Catalog of Micro-Nation Fantasy Coins and Tokens

12/27/2016
MicroNationFantasyCoinsandToken
MicroNations/FantasyWorld
Amicronation(cybernation,fantasycountry,modelcountry,newcountryproject,
pseudonation,counternation,ephemeralstate,onlinenation,andvariantsthereof)isanentity
intendedtoreplace,resemble,mock,orexistonequalfootingwithrecognizedindependentstates.
Somemicronationsarecreatedwithseriousintent,whileothersexistasahobbyorstunt.Forthemost
parttheyexistonlyonpaper,ontheinternet,orinthemindsoftheircreatorsandparticipants.Asmall
numberhavealsomanagedtoachievesomedegreeofrecognition.Whentheydo,theyconvergeto
somedegreewithotherorganizingparadigmsthatoffer,orseemtooffer,politicalorinfrastructural
independenceofsomesort.
Micronationsmayhaveaformandstructuresimilartoestablishedsovereignstates,including
territorialclaims,governmentinstitutions,officialsymbolsandcitizens.Micronationsareoftenquite
small,inboththeirclaimedterritoryandclaimedpopulationsalthoughtherearesomeexceptionsto
thisrule.Micronationsmayissueformalinstrumentssuchaspostagestamps,coin,banknotesand
passports,andconferhonoursandtitlesofnobility.Acriterionwhichdistinguishesmicronationsfrom
imaginarycountries,ecovillages,campuses,tribes,clans,sects,andresidentialcommunity
associations,isthattheselatterentitiesdonotusuallyseektoberecognizedassovereign.The
MontevideoConvention(treatysignedatMontevideoon26December1933)wasoneattemptto
createalegaldefinitiondistinguishingbetweenstatesandnonstates.Somemicronationsmeetthis
definition,whilesomedonot.Theacademicstudyofmicronationsandmicrostatesistermed
micropatrology,andthehobbyofestablishingandoperatingmicronationsisknownas
micronationalism.
UsuallytheCoins/Tokensmentionedinthisarea,aretheonesmentionedinthebookcalled"Unusual
WorldCoins"byBruce,ColinR.,IISmith,BruceWayne(Contributor),KrausePublicationsin
February1992.Thelatesteditionofthisbookas4theditionhasbeenreleasedin2005byKrause
publications.Theothersourceforreference/bookiswrittenbyRussellRulauonWorldTokens.This
areacontainscoinsproducedbydifferentpeopleasaclaim/imaginationoftheirlands.Hopefullythere
isarightfulspotforthesehandsomeandwonderfulcoinsinyourcollection,rightnexttoyourAdelas,
Ducals,Credito,Steloj,andalltheotheruncommon,privatelymadecoinsoftheunofficialworld.
MostoftheseMicroNationshavetheirownwebsiteslikeLADONIA.Ladoniawascreatedin1980
andsituatedinSweden.Ithasitsownadministration,lawsandflag.ItscitizenformisavailableatUS
$12.In2002approximately4000PakistancitizensapplyforcitizenshipinLadonieninhopefora
betterlife,butnoneofthemwereaccepted.
YouTubelinksonGeneralMicronationsOverview:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xh8065oEdTA
Belowisashortlistoftheseunusualcoinsincludingfantasy,micronations,psuedoetatsandtokens
knowntomanycoincollectors.
