne wave
traveiling in a, directipn given aq
F : Erdb(at,* 1z)q
We Sp,t the directiou pf propagatip4 qf
sol.
?.4.40
t\e
givep plane S'ave is = s".
Option (C) is eorrept.

Civen thg Bleetric field,
F:
(g,"+ !qr)e-jP'
Sq, it is clgar lhat y-compor.reni of field lea{s tfe r-component by 90" and
the wavg p,fpPagaies'ip z-$irgption. The components are same. So, the tip
of electric fipld traVefge in crypulal pa,th in the plpckwipe directiqil and wave
prop4gates in z-directipn as ohpwn in figule.
Page bt3
Chap 7
Electromagnetic \ilaves
Therefore,
it is negative circularly
polarized wave
or (left hand polarized
wave).
?"4"dt

Consider the reflector is of angle 0 : 90' for which the incident and reflected
wave is shown in figure.
So' it is clear that the incident and reflected wave both makes same angle o
with the z-axis i.e. reflected w,aye in sarne direction.
?.,e.4? Option (A) is correct.

Since, after reflection the phase of both r aruJ y components
so the reflected wave wilr be also right circularty poi*ir"a.
will be reversed
?"ri"43 Option (C) is correct.

Given,
E : 10cos(6zr x
11: ltl
Electric field intensity of the wave

Permeability of mediurn,
108t
Permittivity of medium,
e :81e0
trlom the expression of the electric field, we get the angular frequency
:6r x
as
I08
The phase velocity of the wave is given
up-
br)ou
as
r:
,/ Pe
-ffi
:--3x108
9--: +, k:]-:Bxlosm/s)
p,oeo
So, the phase constant of the EM wave is
r.t_u_62rx108
P
- -
107%
lgzr radfm
"/
Page
Cbap
5r4
7
Electromagnetic
sor-
r.A.u
Option (A) is,correct. . ^ ,
phase
Given, the
Waves
veloaityoi the
plane wave in dielectric is 0.4 times ,r"
in free SpaCe
ap :0.4c
Sinee, the phase velocity of a medium having
"tj
i.e.
p is defined
(1)
permittivity 6 and permeability
as
,r-- .{ I
t',
So,
putting it in equation (1) we get
:0'4c
$oL
7.4.45
(lt:
lr^lt,,e
eo)
Poe,eo
/1\' :6'25
- : (oz)
@:
-):'1
{
Poeo

iven, the electric field in free space,
E(t,t) : 60cos(of - 2r)anY lm
So, we get thd.magnitude of the electric field as
Eo
:60
The time average power density in the electric field is given as

(6oY
o
-L4d-1'ave-2rlo-2..72Ur
Therefore, the average power'through the circular area of tadius 4 m is
Poo":(P*")x(trf)
:!
sol.
?.4.46
x{#
"
n(+l :240 w

The relation between electric and magnetic field of the reflected, transmitted
and incident wave is given below
E; : \tHt
E,:-qrH,
E1 : r12H1
So, (1) and (3) are correct while (2) is incorrect.
sol.
?.4.47 Option (D) is correct.

From snell's law,
nrsin4
,/ taqsinfa
,/ 1aQ$ sin6o'
nasinlz
: ,lffisin22
: ,/ 1tae2sinZ,
sind2-(r"+):./t-s>t
which is not possible so there will be no transmitted wave.
soL
7.4.46

(1) Consider Er is r-component and E2 is y-component so, when .Er and
Ez wlll be in same phase. The wave will be linearly polarized.
(a-+
1)
E1 and Ez will have any arbitrary phase difference then it will be

elliptically polarized.
(2) When
(drz)
(3) when -fi
leads
E, by 90" then a.rf increases,eounter
the wave is right circularly polarized.- ,
(c-3)
clockwise and so
7
Eldctromagnetic Waves
(4) when E1 lags Ez by 90" then the tip of field vector E will
sol.
7.rt,49
traverse
circularly in clockwise direction and left circularly polarized.
(b-a)

(a) Propagation constant for a perfect conductor is
'y:a+iB
where
a: g: ,/qy
a--+1
(b) Radiation intensity of an antenna

U(0,0)
is defined as
fPo,"
:,'w:(fi)tnr
(c)
b'+
qH6
q:#
so|.
7.4,50
Wave impedance of an EM wave is defined as

E6
c+3

An incident wave normal to a perfect conductor is completely reflected in
the reverse direction. The magnetic field intensity of reflected wave is same
as the incident wave whereas the electric field intensity of reflected wave has
the 180" phase difference in comparison to the incident field. (.r-:- 1 for
conducting surface).
i
I
sol
7.4.5{

Given,
Electric field intensity,

E : E,a,I Euau
The direction of wave propagation,
(trh : Az
So, the magnetic field intensity of the EM wave is given as
H:%xE
where, 4 is the intrinsic impedance of the medium. putting the expression
for electric field in equation, we get
H : Q x (E,a,t
sol-
7.4.52
Er%)
|(n,oo

In a uniform plane wave the field intensities are related
Eua,)
as
E:TH
where 4 is intrinsic impedance given as
,l:.@
\/ o * j,ue
Assume the medium is perfectly dielectric
of,
,l: /!
E_ ro
E: \/;
Page 515
'Chap
(o:
0). So, we get
Page 516
sol
?"4"s3
Chap ?
Eloctromagnetic lVaveq

The higher frequency (microwave) signal is continuously refracted on tbe
ground as shown in figure.
This phenomenon is called ducting.

soL
7"4"54

Given, the magnetic field intensity of a plane wave,
H : O.be o t, cos(106f - 2r)a.
(r)
The general expression for magrrctic field intensity of a plane wave travelling
in positive r-direction is
-* H11e "'cos(urf - 0r)o,

Comparing the equation (1) and (2) we get,
Wave
frequency,
cr,'
Wavelength,
106
rad/
:+:T
(2)
sec
:3.14
and the wave travels in *r-direction.

Since, the magnetic field inteusity points toward o, direction and the wave
propagates in * a, direction. So, directiou of electric field intensitv will be
AE :-
A* X A,a:_(O, X A"):
Therefore, the wave is polarized irr

intensity).
sot"
A,
o, direction (direction of electric field
?.4"5s Option (D)
is correct.
Flom Maxwell's equation, For a varying magnetic field B, the electric field
intensity .E is defined as
YxE
--0P
dt
Since, the magnetic flux density
B in terms of rnagnetic
vector potential is
given as
B:Y xA
So, fiom the two equations we have
haA
E :-'.:-
A : a"A,sin(ut-
Given,
7"4,$6
V:0)
pz)
n :-S[o,A,sin(at- 0r)]
:* a,uA,cos(wt- !32)
So,
stll.
(For V
dt

Given, the magnetic field inte'sity of the wave propagating in free space,
H(z.t): - Uf cos(, t.t

So, we conclut-le as
rlz)a,
direction of propagation,
:-
(trk
Q,
direction of magnetic field.

aH:au
So, the direction of electric field intensity is given
Page 517
a6: as X a7
:aux(-a"):-o,
and the electric field arnplitude is given as,
:[rirat- {cos(ut +
oz))
:-
20cos(c,'t+ l3z')
So. the eiectric field vector of EM wave is
E(z'
FST
TT
t)
20 cos(d
* Az) a,,

Given, the electric field intensitv of EM wave in phase form
E" : l\e-AY a,
as
So, we get
the phase constant.

A :4radlm
Since, the wave is propagatirrg irr free space, therefore, the angular frequency
a,' of the wave is given as
" 1r{ *108X4) :4

SOL
?",$.,$E
stx-
?"d,"$t,
as
'--.1-:.
"/
"ftto
Since, conductivity of the material is o
So, we get
ssL
?."$"6s
x 3 x lo8rad/s

A and R both true and R is correct explanation of A.
Option (B) is corrcct.
Skin depth of a material is defined
0.
' infinity

(1) In a conductirrg medium as the wave travels its amplitude is attenuated
by the factor e-o' (i.e. attemrated exporrentially).
(2) Conducting medium rloesn't behave as on open circuit to the EM \eld.
(3) In lossless dielectric (o: 0) relaxation time is defined as
l,:9
( ) In charge
free region
v,
cn
(p":0).
Poissions equatiorr is generalised as
:*?
V2V:0
which is Laplace equation. Therefore only statement 2 is incorrect.
g${" ?.*"sd

For a given electric field in liee space the average power density is defined as
pou,
: 2L ltrto :f(99:l-2I2Ur : tbrwattlm,
Chap 7
Electrouiagneiic Waves
as
Page 51E
$oL
?.4.62
Chap 7
Given,
Electromagrretic Waves
: l2}rcos(ut-
Since, the wave is propagating
pz)a,
in o, directions so, the magnetic flux
densit-v
of the propagating wave is
tt -e*x E -a,xfl20Tcos(c..'f - 1t)o"]

\o
\o
: cos(r,,lt - 0r)o,
(ax:
Therefore, the average power density of an EM wave is defined
o"\
as
poo":]n"1r x rr.)
: ]11tzo""os(r.rr- 0r)o,) x (cos(c.rf - p4q)l

:60na"
sol.
?.4.6s

Given, the electric field intensity is
E:
10sin(3zr
108t
-rz)a,*
So, the magnetic field intensity is given
E
H -&*X
rlo
:
7.4.64
ffisin(3zr x
10cos(Szr
108,
-nz)an
as
(Direction of propagation is
108,
rz)ao+
$cos(3zr x
108,
a1
4,)
nz)(- a,)

(1) For a perfect conducting medium the transmission coefficient is zero
but a medium having finite conductivity transmission coefficient has
some finite value. So it doesn't behave like an open circuit to the
electromagnetic field.
(2) Relaxation time in a medium is defined
as
t, -Ge
Which in turn given the values in the range of 10-20 sec. While the radio
frequency wave has the time period '?' in the range of nsec to psec. (10-e to
10-12) So the relation time at radio frequency/microwave frequency is much
less than the period.
(3) For a lossless dielectric (o:0) and so,
T,- 9tcn
(4) Intrinsic
impedance of a perfect dielectric (o
0) is
q : ,/T which is a pure resistance.

So, the statement (2), (3) and (4) are correct.
?.4.65

In free space electrons and photon both have the same velocity 3 x 108 m/s.
So, the velocity of electromagnetic waves is same as velocity of light.
So A and R both are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
?.4.66

Flom Maxwell's equation for an EM field, the divergence of the magnetic
flux density is zero.
V.B
l.e.
-.0
Page 519
v.(vx.4) -0
div curl A
sol
7,4.67
Chap 7
Electromagetic Tgaves
:0

Electric field intensity due to the current element is defined
E : !o
as
-!^-o"
nb"o
The magnetic flux density due to the current element is given
HI:
as
2n6o,
So, the poynting vector of the field is
P:ExIf
r_r :- *sus,'
,PF;uo
sol
?.4.68

All the three statements are correct.
sol.
7.4,69

Wavelength of a plane wave in any medium is defined as
),:2
-f
where
Since,
So,
: phase velocity
/ : frequency of the wave
a, : *
!Er
uo
,\ .,
!cr
2- t;
T-\/A
r
sol.
7.4.70
:4

The velocity of an EM wave in free space is given as
'u": Q:3 X 108m/s
and the characteristic impedance (intrinsic impedance) is given
as
Z":Ê:l2;tr
Veo
so both the terms are independent of frequency of the wave i.e. remain
unchanged.
sol
7.4.7'

Given, electric field intensity
.E
:5cos(loet+Boz)a,
So, we conclude that,
and
w:70e, and
g :9
since
up
p:
39
I- : --9:1
(clJe,)
Page,5!0
(For non magnetic nredium
''
. : I Pl\' -/30 x 31 10E\' : sr
"'-\r/-\
1oe )-
Chap ?
Eleeiromagnetic Waves
sor-
ur: -Ly
n='
?.4.?2

For attenuation of the wave the medium must have some finite conductir-it-s
dP i
o so this terrn b
o. In the given wave equation the term p"ff irr-rolrro,
responsible for the attenuation of the wave.
?.4.?3

The statement 1,3 and 4 are correct while statement 2 is incorrect
Gauss's law is applicable only for symmetrical geometry'
7"4.74 Option (D)
is correct.
InaGoodconductor
B:{lrfry
So,
u,
Phase veloci IY
: fr:,rl
4
po
?"4.?5 Option (B) is correct.

Given, the electric field intensity of the plane wave is
E(t) : l4lcos wta, - E2sin wtar]e- ik"
Since the components of the field are
and
i.e.
sot-
lE-l:E,
t'l
lnol: n,
So, the wave is elliptically polarized
lE"l + lE,l
?.4"?6 Option (D)
is correct.
skin depth is defined
dielectric,
For a lossy
as
r- '\
u-2t
so, as the wavelength increases the depth of penetration of wave al-so
increases.
i.e. Reason (R) is correct.

The Skin depth is the depth by which electric field strength reduces to
I : 37% of its original value i.e. Assertion (A) is false.
sol
7"4"77

The electromagnetic equation in terms of vector potential
Y2
$oL
?.,4,78
pr# :-
A is given
as
p,J

The wavelength of an EM wave propagating in a waveguide is defined
as
where ,\' is the wavelength of the wave in unbounded medium(free space),

I is the cutoff frequency of the waveguide and / is the operating frequency.
Now, for a propagating wave in the waveguide, the operating frequency is
higher than the cutoff frequency.
i.e.
. f f"+ f"lf <1
Putting it in equation (1) we get
l < r'
Page 521
i.e. W'ar,'elength of a propagating wave in'a wa,ve guide is smaller than

free
ssi*
SpaCr:
the
wavelength.
?"4.?s Option (B) is correct.

For a lossless dielectric medium
o:0
and propagation constarrt,
".t:a* jH:{J"p\"+tr]
a+ jJ - j'{t;;
i.o. g o G,
0 :,rfii
sel.-
T.d"s*

l-or a lossless rnediurn
(o: 0) intrinsic irrrpedance

't,
/lt"
tl: I /ile :_ V/Uu
i,.,\/
60r
is defined
as
[T
12ur(e,
r':4
s{3L
?"i$.s'! Option (C) is corrcct.

A field is saicl to be conseivative if the curl of the field is zero.
selL
?.{"r}a

Given. the rlagnertic field iritensity,
-E[ : 0.5e-0,'sin(lOot - 2r)a" Af m
Cornparing it u,'ith general expression of magnetic field intensity of wavt:
propagating in o, dirr:ction given as
.= Hoe-n'' sin(c"t
p,t:)o,,
\&b get
(i) the <lircr:tion of u.ave propzrgation is a,

(ii) o:0.1,p:2
So, propagat;ion constant ^l : a * j0 : 0.I :r j2
(iii)phase vt'locitv. t,r==
(it)
alt
1:
(trk' : a,
: &,,
!!I'' :5 x 10;m/s
So, dircction of polarization,

&E
ss{.
?"4.$3
:-(e1,
or) :-(o, X
a,)a,a i.e. wave is polarized along ar.
Optiorr (C) is correct.

Skin depth of any conducting rnedium is defined
6
So,
as
-t-- J nfpo
at a given frequency u:2trf
A*_'1.-anddo,-!:
ro
/t,
$sr-
?"*"{t{i
Optiorr (A) is correct.

Given, the clectric field interrsity of the plane wave,
_ E:
ChapT
Eleotromagnetic T[aves
l0sin(10c^rt
- rz)a,f
10cos(u,rt
- rz)a,
Page 522
So, the field components are
Chap 7
and
sol
?"4.rs
since,
So
the polarization is circular-

In free space electric field intensity is defined as
E :_qo(ao X H)
where a* is unit vector in the direction of propagation.
Given,
II : o.10cos(4 x 107t - pz)a, Alm
So, the direction of propagation, a1,: a,
and we have,
${}t- ?,4.ss
E,: 10sin(10a;t- rz)

E, : l0cos(wt- rz)
lA,l:lArl
-:*
x (0.10cos(4 x 107 t- gr)",)l (rro:

37.7cos(+ x to?t- gr)a,
3771a"
377 O)

Given the electric field in medium .4 is
-l? : 100 cos (wt - 6trr) z
In medium ,4.,
,:4,
F,: 7,
In medium B,
,:9t
Fr: 4,
So,
(a) intrinsic
impedance of medium
'B' is
,":#:rre:!rt2or:8or
(b) Intrinsic
(a-2)
impedance of medium ',4,' is

'to
:,/! : r[F^: ] 72on :

"
6otr
So, reflection coefficient,
lA : 802'- 6011
: 1
r :- !!,1"+ rt^ - EGloz + 60r 7
(c)
(b-3)
Tlansmission coefficient,
2rr, 2 x Sotr 8
-i:nB+ry:Eotrro;:7
(d)
Phase shift constant of medium ,4 is given from the field equation as
0
sor
7.4.87
(c-a)
:6r

Average power density in an
poo"
(d -+ 1)
EM
:1o"(*
wave is defined as
x rd)
:!*5ox#:3.316
So, the average power crossing a circular area of ra.dius
Por"
: (s.sto)(zr( /%f):
sol
7"4.88
J24 m is
: P*"(nf)
250
watt

Electric field amplitude,
Eo:lYllri'
Skin depth,
6 : 10cm:0.1m
So, the attenuation constant of the wave in the conductor is
o:i:10
1
Page 523
Now, the electric field intensity after travelling a distance z inside a conductor
is
Eoe-""
where, Eo is the field intensity at the surface of the conductor. so, the
distance travelled by the wave for which amplitude of electric field changes
to (.Ile')
(v/*) -;"1ff
"
e
Bnr,-r}z
"ez
E!
:2
z:20cm
702
Alternatively, since the skin depth is the distance in which the wave amplitude
decays to (l I e) of its value at surface. So, for the amplitude to be 7 f e2 of the
field at its surface the wave penetrates a length of. 26 :20 cm.
So A and R both are true and R is correct explanation of A.
7.4"ae Option (C) is correct.

For any media having conductivity,
o:0.
the intrinsic impedance is given
AS
,:r/T:,[Tro
sol-
?.rt-g{}
For media
1,
For media
2,
for media
3,
: fiGz7): 188 Cl
n, : ,pr@72) : 11319
n, : ,[f@TZ): s77 g
n,

For an EM wave a medium incident on another medium, reflection coefficient
is defined as
. _E,_ H,
'-E--E
r
and
So.
vv'
Z
7 -Tz-ry
rlr+ Tl, --22,Z+Z :-I3
4:-E
E --iI- -L3
#: 3 and ft:sol-
?"4"s1

For aperfect conductor conductivity 1 o
So, the skin depth of the perfect conductor is
6:_L:o
,/ nfPo
*>t***r<:kt<**<x
cp
Chap 7
Eiectromagnetic Waves
-l
TRANSMISSION LINES
IIITRODUCTION
Thansmission lines are the guided conducting stmctures which are used in
power distribution at low frequencies in communications. The main aim of
this chapter is to provide the overall concepts of rlansmission Line theory.
r Tlansmission lines parameters: primary and secondary constants.

o tansmission line equations: input impedance, reflection coefficient.
o Expression for characteristic impedance, propagation constant, and
velocity of wave propagation for various transmission lines: lossless line.
distortionless line.
a
a
Standing waves and standing wave ratio.

Smith chart: determination of line characteristics using Smith chart.
Transients on transmission line: bounce diagram.
TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS

The equivalent circuit of a transmission line is a distributed network. This
consists of cascaded sections and each section consists of a series resistance
-R, series inductance tr, shunt capacitance C, and shunt conductance G. One
section of the equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 8.1. Let us study the
primarv and secondary constants for transmissipn line.
lr'l:rirp !.1 : Equivalent Circuit of a tansmission Line
8.2.1 Primary
Constants
L, c, and G are called the primary constants

of the transmission line. The prirnary constants of a transmission line are
The distribufed parameters R,
defined as follows:
1. r? is defined as loop resistance per unit length of line.
2. tr is defined as loop inductance per unit line length.
i.e.
Z-ll,
Now, the input irnpedance at a distance
)14
from the load is defined
as
rhf
:4
-ZL
zr,
And sirrcc the transrnission line is open (Zr: *)

So'
Zn :0 which is purely resistive
i.e. R is correct statement.
In a lossless line voltage or current along the line are not constant.
i.e. A is not a correct statement.
soL
e"d.s? Option (A) is correct.

The characteristic impedance of a transmission line can be defined as below.
7 - lR+iaL
"u_fG+W
Zu
,/
Z^Z*
oV*
ztt_
f
So, all the three statements are correct.
sst s"d.** Option (C) is correct.

Given, load impedance of the transmission line is
Zr :0
So. the
(Short circuit)
input impedance of the lossless line is given

'7 ? I ZtI .iZohn Al\
"'n -- "u\zof rttt""ljl )
o 1 jZotanpll
)
: jZstanBI
as
: ",\__2,
$sN.
s.4.*4

Given,
Characteristic impedance,
Zo :600Q
Load impedance,
Zr. :900Q
So, the reflection coefficient of the transmission line is given
, -Zt-2,
,r_TrlZ,
_900-600
- 9Q[J6ffi -
as
u'z
ô
sst #.d.*$ Option (B) is correct.

The pr<-,pagation constant of a transmission lirre is defined
as
1=u\R+1rL)(G+1,,)
and the characteristic impe<lance is defined as
7 _ fR+jeL
to:le+j;z
7_ I
_R+jaL
-dTJwe :
j
"o
s$l-
&.s.s$

Characteristic impedance of a lossless transnrission line is defined as
zn ^Fz-7.,
where 2., is open circuit impedance and 2,, is short circuit impedance.
ftttr
g1rt
lb
Following are some important points about modes of wave propagation:
Page 624
Chap
Wavt{,aides
lil'arisvcti,e electric (TE) and tansverse magnetic (TM) modes are

cornmonly referred to as wavguide modes since' they are the only
modes *fri"n can exist in .n enilosed guiding structure.
2: I}.s[rlsferse electromagnetic
(TEef) modes cannot exist on
single
conductor guiding structures.

3. TE and TM modes are eharacterized by a cut-off frequency below
which they do not proPagate.
4, TE and Th{ modes can exist on transrnission lines but are generaly
undesirable (higher order modes).
'TEM
mades are sometime.s qalled transmission line modes since they
{).
are the d.ominant modes on transmission lines.
6. Tlansmission lines are typically operated'at frequencies below the
cut-off frequencies of TE and TM modes so that only the TEM mode
exists.
7.
R,
9.3
'Quari-fEM 'm6{ss:are modes which appronimate tiue TEM rnodes

r,*hen the frequency is sufficiently small.
The mode having lowest cut-off frequency is called dominant mode.
PARALLEL PLATE WAVEGUIDE
The paraliel plate waveguide is probably the sirnplest type of guide that
can support TM and TE modes; it carr also support a TEI\I rnode, since
it is forrned frorn two flat plates or strips, as shown in Figure 9.1. The
plates are assumed to be infinite in extent in the r-direction. It is assumed
that the wave propagates in a, direction, and the fields do not vary in the
o" direction. The characteristics of the various modes of propagation are
exa,mined in following sections.
1:
i1,r.r;r l).1:
Parallel Plate Waveguide
9.3.1 TE Mode
For TE morle irr a parallel plate waveguide, the non-zero field components
are expressed in phasor form as
H,":
H2(u)e-1"
: B,cos(T)u"
H, : Il:(y)"-r', : |B,sin(!\L)e "
i{
3. C is defined as shunt capacitance between two wires per unit lengtL

4. G is defined as the conductance per unit length due to the dielect
Page 526
Chap
Tlansmission Lines
medium separating the conductors.

The values of R , L , C and G depend on the geometry of transmission Ii
characteristics of the dielectric material and in some cases on the frequer
For coaxial, two-wire, and planar lines, the formulae for calculating t
values of R, L. G, and C are provided in Table below.
Table 8.1: Primary Constants of TYansmission Lines at High FYequencies
CitA ti
,,
:,,
;l$6i,t,{l{l
L,ine
,,|,,,:,,1...:.,l
-':
:.rt$.,t,,tit,t'll.l,lllt'
',','j&','
:ra*Il
- '
rrrr'rrr"
"
::.W.:,";:t:l,ti',:',:.,.:,::::,,,,::,,t:.;,,,,:::i);,,,:,:,,:.:
t ,-
lnlr,
\a;l:ataa., 8;:.:.:::::1.
-.t
::::::::::,,:::.,,. .:a::,::::.4:t::,:;.:
,$lm}',111,
..ff',i.,tu''< <
-d
*-!W3!e
-ffi
reW,+n[!J
Lyff'try-re'*
ffi*'
"'Wffi';As*d;ffiiffi
6W
f#%
'ryffi,hr;
ffi
".w"
j:*s.*{wiiffif
(")
";""*
-.;tSM
c}}ffi
ffi
(b)
.<*_._-,-,t
(c)
Figrn'r: 8.2: Ttansmission Lines: (a) Coaxial Line, (b) Two-wire Line, and (c) Planar
8.2.2
i,
Li !
Secondar
rdary Constants
The secondary constants of a. transmission line are
1. Propagation constant, 7
2.
zi1
L. Propagation
ragation Constant
t
t
Propagation constant of a transmission line can be defined as follows:

Propaga
DEFIt{lTlOtrl
ilolt Ir
I
I
I
l*^
For a transmission line with primary constants R, L, C and G,

propagation constant is given by
7:
.".G
Page 527
@+ 1"t')(G + ItC)
CbaP
DEFINITION II
Intermsofattenuationconstant'oandphaseconstant'B'thepropagation
constant is defined
as
7:a+
jp
DEFINITION III
Foratransmissionline,ifthevoltageandcurrentatsourceendbeV",l,'and
thevoltageu,'d"""""tatloadendbeV1'16t'henthepropagationconstant
for the transmission line is defined as
.y:20r"*,.(+)
: zoros',(f)ae
2. Characteristic ImPedance
Characteristicimpedanceofatransmissionlinecanbedefinedasfollows:
DEFINITIOil I
R,
For a transmission line with primary constants
characteristic impedance is defined
za
L, C
and G, the
as
: \,tGeries@
;E[nt-admittance
: I 1ETFT
G+ L'te
ll
Foratransmissionline,iftheforwardvoltageandforwardcurrentatany
pointbeVon,Io*;thenthecharacteristicimpedanceofthetransmissionline
DEFlNlTlol{
is given bY
o Vn*
ao:T
DEFINITIOX III
Foratransmissionline,ifthereflectedvoltageandreflectedcurrentatany
pointbeVo,Io;thenthecha^racteristicimpedanceof,thetransmissionline
is given bY
I.3
-v;
zo:_
h_
TRANSMISSION LINE EOUATIONS

as shown in Figure 8.3. If the voltage
Consider a transmission Iine of length I
locuiion on the line be v and 1, respectivelv,
and current at any arbitrary

then the transmission line equation is defined
d'Y
dz"
'
d2I^
as
: r,v
_
-rz1
dz"
wherelisthepropagationconstant.Thesolutionofthelineequationscan
be obtained in Phasor form as
V,(z):Vs*e"+Voe'"
rr+
v2
I,(r) : Is+ s-1'* Io e1' : h"-'" - oo ""
where
Ilansmission Lines
Vo*
and
ff
travelling
are the voltage and current for forward wave
Page 52E
Chap
+4,
d.irection, pnd 7n and di are the voltage and current

reflected wave travellilg along -* o," direction.
along
-j
Ttansmission Lines
+1,
+
Source
L,
I/o
Load
I
l
i"'lgr:r.*r
!.ll: Equivalent Circuit for defiling Transmission Line Equation
8.3.1 Input Impedance

At
of Tbansmission Line
source end of the transmission line. we have
: V"(z - 0) : Vo'* Vi
to:1,(z-0):W;%Ls
Vr
So, ttre input impedance of transrnission line is given bv
o -_V"(r:0) _ Zu(Vf + Izt)

""'
I"(z - 0) (V,f - Vo)
The input impedance can also be expressed
2,.
as
: z,ltr:,I i :ixiil,,l
where Zo is the characteristic impedance. I is the length of transmission
lir
is the propagation constant, and 21 is the load inrpedance given by
z':Yl- Ir.
where
77,
is the load voltage, and

-
V1
: V"(2:
is the load current defined as
17.
l)
:Vo*ett ny-"tl
11
: I,(2:
:Ya*-"
[1
""
Vn
2,,
""
Following are some impcirtant points related
to input impedance
transmissiorr line.
FOIltr$ Ts nEilFlilBxn
1. , 3'ar ,* shsrted tran*rnissi,ort
line,
(Zio)
Zr.:
Ze: A, the input impedance is

: Z.ranhll
"@,
2.
For open circrdted line.
3.
(Zn)o' : Zocoth-Yl
From the abole two results, we have
(Zi^)*(26)*
4.
For matched line,
Zt-
the inprrt impedance is given by
Zfi
26,Lhc input impedance is
Zrn
Za
Reflection Coefficient
Page 52e
,
rt
At the load termina.l,,the voltbge reflection coeffftient is defined

of voltage re{lection Wave to the incident wave, i.e.
n V;e''
as the
ratb,
'L - vte:i
which ean be further expressed
as
n -Zr-Zo
'r-Zr+Zo
The current reflection coefficient at any point on the line is the. neg?tive
the voltage.ieflection coefficient at that.point, so we have
Io'e't
_rn
L
rb'Ssr-ess
oJ.
-_fitr
rRnilsiltsglolt qfi
A transmission line is sd,id'to be lossless if
the' conductors of, the line,ar.e.

perfect, or oc: oo and the d,i'electric medium between the, lines 'is lgsslbss,
et , o 4 :0. Some important characteristics of a lossless tranbrnissiort line ate
given below
Primary Constantb of a Lossless Line

For a lossless transmissircn line,
1.
2.
lr
Series'riasistance is zero, i.e.
-B:O
Shunt conductance is zero, i,e.
G:
Setondary Constants of a [ossless Line

Using the above condition for lossless line, ve obtain a generalisd expression
for secondary constants as follows:
Itopagation Cotrst<rnt
The propagation constant of a lossless transmission line is obtalned as
ory
: ,t@ + vuL){G + jwe : \/$ +MQT6q

: julEO
= jP:iaJLC
Thus, the attenuaiion and phase aonstants sf transmission line is giryen by
0:0,9:uJLC
Characteristic ImPedance
The characteristic irnpedance of a lossless tra,nsmissiotr line is obtdined
Zoa
-\/
4.S
/-T
C
Velocity of Wave Propagation in a Lossless Llne

The velocity of propagation in a lossless transmissiron line is given by
,r: u1
p:m
,4.4
Input Impedance of a Lossless Line

We have just derived the propagation constaart for a lossless line as
as
chp
lbwiseimfiD8
r
"Y:jp
Page 530
Chap 8
flansmissisl Linsg
So, we have
tanhTl
: tanhj|l: jtanpl
Thus, the input impedance for a lossless line is obtained as
ry : zoLZ;+
ry[Zt* Zotanhill
z,i"
Z;iunh.yl l
I Zt -l jzotan gll
,
- "olzJ
jzLtanml
8.5
DISTORTIONLESSTRANSMISSIONLINE
A transmission line is said to be distortionless when the attenuation
a is frequency-independent and the phase constant, p is linearly
on the frequency.
8.5.1 Primary
Constants of a Distortionless Line
For a distortionless line, the required condition is satisfied when the

constants are related as
RG
T:E
8.5.2
Secondary Constants of a Distortionless Line

Using the above condition for distortionless line, we obtain
expression for secondary constants as follows:
The propagation constant of a distortionless transmission line is obtained
: r/@+ jufi@T j,Q

: f nc(.+)(,++
:/nc(t.+):a*io
Thus, we obtain the attenuation and phase constants
as
:,/ RG
g:r/LC
o
Characteristic f mpedance
The characteristic impedance of a distortionless line is obtained
as
- tR-+ iaT
4u-\/
G+pC
- | FGrlil
e(+ rdfq
tE tT
:\/G:t/e
8.5.3
Velocity of Wave Propagation in a distortionless Line

The velocity of propagation in a distortionless transmission line is given by
1
.. _a_
_B_JE
",
The comparison between the propagation parameters of

transmission lines are given in table below.
various
Table 8.2: Propagation Parameters for Different Types of Lines
Ftr t
Page 531
Chap 8
I!'ensnission Lines
iittr,6l,lffi:
:
',s.
ls#f6,.
zo
,ffi',*..ffi
:.($.
r&
.9,
E.6
STANDING WAVES IN TRANSMISSION LINE
If the receiving end of a transmission line is not perfectly matched, there

will be reflection of the voltage and current. As a consequence of reflection,
a stand,i,ng waue r;rray be visualised as an interference between the incident
signal I/6+ at a given frequency, travelling in the forward direction, and the
reflected signal tr/6 , at the same frequency, travelling in the reverse direction.
Standi,ng waue rat'io is defined as the ratio of the maximum voltage (or
current) to the minimum voltage (or current) of a line having standing

waves.
V^^" 1-"" 1+ltLl
" -E
-4;-irll-,l
Q_vmu_rmu_'tl'L
Following are some important points about standing waves:

POIIITS TO REMEMAER
,.1,,,,,,1,St
.*a@,,,,a,r*.so;nl1
,:l$X**l;i*,wi*.'l X
but never moves literally.
along the line is constant,

.lMe.
Bo
,fur,q*plitude
h[e'Sl
8.7
bubre
SMITH GT{ART
The Smith chart is basically a graphical indication of the t*o"dr"""
transmission line and of the corresponcling reflection coefficient as one "r.l
-oo'o I
along the line. The Smith chart is constructed within a circle of unit radils I
(l i. I 5 1) as shown in Figure 8.4. f,. and f, are the real and imaginary purrc
I
the reflectio"
tr*hndtdrtiht,tffi$
-ltt:Tl',il:
r,+
jri
@l
(8
uI
i trt:t,s-lll:l,s:m
lrl:0, s:1
tr;igurr: I.,1:
Unit Circle on which Smith Chart is Constructed
Let the norlatized_^y

,,,,
for the transmission line
;:^"nce
,t : Z,:
r* .lir
Since, the reflection coefficient is defined
be
I
...(8.2)
a^s
:ffi:ffi1:t;
r,:fo--$:e-t:zt'-r
"'(8'3)
So, by solving equations (8.1), (8.2), and (8.3) we get
2,.:r*i,:f*,Pfi
8,7.1
..(84)
Constant Resistance Circles

Equatingthe real parts in equation (8.4), we get the expression for r-circles
on Smith chart
as
_*[,
_
[r ,=rl' + r? i
These circles are also called constant'1,

resistance circles. Figure g.5(a)
shows typical r-circles for a transmission line. Some important properties of
r-circles are given below.
PROPERTIES OF T.GIRGLES
t
1
ir
"t;
2.
tfw.ee$tfe$:of:rit1''i1"i1*1es'1ie on the
The
r:
,,', , . ,r ':
'
0 circle having a unit radius and centred at the origin, is the
largest.
3. The r-circles become progressively
smaller as r increases from 0

r;fl * 0) point'fiai apon iircuit.
4. All r-circles pass througtr ttre (J'" : L,l;:0) point.
.ir',,r;,,r l lra
at the
(fl.,==
hn
h*rb
(r, t12)
(u)
,
liiguri:
r.i:
(b)
Typical Circles on Srnith Chart: (a) 'Iypical r-circles, (b) Typical tr-circles
J,7.2
Constant Reactance Circles

Again, equating the imaginary parts in equation (8.4), we get the expression
for r-circles
as
lf *[.,- ]1":[]l'
lr.-l
These circles are also called constant resistance circles. Figure 8.5(b)
shows typical r-circles for a transrnission line. Some important properties of
r-circles are given below.
i
i
I
t
l.
,,,
**,prrrE*ell*-.,,,
',,;
i;;ti;::;:;i!;;;i'i.,,;iti rii'
L',The,ce , - 'of an'r*eides"lie,on the J-.= I line; tfuqry.fsr:s,>.9iL

,r..,,.,,.{induiiive',ieaet gl ,,.abo1g.,1t}&.. +elti*;t*.hd.,.!}i!f$',SoI.:-,ri{,0
(capacitive reactance) lie below the f'-a:ris.
.
I
I
:
z:::':'::
me: :A * 0',cirole b'eiomiig''the &a&tr*']l'],-,',].
.;::,
r', r r
-':
r'"r':'
,e,r'tt"
,iiecome progree*i.vely, sniailgf asllcl,,ix*!ryi4'hsq,O"
"-ctrcles
oo, ending'xrili'g{ *r fl.r; :,0i,,poii1t
.. : ; tnward
,9ry1_ :itcuit,
::r4, 911,
p-ass tbroq :thd,(1.:; *:,,1; fi,*-.0):.p4&ii. :,:,: : , :: , . ,..:: ,
. l :':t
:
:t,
.
'
.
.
_,r,,, .:
"*;rcles
.'.::aa
.'.'
Application of Smith Chart

Smith chart can be used for the following purposes:
1. To find the normalised admittance from normalised impedance
a,nd
vice-versa.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
To find the parameters of mismatched transmission lines

To find the standing wave ratio for a given load impedance'
To find the reflection coefficient.
To find the input impedance of a transmission line.
To locate a voltage maximum on a transmission line'
To design stubs for impedance matching.

The methodoiogy to determine some Iine characteristics using smith
chart is given below.
hf
Page 534
Chap
tullFf$ry!$rF ras, trrftE Hamcr*Rlsrrcs
Ilansmission Lines
% is xSt
':i$:rffu9,,,{6$
.sti
:I
step
t*:.
ry::'llYagU.
:.Seith.chert at,point P where:'r
ee*i.
d:'circle
5a,,
.'..,1.i,;:r.::::rl.illi
Z; + &oa,
8.8
TRANSIENTS 01{ TRANSTIISSION LINE
When a pulse generator or battery connected to a transmission line is

it takes some time for the current and voltage on the line to
reach steady values. This transitional period is called the transient.
Tyansit
time is defined as the time for the waves traveling in the positive direction
to reach the load and interact with it, i.e.
switched on,
T:l
where
ap
is the length of the transmission line, and

0 wave along transmission line.
,r.,0
is the velocity of the
Page 535
Chap 8
flnnspis5i6a [,ia6s
f&l
Instantaneous Voltage and Current on I!'ansmission Line
After ?
secondsT the wave reach the load. The voltage (or current) at the
load is the sum of the incident and reflected voltages (or currents). Thus,
V(l,T)
and
I(I,f):
the generator,
so
V+
* V-: V* lr.V:(t+
1+* I-
: Io- lr.Io:(I *
tr)V"
fL)l"
where l-z is the load reflection coefficient. The reflected waves V- : lr,V
and 1- :- lt lo travel back toward the generator in addition to the waves %
and 1" already on the line. At time t - 27, the reflected waves have reached
: V+ * V- : lclt V+(t + ft)V

: (1+ f r.t fcf t)V"
I(0,2r) : 1+ * I- : - lc(- ILI") + (7 * rL)l"
:(1_ ft-ttr,fc)l"
V(0,27)
and
where J-6 is the generator reflection coefficient given by
Zo- Zo
rc:Zo+Z
Again the reflected waves (from the generator end) trz+ : lcltV, and
I+: le lr,Io propagate toward the load and the process continues until the
energy of the pulse is actually absorbed by the resistors Zn and 27.
8.8.2
Bounce Diagram
Instead of tracing the voltage and current waves back and forth, it is easier
to keep track ofthe reflections using a bounce diagram. The bounce diagram
Page 6fG
chrp
Xtagrnitdoa
fin6
consists of a zigzag line indicating the position of the voltage (or curr
wave with r@pect.tb,the gbnerator end, as shown in Figure 8.7. On
bounce diagram, the voltage (or current) at a,ny time may be determined by
adding those values that appear on the diagram above that time.
f:fr,
z: I
l: lc
z:0
f
f:-lz
z: I
f:-lc
z:0
,:0
2tr
-tctlt"
rcr.lu"
4tt
rir?.u
i
i
rZrT
6tr
(")
(b)
i:'igurt ii-7: Bounce Diagrarn for (a) Voltage Wave, (b) Currerrt Wave
l
*
f**********
iI
:i
'I ",2'ili
''
,t,' ' "',,
:l#
"
PrggSt?
'''lbp
llennmisgisa Lins
HCg 8,{,1
I
-t
[co
a.1.2
Assertion (A) : A sinusoidal voltage u;: Vscos(4 x 10an.t) is applied to the

input terminal of a. transmission line of length 20 cm such that the wave
propagates with the'Velocity c : 3 x 108 m/s on the line. It's outprrt voltage
will be in the same phase to the inpirt voltage.
Reason (R) : Tlansmission line effects can be"ignored if.{ < 0.01.
where"
wave.
I is the length of transmission
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
arid R both are true and R is correct explaruif,ionrof A.

and R both are true but R is not correct explanation of A.
is true but R is false
A
A
A
A
is false
HCd 8.r.4
The space between the strips of a parallel plate transmission line is filled of
a dielectric of permittivity, e,:1.3 and conductivity, o
= 0.If the wi{th of
the strips is 9.6 cm and the separation between them is 0.6 cm then the line
parameters G' and C' will be respectively
(B) 0.02mS/m, 0.14nF/m

(D) 1.8 mS/m, 0
"
Inductance and capacitance per unit length of a lossless transmlssion line are
250nHlm and 0.1nF/m respectively. The velocity of the wave propagation
and characteristic impedance of the transmission line are respectivelv.
(A) 2 x 108m/s, 100O

(C)2x108m/s,50f,)
(B) 3
:0.2k0/m, L' :
propagation constant, 7 will be

(A) (0.5 * j1.2) m-'
(C)
+p.5)m-1
(1.2
t08m/s, 50fl
100f)
at a
frequency 6 x 108 ra<i/s has the

pH/m, G' :gpS/m, C, : pF/m. The
(B) (0.10 * p,.4)m-l

(D) (2.4+p.10)m-t
The parameters of a transmission line axe given as R' : Lo?lrn',

L' :0.IpH/m, C' : I0 pF/m, G' : 40pS/m. Ii ttre transmission line
is operating at a frequency, a:1r2 x 10erad/s then the characteristic
impedance of the line
MCQ 8.t.6
(D)3x108m/s,
transmission line operating
parameters R'
illcQ Lt.s
ind ,\ is the wavelength of the
but R is true
(A) 0, 0.02 nF/m

(C) 0, 0.18nF/m
htt t'''
J
fr
line
(A)
50
(c)
100
wiil
be
J2Q
- j|o
(B) 4 - j100f)
(D) 100 + rto
A parallel plate lossless transmission line consists of brass strips of width

u and separatbd by a distance d. If both ,u and d a,re doubled then it's
characteristic impedance will
(A) halved
(C) not change
(B) doubled
(D) none of these
Page 538
r**{l
8"1.7
Phase velocity of voltage,wave
$c&
8.1"8
Qhap 6
T!'onsmission Lfurcs
in a distortion less line having characteristic

impedance, Zo : 0.1kO , and attenuation constant' o : 10 mNP/m is
ap:0.5 x 108m/s. The line parameters ,t' and L' will be respectively
(B) 10kQ/m, 2p"Hlm
(A) 1A/m,0.5nH/m
(C) 2Olm, 1pH/m
(D) 1A/m, 2p"Hlm
distortionless line has parameters .R' :4o,lm and G' :4 x 10-4S/m.
The attenuation constant a,nd characteristic impedance of the transmission
line will be respectively
(B) 100 NP/m1 4 x 1o-2 f)

(D) 0.01NP/m, 25C)
(A) 25NP/m, 0.01O
(C)4x10-2NP/m, loo0
n*c0 s.t.E
150
f) transmission line is connected to a 300 C) resistance
and to a 60 V
DC source with zero internal resistance. The voltage reflection coefficients at

the load end and at the source and of the transmission line are respectively
(B) -1, -1
(A) - L, 713
(c) rl3, t13
Mcg $.1"{$
A purely
(D) 1/3,
-1
resistance load, Zr, is connected to a 150 0 lossless transmission

it has a voltage standing wave ratio of 3. The possible value
Iine. Such that
of Zr will be
(B) 450 O
(D) none of these
(A) 50 CI
(C) (A) and (B) both
voltage generator with or(t) - 3cos(er x 10ef) volt is applied to a

100 O lossless air spaced transmission line. If the line length is 10 cm .and
it is terminated in a load impedance ZL:(200-1200)Q then the input
impedance of the transmission line will be
(B) (i2.5 - j12.7)a
(A) (50 - jso.s)c,
(D) (25 - j25.\a
(c) (25.4 - 125) o
8.1'{1 A
8.{.{2
Phase velocity of a voltage wave in a transmission line of length I is oo. If

the transmission line is open circuited at one end and short circuited at the
other end then the natural frequency of the oscillation of the wave will be
(t) Tf ; n:0,1.......oo
e) Q!#1"1 n: r,2,8,....a
ereQ 8"t.{3
(D)
P!#!"
;n
: 0,1,.......*
fff; n: 1,2,3.....oo
At an operating frequency of 500H2, length of a transmission lihe is given'

by l: .\/4. For the same transmission line the length at l kHz will be given
by
(A)
(c)
MCO A-1.{4
@)
': *
l: +
'
(B)
I:+
(D) none of these
A transmission line is operating at wavelength '^'. If the distance between

successive voltage minima is 10 cm a,nd distance between load and first
voltage minimum is 7.5 cm then the distance between load and first voltage
maxima is
(A) .\/8
(c) 5ll8
(B) 3^/8
(D)
^14
'GQ
8,'tr,tS
A z-polarized transverse erectromagnetid wave (TEM) propagating along

a
parallel'plate transmission line filled,of perfect
diereciric t; ;; direction.
Let the eiectric ahd nragnetic fierd of the wave be
E and. -Er respectively.
Which of the following is correct relation for the fields.
(rt#:o
@+:;
(C) Both (A) and (B)

IGQ
S,{,16
lcQ 8"{,'t?
(D) none of these
Distance of the first voltage maximum and first

current maximum from the
load on a 50 o lossless transmission rine are respectively
4.b cm and 1.5 cm
' If the standing wave ratio on the transmission rine is
^9: 3 then the load
impedance connected to the transmission line will
be
(A)
(e0
(c)
(30
- to)o
jr2o)Q
(B) 10 f,
(D) (40 - 730)c)
Total length of 50 Q lossress transmission rine terminated

in a load. impedance
zL : (30 + J15) f) is / : 7
as shown in figure. The total input impedance
across the terminal AB will
^120be
,7\
20
zL:$0+fl')
rcQ 8,1.18
(A)
(38.3
(c)
(64.8
- 164.8) 0
- 738.3)fl
(B) (1e.2 - j32.4)a

(D) (32.4 - jrs.2)a
Assertion (A) : The input impedance of a quarter

wavelength long lossless
line terminated in a short-circuit is infinity.
Reason (R) : The input impedance at the position
where the magnitude of
the voltage on a distortionless line is maximum is purely
real.
(A) A and R both are true and R is correct explanation
of A.
(B) A and R both are true but R is not the correct
explanation of A.

