Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Fish may have evolved from a creature similar to a corallike Sea squirt, whose larvae resemble primitive sh in
important ways. The rst ancestors of sh may have kept
the larval form into adulthood (as some sea squirts do today), although perhaps the reverse is the case.
1.1 Taxonomy
Fish are a paraphyletic group: that is, any clade containing all sh also contains the tetrapods, which are not sh.
For this reason, groups such as the Class Pisces seen in
older reference works are no longer used in formal classications.
1
1 EVOLUTION
Class Thelodonti
Class Anaspida
Class Petromyzontida or Hyperoartia
Petromyzontidae (lampreys)
Class Conodonta (conodonts)
Class Cephalaspidomorphi (early jawless sh)
(unranked) Galeaspida
(unranked) Pituriaspida
(unranked) Osteostraci
Infraphylum Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates)
Subclass Sarcopterygii (eshy nned shes, The position of hagsh in the phylum Chordata is not settled. Phylogenetic research in 1998 and 1999 supported
ancestors of tetrapods)
the idea that the hagsh and the lampreys form a natural group, the Cyclostomata, that is a sister group of the
The above scheme is the one most commonly encounGnathostomata.[7][8]
tered in non-specialist and general works. Many of the
above groups are paraphyletic, in that they have given The various sh groups account for more than half of verrise to successive groups: Agnathans are ancestral to tebrate species. There are almost 28,000 known extant
Chondrichthyes, who again have given rise to Acanthodi- species, of which almost 27,000 are bony sh, with 970
ians, the ancestors of Osteichthyes. With the arrival of sharks, rays, and chimeras and about 108 hagsh and
phylogenetic nomenclature, the shes has been split up lampreys.[9] A third of these species fall within the nine
into a more detailed scheme, with the following major largest families; from largest to smallest, these families are Cyprinidae, Gobiidae, Cichlidae, Characidae,
groups:
Loricariidae, Balitoridae, Serranidae, Labridae, and
Scorpaenidae. About 64 families are monotypic, contain Class Myxini (hagsh)
ing only one species. The nal total of extant species may
Class Pteraspidomorphi (early jawless sh)
grow to exceed 32,500.[10]
Diversity
Agnatha
(Pacic hagsh)
Fish come in many shapes and sizes. This is a sea dragon, a close
relative of the seahorse. Their leaf-like appendages enable them
to blend in with oating seaweed.
(Horn shark)
Actinopterygii
(Brown trout)
(Coelacanth)
Main article: Diversity of sh
The term sh most precisely describes any non-tetrapod
craniate (i.e. an animal with a skull and in most cases
a backbone) that has gills throughout life and whose
limbs, if any, are in the shape of ns.[11] Unlike groupings such as birds or mammals, sh are not a single clade
but a paraphyletic collection of taxa, including hagshes,
3 ANATOMY
3.1.1 Gills
Most sh exchange gases using gills on either side of
the pharynx. Gills consist of threadlike structures called
laments. Each lament contains a capillary network that
provides a large surface area for exchanging oxygen and
carbon dioxide. Fish exchange gases by pulling oxygenrich water through their mouths and pumping it over their
gills. In some sh, capillary blood ows in the opposite
direction to the water, causing countercurrent exchange.
The gills push the oxygen-poor water out through openings in the sides of the pharynx. Some sh, like sharks
and lampreys, possess multiple gill openings. However,
bony sh have a single gill opening on each side. This
opening is hidden beneath a protective bony cover called
an operculum.
Fish range in size from the huge 16-metre (52 ft) whale Juvenile bichirs have external gills, a very primitive feashark to the tiny 8-millimetre (0.3 in) stout infantsh.
ture that they share with larval amphibians.
Fish species diversity is roughly divided equally between marine (oceanic) and freshwater ecosystems. Coral
reefs in the Indo-Pacic constitute the center of diversity for marine shes, whereas continental freshwater
shes are most diverse in large river basins of tropical
rainforests, especially the Amazon, Congo, and Mekong
basins. More than 5,600 sh species inhabit Neotropical
freshwaters alone, such that Neotropical shes represent
about 10% of all vertebrate species on the Earth. Exceptionally rich sites in the Amazon basin, such as Canto
State Park, can contain more freshwater sh species than
occur in all of Europe.[21]
Anatomy
3.1
Respiration
3.4
Excretion
5
The intestine completes the process of digestion and nutrient absorption.
3.4 Excretion
As with many aquatic animals, most sh release their nitrogenous wastes as ammonia. Some of the wastes diuse
through the gills. Blood wastes are ltered by the kidneys.
Saltwater sh tend to lose water because of osmosis.
Their kidneys return water to the body. The reverse happens in freshwater sh: they tend to gain water osmotically. Their kidneys produce dilute urine for excretion.