ALTERNATIVECURRENCIES
AFRO
EMASDINARKELANTAN
EUROPA
GOLDSTANDARDCORPORATION
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/
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INTERNATIONALTRADEUNIT
ISLAMICMINT
JEFFERSONMINT
LASQUETIMINT
MANDVIKOLIWADASSOCIATION
MAUNDY
MUNDINERO
NORFED
PAKISTANMINTCANTEEN
TEXASMINT
UNIVERSALALIGO
UNIVERSARO
WORLDTRADEUNIT
EXILEGOVERNMENT&ROYALHOUSES
LATVIA,Republicof(USLegation)
RUSSIANIMPERIALUNIONORDER
FANTASIESLITERARY
ANKHMORPORK
SANSERIFFE
LORDSOFTHERINGS
PRIVATECREATION
ARABIA
ATLANTIS,Kingdomof
ANTARCTICA,Confederationof
ANTARCTICA,Republic
BERMANIA,Kingdomof
BLUEWATERSMintisoperatedbyWilliam"Bill"TurnerinCypress,Texas,USA
CRESCENTISLAND
VIINAMARISAAR(madebyShirePost)
KLEFRARAHA(designedandmintedbywww.personalgeocoins.com)
PAMPAPANA
BUCKISLAND
ERICVICTORMcCREAcreations:
L'ILED'HELIOPOLIS
NICHTSBURGETZILCHSTADT
DANIELCARR'salternativecurrencies
ROLLER
UNIONOFNORTHAMERICA(AMERO)[informationonotherdesignersaswell]
FERDINANDEA
FREDRICHARDZINKANNcreations:
POPEMATHEW(PAPALCOINAGE)
ANTARCTICAMcMURDO
ANTARCTICAENDERBYLAND
KERGUELENISLANDS
CROZETISLANDS
ADLIELAND
ILESST.PAUL
ISLASMALVINAS
ILESAMSTERDAM&ST.PAUL
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POPEJOSEPH(PAPALCOINAGE)
VOSTOK(RUSSIANANTARCTICASTATION)
EGYPTBRITISHOCCUPATION(TokenCoinage)
GARDINER'SISLAND
HUNGERAIDANDDEVELOPMENTFOUNDATION(HADEF)
HUGUENINFRERES,NEUCHATEL(MedallicCoinagebasedonSwissCities)
JOELANDERSON
JOSEPHE.LANGcreations:[partnerathttp://www.stevealbum.com]
ANDAMANANDNICOBARISLANDS(struckbyOsborneCoinage,OhioUSA)
CABODAKHLA
DARFURSULTANATE
EASTERISLAND(struckbyOsborneCoinageinCincinnati,OhioUSA)
GALAPAGOSISLANDS(struckbyOsborneCoinageinCincinnati,OhioUSA)
GREENLAND(struckbyOsborneCoinageinCincinnati,OhioUSA)
KURDISTAN,Stateof(mintby:HoffmanMint)
NORTHERNCYPRUS(producedbyaChinesefirm)
PALESTINE(struckbyOsborneCoinageinCincinnati,OhioUSA)
KAMBERRA,Kingdomof
KAYLESS(KLINGON)
NEWISLAND,Commonwealthof
OCCUSSIAMBENO
PURPLESHAFTIUELAND
RCC/rec.collecting.coins
ROGERSHERMANDOLLAR
SANBLASISLANDS
SHIREPOSTMINToperatedbyTomMaringerandWillWhitfoot(introductionlink):
BasedonJ.R.R.TOLKIENfictionwork:
ANGBAND(Wizard'sStronghold)
BLOODOFSURAK(Vulcansociety)
DALETOWN(MunicipalityLandofmilkandhoney)
EREGION(KingdominSecondAgerealmsettledbyElvenfolk)
MORDAUR(theEyeoftheDarkLord)
NEWDAL(Raven)
ROHAUN(MannishKingdom)
SHIRE(PeacefulAnarchy)
CAMELOT(ARTHURPENDRAGON)
THEFRENCHCOLONIESINNORTHAMERICA