Common Data For e. lg and 20 :
A voltage generator with oo(l):10cos(gzr xr07t-30) and an internal
impedance zs: 30 o is appried to a 30 o iossless
transmission rine that has
a relative permittivity e,:2.2b and length,
/: 6 m.
:Q &{.{9
If the line is terminated in a road impedance, 21:(g0- j10)o,

then what
will be the input impedance of the transmission line ?
(A) (0.05 - p.01) CI
(B) (50.62 p3.a8)e
(c)
!Q 8.{.20
(e2.06
21.80)
CI
(D) (23.14 +75.a8) A
The input voltage of the transmission line will be

(A) a-acos(8?T x 107r+ 22.56")
(B) a.acos(8rr
(C) a.acos(8n x 707 t- 22.56")V
(D) a.acos(8n
i lorr
x
102,
-g7.44")v
_ g0.) V
Page 539
Chap 8
Tlansnissi6n I/i[q6

Two equal load impedances of 150 o are connected in.parallel through a
of transmission line, and the combination is connected to a feed transmissil
lien a^s shown in figure. All the lines are lossless and have characteristh
impedance Zo: 700Q.
Page 540
Chap 8
Tlansmiesion Lhes
150
M{:& A,l.2t
The effective load impedance of feedline (Zi,') equals to
(A) (7.04 - it7.2qa

(B) (35.20 + 7s.62)f)
(c) (35.20 - i8.64a
(D) (s.62 + 135.20) {-l
MGQ 8.1.22
The total input impedance of the feedline (line 3) will be
o
(c) (215.14+j113.4)CI
(A)
lrlcQ s"t"23
(2.15
- jr.rr;
(B) (215.14 - ji13.4)o

(D) (107.57-756.7)O
GHz voltage generator with 7,, : 150 volt and an internal resistance
zg:100o is connected to a 100o lossless transmission line of length
l: 0.375,\. If the line is terminated. in a load impedance zt: (100 - J100) o
then what will be the current flowing iu the load ?
0.3
(A) 0.67cos(e x rOst- 108.4")

(B) 0.67cos(6zr x 108t- 108.4")
(C) 75cos(3 x 1o8r- 108.4')
(D) 0.67cos(6zr x t08t- 135")
MCO 8.{.24
i,tcQ 8.{"25
The input impedance of an infinitely long transmission line is equal to it's

characteristic impedance. The transmission line will be
(B) lossless
(A) slightly Iossy
(D) (B) and (C) both
(C) Distortion less
At time f : 0 unit step voltage generator 7, with an internal

R, is applied to
permittivity :
Rs
\;,
resistance
a 100 Q shorted transmission line filled with dielectric of

4o as shown in figure
Short
circuit
The voltage 'raveform for any'iime

figure below
lEoat
the sending end is sown in
Page 541
Chap
Ilansmission Lines
6V
1.5
V
0
Vn and,B, will be respectively equal to

(A) 30volt, 19.2Q
(B) 3S.4volt,60f)
(C) 60volt, 38.4f)
(D) 19.2volt, 30Q
Cornmon Data For e. 26 and 27 :

A 1'5 m section o an airspacd lossless transmission line is fed by a unit
step voltage generator % : 30 volt with internal resistance
Rg:200O. The
transmission line is terminated in a resistive load Zr,: b}e
and characterized
bY
Zs:100f).
rcE 8:t.26 The
bounce diagram of the transmission line
l": l/3
z:0
Tr:-r/3
z: Lbm
will
be
Il :1/3
\:-1/3
z:
L:
5ns
I.JM
10 ns
10 ns
(A)
(B)
lll
ns
30 ns
20 ns
ft:-I/3
z: Lbm
tr:
= 1/3
113
Z:L5m
5ns
5ns
10 ns
(c)
15 ns
0.74 Volt
(D)
-i.rr
vori
15 ns
Page 542
rR,Chal
'
a.'i"c? The
instantaqeous. voltage waveform
u(t)
at the, sending end
of
the
transmission line.will be
TYansmission Lines
o(t), Volt
t
10
(B)
(A)
i.
6.67
5.6
10
10
t(nsec)
t(nsec)
r4.4
13.3
10
'(D)
(c)
1o
s..r.zs
t(nsec)
1o t(trt"c)
The SWR circle' LrLz' is shown on the smith chart for a lossless transmission
line.
If line'is
terminated in a load.,Zr.= 50e.then the possible value

of the
characteristic impedance of the line will be
(A)
0
(c) 20 0
125
(B) 250 0
(D) (A) and (C) Both
Page 543
Chap
IhansmiEsion Lines
Common Data For Q.29 to 32 :

A lossless transmission line characterized by Zo:100O is terminated
in a
toad Z7: (100 +yb0) O
8.1.2e
The reflection coefficient of the line will be
(A) 4.+e-'''u'
(C) +.+et'a'
8.{.3o
8'{'31
The input impedance at a distance of 0.35,\ from the load

will be
(A)
(0.61 _
(c)
(61
fr.22)o
- r2.2)o
(B) (61 +p.2)a

(D) (0.61 + J0.022)a
The shortest length of the transmission line for which the

input impedance
appears to be purely resistive will be

(A) 0.25^
(c)
McQ 8,1.32
(B) o.24en6'
(D) 0.24en6'
0.106^
(B) 0.456^
(D) 0.544)
The first voltage maximum will occur at a distance of
(A) 0.106.\ from toad

(B) 0.1441 from load
(C) 0.106.\ from Generator
(D) 0.144) from generator
'o"o
u'@
jlaismission line of characteristic

|inductor
impedance 50 e is terminated by an
A positive wave with constant voltage Vo: l volt is incident on the

load
terminal at t:0. At any time f the resulting negative
wave voltage at the
load terminal will be
(A) (1 - 2e-2,t)Yott
(B) 12"-ru, - 1)Volt
(C) ze-25'Volt
(D) 1"-2" - 1)Volt
8't.34 A
transmission line has the characteristic impedance zn

and the voltage
standing wave ratio is
The
line
impedance
on
the
transmission
line at
^9.
voltage maximum and minimum are respectively.
(^) z,s,
(C) zrS,
zoS
zos
@)
?,
@)
?,?
Page
i4a
HCA Ll"3$
Chan,Q
Ttansmissior Lines
Consider th; iir."e;d$iiiii{s'&iirtri'sic impedancs ?r r \2 and,4, respettlvd

as $hown in tit" figl?e1 Wtiai'will be the thickness 't' and intrinsic impedanc
,rlz,,ofthe, medium 2 for which the refleitbd wave having wavelength'')'ir
eliuriuated in medium 1 are
(A)
(B)
(c)
(D)
s.t.36
intrinsic impedance
thickness'f'
42
frt'Tt
,6Jn'
{nJ,t'
{nnt
^14
^12
^14
^12
A transmission line has characteristicp impedance 100'Q and standin$'warc

ratiq 3. The distance between the first voltige maximum and load is 0.1251
. Load impedar,rce of the transmission line is
(A)
(Bo
+to)f,
(c)
(3'o
- j4o)o
8"r.3? A
(B) (60 + i8o) o

(D) (60 - j80)o
10OO lossless transmission line with
it's parametet L' :0.25pH1rn
and
c' :100PF/m is terminated by it's characteristic impedance' 15V

voltage source with internal resistance 50 O is connected to the transmissirr
line at t:0. Plot of the voltage on the line at a distance 5m frdm th
source against time
will
be
I
j
10v
(D)
mco B,{,3S
lossless transmission line terminated by a load impedance Zt, * Zo is

connected to a D.C. voltage source. Ttre height of the first forward voltage
pulse is yi. If the voltage reflection coefficients at the load and source a.re
respectively Ir, and "ln then the steady state voltage alross the load is
'r[ffi]
(c) yr(f#)
tB)
1aj
(D)
*x*xxr******
vr(#)
yr(1+)
EXERCI$E 9.2
Page 545
Ghap
Ilalrgdidlon I{Bet
QUES 8"2,1
transmission line is formed of coaxial line with an inner conductor

diameter of 1 cm and an outer conductor diamet er of 2 cm. If the
conductor
has permeability p":2p' and, conductivity o":l!.6 X 10?S/m
then it,s
resistance per unit length for the operating frequency of. 4GHz
will be
----
CI/*.
QUES 8.2"2
A transmission line formed of co-axial line with inner and outer diameters
l.b
cm and 3 cm respectively is filled with a dielectric of permeabirity :2p..
1r
It's line parameter .L' will be equal to ____ nH/m.
ous
A co-axial transmission line is filled with a dielectric having conductivity,

o :2 x 10-3 s/m. If the inner and outer rad.ius of the co-axial line
a,re
9"2.3
1/8 cm and Ll2cm respectively then the conductance per unit length
of the
transmission line will

I
I
qus
be
mS/m
I'n'4 If permittivity of the dielectric filted inside the coaxial
transmission line
having inner and outer diameter 1 cm and 4 cm respectively is
: ges then
the capacitance per unit length of the line will be
pF/m.
____
QUES 8.2"5
A parallel plate transmission line consist s of 2.4 cm wide conducting

strips having conductivity, o:1.16 x 108S/m and permeability p: pa
is
operating at 4 GHz frequency. what will be the line parameter
ft''(in him
)?
quxs
8.2"S
,4. parallel plate transmission line is formed by copper strips

width
w: 4.8 cm separated by a diotance d: 0.Bcm. If the dielectric fiiledofbetween
the plates has perrneability, pr :2po then what will be the ind'ctance
per
unit length (nH/m) of the transmission line

QUr$ s,2.7
A 1 GHz parallel plate transmission rine consists of brass strips of

conductivity o : 6-4 x 107 s/m separated by a .dielectric of perryrittivity
e : 660. If the axial component ,and transverse component
of the electric
field in the transmission line is .8, and E, respectively then E"
I Eu equals to
x
10-5.
QUES
Lt.s
Qucs
8'2'e Amplitude of a voltage wave after travelling a certain
After traveling a distance'of 20 m along a transmissfon line, the voltage

wave
remains 13 % of it's source amplitude. what is the attenuation
constant
(NP/m) of the transmission line ?
distance down a
transmission line is reduced by 87 %. If the propagation constant of

transmission line is (0.5 + p. )tben the phase shift in the voltage
Page 546
Chap E
Trmmission Lines
-u'*l
degrees.
ours $,2.{o A transmission line operating at 5 GHz frequency has characteristic impedance
Zo:800 and the phase constant 0:l.\rad/m. The inductance per unit
nH/m.
Iength of the transmission line will be
I
I
----
I
I
of 6volt and minimum magnitude of.2.4volt. The reflection coefficient of I
the transmission line is
I
I
euEs 8.2"{2 An insulating material of permittivity e : 9es is used in a 25 O lossless co I
axial line . If the inner radius of the coaxial line is 0.6 mm then what will be I
eu;s
a,n.ri
The voltage wave in a lossless transmission line has the maximum
it's outer radius (in mm)
ouss
magnitude
I
line of cha,racteristic impedance Zo:25{l is I
connected to a loa.d impedance ZL: (15 - J25)C). What will be the standing I
s.z.rt A
lossless transmission
. wave ratio on the line
I
I
euE$
qucs
s.t.t4
lossless transmission line is operating at a frequen cy of.2MHz. When the

line is short circuited at it's output end, the input impedance appears to be
equivalent to an inductor with inductance of 32 nH but when the line is open
circuited at it's output end, the input impedance appears to be equivalent to
a capacitor with capacitance of 20 pF. What is the characteristic impedance
(itt O) of the transmission line ?
section of a 100O lossless transmission line terminated in a 150O

^14 load is preceded by another .\/4 section of a 200 0 lossless line as
resistive
shown in figure. What is the input impedance, 26 (in Q)?
s.2"is L
150 Q
Cornmon Data For Q. 16 and 17:

A load impedance Zt:(0.3 *"ro.s)k(-) is being connected to a lossless
transmission line of characteristic impedance zo: 0'5 ko operating at
wavelength,\:4cm.
s.z.i6 What will be the distance (in cm) of the first voltage maximum
load
from the
I
I
l
I
i
i
I
QUss
6.r'{?
The distance of the first current maximum from the load will be
cm.
QUE$
a'2.r8 A
QUES
s,2.1s A voltage generator Vs:b}}volt with an internal resistance

Zc:100A is
applied to a configuration of lossless transmission lines as shown in
figure.
The power delivered to the load Zu will be
watt.
QuEs
voltage generator Vg:Ib}V with an internal resistance Zs:I}}e

is
connected to a load zt : LS} e through a 0.15.\ section of a 100
o lossless
transmission line. What is the average power (in watt) delivered
to the
transmission line ?
Zn:I50
Zn:I50
8"2'20 An infinitely long lossy transmission line with characteristic

impedance
Zot:200 O is feeded by a ),12 section of 100f) lossless transmission line as
shown in figure. If a voltage generator V"c: 4y with an internal resistance
zc: 700 Q is applied to the whole configuration then the average power
transmitted to the infinite transmission rine will be
mw.
Zoz:I0O
Qi
Zot:200
Commsn Data For Q. 2l and,22

A unit step voltage generator is applied to a 100 f,) airspaced rossless
transmission line at time, f : 0. At any time, r > 0 the voltage
waveform at
the sending end of the transmission line is shown in the figur" berow
,
z
Page 547
Chap 8
Tbangmission Lines
rage
Ftap
rje
&uns
8.x"2{ The length of the transmission line will be
meter.
Tlarsmlsdon Irines
eur* e.s-ss The unit step generator voltage connected to the line has an internal
resistance Rs:100f). What will be the load impedance (in O) connected
to the transmission line

A quarter wave dielectric of thickness 'l' and permittivity 'e ' eliminates
reflections of uniform plane waves of frequency 1.5 GHz incident normally
from free space onto a dielectric of permittivitv 16e0.
(Assume all media to have F: F4)
qu$
8"2"23 The relative permittivity of the dielectric coating equals to
QuEs
8.*.24 What is the thickness'f ' (in cm) of the dielectric coating
60 CI transmission line, terminated by a load of 180 O is connected to a

0. The internal resistance of the source is 120 0. The
100 V DC source at f
ours s.?.ar A
steady state voltage across the load
eux$
s.z"ts At t :
0a
50
Volt D.C.
will
be
volt.
30 f,) is connected
characteristic impedance having a load of 45 Q
source
with an internal resistance
to a transmission line of 15 fl
. The stea.dy state load current for the transmission line
Common Data For
is
Ampere'
q.27 and 28 :
of an unknown length terminated in a resistance is

with zero internal resistance. The plot of input
a
battery
to
6
V
connected
transmission line
current to the line is shown in the figure below
-5 mA
QuE$
8.2.2? The characteristic impedance of the transrnission line will
be
Qtlxs E'2"2s The load resistance terminated to the transmission line will be
*xt<********
CI
c)
xxHRGtSX 9.3
trts&
Page bZ{i
Chnp 8
tlangmie3$ii'f,isog
E"3"'t
which one of the following statement is not correct for a transmission line ?
(A) Attenuation constant of a lossless line is always zero.
1l
(B) Characteristic impedance of both lossless and distortitnless ]ine is real
(c) Attenuation constant of a distortionless line is always zero.
(D) Both (A) and (C).
iil*Q E"*.?
The wavelength on a lossless transrnission line terminated in a short circuit

is ). what is the minimum possible length of the transmission line for which
it appears as an open circuit at it's input terminals ?
(B)
(D) ^12
M$*
^14
A"3"3
A transmission line of length / is short circuited at one encl and open circuited
at the other end. The voltage standing wave pattern in the transmission line
will be
(A)
-l
0pcn
circuit
'-
(B)
*Short
circuit
end
end
open
circuit
end
Short
circuit
end
(c)
Open
'
circuit
end
n4c& &"3.d
Short
circuit
end
end
lossless transmission line is terminated
possible length of the line for which
tennirrals is
(A)
(c)
MeQ 9,3.5
Open
circuit
^12
^
it
Short
circuit
end
in a short circuit. The minimum
appears as a short circuit at its input
@)
(D) o^14
If the load impedance in a transmission line is 100 * j2o0 e and characteristic

irnpedance is 100 O, the normalised load impedance is
(A) 1+.720
(B) 10000 * 720000 Q
(c) 1+ pooa
(D)
100 +
j2a
Page 550
Chap 8
ftensmiss,iqn I/ins5
MCQ 8.3.6
If the load impedance in a transmission line is zz, and

impedance, reflection coefficient
(N\"
,", (rr+ ^),
a)
rc\
ZL
.n
is
zo is
@9j4
' \ztzo)
***xx**x***
(D)
"Zt
&
the characterkli
EXERCISE 8.4
Page 551
Chap
Ilrnsmision Line
rcQ
9.4",1
coaxial-cable with an inner diameter of 1 mm and outer diameter of

2.4nrn is filled rvith a dielectric of relative permittivity 10.89. Given
lh:4tr x 10-7 Hfm, e0:#F/m, the characteristic impedance of the
cable is
f'
(A)
330
(c)
143.3
(B) 100 o
(D) 43.4 o
c'
transmission line with a characteristic impedance of 100 O is used to

match a 50 Q section to a 200 0 section. If the matching is to be done
both at 429MHz and 1GHz, the Iength of the transmission line can be
approximately
(b) 1.05 m
(A) 82.5 cm
(D) 1.75 m
(C) 1.s8 cm
rca
a.d"t
rcc
8,4.3
transmission line of characteristic impeda,nce 50 f) is terminated by a

When excited by a sinusoidal voltage source at 10 GHz, the phase
difference between two points spaced 2 mm apart on the line is found to be
rf 4 radians. The phase velocity of the wave along the line is
(B) 1.2 x 108 m/s
(A) 0.8 x 108 m/s
50 Q load.
(C) 1.6
5GA
A"4"4
108
m/s
(D) 3 x 108m/s
A transmission line of characteristic impedance 50 O is terminated in a load

impedance Zr,.The VSWR of the line is measured as 5 and the first of the
voltage maxima in the line is observed at a distance of ),14 from the load.
The value of Zr, is
(B) 250 f'
(A) 10 0
(c) (1e.23 + j46.15) O
(D) (1e.23 - j46.15) o
HCo 4.4"5
If the scattering matrix [S] of a two port network is [,9]

, then the network is
(A) lossless and reciprocal
(B) lossless but not reciprocal
(C) not lossless but reciprocal
(D) neither lossless nor reciprocal
HCQ 8.4.6
A transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 50 Q and a resistance

of 0.1O/m . If the line is distortion less, the attenuation constant(in Np/m)
l::ffiS.?ff]
is
ffcq
8.4.7
(A)
5oo
(c)
0.014
(B) 5
(D) o.oo2
In the circuit shown, all the transmission line
sections are lossless. The

Voltage Standing Wave Ration(VSWR) on the 60 O line is
?r*#2
Chap E
fbalonfoshF LittGt
mca s.jt"8
t-:
Z.=50 Q
z,l
MCA a"4.9
MCQ 8.4,lll
Z.:50
Z.:50 A
:;[:
ntgo 8"4.{{
;1
(")
,",
[? l]
-i]
[_+
The parallel branches of a 2-wire transmission line are terminated in 100 O

and 200 o resistors as shown in the figure. The characteristic impedance
of the line is Zo:500 and each section has a lengtn of )' The voltage
reflection coefficient f at the input is
\
P3ge 553
Cbp t
Ilorsmission LiDcs
(A)
.7
(B)
-Jg
.5
(c) J7
xcQ
8.4.12
(D)
+
+
A transmission line is feeding 1 watt of power to a horn antenna having a

gain of 10 dB. The antenna is matched to the transmission line. The total
power radiated by the horn antenna into the free space is
(A) 10 Watts
(B) l Watts
(C) 0.1 Watts
(D) 0.01 Watt
utcQ 8.4.{3
Characteristic impedance of a transmission line is 50 Q. Input impedance of

the open circuited line is Z*:100 + j1500. When the transmission line is
short circuited, then value of the input impedance will be
(A) 50 c'
(B) 100 +j150 o
(c)
7.6e
+ il1.54 0
(D) 7.6e - j7r.540
Comnon Data For Q. 14 to l5

Voltage starrding wave pattern in
lossless transmission line with characteristic
impedance 50 and a resistive load is shown in the figure.
\
a.4.14
The value of the load resistance is

(A) 50 0
(c)
8.4"t$
\/2
12.5
(B) 2oo 0
(D) 0
The reflection coefficient is given by
(A)-0.6
(c) 0.6
(B)
(D)
-1
0
Page 5!4
Chap
MCO 4.4"t6
Tlaosmission Lines
MGA A"{-{?
Meq 8.4.18
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
MCA 8.4.19
adding an inductance in series with Z

adding'a capacitance in series with Z
adding an inducta^r/ce in shunt a"$oss Z
adding a capacitance in shunt anross Z
lossless transmission line is terminated in a load. which reflects a part of

the incident power. The measured vswR is 2. The percentage of the power
that is reflected back is

(A) 57.73
(c)
0.11
(B) 33.33
(D) 11.11
- --t
rGGl
s.4'2o A short - circuited stub is shunt connected to a transmission line as showrr

in fig. If Zo:50O, the admittance Y seen at the junction of the stub and
the transmission line is
Page 555
Chap
Tlnnsmission Lines
(A)
(B) (0.02 - p.01) mho

(D) (0.02 *fl) mho
(0.01
- fl.02) mho
(C) (0.04 - p.02) mho
HGQ $,4,2t
The VSWR can have any value between

(A) 0 and 1
(B) -1and +1
(C) 0 and m
(D) 1 and oo
s.4.22 In an
impedance Smith chart, a clockwise movement along

resistance circle gives rise to
(A) a decrease in the value of reactance
constant
(B) an increase in the value of reactance

(C) no change in the reactance value
(D) no change in the impedance
a.4.23 A transmission line

(A)
RL:h
is distortionless
if
(B)
(c) LG: RC
ftr:
GC
(D) .RG: LC
s'4.24 The magnitudes of the open-circuit and short-circuit input impedances

of a transmission line are
impedance of the line is,
(A) 25 CI
(c)
$cQ
8.4.25
75
100
Q and
25
O respectively. The characteristic

(B) 50 o
(D) 1oo 0
In a twin-wire transmission line in air, the adjacent voltage maxima are at

12.5cm and27.Scm. The operating frequency is
(A) 300 MHz
(B) l GHz
(C) 2GHz
(D) 6.28 GHz
s.4.2s In air, a
line of length 50cm with L:L}VHlm,

at 25MHz.Its electrical path length is
(B) ) meters
(D) 180 degrees
lossless transmission
C: 40 pF/m is operated
(A) 0.5 meters
(C) rlZradians
Page 556
A transmission line of 50 o characteristic ir4redarrce is t<:rminated q'ith

100 0 resistance. Ihe minimum impedance measured on the line is equal
(A) o0
(B) 25 {^t
(c) 50 o
(D) 1oo 0
adsf; s.4"t?
Chap 8
Ilansmission Lines
MEQ
8.4"18 A very
lossy, \f 4 long, 50C) transmission line is open circuited at

load end. The input impedance measured at the other end of the
approximately
(A) 0
(B) 50 f)
(C)
'>o
rxsa 8.4,?s
A lossless transmission line having 50 0 characteristic impedance and lengtl

)/4 is short circuited at one end and connected to an ideal voltage source of
1 V at the other end. The current drawn from the voltage source is
(A) 0
(B) 0.02 A
tc)
xca
(D) none of these
The capacitance per unit length and the characteristic impedance of a lossless
transmission line are C and Ze respectively. The velocity of a travelling wa\-e
8,4"30
on the transmission line is
''
i,tcE
(A) ZoC
@#
ZU
,n,
1.-i c
@fr
8'4.3{ A
line, shorted at one end, presents impedance at the other end equal to
(q
(A)^14
Zo
(c)
lt
zo
(D) 0
where Zo is characteristic impedance of the line.
rrrlcQ 8"4.33
Ill*Q
75 f) transmission line is first short-terminated and the minima locations

are noted. When the short is replaced by a resistive load -R7,, the minima
locations are not altered and the vswR is measured to be 3. The value of
-Bi is
(A)
25
Q)
225A
8'4.33 If maximum
(B)
(D)
50
f)
250 C'
and minimum voltage on a transmission line are 4 V and
respectively, VSWR is
rv!s& 8.4,34
(A)
0.5
(c)
(B) 2
(D) 8
An ideal lossless transmission line of Zo: 60 f) is connected to unknown

. If. SWR: 4, find Zt
(A) 240 CI
(B) 480 0
(c) 120
(D) 100 c)
.
nticc s.rt"35
Loading of a cable is done to
1.
2.
3.
4.
Increase its inductance

Increase its leakage resistance
Decrease
its leakage resistance
Achieve distortionless condition
Z1
-'t
(A) 1, 2.3
and 4
Page 557
(B)land3only
Chap
Thansmission Lines
(C) 2and3only
(D)land4only
rco
I'd'36
Given a range of frequencies, which of the following systems is best for

transmission line load matching ?
(A) Single stub
(B) Double stub
(C) Single stub with adjustable position
(D) Quarter wave transformer
lcQ s'4.3? A line of characteristic impedance

. The VSWR on the hne
50 f,) is terminated
at one end by +j50
f,)
rs
(A)
(B)
(c)
(n)
-r
lca s.4"3ll At UHF
short-circuited lossless transmission lines can be used to provide

appropriate values of impedance. Match List I with List II and select the
correct answer using the code given below the lists :
List
a. l<^14
b. Al4 < I <
c. I:
d. l:
Codes
\14
List
II
1. Capacitive
2. Inductive
^12
3.0
4.
\12
oo
abcd
(A) 21.43
(B) 3142
(c) 2413
(D)34r2
llcQ 8..4'3$ Consider the following statements regarding a transmission line :
1. Its attenuation is constant and is independent of frequencv
2. Its attenuation varies linearly with frequency
3. Its phase shift varies linearly with frequency
4. Its phase shift is constant and is independent of frequency
Which of the above statements are correct for distortion less line
(A) 1, 2, 3, and 4
(B) 2and3only
(C) land3only
(D) 3and4only
meq
8.4"40
The reflection coefficient on a 500 m long transmission line has a phase angle
of -150'. If the operating wavelength is 150m, what will be the number of
voltage maxima on the line
(A)
(c)
(B) 3
(D) 7
_J
I
.
Page 558
tucQ 8"4.41
Chap 8
with
regard
correct?
Ilansmission Lines
to a transmission line, which of the following statements b jI

--l
"
(A) Any impedance repeats itserf every ),/4 onthe smith

chart.
I
(B) The swR : 2 circle and the magnitude of reflection
coefficient :0-El
-l
circle coincide on the Smith chart.
(c) At any point on a transmission line, the current reflection coefficient
-- hl
-I
the reciprocal of the voltage reflection coefficient.
(D) Matching eliminates the reflected wave between
the source and the
matching device location.
MCQ S.4"42
It is required to match a 200 o road to a 4b0 e transmission line. To reduce

the swR along the line to 1, what must be the characteristic
imped.ance
of the quarter-wave transformei used for this purpose, if it is
connected
directly to the load ?
(A) e0 ko
(B) 3oo CI
(q ?o
r!,!cQ 8,4.43
(D);o
The load end of a quarter wave transformer gets disconnected

thereby
causing an open-circuited load. what will be the input impedance
of the
transformer ?
(A) Zero
(B) Infinite
(C) Finite and positive
(D) Finite and negative
MCq 8,4"44
A lossless transmission line of characteristic impedan ce zs and. length

l<
is terminated at the load end by an open circuit. what
is its input
^14
impedance
Zin?
(A) Zn": jZstanpl

(B) Zo": jZncot pl
(Q)
(D)
rr{C& 3.4.45
Zn":- jZstanBI
Zo":- jZstanpl
Which one of the following statements for a short circuited

loss free line is
not correct ?
(A) The line appears as a pure reactance when viewed from
the sending end
(B) It can be either inductive or capacitive
(C) There are no reflections in the line
(D) standing waves of voltage and current are set
up along rength of the
lines
l$c{t
8.4"46
Match List I (Load impedance) with List II (value of

Reflection coefficient)
and select the correct answer using the code given
below the lists
List-I
a.
b.
c.
d.
Short Circuit
Open Circuit
Line characteristics impedance

2 x line characteristic impedance
List-II
1.0
2. -1
3' +1
4. +t/3
:
a
2
Codes
(A)
b
t
(B)43r2
(c)23r4
(D)4732
c
3
page db9
d
4
Chap8
TransmiEEionlineB
rcQ 8.4.4? When the reflection coefficient equals

(A) Zero
(C) 3
f,cQ
I/0"
whati, tn" VSWR?

(B) 1
(D) rnfinite
8.4"48 If the reflection coefficient is 1/b, what is the corresponding vswR
(^) 312
(c) 512
@)
215
rcQ 8'4'4e Which one of the following is the characteristic impedance of

transmission line ?
(^)
(B)
{RlG
lossless
{qc
g lrTrc-
rco 8'4'50
(B) 2/3
@ /R/c
I (Quantity) with List II (Range of Values) and select the correct

answer using the code given below the lists :
Match List
List-I
a. Input Impedance l.
b Reflection coefficient Z.
c. VSWR
3.
Codes
List-II
_ 1to
*1
1to
oo
to
oo
abc
(A)231
(B)321
(c)312
(D) 2r3
tlcQ
s'4'5{ A quarter
ucQ
0'4'52
wave impedance transformer is terminated by a short circuit.

What would its input impedance be equal to ?
(A) The line characteristic impedance
(B) Zero
(C) Infinity
(D) Square root of the line characteristic impedance
Scattering parameters are more suited than impedance parameters to
describe a waveguide junction because

(A) the scattering parameters are frequency invariant whereas the impedance
parameters are not so
(B) scattering matrix is always unitary

(C) impedance parameters vary over unacceptably wide ranges
(D) scattering parameters are directly measurable but impedance parameters
are not so
Page 560
Chap
iltcQ 8"4.53
Tlangnbeion Lines
ln a transmission line the reflection coefficient at the load end ,, ,rt"" J

0.3e-F0'. What is the reflection coefficient at a distance of 0.1 wavelengttl
*;;,,
towaros source
ill
MCQ 3"4.54
l3l
3,:',::.,,""
To couple a coaxial line to a parallel wire,
lll
it
li*:
is best to use a
(C) Directional coupler

(D) Quarter wave transformer
!\t!c{t 8"4,5s
sfi**
4.4"56
I
I
A plane wave having r-directed electric field propagating in free space u,toog I
the z-direction is incident on an infinite electrically conducting (perfea I
conductor) sheet at z: 0 plane. Which one of the following is correct ?
|
(A) The sheet will absorb the wave
I
(B) There will be r-directed surface electric current on the sheet
I
(C) There will be g-directed surface electric current on the sheet
I
(D) There will be magnetic current in the sheet.
For sea water with o : 5 mho/m and e, : 80, what is the distance for
radio signal can be transmitted with 90% attenuation at 25kHz ?
(A) 0.322 m
(C) 32.2 m
M*0 4.4"57
which
(B) 3.22 m
(D) 322 m
Consider the following statements regarding Srnith charts :

1. A normalized Smith chart applies to a line of any characteristic resistance
and serves a^s well for normalized admittance
2. A polar coordinate Smith chart contains circles of constant lzl

and
II
circles of constant /z
3. In Smith chart, the distance towards the load is always measured in
clockwise direction.
Which of the'statements given above are correct

(A) 1, 2 and 3
(B) 2 and 3
(C) 1 and 3
(D) 1 and 2
MCe 8"4.58
(100
J75)O load
is
connected
to a
co-axial cable
of
characteristic
aI I2GHz.In order to obtain the best matching, which

one of the following will have to be connected ?
(A) A short-circuited sub at load
(B) Inductance at load
(C) A capacitance at a specific distance at load
(D) A short-circuited stub at some specific distance from load
impedance 75 ohrns
n$cQ 8"4,59
In a line VSWR of a load is 6dB. The reflection coefficient will be

(A) 0.033
(B) 0.33
(c) 0.66
(D) 3.3
I
i
l
xcq a"d.6o Zr,:200C) and it is desired that Zi,:50O. The quarter wave transformer
should have a characteristic impedance
C)
(A)
100
(c)
10,000
of
Ch.p
(B) 40 O
(D) 4 o
Cl
2. Z6n:* ja for a shorted line with I: U4

3. Znn: Zo for a matched line of any length
(C) 1 and 3
HcQ
8.4'62 The input
(D) 2 and 4
impedance of a short circuited quarter wave long transmission
line is
(A) purely reactive
(B) purely resistive

(C) dependent on the characteristic impedance of the line
(D) none of the above
mcQ
8.4.s3 A transmission
line of output impedance 400 Q is to be matched to a load of

through a quarter wavelength line. The quarter wave line characteristic
impedance must be
25 C)
1a) ao
(c)
MGo
400
(B) 1oo o
(D) 425 o
s"4.64 The input
impedance
transmission line is
(A)
(C)
of ,\/8 long short-circuited
zero
capacitive
section of
a lossless
(B) inductive
(D) infinite
tlcQ 8.rt.6s Match List I (Parameters) with List II (Values) for a transmission line
with a series impedance Z: R' 1- jal'Qlm and a shunt admittance
Y: G' + jec'mho/m, and select the correct answer :
List-I
a.
b.
c.
Characteristic impedance
Z. {ZF
input impedance Z^ when the line B. {W
Propagation constant
The sending-end
is terminated in its characteristic impedance
Codes
abc
(A) 311
(B) 233
(c)21.2
(D)t22
Lbt-II
1. .{Zy
26
Zs
ftansmiBEion Lines
Hce 8.rr"6,r Consider the following :

For a lossless transmission line we can write :
1. Zon:- jZs for a shorted line with l: \18
Select the correct answer using the codes given below

(A) 1 and 2
(B) 2 and 3
papEof
Page 562
Chap
ilrGQ 8.4.66
Which of the following conditions will not guarantee a

transmission line
Ilansmission Lines
(A)
(B)
,t: G: 0
RC: GL
(C) Very low frequency range (ft >> uL,G >> uC)
(D) Very high frequency range (R << uL,G << uC)
ruGQ 8.4.67
In an air line,
adjacent maxima are found

operating frequency is
at
12.5
cm and
37.5 cm.
(A) 1.5 GHz

(B) 600 MHz
(C) 300 MHz
(D) 1.2 GHz
iltcQ 8,4,68
Fig. I shows an open circuited transmission line. The switch is closed at

l: 0 and afber a time t the voltage distribution on the line reaches
shown in Fig. II. If c is the velocity in the line, then
zo
"+
llii
E+lii
+-c
I
z:O z:l
Figure I
",rl Ii
I
z:0
i-
z: I
Figure
II
(B) t: tlc
(D) t < 2Ilc
75 f) transmission line is first short-terminated and the minima locatiom

are noted. When the short is replaced by a resistive load -R1, the minimr
locations are not altered and the VSWR is measured to be 3. The value of
-Es,
(A)
is
25
(c) 225a
MCO 8.4.70
(L) t < tlc

(C) LIlc > Il c
8-4-69
th*
l-l-
rtco
tirrr
(B) 50 rl
(D) 250 o
For a lossy transmission line, the characteristic impedance does not depend
on
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
tutcQ 8.4.7r
the operating frequency of the line
theconductivity of the conductors

conductivity of the dielectric separating the conductors
length of the line
If the maximum and minimum voltages on a transmission line are 4 V

2V, respectively for a typical load, VSWR is
(A) 1.0
(B) 0.5
(c)
2.0
(D) 8.0
and
Mce
s.4"?2 A transmission line is distortionless if

(A)
Q)
MCQ 8.4.73
If
RG: LC
8:g
RC: GL
(D)
ft:
Chap
(c)
(B) 4
(D) 2
1.5
A signal of 10 V is applied to a 50 ohm coaxial transmission line, terminated

in a 100 ohm load. The voltage reflected coefficient is
(B) 1/3
(^) 114
(c) rl2
(D)
MCO 8.4"?5
A transmission line of characteristic impedance of 50 ohm is terminated by a

load impedance of (15 - j20) ohm. What is the normalized load impedance ?
(A) 0.6 - jo.8
(B) 0.3 - jo.6
(c) 0.3 - jo.4
(D) 0.3 + jo.4
tllco
Two lossless resistive transmission lines each of characteristic impedance Z

are connected as shown in the circuit below. If the maximum voltage on the
two lines is the same and the power transmitted by line A is Wr, then what
is the power transmitted by the line B ?
8.4.?6
22
(A) 4W
(c) 2w
MCQ 8.4,?7
Z/2 LineB
Line A
(B) 3 r44
(D) 1141
transmission line section shows an input impedance of 36 0 and

when short circuited and open circuited. What is the
characteristic impedance of the transmission line ?
(B) 50 o
(A) 100 o
(D) 48 o
(c) 45 c,
64 Cl respectively,
MGQ 8,4.?8
Consider the following statements for transmission lines :

1. When a transmission line is terminated by its characteristic impedance
the line will not have any reflected wave.
2.
3.
Tlansmission Lines
reflection coefficient for voltage be 0.6, the voltage standing wave ratio
(VSWR) is
(A) 0.66
MCQ 8.4.74
Page 563
(B)
For a finite line terminated by its cha,racteristic impedance the velocity

and current at all points on the line are exactly same.
For a lossless half wave transmission line the input impedance is not
equal to load impedance.
Which of the statements given above are correct ?

(B) 2 and 3
(A) 1 and 2
(D) 1, 2 and 3
(C) 1 and 3
-4'!-..'14-
iltco
Page 564
Chap
8"4.7s
lhdnsrision
Lines
What does the standing wave ratio (SWR) of unity impiy ?

(A) Tlansmission line is open circuitud
(B) Tlansmission line is short circuited
(C) tansmission line's characteristic impedance is equal to ioad impedance
(D) Tlansmission line's characteristic impedance is not equal to load
impedance
rurcQ 8.4.80
half centre to centre spacing, r: conductor radius and e : permittiritr

of the medium. Which one of the following is equal to the capacitance pe
unit length of a two-wire transmission line ?
h
(A)
(c)
1f
8.4.8r
For a line of characteristic impedance Zs terminated

that Zn: Zo/3, what is the reflection coefficient ]-z ?
(A) 1/3
8.4.82
.$ff=Y
.(,8=)}
in a load of Zp sttch
(B) 2/3
(D) -r12
(c) -113
scQ
.-"{(*)
3re
.*"{{*)
ilcQ
,-C
(B)
A transmission line has ,R, L,G,C distributed parameters per unit length of
line. If 7 is the propagation constant of the line, which one of the following
expressions represents the characteristics impedance of the line
w E+Fr
rc\
+ tuc_
'v
r3n
4lt'L
rotfffir,
MCO 8.4,83
What is the value of standing wave ratio (SWR) in free space for reflection
for reflection coefficient f :- Il3
(A) 213
(B) 0.5
(c) 4.0
(D) 2.0
MCd 8.4.84
What is the attenuation constant a for distortionless transnrission line
(A) o:0
(C)
ilGQ 8.4.85
o:
(B)
t,e
ft \/
o: Rl[g
(D)cv:
fry
A 50 f) distortionless transmission line has a capacitance of 10-10 f/m. What

is the inductance per meter ?
(A) 0.25 pH
(B) 500 pH
(C) 5000 pH
(D) 50 pH
itco
8.4.46
The open circuit and short circuit impedances of a line are 100
What is the characteristic impedance of the line ?
(A) loovec,
(B) 100o
(c) rcol/t9
(D) 50 CI
each.
{$ca s.d"s?
atcQ E,4,s$
!r,tc& 8.4,*$$
load impedance of (75 - j50) is connected to a transmission line of

characteristic impedance Zo:75 0. The best method of matching comprises
(A) A short circuit stub at load
(B) A short circuit stub at some specific distance from load
(C) An open stub at load
(D) Two short circuited stubs at specific distances from load
When a lossless transmission line is terminated by a resistance equal to
surge impedance, then what is value of the reflection coefficient ?
(B) -1
(A) 1
(c) 0
(D) 0.5
A lossless transmission line of length 50 cm with L : 70 pHlm, C
is operated at 30 MHz. What is its electric length (pl) ?
MCQ *.4"9{J
40
pF/m
(B) 0.2)
(D) aOr
(A) 20)
(c)
108"
Which one of the following is the correct expression for the propagation
constant in a transmission line ?
(B)
(A)
(C)
(R
j,'L)(G
- rrc)
(D)
(c
- pc)
(R+ juL)(G+ jac)
nllca *r,4,9'!
Assertion (A) : In a lossless transmission line the voltage and current

distributions along the line are always constant.
Reason (R) : The voltage and current distributions in an open line are such
that at a distance ),14 from the load end, the line looks like a series resonant
circuit.
tltc& *.4.$?

Characteristic impedance of a transmission line is given by
1. Ê+4,
V G+.!dL
2 ^[Z*2",
(R, L, G and C are line constants)
(2""
'
and,
2""
are
the open and short circuit impedances of the
Iine)
3.
V' I I' ,
( I/'
and
I'
are the voltage and current of the wave travelling
the positive g direction)
Which of these are correct

(A) 1,2 and 3
(C) 2 and 3
(B) 1 and 2
(D) 1 and 3
terminated at the load end by a short circuit. Its input impedance Z, is

(A) Z,:- jZstanl3I
(B) Z": jZllcot PI

(C) Z, : jZ1'tan l3l
(D) Z,:- jZ1'cotpl
in
Pagp 565
Chrp
I}enrmhrftn Lirec
Page 566
ilrcQ 8.4.94
Chap E
flensmirsign l,irs6
with characteristic impedance of 600 ohms is

terminated in a purely resistive load of 900 ohms. The reflection coefficient
loss-less transmission line
is
MCQ 8,4.95
(A)
0.2
(c)
0.667
A transmission line has R, L, G and C distributed parameters per unit length

of the line, 7 is the propagation constant of the lines. Which expression
gives the characteristic impedance of the line ?
(^)
EltuL
Qst#
MCQ 8.4.96
I
McQ
(B) 0.5
(D) 1.5
@)u#
(D)
The open circuit impedance of a certain length of a loss-less line is 100 O.

The short circuit impedance of the same line is also 100 O. The characteristic
impedance of the line is
(A) loo/t CI
(B) 50 o
(c) toolJt o
(D) 100 c)
s'4.e2 In the relations s:

ffi; the values of ^9 and l- (where ,9 stands for wave
ratio a.nd f is reflection coefficient), respectively, vary as
(A) 0 to 1 and -1 to 0
(B) 1to oo and -1to *1
(C) -1to *1and 1to oo
(D) -1to 0 and 0 to 1
mcQ 8.4.98

The characteristic impedance of a transmission line can increase with the
increase in
1. resistance per unit length
2. conductance per unit length
3. capacitance per unit length
4. inductance per unit length
Which of these statements are correct ?
(A) 1 and 2
(B) 2 and 3
(C) 1 and 4
(D) 3 and 4
********r<*x
$oLUTIONS g,{
Page56?
tllt7htyIfYlltlJllrI
Ch,pE
Ttnnrllissiea lrirres
sot.
s"'t.t

Given
the input voltage,

o, : V6cos(4 x l}art)
and length of transmission line,
I :20 cm : 20 x 10-2 m
So, the angular frequency of the applied voltage is
u:4 x 10azr
and the wavelength of the voltage wave is
^
Therefore,
:7:r#
(f
: #)
*:9##a
:ffi
(in free space ?rp:3
1o8m/s)
:1.33 X 10-5
Since, * 'o'ot
So the effect of transmission line on the voltage wavg is negligible i.e. the
output voltage will be in the same phase to the input voltage.
Thus, A and R both are true and R is correct explanation of A.
sol.
4.1.2

The width of strips,
w :9.6cm
Separation between the strips,
d, :0.6cm
permittivity
Relative
of dielectric,
6, : 1.3
Conductivity of dielectric,
o=0
So, the conductance per unit length of line is given as
:
:
9.6
n'
v :-ewd :- ror,#:(g.g5 x 10-12) x
: 1.84 x 10-10F/m :0.18nF/m
aoL
8.1.s
10-2 m
0.6 X 10-2 m
G':T:o
and the capacitance per unit length of the line is given
o=o
as
1.3
Sfi-i$

Inductance per unit length,
L' :250 nH/m : 250 X 10-e H/m
Capacitance per unit length
C' :0.7nF/m : 0.1 x 10-e F/m
So, the velocity of wave propagation along the lossless transmission line is
given as
1_1
"o-E-r-m
:2 x 108 m/s
The characteristic impedance of the lossless transmission line is given
as
Chap
llaormirsion
(for lossless line,
x10_T
Lis
:"':1
. Tr
ffir1oT
oo:nl
e:10.1
Page 56E
.R'
:50O
sol. 8,{.4

Given the operating angular frequency of the transmission line is
u:6 x 108rad/s
and the parameters of transmission line are
R' :0.2kA/m:200Q/m
L' :4pH/m:4 X 10 6H/m
G':8pS/m:8 x 10-6S/m
C':4pF/m:4x 10-12F/m
So, the propagation constant of the transmission line is given as
(R'+ juL')(G'+ j,")c')
t-
:
:
sol. 4.t.5
(0.10 + j2.4) per meter

Given the Operating angular frequency of the transmission line,
u : I.2 x 10e rad/s
and the parameters of transmission line are
R'
:70elm
L' :O.ApHlm:
x 10-6 H/m
x 10-12 F/m
G':AopS/m:40 x 10-oS/m
C'
l0 pF/m
0.1
10
So, the characteristic impedance of the line is given as

0.1
Zo:
:100_lo
30L 8.1.6
10-6)
10
10-

The width of strips : tl
Separation between strips : d
So, the characteristic impedance of lossless transmission line is given
7
,tF
-A\/
'o -d
as
when d and w is doubled, the characteristic impedance of the transmission

line will be given as
7-'-2d tF-z
"o -tW\/ E :
Therefore, the characteristic impedance
sol. 8.t.7

Attenuation constant,
Phase velocity,
oo
will remain
:
Zo :
ap :
o
10
same.
mNP/m
0.1kC)
0.5
:
108
100
10 2 NP/m
fl
m/s
Since the transmission line is distortion less so, the resistance per unit length
of the transmission line is given
R, :
aZo :
as
page ico
(tO-r)(tO0) : 1O/m
chap
and the inductance per unit length of the lossless transmission line is
given
AS
L,
sal.
8.{.8
::h:---1Q0
d: o, -
:2v'Hlm
-2u,H/m

Given the parameters of distortionless transmission line are
:4{llm
G':4 x 10-4S/m
R'
and
So, the attenuation constant of the distortion less transmission line is given
AS
:,fH G' : J4 x 4 x I0: :4 x l0 zNp/m
and the characteristic impedance of the distortionless transrnission line is

given as
r--4--'
- :,/ ttr
3 : rl A" r0= : 1000
distortionless line
Zo
sot.
4.1"s

Load impedance,
Zr, :300Q
Za : I50Q
So, the reflection coefficient at the load terminal is given
a"s
r,:zt-$:199,i99:1
2,11 Zs - 300 + 150 - 3
and the reflection coefficient at generator end is given as
n -Zn-Zo
ts-ffifi
where Z, is internal impedance of the generator. Since, it is given that the
internal resistance of the generator is zero (i.e., Zn:0) so, we get
0-150
rn:o+150:
sol 8.1"{0 Option (C)
is correct.
:
S:
impedance,
Voltage standing wave ratio,
Characteristic
Zo
SO{L
Since, the load connected to the lossless transmission line is purely resistive
so, phase angle of the reflection coefficient of the line will be
0r:0 or r
Now, the magnitude of the reflection coefficient is given
rnt_,s-1_
i''
as
3-1
nr
i:s+1:3+1:u'a
So, reflection coefficient of the transmission line is
f :l llI le,fr'
: 0.5e! or 0.5er
: 0.5 or -0.5
For
l-:
0.5 the load impedance of the transmission line is given as
z,
and for
l-:-
z,f+#1
: rro[ffi] : aso cr
0.5 the load impedance of the transmission line is given as
Ti"n"mi$ion
Lim
Page 570
Chap
: z,lf$1 :
z,
tso[,
*L**]:
so
Therefore, the possiblevalues of load impedance connected to the transmission
Tlansmission Lines
line are
:50 O or 450 O
Zt'
$oL
8.l.tt

Load impedance,
z,
Zo
: (zo0 - 72oo) o
:700Q
I :10cm:10 X l0-2:0.1m
Length of transmission line,

Generator voltage,
So, we get the angular frequency
uoft) :3cos(a'
10et)volt
c..,:ZfX109
and the phase constant of the wave on the transmission line is
(t fi x 10e
^ : ,r:5t-loT:
't
x 0.1:5
PI
10n'
-F
(in air
up:3 x
108
m/s)
:+
Therefore, the input impedance of the lossless transmission line is given as
,^:^(Hitm)
.,nnl 200 _
:t'r\@/
:(25 $0L
8.'1.12
i200
+ i100tan(zr/3)
125.a)0

The natural frequency of oscillation of a wave in a transmission line of
length I which is open circuited at one end and short circuited at other end
is given as
f,
:Q#9,
1.,2,t,....a
where oo is phase velocity of the wave.
sot. 8,t.{3

The dimension of the tra,nsmission line will remain same at all frequencies
i.e. I will be constant but as it is defined in terms of wavelength which
changes with the frequency so , the expression for length wiII vary in terms
of wavelength ,\. The wavelength of a wave is defined in terms of frequency
/as
):;
where, c is the velocity of wave in free space so' at
J:
500
Hz we have
):560
Therefore, the length of transmission line is
c
'-r - ^4- 2000

Now, the wavelength at frequency, f
\-
- 10TO
: lkHz:
1000H2 is given as
Since, the length of the transmission line
will be same as determined in
equation (1). So, we get
Chap
r c
':2ooo
30L $"1,{{
(c/1000) )
:---2-:z
(from eq. (2))

Given, the distance between successive maxima and minima is 10cm.
\f2 : I0cm
l.e.
) :20cm
Now, the distance between first minima and load is
/-i' :
7'5 cm
l*r>)
So, the distance between
first maxima and load will be
/,"*:4oin
30L S.{"15
-i:T.r-/.:ffi*
:
^-+ t

Since, the TEM wave is z-polarized i.e. the electric field of the wave is
directed along *a,.
l.e.
dE:a"
and the direction of wave propagation is along a,
l.e.
ak: a,
So, the direction of magnetic field intensity will be
AU - A*X AB - o,rY. Az -- Oa
As E is in * a" direction and .EI is in - a, direction so, we can consider the
two vectors as
: 8"e,"
H :- Ha&u
E
and
(1)
(2)
Now, from the maxwell's equation in phasor form we have

yxH:jueE
(for perfect dielectric
ar a!
a
ld dy
)4,
l0 -4,
It
o:
0)
az
dz
jueE"a.,
Using equation (1) and (2)
gives the result as
0Hu
-aT
-0
Again from Maxwell's equation we have
VxE:_jupH
la, o,, a"l
a al.:* I'tPHrou
la
I ar du a" I
lo o E,l
dE.'
aE, :
_ __;- 4.- dr 4". PFfluAu
da
__
So,
it
gives the result as
0!,
0y
Page 571
:o
Thus, Both (A) and (B) are correct.
Using equation (1) and (2)
Tlansmission Lines
Page 572
$0r- &"{"{$
Chap 8
Given,
Tlansmission Lines
l-*
The position of first voltage maximum,
Position of first current maximum(voltage minim&),1-i.
Standing wave
:
:
4.5 cm
1.5cm
: 3
^9
Zs :50Q
ratio,
impedance,
Characteristic
since, the distance between a maximum and an adjacent minimum is
discussed
in previous question.
l-*-
t.e.
l-t"
)/4
as
\14
4.5-1.5:\14
,\ :
So,
12 cm
Again the distance of first voltage maximum from the load is given
as
, - 0r\, n\
qn*47tT 2
4.5:or!12)
+o
417
(For
n:
0)
tr:T
Now, the magnitude of reflection coefficient is given
as
lrl:fi+:3#:?:os
So, the reflection coefficient of the transmission line is
r :1r /0r
0.5 ( 3rf2 : 0.5eF"12 :--f.5

Therefore, the load impedance of the transmission line is given as
":::;Ji;-:50[ffi]
$oL s,{,'l?