Some sh have specially adapted kidneys that vary in
function, allowing them to move from freshwater to saltwater.
Tuna gills inside the head. The sh head is oriented snoutdownwards, with the view looking towards the mouth.
3.5 Scales
breathers and facultative air breathers. Obligate air
breathers, such as the African lungsh, must breathe air
periodically or they suocate. Facultative air breathers,
such as the catsh Hypostomus plecostomus, only breathe
air if they need to and will otherwise rely on their
gills for oxygen. Most air breathing sh are facultative
air breathers that avoid the energetic cost of rising to
the surface and the tness cost of exposure to surface
predators.[22]
3.2
Circulation
3.3
Digestion
3 ANATOMY
the order of millivolt.[27] Other sh, like the South American electric shes Gymnotiformes, can produce weak
electric currents, which they use in navigation and social
communication.
Fish orient themselves using landmarks and may use mental maps based on multiple landmarks or symbols. Fish
behavior in mazes reveals that they possess spatial memory and visual discrimination.[28]
Vision Main article: Vision in shes
Vision is an important sensory system for most species
of sh. Fish eyes are similar to those of terrestrial
vertebrates like birds and mammals, but have a more
spherical lens. Their retinas generally have both rods and
cones (for scotopic and photopic vision), and most species
have colour vision. Some sh can see ultraviolet and some
can see polarized light. Amongst jawless sh, the lamprey
has well-developed eyes, while the hagsh has only primitive eyespots.[29] Fish vision shows adaptation to their visual environment, for example deep sea shes have eyes
suited to the dark environment.
Hearing See also: Sensory systems in sh Hearing
Hearing is an important sensory system for most species
of sh. Fish sense sound using their lateral lines and their
ears.
3.8
Homeothermy
3.7
Muscular system
3.8 Homeothermy
Although most sh are exclusively ectothermic, there are
exceptions.
Certain species of sh maintain elevated body temperatures. Endothermic teleosts (bony sh) are all in the
suborder Scombroidei and include the billshes, tunas,
and one species of primitive mackerel (Gasterochisma
melampus). All sharks in the family Lamnidae shortn mako, long n mako, white, porbeagle, and salmon
shark are endothermic, and evidence suggests the trait
exists in family Alopiidae (thresher sharks). The degree
of endothermy varies from the billsh, which warm only
their eyes and brain, to bluen tuna and porbeagle sharks
who maintain body temperatures elevated in excess of
20 C above ambient water temperatures.[36] See also
gigantothermy. Endothermy, though metabolically costly,
is thought to provide advantages such as increased muscle
strength, higher rates of central nervous system processing, and higher rates of digestion.
muscles on either side of the backbone. These contractions form S-shaped curves that move down the body. As
each curve reaches the back n, backward force is applied
to the water, and in conjunction with the ns, moves the
sh forward. The shs ns function like an airplanes
aps. Fins also increase the tails surface area, increasing speed. The streamlined body of the sh decreases the
amount of friction from the water. Since body tissue is
denser than water, sh must compensate for the dierence or they will sink. Many bony sh have an internal
organ called a swim bladder that adjusts their buoyancy
through manipulation of gases.
Organs: 1. Liver, 2. Gas bladder, 3. Roe, 4. Pyloric caeca, 5.
Stomach, 6. Intestine
Fish ovaries may be of three types: gymnovarian, secondary gymnovarian or cystovarian. In the rst type,
8
the oocytes are released directly into the coelomic cavity and then enter the ostium, then through the oviduct
and are eliminated. Secondary gymnovarian ovaries shed
ova into the coelom from which they go directly into
the oviduct. In the third type, the oocytes are conveyed
to the exterior through the oviduct.[38] Gymnovaries are
the primitive condition found in lungsh, sturgeon, and
bown. Cystovaries characterize most teleosts, where
the ovary lumen has continuity with the oviduct.[37] Secondary gymnovaries are found in salmonids and a few
other teleosts.
Oogonia development in teleosts sh varies according to
the group, and the determination of oogenesis dynamics allows the understanding of maturation and fertilization processes. Changes in the nucleus, ooplasm, and
the surrounding layers characterize the oocyte maturation
process.[37]
Postovulatory follicles are structures formed after oocyte
release; they do not have endocrine function, present a
wide irregular lumen, and are rapidly reabsorbed in a
process involving the apoptosis of follicular cells. A degenerative process called follicular atresia reabsorbs vitellogenic oocytes not spawned. This process can also occur, but less frequently, in oocytes in other development
stages.[37]
3 ANATOMY
Egg of chimaera
Some sh, like the California sheephead, are
hermaphrodites, having both testes and ovaries either at dierent phases in their life cycle or, as in
The newly hatched young of oviparous sh are called
hamlets, have them simultaneously.