VINLAND(LEIFEIRICSSON)
TDIVM,UltimateStateof
TRAMAUX&Co.B.v.b.a.,GROBBENDONK
UNITEDMAXXICOAMERICA
VICTORVINCENTEOFAMERICA
LOCAL&COMMUNALCURRENCIES
BREDA
CHRISTIANIA
DAMANHUR,Federationof
MICRONATIONS
ANTONINEIMPERIUM
ATLANTIS
ATLANTISProject
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ATLANTIUM,Empireof
ARAUCANIA&PATAGONIA,Kingdomof
AVRAM
BARBEISLAND,SovereignStateof
BARONYOFCAUX
BIFFECHE,Kingdomof
BIRTAWIL,GrandDukedomof
CELESTIALSPACE,Nationof(Celestia)
CONCHREPUBLIC
DOMINIONOFBRITISHWESTFLORIDA
ELLEORE,Kingdomof
FREEDONIA,Principalityof
GENIUSZ,Kingdomof
HUTTRIVERPROVINCE,Principalityof
LOMAR,Regencyof
LUNDY
MICRONA,Cityof
MINERVA,Republicof
MIRAGEISLAND,Republicof
MOLOSSIA,Republicof
MONTECRISTO
NAGRIAMELFEDERATION
NATIONAL(GEORGE)JUNIORREPUBLIC
NEWUTOPIA,Principalityof
NORTHERNFORESTARCHIPELAGO
NOVAROMA
OUTERBALDONIA,Kingdomof
PARVADOMUSMAGNAQUIES,Republicof
POYAIS,Principalityof
RIBOALTE,Kingdomof
ROBLAND
ROMKERHALL,Kingdomof
SABOTAGE,Stateof
SAINTBARTHELEMY,Islandof
SEALAND,Principalityof
SEBORGA,Principalityof
TORGU,Kingdomof
UNITEDFEDERATIONOFKORONIS
UNITEDTRANSNATIONALREPUBLICS
WESTARCTICA,GrandDuchyof
WIRTLAND(designedbyDanielCarr)
POLITICALSECESSION&AUTONOMYGROUPS
CHEROKEENATIONof1839
FLANDERS(FLEMISHREPUBLIC)
FRIULIHOMELAND(LAPATRIEDALFRIL)
LOSCOYOTESINDIANS
PADANIA/LEGANORD
POARCHCREEKINDIANS,SovereignNationof
SOUTHOSSETIA
SHAWNEETRIBE,SovereignNationof
REBELGOVERNMENTS
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AMERICA,ConfederateStatesof
BIAFRA,Republicof
NAGORNOKARABAGH
KATANGA,Stateof
SAHARAWIArabDemocraticRepublic
SOMALILAND
TEXAS,Republicof
TRANSDNIESTRIA,Republicof
ROYALPRETENDERS
TREBIZOND,Empireof
MISCELLANEOUSandFANTASY(UNOFFICIAL)ISSUES
AOK
CABINDA,Republicof(unknownresource,producedbyaChinesefirm)
CAMPIONED'ITALIA
CHATHAMISLANDS
EUROpatterns
FRENCHOVERSEASDEPARTMENTSANDTERRITORIES
GOLDCOAST
GOLDREEFCITY
HAWAIIISLANDS
ISLEOFWIGHT
KALININGRAD
REDONDA,Kingdomof
SAUDIARABIA
ALRAJHICOMMERCIALEST.FOREXCHANGE(MedallicCoinage)
MINISTRYOFINFORMATION,SAUDIARABIA(MedallicCoinage)
SAUDIARABIANMONETARYAUTHORITY(MedallicCoinage)
SAUDIARABIAFAKE65COUNTERMARKEDCOINS
SHETLAND
SOCIETYFORCREATIVEANACHRONISM(SCA)
SOVEREIGNMILITARYORDEROFMALTA(SMOM)
SOVIETPEACECOMMITTEE
UNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA
BAKER,MIDWAYandWAKEIslands
MICRONESIA
NORTHERNMARIANAISLANDS
NORTHCAROLINAPRISONDEPT.
IfyouwanttoknowthenamesofotherMicroStatesandMicroNations,youcanclickonthelinks
below.