Load impedance,
Zo
:50(l
Z,
(zo + j1b)
C)
I :7)J20
Since, the transmission line is lossless so, the attenuation constant is zero
a:0
'f : (t+ i0: i0
i.e.
oft
0:
(u:Tl
"I
I
I
t
"I
(32.4
j7t
jr9.2:)o,
3()L 8.1.18

In the assertion (A) given,
Length of the transmission
Load impedance,
so, we
Page 573
Zr,
get
t3,
Chap E
llansmission Lines
t : \14
line,
:0
: (+)(i):
(0:2trl\)
The input impedance of the lossless transmission line'is given

,7 tZtljZrt"p!\
v _ -"\Zo+
Lm:Lol=
as
jZrtan0l )
. ljZstan|\
: zol:t'\:
J@
\zol"
Now, we consider the reason part,

Distance of the maxima from load is given
lû*
(07
as
+ znn) l2p
d; is the phase angle of reflection coefficient

p is the phase constant of the voltage wave
and
n :0rI,2,....
Therefore, the input impedance at the point of maxima is given
where,
2,.
-tt
as
: zo(#4#\
(,
-"\r*/ : r,(:*ll'':n::^'.'^*'\
t_;1a;w;=n"') (f:lfle/')
::"
/'j-]l'\
: ""\1-lrli
Znl .
so, zin is real if. zo is real and since, zs is always real for a distortionless
line' Thus, zi^ will be purely real at the position of voltage maxima in a
distortionless line.
i.e. A and R both are true but R is not the explanation of A.
8.l.le

Load impedance,
So, we get the angular frequency,
l:6m
Zo
cr
:30Q
a.aQ
--toR
zL:(30 - j10)o
a :8r X
I07
and the phase constant of the volatge wave along the transmission line is
p_ti_82rx107
up cfJe,
_ 8tr x 707 x ,/2.25 _
P,:h:i;)
'
3x10o
gzr
107
1.5
3x108
2tr
-5
fl :+
or,
x 6:2.4r
rad,
,,.:^(Hffipj)
:
(2J.r4 + 7b.a8)
:rr(rffi)
C)
,{
,lt
l'f,
I
I
Page 574
$ot- 8.1.20
Chap 8
Tlansmission Lines

Given the generator voltage to the transmission line,
vn(t) : Locos(8n x 107f - 3o')
So, in phasor form the generator voltage is
%e
lQs-r3o'
and as determined in previous question, the input impedance of
Iine is
(23.74+ i5.a8) fl
voltage, we draw the equivalent circuit for thc
input
the
determining
for
so,
transmission line as shown in figure below :
zi,
zs
Usingvoltagedivision,wegettheinputvoltagetothetransmissionlineas
u,: vs"(*A)
,
or,
vs,,^:
v",(*z)
(in Phasor form)
:.u,uo'(##ffi:r.)
:
(10 e-Fo)(o .44 e''nn'
- {.{s-P2'56'
line is
Thus, the instantaneous input voltage of the transmission
un^(t) :RelV,,i,e,tf
: 4.4 cos(Sn x 107 t - 22.56") volt
sol- s.{.2'l

Given,
Zn:
'; Zn: 150
Load impedances to the line I and 2,
ft:: lu: \f $5
ft
Length of the transmission lines 1 and 2,
be Zln and
No*, *e consider the input impedance of line 1 and line 2 be
the input
so'
identical
are
line
Znz rgspectively. Since, the transmission
given
as
and
impedances of the transmission lines 1 and 2 will be equal
(lossless transmission linel
zrnr: znz:
f)
rr(?+mT)
+aoot.n(T+)]
Irso
: tttlr..r,r*4441
(0:2rl\l
:
:'"'[to;-o"6;1
'oo[tto*'100""(3)l
:(70.4- iL7.2qa
be equal to tbc
Therefore, the effective load impedance of the feedline will
equivalent input impedance of the parallel combination of the line 1 and
i.e.
Zt' : Zr,rll Zn*

_ zbL _ 00.4 - j17.24)
5(,L a.l.22
(35.20
78.62)
Zm:
Znz
feedline is
: (95.20 _ 79.62) A
ot :(\)t0.3.\):6.61
ZL'
Therefore, input impeda.nce of the feedline (lossless transmission line)

given as
ry_
/ Zr't jZotan0I\
)
"0\6T iZltanql
'*(#.ff##
0
(21,5.14
00tan(0.6n')
62)tan(0.62r]
jl13.4)
8.t.23 Option (B) is correct.

.f : 0.3 GHz :0.3
Zt : (t00 - J100) O
Zo : l00Q
Operating frequency
Load impedance,
Generator voltage in phasor form,
I/,g : 150 volt
Internal resistance of generator
Zc : I00Q
Length of the transmission line,
I : 0.375.\
So, the input impedance of the lossless transmission line is given
,,":rr(ftffi)
I roo - /oo *
:1001
,^^.[too-i 1(1oo
it00) A
10e
Hz
as
jrootan(40.875^\ ]
\^
- rroo)tan(f
0.375^),|
(200 +
Now, for determining the load current, we draw the equivalent

circuit for the
transmission line as shown in the figure below :
Therefore, the voltage across the input terminal of the transmission line
is
given as
V,,n
: V""(-Z--\
'"e\Zs+ Zi")
Ila$mission Lins

Given the length of the feed line,
l: 0.3)
and as calculated in above question, the effective load impedance of the
so,
Page 575
Chap
--2-------r-
2.
: rso(m#ffiifirolo) :
Page 5?6
Chap
"'
1oo' t
"
Since, at anv point, on the transmission line voltage is given as
Tlansmission Lines
V"(z) : V{ 1"-ia" * feitu)

where 7o+ is the voltage due to incident wave, I is the reflection
of the transmission line at load terminal and z is the distance of the poid
from load as shown in {igure. So, for z:- I
(1)
Vs,.n : Vt (etBt + fe-i1')
zs
:o.szs\
ar
ll
Z.+l
Io'
I
|
zo:loo
zL:G00-
j100)
I
I
I
z:-l
Now, the reflection coefficient of the transmission line at load terminal is
r:/j{:tffi
:o'45e-n343'
l- and V",i, in equation (1), we get

13. :
frra3"
e-.{Tlo.rtt^y;
V { ("4Tr10.375r) + 0.4b e
106. 1 eF
Putting the value of
VT
106.1eP
13"
;twl O^;:pt.n-;4s
ar -i135"
:loe"
The current at any point on the transmission line is given
I"(z)
as
:%k-*" - t"i,")
So, the current flowing in the load
(at
z:
0) is
t,,:fig _ r)
: tffi(t - 0.45e Fr.nr')
af
-11,71
Q.$l
"-lrozt"
Therefore, the instantaneous current at the load terminal
il(t) :
will
be
P1e{I't'evt}
x 0.3 x 10er- 108.4")

:0.67cos(6zr x 108t- 108.4")
:0.67cos(27T
$$t-
8,1"24

Given, transmission line is of infinite length i.e' l: oo.
and infut impedance of the transmission line is equal to its characteristic
impedance
l e.
Zon:
Zo
Since, the input impedance of a transmission line is defined as
-lZt*Zntanh"Yl\
Z,n: Lo\z;+zrtffi1t
So,
tr:tr(ffiffi)
Solving the equation, we get
tanhTl
\t'1
erl
_ e-rl _.
t
Pa6c 67?
;IT;4 e-11
Chap E
Trrscafoeion Llder
Since, l: @. So for satisfying the above condition propagation constant 7

must have a real part.
i.e.
real part of 7
a*0
ort
Q: a+ i0)
As the attenuation constant of the voltage wave along the transmission line
is not equal to zero therefore, it is a lossy transmission line.
sol-
4"1.25

Observing the waveform we conclude that at the sending end voltage changes
at t: tr. The changed voltage at the sending is given as
a(t)
v{ + ft v{ + lnfr,vt
at sending end at t = 0, lt and d
(1)
are the reflection

where V6+ is voltage
coefficients at the load terminal and the source terminal respectively. So,
we get
(Zt:
-1
'n
and
RO_ Z,
(Zo:
Rn* zo
Putting these values in equation (1), we get
u(t,): Vr*-V{-lnVr*
u(t') :- 7nY1
a)
Ro)
(2)
From the shown wave form of the voltage at sending end, we have
t'(t1)
6 no1tr
Vt :24volt
Putting these values in equation (2), we get
6 : - fn(24)
ls :- 4
Ro-Zo _
E;+z; -- -^
of,
- '-'At I :
Rg:60f)
(zo: tooQ)
0 as the voltage just applied to transmission line, the input impedance
is independent of 21 and equals to Zs (i.e. Znn: Zo at t= 0). Therefore,

using voltage division the voltage at the sending end is given as
v{
: v,(Erta)
24: %(60+%0)
n,
8.1.26
:'1$1-!4:

Length of the transmission line,
Internal resistance of generator,
Generator voltage,
Load impedance,
l:
(Vt
38.4 volt
1.5
Rs:200O
% :1A0Q
: 30 volt
Zr :50{l
%
24vok)
Page 578
I
r,:m:333i133:*
So, the reflection coefficient at the load terminal is
r,:ffi:f3;+33:_+
Chap 8
llansmission Lines
and the reflection coefficient at the source terminal
is
Again as discussed in previous question at time, f : 0 as the voltage is just

applied to the transmission line, the input impedance is independent of zs
and equals to Zs (i.e. Znn: Zo at f : 0). Therefore, using voltage division the
input voltage at the sending end is given as
v{
: v,(qrt%) : ro
" (zoo*oo):
1o,,ort
Now, the time taken by the wave to travel from source terminal to the
terminal (or load terminal to source terminal) is given as
load
r:I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I is length of transmission line and c is the velocity of the voltage

wave along the transmission line. So, we get
where,
t :,*%u: 5ns
Therefore, for the interval 0 < t< 5ns, the incident wave
from source to load and will have the voltage
Vi :
10
will be travelling
volt
For the interval 5 ns < t <
10 ns an additional reflected wave

travelling from load to source and will have the voltage
Vl : ltV{: -lrq : For
10
source
ns
<I<
15 ns
3.33
will
be
volt
the wave reflected by source resistance travelling frorn
to load will be added to that has the voltage
V{
: lnfz; :-
g'g33
:-
1.11
volt
For 15ns < f < 20ns again the wave reflected by load travelling from load
to source will be added that has the voltage
V;
: ft v; :+:
0.37 volt
This will be continuous and the bounce diagram obtained between source
(atz:0) and load (at z:!.5m) will be as shown in figure below:
Z:0.75m
=Ll3
Ir,: -l/3
Z:1.5m
5ns
15 ns
\
sol.
a.1.27

From the bounce diagram that obtained between source terminal (z:0)
and load terminal (z:7.5 m) in previous question, we can determine the
voltage u(t) at any instant by just summing all the voltage waves existing
at any time f .
Since, for interval 0 < t < 10 ns only a single voltage wave with I/l* : 10 volt
exists at sending end so, the voltage at the sending end (z: 0) for the
interval is
u(t)
: 10 volt
for 0 < t< 10ns
< t < 20 ns, three voltage waves with y1+ : 10 volt
Vr+
again for the interval 10 ns
, Vl:- 3.33volt and V{:- 1.11volt exists

voltage at the sending end for the interval is
u(t)
V{ + Vl -t V}
10ns<l<20ns
:10 -
3.33
1.11
at the sending end so, the

5.6
volt
Thus, the obtained voltage wave form is plotted in the figure below
10
5.6
10
sol. a.{.2a
t(nsec)
for
Page 579
Chap 8
Tlnngmission Lins
I
I
Baep
As shown in the smith chart, SWR circle meets the 4 axis (real part of
reflection coefficient) at ,Lr and .L2 respectively. So, We have the two possible
values of normalised impedance (real values of z1).
at L1
zn :2.5
al Lz
zn :0.4
is defined as
normalised
impedance
the
Since,
[80
Ctnp.i
ftansmisclo. Llnot
Load impedance
pL-
?:2.5
So, we have
Lo'L
v_
201
oIt
Zr,
- ntr
Z ..)
:fr:
zoo
: fu:
Similarly,
,r,
or,
Zor:fu
g,4
Loz
_ 50 -_ .,.r".
,oo ro
Q.4
Therefore, the two possible values of the characteristic impedance of the

lossless transmission line are 20 f,) and 125 O.
sol- 4,t.29

We can determine the reflection coefficient of the transmission line using
smith chart as explained below :
(1) First we determine the normalized load impedance of the transmission
line a^s
- - Zt ,r:"d
100+J5o
:1*fl.5
(2) Comparing the normalized impedance to its
general form
zt:r*jr
where r is the normalized resistance (real component) and
normalized reactance (imaginary component). we get
i:
r is the
r:1andr:0.5
(3).Now, we determine the intersection point of r:1 circle and r:0.5

circle on the smith charge and denote it by point P as shown in the
smith chart. It gives the position of normalized load impedance.
( ) We j-oin the point P and the centre O to form the line OP
(5) Extend the line OP to meet the r: 0 circle at Q. The magnitude of the
reflection coefficient of the transmission line is given as
lr t:
OP
oQ
_ n,
g'Acrr. - u'""
--2.icm
(6) Angle of the reflection coefficient
at point Q
in
degrees is read out from the scale
as
0r :76'0"
(7) Thus, we get the reflection coefficient of the transmission line
f :lfll- t/0r:0.22e'16
as
Ir
tf
rlrl|l+?r
ALTERNATIVE IUIETHOD:
Reflection coefficient of the transmission line is defined

n _ Zt- Zo _ 100+750- 100
as
' -z;Tz; -1To+F0Fr00

:
0.24
/lS::
0.24en6'
which is same as calculated from smith chart.
sol
8.{.30

As shown in the smith chart in previous question normalized load impedance
is located at point P. So, for determining the input impedance at a distance
of 0.35) from the load we follow the steps as explained below :
(1) First we draw a SWR circle (circle centered at origin with radius OP)
(2) For finding input
impedance at a distance of 0.35) from load we move a

distance of 0.35,\ on WTG scale (wave length toward generator) along
the SWR circle.
(3) Since, the line OP corresponds to the reading of 0.144,\ on WTG

scale so, after moving a distance of 0.35) on WTG scale we reach pt
0.144^* 0.35): 0.494^ on WTG scale. The reading corresponds to the
point A on the SWR circle.
(4) Taking the values of r and r-circle at point ,4 we find out normali?ed
input impedance as
zrn
(5)
: r* jr :0.6I+ j(-0.022):
0.61
J0.022
Therefore, the input impedance at a distance of 0.35) from load is given

.7
21n _^
-
arn
17
Ll)
100(0.61
j0.022)
(61 _
p.2)A
ALTERNATIVE TETHOD:
We can conclude the input impedance at
Page 582
Chap
l:
v - ,7 /Zt* jZotan7l\
";" "o\joa iZjan6l)
l}ansmission Lines
roo + Jbo +
:lool
---[t,
0.35) directly by using formula

lossless transmission line
jloota"t/?o.ss.\\
'l
\1= /l
+lloo 1:ro;ta"(2f
0.35)),|
: (61_ 12.2)0
l,
as calculated above using
$oL
8"{.31
with chart.

For determining the shortest length of the transmission line for which the
input impedance appears to be purely resistive, we follow the steps as
explained below :
(1) First we determine the WTG reading of the point denoting the normalized
load impedance on the smith chart. Flom the above question, we have
the reading of point P as 0.144,\ on WTG circle.
(2) Since, the resistive load lies on the real axis of reflection coefficient (
l-,-axis). So, we move along the SWR circle to reach the ,[-axis and
denote the points as A and B.
(4) Since, point B is nearer to the point P so, it will give the shortest
length of the transmission line for which the input impedance appears
to be purely resistive.
(5) Now, we have the reading of point B on WTG scale as 0.2b^. So, the
shortest length for the input impedance to be purely resistive is given
as the difference between the readings at point B and P. i.e.,
l:0.25),-0.144^
0.106)
80L 8,'r.32
Option (A) correct.

The voltage maximum occurs at the point where the SwR circle intersects
the positive f axis on smith chart. The SWR circle of the load impedance
intersects the positive 4 axis at point B as shown in the Smith chart. So,
the point B gives the position of first voltage maxima.
As calculated in previous question the distance between point B and point
,4 on the WTG scale is 0.106,\. Therefore, the l"t voltage maximum occurs
at a distance of 0.106) from load.
sol- 8,{,33

At any time f , the currents of positive and negative waves are respectively
1+ and 1- and the voltages of positive and negative waves are respectively
I/+ and I/- as shown in the figure.
r+V+1
' - Zo-
Zn
(I/+: l Volt)
Page 5E3
and
Chap E
flensniqsign Lines
Zn
Now, the voltage and current across an inductor are related as
,:L#
v++v :2*e.+I-)
7+v':r*l+l
(V+
1,
Zo:
50)
I dvIt v :_%_dT
-25dt
=dV=,
I+ V
Taking integration both sides we get

ln(1 + V-) :- 25t+
(t+
Cr
whereGisaconstant
(1)
- 1"-25t
wave is incident at t:0 so, at f:0+ the current
through inductor is zero and therefore, from the property of an inductor at
f: 0+ the current through inductor will be also zero.
Since, the voltage
tz-)
(I/*)
(1++1-)",r_n*:o
l.e.
t%- uLL*:'.:o
:0
lh-81*_o*
(Iz+: l Volt)
: l volt
So at l: 0+,
Zo
Putting it in equation (1), we get
(t+r):1
A:2
Thus, the voltage of the reflected wave is
V- : (2s-n, _
sol
s,1,34
1)
Volt

The voltage of positive wave in transmission line is Vs+. So, at the voltage
maxima, magnitude of the voltage is given as
l%
l-*
: llzo* l[t + r]
and at the point of voltage maxima the current will be minimum bnd given
AS
l/,1*,":\V_ rl
So, the line impedance
at the point of voltage maxima will be
z^*:ffk:z'(+#)
: zos
Now, at the voltage minimum the voltage magnitude
is
(t:,
\
_t#)
l% l-"
IYJ l[1 - i-]
and at the point of voltage minimum current will be maximum and given as,
11,,_*:sv*rl
Pare 5E{
and the line impedance at the point
gbP a
zîo:#k :
Ilmrnbeicn r.noe
sol. 8.{"35
will
be
z,(#+):?
(r:ij#)

To determine the required quantityT we note that for a particular line of
characteristic impedance zs, the product of the line impedances at two
positions (two values of d) separated by an odd multiple of \14 is given by
{zta}{z[a+(r" -
')+]]
:{"(ffi)}i^r,{HFB}
:^[+ffi\=Hffii]
:^[=ffiilffir;+t
:*l*ffiltl;#l
:23
As the intrinsic impedance of medium 1 is 41 and that of medium 3 is 43 so,
for required match, thickness

the medium 2 is given as
rl7lz
8.{.36
rl2z or
t is ),14 and the intrinsic

Tl2
impedance
t _ 0r) -r, nA
Inu
- 47(
2
so, for l"t voltage maxima we have n
voltage maxima as
f l/!1is
0 and so) we get the position of first
-G
--0"A
0.125)
:o{\
:T
"'-2
4r + g,
The magnitude of reflection coefficient is defined in terms of
S-1 3-1
lrnrl:3+l:B+T:z
swR
So, the reflection coefficient of the transmission line is
i-
: lf l/!t:t"^,, : *
Therefore, the load impedance of the transmission line is given as
"":t;:n
\1-+/
:
of
: {rlrrt,

Distance between load and first voltage maxima, /-* :0.125)
Characteristics impedance,
Zo : I00Q
Sta^nding wave ratio,
^9:3
Position of voltage maxima (k*) in terms of reflection coefficient
,
,rn*
(a)
(60 + 780)0
as
sol. 8.t,3?

Given, the transmission line is terminated by its characteristic impedance
i.e.'
Zr' : Zo
so, there will be no reflected wave and therefore, the height of the voltage
pulse
will be given
as
W : #h
(Zn
: ffi+# :
As the wave travels in the
*Z
internal resistance of generator)
lovort
direction along tra.nsmission line at velocitv
'r:j=-:+
L'C' J@.2b x
,/
10-6)
:2 x 108m/s
So, the voltage pulse will reach at l: 5 m at time,
5 : zc
^- ns
t'(t: tt-loT
So, at l: 5m for 0 < f < 25ns,
V:0
and for t ) 25 ns
V:V{:lOVolt
(100
10-12)
Therefore the plot of voltage against time at a distance b m from the source
is as shown in graph below.
soL
8.1.39

As the first forward voltage pulse is
[+
so, the
first reflected pulse voltage is
Vl:ftVf
The 2"d forward pulse voltage is given
as
V{ : lnVl: fsLV{
The 2'd reflected pulse voltage is given
as
V; : lr.V;: fnf?V{
So, summing up all the pulses at load end for steady state
the load voltage as
,t=
(l +
oo) we get
v{+vl+V{+v;+...
rzJ[r + n t ryrt + rnfi -y ....1
tz,*[(r + tntr* 4r] +....)+rr(r + rsrL+.
'r[(T=+/]).(,+E)]
v{(#h)
X)t<**X******
)]
Page [E5
Chap
Ilangmission Lines
soLUTloNs 8.2
Page 5E6
Chap
Dansmission LiDg
sol.
8,2.1
Given,
Inner diameter of coaxial line,

2a : lcm+ o: 0.5 x 10-2 m
and outer diameter of coaxial line,
2b :2cm+ b- 10-2 m
Permeability of conductor,
F" :2Fo
Conductivity of conductor,
o" :17.6 x 1.07 S/m
Operating frequency,
f :4GHz:4 X I}eHz
So, the resistance per unit length of transmission line is given as :
1\
:Zil Ffitl
no,-r
-i\a*t1
1 T"x(+xto\x(zx+"xtotir 1 , 1 r
l.oi;lo--TiJ )
-- fr\l
:
s$L
8.2.2
0/m
0.788

2a :1,.5 cmJo: 0.75 x 10-2 m
2b :3cm9 |- 1.5 x 10-2 m
Outer diameter of coaxial line,
Permeability of the filled dielectric, p :2lrn
So, it's inductance per unit length is given as
r,'
:ftn(*):ry%fg'(#i#)
:2.77 x
sol.
8.2.3
10-7
H/m
277
nHlm
Given,
Inner radius of the coaxial line,

a :718 cm: 1.25 x 10-3 m
Outer radius of the coaxial line,
b :7l2cm: 5 x 10-3 m
Conductivity of dielectric,
o :2 X 10-3 S/m
So, the conductance per unit length of the transmission line is given
x (? \!0-s):9.1mS/m
n,
r :-27ro
-2tr ,.4H9; :,
hrT:
$oL
8"2.4

Given,

2a : Icm=)o:0.5 x 10-2m
Outer diameter of coaxial line,
2b : Acm+b- 2 x 10-2 m
:
Permittivity of the dielectric, 9o
So, the capacitance per unit length of the line is given as
ZTe Z1f
2tre
2rx9x8.85x10-12
xY x
^r
u:lrrT:---l"m
:
3.61
10-10
F/m
361pF/m
as
sol
s.2.S
Page 58?
Given,
Width of strips,
Conductivity of strips,
u :2.4 x
Permeability of strips,
So, the parameter -R' is given
l.r
-Po
f:
1.16
Chap 8
10-2 m
108
Tbansmissien IJins5
S/m
4GHz: 4 x l}e Hz
as
R':2.@
uv o
__2
M
2.4 x lj-'tt/
1.16
108
:0.9722Qlm
sot- 8,?.6

Strips width,
w
d
Separation between the plates,
:4.8
:0.3
cm
:4.8 x 10-2 m
0.3 x 10-2 m
cm :
l.I :2p4
So, the inductance per unit length is given as
L,
sok
a.2.7
_2x4zrx10-7x0.3x 10-2
-pd
w
4.8 x 10-2
: 7.57 x 10-7 H/m : I57 nHlm
Operating frequency,/
l GHz :
10s
Hz
Conductivityto :6.4 x 107S/m

Permittivity,r :6e
Axial component of electric field. : E,
tansverse component of electric field : 4
so, the ratio of the two components for the transmission line is
+:
En-{ fud
o :-\/ tr"rfrrfi4x10:
sot
*_g.s
7.22
(u
10-5
The amplitude of voltage wave after travelling a distance

transmission line is given. as
V:
:2rf)
along a
Voe-o'
where % is the amplitude of the source voltage wave
Now,
in the given problem, after travelling 20 m
transmission line the voltage wave remains 13% of
distance along the
it's
source amplitude.
So, we get
:
e-"Po) V
Voe-"t
ISVo of.
Vo
o.1g
a :0.10Np/m
sol.
8"2,9

Given the propagation constant of the voltage wave
'y:a-ti0:0.5+P,A
(/:20m)
So, we get the attenuation constant of the wave
Page 5E8
a:0.5
Chap 6
Tlansmiesisn Linss
and phase constant of the wave along the transmission line is
:2'4
Since, the amplitude of voltage wave after travelling a distance

transmission line is given as
V:
along a
i
Voe-"I
where Vs is the amplitude of the source voltage wave. Since the amplitude of
a voltage wave after travelling a certain distance down a transmission line is
reduced by 87% so, for the given transmission line we have
L\
e-"1
l/se-or:(t
- ffi)
:0.13
r:]r"(#)
:a.oa-
Therefore, the shift in phase angle for the travelled distance is given as
o'l 360" t
,_ p,\T)
: (2 4X4 08)(#)
sol.
8.2,10
:561'
f :SGHz:5
Zo
X 10eHz
:80Q
0 :7.5 rad/m
Phase constant,
So, the inductance per
unit length of the transmission line is given
r,-FZo - 1.5x80
a 2rx5x10e
: 3.81nH/m
sol. 8"2.tt
(w:2rf)

The maximum magnitude of voltage wave,
:
/*io :
V**
volt
2.4volt
The minimum magnitude of voltage wave,

So, the standing wave ratio on the transmission line is given
o
-:b*- V*,^ -
as
as
J.-:r.s
- "'"
2.4
Therefore, the reflection coefficient of the transmission line is evaluated as
f -,S-1-2.5-1:n.43
-S+1-25+f-'
$oL 8,2.12
Zo
:25Q
o : 0.6 mm : 0.6 x 10-3

Inner radius of the coaxial line,
e:9eo)e,-9
Permittivity of insulated material,
Now, the characteristic impedance of a lossless coaxial line is given as
t, : rym(l\
Je, \al
where b is the outer radius of the coaxial line. So, we get
25-60'r-l
-
6"'\uo;
tb=7
b:(0.6
OI,
Y1g-t)"zs{stao
Page 589
:0.0021 m:2.1mm
sol

Load impedance,
8.2"13
Chap
zL:(r5-125)A
Zo :25{l
so, the reflection coefficient of the transmission line is given
as
zo _05-i25)-25
-r _zr
zt* Zo (rb * ps)+25
:0.57e-J7s'8"
Therefore, the standing wave ratio of the transmission line is determined as

'I rl
s:ff:i+*#:365
8.2.'14
I-l

Given,
Operating
frequency, f :2MHz:2 X 106Hz
So, the angular frequency of voltage wave is
a :2rf:4tr
x IO6 rad/sec
When the line is short circuited, input impedance is
Z:; : jurL
(Equivalent to 32 nH inductance)
j(4tr
106)(82
10*,)
fr.4e
When the line is open circuited, input impedance is

doc
-," -
(Equivalent to 20 pH capacitance)
3UC
:@:-i3979'9Q
Therefore, the characteristic impedance of the transmission line is given as
zo J zi;-zi;
: rrre{Fqsl8g
:40e
sot.
8.2.ti

Given, the length of the transmission lines 1 and
ft:
12: \f {
So, the input impedance for line
1 is given as
2..:23,-(100f
zialzL -T50-: -2O0.,
3 ,'
F}om the shown arrangement of the transmission line it is clear that the
effective load for line 2 will be equal to the input impedance of line 1.
l.e,
Zt'
Ztnt:
Sn
Therefore, the input impedance for the whole combination is
z -z&z- QooY
z*:il:ffii:600o
sol-
4.2.{6
Thansmission f,ines

The voltage maximum exists at the point where the incident and the reflected
voltage wave both are in same phase and the distance of voltage maximum
from the load is given as
Page 590
0"), .
4lr'
ho-
Chap 8
n).
(1)
where dp is phase angle of reflection coefficient, ,\ is the wavelength of the

voltage wave and n:0,7,2,....
Now, the reflection coefficient of a transmission line is given as
'
p zr'- zo (o'3 -P'5)- o'5
2f,12; 1o: - p5;1 s'b
Tlansmission Lines
:-
-:
_ -0.2 - fl.5 _ n qr7.-7e.8"
-i-3-75
0r
:-
So, from equation (1)
for
e.
79.8"
n:
0 we have
4x
47r---79.8" 4tr
û--fu^
:- 0.44 x 10-2 m
70-2
T
u
"180"
which is negative (i.e. the point doesn't exist). Therefore' the l"t maximum
voltage will exist for n:l and the distance of the 1't maximum from the
load is
i.e.
,^*:T*i
(n:
:- 0.44 x 10-2 +2 x
: 1.56 x 10-2 m
: 1.56 cm
sol
a.2.{7
1)
10-2

In a lossless transmission line, the current maximum lies at the same point
where the voltage minima lies and similarly, the current minima lies at the
same point where the voltage maxima lies as shown in the figure below :
3^14
(Dista.nce
from load)
^/2
^14
Now, it is clear from the figure that the distance between two adjacent
maxima and minima is ),14
i.e.
I**
- l-r :4
-4
Since the maximum voltage wave lies
l*o :
at a distance
1'56 cm
So, the distance of 1"t voltage
minimum (the distance of 1't current maxima)
from the load will be
h-
Lo
- I :1.56
-t : o.so"ro
Thus, the distance of 1't current maximum from the load is 0.56cm.
sal
8"2.18

Generator voltage in phasor form,
Internal impedance of generator,
Load impedance
%o
Page 591
:150V
:
Zr, :
I:
Zo :
Chap
l00Q
I50Q
Zg

0.15,\
I00Q
so, the input impedance of the lossless transmission line is given
''":"(ffiffi)
_,nn[ 150*/00tan(+15)
-'*[@]
: too(ffiffi)
as
: {ro.r -
1',2.7)a
Now, for determining the power delivered, *u dru* the equivalent

circuit for
the tra,nsmission line as shown in figure below :
xin
zs
+
uin
Znn
Using voltage division, we get the input voltage as
z^
rZ** Zo=\)
82'5 - i32'7
: 150/
sz-fuftioo
V.nn:
vn(
So, the current at the

I".rn
input current is
tt
1's
t ta"
"-
77'8e-itl+s"
::Lti; -:1i,ffiffi7
- o.81eto16'
Therefore, the average input power delivered

given as
P,,:|n
to the
transmission line
fu,nÎfnl
: f n" 11Zf .S"-rrr'ao')(0.81 e-io.16')]

:27 Watt
sol-
8,2.{S

Since, the lengths of line 1 and line 2 are
So, the
h: la: \12
input impedance of the line 1 is given
as
,,"r:rr(*+Em)
jzotan(+ll
z^lz',*
- "lz'+E;taneil]
: z,(2#):'u
Similarly the input
;t"::3"
of line 2 is given
as
Ilansmission Lines
2zrlA)
Ctap
lt -
26,r:
Page 502
15gg
The effective load for line 3 will be equal to the equivalent impedance of tbe
parallel combination of input impedances of line 1 and line 2.
Ilansmission Lines
Zr,'
1.e.
Zn
:ry
tll
Zo*
:75Q
input impedance for line 3 is given

Zon: Zr' :75d1
Therefore, the input voltage of line 3 is
So, the
v,i,
as
(Length of line
3,1: )/2)
: v,,(ZkZ) :5oo(zs+%o)
:2I4.2Bvolt
and so the current at the input terminal of line 3 is

,
1",,n
:V:Zn
2.86
Thus, the average powel delivered to the lossless transmission line 3 is given
as
Pn:P',efV",n ltn^l
:|* Q14.28) x (2.86)

: 306.11Watt
Since, the transmission line is lossless so, the power delivered
will be same and given as
Pt
i$t"
8.!.20 Correct answer is 17.8
Pz:
+:+
306.11
to
each load
tr53.1Watt
As discussed in previous question the input impedance of infinitely long

lossy transmission line is equal to it's characteristic impedance. So, the
input impedance to line 1 will be
Z,a : Zot: 200O
From tbe shown arrangement of the transmission line it is clear that the
effective load impedance for line 2 will be equal to the input impedance of
line
i.e.
1.
Zr"
Zoa: 200 O
Since the letrgth of the line 2 is

be equal to its load
t.e.
il
ll
Z;,2
)|2 w, the input impedance
: Zn:200o,
of line 2 will
(I:
^12)
as
Therefore, the reflection coefficient at the load termirral of line 2 is given
an-Zrr-Zoz-200-100
-1
-Z;2+Z;-200TT00 -3
Now, the input voltage of line 2 is determined by using voltage division rule
AS
I z*'z \
V"jn_ t',*\j*ae)
-*\200Tf00)*3
[;
Again, the voltage at any point on line 2 is given as

(lossless line)
V"(z) : V{ (ejt3' + fe-iB")
where I/e+ is voltage of incident wave B is phase constant df the voltage wave
and z is distance from load. So, for
v"(z)
8
z:-A/2
Page
vt("+(+)+ re Px(i))
: v{(e-'* feF)
(v,(r):
:;x1_ri5
I/o+-8"
:-
V,a at
z:-\12)
(.:$)
2volt
Therefore, the incident average power to the line 2 is given as
: ZZ;: ztloo : 2o mwatt

P:,,:W
So, the reflected average power at the input terminal of line 1 (load terminal
of line 2) is
P:,
:lr
pk: (+i
X 2o
: 2.2 mwatt
Thus, we get the transmitted power to the line 1 as
Pk
sol
8.2.2'l
: Pl,- Pk:20 -
2.2:'17.8 mWatt

consider the length of the transmission line
as shown
in figure below.
The generator voltage is applied .to dlre transgrission line at time f : 0 for
which the voftage at the send!4g etd is
o(O) : 10 volt
(at f: 0)
After time at:Aps the volgage u(d) at the sendiqg end changes to 6v.
This change in the voltage w.ill be calised onry if the reflected voltage wave
from the load cornes to the sendipg end. so, the time duration fqr the change
in voltage 4t sending end can be.given as
41 :(time taken by inoident
to reach the lqad)

(time talgp by refleeted wave to leach sendlng.end from
wavo
the load)
oI'
where
A,t
=L+L:21
up I)p
(1)
Up
I is the length of the traasmisgio4 line
sending terminal) and
(distance letween load and
is p[ase velocity of the arave along the transrBissjon

line. Since, the line is air spaeed so,
uo
UP:c:3X108m/s
Putting it in equation (1) we get
2I
4Ps: 3xL08
"
Thus, length of the transmission line is
r_3x108x4x10-6
':ffi:6(x)m
bOS
Chap 8
flrnsmisgiqn Li1sg
({t:
a ps)
Page 594
sol. a.:"22
Let the load impedance connected to the transmission line is Zr, so the
equivalent circuit for the transmission line will be as shown in figure belor' :
Chap 8
Tlmmission Lines
Es:100
Sending
end
Zo:lOO
zL
Since, the internal resistance of the generator is equal to the characteristic

impedance of the line
Rg
].e.
: Zo: 100 O
So, the reflection coefficient due to source resistance will be zero and
therefore, the change in voltage at sending will be caused only due to the
reflection coefficient at load terminal given as
Au(t1 : 7Yo'
where, 7s+ is amplitude of the incident voltage wave and f is the reflection
coefficient at the load terminal. Since, the change in voltage at, t:4 ps is
:6 - 10:-4 : \0f
Au(t)
So, we get
:-#:-
(Zl- z:o\ :\Zr'+
Zo)
(7t*
10
V)
0.4
0.4
(Zo:
effi):-04
100o.)
ZL-700:-0.42t-40
Zt :42'86Q
sol.
4.2.23
As determined in previous question, for a wave travelling through the three
mediums of intrinsic impedances \t, qz and 43, the condition for matching
dielectric (the intrinsic impedance of medium 2 that eliminates the reflected
wave in medium 1) is
,t, : ,/ rlrrl,
all
the
media
have ;l :
Since,
equation can be rewritten
t@_
t/ er-
,t,l0
so, for the dielectrics
as
u#)G/#)
where e2 is the permittivity of the medium 2.
So, the relative
sot- 8.2.24
(o: 0) the above
(,: '/T)
:4o
permittivity of the medium 2 is

, :4
The thickness 'f ' of the dielectric coating for the perfect matching (the
condition for eliminating reflection) is given as
t: j
(quarter wave)
where
,\ is the wavelength of plane wave. The wavelength in
frequency is
terms of
Chap
\:lt-f
flanimissisl
where oo is the phase velocity of the wave in the propagation medium which
is given as
,o
so, at frequency
/:
3 x-108
: l:
1
s ru 1o8
r'v
rv
+JPe Jpoheo 2 1.5 GHz the thickness of
the dielectric coating is given
as
,_up
: _: 1.5x108
So,
sol.
8.2.25
4 zft;itft5 : o'25m : 2'5cm
'

Zo
Load impedance,
Zr.
:60Q
:780Q
% :100V
Zs :120Q
Voltage generator,
Internal resistance,
So, the first forward voltage pulse will be
6o--^\too:190vott
Vf: / Zn \" (60-_r
\z;T4)v,: ' ,zu7
,r
The reflection coefficient at load terminal is given
tr-4-A-180-60-1
- z;Tz,: r8o-TTo :
as
11
The reflection coefficient at source terminal is given
Zo-Zo 120-60-l
l' - 2,;6:
T2o +60:3
Therefore, the voltage across
as
the load at steady state is given by the
expression as determined in previous question
vt(#h)
v,:
t.e.
100/ 1 ++ \
: -r\1-Gxt/
:l$q rt"9:60vort
$EL
8,2_26
Page 595
Voltage generator,
: 50 Volt
Zc :30{l
Zo : 15Q
%
Internal impeda.nce,
Load impedance,
So, first forward voltage pulse is
v{
Zt :45Q
:(#z)v,:(mrfm;, :ry
Now, the reflection coefficient at source terminal is
n -Zo-Zo 30-15
ro-/ot-fi:m+lb:5
and the reflection coefficient at load terminal is
, _zr_zs_45_15
'L -
Z;T4:6115:2
Linsg
Page.E96
Chap
So,
at steady state
(r:
oo) voltage across load is given as
v,: v,.(|:ifi.)
sol 1-+ \
=
Trirnsdilbblon trities
a\r:6157
:$" E"t:3ovolt
Therefore, the current through load at steady state is given as
r,
sol.
a.2,27
:g:
gg: ?:0.67
td
LJ.

Since, the internal resistance of the battery is zero so, the l"t forward voltage
pulse is
V{
: Vn:6Volt
and from the plot we get the first forward pulse current
as
1i :75mA
Therefore, the characteristic impedance of the transmission line is given
as
.:goo
zo:yi:
-jl-tE 6LF-'
sol.
8.2.28

Reflection coefficient at source and load end are given
as
r -Zn-Zn--'
to
-Zo+7o--'
and
Now, from the plot of input current (current at generator errd) we get,
Vl :75mA
(1)
V'*-Vl'fV{:-5mA
and
(2)
where, Vr+ is the first forward voltage pulse, V1 is the first reflected voltage
pulse and I/2+ is the second forward voltage pulse. So, putting the values of
these voltages in terms of reflection coefficients we get
Vt*
- ftV{ * ft fsllr* :yi(l- lt- ft):-
r-2n
or,
5rnA
5mA
:-+
f
/i)
(r,:-1)
(vr*
:75 mA)
n:f5
For determining load resistance of the line the reflection coefficient is written
in the terms of impedances
as
zL-zo_g
Zr* Zo - 15
z,-80 Lffi:fr
(Zo:80Q
ZL(15-8):80x8+15x80
Thus,
Zr.
:262.85Q
******
r<* r<*
as calculated
in previous question)
SOtUTlOlrl$ 8,3
Page 597
Chap
*aosnirgi{rn Lins
$sr,
$.3".t

Characteristic impedance of a transmission line is defined
as
and the propagation constant of the transmission line is defined as
^t:a+jp:w
where,
a is attenuation constant
p is phase constant
unit length of the line
G' is conductance per unit length of the line
.L' is inductance per unit length of the line
C' is capacitance
nce per unit length of the line
-R' is resistance per
R,
R':G':0
Now, for lossless line,
So, the characteristic impedancer of lossless transmission line is
-tT
oo: tld
and the propagation constant of lossless transmission line is
1:q* j0: jaJTC

OI
O:0
Therefore, the attenuation constant of lossless line is always zero (real).
i.e, statement (A) is correct.

Again for distortionless line,
R,
i::c
G,
So, the characteristic impedance of distortionless line is
E'u-ld-lG,
ry
til
and the propagation constant of the distortionless iine is
Of'
rv
* i0: ^/Ed
a:^/Hd+o
I,t{Td
Therefore, the attenuation constant of distortion less line is not zero but it
is real.
Thus, (A) and (B) is correct statement while (c) is not a correct statement.
$sL
s,3"?

Load impedance, 21 - 0
Input impedance,Zin : @
and,
wave length
(Short circuit)
(Open circuit)
: )
Now, the input impedance of lossless transmission line is defined as
iZoraiQl\
:Z,\ffi)
z, - z^lhi
Page 598
Chap
Ilansmission Lines
where,
I is the length of
the transmission line and
p is the phase constant
of the voltage wave along the transmission line. So, we get

:- Zo@ + jZotan0l)
(Zo+ fltan0l)
cn : jZotanBl
or,
Since, for a practical transmission line, Zs + oo so, we have
tanPl : a
(for minimum length)
or,
PI : rl2
Therefore, the minimum required length of the transmission line is
t-T'l:4r.
t:ixb:Znn
: \14
sor.
8.3.3
Open
circuit
end
8.3.4
Short
circuit
end

Given, the transmission line is terminated in short circuit i.e., 21:S
and line should be short circuited at its input terminal i.e. Z;,- 0.
The input impedance of a lossless transmission line is defined as
So,
z^: 4(?li4j44\
-"\zo* jZ;tanPI )
o: z,(wmp!)
(zr: o, zn:
:0
pl : 0, T, 27r,..........
jtanBl
Since, Iength of transmission line ca,nt be zero i.e', I
r:b_ t:@*!N. t:i
sol 4.3.5 Option (A) is correct.