larvae. They are usually poorly formed, carry a large yolk
Over 97% of all known sh are oviparous,[39] that is, sac (for nourishment), and are very dierent in appearthe eggs develop outside the mothers body. Examples ance from juvenile and adult specimens. The larval peof oviparous sh include salmon, goldsh, cichlids, tuna, riod in oviparous sh is relatively short (usually only sevand eels. In the majority of these species, fertilisation eral weeks), and larvae rapidly grow and change appeartakes place outside the mothers body, with the male and ance and structure (a process termed metamorphosis) to
female sh shedding their gametes into the surrounding become juveniles. During this transition larvae must
water. However, a few oviparous sh practice internal switch from their yolk sac to feeding on zooplankton prey,
fertilization, with the male using some sort of intromittent a process which depends on typically inadequate zooorgan to deliver sperm into the genital opening of the fe- plankton density, starving many larvae.
male, most notably the oviparous sharks, such as the horn
In ovoviviparous sh the eggs develop inside the mothers
shark, and oviparous rays, such as skates. In these cases,
body after internal fertilization but receive little or no
the male is equipped with a pair of modied pelvic ns
nourishment directly from the mother, depending instead
known as claspers.
on the yolk. Each embryo develops in its own egg. FamilMarine sh can produce high numbers of eggs which are iar examples of ovoviviparous sh include guppies, angel
often released into the open water column. The eggs have sharks, and coelacanths.
an average diameter of 1 millimetre (0.039 in).
Some species of sh are viviparous. In such species the
mother retains the eggs and nourishes the embryos. Typically, viviparous sh have a structure analogous to the
placenta seen in mammals connecting the mothers blood
supply with that of the embryo. Examples of viviparous
sh include the surf-perches, splitns, and lemon shark.
Some viviparous sh exhibit oophagy, in which the developing embryos eat other eggs produced by the mother.
This has been observed primarily among sharks, such as
the shortn mako and porbeagle, but is known for a few
Egg of lamprey
bony sh as well, such as the halfbeak Nomorhamphus
ebrardtii.[40] Intrauterine cannibalism is an even more un-
9
usual mode of vivipary, in which the largest embryos
eat weaker and smaller siblings. This behavior is also
most commonly found among sharks, such as the grey
nurse shark, but has also been reported for Nomorhamphus ebrardtii.[40]
10
6 IMPORTANCE TO HUMANS
5.2
Habitat destruction
5.3
Exotic species
Importance to humans
6.2 Recreation
Main articles: Fishkeeping, Recreational shing, and
Angling
Fish have been recognized as a source of beauty for almost as long as used for food, appearing in cave art, being raised as ornamental sh in ponds, and displayed in
aquariums in homes, oces, or public settings.
Recreational shing is shing for pleasure or competition;
it can be contrasted with commercial shing, which is
shing for prot. The most common form of recreational
shing is done with a rod, reel, line, hooks and any one
of a wide range of baits. Angling is a method of shing,
specically the practice of catching sh by means of an
11
angle (hook). Anglers must select the right hook, cast
accurately, and retrieve at the right speed while considering water and weather conditions, species, sh response,
time of the day, and other factors.
6.3
Culture
regarded in the Orient as sacred on account of their elegant beauty, size and life-span. Among the deities said
to take the form of a sh are Ika-Roa of the Polynesians,
Dagon of various ancient Semitic peoples, the shark-gods
of Hawaii and Matsya of the Hindus.
The astrological symbol Pisces is based on a constellation
of the same name, but there is also a second sh constellation in the night sky, Piscis Austrinus.[75]
7 Terminology
7.1 Shoal or school
Main article: Shoaling and schooling
A random assemblage of sh merely using some lo-
12
9 NOTES
that all sh move at the same speed and in the same di- 8 See also
rection. Shoaling and schooling behaviour is believed to
provide a variety of advantages.[76]
Main article: Outline of sh
Examples:
Cichlids congregating at lekking sites form an aggregation.
Aquaculture
7.2
Fish or shes
7.3
Finsh
Aquarium
Catch and release
Deep sea sh
Fish acute toxicity syndrome
Fish anatomy
Fish as food
Fish development
Fishing (shing for food)
Fish intelligence
Fishkeeping
Forage sh
Ichthyology
List of sh common names
List of sh families
Marine biology
Marine vertebrates
Mercury in sh
Otolith (Bone used for determining the age of a sh)
Pregnancy (sh)
Seafood
Walking sh
9 Notes
[1] Goldman, K.J. (1997). Regulation of body temperature in the white shark, Carcharodon carcharias". Journal of Comparative Physiology. B Biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology. 167 (6): 423
429. doi:10.1007/s003600050092. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
13
[2] Carey, F.G.; Lawson, K.D. (February 1973). Temperature regulation in free-swimming bluen tuna. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 44 (2): 375392.
doi:10.1016/0300-9629(73)90490-8.