GENERALLISTOFMICROSTATESANDMICRONATIONS
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/5829/LIST.html
INFORMATIONABOUTMICRONATIONSATWIKIPEDIA
ItcontainsinformationaboutMicronationandcategorizedthemwithbriefexplanation.Italsoprovide
thewebsiteoftheseMicronesiawiththeircoinage.Amazingithasprovidealistoflocationsusedin
fictionalstories,literaturesandfilmsaswell.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronation
THEMICROFREEDOMINDEX
Thesearegroupsthatareactuallytryingtostartbrandnewcountries.Someareratherquixotic,while
somearealreadyunderwaywithtrueandseriousintention.Also,notallnewcountryprojectslast.A
fewthatarelistedherehaveeitherdisbandedorgonebankrupt.
http://www.angelfire.com/nv/micronations/newcountry.html
Thesewebsitesaredevotedtosovereignty/indepedenceprojects,andgovernmentsinexile.
http://www.angelfire.com/nv/micronations/exile.html
Theseareofficialwebsitesofdiplomaticallyrecognizedsmallcountries,or(semi)autonomous
jurisdictionsthatare20,000squarekilometersorsmaller.Somesitesmayornotbetheofficial
governmentwebsites,
andmaybeonlytouristinformationsites.Nearlyallthesenations/stateshavelistingsontheCIA
WorldFactbook.
http://www.angelfire.com/nv/micronations/real.html
UNRECOGNISEDSTATESNUMISMATICSOCIETYANDKEYMEMBERWEBSITES
TheUnrecognisedStatesNumismaticSocietyisthefirstandonlygroupcateringtonumismatists
whosecollectinginterestslargelyfocusoncoinsmintedbygroupspurporting,pretendingorappearing
tobesovereignstates,butwhicharenotrecognisedassuchbyestablishedgovernments.TheUSNS
cameintobeingasaYahooGroupsmailingliston22June,2003.ItwascreatedbyCaliforniabased
collectoranddealerOdedPaz,whoinsodoingbroughttogetherasmallgroupofcollectorswitha
sharedininterestinthecoinsandbanknotesissuedbyunrecognisedgroupsandephemeralstates,who
hadbecomeawareofeachotheroverprecedingmonthsviatheinternet.Alotofinformationand
imagesofthesecoins,canbeseenat:
http://www.usns.infoandtheircoingalleryisseenat:http://www.usns.info/coinlibrary.html
Micronational&FantasyCoinsbyErikVictorMcCrea.
TheImperialCollectionbyGeorgeCruickshankalsoknownasEmperorGeorgeIIof
Atlantium
TheUltimateStateofTdivmbyChaimDovShiboleth
hitCounter
ChiefaCoinsDatabase
ChiefaCoins
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AFRO
AFRO
Themintproducingthesecoinis"AfroCoinMint",basedinAlberton,SouthAfrica.
Mr.EdwardJ.MoschettioftheWPNA,informstworeasonsforit'sissue.Firstwastobenefitthe
underprivilegedintheruralcommunitiesinsouthernAfricacoveringsomesixorsevenAfrican
countries.Thesecondreasonfortheissuewastotryandchangeoverthecurrentdenominationtothe
Afrodenomination.HeaddsthattheirattempttocreateauniformAfricancurrencyhasbeenaquiet
movement,andthattheAfroisreceivingacceptablecommentsfromvarioushighofficials.Iwas
luckyenoughtofindthefollowingarticle(ForAnAfricanCurrency:TheAfro),byDikandoWa
Dikando,ontheInternet,whichseemstocorroboratewhatMr.Moschettiissaying:
http://magazine.biafranigeriaworld.com/dwdikando/2002jun05.html
ItsauthorstatesthatCurrently,thereare3strongcurrenciesdominatingtheworld,eachwithitsown
influentialzone:theEuroinEurope,theJapaneseYeninAsia,andtheAmericandollarinthe
AmericasaswellasagreatpartofAfricaandOceania.ThereisastrongchancethattheUSdollarwill
collapsesomeday.....Africacouldprotectitselfbycreatingitsowncurrency:the"Afro".Itwouldhave
immediatecontrolofitsmonetarymass(theamountofmoneycreatedbythenationalbanksofallthe
Africanstates),andofitsinterestrates,twoindispensablepointstoattractclientsandinvestment
capital.AndiftheUSdollarcollapses,alotofcapitalcouldfindsafetyinAfrica,thusensuringits
prosperity.Forthistohappen,theUnitedStatesofAfricamustbecomeafiscalheavencomparableto
Switzerland,withtheaddedadvantageofhavingenormousnaturalresourcesandcleanandrenewable
energy,theelectricityproducedbytheAfricandams.Inanycase,thisiswhattheMoiseTshombefor
KatangaSupportCommitteeisaspiringto.LetushopeitwillbewithintheUSAF,freeand
independent,afiscalheavenandaprosperouseconomy.Itisfeasibleanditwillhappen.