3oL
8.3.6
)-/

Since the transmission line has one short circuited and one open circuited
end so at the short circuit end voltage must be zero while at open circuit
end voltage must be maximum. So the voltage standing wave pattern will
be half sinusoids with zeros at short circuited end and maxima at the open
circuited end.
.W
eol-
(B:Zn\
xxx********
0 so, we get
o)
soluTloNs 9.4
'
Page 599
Chap
llansmiesi6n Lines
ssl
S"4".1

Characteristic impedance of a coaxial cable is defined
: !" [EmlL\
e"'\a)
6 - outer cross sectional
as
Ztt
where,
--+
So,
inner cross sectional diameter
Zo: t/F6-hlL\
e6e, "'\a
4trxl0-7x36zr
-105x
:
s$L
$$.c,.?
100
10s9
f)
'(+)
Since.
diameter
Zo:J422
100:r/50x200
As this is quarter wave matching so, the length of the transmission line
would be odd multiple of ),/a.
Now,
For
For
/t:
$:
(2rn+ 1)+
429M11z,
"
1GHz,
T+z: +zg?ffi7
o'174m
'':i+4:di*%:o'075m
Now, only the length of the line given in option
both lr and
(c) is the odd multiple of
/2 as
(2rn* r;
(2rn-r 1)
: LF -
1',58
h
:9
21
lD
Therefore, the length of the line can be approximately 1.bg cm.

s{}L
n,4.:3

Length on the transmission line,
Phase difference,
d :2mm
f :I0GHz
0:nl4
since the phase difference between the two points on the line is defined
t:To
where .\ is operating wavelength and

points. So, we get
d is the
,*
4:-Xa
A:8d:8X2mm:16mm
as
distance between the two
Page
Chap
600
E
rlansmission
Therefore, the phase velocity of the wave is given
a,
Lines
sot 8.4.4
as
: f),: 10 X 10e x 16 X 10-3

: 1.6 x 108 mf sec
Option (A) is cottect.

Since, voltage maxima is observed at a distance of )/4 from the load and we
know that the separation between one maxima and minima equals to )f 4 so
voltage minima will be observed at the load.

Now, the input impedance at the point of voltage minima on the line is
defined as
fzn
]"*: ?
where, Zs is charanteristic impedance and S is the standing wave ratio on

the line. Therefore, the load impedance of the transmission line (equal to the
input impedance at load) is given as
Zt :fZnlîo
sol-
4.4.5
: ?: $ :

For a lossless network,
fO
ff
(Zo:
5052,
^9:
5)
:1
l&'l'+l&'1'
Since, from the given scattering matrix we have
/0" , Sn: 0.9 /90"

Sn : 0.9 /90", Sr, : 0'1/90'
(0.2)'+ (0'9)' + 1
,9rr
So, we
get
0.2
Therefore, the two port is not lossless.

Now, for a reciProcal
network,
Sn:
Szr
As for the given scatbering matrix we'have

stz
szr:0'9 /90"
Therefore , the two port is reciprobal.
sol.
4.4.6
Optiol (D) is correct.

For a distortion less transmission line cha,racteristics impedance
-m
zo: t/ G
(1)
Attenuation constant for distortipnless line is
:,fRG
(2)
So, using equation (1) and (2) we get
o:*:?#:o.ooz
sol.
8.4.?

For a lossless transmission line, the input impedance is defined
v -- uolzo
vlzr'+ jz"tan0ll
* jzt tan Pl ]
ain
Now, for the guarter wave (,\/4) Iine we have

Load impedance,
Characteristic
impedance,
Length of the line,
:30Q
Z":30{l
Zr.
l:I
as
:t*(f f): *
tanpl
So,
(u:'f)
Therefore, the input impedance of the quarter wave line is
,-r':lm"l:d:6oQ
:0dl
Load impedance,
Zt
Zo :30o,
(Short Circuit)
,,-)
-g
Length of the line,

So, we get
:t*,(f *):
tanpt
Therefore, the input impedance of the
Z;*
jZ"tanBI:
,\/8 transmission line is given
as
frO
The equivalent circuit is shown below
60+130 O
The effective load impeda"nce of the 60 O transmission line is
Zt :60 *730
So, the reflection coefficient
'
at the load terminal
is
- 160+F +To l: m
', _lZr-z"l
- lZ;'r2; | _160+:3-6ot
1
Therefore, the voltage standing wave ratio of the line is given as
: r-7.i :-t+ln
s:1+l{l
-ffi:
sol.
a.4.a
L'64

The transmission line are as shown below. Length of all line is
Zr:50
Zr:50
The input impedance of a quarter wave

defined as
,z
o2
"i" -Lo
-Z
()/4)
Chap 8
Ttansmission Lines
I Zt t;zl
Tltan7l'r""1-o'
znn Now, ror A/8 transm
Page 601
lossless transmission line is
Page 602
Chap
where, z() is the characteristic irnpedance of the line and 21 is the load
impedance of the line. so, for line 1 we have the input impedance
as
Ilansmission Lines
:4: # : f)
Similarly, for line
the input
z,:*:#:2ooo
zo,
2oo
2,
impedance is
So, the effective load impedance of line 3 is given as
Zn
Zrll
Zn
:2000
||
2000
100f)
Therefore, the input impedance of line 3 is
,o:*:#:2be
soL
8.d.,$

The input impedance of the lossless transmission line is defined
as
:'"\2.+ jzia@D)
zn-7lzt+iz"tun(p')\
since, the given transmission line of characteristic impedance zs:75o is
short circuited (21: 0) at its one end. Therefore, the input impedance of
the line is
26": jZ"tan(pl)
Now, the operating wavelength of the line is
so,
^:f:3i#:0.1 morlocm
fl:+t:?o"r:F
Therefore,
Zi,
: jZ,tan[
(/:3GHz)
(l:
l cm)
Since, Zotan(zr/s) is positive so, Zin is inductive.

$gL 8.4.{O

The 2-port scattering parameter matrix is
,:
[i;l f;;]
zo) - z"
(50 | 50) - 50
:- (5oll
:-'o -:(Z'll
soF 50
6p;;4
I
i
1
sn:sz'::dft#!r":#Hr1%
(Ztll z")- z" _ (b0 ll50) - b0
,r^^ _
(zrll z") + z" (50 lTo;1_ 56 : - 3
1
soL s.4"*t

The input impedance of a quarter wave (r: )/4)rossress transmission
line
is defined as
Zo^
:4
-Zt
where, zs is characteristic impedance and, z7 is the load impedance

of the
line. So, we have the input impedance of line 1 as
znt
: *:
#:
ru
Similarly, the input impedance of line 2 is
: h: #: r2.s
zta
Page 6oJ
Chap 8
The effective load impedance of the line 3 is given

21 : Zi,1ll Z;,2
as
Tlansmission Lines
: 25 ll r2.5: +
So, the input impedance of the 50 O transmission line is
,, :@x)":300
T
Therefore, the reflection coefficient at the input terminar is given
r :4-A- z;+%:
3oo
50
300+io-
as
:- 75
ssl s"4"'ta Option (A) is correct.

We
have
l0logGo
10 dB
Gp:lo
The power gain of the antenna is defined
as
__t
"p n
Proa
where P,"a is the radiated power of the antenna and. p", is the input power
feed
to the antenna. So, putting all the values we get
9:&e
-1W
or
sol-
8.rt"{3
P,od
:10
Watts

The characteristic impedance of a transmission rine is defined as
Zfr
Z* 2""
where Zo" and 2"" are input impedance of the open circuited and is short
circuited line. So, we get
5ox5o bo
" -z&- z*- 100+750:
zTSj:49# :7.6e - tr.skj
"""
sot.
8.d"t4

From the diagram, VSWR is given
4
oc :ffi:1:4
-Vû-
as
A
Since, voltage minima is located at the load terminal so, the load. impedance
of the transmission line is given as
sol
s"*.ir
zt :lzn l^,^:
?
:5f :
tz.s

The reflection coefficient at the load terminal is given
r :ftjfu:1;*i*3:-06
sol.
8.4.ts

The given circles represent constant reactance circle.
sol s.4.{7 Option (C) is correct.
(zo:
as
sofl,
,9:
4)
The ratio of the load impedance to the input impedance of the transmission
line is given as
Page 604
Chap
Va-Zo
Ttensmission Lines
Vn -
: +û,
:463@:
v,
sol.
8.4.t4
Zno
6o

Suppose at point P imPedance is
r+
i(-I)
we move in constant resistance circle from point P in clockwise direction

by an a,ngle 45", the reactance magnitude increase. Let us consider a point
If
at
P in clockwise direction. It's impedance
45" from point
is
h: r-0'5j
4: Z*0.5j
or
Thus movement on constant
r - circle by an / 45" in CW direction is the
addition of inductance in series with Z.

sol.
8.4.te

The VSWR of a tr'ansmission line is defined
as
"o-1-lrl
-1+ll-l
where
l- is the reflectibn coefficient of the transmission line. So, we get
2:1-!!l
'-t+1ri
(s:2)
tr,l:
lr l:5 1
or
Thus, the ratio of the reflected and incident wave is given
P,
as
_tTp_l
z:t, t_g
P,:+
or
i.e. lJ.Il% of incident power is reflected.

soL
8.4.20

The input impedance of a lossless transmission line is defined
o
z'":
Now, for
)/2
as
o lzr'+ jz"tan0l]
toQo+
iz'tanfr
transmission line we have
l:Al2
and
Zn :100(7
So, the input impeda,nce of the )'12 transmission line
z": z"W+im:
is
zn:roo{,
(u:T\
For .\/8 transmission line, we have
I:\18
and
Zn
:0
(short circuit)
So, the input impedance of
.\/8 line
is
Page 605
zlo+iz'tanil- jZ":il}{l
zinz=2"ffi:
2rt
-r)
Thus, the net admittance at the junction of the stub is given
:4-+]-
Lint
as
Zin2
:#+i*o:o'01-P'02
100
sol- 8.4.2{

VSWR (voltage standing wave.ratio) of a transmission line is defined
as
1+]"* _
-r_f
where
is the reflection coefficient of the transmission line that varies from
0 to 1. Therefore,
so|.
sol.
sol.
8,4,22
8.4.23
8,4.24
,S varies

Reactance increases, if we move along clockwise direction
resistance circle.
A transmission line is distortion
8,4.25
leSs
if
LG:
in the constant
RC

Z" =^/
sol-
o.
from 1 to
ZocZi: ft00 x 2b :
10
x 5 : 50e

we know that distance between two adjacent voltage ma:<ima is equal to
),f 2, wherc ) is wavelength. So, we get
|:zz.s-t2.s
ort
),:2x15:30cm
Therefore, the operating frequency of the transmission line is
f : x: Lt#n1:
$oL
8.4"25 Option (C) is correct.

Electrical path length
where
pl
: T, l:
50 cm
l GHz
(c:3X1010cm/s)
Chap
flansnfusiel l,insg
tr
Page 606
Now, the operating wavelength ,\ of the transmission line is given
Chap 8
\:9:1"
T T
Tlansmission Lines
as
1
lJ--
JLC
_ 1 "
_____1_
25 x 100
Jtox 10-6 x 40 x 1o-12
JLC
-5x107-:2m
25 x 10'
So, the electric path length is
fl:+
sol-
8,4.27
50
x 19-':frradian

The input impeda.nce at the voltage minima on the transmission line is
defined as
fzo*]^^:
where S is standing wave ratio along the transmission line. Since, the
reflection coefficient lz, of the transmission line is given as
!9:g:l
,,:4:4:199,
- 150 - zr.* zi - 100+50
So, the standing wave ratio of the line is
-r-+ _r
-r-lnl _1+l-
uq_1+lrrl
Therefore, the minimum input impedance measured on the line is equal to
Izn
$oL
8.4,28
l*":9
:zsa

For a lossy transmission line the input impedance is given
:'^l Z t + iZotunk=til=l
'' -
Load impedance, 21 =
Length of line,
I-
Zo,:
So,
"olz;w;iffiill
(open circuited at load end)

^14
^*4m]
Zo
: jtanhfu-n"
sol
8,{.29
as
(ta"rtf
- "";

Input impedance of a lossless transmission line is given by
2n
:- "olz'+-izLtan0|]
z^l4ii4t""-41
where
Zo
and
Zt 'LoadimPedance
I - Length of transmission
0 :2nl\
So, we
Charateristic impedance of line

line
have PI:++:+
Zt
:0
(Short circuited at load)
I
and
Zo
:50{l
Page 607
Therefore, the input impedance of the transmission line is
Chap 8
a.:,'[ffiffi]:*
Tbansmission LineE
i.e. infinite input impedance and thus, the current drawn from the voltage
source
sol
4"4.30
will be zero.

For lossless transmission line, the phase velocity is defined
:v:ffi
as
'r*Q -
...(1)
characteristics impedance for a lossless transmission line is given

t7
on:
-\/[!c
as
...(2)
So, from equation (1) and (2) we get
', sor-
8"4,31
_1
frThJ4:
z;e

Input impedance of a (\l\ transmission line is defined
as
"
o," --ZB
Z,
where zs is characteristic impedance of the line and z7 is load, impedance
of the line. Since, the ),14 lineis shorted at one end (i.e. Zr. : 0) So, we get,
Zi' : zrliYl$:
t u2L
sol-
a.d.32

voltage minima of a short circuited transmission line is located at it's load.
As the location of minima is same for the load -Rr (i.e. the minima located at
rB1,) so, the first voltage maxima will be located at \14 distance from load.
0"A
Now,
...(1)
4T
where l^* is the distance of point of maxima from the load,, 07 is phase angle
ofreflection coefficient and ) is operating wavelength ofline. So, putting the
value of l-o is equation (1), we get
^*-
\ _er^
4- 4tr
0r:r
Now, the standing wave ratio of the line is given as
1+lt-l
or,
i.e.
"e _- 7-lr
3:1+l?l
-1-lr'l
(s:
3)
lr'l:112
fr:lfrlrer:LA:-*
The reflection coefficient at the load terminal is given
-!2 - tu-75
Rr,+75
as
(Zt:
Rt), (Zo: 75Q)
Page
608
Chap 8
rlansmission
Rr,
Lines
t*{}1-
s. :3
: 2Rr, - 150
:
3Bt 75 + Rr' :
75
25 Q

The VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio) in terms of maxima and minima
voltage is defined as
o - l7-*l
-+ -"
"-lY*;l-2-4
$t}t s"4.34 Option (A) is correct.
Characteristic
impedance,
Zo
SWR
So, we
have
:60Q
:4
++ : S: 4
L.D:9:
0.6
The reflection coefficient at load is defined

t-
as
n _Z;T%
,L
-Zr-Zo
So,
O.a:ffi
tr:ffix
60
:240O
sol &"4.3s Option (D) is correct.

Loading of a cable is done to increase the inductance as well as to achieve
the distortionless condition.
i.e. statement (1) and (4) are correct.
$:L
s.4.3s

Single stub with adjustable.position is the best method for transmission line
load matching for a given frbquency iunge.
:
$*L
8.4.3?

The reflection coefficient at load terminal is defined
n Zr'- Zo +j50 - 50
as
--.F0T-50'L-z;TA
-j
Therefore, the standing wave, ratio.is
*
vsw*_1+lrrl_1+l_*
vuYvrr --[l/;1-1=Tsot-
fi.4.3f
Option (A) is conect.

Given, the load impedaace is short circuit
l.e.
So,
Zr =0
input impedance for lossless line is given
,,^:
Now,
for
<
r,(ffiffi)
+ pt<
as
= izotangt
^14
So, tanpl is positive and therefore, Z;n is inductive
For *.,. i-t<gt<r
a.+2
tanpl is -ve and therefore,

\
oo aud therefore
Zm:
- Pt:r
':i
tanBI:0 and therefore, Zin-
cn4
d-3
For
s"*.s$

For distortionless transmission line'
o:JRG, 0:aJLC
and for lossless transmission line,
:0,
0: o,/rc
So, for both the type of transmission line attenuation is constant and is
independent of frequency. Where as the phase shifb p varies linearly with
frequency
rr,,.
i.e. statement 1 and 3 are correct.
s.4.48

Given,
I :500m
Length of transrnission line,
/0, :- 150'
,\:150m
Phase angle,
Operating wavelength,
Consider the reflected voltage wave for the lossless transmission line
terminated in resistive Ioad as shown in figure.
Since, the reflection coefficient has a phase angle
15O' So, the wave lags
by 150'angle.
The voltage wave has the successive maxima at each

So, the
total no. of
)/2
distance,
maxima:ffi
-
500
(150i2)
i.e. 6 maxima and remaining phase angle
02
"3
:4
PaE Cet
Chp t
I}ansrirsimLlE
t:i- 0t:5
For
tanpl:
b-1
fi, is capacitive
360"
:240"
F}om the wave pattern shown above we conclude that the remaining phase
(240") will include one more maxima and therefore the total no. of maxima
Page 610
Chap
Thansmission Lines
is
8(}L 8.4.41
7.

Reflection coefficient at load terminal is defined
as
n -Zt-Zo
'L-Zrj^
For a matched transmission line we have
Zt --
Zo
lr, :0
So,
i.e. matching eliminated the reflected wave between the source and the
matching device location.
sol
8,4,42

Consider the quarter wave transformer connected to load has the characteristic
impedance Z'o as shown in the figure.
So, we have the input impedir,nce,
,7
1tm
jz'stan(\X))l
(z'oY
o,lzr+
-z;
- 2'l
z,+Eianey3;1-
This will be the load to 450 O transmission line'

ryt (Z'of (Z'of
r.e.
oL:
and for matching
Zo :
zL:-20il
Z'r,
a5s:(?:^t
- 200
Z,O: /G@pool
sol
8.4"43
: 3oo r)

Given
and
Zv-a
t:+
,,,:
-rq+
8.4,44
(quarter wave)
t,(Hffi):-
__ jz,cot(+)(*)
5('L
(open circuit)
(27
izocotgr
' a1
:o

Length of transmission line
r<^14
Load impedance,
Z1 :a
So, the input impedance of the transmission line is given
(open circuit)
as
v '7 lZr'+ jZotan7l\

"* - "o\^T
izianql )
1 \
-ol
- "'\it""@)
:- jZscotpl
SOL 8.,{.it5

Given,
Page 611
(zt: *1
l}ansmission Lines
Chap
impedance,
Lineparameters,
Attenuation constant,
:0
R:G:Q
o :0
Load
So, the
(lossless line)
Zn
input impedance of the line is given

Zi" : jZstanBl
(short circuit)
(loss free line)
(loss free line)
as
i.e. pure reactance
Statement (A) is correct.

since tanBl can be either positive or negative So zi, can be either capacitive
or inductive.
Statement (B) is correct.
The reflection coefficient at load is
rr:4=4:-1*o
Ltt
Lo
So, the reflection exists.
Statement (C) is incorrect.

and since the standing waves of voltage and current are set up along length
of the lines so, statement (D) is also correct.
sol.
8.4.46

(a) short circuit (Zt: 0)
So
7r-Zr-Zo--1
- z;+z; --
(b) Open circuit
So,
(Zt: *1
zt'- Zo
l, - z;+z;-
(c) Line characteristic impedance
(a-2)
(b-3)
1
L
(Zr:
7, -- z:-4: o
7o;
(c. -+ 1)
Zo*
(d) 2 x line characteristic impedance (Zr:2Zo)

2Zn_ Zn 1
fi
sot- s,4.47
Tffi2;: t

Given, reflection coeffi cient,
It :7/o'
sol
8.4.48
so,
1+l
vswR: 1+ll-r
i=5:
r
Option (A) is
correct.
-p1:
Given, reflection coefficient,
so,
sol
8.4,49
l-:
'
vswR:1*lli:9:l
1-lfl-4-2
oo
(d'+
a)
Characteristic impedance of transmission line is defined
Page 612
Ohap
[T+.loL
on:
t,-:C
f
TlairsmlssiDn Linos
line (,R
So, for lossless transmission
-G+
v_trC
as
0)
"o_\/
4.4.$t) Option (C) is correct.
(a-3)
Input impedance has the range from 0 to oo.

VSWR has the ran$e from 1 to oo
Reflection coefficierrt (f) ranges from -1to *1.
s.4"5{
(c -+ 2)
(b-+

Input impedance of a quarter wave transfonrrer is defirierl
1)
as
-za
:
T,
zt"
where Zo is the characteristic impedance of the line and Z; is fhe lua<l

impedance. Since the quarter wave transformer is terminated by a short
circuit (zr: 0) so, we get the input impedance of the transforlllcr as
Z'in : @
s.4.sz

The scattering parameters linearly relate the reflected wave to incident wave
and it is frequency invariant so the scattering parameters are nlore suited
than impedance Parameters.
8.4.$3

Given, the reflection coefficient a,s
11 : g'y"-tto"
At any point on the transmission line the reflection coefficient is defined
l(r) : ft.e
as
2"'
where .4is the distance of point frorn load.
So,
:0.1\
(Given)
t'\;
: (0.3r: r3(]')(('-?'.t(0
f(z) : lrs
: g.3s- ito"1s tt't"1
: 0.3e j1o2' - o.3e'2t'3
2r(tt
1)))
(Assurne o
0)
5(}L 8"4,54

Balun is used to couple a coaxial linc to a parallcl '*'irc.
$oL
8,4"55

The reflection coefficient of the conducting sheet is I : - ! where as the
transmission coefficient is l- : 0. So. there will be r-directed surf'ace uurrclll
on the sheet.
sol.
e.4.s6

Given,
Conductivity,
f :25kHz
o : Smholm
e" :80
Relative perrnittivitv,
The attenuation constant for the medium is defined
as
n: r,FF
(o >>
c"'e)
Chap
0t:
The attenuated voltage at any point is given
po)
as
Voe,"L
(1)
where I/6 is source voltage and I is the distance travelled by wave

Since. the radio signal is to be transmittecl with 90% attenuation so, the
voltage of the signal after 90% attenuation is
V : Vo- 90% of Vo : g.1yn

Comparing
it with equation
(1) we get
(0.11
.${}t- $.4-r{7
: r "'
_
It :-
or,
In(0.1)
_""J.27 m
ffi1zi:
In smith chart, the distance towards the load is
always measured in
anticlockwise direction. So, statement 3 is incorrect while statement 1 and
2 are correct.
${3t
$.i!-sa{

Giverr,
h :75(l
Load impedance,
zL:(7oo-jrs){)
The condition for matching is
Z'r' : Zu
load impedance of the transmission line after
conrrecting an additional circuit. So, the best rnatching will be obtained by
a short circuited stub at some specific distance frorn load.
where
S$L &,!i-It
z't is the equivalent

Given, the voltage standing wave ratio in decibels is
VSWR, in decibels : 6 dB
or,
:
:
'S
201o916.9
So. the reflection coefficient
(t0)6/20:
at the load terminal is given
as
:311:;i:o'33
Ir-S-1
'-1
${:rL tt"4"rii}
Option (A) is cc-,rrect.

Input impedance of a quarter wave transformer (lossless transmission line)
is defined as
Z*:4
Zr.
wlrere zo is rhe characteristic impedance of the line and Z1 is the load

impedance of the line. So. we get
zo: J7;"2,.: /(50(zoo) :1ooo

s{}e- $,4.4$'t

(1) Given,
Ilanemissiqn Lines
:0.7025
V
Page 613
Page 6L4
Length of line,
Chap 8
l}ansnission Lines
Load impedance,
l:)/8
Zt :0
So'
p,
: (+)(+):
Therefore the input impedance of the lossless transmission line is
t,^:t,(Hffi):r,(tu#)
:
jzo
(i.e., incorrect statement)
(2) Given,
Length of line,
Load impedance, Zr. -- 0
t:\14
n:(+)(+):+
So,
Therefore the input impedance of the lossless transmission line is
z - v IZL+izoLanPl\
"o\/oa jzrtan6l)
"n"
:,,(!ry):r."
(i.e., correct statement)
(3) Given,
Length of line,
Load impedance, 21 :a
l:\12
pr
So,
: (+)(+):
"
Therefore, the input impeda,nce of the lossless transmission line is
,,":rr(Zr*Um)
: Zr(#)
:- i."
(i.e., incorrect statement)
(4) Matched line have the load impedance equal to its characteristic
impedance
i.e.
Zr, _t7
-LO
So, for the matched line the input impedance is

Znn
sol.
8.4.62
o (Zr.* jZstanPll- ,?
-- "o\z;+izian0l
)- "o
(i.e., correct statement)

Given,
line, I : \18
Load impedance, 21 - 0
7t
r2n'tl lt
So,
Pl - \T/\8/
-4
Length of
Therefore, the input impedance of the transmissi'on line is
z,^:
If the line is distortion
z,(Hffiffi):
less (i.e.
o:
z'*',ntt
0) then, the input impedance of the line
is
So,
Zio : jZslanpl: jzo

it will depend on characteristic impedarlce as the line is resistive
reactive.
or
s9L
&.4.63

Since, a transmission line of output impedance 400 o is to be matched to
a load of 25 c) through a quarter wavelength line. so, for the quarter wave
line we have
Input impeda"nce,zin:400o (same as the o/p impedance of the matched
Iine)
Zt :25Q
Load impedance,
l:\14
Length of line,
The characteristic impedance of quarter wave transmission line is zs that
connected between the load and the transmission line of output impedance
400
as shown
in figure.
25Q
So,, the
input impedance at AB is given
,r,:tr(Hm):q
Therefore,
sol
8.4.Sd
as
Zo
JZn
h :
,/ 4oo
x 2s:
100 Cl

Given,
I:\/8
:0

Load impedance,
Zr,
p,:(+)(+):+
So, we get
(Short circuited line)
Therefore, the input impedance of lossless transmission line is given as
t'' :
t'(*ffi):
a(fi): in
which is inductive
so, the input impedance of ,\/8 long short-circuited section of a
lossless
transmission line is inductive.

$(}L 8.4.6$

In list I
(a) Characteristic impedance of a transmission line is defined
zo:
r.:L tz
C+Fe : \/
R+
(a-+ 2)
(b) Propagation constant of the line is given
a^s
as
1 : ^/(N1rfi@+q"Q:,/Zy
(b-+ 1)
(c) Sending end input impedance is
,,"_r,(ft1ffi)
Given,
So, we get the
Zr,
: Zo
(terminated in characteristic impedance, Zs)
input impedance
as
Page 615
Chap E
llansmisslgn Lingg
Pgge
6rf
Chap
Ilanemis3ion Linej
/t7
Zn: Zo: \/Y
sol.
4.4.66
("'2)

For a distortionless transmission line, the attenuation constant (a) must be
independent of frequency (r^.,) and the phase constaut (B) should be linear
function of
(u)
cu.
R:G:0
For this condition propagation constant is given

I.e.
a-s
.y:a-t j0:KR+Jrire+t
o :0 and fi: rJ LC
As the attenuation constant is independent of frequency and the

constant is linear function of
(b)
cu
so,
it
phase
is a distortionless transmission line.
RC:GL
R _G
L_C
This is the general condition for distortionless line for which

o : r/EC and, p: r,/ LC
(")
R >> uL,G>>wC
.f
:a+
j{3:^/RC
i.e.
o :,,/EG, and p: g
Since, B is not function of r.r so, it is not the distortionless line.
$oL 8.4.67
(d)
R<<wL,G11aC
.Y : cy * j0:
rn-(p^j"e)
i.e.
:0
and 1J:
,'frc

Distance between adjacent -maxima of an EM wave propagating along
transmission line is ),f 2. So, we get
^f2:(37.5-12.5)
),f2 :25cm
i.e.
l:5Ocnr
Therefore, the operating frequency of the line is
c 3x108
rt -^-50x10-2
: 600 MHz
3('L
S,/t.68

Forward voltage wave along the transmission line is given
vi::a:F:4
- Zo-l Z,t" -
as
As the transmission line is open circuited at its load terminal
(21:
co)
so.
the reflection coefficient at the load terminal is
Page 61?
Chap
flansmissietr Linsg
Therefore. the voltage travelling in reverse direction is
_ r.t/'-E
_Z
v,, _tLvo
The tirne taken by the wave to travel the distance between source alcl loacl
terminal is giveri as
,
,.t
-l
-E
I is the length of transmission line and c is velocity of propagatirrg

wave. Now, from the plot rve observe that at z: 0, voltage of the line is tr',ll
rvhcre as at z: /, voltage is E therefore, it is clear that the voltage wal'e has
where
been reflected from the load
i.e.
but not reached yet to the genera,tor.
('L . t.4.(:
$$*
8"d.,{{t)
s*i-
*.4"?&

The characteristic impedarrce fbr a lossy transrnission line does ncit depentl
on the length of the line.
${3L *"41,?t
s*L
Option (B) ig correct.

A clistortionlbss transmission line has it's parameters related
$.4,??
RG
T:E
or
ssl.
&."{"?3
RC:GL

Given the reflection coefficient
<-,f
the line is
f :0.6
Srr. the voltage standing wavc
ratio is defined
as
swR:!tf,+:J+99:+
1-li-i -1-0.6$$L
S".4"?S

Characteristic irnpedance,
Load impedance,
Forward voltage
Zo
:50Q
Zr :700Q
7+ : l0V
So, the reflection coefficient of the line is given as
100_50:3
', -_zr,_za_
TlrZ,, - Too++ 50
sol.
*_4"?$
\
Zo :50Q
Load impedance,
Zr-15-.i20A
norma\ized
So, the
\oad impedance is given as
',:2;:H
-rH
:0.3-io.4
as
the reflection coefficient at the load terrninal is
Page 617
lL
Chap
Tlnnsnission Lines
Therefore. the voltage travelling in reverse direction is
-.r/+_ZE
_tLvo
V/o-_
The tirne taken by the wave to travel the distance between source and load
terminal is giveri as
, -l
,,t-c
where
/ is the length of transmission line and c is velocity of propagatirrg
wave. Now, frorn the plot we observe that at z:0, voltage of the line is r!',t!
rvhere as at z: l, voltage is E therefore, it is clear that the voltage wal,e tras
been reflected from the load but not reached yet to the genera,tor.
I.e.
L. t.4.c
*$&L S,d"{i*
ssl-

The characteristic impedance f'or a lossy transmission line does rxit <Iepend
on the length of the line.
e"4,"?8
$$N- S,4"?1
s#,- ti"4"7*
Option (B) ig corrcct.

A distortionlbss transmissiorr line has it's parameters related
RG
D:E
or
$st-
&,4-y3
RC:GL
Option (B) is currect.

Given the reflection coefficient of the line is
f :0.6
So. the voltage standing wave ratio is defined as
swR:ftlfl
-1-0.6r- fl :1+99:+
s$t-
&"4-?d

Zo :50Q
Load inpedance,
Zr. : I00Q
Forward voltage
7+ : l0V
So, the reflection coefficient of the line is given as
1Q,Q-1[Q
-Zu
4+zo --= ro'o + 50 :-
t, :- LssL
&.d."?ti

Characteristic irrrpedance,
Zo :50{l
Load impedance,
Zr,:!5-j20A
So, the normalized load impedance is given as
,,:fi:#- i#:o.z_
io.4
as
Page 61E
$0:* 4"4.?6
Chap 8
Ilansmission Lines

Since both the transmission lines are identical except that the loads connected
to them are 22 and Zl2 respectively. Let the maximum voltage across the
loads be 7- So, the power transmitted to the loads are
Po:l&
-22
1UL
6"4.{
:- YL
zl2
and
P,
Given,
Pa:
So,
vA
and
'e - (Zl4--ltr -+vvl
W,
: (22)W
n _ V:" _2ZWr _Attl

Given, the short circuited and open circuited input impedance
2".".
--
36{L,
a,s
20.".:64{l
So, the characteristic impedance of the transmission line is defined as

Zo
: J Z,,Z*. : /36 x 64 :
48o

(1)
Zr, : Zo (line terminated by
So, reflection coefficient
its characteristic impedance)
r:ffi:o
i.e. no any reflected wave.
: Zo
l':0
Zr'
(2)
and so, there will be no reflected wave and the wave will have only forward
voltage and current wave which will be equal at all the points on the line.
(3) For a lossless half wave transmission line
Zn:Zr
So, statement 3 is incorrect while statements 1 and 2 are correct.
;*ill*
S""1.7S

Since, the standing wave
ratio of the wave is 1.
SWR :7
So, expressing it {n terms of reflection coefficient, we get
l.e.
1+li-l
1-ij-l -1
lr-l *0
Zr,
Zr,*
Zo
Zo
-0
Zt'
Zo
i.e. characteristic impedance is equal to load impedance.

${}!-
4"4"&8

Given, the two wire transmission line has
Half center to center spacing
Conductor radius
: n: t
: r
{u
Page 619
Chap 8
Tbansmission Lines
So, the capacitance per
.,
unit length of the line is defined
C:
:
ltc
.,/W=]
b*"[*
sol.
a.4"a{
r-
Reflection coefficient,
ZnZa*
: 4-
4+
sol.
8.rt.82
as
Zo
Zo
zo
zo
:_
tl2

Propagation constant,
^Y- (n+ at)(G +
The characteristic impedance of the transmission line is given
i'c)
v-F+W
I G+fue
as
oo:
o R+ iuL
"o_ .y
sol.
8"4,83

Given the reflection coefficient,
f:-l
So, the standing wave ratio
1+l.f
_.
"a _-1-lrl _4
-2-z
I
sol-
8"4,84

For distortionless transmission line
and so,
sol-
8.4.85
RL
e:e
the attenuation constant,
o:,/RG-Fg, :R![g

Capacitance per unit length,
C : 10-10 F/m
Zo :50Q
Now, for distortionless line the characteristic impedance is given
.7-tr
oo_t/e
5o:
- Vt4
1o-to
So, the inductance per
unit length is
as
Page 620
7,
(50f x (10 r'r) :
pil/rn
0.?5
Chap 8
t"ensmission Lines
$$x- s"6.&*
Option (B) is corrcct.

The characteristic impedance Ze in terms of open circuit impeclance 2,," and
short circuit impedance .Z"" is defined as
2,,: [z^Z*
:100Q
${:*i* s"4"s?
(Given
v(loo)(loo)
Zo": 2,,,:
100
Optron (B) is correct.

Given.
I,oad irnpedance.
zr.
Characteristic impedance.
Zo:75Q
(75
j50)
Since. for matching the load impedance is equal to the characteristk

impedance (i.e., 21: Zs) so, vre have to prodqcc a1 additional impedalce u{
*:50 at load to rnatch it with transmission line. Therefore" for matchirrg the
t,rarrsruission line a sirolt circuit stub is connected at sorne specific distance
from load.
S*i;
&,4.{iS
Optit-,rr (C) is correct.

Given,
:
Zt:
The load impedance

l.e.
Surge impedance
Zu
So, reflection coefficient of the line is given as
'r-Zt-Zo
- Zr*Zu
-0
$$L
{!"4.{i$ Option (C) is correct.

Given,
/:50cm:0.5m

.f:30MHz:30x106H2
Line parameters,
L:I}pH/rn:10x106H/m
and
C :40 pF/m : 40 X
10-'12
So, the phase constant of the wave a,long the transrnission line is
:{!^'rox
1oo,/.(10
_9"
xlrT4o-x lo ]
Therefcire,
r$&r- fi"4.1is
fl :+
X 0.5:0.6a
108"

Piopagation constant in a transmission line is defined
1 : {@+i,fi@T1,Q
$lrtlL a"4"sd
as.

For a series resonant circuit the required conditions are
(1) The angular frequency is
**
lrc
(2) The total equivalent impedance is pure resistive
F/m
Page 622
Chap
So,
:.reooxloO: looo
Tlansmission Lines
sol.
8"4,9?

The range of sta,nding wave ratio 5 and reflection coefficient l- is defined
or
$OL B;t,S8
lrl<
as
-1 < .f < 1 and 1 < ^9 < co

Cha,racteristic impeda,nce of a transmission li4e is defined as
_ rE+Fr
|
,7
"o G+fue
So, Zo can increase with increase in resistance or inductance per unit length.
xx***r.{.*r<**
t\
CTIAPTER 9
WAVEGUIDES
9.,1
INTRODUGTION
The propagation characteristics of guided waves are different from wave

propagation characteristics in free space. The main objective
of this chapter
is to provide the conceptual behaviour of EM waves in guided structures.
The topics include:
o
o
Fields and propagation characteristics between parallel plate wavegrddes.

Fields and propagation characteristics in hollow rectqrgular and
circular
waveguides.
o TE, TM, and TEM waves

o Cavity resonators
st.2
MODES OF WAVE PROPAGATION
"
For time-harmonic fields, assuming wave propagation along the

z-axis, the
electric and magnetic fields can be written as
E(r,y,z) :lE,(r,a)+
E"a")eip"
H(r,y,z):lH,(r,a)* H"a,fe-i,"
where the first terms Er(r,y) and - H1(r,y) represent the transverse
components and the second tetms E" and H" represant the
longitudinal
components of the electric and magnetic fields, respectively.
Colsidering
the expression of field components, we define the foliowing modes
of wave
propagation:
Thansverse Electromagnetic
(TEM) Modes.
In TEM mode, the electric and magnetic fields are transvrse
to the direction
of wave propagation with no longitudinal components, i.e.
E,: H,-0
Tl'ansverse Electric (TE) Modes
In TE mode, the electric field is transverse to.the direction of propagation
(no longitudinal erectric field component), while the

magnetic fierd has both
transverse and, longitudinal components, i.e.
E":0,
Tbansverse Magnetic
H, +
(TM) Modes
TM mode, the magnetic field is transverse to the direction of propagation

(no longitudinal magnetic fierd componenJ), while the
electric- field
-;- has both
tiansverse and longitudinal components, i.e.
In
H":0,
E"
;
n*
: Y B,sin(ff)e'
E2(g)
Page 625
"-r"
where the amplitu de Bn depends on the strength of excitation of the
particular TE wave.
Propagation constant for TE" mode in pa,rallel plate waveguide is grven by
1: ![W_",tu
Cut-off fhequency
The cut-off frequency for
TE,
mode in a pa,rallel plate waveguide is given by
rt"-rm
n
9.3.2 TM
Mode
For TM mode in a parallel plate waveguide, the nonrzero field mmponents are
t", : E2(a)e-j": Ansin(T)ur"

Ho
Eo,
Iq(U)"-r'
: ffA,cos(T)"r"
: El (y) "- r" : - I A,"o"(W) "
Propagation constant for
.'/
Cut-off flequency
TM"
mode is gil/en by
: \m-r'tu
The cut-off frequency for TM, mode in a paralhl plate waveguide is given
by
rt"
-
2bG.
9.3.3 TEM Mode

For TM, mode in parallel plate waveguide, if n = 0 then we get
En:'A
i.e. only the transverse componenls I{o, apd
is the TEM mode.
4" exist. Thus, the- TMo ry,gde
Propagation constant for TEM mode (TMe mode)
ip a parallel pfate
waveguide is obtained as'
:/a-w2p.e
Cut-off Fleguency
The cut-off frequency for TEM mode (TMo mode) in a parallel plate
waveguide is
/.t
:0
f"
Various propagation parameters
summarized in table below.
of parallel plate
waveguide are
Chep 0
Wawggidc
Table 9.1: Propagation Parameters of Parallel Plate Waveguide
Page 626
Chap 9
Waveguides
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE
Rectangular waveguide is one of the earliest type of transmission lines used to
transport microwave signals and are still used today for many applications.
The hollow rectangular waveguide can propagate TM and TE modes, but
no TEM waves, since only one conductor is present. Figure 9.2 shows a
rectangular waveguide with its cross-section of sides o and b.
Figure 9.2: Cross-sectional View of a Rectangular Waveguide
'Let us analyse the characteristics

of the TE and TM waves in rectangular
waveguide.
9.4.1 TM
Modes
For the TM case in rectangular waveguide, the non-zero field components
are
:
E* :
8," :
E^
H""
Eo"(r,a)
_
"-,"
n,ri"(:H!)rr"(ry)"
-_a(T)a""'1l.-),t"(ry)"El(r,y) e-t, :-a(T)*,t"1ff.

E\(r,v) e-1'
: r1(r, y)
)*,(ry)"","
e- 1"
- +(+)
",r"
(ff
)* "(ry)
"","
H*
where
o,
: 4(r,y1e-',, :-ff (T)a""'1+-),"(ry)"-
:[ry]'.[+]'
Page 627
Chap
\ilaveguides
For TM-, mode in a rectangular waveguide, the propagation constant is

defined as
k, m,
ar,.d
n:
Case 1: Cut-off
ti
If
a2tte:[ry]'
.[+]'
"Y:0 ot q,:0:0
Then,
The value of
r,,'
that
this called the cutoff angular frequency c..r"
causes
; that is,
'":h llry]'.[+[
No propagation takes place at this frequency.

Case 2: Evanescent
: u2tre .[ry]' .lTl'
If
ti
Then,
'y:et 0:o
In this case' we have no wave propagation at all. These nonpropagating

modes are said to be evanescent.
Case 3: Propagation
rr
t*
Then,
'Y:
a2
tre
,[ry]' .[T]'
j0, a:o
So, the phase constant B becomes
components will have the factor
Cut-off Flequency
TM-,
"-tz
i?z.
"
mode in rectangular waveguide is given by
...(e.2)
Cut-off Wavelength
TM*,
^":!f;:
mode in rectangular waveguide is given bv
,
*g
-5-
i-:-
Page 62E
Phase Constant
Cfcrp e
Using equations (9.1) and (9.2), the phase constant

terms of f, as
$hafrriidc
:r{G^Fffi
: p'rE-W
can be written in
Intrinsic Impedance
The intrinsic wave impedance of the
Ê,Er'Y
?rru : Eu:-fi:
TM-,
mode is obtained as
:#:#[-w
or
where q'
medium.
-7u,
Jru : n'lE-W
: / lt l
is the intrinsic impedance of a uniform plane wave in the
TE Modes
For the TE case in rectangular waveguide,,the non-zero field components are
Ho
rr2(r,a)
",,"
n,*"(try!)*,(ty)"""
: (r, y) "-'" - #(ry) r,"" (ff

u,'
)'r "(ff)
En, : E!(r,y) e-,' - -tVW)n,,i,(!TL)*"(tt;)","
H," : H2 (r, a)
r,,-(#)""' (ry)
"-'" - #(T)
""'
H,, : rf;(r,y)e-,"#(T)r,*,(ry),t"(T)" ,,
E*
E9
'
For TE-, mode in
the propagation constant
is
defined as
Cut-off flequency
-\. . .The cut-off frequency
for TE-, mode in rectangular waveguide is given.by
r": ,h /l+l';f",f
Cut-ofr Wavelength
The cut-off wavelength for TE-n mode in rectangular waveguide is given by
2
Phase Constant
The phase constant
p for TE,n, mode is also given
bv
where
g'
: r^/G
trr
is the phase
medium.
"onrtuot
for the uniform plane wave in the
Intrinsic Impedance
The intrinsic wave impedance for TE,,n mode is given by
7tE: :Jwhere
rt'
:,/t4 r, ,r'/1;1{'J{),,r'o"our'"e of a uniform
plane wave in
the medium. Following are some important points about wave propagation
rnode in rectangular waveguide:
Ihble 9.2: Propagation parameters of Rectangular Waveguide
P'*anptei
Plqsq Corstad
r:+Mm:i:;;
.*j
ur=$:15
'lJ
rt:Tt'fry I
9.4.3
Wave Propagation
in Rectangular Wavegurde
The propagation parameters of TE and TM waves inside a

rectangular
waveguide is defined below.
Guide Wavelength
The wave components inside a rectangular waveguide has a different
wavelength from that of the plane waves. This wavelength

along the uris of
qrt
Et
Page 630
the guide is called the waveguide wavelength and is given by
Chap 9
Waveguides
where
)'
is the wavelength in the medium given by
'U' 1
n\/ :7:7G
where u' is the medium velocity.

Phase Velocity
The phase velocity is the velocity at which loci of constant phase
are
propagated down the guide and is given by

O,
"e--9 p
-.u
..(e.3)
Group Velocity
The group velocity is the velocity with which the resultant repeated reflected
waves are traveling down the guide and is given by
"n
T4FA
:U'ffi
...(e.4)
Following are some important points about wave propagation in rectangular

waveguide:
9.5
CIRGULAR WAVEGUIDE
A hollow metal tube of circular
cross section also supports TE .and TM

g.3
waveguide modes. Figure
shows the cross-section geometry of such a
circular waveguide of inner radius a.
Page
Gll
ChT
Waveguidet
l:igule
1.,1.3;
Cross-sectional view of Circula.r Waveguide
9.5.1 TM Modes
For the TM case in circular waveguide, the non-zero field components are
: fif;s-t": C,J,(hp)cos(nb)e-1"
Er" : Ef;e-1" :-tOO C,Ji(hp)cos(nd)e-1"
En
Eo"
E!e' ,,
Hn"
If;e-l,
:-
H6"
: If
e-1,
g:C^J^(hp)sin(n')"-,"
:-
h"p
j?uun
\ '/
h'p C,J*(hp)sin(ng\e-,"
jgn,
C,J,i(hp)cos(ny)e-1,
where C, is an arbitrary constant that depends on the field strength of

excitation, and J"(hp) is the Bessel function of the first kind defined as
r^(hp):ft,#flffi*
Phase Constant
For TM,- mode in a circular waveguide, the phase constant is defined
p:JE:R:/*ffi
where
k: u"/G, and. P,
J,(P, ) L
is the
rn16
as
root of J,(r),i.e.
Cut-off Flequency
TM,-
mode in a circular waveguide is given by
f. : -Jc:: r(
2tr./ 1te -!t"
2ra"[1,te
Intrinsic Inpedance
The intrinsic impedance for TM,* mode is given by
^
rl.ru
where ,7'
medium.
Ea-T'0
:-8,jI;:_Tr:
i
: ,[ tt I is the intrinsic impedance of a uniform plane wave in the
Page 0ll2
9.5.2
Chap 9
Wrvo1uilet
TD Modes
For the TE case in circula.r waveguide, the non-zero field components are
Ho : f!f;s-'t, : CJ J"(hp)cos(nfi)e-l"
: -{
Ho"
Hr"
= I|e-r' :
Eo"
E*"
= E\e-,'
1,
Hf;e
Ef;e "'"
C,'
Ji(hp)
cos(n4y s-',,
J,(hp)sin(nd)"-,"
#ci
ffic,i J,(hp)sin(r,Q)"-,"
: #r;r,'(hp)cos(ng)e-l'
Phase Constant
For
TE"-
where
mode in a circular waveguide, the phase constant is defined as
k: w^fG,
ar'rd.
Jr'(P^-'1
Pn'
is the rntu root of
J,'(r),
i.e.
Cut-off fbequency
TM"lc"
mode in a circular waveguide is given by
Pn'
t _
t"-2nG-r";G
Intrinsic TrnFedance
The intrinsic impedance for TM"^ mode is given by
'
where ,'
medium.
E.6
Trt
E"
_ rl'k
=fr:-fi:T
Eo
: .liJe is the intrinsic imped.ance of a uniform
plane wave in the
WAVEOUIDE.RESONATOR
\dig.'yeguide resonatols
can be considered as a rectangular waveguide with

both bnds closed by a conducting wall. The interior dimensions of J resonator
ate.a,b, and c as shown in Figure 9.4.
I
I
I
t
I
i
i
I
i
I
I
;
I'igure 9.,4: Dimensions of a Wayggude Resonator
As there is no unique longitudinal direction in a resonator, we choose the

as the reference direction ofpropagation. rn actuality, the existence of
z-axis
conducting end walls al, z = o a"rid z: c give rise to multiple reflections

sets up standing waves; no wave propagates in an enclosed cavity.
I
I
*\
il\
I
a^nd
9.6.1 TM Mode
Page
For TM-'o mode in a waveguide resonator, the non-zero field components

are given as
: Eo sin(:r)"^(W) *, (ry)
- : - #(TX T) *' (w),^(rc)* (ry)

"
:*"'" (ry)*(ry) (#)
'," #(TXT)
""
:
,., #(T)n,"i"(T)*,(ry)" *(ry)
u
Hu"
where
:#(T) *""" ( w)""(T)
* :lryf .[ry|
""-
(ry)
Resonant trYequency
The resonant ftequency for

by
TM*,,
mode
r:#ffi
in a waveguide resonator is given
:#'m.W;W
Resonant Wavelength
The resonant wavelength for TM-no mode in a waveguide resonator'is given
by
f*
:4:
r
^,iEJGY+1xY+Gf
2
',
'.
r'*:'"
r.f ir
TE Mode
TDnnp mod.e
in a waveguide
are given as
"
resonatox,' the non-zero fierd components
: r/s (ry)*(ry)*" (ry)

- : #(,T) u, *"(T) -' (ry),
11*
cos
^(ry)
:#(T)*"'" W)*.(t#) "" (ry)

, - : - #(TXf * (ry) *(ry) *' (T)
"'"
)
,," : (ry)l^(W) *' (ry)
E o"
#(TXT)
Resonant trbequency
Chap
lilaveguides
Eo
For
GIl
"
"''
The resonant frequency for TE-no mode in a waveguide resonator is given

bv
r:#,m*W;W
Page 634
Resonant Wavelength
Chap 9
The resonant wavelength for TE-oo mode in a waveguide resonator is given

by
Waveguides
I,:
9.6.3
,r@ie,yi ?f
Qualitv Factor
The quality factor of a resonant cavity is a means of determining the loss.
It is also a measure of the ba,ndwidth of the cavity resonator. The quality
factor may be defined as
'" Pr.T - * Pr.