[3] FishBase. FishBase. April 2015. Retrieved 29 August
2015.
[4] G. Lecointre & H. Le Guyader, 2007, The Tree of Life: A
Phylogenetic Classication, Harvard University Press Reference Library
[5] Romer, A.S. & T.S. Parsons. 1977. The Vertebrate Body.
5th ed. Saunders, Philadelphia. (6th ed. 1985)
[6] Benton, M. J. (1998) The quality of the fossil record of
vertebrates. Pp. 269303, in Donovan, S. K. and Paul,
C. R. C. (eds), The adequacy of the fossil record, Fig. 2.
Wiley, New York, 312 pp.
[7] Shigehiro Kuraku, Daisuke Hoshiyama, Kazutaka Katoh,
Hiroshi Suga, Takashi Miyata (1999) Monophyly of Lampreys and Hagshes Supported by Nuclear DNACoded
Genes J Mol Evol (1999) 49:729735
[31] Kirby, Alex (30 April 2003). Fish do feel pain, scientists
say. BBC News. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
[35] The Times & The Sunday Times. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
[40] Meisner, A & Burns, J: Viviparity in the Halfbeak Genera Dermogenys and Nomorhamphus (Teleostei: Hemiramphidae)" Journal of Morphology 234, pp. 295317,
1997
14
9 NOTES
[61] UK 'must shield shing industry'". BBC News. 3 November 2006. Retrieved 18 January 2006.
[62] EU sh quota deal hammered out. BBC News. 21 December 2006. Retrieved 18 January 2006.
[63] Ocean study predicts the collapse of all seafood sheries
by 2050. Retrieved 13 January 2006.
[64] Atlantic bluen tuna could soon be commercially extinct. Archived from the original on 30 April 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2006.
[65] Helfman, Collette & Facey 1997, p. 463
[66] Threatened and Endangered Species: Pallid Sturgeon
Scaphirhynchus Fact Sheet. Archived from the original
on 26 November 2005. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
[67] Spinney, Laura (4 August 2005). The little sh ght
back. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 18 January
2006.
[68] Stop That Fish!". The Washington Post. 3 July 2002.
Retrieved 26 August 2007.
[69] Spalding, Mark (July 11, 2013). Sustainable Ancient
Aquaculture. National Geographic. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
[49] Hansen, J.D.; Zapata, A.G. (1998). "Lymphocyte development in sh and amphibians". 166. Immunological Reviews: 199220.
[50] Kucher; et al. (2006). "Development of the zebrash lymphatic system requires VegFc signalling". 16. Current Biology: 12441248.
Iuc-
[75] Piscis Austrinus. allthesky.com. The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
Iuc-
15
[80] Nelson, Joseph S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 2. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
United Nation Fisheries and Aquaculture Department: Fish and seafood utilization
10
University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections Digital collection of freshwater and marine
sh images
References
11
Further reading
12
External links
16
13
13
13.1
Fish Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish?oldid=757842886 Contributors: Lee Daniel Crocker, Vicki Rosenzweig, Mav, The Anome,
Clasqm, Alex.tan, Josh Grosse, Danny, Rgamble, Rmhermen, PierreAbbat, Roadrunner, Graham, Heron, Montrealais, Sfdan, Stevertigo, JohnOwens, TimShell, Lexor, Dan Koehl, Dominus, Shyamal, Menchi, Ixfd64, Looxix~enwiki, Ams80, Ahoerstemeier, Stan Shebs,
Snoyes, Notheruser, Angela, War3rd, Julesd, Glenn, Stefan-S, Kils, Tkinias, Susurrus, Dpol, Evercat, Ritcheyrp, Hashar, Vanished user