ThemanheisreferringtoisperhapsthelateMoiseTshombe,whowasPresidentofthebreakaway
provinceandsecessioniststateofKatanga(196063)andPrimeMinisteroftheCongoRepublic
(19641965nowknownastheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo).
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Afro.htm
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AFRO
Thesecoinwereproducedin1998to2000asasetof1,5and10AfroinbrassandSilver.In1998set,
1Afrofeaturestheancientkholsanrockdrawingofzebras,5Afrofeaturestheruraltribalhomeand
treewhilethe10Afrofeaturestheshield,assagalandmask.The1998setofcoinshasamintageof
10,000piecesinbrassand100piecesinsilver.
The1999and2000designsarethesame.1AfrofeaturestheBaobabtreeinornateframe,5Afro
featuresthepairofHombillswhilethe10Afrofeaturestheabstractfacemaskdesign.The1999and
2000setofcoinshaveamintageof100piecesinbrassand20piecesinsilvereach.TheAfroMint
canbecontactedatAfroCoinMint,P.O.Box453,Alberton1450,SouthAfrica.Tel:(+27)011
9078777,Fax:(+27)0118699550.
AgroupcalledtheAfricanUnificationFront(basedinNairobi,Kenya),hasannouncedthatthePan
AfricanParliamentherebyestablishesaSingleAfricanCurrencyforthepurposesofreplacingthe
currenciesofAUMemberStates.Furthermore,anorganizationcalledtheAfricanCurrencyBoard
shallbecreatedtoadministerthisnewcurrency,whichshallbeknownastheAUShebafractional
subunitsshallbedesignatedasMoneta.Youcanreadabouttheseplansat:
http://www.africanfront.com/sheba.php
http://www.africanfront.com/parliament102.php
MicroNations
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Afro.htm
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EmasDinarKelantan
Kelantan
KelantanisastateofMalaysia.ThecapitalandroyalseatisKotaBharu.TheArabichonorificofthe
stateisDarulNaim,("TheBeautifulAbode").
Statemotto:BerserahkepadaTuhanKerajaanKelantan
Stateanthem:SelamatSultan
KelantanispositionedinthenortheastofPeninsularMalaysia.ItisborderedbyThailandtothenorth,
Terengganutothesoutheast,Peraktothewest,andPahangtothesouth.TothenortheastofKelantanis
theSouthChinaSea.
Kelantanisalandofcolourfultraditionsandscenicbeauty.Locatedinthenortheasterncornerofthe
peninsula,Kelantan,whichtranslatesasthe"LandofLightning",isanagrarianstatewithlushpaddy
fields,rusticfishingvillagesandcasuarinalinedbeaches.Kelantanishometosomeofthemostancient
archeologicaldiscoveriesinMalaysia,includingseveralprehistoricaboriginalsettlements.
WiththeIslamicPartyofMalaysia(PAS)inpowerformanyyears,KelantanisalsoMalaysia'smost
sociallyconservativeandIslamicstate.