- ^WW
: 7ll
is the period of oscillation , P1 is the time-average power loss

in the cavity, and W is the total time-average energy stored in electric a,nd
magnetic field in the cavity. Following are some important points about
waveguide resonator:
where T
,F** *
*rt<
rF***,t
EXERCISE g.{
Page 635
Chap 9
Waveguides
M{}& $"{",i
An electromagnetic wave propagating in an airfilled 10

has it's electric field in phasor form given as
x 4 cm waveguide
E* : b sin(2\tr r)sin(2ltra) e-jp" v I m

What is the mode of propagation of the EM wave ?
(A) TM,1
(B) TM1'
(c) TE,1
(D) TE1'
MCQ 9.1.3
The electric field component of an electromagnetic wave propagating in a

rectangular waveguide is given in phasor form as
E : Eosin(b0zrr)sin(4\ry) e-,, y m
f
""
The ratio of field components 8,"/E* will be equal to
(A) 1.25 cot (50tr r)tan( Otr y)
(B) 0.8 cot (5Urr)tan(4}tr y)
(C) 1.25 tan (40n r) cot (50r y)
(D) 0.S tan ( 40rr) cot(5}ny)
MCQ S.1.3
An EM wave is propagating in TEM mode in a parallel plate waveguide filled

: 2.25, p,: 1). If the waveguide operating at 10 GHz then
the phase constant and the group velocity of the wave will be respectively
(A) 4.5 x 108rad/s, 139.6m/s
of a dielectric (e"
(B) 139.6rad/s, 4.5 x 108m/s

(C) 2 x 108rad/m, 3t4.2m/s
(D) 314.2rad/m, 2 x 108m/s
ntsa g"{-d
A parallel plate wave guide has the plate separation b : 20-mm is made with
s-lass (e" :2.r) between it's plates. If the guide is operating at a frequency
f : 16 GHz then which of the following modes will propagaie ?
(A) TMI
(B) TM3 ;
(c) TE,
(D) all the three
me*
In a symmetrical slab waveguide, the phase velocity of TEr mode at cutoff

is ur1. So, the phase velocity of TM2 mode at cutoff will be
(A) ,o'
(B) 2u,r
9,,t.5
s+
ua{& s.{"$
(D) ^/i u,,
An a x b airfilled rectangular waveguide is operating at a frequency,

f :5GHz. what will be it's dimensions if the design frequency is 10%
Iarger than the cutoff frequency of dominant mode while being 10% lower
than the cutoff frequency for the next higher order mode ?
(A) o : 3.3 cm, b :2.7 cm

(C) a:0.37cm, b:0.3cm
(B) a: 1.1cm, b : 0.9 cm

(D) o: 0.5 cm, b : 0.4 cm
Page 636
Chap
ingcl c"t.7
Waveguides
electromagnetic wave is propagating in a pa^rallel plate waveguide

operating at TMl mode. The magnetic field lines in the gz-plane will be
(Assume the positive r-axis directs into the paper)
An
"12 r
3trl2
2tr
?t'
*x
'.6)
,o
mcQ s.t.8
An EM wave is propagating at a frequency 'f in an air filled rectangular

waveguide having the cutoff frequency '/.'. Consider the phase velocity of
the EM wave in the waveguide is uo. The plot of. (clu) versus (i//) *itt Ue(c is the velocity of wave in air)
(A)
(B)
("/
r)
(f./
MCA 9.1.9
r)
An electromagnetic wave propagating at a frequency '/' in free space has

the wavelength ')'. At the same frequency it's wavelength in an airfiIled
waveguide is \. If the cutoff frequency of the waveguide is $ then the plot
of
(\/I)
versus
(///"; *itt
P{e
ue
Ctap
()ri ))
i\
_ _ _ _i_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Ulf")
Ull.)
(!l f")
(fl f")
(c)

A parallel plate waveguide is separated by a dielectric medium of thickness
b with the constitutive parameters e and p
".o
*.r.ro If the cut-off
MCQ 9"t.t1
frequencies
of the waveguide for the modes TE1, TE2 and
TEs are respectively u)",, Q"z, r.r". then Which of the following represents the
correct relation between the cutoff frequencies ?
(B) ," 1u", 1u""
(A) ,", : 0)"2: oJ"t
(D) ,/r"1a,: ,",
(C) ,", ) u",) u",
curve (graph of frequency f versus phase constant

wayeguide for the modes TM2, TMa and TMa will be
The
f-B
(B)
(A)
,,
'fz
/'
I,
/'
(c)
't,
(D) j;
Waveguides
,}..
(B)
437
p) of the
Page 638
Chap
&acq
s,{.{:
Waveguides
A rectangular waveguide operating in TEro mode has the phase constant B.

If the average power density of the guide in this mode is P,, then what will
be the relation between P",, asd, 0 ?
(A.) P"" o 0
(B) P^, a P2
(c)
P,"
'B
(D) P,, is independent of B

Common Data For Q. 13 and 14:
A asymmetric slab waveguide has the different mediums above and below the
slab as shown in figure. The regions above and below the slab have refoactive
indices nz arrd ns respectively while the slab has refractive index nr
mc& g"'!."r3
2.8, n2 - 7.7 , nt :
wave propagation will be
2.1 ,
(A) 48.6"
If
n1
(c)
rKs(l g-{"{{
then the ininimum possible wave angle for the
4t.4"
(B)
(D)
37.4"
54.1"
If the refractive
indices of the mediums are related as

maximum phase velocity of a guided mode will be
n1
) nz> nz the
(A) n3c
(B) clnl
(C) clnt
(D) cln,
(c is velocity of wave in free space)
n6g& $.{.{5
The first four propagating modes of a circular waveguide are respectively
(A) TMo1, TE21, TEo1, TM11

(B) TM1l, TMzr, TM62, TMp
(c) TE11, TEzr, TMrr, TEo,
(D) TE11, TMor, TE21, TEol
Common Data For Q. 16 and L7 :
A microstrip line has the substrate thickness
MC& 9,{"{S
If the characteristic
width of microstrip.
(A) 2.83 cm
(B) 0.28 cm
(C) 0.36 cm
(D) 0.14 cm
d:
0.316
cm with
impedance of the guide is 100 O then what
,:2.2
will be the
trcQ
s,1.{7 If the transmission line is operating at a frequency, :gGHz then the

f
effective permittivity e" and guide wavelength ,\, will be
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
ee
t.TO
2.8s
0.158
18.87
^s cm
2.83
1.26 cm
18.87 cm
0.158 cm
page63g
Chap 9
Waveguides
**{<+*****x*
.\.:
.r1
Page
6z10
Chap
EXERCI$E 9.2
Waveguidee
QUES 9.2,1
An airfilled rectangula,r waveguide is operating in TM mode at a frequency

twice the cutoff frequency. What will be the intrinsic wave impedance (in O
)?
qur$
e.?'2 An EM wave is propagating in
quc$
e.2.3
TMzr mode in an air filled 10 x 4 cm

waveguide at a frequency of 7.5 GHz. What will be the phase constant (in
rad/m) of the EM wave ?
An airfilled 5 x 3 cm rectangular waveguide is operating at TEro mode at
frequency of 3.75GH2. The group velocity of tbe propagating wave in the
waveguide will be __-__--_ x 108 m/s.
rectangular wavegurde with the dimensions a:2.5cm, b:5cm is
operating at a frequengy f :15 GHz. If the wave guide is filled with a lossless
dielectric with p" = 1., ,: 2 then the wave irnpeda,nce of propagating TE26
0.
mode in the waveguide will be
rxrF$ s.2,4
{}irE$ s,2.5
Cutoff wavelength of a parallel plate waveguide for TMz mode is 2 mm. If

the guide is oferated a,t a wavelength ,\ = 0.1cm then the no. of possible
modes that can propagate in the waveguide is _______
&Lrs 9.2,6
A lossless parallel plate waveguide is operating in TMs mode at frequencies

as low as 15 GHz. What will be the dielectric constart of the medium
between plates if the plaie sparation is 10 mm ?
otles
e.2.7
The cutoff frequency of TMr mode in qn air filled parallel plate wave guide
is 2.5 GHz..If the guide fs operating at wavelength .\ - 3 cm then.what will
be the group velobity gt.fE, mode will be
x 108 m/s.
-------
auE$ s,2.8
A symmetric slab waveguide flas a slab thickness d: 5lm with refractive

indices pr:3, rh:2.5 ps qho-wr-r in figure. The phase velocity of the TEr
mode at cutoff will be
x 108 m/s.
\
Common Data For Q. 9 and 10i
A strip line transmission line has the ground plane separation,
and filled of a material with e": 8.8.
guEs 9.2.9
0.632 cm
Qurs
9.2"1t An airfilled,
line is operating at a frequency f

be it's guide wavelength (cm) ?
and
c:
lossless cavity resonator has dimensions
20 cm.
GHz then what will
o:30cm, b:25cm
What is the resonant frequency (in MHz) of
TE161 mode ?
s":.tz An airfiIled cubic cavity
resonator (a:b: c) has dominarrt resonant

frequency of 15 GHz. The dimension of the cavity resonator is
cm.
quc$ e.2"13
A parallel plate waveguide
,oper,ating at a frequency of 5 GHz is formed

of two perfectly conducting infinite plates spaced 6 cm apart in air. The
maximum time average power that can be propagated per unit width of the
guide for TM1 mode without any voltage breakdown will be
MW/m.
:
(Dieigclric strength of air
3 x 106 V/-)
e.2.14 An air filled parallel plate wave guide has the separation of 12 cm between
it's plates. The guide is oper'ating at a frequency of 2.5 GHz. What' is the
maximum average power per unit'width (GW/m) of the guide that can be
propagated without a voltage brea.kdown for TSM mode,?
quc$ e.a",rs A parallel plate waveguide filled of a dielectri. (r": 8.4) is constructed for
operation in TEM mode only6ver the fggqueiicy range p < .f < 1.8 GHz. The
maximum allowable separation betweed.the flates will.be
cm,
Co"'mon Data For q. 16 apd"L7 :

A parallel plate waveguide having plate separation b: 14.1mm is partially
filled with two lossless dielectric with permittivity e,1: 2 and z: 1.05.
QuEs
s.2.'t$ The frequency 'fo' at
Guss
e.2.17 How many TM
Qurs
e.2.t8 A symmetric
whiCh the TMr mode propagates through the guide

without suffering any reflective loss is
GHz.
n:2.I
d:20
modes
that can propagate in the guide at the frequency $
dielectric slab waveguide.with it's permittivities ,^:2.2 and

is operating at wavelength, .\:2.6pm. If the slab thickness is
pm then how many mbdes can propagate in the slab
Ml
Chap 0
Waveguller
impedance of the transmission line is 35 then what will be

the width (cm) of conducting strip ?
s.2.{o If the transmission
QuE$
If characteristic
Quss
quss
Page
e.z,le A symmetric
dielectric slab waveguide with it's refractive indices n1 a\d ft2

is operating at wavelength, .\:3.1pm. If the slab thickness is 10pm and
nz:3.3 then what will be the maximum value of n1 for which it supports
only a single pair of TE and TM mode ?
Page 642
Cbap 9
Waveguides
QuEs
3.2.20 An air filled waveguide is of square cross-section of 4.5 cm on each side. The
waveguide propagates energy in the TErz mode at 6 GHz. The wavelength
of the TE22 mode wave in the guide is
QuEs
e.2.2t
cm.
An attenuator is formed by using a section of waveguide of length I operating

below cutoff frequency. The operating frequency is 6 GHz and the dimension
of the guide is a:4.572cm as shown in figure. What will be the required
length I (in cm) to achieve attenuation of 100 dB between IIP and OIP
guides
u-u-
Fropagating
Propagating
'vfave
QUE$
e'2.22 A rectangular waveguide with the dimension, a:1.07cm is operating in

TEro mode at a frequency, f - 10GHz. If the waveguide is filled with a
dielectric material having 6": 8.8 and tan6:0.002 then the attenuation
constant due to dielectric loss will be
dB/m.
'
QuEs

A rectangular cavity resonator with dimensions o:2.5cm,
c : 5 cm is filled with a lossless material (p: ltr, e : 3eo).
9.2.23 The resonant frequency of the cavity resonator for
b:2cm
TE1s1 mode
and
will
be
GHz.
QUE8
e.2.24 If the resonator is made of copper then the quality factor for TE1s1 mode
(Conductivity of copper r: 5.8 X 10? S/m)
QU:a
e.2.25 An air filled circular waveguide

for TE11 mode will be
ouEs
is
has it's inner radius 1 cm. The cutoff frequency
GHz.
(P'rr:1'841)
s.2.26 A cylindrical cavity shown in the figure below is operating at a wavelength

of 2 cm in the dominant mode. The radius a of the cylindrical cavity will be
cm.
(Por: 2.40b)
PtEs al3
Cary
Wercgrider
**x****<**x*
EXERCI$E 9.3
P{p M4
(lrp9
Wrrgddi
r{tcs
e.3.t
Assertion (A) : In a waveguide operating below cutoff frequency there is no

net average power flow down the waveguide'
Reason (R) : Propagation of energy requires a propagating mode'
(A) A and R both are true and R is correct explanation of A'
(B) A a.nd R both are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(D) A is false but R is true'
tvtce
9,3,2 An a X b rectangular waveguide is operating in four different
modes
as
TMrr,TMrz,TEroandTE20'Ifa:2bthentheascendingorderofthe
operating modes for their cut-off frequencies will be

(A) TEm < TE:o ( TMtt ( TMrz
(B) TEm ( TMtt ( TEzo ( TMrz
(C) TMrz ( TMtr ( TEzo ( TEro

(D) TEro ( TEro ( TM'z ( TM"
Mca
e.3.3

1. TEM mode can not exist within a hollow waveguide'
2. Any of the TM mode can't be the dominant mode of propagation
in
rectangular waveguide.
The correct statement is
(A) only 1
(C) 1 and 2 both
mce
s.s.4
(B) onlY 2
(D) None of these
The lowest order TM mode that can exist in a cavity resonator is
(A) TMru
(B) TN{i1o
(D) TM1ol
(c) TMol1
Ince
rurce
e.3.5 If the dimensions of cavity resonator are equal (i.e. o: b) then the lowest
. order TE mode will be
(B) TEloo
(A) TEoll
(D) (A) and (C) both
(C) TE1ol
resonator has the dimensions a> b> c. Which of the
amanged in ascending order with respect to their
are
modes
following
e.3.6 An air filled cavity
resonant frequencies
(A) TMrro, TEou, TEror

(B) TEolr, TMrio, TEror
(C) TMloo, TMror' TMttt
(D) TMiro' TEror, TEorr
llcQ
e'3.7
When a wave is propagating in r-direction, TE wave has E" equal to
h!"Gg
. Gbr
(A) zero
(C) E"
(B)
(D) Ey+ E,
muqddce
ItdsQ
s.3.s
For a wave propagating in z-direction in a hollow rectangular waveguide,

TEM wave has
(A) E,:0
(B) H,: o
(C) all components of .E and H are zero (D) E, : 0, H,: 0
Msa
e.3"e
The cut-off frequency of TEM wave is
(A)
(C)
zero
infinity
(B) /
(D) that of TEro
McQ
e.g.tt)
MCQ
9,3"Xd If 'f *n: Ct-,, i6r a WavegUide
The dominant mode of propagation in an air-filled waveguide of 2

dimensions operating at 10 GHz is
(B) TE,l
(A) TEol
(D) TE11
(c) TElo
(A) propagation takes place

(B) no propagation takes place
(C) energy is increased
(D) energy is decreased
XX**<*t {<*t
t<r<
Lcm
EXERCT$E 9.4
Page 646
Chap 9
.Waveguides
ltco
9.4-{
The magnetic field among the propagation direction inside a rectangular

waveguide with the cross-section shown in the figure is
:3cos(2.094
102r)cos(2.618
The phase velocity
uo
of the wave inside the waveguide satisfies
11,
102y)cos(6.288
x I0lot-
pz)
1.2 cm
(A) uo> c
(C) 0<
ircQ
9.4-2
(B) ?,:
(D) oo:
uplc
The modes in a rectangular waveguide are denoted by TE* or TM-. where

m and n are the eigen numbers along the larger and smaller dimensions of
the waveguide respectively. which one of the following statements is TRUE?
(A) The TM16 mode of the waveguide does not exist
(B) The TE16 mode of the waveguide does not exist

(c) The TMls and the TEls modes both exist and have the same cut-off
frequencies
(D) The TM16 and the TMsl modes both exist and have the same cut-off
frequencies
lltco 9-{-3
The electric and magnetic fields for a TEM wave of frequency 14 GHz in a
permittivity 6" and relative permeability
are
given
by
E:
Ers!('t-2eu"d
a"Y f m and ,E[ - g"i@t-28oru) a, A.f m.
F,:7
Assuming the speed of light in free space to be 3 x 108m/s, the intrinsic
impedance of free space to be 1202r , the relative permittivity s, of the
medium and the electric field amplitude ,8, are
(A) r, 3, Er: I20r
(B) r" : 3, Ep: 3602r
homogeneous medium of relative
(C) r"
iltco
9.4.4
:9, Ep:
(D) r,
3602r
:9, Ep: I20n
Which of the following statements is true regarding the fundamental mode

of the metallic waveguides shown ?
P: Coaxial
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Q: Cylindrical
Only P has no cutoff-frequency

Only I has no cutoff-frequency
Only .B has no cutoff-frequency
All three have cutoff-frequencies
ffi
R: Rectangular
Mcq
ItrlcQ
4 cm a.nd b : 3 cm)
to be operated in TE11 mode. The minimum operating frequency is
(A) 6.25 GHz
(B) 6.0 GHz
(C) 5.0 GHz
(D) 3.75 GHz
s,rl.s A rectangular waveguide of internal dimensions (a:
$"4"$
is
The .E field in a rectangular waveguide of inner dimension o X b is given by
, : #(+)n,,i"(T)sin(r.,t - g") a,
Where Ilo is a constant, and o and b are the dimensions along the r-a>cis
and the y-axis respectively. The mode of propagation in the waveguide is
(A) TEro
(B) TM11
(D) TElo
(c) TM,o
McQ
s.4.7 An air-filled
rectangular waveguide has inner dimensions of 3 cm x 2 cm.

The wave impedance of the TE26 mode of propagation in the waveguide at
a frequency of 30 GHz is (free space impedance T0 : 377 Q)
c2
(c) 4oo 0
(B) 355 o
(D) 461 o
(A) 308
l{lco
e.4-a A rectangular
wave guide having TEro mode as dominant mode is having
a cut off frequency 18 GHz for the mode TE36. The inner broad - wall
dimension of the rectangular wave guide is
(A) f cm
(C) f cm
IttcQ
(B) 5 cm
(D) 10 cm
e"4"e Which one of the following does represent the electric field lines for the
mode in the cross-section of a hollow rectangular metallic waveguide
(A)lltlllllllllll.
l_
(c)lllllllllllill"
(B)
l:l
l:l
(")l-l
a
I
!-l
McQ
9.rl"lo
The phase velocity of an electromagnetic wave propagating in a hollow

metallic rectangular waveguide in the TEro mode is
(A) equal to its group velocity
(B) less than the velocity of light in free space
(C) equal to the velocity of light in free space
(D) greater than the velocity of light in free space
McQ
9*4"{{
In a microwave test bench, why is the microwave signal amplitude modulated

at 1 kHz
(A) To increase the sensitivity of measurement
(B) To transmit the signal to a far-off place
(C) To study amplitude modulations
(D) Because crystal detector fails at microwave frequencies
page 64?
Chap 9
waveguide
Page 64E
McQ
Chap 9
e"4'12 A
rectarrgular .lnetal wave guide fiIIed

with a dierectric material of relative
,: 4 has the inside dimensions ti;- x r.2
cm. The cut_off
frequency for the dominant mode is
(A) 2.5 cHLz
(B)
permittivity
Wavquidea
5.0 GHz
(C) 10"0 GHz

Iucc
e"4.13
$ca
e'4't4
(D) 12.5 GHz
The phase velocity for the TE,q _mode

in an air_filled rectangular waveguide
is (c is the velocity of plane waves in
free space)
(A) less,than c
(B) equal to c
(C) greater than c
(D) none of these
The phase verocity of wave propagating

in a holrow metal waveguide is
(A) grater than the velocity of hght irr-fr""
,pr."
(B) less than the velocity of light in free

space
(C) equal to the velocity of light free space
(D) equal to the velocity of light in free
ilcQ
e'4'15
The dominant mode in a rectangular waveguide

is TE16, because this mode
has
(A) the highest cut_off wavelength

(B) no cut_off
(C) no magnetic field component
(D) no attenuation.
MGQ
MGq
e'4'tc
A TEM wave is incident normally upon a perfect

conductor. The .o and
---- - *^.r
field at the boundary will beiespectiv"ty,
(A) minimum and minimum
(B) maximum and maximum
(C) minimum and maximum
(D) maximum and minimum
e'rl't7
rectansular waveguide has dimensions

i.'|
(A) 5 GIIz
(c)
tucQ
cH;
cm x 0.5 cm. Its cut-off frequency
(B) 10 GHz
(D) 12 GHz
e'4't8 Assuming
,
ileQ
15
r/
s'4'to
perfect conductors of a transmission

line, pure TEM propagation
is NOT possible in
(A) coaxial cable
(B) air-filled clindrical waveguide

(C) parallel twin-wire line in air
(D) semi_infinite parallel plate wave guide
Inilicate which one of the following will
NoT exist in a rectangular resonant
cavity.
(A) iE,io
(C) TMrio
(B) TEml
(D) TMll1
MGQ g.{.20
The ratio of the transverse electric field to the transverse

magnetic field is
called as
Chap
(A) wave guide impedance

(B) wave guide wavelength
(C) phase velocity
(D) Poynting vector
MCQ 9.4.2r
Consider
ItcQ
s.4.22
rectangular waveguide of internal dimensions 8cm

X 4cm.
h would be
(B) 16 cm
(D) 32 cm
'Y: ./(+y +(W
-et
represents the
rectangular waveguide for

(A) TE waves only
(C) TEM waves

mcq 9,4.23
constant in
with the symbols
having their standard. meaning, cut-off frequency

(frequency below which wave propagation will not (occur)
for a rectangular
waveguide is
(D)
^h{w.w
h,[wiw
standard air filled waveguide w4-rg7 has inside wall

dimensions of
4.755 cm and b:2.2l5cm. At 12 GHz, it will support
(A) TEro mode only
(B) TElo a^nd TE2s modes only '
,
(C) TEro,TE2sandTEsl modes only
a:
(D) TEro,TE2e,TEsl
iitcQ 9.4.25
a,nd TE11 modes
consider the following statements relating to the

resonator :
1' The cavity resonator does not posses ais *ury *od."
"urriiy
u, th"
waveguides does.
"or.erponding
2. The resonant frequencies oi cavities are very closely
3.
spaced.
The resonant frequency of a cavity ,"ronuto,
Uu
"*r,
its dimensions.
Which of the above statements is/are correct ?
(A) 2 and 3 only
(B) 2 only
(C) 3 only
(D) 1, 2 and
l,tcQ 9.4,26
(B) TM waves only

(D) TE and TM waves
(B)
rucQ 9.4.24
.hurrg"d by altering
The correct statement is
(A) Microstrip lines can support pure TEM mode

of propagation but
shielded coaxial lines cannot
(B) Microstrip lines cannot support pure TEM mode

of propagation but
shielded coaxial lines can
(c) Both microstrip lines

mode of propagation
Waveguides
Assuming an Hro mode of propagation,
(A) 8cm
(C) acm
Page 649
and shierded coaxial lines can support
p're TEM
(D) Neither microstrip lines nor shierded coaxiar lines

can support pure
TEM mode of propagation.
Page 650
Chap
MCQ 0.4.27
Waveguides
An air-filled rectangular waveguide has dimensions of a : 6 cm and 6 : 4 cm

. The signal frequency is 3GHz. Match List I with tist II and select the
correct arlswer using the code given below the lists :
List
;\
TEto
b.
TEb
List
1.
2.
3.
4.
c.
d.
II
2.5 GHz
3.75 GHz
4.506 GHz
4.506 GHz
abcd
(A) r234
(B)4231
(c)1324
(D)4321
9.4"28 For plane *ui" proprgating in free
space or two conductor transmission

line, what must be the relationship between the phase velocity uo, the group
velocity us and speed of light c ?
(A) ,o )
(C) ,o :
$ca
9,4,29
c)
c:
(B)ro1c4ug
(D),olus<c
us
'us

In a microstrip line
1.
Wavelength ,\: *, where e" is the effective dielectric constant and

the free space wavelength.
is
Electromagnetic fields exist partly in the air above the dielectric

substrate and partly within the substrate itself.
3. The effective dielectric constant is greater than the dielectric constant
of the air.
4. Conductor losses increase with decreasing characteristic impedance.
Which of the above statements is/are correct ?
(B) 1 and 2
(A) 1, 2 and 3
(D) 4 only
(C) 2,3 and 4
2.
rilcQ 9.4.30
II
and select the correct answer using the codes given
below the lists.
List II
Modes of Propagation
List I
Type of lSsnsYnission Structure
a.
b.
c.
d.
Strip line
Hollow rectangular waveguide
Microguide
Corrugatedwaveguide
Codes
(A)
(B)
(c)
'(D)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Quassi TEM
Pure TEM
TE/TEM
Hybrid
).",",,
Assertion (A) : TEM (Tlansverse Electromagnetic)

waves cannot propagate
within a hollow waveguide of any shape.
Reason (R) : For a TEM wave to exist within
the waveguide, lines of 11 fierd
must be closed loops which requires an axiar
of E which is not
present
"o-porrJrrt
in a TEM wave.
(A) Both A and R are individuaily true and R is
the correct explanation of
A
(B) Both A and R are individually true but R is
not the correct
explanation
ofA
(C) A is true but R is.false

(D) A is false but R is tiue
!i.?$& S,;t.S3
A standard waveguide wRg0
has inside wail dimensions of a: 2.2g6 cm

cm. What is the cut_off waveguide for TEor mode ?
(A)
(ej z.zaacm
(C) 2.032 cm
(D) 1.857 cm
.,,
and
rscQ 9,4.33
1.016
a.\T2cm
when a pa'rticular mode is exited in a waveguide, there appears

an extra
electric component, in the direction of propagation.
In what mode is the wave
propagating
(A) Tlansverse electric

(B) Tlansverse magnetic
(C) tansverse electromagnetic
(D) Longitudinal
MC& S,4"34

For a square waveguide of cross-section 3 m
X
1. at 6 GHz dominant mode will propagate.
m it has been found
2. at 4 GHz all the mode are evanescent.

3' at 11 GHz only dominant modes and no higher order mode will propagate.
4. at 7 GHz degenerate modes will propagate.
Which of the above statements are correct ?
(A) 1 and 2
(B) 1, 2 and 4
(C) 2 and 3
(D) 2, 3 and 4
Mca
e'd'35
Match List with List

below the lists.
List
a.
b.
c.
(Mode)
List
Evanescent mode
Dominant mode
TMro and TMor
Codes
a
(c)
(D)
.)
(A)
(B)
II and select the correct answer using the codes given

1.
2.
3.
II
(Characteristic)
Rectangular waveguide does not support

No wave propagation
Lowest cut-off frequency
Page 651
Chap 9
Waveguides
e.4.s6 Assertion (A) : A z-directed rectangular waveguide with

dimensions 3cm X lcm will support propagation at 4GHz.
Page 652
Chap 9
lVaveguide
Reason (R)
,t?
*(ryY
*(Tf : (+),where
is the wavelength.
(A) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanaric
A.
(B) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct
of A.

IrrcQ 9,4.37
ilcQ
Which one of the following is the correct statement

A rectangular courial line can support
(A) only TEM mode of propagation
(B) both TEM and TE modes of propagation
(C) either TE or TM mode of propagation
(D) TEM, TE or TM mode of propagation
9.4.38
A rectangular waveguide (A) is gradually deformed first into a circular

guide (B) and lack again into a rectangular waveguide (C) which is ori
through 90" with respect to (A) If the input mode is TE16, which mo&i
excited in the output waveguide (C) ?
(A) TElo
(B) TEol
(c) TE1l
(D) TMl,
[dcQ 9,4.39
The dominant mode in a circular waveguide is a
(A) TEM mode

(B) TM61 mode
(C) TE21 mode
(D) TErr mode
rRcQ 9.4.40
The cut-off frequency of the dominant mode of a rectangular wave guib

having aspect ratio more than 2 is 10 GHz. The inner broad wall dimensirr
is given by :
(A) 3 cm
(C) 1.5 cm
mcq
9.4.41
(B) 2 cm
(D) 2.5 cm
In a waveguide, the evanescent modes are said to occur if

(A) The propagation constant is real
(B) The propagatioir constant is imaginary
(C) Only the TEM waves propagate
(D) The signal has a constant frequency
Assertion (A)
: A microstrip line cannot
support pure TEM mode of
propagation.
Reason (R) : A microstrip line suffers from various forms of losses.
(A) Both A a.nd R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

r$GQ 9.4.43
Consider the following statements relating to the cavity resonators
1.
For over-coupling the cavity terminals are at voltage maximum in the

input line at resonance
2. For over-coupling the cavity terminals are at the voltage minimum in
the input line at resonance
3. For under-coupling the normalized impedance at the voltage maximum
is the standing wave ratio
4. For over-coupling the input terminal impedance is equal to the reciprocal
of the standing wave ratio
(A) 1 and 2
(B)3a,nd
1
(C) 1 and 3
(D) 2 and 4
ffiGA 9,4.44
Consider the following statements relating to the microstrip lines

1. Modes on microstrip lines are purely TEM
2.
3.
Microstrip line is also called open strip line

Radiation loss in microstrip line can be reduced by using thin high
dielectric materials
4- conformal transformation technique is quite suitable for solving
microstrip problems
MCQ 9.4.45
(A) 1, 2 and
(C) 1, 3 and
Match List
(B) 2, 3 and 4
(D) 1, 2 and 4
(Dominant Mode of Propagation) with Libt
transmission Structure) and select the colrect answer
List-I
a.
b.
c.
d.
Coaxial line
Recta.ngularwa,veguide
Microstrip line
Coplanar waveguide
Codes
(A)
(B)
(c)
(D)
List-II
1.. TE
2.
3.
4.
Quasi TEM
Hybrid
TEM
II
(Type of
Page 653
Chap
IVaveguides
Pa.ge 654
&frSe Lit"46
Chap 9
Waveguides
For TE or TM modes of propagation in bounded media, the phase velocity

(A) is independent of frequency
(B) is a linear function of frequency
(C) is a non-linear function of frequency
(D) can be frequency-dependent or frequency-independent depending on the
source
MA{!
S"4"4?
n{s& s.4.68
A waveguide operated below cut-off frequency can be used as

(B) An attenuator
(A) A phase shifter
(C) An isolator
Assertion (A) : The quality factor Q of. a waveguide is closely related to its
attenuation factor a.
Reason (R) : Normally attenuation factors obtainable in waveguides are
much higher than those obtainable in transmission lines.
(D) A is false but R is
MCS S.4,{9
Assertion (A) : The greater the 'Q" the smaller the bandwidth of a lesonant
circuit.
Reason (R) : At high frequencies the Q of a coil falls due to skin effect.
(A) Both A and R are true R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are true R is NOT the correct explanation of A

(D) A is false but R is tt\e
n.l*q 9,4,$s
For a wave propagation in an air filled rectangular waveguid.e'

(A) guided wavelength is never less than free space wavelength
(B) wave impedance is never less than the free space impedance
(C) TEM mode is possible if the dimensions of the waveguide are properll-
chosen
(D) Propagation constant is aiways a real quantitv

ts{{} s.4"s{
When a particular mode is excited in a wave-guide, there appears an extra

electric component in the direction of propagation. The resulting mode is
(A) transverse-electric
(B) transverse-magnetic
(C) longitudinal
(D) transverse-electromagnetic
ru{:{t 9.4,52
For a hollow waveguide, the axial current must necessarily be

(A) a combination of conduction and displacement currents
(B) time-varying conduction current and displacement current
(C) time-varying conduction current and displacement current
(D) displacement current only
i[cQ
9.4.$3
As a result of reflections from a plane conducting wall, electromagnetic

the velocity of light in
waves acquire an apparent velocity greater than

space. This is called
(A) velocity propagation

(C) group velocity
lltco
(B) normal velocity

(D) phase velocity
Assertion (A) : A thin sheet of conducting material can act as a low-pass

filter for electromagnetic waves.
Reason (R) : The penetration depth is inversely proportional to the square
root of the frequency.
(B) Both Assertion (A) a.nd Reason (R) are individually true but Reason
tscQ 9,4.55
Consider the following statements in connection with cylindrical waveguides
constant is real and wave does not
propagate.
2.
3'
At intermediate frequency the propagation constant is zero and wave

cut off.
At high frequency the propagation constant is imaginary and wave
propagates.
4.
At transition condition the cut-off flequency is inversely proportional to

the eigen values of the Bessel function for the respective TEn, mode.
Which of these statements is/are correct ?
(A) 1, 2 and 3
(B) 2 only
(C)2and3only
(D) 2, 3 and 4
luco
9.4.56
How is the attenuation factor in parallel plate guides represented

(A) o : Power lost/power transmitted
(B) o : 2 X Powerlost/powertransmitted.
(C) o : Power lost per unit length/ (2 x power transmitted)
(D) a : Power lost/ (power lost * power transmitted)
MCQ 9.4"57
which one of the following statements is correct? A wave guide can

considered to be analogous to a
(A) low pass filter
(B) high pass filter
(C) band pass
filter
(D) band stop filter
*+*******x*
Chap 9
Waveguideo
9.4.54
1. At low frequency the propagation
Page 655
be
$oLurloNs 9.{
Page 656
Chap
Whveguides
ssl-
e.1.1

Given, electric field intensity of the propagating wave is
(1)
E- : 5 sin(20zrr)sin(25zr 11 e-i?" Y f m
So, we conclude that the wave is propagating in o, direction. Since, the wave
has it's component of electric field in the direction of propagation so, the
waveguide is operating in TM*o (Tla,nsverse magnetic) mode.
Now for determining the value of nz and n, vre compare the pha.sor form of
electric field to its general equation given as.
8"":Eosin(ff)si"(ff)"tu
(2)
where a and b a,te the dimensions of waveguide and since, the waveguide has
the dimension 10 x 4 cm so, we get
o : 10 cm and b: 4cm
*o.1,"o*Ouring equation (1) and (2) we get
rtnr -2onr + m:2

a
ry:25ry
) n:!
Thus, the mode of propagation of wave is TMr,'
s*L
e"1.2

Since, the electric field Somponent exists in the direction of propagation so it
will be operating in TM (Transverse magnetic) mode. So, for the TM mode
the electric field components in phasor form are given as
r
ano
Er --r 08,"
uBh2 or
r1E"
r,
Ey":_FZy
Since, the given electric field component is

E
*-
Eosin(5Qnr)sin(4ozrgr)
So,
8,,
:-
fi(50a'),Eo
and
E:,
:-
#(4ozr
) E',
cos (50 n
n)
e--
VI
sin( }n y) e- "
sin (so n n).cos (40r y) e-'"
Therefore, the ratio of the components is
E* :
^
ffi cot
ffi -50n
sol.
s.'r.3
1.25 cot
(5Oz'
r)tan( }ry)
(5Ozrr)tan(40ny)
Option (D) is qorrect.

Relative perrnittivity of dielectric
Rel"ative permeability of the dielectric,
e, :2.25
p,:
f : 10 GHz : 1010 Hz
so, the phase constant is
in
TEM
mode
is
operating
the
waveguide
Since,
:,^/G
:
:Tlia:Ti#
Chap 9
Waveguides
1_
"g-up-
will be equal to its
phase
\/ --I,t
:2x108m/s
rx$L $,d,d
Page 657
(1.b)
JI4.2 rad/m
The group velocity of the wave in TEM mode

velocity in the unbounded dielectric medium
l.e.
lJ,,

Plate separation,
b:20mm:20x10-3m
Relative permittivity of medium,
c
-O1
:
f l6GHz
For propagation of wave the operating frequency must be greater than the
cutoff frequency of (TE), or (TM), mode of paraller plate waveguide
1.e.
> (f"),
f
2
f 'r
' ' zu/weor,
" < Zfbrfttreoe"

^-2x16x10ex20x10-3
3x10
X J2.T
n < 3.09
So, the maximum allowed mode is
n:3
since, all the modes given in the option are in the range, therefore, all the
three modes will propagate.
!t{11 s { {

The phase velocity at cutoff is independent of the mode and equal to the phase
velocity of a plane wave in unbounded media. Since, in the given problem the
phase velocity of TM2 mode is to be determined for same waveguide
so, the
phase velocity of TM2 mode will be equal to that of TMr mode.
l'.'
Up2 : Upl
sst

consider the dominant mode of the waveguide is TEro. since, the cut-off
frequencv for TE-" mode is defined as
s",r"s
n:dn{W;W
So, the cutoff frequency for the TEro mode is
(.[]o :
3 " *: *
(for airfilled waveguide
c: tl ,/G)
\T w, the next higher order mode of the waveguide

will be TEor so, it's
cutoff frequency is given
as
(f")rr: *
For the given condition design frequency will be
f:
1.1("tlo: 0.9(.fL
Since, the operating frequency of the waveguide is
f :5GHz:5 x
70eHz
Page 658
,.\ : ---TA5 x 70e

c : 5x70s
So, we get
\J" ho
Chap 9
Waveguides
-TT-
2A
2x(5x
5x10e
: --T35x10e
c
t6 : -T.g-
(/"L
and
(3 x
, _:7t
9""t.?
ro8)
'
sol.
3.3 cm
(b
q.g :2.7
cm
103) -

Since, the waveguide is operating at TM' mode so, the phasor form of
magnetic field of the EM wave will be given as
H*
: ffHocos(ff1e-'a"
Since, the waveguide is operating
So,
H*
: ff
at TMr mode (i'e'
Ho"o"(ff)'-
ri':
1)
jP'
Therefore, the instantaneous magnetic field intensity of the wave is given as
n,
: n"{# n, cos(ff) "- *" ",,1

: - ff n,""r(ff)sin(ut - 0z)
At
:o
H,:ff"or(ff)sin(Bz)
As the EM wave is propagatingin y-z plane so, in TM mode the

-components of the magnetic field intensity will be zero'
Hu: lI' :
l.e.
(1)
and
Thus, the field will have the component only in z-direction for which we
sketch the field lines in y-z plane. Flom equation (1), we conclude that the
field intensity ll,depends on the values cosines and sines of the trvo variables
defined as
t,.ut :l-u"
[f ve 0 < y.< 0.5
cos(t')
0.5<y<1
[+ne
' s\nPz:t_r"
021r
r<pz<2tr
<
using these values we get the sketch of the field lines in the Ez-plane
shown in the figure below where r-axis directs into the paper'
rl2
3tr/2
2.n
a
as
sol. g".f.i
Option ($) is correct.

The pha# velocity of the EM wave in the guide is defined
Page 659
as
Chap 9
ar-9
-p
Waveguides
where ar is the operating angular frequency and, is the phase constant

B
inside the airfilled waveguide given as
p:tF-(ffi
^.
U4:-
So, we get
or
waveguide
0J
7/t (f,lff
_
(tl.(+i
:'
The above equation is the equation of a circle. so, the graph betwe en (cf
an'd
(f"lf) will be as plotted below:
ao)
(f"/ t)
sol
9.{.9

wavelength for a propagating wave inside the waveguide is defined
where
p is the
where
as
-tr
ô:4
phase consta,nt of the wave in the waveguid.e given as
is the cutoff frequency of the waveguide and .f is the operating

frequency ofthe waveguide. So, we get
\So:---L
"/G ytt-(fl
,2tr1
Ao:_-=-:
ulto0re
(for airfilled guide p
':(f)(ffi)
r:16;
or
\' :
(f/f:f
ulf"r
Thus, the plot between
(flil
and
(\/,\)
is as sketched below
pa,
e:
es)
I'
Page 660
Chap
Wbveguides
(fl f")
sol. s"l.t0

The propagation constant
(f) i" the parallel

^f +,j pe : (Tl
plate waveguide is defined
as
(1)
Since, for lossless medium propagation constant is given as
^l
: jp
(attenuation constant, o
:0)
-0'+Srr:(Tl
At the cutoff
frequency,
u):
u)c phase
constant is zero (i.e.,
p:0).
So, we
get
err:(Tl
w. -- WT
b"/ pt
So,
for TE1 mode
w^
'-
7f
hr/--1tr
u..:
' bJ22
ttt
,""-' - -3!:
bJ pe
So TE2 mode
For TE3 mode
Comparing the three expressions we get,

u)c]<u)cr<u)c.
sol
9,{.11
.Option (A) is correct.

As calculated in previous question, the expression for the operating frequency
of the wave in the waveguide is given as
-0'+J"t:(Tf
,ip'e: f *(Tl
f'(i : 0' * (Tl
or
So,
Ps1
for TMz mode
(n:
2)
For TMr mode (n: 3)

and for TMa mode
(n:
4)
f : #Gl':'+ t1;Yl
f': nJrrl'r'+e(f I]
f :#Gl6'+ t6(flJ
Thus, for the above obtained expressions for the frequencies at clifferent
modes, we sketch the f -p curve as shown beiow :
-!
Page 661
Chap 9
Waveguides
ft
f,
f,
.ss*- s,'*"1?