5zariu3jisj0j4irj, Fuzheado, IceKarma, DJ Clayworth, Tpbradbury, Grendelkhan, Morwen, Jnc, Mowgli~enwiki, Phoebe, Traroth, Topbanana, JonathanDP81, HarryHenryGebel, Fvw, Wetman, Gakrivas, Jusjih, Johnleemk, Pollinator, PuzzletChung, Nufy8, Robbot, Astronautics~enwiki, Pigsonthewing, Moriori, Kizor, Altenmann, Kowey, Yelyos, Nurg, Arkuat, Lsy098~enwiki, Texture, Lisap, Hadal,
Wereon, Robinh, Rho~enwiki, Diberri, Xanzzibar, Pengo, Randyoo, Dina, Nebajoth, Alan Liefting, David Gerard, Enochlau, Gheather,
Huddy, Giftlite, Smjg, Christopher Parham, MPF, Ian Maxwell, Jyril, Sj, Fudoreaper, Tom harrison, Binadot, Obli, Peruvianllama, Everyking, No Guru, Curps, Michael Devore, Arnejohs, David Johnson, Frencheigh, Jfdwol, Tom-, Macrakis, Solipsist, Bobblewik, Jrdioko,
Stevietheman, Ato, Utcursch, Pgan002, Andycjp, Mike R, CryptoDerk, Gdr, Knutux, Slowking Man, Sonjaaa, LucasVB, Antandrus,
Ted3268, OverlordQ, MistToys, Quarl, PDH, ShakataGaNai, Jossi, Rdsmith4, The teach, Maximaximax, Kevin B12, Phil1988, Kmweber, Gscshoyru, Neutrality, Orchid82sd, Joyous!, Jcw69, Neale Monks, Syvanen, Zondor, Adashiel, Ingolemo, Jakro64, Clubjuggle, Mike
Rosoft, Dr.frog, AAAAA, Freakofnurture, DanielCD, Jiy, A-giau, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Supercoop, Pmsyyz, Clawed, Barista,
User2004, MeltBanana, Xezbeth, Saintswithin, Alistair1978, Mani1, Paul August, MarkS, SpookyMulder, Corvun, Bender235, Cyclopia,
Kbh3rd, FrankCostanza, Violetriga, Evice, Brian0918, El C, Szyslak, Joanjoc~enwiki, Kwamikagami, Mwanner, Shanes, Joaopais, RoyBoy, Femto, Bobo192, Fir0002, Hurricane111, Wood Thrush, Viriditas, ZayZayEM, Garlics82, Ejrrjs, Cavrdg, Man vyi, Sasquatch, Apostrophe, RussBlau, Hesperian, Idleguy, Haham hanuka, Pearle, HasharBot~enwiki, Conny, Jumbuck, Danski14, Tablizer, Eixo, Anthony
Appleyard, Elpincha, Jamyskis, Eric Kvaalen, Borisblue, Quatermass, Wiki-uk, Atlant, Mr Adequate, Keenan Pepper, AzaToth, Lectonar, Lightdarkness, Pippu d'Angelo, Spangineer, Malo, Mbimmler, Melaen, BanyanTree, Evil Monkey, Dinoguy2, RJFJR, Inge-Lyubov,
LFaraone, Freyr, Dan100, Markaci, Weyes, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Kelly Martin, The JPS, OwenX, Woohookitty, Georgia
guy, TigerShark, Jersyko, EnSamulili, Fireheart, Matijap, CiTrusD, Schzmo, Grika, Ejrs, Damicatz, Huhsunqu, Sengkang, Yakobbokay,
Plrk, Brendanconway, Wayward,
, Palica, Paxsimius, Graham87, Deltabeignet, Magister Mathematicae, BD2412, Kbdank71,
JIP, Search4Lancer, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Astropithicus, Erebus555, Vary, PinchasC, Tangotango, Seraphimblade, Feydey, Tawker,
Gudeldar, SeanMack, The wub, Ttwaring, GregAsche, Sango123, Vuong Ngan Ha, Fantom~enwiki, Exeunt, Titoxd, FlaBot, SchuminWeb, RobertG, Old Moonraker, Musical Linguist, Doc glasgow, Latka, Winhunter, Nihiltres, Crazycomputers, Vandal B, Sanbeg, Nivix,
Chanting Fox, LiquidGhoul, Celestianpower, RexNL, Gurch, Jumblymonkeys, DevastatorIIC, TeaDrinker, Alphachimp, Physchim62,
Cause of death, King of Hearts, Tijmen, Chobot, DaGizza, Bornhj, Mhking, Security05, Gdrbot, Hall Monitor, Digitalme, EvilZak,
Gwernol, YurikBot, Wavelength, TexasAndroid, RobotE, Sceptre, Deeptrivia, Rtkat3, Jimp, Kafziel, Pterantula, RussBot, Red Slash,
Icarus3, Splash, Aaron Walden, Stephenb, Million Little Gods, CambridgeBayWeather, Alifazal, Wimt, K.C. Tang, Shanel, NawlinWiki,