ThenameKelantanissaidtobeacorruptionofgelamhutan,i.e.theMalaywordforthecajuput,or
swampteatree(Melaleucaleucadendron).OthertheoriesclaimthenamecomesfromtheMalayword
kilatan,'shiny/glittery'orkolamtanah,'claypool'.
TheearlyhistoryofKelantantracesdistincthumansettlementdatingbacktoprehistorictimes.Early
KelantanhadlinkstotheFunanKingdom,theKhmerEmpire,SrivijayaandSiam.Around1411,Raja
Kumar,therulerofKelantan,becameindependentofSiam,andKelantanbecameanimportantcentreof
tradebytheendofthe15thcentury.
In1499,KelantanbecameavassalstateoftheMalaccaSultanate.WiththefallofMalaccain1511,
Kelantanwasdividedupandruledbypettychieftains,payingtributetoPatani,whichinturnwasa
vassalofSiamrulingfromAyuthaya.In1603,mostofthesepettyKelantanchiefsbecamesubjectto
Patani.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Emas_Dinar_Kelantan.htm
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EmasDinarKelantan
Around1760,achieftainofKubangLabuinKelantansucceededinunifyingtheterritoryofthepresent
Kelantan.Shortlythereafter,in1764,LongYunoswasappointedasthePenghuluofKotaBharuwhile
hisbrother,NikMuhammadiah,ruledasSultanMuhammadIofLegehinKokLanas.Nik
MuhammadiahorSultanMuhammadI,officiallybecamethefirstsultanofKelantan.
In1812,LongSenik,theadoptedsonofMohammadI,sidedwiththeThaisandwasappointedbythem
astheSultanofKelantan,knownasSultanMuhammadII.HebrokefromTerengganu'sinfluenceand
becameatributaryoftheThais.Inthe1820s,Kelantanwasoneofthemostpopulousandprosperous
statesintheMalayPeninsula,havingavoidedthewarsanddisputeswhichplaguedthesouthernand
westernstates.ThaiscontinuedtoplaytheirroleinmanipulatingKelantanthroughoutthe19thcentury.
UnderthetermsoftheAngloSiameseTreatyof1909,theThaissurrendereditsclaimsoverKelantan,
Terengganu,KedahandPerlistoGreatBritain,andKelantanthusbecameoneoftheUnfederatedMalay
StateswithaBritishAdviser.
KelantanwasthefirstplaceinMalayatobeoccupiedbytheJapanese,whoinvadedonDecember8,
1941.DuringtheJapaneseoccupation,KelantancameagainundercontrolofSiam,butafterthedefeatof
JapaninAugust1945,KelantanrevertedtoBritishrule.
KelantanbecamepartoftheFederationofMalayaonFebruary1,1948andtogetherwithotherstates
attainedindependenceonAugust31,1957.OnSeptember16,1963,Kelantanbecameoneofthe
componentstatesofMalaysia.
RisinghighontheslopesofGunungKorbu,thesecondhighestpeakinPeninsularMalaysia,theNengiri
RiverflowseasttomergefirstwiththeGalas,andthenwiththeLebirthelatterborninthewildsof
TamanNegaraNationalParkbeforeturningdecisivelynorthwardsandemptyingintotheshallow
watersoftheSouthChinaSea.FromKualaKraitheconjoinedstreamsbecometheKelantanRiver,a
broad,mudcolouredstreamwhichdominatesthefertilecoastalplainsanddefinesthegeographyofthe
region.TheKelantanRivervalleyisafertilericebowl,richinhardwoodsandrubberandlushwith
tropicalfruits.
Forcenturies,KelantanwasallbutseparatedfromtherestofthecountrybytheTitiwangsaMountains,a
mountainrangerunningfromnorthtosouththroughthepeninsula.Weeksofhardtravelwererequiredto
reachKelantan.The"easyway"toKelantanwastosailaroundthepeninsula,bravingtheseaandpirates.