For a rectangular waveguide operating in TE16 mode the phasor form of
electric field is given as
E,. : Eosin(tm\"-'r'
u* :-fOnosin(kr)e-ia,
H,":iK
"Qp
Eocos(kt:\ert,
Since, the wave is propagating
exists in the
in TE mode so, no any other field component
waveguide.
Now, the average power in an EIVI wave is defined
a,
\
as
: $n"i E" x H!)
Since, 11* hns a factor j. So it would lead to an imaginary part of the total ,
power when cross product with E, is taken. Therefore, the real power in the '
case is found through the cross product with complex conjugate of ,F1* as
below
p",
Po,g 0
Thus.
**!-
s"'1.1i:i
: jR"{ Eo, x Hl,}

: i#6uA"tn2 (kr) a"

The wave angle must be equal to or greater than the critical angle of total
reflection at both interfaces. So, the minimum wave angle in the slab is
determined for the greater of the two critical angles determined at two
interfaces.
Since.
ns ) TL2
means the critical angle
It
9.r
will be greater for
sin
$-.1"-*d
media and given as
'/&\:48.6'
\.nt I
Therefore, the minimum possible wave angle

s&!-

Phase velocity of a guided mode is defined
will be 48.6'.
as
ur:#
So, rnaximurn phase velocity for the guided mode is
"'n'u^
where
s)
(1)
ar,rn
0*i, is the rninirnum
pha^se
constant given
as
(2)
0ô : nikosind-io
in
free
number
is
the
wave
where d,"io is the minimum possible wave angle, fto
space and n1 is the refractive index of propagating media (slab)'
Now, from the given relation for refractive index, we have
Page 662
Chap 9
Waveguides
'na ) ns
in previous question the minimum wave
angle will be
n2) which
and
of
nr
interface
(i.e.
the
at
determined by larger critical a.ngle
so, as described
is given as
sind-io
sir
l.rr:fr
0*: uldff:
nzlt
Again putting the value of p,,,i' in equation (1), we get

Upmu
soL
9.1.15
(velocity of wave in air,
nDleo rk

In a circula,r waveguide, cutoff frequency for
TE-'
,: fr)
mode is given as
' P'^n
t
Jcmn:t;;G
and the cutoff frequency for TM-n mode of the waveguide is given as
'
Jcmn:
D
lmn
,";G
where a is the cross sectional radius of waveguide, P'*n and P^n are the
roots of the Bessel's equation. Their values are related as listed below in
increasing order
P'n.,-Pu1P'r, I P'rr.: Prr (
P':.nz- Pzt/- P'u and so on'

p
so, for the corresponding values bf ^'rnd P^n, we get the increasing order
of the modes with respect to their cutoff frequencies as shown below on the
frequency axis :
TEnt
f"
TMrt
Thus, the first four propagating modes are respectively

TErr, TMor, TErr, TEor or TMrr
sol. 9.t.16

Given
Thickness of substrate,
0.316 cm
Relative permittivity of substrate,

-)9
Zo :100Q
Characteristic impedance of line,
The width to thickness ratio (wld) is defined as
w
a:7r1
8eA
where o
: 30,[+ * r[#r(o.x + +)
for
ff <2
Now, we assume # < 2. So, we get
Page 663
EJt , t2.:
ro-v ---z-"1#;f;10
: 100
A_
23+
W):"'
and therefore, the width to thickness ratio is
:a%:
As the obtained value of

and we have
s.1.1?
(wlQ is less than 2 so, our assumption
# : o.sgo
u:(0.896)xd
: (0.896) x (0.3i6) :
Oft
$sL
o'8e6
was correct
0.288 cm

As calculated in previous question the width to thickness ratio is
7:
w
o'gge
So, the effective value of
'P
permittivity is given
_r.*1 e"-1 1
--2----2--REy L-f
_(2.2+I),z.z_ t
as
-u
-_T----2--7=T
:1.7b8
v^'0'896
Therefore the guided wavelength of the EM wave is
where
/ e.f
^s:-+-
is operating frequency and c is velocity of wave in free space. so,
we get
\ ^'-@ffi;1sxro)
3x108
2.83 cm
t(*********rt
,f
:8GHz
Chap 9
Iilaveguides
sol-urlol{s
Page 664
Chap
9,2
Waveguides
sol.
9.2.1

The intrinsic impedance of an airfiIled waveguide for TM mode is defined
as
.,. FJ-t")?rM-":_,tu|,_\_ri
Since, the operating frequency is twice the cutoff frequency
l.e.
:2f".*,
So, we get the intrinsic wave impedance as

rne;^,
sol-
9.2,2
:377
:32.6.49Q =

The dimensions of wave guide,
327 Q
o:10cm:0.1m
b:4cm
and,
The mode of propagation,
TfL
:2, n:7
f :7.5GHz:7.5 x
up: c:3 X 108m/s
10e
Hz,
(air filled)
Unbounded phase velocity,

So, the cut-off frequency of the waveguide is given as
: il(,+l *(+l
:tn.--r@;g
Therefore, the phase
;*.t;1? tf:
wave inside the waveguide is defined as
E-W:''t!cl re
0:9
-i,l'\//f
: #iou x
:
sot- 9.2.3
120.7
ro'g
,t(if - 1a.sY
rad/m
Dimensions of wave guide

and
o:5cm:5x102m
b :3cm:3 x 10-2m
f :3.75 GHz : 3.75 x 10e Hz
Since operating mode of the waveguide is TEls (i.e., rn: 1 and
the cutoff frequency of the airfilled waveguide is given as-
f":ir/WJW
3x108
10e
The group velocity of the EM wave in the waveguide is given
,r:"ffi
as
n: 0) so'
:3 x 108
: 1.8 x 108 m/s
Page 665
'-(*#ihl
s$t*
$.9"d
Chap 9
Waveguides
a:2.5cm:2.5 x
Dimensions of waveguide,
10-2m
b :5cm:5 X 10-2rn
f:l5GHz:15x10eHz
o:0
(lossless dielectric)
and
Oferating frequency,
Conductivity of medium,
c
-c
F, :1
The operating mode of the waveguide is TEzo mode (i.e., tn:2 and n: 0)
So, the cutoff frequency of the waveguide in the TE2s mode is given as
f,:rl;rtrfTflT
3x10b
- 2rT;
8.5
V \z.s x
,,
ro-'?/
10e
The wave impedance for the TE2s mode is given
rrEx:
qnt
0?q
as
FS:r'{*(Tfr)
Given, the cutoff frequency for TM2 mode is
()"L:2mm:2x103m
for tM, or TE,
Since, the cutoff wavelength

waveguide is defined as
(1"),
r:
:_2b
XJ r,
mode for a parallel plate

t
(1)
where b is the'separation between parallel plates of the waveguide and ,.

is relative permittivity of the medium. So, putting the known values in the
expression, we get'
x ro'
'
:+/;
(n:
2)
b:Lug_-*
! e,
Now, for a',y n mode to propagate the operating wavelength must be

than or equal to the cutoff frequency.
less
l.e.
So, from equation (1) for the propagation of wavelength
the relation
):0.1crn
as
10-2
o.l x
1o-2
0.1
.4J;
er
h v
u,
/=?r2Lj-'-J+
I cr
, -
,*,e have
Page 666
Chap
"<#i#
n<4
Waveguides
Therefore, the possible modes that can propagate in the waveguide are
TEM, TEi, TE2, TE3, TEa, TM1, TM2, TM3 and TMa
Thus, there are nine possible modes that can propagate in the waveguide.
snl
9,2,6
Correct answer is
9.
b:10mm:102rrr
Plate separation,
Minimum operating frequency,

./-,' : f": lSGHz: 15 x 10eHz
Since, for TM, mode of parallel plate waveguide, cutoff frequency is defined
AS
(f")_
So,
: ,G
n,
for (TM), mode (n : 3) we have the cutoff frequency
(t),
: ,;rffi
as
15x1oe-sx(sItO
2 I0-'/;
/+:3
, :9
Of
$oL 5.2.?
(.[),: /.'
Correct answer is
2.
Cutoff frequency of (TM) mode,

(r)r : 2.5GHz:2.5 x 10e Hz
Operating wavelength,
I :3cm:3 X 10-2m
The cutoff frequency of (TE), mode of the parallel plate waveguide is given
as
(/").
:3(i)
3
2.5
10eHz
:7.5 x
10eHz
Since, the operating frequency of the waveguide is defined as
f :*
where ,\ is the operating wavelength. So, the operating frequency of the
parallel plate waveguide is
/:##:
loroHz
Therefore, the group velocity of TEs mode is given
as
(r,),:hrf_(H
:3 x 108
:2 x
sol.
9,2.S
Correct anslrer is 1.2
108
'-(%#ql
m/s
At cutoff the mode propagates in the slab at the critical angle which means
that the phase velocity will be equal to that of a plane wave in upper or
lower media of refractive index n2. so, the phase velocity at cutoff will be
,o
: h: gjjq :
r.2
108
m/s
scL
$"2.e

Relative permittivity of material,
line,
So,
Jd zo: /es (gs) :
Separation between strip
Since,
^/1zo <
Chap 9
waveguides
103.8
120
to separation ratio of strip line
Therefore, the width
page 662
6" : 8.8
b : 0.632 cm
Zo : BS
transmission line is
given as
w : 30r
-o {e,Zo -0.44I
w - 3o+- - 0.44r
os3z:@XBs)-u.rar
w :0.295
$sL
e.z.{s

Guide wavelength of a stripline is defined as,
^r:-=\/ ,J
where, c is velocity of wave in free space, / is the operating frequency and
e, is the relative permittivity of the medium. So, we get
' : -ix--lE(/8.8X3 x
: 3.32 cm
,\,
sol $.r.{,
10'g)
In an airfilled cavity resonator, resonant frequency is defined
r*
So, for TE161 mode
. (Tl * (Ifl'''
h\+'t'
(^: p:1, n:0)
/,0,
the resonant frequency is
: rXrlo'[(rr+,-f +1"j--f]','
:
:
$oL
9.?.r?
as
9.01388
108
Hz
901.4 MHz

The resonant frequency of a cavity resonator is defined
f*-rmn,
as
:- --Ll(ry\,n -- tnY -\"/

tlP\211/2
2/ prrL\ ) \T )
.|
Since, o : b: c so, the dominant modes are TEror or TEs11 or TM116

. Therefore, taking any of rn)n or p equal to zero, we get the resonant
frequency as
f*np
hu+r
. (+r * (trl'''
p _ 3 x lo8lzl't'
rmnp2 larl
(a: b:
15x1oe:a+t{"+
i.e.
sol s.2.13 Correct
a:L.41 X10-2m:1.41 cm
a: b: c : l.41Cm
answer is 414.
f :lGHz:5 x
70eHz
c)
Separation between the plates

b :6cm:6
So, the cut off frequency for TM1 mode is given as
Page 668
Chap 9
Waveguides
X 10 2m
rl
'' -
zutJaeo
3x108 -:2.sxloeHz
2x6xIO-2-''"
For a parallel plate waveguide, phasor form of components of electric field

and magnetic field intensity of a propagation wave are given as
Eu"
and
Escos(T)u""
H,":-- -L
co.(Ty)"-r
^'l'-(+l
So, the average power is given as
Puu":[]n"1n"xHl)as
I' t{e ",,)(H'")} (w
d,v)
:tI' - j=+ir.cos'(ff)au
'-\j)
Ea r,1+ cos(ry) ,^. _ ,u
^tl
_u
-2
;F-1q-r'--z-"': r;m
Et
The maximum power propagation will be due to the maximum electric field
in the medium (the dielectric strength of the medium). so, we have tbe
maximum average power as
(P*")^*
:*
x touf
;Fg
(a
((Eo)**: 3 x
Putting all the values, we get the average power per unit width
(P',")-* 6 x lo-2 r. - (3 x 1o6f
:
$0t
Le"',d
4.135 X 108
106
v7m
'
as
l:::;:fi
r2orlt-(f)
:
aL4MW
lm
plates,
b :72cm : 0.12 m
f : 2.bGHz : 2.5 X 10e Hz
For the TEM mode, phasor form of electric and magnetic field components
Separation between waveguide
are given as
Er,
H,,
- -In
So, the average power propagated
P","
Eoe-1"
"-
''
in the waveguide is given
- Io"{tn"x n{}as
_ f r,
- J ZR"{-(A"Xn*)ia"
as
-T
:- I'i@'tF"A'* :
ffi'u
Page 669
The maximum electric field, without any voltage breakdown is defined as

the dielectric strength of the medium as given and as the dielectric strength
of air is
Chap$. ..
.:r_.
Waveguides
.
.:
'
(Eo)-*:3x1o6v/m
So, the maximum average power propagated in the waveguide is
(P",")-*
: z=(tx1-tô='L
(tzor) wft.r2\
Therefore, the maximum time average power propagated per unit width in
the waveguide is
(Po,"),"*
w:
1.432
10e
t.432GW
s&L $,p"1ii
lm

Maximum operating frequencv
Relative permittivity of medium,
The cutoff frequency in TEM mode is
(TE), or (TM)" mode is given
e,
1.5
10e
Hz
:8.4
"fl: 0 and the cutoff frequency in
as
(f"),:
So,
"f*o
2b7G
for TE1 or TM1 mode (n: 1) we get
/f\
\rrh _
--l
tilfiG
to be operated only in TEM mode. So, the operating

frequency must be less than (l) while it must be greater than 0 (cutoff
Since, the guide is
frequency in TEM mode).

i.e.
0<
Oft
"f
/< (r),
<--]:
2br/ paese,
b<_L
2f,/ pae6e,
As the frequency inside the waveguide ranges in 0 < f < 7.bGHz, therefore,
the maximum allowable separation between the plates is
c
A 2.f^*Je,-
sst
s,2"ts
0.345
3x108
2
1.5
10e
oorr
1.5 GHz)
3.45 cm

The Brewster's angle for parallel polarized wave is given
tan0611
(/**
x /&4
as
: ,/?,
: tu'-'( {ry):35.e'
The cutoff frequency for TMimode in 1't medium (permittivity
r1) is
given as
3x108
(rI: %tra= 2xt4.7x1O-3,/2
7.52
10e
Hz
./\
670
I
Waveguides
Page
So, the frequency for which there is no any reflective loss is given as
/ f\
Chap
fr: .o,9
where
d: 90" - ds11. So, we get

,^ _ 7.52x l}e _ 7.52 x 10e _1ra/rrr: rz'o\'rtL
Jo -;orcoo
- dBr) - sin3tg-
is ray angle that has the value,
ilOTE:
Brcwslcr'$ a.rigL: is ilx: in<;irltnt nrrgic ol a pl;ln,: rrirlo
ivhith thr.:r'e is rio a,nv rcficrl,itin in ihc rnerlirrnl.
$EL
9"3.{7
i:rl,
llu' irrtr:r'lilrr'r;l'trvo lur:dirlrrs
i,.r:
As we have determined in the previous question, the value of /6 is
lo : l2'8GHz
and the cutoff frequency for TM1 mode is
(t)
:7'52GHz
So, the cutoff frequency
for TM2 mode will be
(f"\r:2(f"\ : lLofGHz
Since, the operating frequency /e is below the cutoff frequency for TMz
mode so, TM2 mode or the higher modes can't propagate at the frequency
S. Therefore, only one mode

through the waveguide.
sOL
9.2.18
(TMr) can propagate at the frequency $

For a propagating mode TM" or TE" the cutoff wavelength of the symmetric
dielectric slab is defined a-s
, _2d,G,r_ ,
.\c_
.rc---1
n_l
where e"1 and e,2 are the permittivities of dielectrics and
d is the
slab
thickness. So, we get
\ -2 x20x:roar/y2-yt
n._T
_
1.26
n-l
10-5
Since the operating wave length must be lower than or equal to the cutoff
wavelength
) < I,
i.e.
Therefore, for the propagation of wavelength
):
2.6
pm in the dielectric
slab waveguide, we have the condition as
2.6x10-6.1.26x_10-5
n- |
n_I<1.26x10-"5
2.6x106
<
n- 1 4.85
n < 5,85
So, the possible values of z for which the
propagate in the waveguide a,!en:1,213,4,
modes as follows
wavelength ) : 2.6 p,m can

b. Thus, we get the possible
TE1, TE2, TE3, TEa, TE5

TM1, TM2, TM3, TM4, TMs
and as TEM doesn't exist in the dielectric slab waveguide so, total 10 modes
,}
can propagate for the operating wavelength.
sol- 9.2"{9
Page 671
Chap
Correct ansv/er is 3.304

Cutoff wavelength for symmetric slab waveguide is defined as,
()"),
: 2dG"=u
(1)
where d is the thickness of slab n is the propagating mode, ra and ,2 dre

the relative permittivites of the mediums.
Now, the refractive indices of the two mediums can be given as
:
n, :
n1
and
"/
e,1
nfe*
So, the equation can be rewritten as
()"t:2d'm4
Since, the waveguide supports only a single pair of TE and TM modes. i.e.
supports n: 1 mode and denies all the higher modes. Therefore, the
operating wavelength ) must be with in the range.
it
()")r>)=()"),
l.e.
(\)r
(2)
and (,\)z are the wavelengths for mode

respectively. Putting n : 1 in equation (1) we get
where
n:1
and
n:2
(.\") : o"
Therefore, the condition obtained in equation (2) reduces to
()"1
3.1
10-6
_!.1 X_Uj_
rrd_@e <
-2x10x10-6
zr < 3.304
Thus, the maximum value of n1 is 3.304.
,
sol
9.2,20

Given, the cross-section dimension of the waveguide is
a: b:4.5cm
The cut off frequency of the rectangular waveguide is defined
(I)*,
:rGl\;)
I
as
lrmv+(t)l
/n\21't/2
So, the cutoff frequency for TE22 mode of waveguide of square cross section
is
r _ 1 [12\r,t2\r]r/,
n"-rG[\;i
-\r/]
- .,a .,^ 108 x /-L :2GHz
"/0.045
The phase constant of the wave inside the waveguide is given
: r,/ raeol, -(4Yl'''
t \/ /
2rx6x10e[' /2\2f1/2
3x1o_[r_(6/J
J
L1847
102
m-l
Therefore, the wavelength of the TE22 mode wave is
as
Waveguides
Page 672
Chap 9
:T : #*:
b.3og
x 1o-2: 5.3cm
Waveguides

Given, the operating frequency of the waveguide is
f :6GHz: 6 x 10e Hz
So, the wave number in the waveguide of dimension
'a' is given
as
2a"x 6 x-10e :40r

3x108
Now, thr. l.r,-nuation constant of section of waveguide (attenuator) ritth
dimension o/2 is given as
:2nf
c -
(a:
C\:
- @otrf :
(#*l
0.04572m!
55'63 t'{p/m
since, the total required attenuation is 100 dB along the attenuator so. se
have
dB :20loge-ot
where I is length of the attenuator. (length travelled by wave in the smail
100
section of waveguide). Therefore, solving the equation we get,

1g-s
,
$&L S.*.*p
"-at
: #*
:o.2o17 :20.6T cm

Dimension of waveguide
: 1.07 cm :
:
:
"f 10 GHz
Permittivity of dielectric, 6" : 8'8
tand :0.002
and
a
0.0107m
10
10e
Hz
1010
Hz
The phase constant of the EM wave inside the waveguide is defined
as
1"6
P
where k is the wave number in the unbounded medium given as
(ko is wave number in free sparei
tc :
^/lleo
''F-
:1[a.af!
(o:?#l
:(/8.8)Ti#
:
621.3
(c:3 x 108mfst
So, the phase constant of the wave along the waveguide is
P:trcnsYGffi
:547.5m-1
Therefore, the attenuation constant due to dielectric loss is given as
_ t*ta''6 _ (621.3f (o.oo2)
Q4
2(547.5)
2p
:iHiliit
$.*r* $"2,n3

The resonant frequency for
TE-',
mode is defined as
n:
So
for
+(!:121"
TE161 mode the resonant frequency of the
r.
Page 673
3.87
10e
(t,
Waveg;lftis
to,e =
3eo)
Hz
3.87 GHz

The qualitv factor of TEror mode is defined
Q""':
dhap'9
cavity resonator,is
:W[(#*l*(uhil"'
:
:
$QL 9"A.A4
,hlffY.fff
(a2
6l2b(a"
as
c')abc
+ c')+
ac(ct
c')l
where d is skin depth g iven as
6where
f, -
taG
resonant frequency for the defined mode.

4n
x 70-7
P4:
c": Conductivity of copper
So, we get the skin dept has
5_: 1.06 X 10-6
Therefore, the quality factor of the resonator is
,,
sol.
9.2"?5
[(z.rf +(sfl(2.5x2)1b) x 1o-2

(1.06 x 10-6)[2 x z{(z.sf+ (5I} + (2.5x5x(2.sf + (s)r}l
:7732.7 = 7733

Given, the inher radius of the guide is
a:1-cm:0.01 m
TE-, mode of a circular
The cutoff frequency for

J
rr,nn - P'^n
- 2ra"/ 1te
where p'^n is the rnth root of Bessel's function

Now, from the given data we have
P'n
waveguide is defined as
(J'^:
0).
I'841
So, the cutoff frequency of TErr mode in the circular waveguide
r
trll :-
is
1.841
2*(lo-\7G
_3x108x1.841
2r x 10-2
:
sol
9.2.26
8.79-
10s
Hz
8.Zg GHz

The resonant frequency of TM-,r mode in cylindrical cavity is defined
: -l - n4t-Wl;e
f,,,,,t:
2"7G1\ r /+(z/
as
where a is radius of cylindrical cavity, d is height of the cylindrical cavity

and p^, is the root of Bessel's equation.
Page 674
Chap
Waveguides
Since, the.domina,nt. mpde
in
cylindrical cavity
is
TM616 so,
the cutoff
frequency fot domiharit mode is
rcoro
Por
--r;;Jffi-z?ta
-Potc
Therefore, the cutoff wavelength for dominant mode is given as

)",0'o
./c010
=L
2 x l0-2 _2tra
Por
u--
:
:
(2.40b\(2
a lt
7.65 x'10-3
0.765 cm
****i<*****x
1o-2)
('\",s16
cm)
$ol.urtoN$ 9.3
Page 675
Chap
Waveguides
so|-
9.3.1

A wave mode propagates in a waveguide only if it's frequency is greater than
cutoff frequency. If there is no any propagating mode inside the waveguide
then energy in the propagating mode is zero. So, average power flow down
the waveguide below cutoff frequency is zero.
i.e. Both the statements are correct and R is correct explanation of A.
sol
9.3,2

In an a X b rectangular waveguide, cutoff fiequency for (TE)-, or (TM)-,
mode is defined as
(f")*,
- 2/G
1
Now, for TM11 mode
l,:#ffi*W:#^tH;W a:2b
:/'(#)
Similarly, for TM12 mode
For TE16 mode
For TE2e
f""
f",
mode f"n:
r)t2
* (')y:n(r",r*L)
,7G
1
2J pe
,G
1
(*l
2aJ
p,e
:21 1
\2a/
pe )
So comparing cutoff frequencies of all the modes we get the modes in

ascending order of cutoff frequencies as
TEro(TEzo(TMll <TMr2
s0!-
9"3"3

Statement L
Suppose on the contrary the TEM mode existed. In this case the magnetic
field must lie solely in the transverse rgr-plane. The magnetic field lines must
form closed paths in this transverse plane, since V . H - 0. FYom Ampere's
law, the integral of this transverse magnetic field around these closed paths
must yield the axial conduction or displacement current. B:ut E": 0 for the
TEM mode so, no axial displacement current can exist. Also, since there
is no center conductor so, no axial conduction current can exist. Therefore
statement 1 is correct.
Statement 2
The dominant mode is the mode that has lowest cutoff frequency. Now, f,,-,
is clearly minimized when either Tn or n is zero. Since, TMsl or TM16 mode
doesn't exist so, TM mode can't be the dominant mode of propagation in
rectangular waveguide.
It
Ps-"9?,9
is also correct stat'brnent'.
Chap 0
qe""t"tdrq
sol-
9"3.11

For a TM-,' mode, neither rn rrot n can be zero otherwise all field components
vanish, however p can be zero. So, the lowest order TM mode is TM1o.
$0L
9,3,S

Since, TEn,nn mode of cavity resonator can have either rn : 0 or n : 0 (but
not both at a time) where as p can't be zero for TE mode so, the Iowest
order of TE mode is
TEott
if
a<b
TErot
if
a> b
As the dimensions of the cavity resonator a,re equal
TEror and TEorr are lowest order mode.
s6L
9-3"6

Given, the dimensions of cavity resonator arc related
(a: b) so, both the
as
a>b>c
(1)
The condition for propagating TE and TM modes in a cavity resonator are

as follows
(1) for fM*,r mode, neither m nor n can be zero however p can be zero.
(2) For \E*nn mode p can't be zero but either rn or n can be zero (but not
both at a time)
The resonant frequency of TM-,, or TE,n,o mode in a cavity resonator is
defined as
I ltm\2' lnP' 1Pf|/z

f'"u -t/p;l\,r/-\1,/
-\c/l
So, comparing the resonant frequency for the different values of
m,nandp
using the relation defined in equation (1), we ge.t the lowest order rnode will
be
TMlo
and the ascending order can be written as below
TMrroi TErori TEoli TErrr

sol.
9"3.7
col
9"3.8
sok
9.3.9
sol- s.3.{o
sol-
9"3,1{
TMrtr
ssil,rvtsXs 9.4
s$L
$.,4"$
r
1!'i:.! ': i ,
vqge,a!7,
Chap g
tltcrecddeg

Given, the magnetic field component along the z-direction as
H, :3cos(2.094 x 102:r)cos(2.618 x 102g)cos(6.283 x 10rot- Pz)
So,
:2.094 X
l3u :2.618 x
a :6.283 x
13,
102
lo2
1010
rad/s
For the wave propagation inside the rectangular waveguide,
: ^lVc'o.] - 1i+ ni
Substituting the values, we get
p
'
'Since,
l.e.
p is irnaginary
up
^;;. - iîo.z _
: y.l (6.:2P+:g:I
\ 3x10" I Q.os42 + 2.618) x 10,
= j26l
so. mode of operation is non-propagating
:0
sol e.4.2 Option (A) is correct.

TMrr is the lowest order rnode of all the TM-, modes.
$01
s.4.3

From the given expressions of E and fif , we can write,
d :280r
or
'f, :rtnn
- ^: rlo
So. the wave impedance is given as
't,:lEl__E,
- Hl- 3
-_tzotr
G,
(1)
Since, the operating frequency of the wave is
f:
l4GHz
So, the operating wavelength of the wave can also be given as
c
3x108
3
"r ,trJ-G14xloe-l4o,/;
1_ 3
140 - Tn/;
/i
or
OI,
---
--
--
6":9
From equation (1) we have
rT ) E,: 72otr
-1 : J9
u+
sot"
e"4.4

Rectangular and cylindrical waveguide doesn't support TEM modes and
have cut off frequency.
Coaxial cable support TEM wave and doesn't have cut off frequency.
Page 678
sol-
Chap 9
s.di.s
.

Cut-off Fbequency for TE-" mode of a rectangular waveguide is defined
r : r,/
Waveguides
So,
as
(+I.(fl
for TE11 mode (m:l,n:1)
the cutoff frequency is
(c:3x108cmsl
aol.
g.rt.s

Given, the electric field intensity of the wave inside rectangular waveguide
, : #(+)n"t"(+)sin
(c..'t
94
ou
This is TE mode and we know that
Buosin(T)*'(#)
it with the given expression
the propagating mode is TEzo.
So, comparing
sol
9,4,7
we get
m:
2 and n
0. Therefce-

The cut-off frequency for the TE-, mode of the waveguide is defined
t"
as
: iJ (+l. (ff
So, the cutoff frequency of
the TE2s (m:2, n:0)mode
is
2
t :-c/tn\-3x108i\;): elt'L " of,g:- lo GHz
(o: 3clfl
I"
Therefore, the wave impedance of the TEzo mode is given as

rlt
30L 9.6.8
rh
TT_ '-(r#*i

The cut-off frequency of TE-n mode is defined
:400f,)
(/:30Glrrtt
as
f":irrcfTw
So, the cutoff frequency
of TE3q (m: 3, n : 0) mode
: i(+)
18 x 10e : t#nq*
is
f"
or
or
sol-
9.4.9
3(}1- 9.4-.to
(l:
1s
o:h*:f"-

For any propagating mode inside a rectangular waveguide the velocities
related as
ap>c>us
i.e. the phase velocity of the wave inside the waveguide is greater than
velocity of light in the free space.
$oL 9.4.{t

In a microwave test bench, the microwave signal is modulated at
because crystal detector fails at microwave frequencies.
sol
9.4"r2

The cutoff frequency of
rE-"
mode in a rectangular waveguide is defined as
7 flinn,/-nS
I : rTE^/(;/
+(t)
Page 679
Chap g
Wavegrldes
since in the given rectangular waveguide o > D so, the dominant mode is
Tffs and the cutoff frequency for the dominant mod.e is given as
r:#r[WiW
(#:")
:riE/HFH
: t#g
SOI- 9.,t.13
:2.bGHz

Phase velocity of an EM wave inside an air-filled rectangular waveguid.e
,rry
where c is velocity of EM wave in free space I is the cutoff frequency

of the propagating mode and / is the operating frequency. Since, for a
wave propagation the operating frequency must be greater than the cutoff
frequencv.
l.e.
f>l
Therefore, the phase velocity of the wave will be always greater than the
velocity of wave in free space.
l.e.
sQL s,4.14
up)

In a hollow metal wave guide
where
?p
uo
ag
Phase velocity
c -+ Velocity of light in free space.

tre -+ Group velocity
so, the phase velocity of a wave propagating in a hollow metal waveguide is
greater than the velocity of light in free space.
sol.
9.4,15
In a wave guide dominant

highest cut-off wavelength.
gives lowest cut-off frequency and hence the
sol
9.4,16

As the impedance of perfect conductor is zero, electric field is minimum
and
magnetic field is maximum at the boundary.
sol
9.4,{?

cutoff frequency for TE^n mod.e in a rectangular waveguide is defined
.I
up nm^z.
- z\/
as
(;/ *(t/
/n^2
since, for the given rectangular waveguide a > 6 so, the dominant mode
frequency of the dominant mode of rectangular
is TEro and the cutoff

waveguide is
t:#:##:15
1oe
:15
GHz
(For air
up:3 x
108)
PageffiQ,t
$sL
9.4"tS
Option (D) ls conect.
ln TE mode E":0, at all points within the wave guide. It
chep,9'
implies that
electric field vector is always perpendicular to the waveguide axis. This is
not possible in semi-infine parallel plate wave guide.
Wav,ggi{ee,
sol
s,4.t$
$oL 9.4.ttl

In a rectangular resonant cavity TE-*r, mode must have its
mode TErro doesn't exist in the rectangular resonant cavity.
p:
1. So, the

The transverse electric field and transverse magnetic field inside a waveguide
are related as
Or
lEl:
'tlH
where 4 is intrinsic impedance
, :EJ
- lHl
i.e. the ratio of transverse electric field to the transverse magnetic field is
called waveguide impedance.
sol- 9.d.2t

Cutoff wavelength for H-, mode of a rectangular waveguide is defined
r_
as
where a and b are the dimensions of waveguide.

So, for the Hro mode (rn : I, n: 0), the cutoff wavelength is
,2 - -T=-i::
,u
-
/(i)
:16cm
$oL
9"4.2e
(o:8cm)
*o

A rectangular war,-eguide supports TE and TM waves where as it doesn't
support TEM waves.
The propagation constant for TE or TM waves inside a rectangular waveguide
is defined as
.,:W
$oL 9.4.23

Cut-off frequency for TE-n or TM-, mode inside a rectangular waveguide
is defined as
1- /(ux* +1rm'>
r ::r;TG'/
\ )*(-a-)
'
Where o and b are the dimensions of rectangular waveguide.

$oL 9.4.24

Cut-off frequency for TEro mode is
f",o:_L:frWiW
1
3x108..r
r
: ---T
" (4.755t-10=z/
:
3.16 GHz
Cut-off frequency for TEor mode is
(m:l,n:0)
/,,:(s+u)" (_"f,;.)
Page 681
Chap
WavftiHee
:6.77 GHz
cut-off frequencv for TE11 mode is
,,:L1d"
:7.47
GHz
and the cut-off frequency for TE26 mode is
: i+1c
f*,
Since the operating frequency
, Therefore, all the modes
1nr5* loa
f :L2GHz
will propagate.
: 6.3 GHz
so, we have, fao, far,
f"n, f"ro)
}*OTX:
riir:\(:iril]it
$oL
$.4.2S
r.r1;1.i1,1 r1"i,
rl]tc,,'ilt
ltai.l! sx\. r;l>r_l*l; i
l_ll :l rr],1r.1,"

Consider a rectangular waveguide has dimensions a : b and the corresponding
resonator has the dimensions a: b: d. now take and operating point that
has frequency / iust greater than the cut-offfrequency for m:n:
1. So we
have the propagating modes in waveguide.
TEol, TE1o, TEu and TMrr.
Where as the propagating modes in resonator are
TEorr, TEror, TMrro
Therefore the cavity resonator does not possess as many modes as
corresponding waveguides.
As the resonating frequency of a TE-ô or TM-,, mode is defined as
,*:iG{ef.WW
so for the different modes (different values of rn, n andp) the resonant
frequency are very closely spaced and also the resonant frequencies of cavity
can be changed by altering its dimensions.
sal. 9.4.ts

N{icrostrip lines cannot support pure TEM mode but shielded coaxial lines
can support pure TEM mode.
s{tl
9"4"2?

Given,
,f :3GHz:3 X
Operating foequency,
and
f"^,
:hffirw
fô
_3x1010
--T-
(u-
1)
f*, -3x1010
2
(b-
2)
So,
for
?E1s,
for TEu,
10eHz
a :6cm
b :4cm
Dimensions of waveguide
TE^,fTM-,
--
mode is defined as
Page 6E2
For
Chap 9
ZE11
or TMt11,er,
: q!ry/ffi
Waveguides
("
r* i,.
13.4,3&

Phase velocity of a wave propagating in a waveguide is defined
3,d
4)
as
The group velocity of thb wave' pfopagating in waveguide is defined
as
'-$l
where c is the velocity of wave in free space, I is the cutoff frequency and
/ is the operating frequency. As the operating frequency / is always grater
than cutoff frequency

,up
s{:}t- s"4"*$
l. so, comparing
) c) us
the above two expressions we get
Option (C) ii correct.

In a microstrip line operating wavelength is defined
where,
as
),: \r/1
is free space wave length and e" is the effective dielectric constant.
So, Statement 1 is correct.
The electromagnetic fields exist partly in air above the dielectric substrate
and partly within the substrate.
Statement 2 is correct.
The effective dielectric constant of microstrip line is e" and given as
l<e"<.
i.e. greater than dielectric constant of air (1). statement 3 is correct.
conductor losses, increase with decreasing characteristic imped.ance in
microstrip line.
ss*-
s"4"so

Stripline carries two conductors and a homogenous dielectric. So, it supports
a TEM mode (Pure TEM).
a--+ 2
Hollow rectangular waveguide can propagate TEM and rE modes but not
TEMmode.
b-3
Microstripline has some of its field lines in the dielectric region and some
fraction in the air region. so it cannot support a pure TEM wave instead
the fields are quasi-TEM.
c-+1
${}L S"4"${

wave doesn't have an electric component in its direction of
propagation consequently there is no longitudinal d.isplacement current.
The total absence of a longitudinal current inside a waveguide leads to the
conclusion that there can be no closed loops of magnetic field lines in any
transverse plane. Therefore, TEM waves cannot exist in a hollow waveguide
of any shape.
i.e. Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A.
A TEM
ssL
9"{,?E

Given, the dimension of waveguide is a:2.2g6cm, b : 1.016 cm.
The cut off wavelength of the guide, for TE_" mode is defined as
L_
So,
m
2
Page 683
Chap
Waveguides
for TEor Mode the cut off wavelength of the guide is
ffi
2
:2b:2.032cm
sol.
$.4"33

Since, the electric component is existed in the direction of propagation. So
the electric field is not transverse to the propagating wave and therefore the
mode is transverse magnetic (TM mode).
sot
s,4.34

Given, dimension of waveguide a: b: 3 cm and so the dominant mode is
either TE61 or TE16 mode.
So, the cutoff frequency for dominant mode is given as
r r'rnv'-.nP
f",-rffi\/
\o/ -(t/
3x108.: ---2^ Stl0_t
1
(for TE61 or TEls mode)
:5GHz
at 6 GHz dominant mode will propagate.
At 4 GHz no modes will propagate so the modes are evanescent at 4GHz.
At 11GHz along with the dominant mode TErr mode (f, : b/r) will also
So,
propagate.
Statement 3 is incorrect.
Degenerate modes are the different modes that have the same cut off
frequency and at 7 GHz frequency TE61 and TEls propagates that has the
same cut off frequency i.e. Degenerate modes propagate at 7 GHz.
sol
9,4"3$

Evanescent mode - No wave propagation dominant mode is the mode that
has lowest cutoff frequency.
Rectangular waveguide does not support TM61 and TMls mode.
A-2rB-3,C-L
sol
9.4.3s

Assertion (A) : Given the dimension of waveguide, a: 3 cm,
So, the dominant mode (TEro) has the cutoff frequency.
l cm
.,e:L11q.(r*r")
:lGHz
:4GHz < f"
So, at 4 GHz there is no propagating mode. i.e Assertion (A) is false.

Reason (R) : The wave equation for the rectangular waveguide is defined as
:(+)
"Page 6E4
Chap
for
a:3"
b:'1'wehave
k?-(lnirr-ffr
Waveguides
:(f)'
So, Reason (R) is also false.
s$t" 9.4,37

A rectangular coaxial line can support all the three modes (TE, TM or
TEM).
stlt
s.4"3&

Consider the rectangular waveguide (A) has the dimension o X b after
deforming into waveguide (C) the dimension is changed to b x o and so the
input mode TE16 is charged to TE01. (Since the frequency of mode must
rernain same for both the wavpguide dimensions).
$sL
$"4"3S

The dominant mode in a circular waveguide is TErr.
$sL
9"4,4$

Consider the dimension of inner broad wall of waveguide is a (i.e. o > b). So,
the dominant mode will be TE16.
Since, the cutoff frequency of the TE-, mode is defined as
f,
ltmP,tftP'tt/2
,J:t',^l\;) + (t) l
So, for dominant mode (TEro) we have
1ox los
:ffi;l(*f.(BIl"
(l :
10
GHz)
1ox10e:L50"*
,:##:r5cm
snl*
e.4.rll

Propagation constant in a waveguide is defined
as
Since, for the evanescent mode of waveguide the operating frequency is less
than the cutoff frequency.

l.e.
<f"
o,f.t
So, for this condition the propagation constant
7 is purely real.
$0L
9.4,S2

Microstrip lines consist no ground plate and so the electric field lines remain
partially in air and partially in the lower dielectric substrate. This makes the
mode of propagation quasi TEM (not pure TEM)
Due to the open structure and presence of discontinuity in microstrip line,
it radiates electromagnetic energy and therefore radiation losses take place.
s$L
9.4.43

Statements 1 and 3 are correct.
$s!.
9,4.44

Modes on microstrip lines are quasi
TEM (not purely TEM).
So
the l't
\
statement is incorrect rvhile rest of the stat,ements,are correct.
StlL
$.4".1$
Option (D) is cc.'rrcct.

(a-+ a)
Coaxial line + The dominant mode of propagation is TEM.
(b-1)
Rectangular waveguide -+ propagating mode is TE or TM.
(c-2)
I\{icrostrip line + The mode of propagation is Quasi TEM.
+
propagation
The propagation mode is hybrid of
Coplanar waveguide
(d-3)
(TE',,,+ TM",,)
sol
s.4.4s

The phase velocity of TE or TM mode is defined
as
where
--+
Velocity of wave in free space
,f -
cutoff frequency
operating frequency
So, 'uo is a nonlinear function of frequency.
,f"
$sL
s.4.47

A waveguide operated below cut off frequency can be used as an attenuator'
sol.
9-4.48

Quality factor of a waveguide is defined
as
i.e. Q closely related to a.

Also the attenuation factori obtained in waveguides are much higher than
that in transmission lines.
So, both statements are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
sol.
!t.4"49
ffi

Quality factor (Q) of a resonator is defined
Q:
or,
Bandwidth
as
Resonant freqeuncy (/")
:*.
Therefore, the greater the 'Q', the smaller the bandwidth of resonator
Q is also defined for a resonator as
a:*
where p is phase constant and o is attenuation constant of a resonator given

AS
so
u:./'a^d
-\/ 2 o,*
a.I
So, at higher frequency the Q of coil falls due to skin effect.

sQL 9.4"50

Guided wavelength of a propagating wave in rectangular waveguide is
\-
kC!aE
ct?t
Wawguilcs
where ) is fr*e space wavelength and \ is cutoff frequency.

Since, for piopagation the operating wavelength must be less than cut off
frequency
Page 686
Chap 9
Waveguides
,\<L
t.e.
)r2)
So, we get
So, for a wave propagation in an air filled rectangular waveguide, guided

wavelength is never less than free spa,ce wavelength.
sot
9,4.5t
(TM mode) consists of magnetic field intensity

perpendicular to the direction of propagation where as the electric field
intensity may be in the direction of propagation.
Tbansverse magnetic mode
soL
9.4"52

Since the conduction current requires conductor along the axis and a hollow
waveguide doesn't have a conductor along its axis. So, the axial current is
due to displacement current only.
SOL g"rt"Sg

Electromagnetic waves propagating in a medium (bounded that has the
velocity greater than the velocity in free space (velocity of light in space) is
given as
up:
or
sSL
S.4"54
u,
) C
The velocity u, is called phase velocity of the wave.

A and R both true and R is correct explanation of A.
s$L Lrt,55

Statement 1, 2 and 3 are correct.
sol

Attenuation factor in a parallel plate waveguide is defined
(Power lost per unit length)
^, _ n _
!t"4"56
as
"-tP,-@
sol
9.4,57

Since the waveguide has a cutoff frequency f, below which no wave propagates
while above /" all the waves propagates so it can be considered as high pass
filter.
*******xx**
-t
_.
,IO.{
G,HAPTHR tO
ffi
ANTENNA AND RADIATING SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION
Antenna is a radiator and sensor of EM waves. The main aim of this chapter
is to provide the fundamentals of antennas. They include:
o Antenna definition, functions, properties and parameters
o
o
Basic antenna elements
Radiation fundamentals, radiated power and radiation resistancc of

current elements, dipoles and monopoles
Directional characteristics of basic elements
liirtenna arrays: array factor of two-element array and uniform lV
-element array
FYiis equation for received power.
.
.
o
o
1O.2 ANTENNA BASICS

An antenna is the device which receives or transmits the electromagnetic
It may be a piece of conducting material in the form of a wire, rocl or
waves.
any other shape of excitation. Following are some functions and propertie-s
of an antenna:
L0.2.L Types of Antenna

According to characteristics, there may be two types of antenna: transmitting
and receiving antenna. In the following texts, some typical antennas are
described.
1. Wire Antenna: Three different

(i) dipole antenna,
(ii) loop antenna, and
types of wire antennas are
(iii) helical antenna, as shown in Figure
__J
;-]
10.1.
&
re
f;age 688
rqp t0
;MHdr andfiatfattug
.$ystins
I''iguri-, I {1.1 :
wire Antennas (a) Dipole Antenna, (b) square Loop Antenna and (c) circuiar
Loop Antenna, (d) Helical Antenna
2.
Aperture Antenna: A horn antenna is an example of aperture antenna.

may be regarded as flared out or opened out waveguide. It may,be
of different types like (i) Sectional ,O plane horn, (ii) Sectional 11 plane
horn, (iii) Pyramidal horn, and (iv) Conical horn as shown in Figure 10.2.
It
(a)
(b)
(.)
(d)
l:iqrrr'l lri"'J; HornAntennas (a) Sectional .E planeHorn, (b) Sectional

Pyramidal Hcn:n and (d) Conical Horn
3.
ff
planeHorn, (c)
Microstrip or Patch Autenna: It consists of a rectangular or square metal

patch on a thin layer of didlectric (called substrate) on a ground plane.
The radiating patch may be square, circular, elliptical or rectangular in
shape as shown in Figure 10.3.
Ligrrrr.. 10.1}: Microstrip or Patch
Antenna: (a) Square patch, (b) Circular patch
4. Array Antenrras: Yagi-Uda
Antenna is an example of array antenna.

Yagi-Uda antennas are the most high-gain antennas and are knovrn
after the name of Professor S. Uda and H. Yagi. Figure 10.4 shows the
YagiUda antenna.
Reflect
or (Parasitic element)
Page 689
ehep
ven element
pl Di.""to,
IV
'-il------
Systems
(Parasitic element)
td
ll
l:t r1r.r
iir i'
Yagi-L]da Antenna
Parabolic Reflector Antenna:
5.
A structure of a parabola is two
dimensional, but in practice, a parabolic reflector is a three-dimensional

curved surface obtained by rotating a parabola about its axis as shown
in Fieure 10.5.
f,:r.rrri: ril i;,'Parabolic Reflector Antenna
10.2.2 Basic Antenna Elementb

Following are some basic antenna elements:
1. Alternating Cunent
Element or Hertzian Dipole : It is a very short

linear antenna in which the current along its length is approximately
constant.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Short Dipole: It is a linear antenna whose length is less than ,\/4 and
the approxirnate current distribution is triangular.
Short Monopole: It is a linear antenna whose length is less than .\/8 and
the approximate current distribution is triangular.
Half wave Dipole: It is a linear antenna whose iength is ),12 and the
current distribution is sinusoidal.
Quarter Wave Monopole: It is a linear antenna whose length is )/4 and
the current distribution is sinusoidal.
L0.2.3 Antenna Parameters

Following are some important antenna parameters:
1. Antenna Impedance
It
is tiefirred as the ratio of input roltage to input current, and given by

Zo
10
Antenna and Radiati.g
Ro+ jX
,to-:V
Page
Qhap
690
10
Here, the reactive part X" results from fields sulrounding the antenna.
The resistive part, ft, is given by
Antenna and Radiating
Systems
Ro
where
.R1
: Rt*
represents losses
ft.ua
in the antenna, and -B,aa is called
radiation
resistance.
2. Radiation Resistance
Radiation resistance is defined as the fictitious or hypothetical resistance

that would dissipate an amount of power equal to the radiated power.
ft,"a
Power-{adiated
J
rms
: #
l r-"
3. Directional Chaqnsteristics
Directional characteristics are also called radiation characteristics or

radiation patteln. These are of two types:
(a) Field Streiglh'{attern: It is the variation of the absolute value of field
strength asjb function of d.
(b) Power Pattern: It is defined as the variation of radiated power with d.
More geneially, an antenna ra.diation pattern is a three dimensional
variation of the radiation field.
4. Effective Length of Antelna
It
is used to indicatethe efftctiveness
of EM
energy. .
ofthe antenna,
as a radiator or receiver
.r
(u)3fJ,;:i"tfiigl"_9,#trffl-il*f
ffi;':J"li-T,#1*,:lJ;
and which radiates the same field-streng"th as the actual antenna.