ENeville, Joewie88, Wiki alf, Mipadi, -OOPSIE-, Bachrach44, NickBush24, Jaxl, Gargile, Rebel, Chunky Rice, Alarichall, Irishguy,
Firehair12000, Haoie, Raven4x4x, Khooly59, Misza13, Killdevil, Epipelagic, Supten, BOT-Superzerocool, Zephalis, Quarky2001, DeadEyeArrow, Haemo, Brisvegas, Kniveswood, Nlu, Wknight94, Richardcavell, FF2010, Ali K, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Closedmouth, Jwissick, Tsunaminoai, JuJube, GraemeL, JoanneB, Lizald5, Kevin, Anclation~enwiki, Willtron, JLaTondre, Wikipeditor, Sugar
Bear, Tropylium, Kungfuadam, GrinBot~enwiki, Airconswitch, SkerHawx, Bushi, CIreland,
robot, The Fish from Florida, Codman,
FieryPhoenix, SmackBot, YellowMonkey, Lcarsdata, Reedy, Prodego, KnowledgeOfSelf, TestPilot, Melchoir, McGeddon, Pgk, C.Fred,
Bomac, Jacek Kendysz, ScaldingHotSoup, Ifnord, Alksub, Jrockley, Delldot, Eskimbot, Kerripaul, Timotheus Canens, Swerdnaneb, HalfShadow, Ga, Yamaguchi , Aksi great, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Nycdrew, Jackk, Cabe6403, ERcheck, Andy M. Wang, JohnWayne,
BenAveling, Kaiserb, Izehar, Chris the speller, Master Jay, Bluebot, Xchrisblackx, TimBentley, Salmon Fish, Quinsareth, CKA3KA,
Persian Poet Gal, Thumperward, Fuzzform, Tree Biting Conspiracy, MalafayaBot, Mike1, MidgleyDJ, Akanemoto, Bazonka, CSWarren, Letterbombed, Kungming2, Baronnet, DHN-bot~enwiki, Methnor, Konstable, Wisden17, Antonrojo, Firetrap9254, Neafroid, Gracenotes, Rabid, Yanksox, Diyako, Scwlong, Nick Bond, Zsinj, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, SheeEttin, Jere, Chlewbot, Talmage, Avb,
TheKMan, Konczewski, Djarnum1, Mratarantino, Weirdy, Thewebb, PrometheusX303, Khukri, Jwy, VegaDark, 49ers14, Richard001,
RandomP, ShaunES, Jklin, DMacks, Bengl, Ultraexactzz, Kotjze, Cephal-odd, Filpaul, -Marcus-, Richard0612, Vina-iwbot~enwiki, Pilotguy, Kangarooelaine, Kukini, Drunken Pirate, Wilt, Thor Dockweiler, Ohconfucius, Kkailas, Weatherman1126, Nathanael Bar-Aur
L., Nishkid64, Dmh~enwiki, Rory096, Robomaeyhem, Gloriamarie, Attys, Kuru, John, Jidanni, Paulschou, Ninjagecko, Writtenonsand,
Hellspawn905, 3Jane, Poggie11, J 1982, Kipala, Heimstern, Pat Payne, Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, Cpom, Michael Bednarek,
JorisvS, Rmzy717 AT SCHOOL, Accurizer, Mgiganteus1, Eivind F yangen, MarkSutton, Smith609, Slakr, Tasc, Aznpride05, Togamoos,
Waggers, Ryulong, Serlin, Nicolharper, HappyVR, MrDolomite, Amitch, Hu12, Politepunk, Dingusdew, General Eisenhower, Ginkgo100,
Fan-1967, Iridescent, Michaelbusch, Myopic Bookworm, Pipedreambomb, Kasrani, MFago, Mikehelms, Kaarel, J Di, Cbrown1023,
Espi, GrahamBould, Eluchil404, Dbon5, Tawkerbot2, Dlohcierekim, ChrisCork, Lahiru k, MightyWarrior, SkyWalker, Adam Keller,
CmdrObot, Tanthalas39, SpieyGriey, Jon3782001, Wafulz, Lil14artist, Scohoust, Iced Kola, SupaStarGirl, Teebishop, GHe, Kylu,
Ibadibam, MarsRover, Casper2k3, ONUnicorn, Fatalserpent, Umbepo, HonztheBusDriver, Bobnorwal, Jonk512, Dmsc893, Nmacu, TJDay, Rudjek, Cydebot, Book M, Charlesthechinesedumdumdum, Steel, Aimesn, Suttkus, Gogo Dodo, Frosty0814snowman, Llort, Robmonk, Tawkerbot4, DumbBOT, Fishybob, ConorMcCann, Optimist on the run, Viridae, Likil, Kozuch, Chandima d, TheJC, Omicronpersei8, Daniel Olsen, JMoskow, BJM492, Grant M, , JamesAM, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Dutch15, Wikid77, Mbell, Daniel, Andyjsmith, Davefoc, Cornia1, Headbomb, Newton2, John254, Tapir Terric, Neil916, Keelm, Rockinghell93, Ram4eva, Dfrg.msc, NigelR,