ForthisreasonKelantan'shistoryofteninvolvesthesea,andboats.Eventoday,manyofitspeopleare
verymuchtiedtothesea.Adiscussionwithmanycoastalresidentswillconfirmthattheirancestors,as
farbackastheyknow,were"ofthesea."
Intheearly1980s,trunkroadswerebuilttolinkitwithnearbystates.Presently,onecantravelbyroad
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EmasDinarKelantan
fromthecapitalcityKualaLumpurtoKotaBharuthroughthemountainrangewithin5hours.
Kelantanhasachieflyagrarianeconomydominatedbyrice,rubberandtobacco.Fishingalongits96
kilometrecoastlineisalsoanimportanteconomicactivity.Cottageindustrieswhichemploytraditional
skillsinhandicraftproductionsuchasbatik,woodcarvingandsongketweavingarealsoevident.
Loggingactivitiesareactivegiventhevastremainingareaofforest.Inrecentyears,tourism,especially
tooffshoreislands,hasincreasedinimportance.Afewreputablehotelshavebeenestablishedandmore
modernshoppingmallshavebeenopenedtocaterforurbanfolks.
KotaBharu,thecapital,isthemajorurbancentre,andtherearealsoplanstoopenupthesouthern
portionofthestateunderanambitiousmultimilliondollardevelopmentproject.Themainmarketatthe
citycentreisatopattraction.
KelantanhasaGDPpercapitaataboutRM6000,whichisaboutonethirdthatofotherricherstateslike
SelangorandPenang.But,itisawellknownfactthatmanyKelantaneseareinvolvedinsmall
businessesandenjoygoodincome,butnotreflectedintheGDPcalculationsinceinmostcasesthe
incomeisnotreported.
Startingfrom2008,Kelantanwillhaveitsownairlinecompany,AmroseAir,withSultanIsmailPetra
Airportasitshub.AmroseAirplanstoservicebothdomesticandinternationalroutes,withthe
internationaldestinationsincludingBangkok(Thailand)andJeddah(SaudiArabia).
ImpressedbytheIslamicMintconcept,theKelantanesedinarisacurrencythatwascreatedbythe
GovernmentoftheMalaysianstateofKelantanin2006(27Shaban1427AHcorrespondsto20thSep
2006).ThecurrencycodewasdecidedasKED.TheKelantaneseGovernmentattemptedtogivethedinar
alegaltenderstatus,butthiswasvetoedbythefederalMalaysiangovernmentinKualaLumpur.
Interestingly,thedinarhasnowbeenissued,albeit,withoutalegaltenderstatus.Theonlycurrencythat
islegaltenderinKelantanistheMalaysianringgit.
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EmasDinarKelantan
Thecoinshaveametalliccompositionof22caratgold.Thereare4denominations1/4,1/2,1Dinar
andacommemorative2Dinars.
Probablymainsite:
http://www.dinarkel.com/
http://shw.fotopages.com/12252301/pandanganbelakang.html
Articleaboutit:
http://lifetheuniverseandeverything.info/node/128
Knowthatthereisconsensus[ijma]sincethebeginningofIslamandtheageoftheCompanionsandthe
Followersthatthedirhamoftheshari'ahisthatofwhichtenweighsevenmithqals[weightofthedinar]
ofgold.Theweightofamithqalofgoldisseventytwograinsofbarley,sothatthedirhamwhichis
sevententhsofitisfiftyandtwofifthsgrains.Allthesemeasurementsarefirmlyestablishedby
consensus."IbnKhaldun,AlMuqaddimah".