Mathematically, effective length of transmitting antenna is defined m
tr
r : 1
(rom)r*
rH
= i'J-lVY'
(b) Effective Length of Receiving Antenna: It is defined
as the ratio of the

open circuit voltage developed at the terminals of the antenna under the
received field strength, f , that is,
e*t(.,:+
I1.
Effective
lergtt'of an antenna is always
less
than the actual length.
.(-
' 5. Radiation Intensity

i
tt is defined as the power radiated in a given direction
per unit solid angle,
i.e.
U(0,0):
t
..t
\o : intrinsic impedance of the medium,
wherei
f P'"a:#
r:
(C))
radius of the sphere, (m)
' P :power radiated-instantaneous

E - electric field strength, (V/m)
.6; Directive Gain
Directive gain is defined as the ratio of radiation intensity in that direction

.to the average radiation intensity, that is,
a;-rJM
--P,ua
\
Ptge 691
'f,/here P,"a is the radiated Power'
CbaP 10
Artenna and Radiating
7. DirectivitY
It
to the average
is defined as the ratio of the rtrdrimum radlation intensity
radiation intensitY, i.e
max{t/(d,d)}
a, ..
,-.,
u:---U*-- udru
8. Power Gain
The power gain of an antenna is defined as
G'
: +u@'o)
where Pr is the total input power given by

P1
: P,n:* P1
where P,"a is the ra'diated posnr' and
is ohmic losses in the antenna'
9. Antenna EfliciencY
'Itisdefinedasthatratioofradiatedpowertothetotalinputpower,i.e'
^
Tt
P,^ : :9%tL:- -P;

- f+ PtGo
L0. Effective Area
Theeffectiveareaofareceivingantennaistheratioofthetime-average
the time average povler
power received r" (or delivered to t6e load) to
!
,'
density P'u" of the incident wave of antenna' i'e'
o":#
/ sYe
Thi, expression can be further generalised as

\2
A" =hGo(o,0)
11. Antenna Equivalent Circuit
with resistance Ro, inductance

Figure 10.6 shows an anterina equivalent circuit
.Lo,andcapacitanceCoconnectedinseries.Theantennaconductancepeak
occurs slightly away from resonant frequency'
co
F'igrrrc 1{J.6: Antenna Equivalent Circuit
{0.3
RADIATION FUHDATENTALE
Beforeexaminingtheradiationpropertiesofanantenna,weshouldfirst
the radiation of electromagnetic
understand the physical process that causes
waves.
10.3.1 ConcePt of Radiation
in an electromagnetic
The Poynting vector (instantaneous power density)
wave is given bY
P
: E"x H,*
SYstens
i
Page 092
So, the
total power passing out of the spherical surface of radius r -) co
Chap 10
Antema and'Radiating
Systems
Ptota.r
: ir*t'|o"lt.
-Er.
is
*)rJS
where S : 4rf is the spherical surface area. This is the r nergv per unit
time that is radiated into infinity. Thus, E\{ wave radiations constitute both
electric and magnetic fields. Keeping this relatiorr in tnind. we analyse the
following three results.
POII{TS TO REMEMBER
:,'l
2
J.
A stationary charge will not radiate

A charge moving with constant velocity will not radiate
A time-varying current or acceleration (or deceleration; of chargc will
radiate.
10.3.2 Retarded Potentials

The potential are usuallv esta,blished due to tinre varying fielcl orily after
some amount of propagation time. This propagatioll tirne depends on the
distance between the point of the potential frorrr their sources and velocity
of propagation of electromagrretic fieltls. As a re,"ttlt. the potr:ntials are
retarded by a time In general for any medium. the retarded potentials are
defined as
and
v:hl!]u,
.t:fr|,fra,,
.ftO
1)
where I/ is the electrostatic scalar potential. A is tire uragttetic vector

potential, p, is the static charge derrsity, J is thc' static current density.
and R is the point of observation from p,, and J rospectivelv. IIr the above
expression, [R,] and [J] indicates that every I appr:a,ring in the expression
for p, and ..I respectively ha^s been rerplacrxl hv a retardetl time
t'
: t- &
1)
where u is the velocity of wave propagation jrr thc tuerlirrrrr.
'
ISETHODOLOGY: TO OETERilINE FTELO vECToRs
POTEHTIALS
Step 1: Obtain the time varying
vcctor poterrtial
Uslltc
RETARDED
{C) using equation
(10.1).
,$bpp,tX,.:fhenr,obtain magrretic.field vector ( .EI) using the relation
H =lr(v
p' x A)
Step
3:
Obtain electric field vector (.8) from Maxwell's cquatiou
#:|1v
dt ' x rry
Step
4:
as
Finally, determine.the timc-averale pc,u'"r clensit.y in the field

It
po,: jne(ax It.*)
as
14.4
RADIATION FROM A HERTZIAN DIPOLE
Page 693
An infinitesirnally smail current element is called a Hertz'ian di,pole. Hertzian

dipole is not of much practical use, but it is the basic building block of any
kind of antennas. Consider the Hertzian dipole shovin in Figure 10.7, located
at origin. The infinitesimal time-varying current flowing in o,-direction in
the Hertzian dipole is
1 : locosc,.'t
where c,,r is the angular frequency of the current. The field components at
point P due to the Hertzian dipole is
n,,
: lrde;t (# * $)u,,,
D tndcos|l d
",- ' 2nr \rr.0,,
Lo'
i,)"
oT t
...(10.2a)
,,,
--. tud'si\g(4*4=.L,\, ,u,

4nt \rr - -rl." Uf)'
...(10.2b)
...O6':"1
Thus, the electric field is in th-e (r; d) plane,-whereas the magnetic field has
@ coniponent.frfy."Tne fields can be classified-into three categories:
1.. Raciiation fields (spa,tial va.r.iation 1/r),
2. lnduction.iieids (spatial variation Ilf ), and
3.
Electrostatic fields (spatial variation
l/t')
In the foilowing texts. the field cornponents are generalised for near and
far zone.
Il:rdiation frorn llertzial Dipole
10.4.1 Field Components at Near Zone
folr << \f 2tr. In near zone, electrostatic fields

(spatial variation 1/r3) dominate. Hence, neglecting thelf r and 1/l terms
in equatiorrs (10.2a), (10.2b), and (10.2c) we get
\Ve define the near zone
,
aTl(l
Ho":o
fi,"=-'I'tdcosQ"it'
lrt"sf
E,. -- - ,l'1lsitt? , ,r
Ane.rro
10.4.2 Field Components at Far Zone

\&'e define the far: zone
for r' >>
),f
2r. In far
zone, radiation field (spatial
Chap 10
System.s
variation llr) is the dominant term. Hence, neglecting the

terms in equations (10.2a), (10.2b), and (10.2c) we get
Page 694
QhnF 10
llf
and
7lf
: iIoA-FlLo
" 4Tr "-ia'
E, :0
Er, : iloq'=q^Yo
ar
"
ur"
Systems
and
47f
",u'
.::.ll..-],ll]:]j]]:]:]].]'']]]:.'.:i.].
,,r,44$,,:,
be
eitt lt: ugti |i$l
i**.i.fr i,,a*ffWd:
&.@!b
is.,s,i'..$st,l
10.4.3 Power Flow from Hertzian Dipole

The time-average radiated power from a Hertzian dipole is defined
as
P,,a:*t*l
...
(10.3)
where I: Iocosat is the current through the Hertzian dipole, d is the la,rgest
dimension of antenna, q is the intrinsic impedance of the medium, ,\ is the
wavelength in the medium. In free space, intrinsic impedance is r1o:129n
, so the radiated power in free space is given by
P."a
\r/'o"
4gnz1dt2
10.4.4 Radiation Resistance of Hertzian Dipole

The radiated power in a Hertzian dipole is equivalent to the power dissipated
in an imaginary resistance -R,.a by current 1: locoscuf . i.e.
P,ua
13*rR"*
: $Io'R,â
...(10.4)
So, from equations (10.3) and (10.4), we obtain the intrinsic impedance of
Hertzian dipole as
ri."a
('l\'
: 2+
- T-\r/
|s" -2'ln
In free space, intrinsic impedance is 46 : 720tr , so the radiation
resistance
in free space is given by
R,,a:ggnzld'f
\f/
{0.5
DIFFERENT GURRENT DISTRIBUTIONS IN LINEAR ANTENNAS

Following are some possible current distributions in linear antennas:
10.5.1 Constant Current along its Length

Constant current distribution is possible only in Hertzian dipole (i.e. when
length of antenna, d < A). In Figure 10.8, the constant current distribution
of the linear antenna has been shown bv dotted line.
Page 695
Chap 10
Anteuna and Radiating
SYstems
j1*3rffii1""
d<<)
Figrrnr l.{i.li: Constant Current Distribution in Hertzian Dipole
10.5.2 Thiangular Current Distribution

Tliangular current distribution is possible in either a short dipole or a short
monopole.
1.
2.
Short dipole: The antenna with length d<

is called short dipole.
^14 current distribution.
Figure 10.9(a) shows the short dipole with triangular
Short monopole: The antenna with length d < Al8 is called short
monopole. Figure 10.9(b) shows a short monopole with triangular
current distribution.
Current
distribution
d<^14
ffi"
Current
,\
1..
I ,'
/ IV'-.'
/
l{J.:.}:
plane
Image
(")
Figur{,
Perfect
conducting
(b)
Tliangular Current Distribution in (a) Short Dipole (b) Short Monopole
10.5.3 Sinusoidal Cunent Distribution

Sinusoidal current distributions is possible either in a short dipole or a
short monopole. The sinusoidal current distributions for the short dipole
and short monopole has been shown in Figure 10.10.
f-t
I| i current
[-,
**l
-l
/l-.
/ distribution
ffi'wffiG;ffi
currenr
12"'ibution
t"
\. Perfect
/ conducting
r
plane
Image
(")
(b)
Figruc l0.l{}: Sinusoidal Current Distribution in (a) Short Dipole and (b) Short Monopole
{0.6
Page 696
RADTATTON FROl{t SHORT DTPOLE (d
< AI4r* -
Qhnp 10
Practical elementary dipole is a centre fed antenna having ttre length that is-very small in wavelength. The current amplitude in such antennas decreases uniformly from maximum at the centre to zero at the ends. For the same
current, the short dipole of length dL will radiate onlv quarter a^s much power
as the current element of the same length which has current 1 throughout
its length. This is because field strengths are rerluced to Li2 arrtl hence
power density is reduced to ll4. Therefore, the ra<liation rcsistance o[ the
short dipole antenna is given by
Lntenna and Radiating

Systens
(ft,"a)rr'ortatpo*
t
.'-
't
",^ \f/
= r6b(*l
-tP"
1O.7
(R.ud)"u,,"'t"lo*"'t
] X
RADTATTON FROM SHORT MONOPOLE (d
< I/8)
Figure 10.11 shows a short monopole antenna with triangular crrrrent

distribution. The monopole of height d or short vertical antenna placed
on a reflecting plane produces same field strengths above thc plane as the
dipole of length I:2d,, when both are fed with same current. However, the
antenna radiates power in hemispherical plane above the reflecting plane.
radiated power is half of that of dipole. Therefore. the radiation resistance
of the short monopole antenna is given by
( R.ua).ro,, *o'opole
: ]
tft
*n) -,,-, o,*,,^
:10"r(*)
Itr
-_-]
1..
,"
/l
Perfect
conducting
/"
plane
Image
figrlrtl
{O.8
l{.1.1.1:
A Short Monopole Antenna with tiangular Current Distribution
RADIATION FROM HALF WAVE DIPOLE ANTENNA

The half wave dipole derives its name from the fact that its length is half a
wavelength (d:
As shown in Figure 10.12, it consists of a thin wire
^12).
fed or excited at the
mid-point by a voltage source connected to the anrtenna
via a transmission line.
10.8.L Power Flow from Half lMave Dipole Antenna
"
The time-average power density in the electromagnetic wave radiated from

half wave dipole antenna is given bv
rr*
qfrcos'($ cos?\
: _ Bpisfu:%
Therefore, total power radiated from half wave dipole is given l,! trrkr:.!,
the surface integral of power density over the spherical surface of radius r. i.e. ,
P"ua
: f n",'
In free
o.(1'218)
intrinsic impedance is
sp&ce)
by the half wave rlipole in free
Pluo:
r7s
720rr Q. So, ttre radiaterl po!,{::l-
sprace is
WxI.2I8:36.54ff
t'\.
lr
Il{
lr
lr
t'It
Current
dirt.ibrrtiort
I"cos
,32
d:Al2
l/
lt
Lrr'
(u)
(1,)
r:rrll tij.J j: Haif Wave

C-'alculating the Fields
.i;
Dipole Anteuna (a) Current Distributiorr. (b) Getrrnotn'
10.8.2 Radiation Resistance of Half Wave Dipole Antenna

The racliation resistance for the half u'ave dipole antcnira cau
directly
l.,,.,gir.
li.,,
l:r
a,s
. llrad
D -21^t
r
1,i
_ 2 *lqqafr') =
Io'
IO.9
73
()
RADIATION FROM QUARTER WAVE MONOPOLE ANTENNA

The quarter wa\re rnonopole antenna corrsists of a half-wavc tiiitole altr:l1rii
located on a conducting ground plane, as shown in Figure 10.111.
V .,
I:
I"cos 0z
i
Figrur-
ll1.
Perfect
conducting
plane
lll: A Quarter-wave
Chap 10
Antenna antl Radiating
Systems
aS
Solvirrg the integral by Simpson's or the 'Ilapezoidal rule we get,
P'"a:(it#)
Page 697
N,Ionopole Antenna
Page 698
10.9.1" Power Flow from Quarter'Wave Monopole Antenna
Chap 10
The time-average power density P* for a quarter wave monopole antenna

will be exactly same a,s described for half wave dipole, i.e.
Autenna and Radiating

Systems
@ - ffifcos'?(fcosd)l
"'- 877L--s."To ]
As the monopole is fed by a perfectly conducting plane at one end, it

radiates only through a hemispherical surface. Therefore, the time-average
radiated power from the quarter wave monopole is
P,ua
: f f."'
aS
:\!;
*
- 4n I Yrzcos2(zLcos?)
sin0
Solving the integral by Simpson's or the Ttapezoidal rule we get,
D - lrtk'\ .
P'^d:
(#-/
(o'6oe)
In free space, intrinsic impedance is 46 : l20r Q. So, the radiated power by

the quarter wave monopole in free space is
P,"a :78'27102
10.9.2 Radiation Resistance of Quarter Wave Monopole Antenna

The radiation resistance for the quarter wave monopole antenna can
given directly as
n,*:?
be
lD
-ry#e=36.b4f)
IO.IO ANTENNA
I
i
ARRAY
An antenna array is a group of radiating elements arranged to
produce
particular radiation characteristics. Here, we first consider the simplest case

of two-element array and then generalize it to uniform linear arrays made
up of many identical elements. ,
\\
10.10.1 Twoelements Arrays

The simplest array is one consisting of two identical radiating elements
spaced a distance apa,rt, as shown in Figure 10.14. Let us assume that the
far-zone electric field of the individual antennas be in the d-direction a^nd
that the antennas are lined along the r-axis. The antennas are excited with
a current of the same magnitude, but the phase in antenna 1 leads that in
antenna 0 by an angle d.
t*_d_*l
liigrrr<'
1{}..1,1:
Two Elements Array
Array Factor
Page 699
The array factor of the two element array is defined
lr' :
2cos[
[{0a
rine
"o"
Chap 10
Anterna and Radiating
as
+ il!"ilP
Systems
So, the normalized array factor of the two element array is given by
rAF |
:
I
In the ,Fl-plane,
0:
-'(@5@)
".'(+)
r12, and the normalized array factor becomes
rAF |
Total Field of an Array
1""'(@-#{)l
: -'(5)
|
The total field of an array is equal to the field of single element located at
the origin multiplied by an array factor. Thus, in general, the far field due
to a two-element array is given by
E (total) : (E due to single element at origin) X (array factor)
Resultant Fattern of an Array
At point P (far-field zone) in Figure 10.14, the total electric field is given by
,, : 4#"or6"-iar
In
"iat,
Zcos(E!$
t!)
above expression, lcosdl is the radiation pattern due to a single

element, whereas the normalized aryay factor,
lcos[](Bacosl*o)]1, is tfre
radiation pattern the array wopld have if the elements were isotropic. These
may be regarded as "unit pattern" and ttgroup pattern", respectively. Thus
the "resultant pattern" is the. product of the unit pattern and the group
pattern, i.e.
Resultant pattern : unit pattern X group pattern
This is known as pattern multiplication, and it can be used to sketch, almost
by inspection, the pattern bf an array,
L0.10.2 Uniform Linear Arrays

Consider an array of identical antennas equally spaced along a straight line.
The antennas are fed with currents of equal magnitude and have a uniform
progressive phase shift along the line. such an array is called a un'iform
l'inear array.
Array Factor
Array factor of an ly'-element array is defined
as
. NiIt
sm-zIAFI: .-Esmi
where
iP
pdcos$* a
Following are some important points about an N-element array:
.:tAF.i;i;
',
v,.
Page 700
Chap 10
'':r_l
:rr'
2''"fhC biiilsipdturiaximiixi6icui! riirhen {'
.:

Systems
,0,* 0d cosd
'{:os:$
3,
-|
*
1.*.
- :ffi
Wh;n.leFj.;0i'lgf1,[*inulls.(or,,zeros);i,e,
Y:t*,
:'
k:!,2,J,...
where fr is not a multiple of y'f .
A broadside array has its maximum radiation directed normal to the

axis of the array, i.e. $:0, @: 90" so that a : 0.
5; ,Ao.end-fire pfl,,qy,lla 'its maximum radiation directed along the axis
.''..'ofiire,.'arrry':i'e....41.*.:'6;d:[1*thata:[ur..
...
lO.l1FRllS EQUATION
.._..:-=',._l
.-.--.
_,_.-
Friis trarrsmission formula relates the power received by*orre antenna to the
power transmitted by the other. Let the transmitting antenna has eII'ective
area A"l ancl directive gain Qo,, and transnrits a total power Pr(: P.â). Also,
assume that the receiving antenrra has effective area of A"' and directive
gain G7,, and receives a total power of P". So, at the transmitter, we have
_ 4rf Po,"
-pP^," : J-uco,
41(f
t-t
L'dr
...
(10.5)
is the time-average power density of the incldeilt" wave at the

receiving antenna. Therefore, at the receiver, we get the power
where
Puu"
p,:
Puu.A",:#G0,.r,,"
...(10.6)
Substituting equation (10.5) into equation (10.6), we get
P,:
Ga,C.flnn;fr,
This is the FYiis equation

antennas are separated by r >
either antenna.
for the received power) provided the twcr

2&l^, vrhere d is the largest dimension of
***********
ffiKffiffisxstr'$o-{
Page 701
Chap 10
An'tenna and Radiating
tffidi]iffi
$tcs
$:'5terrrs
"!*.r,.1 A Hertzian dipole of length )/50 is located at the origin' If a point P

of
located at a distance r from the origin then for what value
will be in radiation zone'
(A)
,:!
(C) Both (A) and
(B)
(B)
":
'r'
is
the Jroint
(D) none of these
to a satellite in space'
e$** 1$."r"2 A certain antenna is used to radiate a 0.2 GHz signal
Giventheradiationresistanceoftheantennais3l.6fl.Theantenrrais
(A) half wave diPole
(B) quarter wave diPole
(C) one-fifth wave diPole
(D) none of these
Q6mmor Data For Q. 3 and 4 :

:0'2GHz.'
A Hertzian dipole is operating at a frequencY' f
,sfi# ,1*."r.3 what will be the rnaximum effective area of the dipole
(A) 0.54 rn'?

(B) 1.07 m'
(C) 0.18 rn'
(D) 0.27 m'?
r*{:& .!itr..r.4
power density of
antenna receives 1.5p,W of power then what is the
the incident wave ?
l
(A) 8.331,W/*'
If the
(B) 5'56 PW/*'

(C) 1.40PW/*'
(D) 2.793 PW/ur2
Ms{&
If
power of acertain antennawith an efficiency of 95%is 0'8Watt'
directivit'y
it's
the antenna has maximum radiation intensity of 1w/sr then
.!*".t"s The input
q'ill be
(A) 5.26
(c)
tv!s*
,*.,{"s
0.76
(B) 16'53
(D) e'55
the rtirectivitv
An antenna has maximum radiation intensity of 1'5 W/Sr. If
oftheantenhaisD:20.g4thenradiatedpowerofantennawillbe
(A) 1.11w
(B) o.3o w
w
(D) o.eo w
(c)
0.26
to"t.? Three element airay that
Page 702
Chap 10
2lol0o
Iolo"
+\12-o-\12-t

Systems
has the current ratios
:2:1
as shown in figure
loloo
The resultant group pattern of this array will be same as the two element
antenna array with
(B) o: 180", d : \12
(A) a: 0, d,: \f 4
(D) o : 180', d: 2.\
(C) a:0, d,: \f2
$cq {*.{.s When the two three-element a.rrays with current ratio 1:2:7
by \12 then it forms
(A) Four element array with current ratio 1 : 3 : 3 : 1
(B) Three element array with current ratio 2 : 4 : 2
(C) Four element array with current ratio 3 : 1 : 1 : 3
(D) Three element array with current ratio 1 : 3 : 1
are displaced
{8"1.s A Hertzian dipole of length
,\/100 is located at the origin and fed with a

current of z(t) : 0.5sin108, A. A point P is located at a distance r from the
dipole as shown in figure. What will be the magnetic field at P ?
ll .
I
(B) 1.15cos(ro8t+ oo')

(D) 2.30sin(ro8t+ oo")
(A) 1.15sin(108t+ 90')

(C) 1.15 sin(108t - 90')
ll
tsc&
{o.{.1o Directive gain of Hertzian dipole

(A) 1.5sin'?0
(c)
nfiso
to.l.{t
antenna is
(B) 3sin'z0
(D)
lsin'?d
Two Hertzian dipole antennas are placed at a separation of

a's shown in figure below :
d: \12 on
-axis to form an antenna array
d:\,/2
,l
t
t;
,i'
t
+
L": Io /0" and the 2"d antenna carries

field pattern of the antenna array
the
resultant
then
a current 12,: Io /180"
If the 1"t antenna
('
''
t^--
'i)
il
*.y
,
will
be
carries a current
(A)
(B)
(D)
\\
1o't'12 An antenna array is formed by two Hertzian dipoles placed at a separa,tion

of )14 as shown in figure. The current fed to the two antennas are d, and
\.
12, respectively.
\14
t
If
Iz" is lagging 1r, by an angle

will be
antenna array
rf2
then the resultant field pattern
o1'
t'
\:'
(A)
"i
(B)
1:3*
rtr
I
1-(c)
(D)
't -'a.
.
--i_
_-.1
.-t-
...-
a'
,i
{
Page 704
${$& 1qr.*"'r3
The group pattern function of a Iinear binomial array of /f-elements
as
shown irr figure is
Chap 10
Systems
i.,12<v
I"la
I
10"
1"1 d
(A)
(c)
tsr[-'(
[cos(P@e!#s)]'-'
oonry
*")1"
(D) [cos(Bdcoso+o)]''
[cos(44541CI)l'.'

Maximum electric field strength radiated by an antenna is 6 mV/m measured
at 40 krn from the antenna.
ik
ir{,r 1'! 1
l's If t}re antenna
rarliates a total power of 100 kW 100 kW therr the directivity
of antenna is
(A) -2.02 dB
(c)
;,:ri tn
(B) e.6 dB
(D) -20.18 dB
o.ooe6 dB
r.t* If the efficiency of the radiation is 95 Ya tlten it's maximum

(B) s.4 x 10-3
(A) 9.12 x 10-3
(D) 9.6 x 10-3
(C) 0.11 x 10-3
powcr gain is

A radar with an arrtenna of 1.8 m in radius transrnits 30 kW at a frequency
3 GHz. The effective area of the antenna is 70 % of it's actual area.
:'i;:.* -::j
l 1{; If thc minimum detectable power is 0.13 mW for a target of cross sectiorr
1.25m2 then the maximum range of the radar is
(A)
(C)
rfr
ti
1{::.i
1?
584.3
(B) 1270 n
(D) e77.8 rn
2e2.1m
The average signal power density at half of the range of rarlar will be
(B) 69.80 Wfrn?
(A) 350.25 \Y lm2
(c)
80.6e
w/m'z
(D)
250.35 W
l*'

A rnetallic wire of crr-rss sectional radius 6 mm is wouid to form a small
circular k-'op of radius 1qr with 10 turns. Conductivity of metallic wire is
o:2.9 x 10r S/m.
srcQ
{o"{"{8 If a 0.5 MHz

will be
(A) 2.37 x
(C) 2.37 x
McQ
t{lcQ
lo.t.te
uniforrn current flows in thB loop then it's radiation resista.nce
Cbali ro
(B) L.42 x 1o-3 O

(D) 4.53 x 10-4 O
10-6 O
10-4 Q
Page ?0b
Antenna and Radietisg
Systems
Radiation efficiency of the antenna will be
(A)
18.36%
(c)
10.8e%
(B) 0.101%
(D) 0.055%
1o.'t.2o The polar radiation pattern of a .\/B thin dipole antenna is
(D)
Common patE Fo1 Q. 21 qp"d,Q2..:

Twp qhort antennas at the origln in free Epace carry idg&ticq,I gqrents
cos.,tA. one iq the p, direefior.r and pther in itre a, Jirection.
ffcq
to.t.zt If both the antennas
arp of length 0.1m qqd way,sleugfih is .\: 2rm theq

the electric field .s, at the disrant goiuts f(0;0,,1000) and e(1000,0.,Q) .iii
be
at point F
at poipt
(A) - j(1.2 y lQ-2)6-nooo o,Y lp

(B) j(\.2 x 1g-z)r-noooa,.Y/fq
(C) * j(I.z.x 10-?)e1lmoa" Vfm
(D) j(|.2 x 16-z)r-rroooo"Vfm
ilrce
{o.r.22 .E at point (0,1000,0) at

(A) 9.92(a,-t a,)mylvL
(C) 1.2(a,* a,)r'rrYfm
t:0
will
- i(1,2
10-2) e-'looo
a,Y
In
o.\ f m
*i(l.2 x 10-2)e-rrooo a"V/^
x 10-2)e+oooqYlm
i(1.2 X 1g-?)6
be
tlmo
^1.2
(B) -9.92(q, * o")mYfm
(D) *12(a,* a"),mYfm
Page
706
Chap
10
Cornmon Data For e. 28 and 24

!
In a free space short circuit vertical cuqent.elment is located at the origin
in free space. The radiation field due to the element at any point is given as
ot":\ l?sinde-rto"i
;_
Radiating
svstems
Antenna and
ilcq {o.,t.2s
.86"
at poinl
p (r:100, g : T/2, dL
(A) o.zs"ooo" Y l(C) o.te-"ooo"Vl^

ilrsQ
116) is
(B) g.zs-rlooo" V lrn

(D) 0.1siro00"yl^
to"1.24 If the vertical element is shifted to a point
P(100,4,ff)
"n"r,g.,
,o
(A) O.te-aooV V l*t

(C) O.te-p'" V lF
l|tco
lm
(B)
(D)
(0.r,+,f) ,t"",
\
g.1e-rtooo" en';" Y
g.1s-rtooor e*n.sr
,86,
at point
/m
r,^
{o'{'25 An antenna
is made of straight copper wire of length 1cm carrying current

of frequency 0.3GHz. If the wire has a cylindrical cross section of radius
1mm then the ratio of the radiation resistance to the ohmic resistance of
wire will 5" ft"oa 'v
tLt
(A) 11
(B) 6
(c)
17
(D)
****t ****xx
EXERGISE
Page 707
Chap t0
'9.2
Antenria and Radiating

Systems
qus '1o"2.{ A qua"rter wave monopole antenna is operating

at a frequency, f
The length of antenna will be
meter.
Quss
:2bMHz.
{o.2.2 A half wave dipole antenna is located at origin as shown in figure below. The
antenna is fed by a current i(f):33.3"osof mA. What will be the electric
field strength (in pV/m) at point p ?
to'2'3 The transmitting antenna of a radio navigation
system is a vertical metal

mast 50 m in height inducted from the earth. A source current is supplied
to it's base such that the current amplitude in antenna decreases linearly
toward zero at the top of the mast. The effective length of antenna will be
meter.
ouEs 1o.2.,t1 A vertical antenna of length 7.bm is operating at a frequency,

f
The radiation resistance of the antenna is
f).
:2MHz.
ours to'2.5 The current in a short circuit element of length t:0.03) is given by
tt'
for
Ir,
b, f;<l,l=
IQ):]2
0<lrl=L
+
What will be the ra.diation resistance (ia O) of the element
to'2'6 A dipole antenna radiating at 100 MHz is fed from a 60 O transmission line
matched to the source. What will be the length (in meter) of the dipole that
matches the line impedance at the signal frequency ?
ques
to'2'7 A time harmonic uniform current Iscos(2T X 10?t)
--'
---.--_-----_
anteqggf radius 30 cm. Radiation

!q1p
rn0- -,-.'---
s:l
--
flows in a small circular
resistance of the antenna is
//
7
Common Data For Q. E and I :

An antenna is a center fed rod having cross sectional radius 4cm and
conductivity o :2.9 X 107 S/m. The length of the antenna is 30 m.
{ase Jop
Chap lQ
Systelhs
If a 0.5 MHz current flows in the antenna then the loss resistance of the
antenna is
0.
QuEs
10.2.8
ouEs
ls'2.9 What is the percentage radiation efficiency
QUE$
{o,2'{o A
of the antenna
100 MHz uniform current flows in a small circular loop of radius 20 cm

If the loop is made of copper wire of radius 5 mm then it's loss resistance
will be
o.
(conductivity of copper, o : 5.8 x
10.2.11
QUEa
10?
S/m)
A quarter
wave monopole antenna is connected to a transmission line of

characteristic impedance Zo:75O. What will be the starrding wave ratio ?
(Input impedance of quarter wave monopole is Zn: (36.5 + J2I.25)0)
{o'2.{2 Radiated power of a vertical antenna is 0.4 kW. What will be t}re maximum
electric field intensity (in mV/m) at a distance of 10 krn from the antenna ?
Qurs to-2.t3 Aquarter.u.r"r.torropoleantennaisfedbyacurrent i.(t):41.7.osrr.,f mA.

The average power radiated by antenna is
mW.
QuEs'
to.2.14 A dipole antenna in free space has a linear current distribution. If the length
' of the dipole is 0.01,\ then the value of current 16 required to radiate a total
power 250 mW is
Ampere.
QUE$
{0'2.15 A monopo}e antenna in free space has the length of the antenna 0.02). The
antenna is extending vertically over, a perfectly conducting plane and has
a linear current distribution. What value of 16 (in Ampere) is required to
radiate a total power of 4 W ?
OuEs
to.z.tc What is the directivity of quarter wave monopole
oux$ lo.2.l? An antenna has a uniform radiation intensity in all directions. What is the
directivitv of the antenna ?
ours {o.2.{8 Normalized radiation intensity of an antenna is giverr by

[sind 0 < 0 < 7T12. 0 < 6 < 2tr
u(e.o) :
lo
otherwise
What will be the directivity of antenna
quEs 1o.2.'ls An antenna has the uniform field pattern given by
u(a)
f4
:to
0<0<rl3
rfl<o<r
Page?O9 1
ChaP 10
whereU(0)isindependentof@.Whatisthedirectivityoftheantenna?
L*"nna.nd
n;dhtiDg
SYetems
eircs ."!s"*.x$ Directivity of Hertizian monopole antenna is
Common Data For Q' 21 to 23
----
AtransmittingantennaisbeingfedbyacurrentSourceofamplitude
1o:50Aand"frequencyf:l80kHz.Theeffectivelengthofantennais
20m.
r
at a distance 80km
*rr*s {s"x.xr what will be the maximum field intensity (in mv/m)
from the antenna
is
&uss 'i*.3.4* The time average radiated power of the antenna
----
kW'
antenna
&i!rs ,rE.?.*3 What will be the radiation resistance (in O) of the
e{Jr$ .,*.e.;4
A short circuit current element of length l: 0.06)

distributed
The radiation resistance of the antenna will tre
----
the current
ca,rries
as
I(z).:"['- ?l'
&{rss .i$.e"x$
^'
ohm'
-L"'
at a frequency
A 2 cm long Hertziarr dipole antenna radiates 2 w of power
of 0.6 GHz. The rms current in the antenna is
t<**t<* ***(*
*X<
----
Ampere'
EXERGISE {O.3
Page 710
ChsF 10
Systems
rucQ to.3.{
McQ
{o.3.t
Input resistance of an antenna is

(A) R"
(C) .8" * ,?r
Horizontal dipole has the directional cha,racteristics of

(A) circle
(B) figure of eight
(C) four lobes

lllcQ
{0.3.3
(D) ellipse
Retarded vector magnetic potential has the unit of
(A) wb/m
(c)
(B) v/m
(D) wb-sec/m
v/m'?
ilcq to"3,rt Rediation

(A) 73 Cl
resistance of half wave dipole is
(B)
, (c) 80l(*l
ilcq ro.3.5 Effective length
(c)
10.3.6
of half wave dipole is
(B) <
^12
(D) 0.6)
^12
0.55A
Far-field consists of
(A)
(C)
f term
'r" 1 term
McQ
mcQ
10.3.7 Induction field
to.3.8
36 c'
(D) 2e2A
@) >
Mca
(B) ft,
(D) .R, - ftr
(B)
(D)
consists of
term
fi
r
term
1,term
(A)
'r
1t"r-
(B)
(C)
4r term
-T
(D)
12
(B)
Radiated power is proportional at
(^)
R?
(C)
I,
(D)
******r<***(x
term
EXERCISE 10,4
Systems
McQ
{o"4.t
The radiation pattern of an antenna in spherical co.ordinates is given by
u@):cosndl o<o<rf2
The directivity of the antenna is
(A) 10 dB
ts.4.?
(B)
12.6 dB
(c)
11.5 dB
(D)
18
dB
For a Hertz dipole antenna, the half power beam width (HPBW) in the E
-plane is
(A) 360'
(B) 180'
(c) 90'
(D) 45"
ro"4.3 At 20 GHz, the gain of a parabolic dish antenna of L meter and7lTo
efficiency
is
(A) 15 dB
(B) 25 dB
(c) 35 dB
(D) 45 dB
10.4.4 A
dipole is kept horizontally at a height of

f above a perfectly
^12
infinite ground plane. The radiation pattern in the lane of the
conducting
dipole (,E plane) looks approximately as
(A)
(c)
6.
d2_
.b
a
(B)
(D)
1o.$.5 A mast antenna consisting of a 50 meter long vertical conductor operates

over a perfectly conducting ground plane. It is base-fed at a frequency of600
kHz. The radiation resistance of the antenna in Ohms is
t
@)+
(B)
Q)+
(D) 20#
/
Page 712
Chap 10
lucQ
to'4'6
AnteDDe and Radiating

Systems
Two identic4 and parallel dipole antennas.are

kept apart by a distance of
in the H - prane. They are'fed with equal currents
but the right most
^/4
antenna
has a phase shift of *90". The radiation pattern
is given
as.
(A)
lrtcQ to"4.?
Consider a lossless antenna with a directive

gain of +6dB.
it the total power radiated by the antenna will
power is fed to
(A) a
mW
(C) 7 mW
illcQ to.4.a
MCA 10.4.9
If 1mW of
be
(B) 1 mw
(D) i/a mw
Two identical'antennas are praced in the

0:r/2 plane as shown in Fig.
The elements'have equar ampritude excitation
with 1g0" polarity difference,
operating at wavelength ). The correct value
of the magnituJe of the far_
zone resultant electric field strength
normalized with that of a single element,
both computed for d:0, is
(A)2"":(+)
(B)
(c) 2cos(T)
(D) 2sin(#)
2,i"(+)
A person with receiver is 5 km away from the transmitter.

what is the
distance that this person must move further
to detect a 3-dB decrease in
signal strength
(A) ea2 m
(B) 2070 m
(C) ae78 m
(D) 5320 m
MCQ to.4.10
A medium wave radio transmitter operating

at a waverength of 492 m has a
of height r24.wriatis the radiation resistanle
of the antenna?
i:T"j""-'*na
\ ) .o nL
(B) 36.b CI
(c) 50
tttcQ t{l.4.tl
(oj
ze
cr
In uniform linear #ray, four isotropic radiating
elements are spaced )/4

apart' The progressive phase shift beiween
ifr"
the main beam at 60' off the end _ fire
"rJ-""rr;;"a for forming
is :
(A) -t'
(B) -f radians
(C) -+ radians
(D) _+ radians
ificq
lo'4'{2 If the diameter of a )/2 dipole antenna is increased from )/100 to A/50,
then its
(A) bandwidth increases

(C) gain increases
McQ
{0'4'13
IttcQ
Chap 10
(B) bandwidth decrease

(D) gain decreases

systems
For an 8 feet (2.4m) parabolic dish antenna operating at 4 GHz,the minimum

distance required for far field measurement is closest to
(A) 7.5 cm
(C) 15 m
(B) tb cm
(D) 1b0 m
to'4't4 An electric field on a place is described by its potential V :20(r + r

where r is the distance from the source. The field is due to
1
2)
(A) a monopole
(B) a dipole
(C) both a monopole and a dipole
(D) a quadruple
lllcQ
to'4'tr A transmitting antenna radiates 251W isotropically. A receiving
antenna
located 100 m away from the transmitting antenna, has an effective aperture
of 500 cm2. The total received by the antenna is
(A) 10 pw
(C) 20pw
(B) 1pw
(D) 100pW
McQ
10.4.{6 The vector H in the far field of an antenna satisfies

(A) V .If :0andV x .E[:0
(B) V.H+}andV x H+0.,
(C) V..E[:0andV x H+0
(D) V . H+ 0andV x I[:0
lllco
to'4'{7 Theradiationresistanceof acircularloopof oneturnis

resistance of five turns of such a loop
(A)
(c)
McQ
c)
o.o5 o
0.002
0.01 O.
Theradiation
will be
(B) 0.010
(D) 0.25 Q
to'4'lo An antenna in free space receives 2 pW of power
when the incident electric

field is 20mY/mrms. The effective aperture of the antenna is
(A) 0.00b m2
(B) 0.0b m2
(c) 1.885 m,
(D) 3.77 m,
,
McQ
1o'4'1e The maximum usable frequency of an ionospheric Iayer at

60" incidence
with 8 MHz critical frequency is
(A) 16MHz
.1n) {MHz
,/3
(C) 8
(D) 6.e3 MHz
MHz
McQ 10.4.20 The far field of an antenna varies
r
'+
(A)
, r,
(c) +
'
with distance
(B) +
,r-,, 1
(D)+
'
"/r
as
page 71J
ancl
(
I
I
1
Page 714
ffcQ
Chap 10
l
I
t$.4"?{ The critical frequency of an ionospheric layer is 10 MHz. What is the

maximum launching angle from the horizon for which 20 MHz wave will be
reflected by the layer
Systems
(A) 0'
(c)
(B) 30'
(D) 90'
45"
ntcq
to.rr":*
The directivity of a ),12 long wire antenna is
(A) 1.5
(c) 2
ll}ca
10"rt.23
l
l
I
i
I
I
I
MSQ {$.rt.?{
@)
1.66
lt
The characteristic impedance of TV receiving antenna cable is 300 O. If the

conductors are made of copper separated by air and are 1 mm thick, what
is the phase velocity and phase constant when receiving VHF channel 3 (63
MHz) and VHF 69 (803 MHz) ?
(A) 1.32 rad/m and 17.82 ndfln
(B) 1.52 radfm and

(C) 1.52 rad/m and
(D) 1.32 rad/m and
(B)
rad/m
17.82 radfm
16.82 radfm
16.82
An antenna located on the surface of a flat earth transmits an average

power of 200 kW. Assuming that all the power is radiated uniformly over
the surface of a hemisphere with the antenna at the center, the time
poynting vector at 50 km is
(A) Zero
(c)
McQ
fp wl^'
B\
"
La-Wlm2
(D)
*",r, wl^'
avera,ge
'17
{o.4'25 An antenna can be modeled as an electric dipole of length 5 m at 3 MHz.

Find the reduction resistance of the antenna assuming uniform current over
the length.
(A) 20
(B) 1f,
(c) 40
(D) 0.5 0
ruset {o.4.t6
A dipole with a length of 1.5m operates at 100MHz while the other has
a length of 15m and operates at 10MHz. The dipoles are fed with same
current. The power radiated by the two antennas will be
(A) the longer antenna will radiate 10 times more power than the shorter
one,
(B) both.antennas radiate same power.

(C) shorter antenna will radiate 10 times more power than the longer
antenna
(D) longer antenna will radiate ./10 titn"r more power than the shorter
antenna
MCO 10"4.27
element has length r:0.03), where ) is the wavelength.

The radiation resistance for uniform current distribution is
A short current
(A) o.o72io
(B) 8olo
(c) 72a
(D) 80 c,
MCq {0.4.28
In a three element Yagi antenna

(A) All the three elements are of equal length
(B) The driven element and the d.irector are of equal rength but the
reflector
is longer than both of them
(c) The reflector is longer than the driven element which in turn is longer
than the director
(D) The reflector is longer than the driven element which in turn
is ronger
than the reflector
MCQ {O"S.29
Multiple member of antennas are arranged in arrays in order to enhance

what propertv ?
(A) Both directivity and bandwidth
(B) Only directivity
(C) Only bandwidth
(D) Neither directivity nor bandwidth
mce
If the total input power to an antennaisffi,the radiated power is W., and

the radiation intensity is @, then match List-I with List-II and select the
correct answer using the code given beloW the lists:
{0"4.3$
List-I
a.
b.
c.
d.
Power gain
Directive gain
Average power radiated
Efficiency of the antenna
Codes
List-II
1. W/W
2. W,lan
3. 4"4/W,
4. 4"d/W,
abcd
(A)3427
(B)432r
(c) 3412
(D)4312
$Ge {o.4.3{
Where does the maximum radiation for an end_fire array occur?

(A) Perpendicular to the line of the array only
(B) Along the line of the array
(C) AT 45" to the line of the array
(D) Both perpendicular to and along the line of the array
MCO 1O"r1,32
As the aperture area of an antenna increases, its gain
(A) increases
(B) decreases
(C) remains steady
(D) behaves unpredictably
MCQ 1$"4,33
which one of the following is correct ? Normal mode herical antenna

has
(A) low radiation efficiency and high directive gain
(B) high radiation efficiency and low directive gain
(C) low radiation efficiency and low directive gain
(D) high radiation efficiency and high directive gain
7lb
t0
XChap
Page
Antenna andtadiating
Systems
Page 716
rdlsq
Chap 10
Systems
MoQ
to"4"34 For taking antenna far field pattern, what must be the distance .rt, between
transmitting and receiving antennas ?
(A)
,q
r+
(B) n
r+X
Q)
Rr#
(D) ,?
,Y
to"4.35 A transmitting antenna has a gain of 10. It is fed with a signal power of
1W. Assuming free-space propagation, what power would be captured by
a receiving antenna of effective area 1m2 in the bore sight direction at a
distanceoflm?
(A) 10 w
(c) 2w
mcQ
(B) 1w
(D) 0.8 w
{o'4.3s The F}aunhofer region where the pattern measurement of transmitting

antenna has to be taken from a distance of 4, where D is the maximum
aperture dimension and ) is the free-sprce wfvelength. What is the region
generally known as
(A) The near field
(B) The far field

(C) Quiet zone
(D) Induction field
mcq {0.4.37 Match List I (Typ" of'Antenna) with List II (Example) and select the
correct answer using the code given below the lists :
a.
b.
c.
d.
List-I
Aperture
List-II
antenna
Circularly polarized
FYequency independent
Isotropic anteirna
Codes
1.
2.
3.
4.
Helical antenna
Point source antenna

Log periodic antenna
Microstrip antenna
abcd
(A) 324t
(B)4732
-(c)3142
(D),4 2
McQ
to.4"38 A TEM wave impinges obliquely on
r2: l).
30'
(c) 60'
(A)
a dielectric-dielectric boundary (er1

The angle of incidence for total reflection is
(B) 45.
(D) 75"
Mca 10.4.39 In a four element Yagi-Uda antenna

(A) There is one driven element, one director and two reflectors
(A) There is one driven element, two directors and one reflector
(C) There are two driven elements, one director and two reflectors
(D) All the four elements are driven elements
2,
or abore' compared to
illeQ {o"4"4o Assertion (A) : For extremely high frequenc.r'rangs
useful'
linear antennas, aperture antennas a're more
Reason(R):Thelargertheeffectiveareaofanantenna,thesharperisthe
radiated beam.
(A)BothAandRaretrueandRisthecorrecterrplanationofA
(B)BothAandRaretruebutRisNoTthecorrecterplanationofA
srritten in
$ca ro.4.4t The current distribution along a traveling wave antenna can be
the form
(A) lZ:los-i1'
(c) l(z) :
Me&
McQ
l,
(B) l(z):lsirBz
(D) l(z) : Icos(ot
Jz)
at UHF/
{$.4.42 Following antenna is frequently used for local area transmission
VHF
(A) Ground monopole
(B) Tirrnstile antenna
(C) Slot antenna
(D) LooP antenna
a
t{r.4.43 For frequencies up to 1650kH2, the tra,nsmitting antenna used is
(A) Parabolic dish
(B) vertical antenna
(C) Yagi antenna
(D) turnstile antenna
Mca {0.4.44 The radiation field of an antenna at a distance r varies

(B) 1lr'z
(A) 1/r
(C) Llrs
(D)
Ilra
as
McQ 1o.4.4s The wave radiated by a helical antenna is
(A) linearlY Polarized

(B) right circularlY Polarized
(C) left circularlY Polarized
(D) elliPticallY Polarized
Mcp ,!0.4"46
In a certain microstrip patch antenna' the unexcited patch is of length tr,

e.
width w, thickness of the substrate being ft, and its relative permittivity
. Then, the capacitance of the unexcited patch is
(L) LWle,h
(C) e,LWlh
(B) LWleoe,h
(D) ese,LWlh
The
ueq ro.4.4? A radio communication link is to be established via the ionosphere'
virtualheightatthemid-pointofthepathis300kmandthecritical
frequencyi'gNaH,.Themaximumusablefrequencyforthelinkbetween
the stations of distance 800 km a^ssuming flat earth is
(B) 12 MHz
(A) 11.25MH2
(D) 25.5 MHz
(C) 15 MHz
Page ?17
ChaP l0
SYstems
Page
Chap
718
10
r&*{t
Radiating
svitems
Antenna and
ro"4.4a Assertion (A) : Program broadcast by radio stations operating in the medium
wave band of 550 to 1650 kHz situated at long distance in excess of 500 km
cannot be heard during day-time but may be heard during night time.
Reason (R) : In the night-time, radio waves reflected from the F-layer suffer
negligible attenuation since D-and E-layers are absent during the night-
time.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
'
rrllco
----;
-.- of A
Both A and B are true and R is the correct explaf,ation
Both A and R are true and but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
-:
i.
ts.4.4s Assertion (A) : For an end-fire array, the
'
"rrrr"ni
in
successive antennas
must lag in phase.

Reason (R) : Radiation of successive antennas will cancel along the axis.

Mee
{s.4.5o Assertion (A) : The radio horizon for
space wave is more than the optical
horizon.
Reason (R) : The atmosphere has va,rying density.
McQ
to"4"5{ What is the radiation

equal to ?
(A) 2 o
(c)
?tncQ
0.6
resistance of a dipole antenna
)/20 long approximately
(B) 40 ct
(D) 20 o
{0,4.52 Consider the following statements about the effective length of a half wave
dipole (Elevation angle 0 is measured from the dipole axis)
1. Effective length is a function of d
2.
3.
4.
Effective length is maximum for 0 :
rl2
Maximum effective length is larger than physical length

Effective length is the same for the antenna in transmitting and receiving
modes.

(B) 2, 3 and 4
(A) 1, 2 and 4
(C) 1, 2 and 3
(D) 1, 3 and 4
sol.uTloNs 10.{
Page 719
Chap 10
Systens
sgL
ts.t.'i

The borrndary between near and fat zone is defined by
the antenna) as
-,0-_2d2
)
r:
ro (distance from
where d is the length of dipole.
So, the near and far zones of the field are as following
Near zone for r ) rs and far zone for r ) ro
Now, for the Hertzian dipole of length .\/b0, we have
'u
Since
and
_2(^150f
-
,:? ,
t
":*
-\--:m
,o
So, both the positions are
10.r.2
.l
at far zone(radiation zone).

f :0.2 GHz
Radiation resistance,
R,oa:31.6Q
So, the operating wavelength of antenna is
0.2
10e
Hz
3x108
:7: fit-ior:1'5m
\:9-'
Now, the radiation resistance of the antenna is defined
R'od
So,
as
: """
80'?(4\'
\)/
putting all values we get
31.6: 80i(4Y
"""
\)/
dl
i=o'z
dr=+
i.e. Antenna is one
*o.1.3
fifth wave dipole.

Operating frequencv.
f :0.2GHz
So, the operating wavelength of the Hertzian dipole is
^:?:u%XS:
Now, the effective area of the dipole is defied as
'q"
r 5m
: #Go
where Ga is the directive gain and since the directive gain of Hertzian dipole
v
Page 720
is 1.5sin2d so, pritblng thisvalue, we get
Chap 10
o" :(ti*Y
Autenn4 and Radiating
(1.bsin2d)
o.2T sinzg
Systems
Therefore, the maximum effective area of the dipole is

Ae,w : 0.27 m2 (maximum value of sin0 is 1)
sol
{o"t.4

The time average power density of the incident wave is defined in terms of
received power as
(D
tave- _p,
Ae
where, P, is the received power and 4, is the effective aperture area and
as calculated in the previous question, the ma:<imum effective area of the
Hertzian dipole is
A" :0'27
m2
So, we get the average power density of the incident wave as
x 10-6
KA,,\r//-2
,@
ave _
-1.5 0.22 _-( u.vv
sol
to.{.5

Maximum radiation intensity,
Efficiency ofantenpa,
Input power of antenna,
So, the output ra.diated power is given
P,oa :
TPin:
(0.95)
[/^* : 1W/Sr
\:95%
: 0.8 Watt
P,"
as
x (0.q) :
0.76
Watt
Therefore, the directivity of antenna is evaluated as
:
$oL
16.53
10.1.6 Option (E) is correct.

Maximum rp.dia-tlpp
inlen*t{,
U^* = 1.5 {/Sr

D :20.94
Directivity of antenqa;
Since, the ditectiv-ity of'anterlna is delined as
:ry**
So, radiated power o{ lhe antenna,is giv"e+
q,s
_azr(1.b)
_NS{
tprad. _
:0.QWatt
eot.
{0.{.r
Qption (C) is gorregt.

f,he thr.ee elpment antenpa g,rralr has the cqrrent ratio 1 :2:1
'"(''
*1, 'l:(!"
^1r-!0"
We can split the piddle elgrqent to two elqrqrerrts each of them carrying
current.[s/0' as showp bgloly.
3r
1
-\/2-2.-\f2-*.
Page 721
Chap t0
ADterna and Radiatiag
Now all the four elements are carrying current Io /0" and separation between
them are d: \12. So, this array can be replaced by two array antenna with
two elements as shown below :
t,2
+
3,4
la<
Since the currents are in same phase, so the phase difference between the
currents will be zero.
i.e.
o:0
and separation between the antennas as obtained from the above shown
figure is
d,
\12
stll ls-'!.s Option (A) is correct.