Jankowiki, Kezmondo, Bob the Wikipedian, Tom23168, SusanLesch, Brandon1992, Escarbot, The Lord of Time, Mentisto, Porqin,
Thadius856, KrakatoaKatie, AntiVandalBot, WinBot, Luna Santin, Widefox, Puntori, Opelio, Jj. hoaakkey, Z1720, Quintote, Tmopkisn,
Yoosq, Danger, Malcolm, Mattym129, Gdo01, Lfstevens, Arx Fortis, Mikesunami, Marxist1, JAnDbot, UWDI ced, Chazly, Brodover,
Komponisto, Emlecx23, Barek, MER-C, The Transhumanist, Robina Fox, Chizeng, Andonic, Roleplayer, RebelRobot, MegX, AOL account, Xact, Steveprutz, SteveSims, CoMaDaReInCaRnAtE, Gideont, KittenHuer, Karlhahn, Frankyboy5, VoABot II, Coomin, Maki14,
MrKitten, MastCell, CUTE LlTTLE KlTTEN, Numberonedad22, Brandt Luke Zorn, Appraiser, Soapfan06, Mclay1, Themanwiththesh, Adam.gould, Nevaaron, Dougz1, Movingimage, Sam123456, Indon, PIrish, Farzadh, Animum, NMarkRoberts, Cyktsui, Ciar, Joe
routt, 28421u2232nfenfcenc, Muot, Tabascokid, JoergenB, AkureiJeeves, Glen, DerHexer, JaGa, Eep!, Jahangard, DeadGyroEater, Nevit,
Aquabid, Sanke~enwiki, Drm310, NatureA16, That1guyuno, Atarr, Hdt83, MartinBot, Laur-1, Greg Salter, Bradgib, Arjun01, MiltonT,
Pupster21, Naohiro19, Trixt, Keith D, Megaman26265, Mschel, Kostisl, R'n'B, Mycroft7, Konigsteiger, CommonsDelinker, AlexiusHoratius, Lilac Soul, Shorty40604, Petter Bckman, Mausy5043, J.delanoy, Pkoden, Chipboy566, Ash Ketchum, Emzeeek, See Jay, Catmoongirl, Jonpro, Fleiger, Extransit, Cocoaguy, Wayne Gloege, G. Campbell, Jancellor, Jello Mold, Slixster, Rancid36ts, TablaRas, Aqwis,
13.2
Images
17
Bob1218, ILoveLearnin, Melanochromis, Ryan Postlethwaite, Uni pig, Blade360, Fishstick2000, Anetheron589, Gurchzilla, Davidr15,
AntiSpamBot, Chiswick Chap, Warut, NewEnglandYankee, Matthardingu, SJP, Thesis4Eva, 83d40m, Qeadzc, Ethanjerzak, Joshua Issac, Juliancolton, WJBscribe, Greatestrowerever, Jamesofur, Fredward317, Moondoll, Treisijs, Js, Fishman90, Inter16, Isaacstucker69,
Heykoala, Someone Elses Problem, Ministry of truth 02, KGV, Squids and Chips, Edpudol, Indici, Idioma-bot, Spellcast, Redtigerxyz,
Editor1101013, Burlywood, Powley293, 28bytes, OnaTutors, VolkovBot, CoolChris99, Lh'owon, Summerman222, Je G., Gnostrat,
Dessbee, Flyingtoaster1337, WarddrBOT, Aesopos, Epson291, Barneca, QuackGuru, Philip Trueman, Alex j walsh, TXiKiBoT, Ocherstone, Jalwikip, Miranda, Barkingbooks111, Anonymous Dissident, Sean D Martin, Aymatth2, Andreas Kaganov, Viridiavus~enwiki,
Melsaran, WfordAggie, Anaki72, JhsBot, GlobeGores, G11221, Bagle, K193, LeaveSleaves, Themcman1, PDFbot, 20em89.01, Cremepu222, Blah9454, Kaliisemo, PolishMadMan, Gavingreene1988, WinTakeAll, Ilouisa711, TexasGuy2009~enwiki, Agyle, Capper13,
Adam.J.W.C., Synthebot, Zooweee, Updatebjarni, Ooorscar, Brianga, Evans1551, Zogerath, AlleborgoBot, Pamella775, Minkmoo666,
Radagast3, Swooping Hawk, Vasusareen, Lonwolve, Hyattha, Bu b0y2007, SieBot, Funkamatic, Cha ching24, Tiddly Tom, Scarian, Invmog, BotMultichill, Oldag07, WTucker, Mbz1, Caltas, Methylisocyanate, Yintan, Gravitan, Allansplace, Dragons107, Dinokid, Jackson
Stonewall, Xxdark vampxx, Kristopheredwards, Doby21, Android Mouse, Tiptoety, Radon210, Oda Mari, Aruton, Bob98133, Ilovemrrogers, Oxymoron83, Thomasjod, Baseball Bugs, Targeman, Fezzeo, Iain99, SimonTrew, Tisler, Fratrep, Maelgwnbot, Chrisrus, Realm
of Shadows, Rabo3, Dust Filter, Asikhi, Sitush, Savie Kumara, Graminophile, Kanonkas, Superodor, Furado, ImageRemovalBot, MedeldMan, Beautyh, Endangered11, ClueBot, Bowmister, Thyrosh, Chris-gloop, Kkbabelol, Yovoyovo, King Kobra 1990s, Getwood,
Dragon4eye, Plastikspork, Chickenman2, VsBot, Rlizak, ImperfectlyInformed, Mantodowhattodo, Ahsley.bell, Allycat16120, Bobisbob,
Noobiter, Ilovechicken321123, Mild Bill Hiccup, Ilovesit06, Hafspajen, Sharpshooter007, Daft trut, HAHAC HICKENS, Niceguyedc,
Mattkyu, Jameshavelock, Ottawahitech, The Help Fishy, Puchiko, Jlarvae, Alexy527, Excirial, Jusdafax, Iboooo, Dawsi007, Fivepounds,
Chat6, Monobi, PixelBot, Abrech, Cenarium, Arjayay, Jotterbot, Ktrosvik, Panda games, Bigjim14, Revotfel, Supergeek66, 19incher,
Timmrobinson2789, Narutofangirl727, Mceggman, Ilikellamas, Zachattack123, Mcshy, Yumyumyummyyum, Bobbyfooby12, DarkCatalyst 08, Jwwaddles, Gyozilla, Thingg, Editor831, Songburger, Aitias, Zakight, Songburger2, Poopy831, Samurai Cerberus, Wcp07,
Esoxid, DBodor, Necrolyte, Food22, Thinking Stone, Bajammaz, Karatekid1217, Kijoon Hur, Fuzzycheese300, Koumz, BodhisattvaBot,
Rror, Xtrasimplicity, Facts707, U av probs, Slnm, CANlms, Gaga654, Tyler who, Shimgremlin, Addbot, Blanche of Kings Lynn, Porygonz1, DOI bot, Levi333, EjsBot, Carbonoto, AnonymousChanger, Blizzy55, Queeney75, CarsracBot, Kuhlio2008, Eriqire1996, LinkFABot, Numbo3-bot, Lightbot, Jarble, Folypeelarks, HerculeBot, RentaCenta, Luckas-bot, TaBOT-zerem, Fenrir-of-the-Shadows, Sanyi4,
Corrections101, Spindoctor69, Yzx, Pachyderme, KamikazeBot, MacTire02, DiverDave, AnomieBOT, Tryptosh, Galoubet, JackieBot,
Zxabot, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Australianplankton, Bob Burkhardt, ArthurBot, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Timir2, Poetaris, DSisyphBot,
JRLivesey, GetLinkPrimitiveParams, Meshin0, Almabot, GrouchoBot, Trongphu, SassoBot, MerlLinkBot, Wdenhelm, Adrignola, Silbad,
Jhkauf, AustinPow813, Sky Attacker, D'ohBot, Gouerouz, MGA73bot, Antilogarithm, Citation bot 1, Billydabox, Ypna, HRoestBot, Jonesey95, Dazedbythebell, RedBot, MastiBot, Plasticspork, Robin Clarke, Iokerapid, TobeBot, Trappist the monk, Mishae, Stephen MUFC,
TimKasoar, RjwilmsiBot, Regancy42, Billare, Mikejones2255, DASHBot, JonathanChalupiak, EmausBot, John of Reading, Jmf146,
Jmv2009, AlanSiegrist, Uplink03, Fatapatate, Skyllz77, Pl,okm49, AnthroMimus, Kadeike, Solomonfromnland, ZroBot, PBS-AWB,
Sagaciousphil, Dondervogel 2, Medeis, Macosnine, Erianna, Aidarzver, Augurar, Brandmeister, ChuispastonBot, Ihardlythinkso, GermanJoe, Mannix Chan, ClueBot NG, Naldo 911, Movses-bot, Frietjes, Irvin calicut, Hazhk, DrChrissy, Rio Cicica, North Atlanticist Usonian,
Helpful Pixie Bot, Asdfjkl1235, Gob Lofa, Plantdrew, Knightofairplanes, Ymblanter, Northamerica1000, AvocatoBot, Earthsbuddy, Jamesalbert1234, Cadiomals, Marktomory, ZakTheAwesome, NotWith, Mike.BRZ, EricEnfermero, BattyBot, Justincheng12345-bot, JYBot,
Dexbot, Pokemonlplayer, Fjozk, Reatlas, Andoof2000, LCS check, Elliot Teong, CensoredScribe, Jaredzimmerman (WMF), Vatasura,
Kind Tennis Fan, Saiful7, Ldorn1227, Rgolds1203, VAleles, Sbartl, Chaya5260, Ccevol2013, TheG3NERAL John 3:16, Monkbot, Qwertyxp2000, Akifumii, RC711, Fishsticks101,
, Biologyisfun, Nkkenbuer, Drmrc, KasparBot, Dunkleosteus77, Trixie Lulamoon,
DBZFan30, Too Small a Fish to Fry, Bender the Bot, Lucas.Belo, WikiLE and Anonymous: 998
13.2
Images
18
13
13.3
Content license