As shown below the three element array displaced by ),12.
1:2:l
+\12-o
L:2:I
"r
Now we split all'tfie elements with current

F^/
a-a
-'-------------'-+A/4---.\-aa\
16
as showrl below
l aa
\
The three current elerrrents /s located at the same position can be treated as
the single element carrying current 31s as shown below :
I^
r1-r
,2
3I^
;o
31.
r io
1'o
rn...........-io
Thus, the current ratio will be 1 : 3 : 3 : 1 of the four element array.

$01
'lo.'l"s
'

Current in the dipole,
t(4 : 0.bsin 108t A
Lerrgth of the dipole,
d,I : A1100
So, the magnitude of the current flowing in dipole is
1o
0'5
and from the shown figure, fie get
r : 100) and d: 60'

Now, the magnetic field components at any point
dipole located at origin are defined as
and
(r,lr|)
due to hertizian
Hs": I{n-g
n^" : il:7dl sinoe-ia'
'
47fr
where /s is the magnitude of current flowing in Hertzian dipole, dl is the

length of dipole and p is phase constant. So, putting all the given values,
we get
svstems
rPage 722
do
Chap 10
t)(+X#)sin6o",-(,f
"^ -- azr(100,\)
j uJE
_
2
- (4 x 104)^
, 2rc - 2r X 3 L10u : 6r.
o:
,:__ld_
'tQs
Astenna and Radiating

Systems
As,
;r,oo^y
(.u
108
rad/s)
Therefore, H* : 24n*fr " +

:1.1486 x 10-6epo'A/m
Thgs, the net magnetic field intensity at point P will be
H:
:
sol.
io.{.lo
rm(Ho,e'' ao) : 1.1486 x 10-6sin(crt + 90')

1.15sin(108' + 90') pA/m

The field intensities of Hertzian dipole antenna are defined
H^"
: il:7dl
sinoe-io'
41f r
E6"
So, average radiated
\H6"
OtT"t of the antenna is given
po,":f
RelE,
x rr,
as
:L1#l$"r"',
the radiation intensity of the antenna is defined

U(e,o)
as
as
fPoo"
:(IodI!
-
So, the
32/2
^B2sin2o
total radiated power of the antenna
is
, P*a:fu@,il(sinr.dfrdfi)
: I" I^ g#r1oP2sin3odfrdg
:Sô'(+)
Since, the directive gain of the antenna is defined as
vd -
Proa
Therefore, we get the directive gain of the Hertzian dipole antenna as
Go:ffi
sol-
'to.{.{l'
:fsin'a

Ir, : Io/0"
Current in 1't antenna,
Iz, : Io /180"
Current in the 2"d antenna
d, : \12
Separation between two antennas
So, the phase difference between the two currents is
0 = 180": zr rad'
The unit pattern function of a Hertzian dipole antenna (i.e., the unit pattern
function of both the antenna) is
where d is angle with z-axis
ft(e) : lcosd I
The field pattern of /r(0)
ha-s
treen plottett belos
PagE 7:13
ChaP 10
Adenna and Radiating
Systems
Now, the group pattern function of the two antenna is defined
as
f,(o) :cos[](0dcose + o)]

is the phase difference, B is phase constant and d is the separation
between two antennas. So, we get
where
f,(o)
:*'[;(++"oso
'r)]
+ zr)]
"or[]{rr"osa
This field pattern is plotted as below :
Therefore, the resultant pattern
/(d) ofthe antenna array will
be drawn by
just multiplying these two patterns

l.e.
f(0)
tn(d)lx [/,(d)]
Thus, the obtained plot for the antenna array has been shown below
sol. {0.{.{2

d:\14
Separation between the two antennas,
a ---rf2
Phase difference between the currents,
(i.e., the unit pattern
a,ntenna
dipole
a
Hertzian
of
pattern
function
unit
The
is
function of both the antenna)
Page 724
Chap
f'(0)
l0
lcosd
where d is angle
This field pattern has been plotted below
Antenne and Radiating
with z-axis
Systems
Now, the group pattern function of the two antenna is defined as
f'(0) :cos[](6dcos0 +
where
o is the phase
cv)l
difference between the currents
in the dipole, B
is
phase constant and d is the separation between two antennas. So, we get
r,(o)
: "",[](+]".,, - +)]
: *,[+(+",,, _ +)]
It's null (zero) will be at 0: zr and maxima will be al 0:0'.

pattern $(d) is as plotted below
So, the field
Therefore, the resultant pattern f(0) of the antenna array will be drawn by
just multiplying these two patterns
l.e.
f(0):tn(d)l xlf,(o)l
Thus, the obtained pattern for the antenna 6rray has been shown below
aol
{o.1",t3

The normalized array factor for the antenna is given
(Atr!,
:;it * Netu +{{],::v
as
1 ....rnr-l)v
l
where
t!:(l3dcos1+a)
and
+ N+
l(d-,l)
N(N- il(nr-
2)
Page 725
Chap L0
: (1 + lf ':2"-'
(AF),:#tt + "*l*-'
so,
ett'tz1N-tre-t{/z
#l
: #i
cosltl2lN
Antenna and Radiatiag

Systems
eiv/2lN-1
Therefore, the group pattern function of the array is
:l
f(o)
oa*'_e
+'1
"",1
l"-'
s*t- '$s.{.'r* Option (D) is correct.
- 6 mV/m : 6 X 10-3 V/m

Location of point of field maxima, r : 40 km : 40 X 103 m
Total radiated power is
P,oa :100 kW : 10s W
Maximum electric
field,
Eo,*
The average radiated power of an antenna is defined
as
Poo":]ne{a x rrJ}
So, the radiation intensity of the antenna is given as
U(e,4)
fPo,"
: |n"1n" x rr,.)
I
Therefore, the maximum radiation intensity of the antenna is
rr_*:i!_n"1n.xrr.-)
:ti#l
:
fi{u^*f $!19#
(o
(r:+)
x
ro{f
(rn:
r2otr)
Since, the directivity of an antenna is defined as
:4r_!^*
I
rad
so, we
ger
x lglf x (6,x to-3l

, - an x (+92xl20rxl05
0.0096
Therefore, in decibel the directivity is given as
l0logroD:-20.18dB
$$t- 't&.'$"'ts Option (A) is correct.
consider the maximum power gain is Go and directive gain is Ga so, the
radiation efficiency is defined as
or,
,1,: G"
d
:
G, \,Gd : (0.9b)Gd
(q,:
gb%)
G^^*)
Therefore, the maximum power gain is
Gp,**
:
:
: (0.9b),
0.95 x (0.0096) : 0.00912
(o.os)G4**
:9.12 x
10-3
(D
Prge 726
Ctap
{o.l.ts
10
Adenna and Radiating

Minimum detectable power,
tansmitted
Sy*ems
P*i' :0.13mW
Praa :30 kW : 30 X
power,
f :}GHz:
Target cross section,
103
10e
Hz
o :7.25m2
o :1.8m
since, the effective area of the antenna is 70% of it's actual a,rea so. the
effective area of the antenna is
Radius of antenna,
,4":# x(tra2)
: (0.7) x (r x (t.8f)
:7.I25m2
As the maximum range is the point where the received power is equal to the
minimum detectable power. So, the received power by the target located at
its maximum range is
P, : Porin
mW : 0.13 X 10-3 W
Now, the operating wavelength of the antenna is
:
^
0.13
?:, "*-i$ : 0'1m
So, the directive gain of the antenna is given as

Go
4tr x (7.!ZS)
:4r4"
- l'?- - --lo'T- :285otr
Since, the maximum detectable range of the antenna is defined as

rmu
1*l'/o
lX
-t6y-,
G'oo
where P' is the received power by the target located at its maximum range.
So, putting all the values in the above expression, we get
rw
(t.zs)
: [(0.lF(2850rf
30
x 10, l'/o
t----@r--ont.tr=l
: ttn'''' ^
1a.1.17 Option (D) is correct.

As calculated in previous question, the maximum detectable range of radar
is
tioo
So, half of the range
584.3 m
will be at the position
,:lr"u:292.2m
Therefore, the time average power density at half of the range of the radar is
(D
tauc-
GaP,,o
(28502r)
250.35 W
4Tf
30
----A"{Lrf
1o.l.l8

Cross sectional radius of wire
Radius of the circula"r loop,
103
/^,
:
b:
mm
1m
10-3 m
: 0.5 MHz :
N:10
"f
No. of turns,
0.5
106
Hz
Page 727
Chap 10
Systens
So, the operating wavelength of the antenna is
3x1!::6x102m
1_c_:0.5x10"
n:.f
Therefore, the radiation resistance of the antenna is given as
R'oa
:ltl'x
:
102
SZO"t(ff
320
x f (=-l-"\o :2.37 x
\6 x 10'l
1o-4f)
{$"1.1s Option (D) is correct.

As calculated in the previous question, radiation resistance of the antenna is
R,od
:2.37 x
10*4 O
So, the surface resistance of the antenna is given as
R.-^FA
"vo
ffi
- \l
2.9 x 107
:2.6I x 10-4 f,
Therefore, the loss resistance of the antenna is
Rr"
:Nx/g\n,
\0/
l-\x2.6rx1o-4
:1ox/
10-'/
\6 x
0.435
f)
Thus, the radiation efficiency of the antenna is
n-.,:
,lr"o
=R'oo=:0.055%
- Rroa+
Rt
to.{"eo Option (A) is correct.
Radiation function of the dipole antenna of height h is defined
as
F(o):!g!@gFi
Since, the height of dipole antenna is h
lr(d)l:l
: )/8. So, we get
cos(t.25 cos d) -
cos (1.252r)
sin d
This function has been drawn as to obtain the pattern shown below
'to.l.ai

Since, the point P(0,0,1000) lies along the axial direction of antenna carrying
current in o, direction, so it's contribution to the field will be zero. Now for
Page 72E
Chap r0
A.denna and Badiating
Systems
the antenna carrying current along a, direction, we have

Amplitude of the current in antenna,
Io : 4A
Length of the antenna,
d/ : 0.1m
The position of point

below:
p is r:1000
So, the electric field component

E6" :
and
g:90"
(i(t) :4cosr..'f A)
as shown
in free space is defined
in the figure
as
esH6,
: ,k(W#singe:,e,)
)(
- ^r'z,"4r(1000)
? lfjllsi
i7.2 X
as
E"
)
*atrooo
"-
(u:T)
10'2 e-ilooo V
Since, rest of the components of field
field
n eo
/m
will be zero so) we get the net electric
: Ee,e,e: j(1.2 x 10-re-rroooX_

:- j(I.2 X 10-2)e-irooo a,y f m
o,)
similarly, at point q(1000,0,0) the contribution due to antenna

carrying
current along r-axis will be zero while the electric field
due to arrtenn* alon!
a, will be
E,
:_
j(r.2
l0-2)e-itooo a"Y
l^
1o.t.22 Option (B) is correct.

since, the antenna are carrying current arong c, and,
a, while the point is
located at y-axis so, both the antenna will contribute
to the field. Therefore,
summing the fields obtained due to the two antennas
in previous question,
we get,
E" :- j(I.2 x I0-2)e rooo(o,+ o,)

in the time domain
E(t): Re(Z,e^*)
: (I.2 x 10-2)sin(c,,,f _ 1000)(o" + a")y /m
Thus, the field at f : 0 at point (0,1000,0) is
So,
E :-(9.92 x
10-3)(o,
* a)y
fm
{o.{.23 Option (C) is correct.

The field component due to the current element is given
E, : Qsin Qs-ironr
So, at
point
p (r:100,d :
7T12,
: r/6)
as
6r,
rtlU
qr
,'o"r'oor
Ssin($1e
IUU \ZI
: o.re ,'ooor v/m
tu*emdfrft
Sy*rr
,is.'t.24 Option (B) is correct.

Since, the vertical element is shifted from origin to a point I : 0.1 on
the g-axis the distance of point P from the two locations of antenna is
approximately same and therefore the magnitude of field courponent, I Ee"
will be same in both cases but the phase angle will change due to the change
in location of current element.
Su, the field intensity at point P due to the new location of vertical element
is given as
I
Eo*:lEs,le-11o"('-t)
(1)
where I is the difference between the length of point

P from two locations
(0.1,r12,'nl2)
P(100,n/2, n16)
Now, using geometry we get the length
:0.1-'(5)
as
:0.05
Putting the value in equation (1), we get the field component
t'
s6L
4$,'1.2S
" -oo:) ),'^"'^T^7Tl,|u,
:
/:
r:
wire,
Cross section radius,
d,l
So, radiation resistance is given
as
Length of
1cm
0.3
as
0.01 m
GHz:0.3 x
lmm :
10eHz
10-3 m
R,oa:8ol(*l
: 8or'f +gFY : o o78gr o

\0.:^to'/
Now. the ohmic resistance of the wire is defined
Rr:J- o2raf
where
--r
Conductivity
o - Radius of the cross section
6 - Skin depth
tr - Length of the wire
Since, the skin depth of the wire is given as
as
(^:
i)
T
Page 730
A_
"_
Qhrp 10
Systems
:
So, we
get
Rt:
/;IW
Jr(0.3 x
10'g)(4zr
3.82
10-6
(5.8
70')(2r
10-?Xb.8
107
0.01
10*3X3.82
10-o)
0.0072 O
Therefore, the ratio of the radiation resistance to the ohmic resistance of

wire will be
ffi:ro'977 = lt
R,oa
***:f ****rf **
sol.urtol{s to.z
Page 731
Chap 10
Adlennr and Radiating
Systems
s$L "t{}.:.{
Given, the operating frequency of the antenna is
I :25MHz
Since, the antenna is quarter wave monopole so, the length of the monopole
antenna
will be given
as
l:U4
where
is the operating wavelength of the antenna given
as
3 x 108- t'
):9-f-25x106-^"
Thus, we get the length of antenna
as
,12
[-
4:Jm
sol
t{t,2.2

Given, the current fed to the antenna is
i(t)
83.3 cos r,.rf mA
So, the magnitude of the current flowing in the antenna is

1o
83'3
10-3
and from the figure we get the location of point
as
r:100Km:105m
and
0 = nf2
Therefore, the electric field strength at point
lpr" I
P is given
as
:
(1202r)(83.3
10-3)cos(f cos 90')
2z'(105)sinf
(t2ozrX83.3
x ro-3)(r)
2zr(105)(1)
:
$oL 10.t"3
10-5
b0pV/m
Correct answei is 25.

Since, the amplitude of current decreases linea"rly toward zero atr the top
the current amplitude at a height z above the plane is given as
so,
I(z):r,(r-t)
is amplitude of source current and h is the height of the antenna.
Therefore, the effective length of the antenna is
where
16
l"
z\,1'
lt - J,fo \'
E)"'
:lr-#l^": h-.f:9:zs^
(given
h:5om)
ry
Page732
chaP 1o
$ll",
{*,*."{
Systems

Length of antenna,
: T.bm
f :2MHz:2 X 106 Hz
dl
frequency,
Operating
So, the operating wavelength of the antenna is
^:i:H-t,,3:
:r5x102
: *,? (*l : 8or(ljTlo_J :
R.oa
$r?;,
lt*.?.fi
r sz er

Since, the crtrrent ha"s the step distribution and both the current levels are
distributed for eqrtal intervals so, the average current will be given as
lt+
k
: #:0.75{r
I^"
Since, the average current flowing in the anterrna is 0.75 times the uniform
current 1o therefore, the radiated power will be (O.ZSI times of the value
obtained for 10 and due to the same reason the radiation resistance will
down to (0.75f tirnes the value for a uniform current.
i.e.
:(o.zs),[sol(*i]
R,oa
0.5625[80t(0.03I]
0.4
s*i- $q]"x.,n Correct answer is 0.827 .

Since, the dipole must match the line irnpedance.
i.e.
R,ua
Zrt
where Zo is characteristic impedance so, we get
/i"; :
60
sor(ff :
(jl--Y :
8o',?
\c/J I
:
1$.?.?
oo
60
:[#, (r-3*%i]*
dr
ljijrr-
f)
0.827 m

Current flowing in the antenna,
Radius of the circular
(/: looMHz)
,(t):
b:
loop,
locos(2a..
30 cm
107t)
30
10-2
So, we get the operating frequency of the antenna as
t :Ui#:707
Hz
The operating wavelength of the antenna is
Since,
) ))
:1: %s:30m
b so, the radiation resistance of the antenna is given as
D _
:^F 52
: Z20na
rtrud
__-_ n
where
is area of the circrrlar loop.
^9
___r
(S:
rb2)
-q@
:
$*L
s*.?.&
0.003076
hF nlt
ff," ll
(30I
0:
l-dfrftE
3.076 mQ
antenna,
Conductivity of the antenna,
Length of antenna,
Operating frequency
Cross sectional radius of
:4cm:4x10-2m
:2.9 x
:30m
o
dl
f :
107
0.5 MHz
S/m
0.5
106
Hz
So, the surface resistance of the antenna is
ost mdt-4rx loj
D
/i
,rr-V
- Ffw
o-lW
:2.61x
10-n O
Therefore, the loss resistance of the antenna is given as
*,
: o,( ,*") : (2.61 x 10-')(. , iorro ,)

:
${},. t0"x.$
0.031Q

The radiation resistance of the antenna is defined
H'od_.",,
on:z
as
d'l\2
\)_i
where dl is the length ofthe antenna and
is the operating wavelength. So,
we get
Rro,r:nr?x(+l
Q,:
cl.f)
: t .ot
(sx10") ) -"
\
Therefore, the radiation efficiency of the antenna is
: 98.6%
n, : VfuV,: rSz +
Bo#,. / 30 x-qr 4--1CY
o-U.OSr
'xqr"*.{s Correct answer is 0.104
Given,
/:
Radius of circular loop,
b:20gm:20 x 10-2m
Cross sectional radius of wire,
o:5mm:5x10nrn
100 MHz
Conductivity of copper,
o : 5.8
The surface resistance of antenna is given as
107
108
Hz
S/m
t) - lrfpo 1-nx ro^ x 4n x lo

"'-\,
o -V5f x1o-:2.61x 10-3 CI
'
So, the loss resistance of the antenna is
Rt,- lb\.""
\4i
**"*"1{
2o
1o
' x 2.6r x 10,3 :
5t-10-5
o.1o4f)

Given that the quarter wave monopole antenna is connected to transmission
Iine. So, the load impedance of transmission line will be the input impedance
.
Syr-
/
Page 734
of monopole antenna.
Chap 10
Zr,:
l.e.
Since, the
Systems
Zn
input impedance of quafter wave monopble antenna is
Zu,:(36.b+j2r.zb)a
So the reflection coefficient of transmission line is given as
zt - zo _ $a5 + p.t.z5)- 75
t, -_ Z;+Z;
+r2Tjtr ?b
l3ab
:0.3874 < 140.3'

Therefore, the standing wave ratio along the transmission line
is
s:1+lll
"'"""
" - l-lr1-:2.26s
sOL
ll),2.'r2

Radiated power of an antenna is defined
tP^,
rtd
:-
F=3lY
72n
as
(1)
,oB,
where .I is the current in the antenna, dl is the length of the antenna and B
is the phase constant.
Now, the maximum electric field intensity at a distance ,? from the antenna
is defined as
lE,l-*
:(#)ry
(2)
So, comparing equation (1) and (2), we get
lEr
l.*
: +/soP^
: mjlos/9o x 0.4 x 103
t
:
$oL
{o.2"{3
19
(P,.a:0.4 kW)
mV/m

Given, current flowing in the a,ntenna
is
:41.7cosc..'f
i(t)
mA
So, the magnitude of the current flowing
Io
in the antenna is
:47.7 mA
Now, for a quarter wave inonopole antenna, radiation resistance is

R',a
so' the averase
= 73{l
T#1,1": : ;': IITT ;--*
:63.5mW
sot.
{o,2.{4
Total radiated power,

Length of antenna,
P,oa
:250 mW:
0.25
dl :0.01)
Now, the radiated power of an antenna in terms of current Is flowing in the

antenna is defined as
p,aa:|trrY^,"0
(1)
where ft"oa is the radiation resistance of the antenna. Since, the current is
Iinearly distributed over the antenna So, we get the average current in the
antenna as
the average current flowing in the antenna is half of the uniform

current 16 therefore, the radiated power will be ]ttr of the value obtained
Since,
for uniform current in equation (1)

l.e.
Prad
: i(ir;
^,,,1
o.2s:fx4"*l(*l
Oft
{o.z.ts
l"'(1ol)(o.o1f
I3 :25.33
1o : 5.03 A
o.2b
Correct answer is L4.2
:0.02\
P*a:4W
dI
Length of antenna,
Total radiated power)

since, the monopole antenna is extending over the conducting plane so, the
power will be radiated only over the upper half space a,nd therefore, the
radiation resistance of the antenna will reduces to half of its value
i.e.
R,od:1[*",(*)]:
*r(*l
As the current is distributed linearly. So, the average current in the antenna
is
I*n:+
the average current flowing in the antenna is half of the uniform
current 16 therefore, the radiated power will be ftir of the value obtained
for 10.
Since,
:i(*ll**(*ll
I 2x4
2P'oa lr/2:['#Gfu]
' -[
p..d
1r/2
or,
":1,*61
{0"2.16 Correct answel is 3.28
:t42A
For a quarter-wave monopole antenna pattern function is
f(0)
cos[(zrl2)cos d]
sin 0
So, the normalized radiation intensity of the quarter wave monopole antenna
is given
as
u(0,0)
: f (0)
_
cos'z[(?r/2)cosd]
sin2d
Therefore, the maximum radiation intensity is
[/*:1
Now, the power radiated by the qua,rter wave monopole antenna is evaluated
as
P,od,
Page 735
Chry r0
Io
,aug __
2
: f {ute,Ol}{sinodad|}
ArmrdBrtrg
SFL-
'\&
Page 736
: I','' I^ 2{E:y-rlsiuodfrd.Q
: (lzr)(o.ooo)
Chap 10
Systems
Therefore. the directivity of quarter wave monopole antenna is
p :AnlrnI
r,trl
:
ts.*.'t?
@;ffioel:3'28
As the radiation intensity in all directions are sarne so,
U(0,0)
r1o,"
where, U(e,d) is radiation intensity in a particular direction and [/", is the

average radiation intensity. So, the directive gain in a particular direction is
G,(0.6\
-o\"\vr
:ulT'q)
-r
- uou" -- au
u^,,.-'
Therefore the directivity of the anterrna is
D : G1,n*:!
silL
**"4.{E

FYom
the given value of radiation intensity, we get maximum radiation
intensity of the antenna
as
Uô:I
So, the radiated power of the antenna is evaluated as
Prod
:f
u1e,|lr"inodfrdo
fn/2 rhr
J
L'
:
J'=' J'!3'"t)(sinodfra61
'.
'
{s,*.{s
.
Therefore, the directivity of antenna is
_4rV_*:n\(!.):2.b46
!'u=v
p*,t
-
,t
Given, the field pattern of antenna,
the,",.,,,Jj:::ok",
f2r
",:f";ffi
ft/3
P-a:lJ6:o Js:I
: 4x
:4n
0<0<rl\
[4
so,
lz -
is given
as
U(O)sin?dflrla
2trf_
cosd][/3
!:
Therefore, the directivity of the antenna is
D
${3f-
: 4T!-:4n.(4) :
P*o
4tr -
o
T
,$.?"9$ Correct
answer is 3.
The field intensities of the Hertzian monopole are defined
and
D
ne'
:,nhljdt.
-frr
H,.
'
,"
: il:frdl
4Tr sinoe
^
slnae''"'
,tr
as
So, the time
averageportrofem
Po,":|n"1a x 8".) :+(#f
Now, the radiation intensity of the antenna is given
u(o,o)
fPo,"
as
:ffiÔ2sin2l
So, the maximum radiation intensity is
u^*:Srn|t
(maximum value of
As the radiated power of an antenna is given

P,oa
sind:
1)
as
: f U1e,611"i"0dfrd,4)
<
where, the integral is taken in the range 0
i,0
<
< d <2n for Hertzian
monopole. So, we get

P'oa
: t"r' 1^ U@Iqsl32sin2lsinldld'o
o'
"",t"',
[(,f
-)(I';r)]
4tr1
:127'70'"
- UratY ^ pz |l\T/
Since, the
directivity of an bntenna is defined
as
bp,^
So, putting the values obtained above we get the directivity of Hertzian
monopole antenna as
n
1a,p.zl
: (+r
!T(l), :z
l3)
Correct answr is 2.83

Current arnplitude
Effective length,
1o
:50A
.f
180
kHz
I:20m
180
10e
Hz
-R:80km:8x10am
Location of the observation point,
So, the maximum field intensity at the observation point is given as
lE,l**
:ffi,^g:ffin|x2t"
As, the operating wavelength is
^:1:rr'#%:+
and so the phase constant is
A:+:ft*G:72tr
10 {
Therefore, the maximum field intensity at the observation point is
l&[* :
:0.002827
t*.z.zz
4" x&l'
2.83
(1202r)
L2r
10-4
x2x
20
mV/m

The time average power density of antenna is defined
as
Page 738
Poo":**"{t, x rr,-}
Qhap 10
So, the time average radiated power is given as
Systems
** :-t;
i' r'?r,A" J; ":ff',:':*
:+I"''
I*^(M#4f "
:j*,""r,(Mi&l
eonao
[li"en
:1r X l20tr x/50 x I2trx10-ax2x20 .2

4n
\
)"t
: 426.37 W : 0.43 kW
$oL
to.2.as

As calculated in previous question the time average radiated power is
P,oa:0'43kW
Amplitude of the current in the antenna is
1o
:50A
So, the radiation resistance of the antenna is given as
p _2p,"0 _ 2 x 0,43_x 103 :0.34e

tLrad,__F:___lsof__:L
sol. 'to.2.24 Correct answer is 0.71
Radiation resistance of a short circuit current element is determined
R,ad,:8ol(*l
R,,joa
where
as
I is the length of dipole
:8ol(a*l :2.84e
But, as the current is not uniform so, we determine the average current
through the element. Now, from the given expression of current in the
'\'
element, we get
, tI+22\
tr(r) -,0\--l-/
and
lr(z)
for
: ,^11--221
"\ I )
!<
for0<
z<
r=t
Therefore, the average current in the element is given as
r _-1,(z)+Iz(z)
__2__
ôrn
since, the average current flowing in the antenna is half of the uniform
current 16 therefore, the radiated power will be
]th of the value obtained
for rn and due to the same reason the radiation resistance will down to th
of its value.
-1,
i.e.
$sL
LRô),",
IR,"o:
I " 2.g4 :0.71 f)
1a.2.25 Correct answer is 1.26 .

Length of antenna,
d,l
:2
cm
0.02 m
-T
-{power,
Radiated
:2W
.f : 0.6 GHz :
P,oa
page ?89
0.6
10e
Hz
QhaF 10
So, operating wavelength of antenna is
?:
*is:
svstems
0.5 m
R.ad:so",(*i
:8o",(%fl:W
As the radiated power of the antenna is defined as

p,od,
:l{rrYn,",
:(1,.^.,.YR,oo
So, the rms current in the antenna is
: tl ffi:
Ir.^".:E;:E
| 6e76:1'26A
***********
r,.^.":
tol/z)
$ol.urlo].|$ {o.3
Page !4Q
Chap 10
An{enna and.Radiating
Systems
sol.
18.3.{
$oL
sot-
to.3.3
$oL
'to.3.4
sor-
{0.3.5
sor-
"to.*.s
sol-
{0.3-?
sol ro.3.8 Option (C) is correct.
***
t<t<**(*
***
$otuTloN$
lg.4
Page741
Chap 10
Antenna and Râilieting
Systenis
sol to.4.t Option (A)
is correct.
The directivity of an antenna is defined
as
D:W
U o.r.
where
U-* is the maximum radiation intensity of the antenna and (,,"
is
the average radiation intensity. Since, the given antenna has the radiation
pattern
tJ(0):gostg
('<d<rrl2)
So, the maximum radiation intensity is
U**:1
The average radiation intensity is
rT
Uo"
:- ii1 Jf F@'d dQ
: *ll'.
I'h(e'')'in',*
*l
l l f'" ["'' uur u''v@@t/]

-- [ilJ'
I "ororsir'/,dfrdb]
1 lr-l costdll"/'
_
- 4nl'"
\ il/-|.
1 t'- z"[-o+Jl
-- 47r Lttl " ' 5l
| ,.2tr
:4trn5:m
1
Therefore, the directivity of the antenna is
D:#:10
or,
scl.
{4.4.3
D(in dB)
10log 10
10
dB

The beam-width of Hertzian dipole is 180" so, its half power beam-width is
90'.
sol"
{0.4.3

The operating wavelength of the antenna is
3
1_c_3x108_
:fr;fto:2g-o
o:
f
U:2oGHz)
Therefore, the gain of parabolic antenna is given as
G'
: 'lf (K)
:
or,
l0logro
0.7
,?
(+l: 30705.4
\lod/
(efficiency, rt
70%)
Gp:44.87 dB
-=
Page 742
QheF 10
sol 10.4.4 Option (B) is correct.

Using the method of images, the configuration is as shown below
Systems
\/2
Perfectly conducting
infinite ground
\/2
Here
d: ), 0 :
zl, thus,
pd: hr
So, the array factor of the antenna is given as
A.F.:
:
sol {o.4.$ Option (A)
*,elorfltl
"o"l4rylal : si'(n'"or,r/)
is correct.
at conducting ground. So, the power will be

radiated only on the half side of the antenna and therefore, the radiation
resistance of the antenna will be half of its actual value and given as
Since, the antenna is installed
R oa
sol to.4.6 Option (A)
: il*,t rw;l : 4ol(0#1orl : T"
is correct.
The array factor ofthe antenna is defined
Here,
: *'(P4ryjt)
d:
+
and
o :90"
as
A.F.
rhus,
A'F'
: ."(i$ry) :
"or(1,
ir.l +
+)
(u
: T)
The option (A) satisfy this equation.
scl {o.4"? Option (A)
is correct.
The directive gain ofan antenna at a particular direction
Go(0,6):gW9
(d,/)
is defined as
(1)
Since, for lossless antenna

Proa
So, we
get
Pin
P,od :4,:
1 mW
Again the directive gain of the antenna is given
l0logGa(0,5) :6 dg
So,
Gd@,Q):3.98
Putting it in equation (1) we get the total power radiated by antenna
4trU(0,Q) : P,oaGa(0,d) : 1m X 3.98 : 3.98 mW
sol to,4.8 Option (D) is correct.

Normalized array factor is given
A.F.
: zl"o.4l
'1"""2
as
as
-\
-r/
: Bilsin?cos@ * d
0 :90',
where,
t[
: J2 s,
6:45",
page 74t
chap
1o
d,
'
svstems
6 :180"
so,
A.F.
: ,l*"tl : r".'[@ry#@]
: z"orfffliscos+5' . ryl
:2cos[T+eo'] :2ri"(T)
$er1
t6.4.s

The signal strength (power) at a distance
proportional to the distance r.
i.e.
from an antenna is inversely
P-+r
So,
'
+:4
d:4
(1)
Since, 3 dB decrease -+ Strength is
Therefore, f; :
halved
(10'zto: 100'3: 2)
Substituting it in equation (1), we get
t- -ri
s2
:|r/i
rz
km :
or
(n:5km)
7071 m
Thus, the required distance to move is
: rzrt :7071 -
5000
207I m
sor- d0.4,.16 Option (B) is correct.

We
), :492 m
have
and height of
antenna,
d,l
:124 - =
*
So, it is a quarter wave monopole antenna and radiation resistance of a

quarter wave monopole antenna is 36.5O.
sot-
10.4.'l'l Option (C)
Wehave
' where
is correct.
{:pdcos?*6
a :4
4
(1)
Distance between elements
t :0
0 :60"
Because of end fire
Putting all the values in equation (1) we get
o:Txlcos6o'*d:$x!+a
or
:-t
$01 ,o.4.'12 Option (B) is correct.

For a dipole antenna we have
BW cr --=-L-
(Diameter)
Prye 744
Chap lO
A!0err[a aDd Rediating
So, as diameter increases Bandwidth decreases.
sol- 10.4.13 Option (D) is correct.
Systems
Fa,r field region for an antenna is defined for the distance
from the antenna
as
^_2d,
,-^
where d is the largest dimension of the antenna and ,\ is the operating
wavelength. Now, the operating wavelength of the antenna is given as
or
c 3x108
T: zt-lbr:
40
So, for the closest far field we have
1s.4.'14 Option (C) is correct.

We know that for a monopole its electric field varies inversely with 12 while
its potential varies inversely with r. Similarly; for a dipole its electric field
varies inversely as r3 and potential varies inversely as 12.
In the given expression both the terms (i + +) are present, so, this potential
is due to both monopole and dipole.
{0.4.15 Option (D) is correct.

Power received by an antenna is defined as
P.'
:4o
x A"
Atrt'
where Pr is the power radiated by the transmitting antenna,
is the distance
between transmitter and receiver and A" is the effective apertufe area of the
receiving antenna. So, we get
E, _ 25I x 500 x
,4"
10-4
: 500 Qmr,r :'i;;; : q##Fr:
100 p,w
1o.4.{c Option (C) is correct.
Magnetic field intensity in terms of vector potential is defined
:Lv
where ,4 is auxiliary potential
So,
and
$oL
as
x,4
I,L
l:
''
,function.
V . H - V . (V x A): g
Vx.EI:VX(Vx,A)
l0
,to.4.{z Option (D) is correct.

Radiation resistance of a circular loop is given
as
R,od:$rn["#]
i
:
Rroaq N2
where N is number of turns. Since, the radiation resistance of a circulalloop
is 0.01Q.
i.e.
Xa
so, we get
tle
nr
hP
(LOIO
redidin nsi*rc
fuz: Nt X 8,1 :
of tbe fite turns of such loop as
(S)t
0-01
(l{:5)
:0.25O
io.4.{a Option (C) is correct.
power
Aperture area of a receiving antenna is dfind in trms of received
Aperture
Area:po
_Etr
-
Since,
P,
:+
So,
A"
^
10-6
3.14
Lzv
x 12ox
:-2x
- {ZO-2 x>< 1o-6"..
-Z1lT-:
rgq2 ^
E12
a"s
"fi"ffi
A
ne
Un: t20n is intrinsic irnpedance of space)
\-6 /
2x10-6x12x3.L4:1.884m2
:----_-.8-400 x 10
sol. lo.4.t9

defined
Maximum usable frequency(/-*) in terms of incidence a,ngle (i) is
as
J*:+
t
sln
where
$ is critical
frequency. So, we get
"f_*:ffi:,fu,:ftrvr*,
\-r-i
sol-
'10.4,20

Far field
sot.
10,4.2t
o1

The maximum usable frequency is given
as
J-:+
t
sln
where
20 X 106
of,
ort
soL {0,4,22
is launching angle and
srnu
10+
sln
"6
is critical frequency bo, we get
106
?
:21
i :30"

The directive gain of half wave (.\12) dipole antenna is given
as
cos'($cosg)
6,
So, the
:1.66--ffg
directivity of the arrtenna is

D : Ga,*
Since, the maximum value of the function

of. ),l2long wire antenna is
:
:
1.66(1)
1.66
=##0).
7{5
Cb4 r0
is 1' So, the directivity
A*errna and Radiating

SYstems
7
I
I
Pase
chap
7a6
10
Aatenna and Radiating
sysrems
sGL
{o.4.r3 Option (D) is correct.

Since, the EM waves are travelling in free space, So the phase velocity
wave will be equal to the velocity of light in free space.
ofthe
: c
So, at frequency, .f : 63 MHz (Channel 3)
3x108 :4'76m
: i:c ffit-iot
wavelength,
^
So, phase constant,B :T:1,.32rudf m
i.e.
ap
and at frequency,
"f
803
MHz (channel 69)
:1- ES*%:
waverength,
^
:*
So, phase constant,p
o.3z4m
:16.82 rad/m
sct '18.4.?4 Option (D) is correct.

Since, the antenna is located at earth so, power radiated to the hemisphere
will be half of the transmitted value.
2a%tW loo kw
P, :
i.e.
+:
Now, the average poynting vector (power radiated per unit area) at a
r from the antenna is given as
distance
P*":4u
Trwhere
a, denotes the direction of Poynting vector.
So,
for
r:50km,
we
have
P..":#S:& *:*o,trw,o.'
sst xo.4.25 Option (A)
is correct.
Radiation resistance of a dipole antenna is defined

R,od
as
:sol(*l
...(1)
Given,
The length of
d,I :5m
operating frequency,
.f :3MHz :3 X 106H2
So, the operating wave length of the antenna is given as
dipole,
),
t 14: loo m
:9:
J ?3x10"
Putting these values in equation (1) we get

R,od,
:80l(#l :#
:r.e7
- 2e
sal. 1o.4.zc Option (B) is correct.

The radiated power of an antenna is defined
as
p,aa:ir3^,,0
i.e.
P,oa
d R,oa
Now, the radiation resistance of the antenna is given as
l.e.
R,od,
:80r?(4\'
--"
nrto
\^/
...(i)
rx:i
Since
So, we
get
R,oa
Page 747
Chap 10
Airtenna and Radiating
...(ii)
(d,lY
Combining eq(l) and (2) we conclude that
p,aa. (a$(yf
Now, for the 1"t antenna we have
(drx/) :
(1.5X100
x 106): 1.b x
108
for 2"d antenna
(d,t$l):
(15X10
x 106):
1.5
106
Since, the product of length and frequency axe same for both the antenna
So, the power radiated by both the antenna.s will be same.
$01 1s.4.2? Option (A) is correct.

Given the length of current element, l:0.03,\.
So, the radiation resistance of the system is given
R'od:80l/l\'
-- $/
: 801/0.q3.\\2 :
\^
0.072)2
a.s
f)
sol 't0.4.28 Option (C) is correct.

In a three element Yagi antenna there are one
'
reflector, one folded dipole

(driven element) and one director. The length of reflector is greater than
driven element which in turn is longer than the director.
sol. {o.4.ze Option (B) is correct.

Antenna arrays are formed to produce a greater directivity i.e. more energy
radiated in some particular direction and less in other directions.
sol to.4.3o Option (A)
is correct.
Input power
:W
Radiated power
-w
Radiation intensitv
-6
So,the power gain of the antenna is
G,: 4nd
w
(a-3)
Ga: 4"P
W
(b.'a)
Directive gain of antenna is
Average radiated power of the antenna is
t,o _w,
-G
(c-2)
The efficiency of antenna is

W,l:fr.
sor.
(d-+
1)
{o.4.3{ Option (B) is correct.

Maximum radiation for an end fire array occurs along the line of the array.
$oL 10.4.32 Option (A) is correct.

The gain of antenna is directly proportional to the aperture a.rea. So, with
Systems
'
increase of aperture area, received powcr increases and therefore the gain
248
ChaP l0
page
increases.
Adcnna and Radiating
Systems
BoL
{o.A,ss Option (A)
$01
10'4.34 Option (A) is correct.
is correct.
In the helical antenna, normal mode of operation is very narrow in bandwidth
and therefore the directivity is high. while the radiation efficiency is low.
For an antenna near and far zone are specified by a boundary defined
as
a,r:;tl*'*;"".,
where, R is the
i, tt lirgest
dimension of antenna
"
and ,\ is the operating wavelength of antenna. so, any targetJocated at a
distance R> + from antennu ir iti the far zone for the antenria and any
target located at a distance R < $ is ln the near zone.
soL 10.4.35 Option (A) is correct.

Gain of transmitting antenna,
: l0
Pr : 1W
A", : !m2
r : lm
Ttansmitted power,
Effective area of receiving antenna,
Distance between transmitter and receiver )
so' totar
Gat
received';::'#:r:,,;""":'Hlffx
(1)
: s.7s1ry
sol. to.4.36 Option (B) is correct.
'
that
on2
ff
sol-
fro
,, +
antenna so, the defined region is far zone or far field'
to.4.37 Option (B) is correct.

Helical, antenna is used to provide circularly polarized wave and the log
.
$oL
is called far zone for the antenna and as it is given

in the Ftaunhofef'region measurement to be taken from a distance of
Since, the region
periodic antenna is frequency independent.
{0.4.38 Option (B) is correct.

For a wave travelling from medium 1 to medium 2, the incidence angle 0" of
the wave for which it is totally reflected by medium 2 is given as
nrsind"
where
??r
- nesin9O"
(1)
and rh are the refractive index of medium 1 and medium
respectively.
Since, refracting index of a medium having
p is defined
So, putting
as
n:rlG
it
in equation (1), we get
,/1arsino": {t,o,
sinl, _,{?r:
g"
\,\
permittivity e and permeability
sin
'1*\:
\J2 )
as'
-\
tol to'ir.s @ion (B) is correct.
Page 741
Chap 10
Anr-dlcting
W.ms
Folded dipole
(Driven element)
Directors
Yagi-Uda antenna must have one reflector and one driven element while it
can have any number of directors. So, the four element Yagi-Uda antenna
will have 2 directors, one reflector, and one driven element.
sol-
1s.4,40

Directivity of an antenna is directly proportional to the effective a,rea and
therefore larger the effective area, sharper the radiated beam.
This is the reason for using an aperture antenna instead a linear antenna for
extremely high frequency ranges.
sol
10,4,4,1

Current distortion along a travelling wave antenna in general is defined as
I(z,t): Iscos(cot- Pz)
but when we eliminate f by taking it's phasor form, the current can be
written as
4") :
[os-iaz
sol to.4.42 Option (B) is correct.

T\rrnstile antenna is generally used at UHF/VHF for local area transmission.

The frequencies upto 1650 kHz is in the range of medium frequency. Vertical
radiators ranging from .\/6 to \15 used for broadcasting the medium
frequencies as the operating conditions and economic consideration.
to.4"44 Option (A)
is correct.
The radiation field intensity of an antenna at a distance
n^
ue"
or
hIoAil
_
- _Ti_r
is defined
as
sin1e-,o,
tr^t-rlluldtsinl
I ---Ttrr oI r
uos
sol" {0"4.4$ Option (D) is correct.
f,,.r .
.r,
,111.
:r
'
The resultant field irr a helical antenna is either circularly polarized or

elliptically polarized depending on the pitch angle a.
*, ",flbe rad,iryt"@!il9$dlb$ a,.helical antenna is circul*tlf;.polarized only when,
: ...t ._. ,*,,
.:,r.
,"r;,,,#:Tftffiffih"
'i!!f
/ irrt,
else it is elliptically pcilarized. Irr conclusion for a general term we can say
the wave radiated by a helical antenna is elliptically polarized.
vr
r
3e 750
nr0
ll
bna
tm
18.4.46 Option (D) is correct.

The unexcited patch is shown below
and Radiating
The capacitance between the plates is given as

e(Area of plates)
C_
(separatoin between plates)
o,LW
-----T
sol {0.4.42 Option (C) is correct.

Maximum usable freeuency betweentwo stations of distance D is defined
frur: Q+(#l
where h vertical height at the mid point of path and

we put all the values to get,
I*r,:9 " to'vf{#W
f, is critical
as
frequency
:1.b x toTHz:15NIHz
10.4.48 Option (A) is correct.

D-layer is the lower most region of ionosphere which is present only during
{he day light hours and disappears at night because recombination rate
is highest and also E-region is weekly lonised during night hour hence
radiowave suffer negligible attenuation in night hour. This is the reason
that the wave band which can't be heard during day time but may be heard
during night time.
.r*_
to.4.4e Option (C) is correct.
to.4.so Option (A) is correct.

The atmosphere has varying density (refractive indexj with the height from
earth given
#.Rudiu,
o',
R:-4
"rrrr"r,rr"
of the wave
J.,n*
dlt'
Solving
it,
we get the effective earth radius (Radio horizon)
: $ actual earth radius (optical
horizon)
1o.4.st Option (A) is correct.

The radiation resistance of a dipole antenna is defined
as
Since,
So,
R"ad
:sO"'(ff : z O
sol. {o.4.s2 Option (A) is correct.
i---;
t-
"
\
tsctive
fr*ato
Iength of e
t"
(0)
of.
Atr:Ef
:''
0.
Lis *l 0:
-fr:*.
1.e.
maxlmum
The effective
modes.
So, statements, 1, 2 and 4
*
bbrDdrd*.h
+
h benmitting
&e
lffie
and receiving
$atement 3 is incorrect.
-T
Efiective length of a half
Page ?51
ehrp l0
r"(0)
futin
:?[*'!-rr;")]
of d.
nh of I, is at

SYstems
0: rl2.
tl:3: ) ' 2
A
than its actual
o'"I* ).
for the antenna in transmitting and receiving

modes.
So. statements,
1-,
2 and 4 and'ffid shile statement 3 is incorrect.

****+*xx{<**

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$oluTloHs

Option (C) is correct.

Option (B) is correct.

0.92a,* 0.36a, + 0 Jayz.

: 4(- 2) (r) a, + 2 (2 + (_ z),) au _t S (J)2 a"

unit vector in the direction

Option (B) is correct.

(- tz - Jp)ao 1-(Bo + 6)aa + @ - 2a)a" :

Option (D) is correct.

This condition met when,

cos2r:0 9 2r:trl2 + r:r/4

Therefore the planes on which field component

E, will be zero are

Option (D) is correct.

E" :2f sir,2r

Option (B) is correct.

-E: 0, we must have

This condition met in the Plane

Option (D) is correct.

lA,l I cosd sino 0ll/

: @os$) (1) : cosp

So, the vector field

IA,l Isingcoso singsind cosg]['+".|

So, the vector field

Option (B) is correct.

t.l 1""--,';;; cose

Now, for the given point

(z:3, g-: 2, z:_

Putting all the values in the rnatrix transformation,

Option (D) is correct.

So, the rotation carries e axis

into E ; g_axis into

therefore the new co-ordinates of point

'u' :': :L:: a

Option (C) is correct.

Option (C) is correct.

Option (A) is correct.

Option (D) is correct.

Option (D) is correct.

to the plane of triangle is given

Option (A) is correct.

1- ro;'1 1A)'+ (rs)'

:- 0.507 a,* 0.406o, * 0'761a"

is always perpendicular to the plane of

pla,ne of the tria.ngle a,nd the

unit vector aec'

anx a'ac:-0'5504' -0'832a'*0'077a"

Option (D) is correct'

interior angle at A is defined

0.095a, * 0.516a, * 0.207 a"

* 0.915a, * 0.367 a"

Option (C) is correct.

so the components of vector field

F in cylindrical system can be expressed

: f,lcos6(- sin/) * sin@cos@]: s

Option (A) is correct.

where ,46 is tangential component and A,, is normal component to thr,

"' :11,r?; cosgas

Option (D) is correct.

and therefore the tangential component to the cone is

Option (C) is correct.

to ,4 and tangent to the cone