AbuBakribnAbiMaryamreportedthatheheardtheMessengerofAllah,mayAllahblesshimandgrant
himpeace,say:"Atimeiscertainlycomingovermankindinwhichtherewillbenothing[left]which
willbeofusesaveadinarandadirham."(TheMusnadofImamAhmadibnHanbal)
TheIslamicgolddinar(sometimesreferredasIslamicdinarorGolddinar)isabulliongoldcoinmade
from4.25gramsof22kgoldwithhistoricalIslamicsignificance.Golddinarmayalsorefertovarious
historicgoldcoinsdenominatedindinars.Thereareinformationthatdinararebeingusedprivatelyby22
nations.Todaysgolddinarismintedin4nations.Therearealsoonlinetransactionsusingdinarand
dirhamviatheinternet.
Specification:
TheIslamicDinarisaspecificweightof22kgold(917.)equivalentto4.25grams.
TheIslamicDirhamisaspecificweightofpuresilverequivalentto2.975grams.
UmarIbnalKhattabestablishedtheknownstandardrelationshipbetweenthembasedontheirweights:
"7dinarsmustbeequivalentto10dirhams."
"TheRevelationundertooktomentionthemandattachedmanyjudgementstothem,forexamplezakat,
marriage,andhudud,etc.,thereforewithintheRevelationtheyhavetohavearealityandspecific
measureforassessment[ofzakat,etc.]uponwhichitsjudgementsmaybebasedratherthanonthenon
shari'i[othercoins].
AsaconsequenceofcurrencycrisisinAsia,infirstof1997,thenPrimeMinisterofMalaysiaMahathir
binMohamadproposedintroductionofIslamicgolddinarascurrencyforinternationaltradeinthe
Muslimworld.ItwassupposedtosuppressthetoooverlytradedAmericandollarandensurethatdollar's
instabilitydoesnotaffectinternationaltradebecauseIslamicgolddinarwastobetiedtopriceofgold
andthusprovidestablevalueofthecurrency.MahathirannouncedthatMalaysiawastostartusingthe
dinarinmid2003,butwhenin2003AbdullahAhmadBadawireplacedhimasPrimeMinisterof
Malaysia,thisideawashalted.
Onthe20September2006,Kelantanbecamethefirststatetolaunchgolddinarcoins.Itfeaturesthe
Kelantanstatecrest,thedateofproduction,aswellastheweightandpurityofthegoldusedonitsface.
TheDEK(dinaremasKelantan)issimilartotheoriginaldinarinweightandpurityofgoldused.The
coinscanbeboughtandsoldattheKelantanCorporationBhd(PermodalanKelantanBhd)andinall
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EmasDinarKelantan
nineArRahnIslamicpawnshopsinthestate.
Wheretobuy:ArRahnoutletsinKelantanProvince:http://www.dinarkel.com/wtb.htmlandalso
branchesat:http://www.pkb.net.my/arrahn/rangkaian.html.
IgotmyQuarterDinar(1.06g22K)inBlueleaflet,HalfDinar(2.12g22K)inOrangeRedleafletand
OneDinar(4.25g22K)inGreenleafletcoinsfrommyMalaysiancolleagueLokmanBinOmarthrough
oneoftheArRahnIslamicpawnshopsintheKelantanstate(ArRahnMachang,LotPT371,Tingkat
Bawah,JalanBakat,18500Machang,Kelantan,Malaysia.Tel:099750050.Fax:099750052).There
isalsoa2Dinars22K8.5gcoininYellowleafletissuedontheoccasionof57thBirthdaycelebrationof
HisRoyalHighnessThecurrentSultanofKelantan:IsmailPetraibnialMarhumSultanYahya(Bornin
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EmasDinarKelantan
1949,Regent:21stSep1975to29thMar1979thenSultansince29thMar1979).Probablythe2Dinars
coinhadalimitedmintageorinhighdemandthatIwasnotabletograbanyofthem.Allthesecoinsare
havingthedescription"EMASDINARKELANTAN"withKelantanarms.Weightingramsinwrittenin
bothMalayandEnglishlanguages.TheAH1427correspondsto20062007CEarealsovisibleonthese
coins.Theword"Emas"writteninMalaylanguageusingArabicscriptmeansgold.Accordingtomy
knowledgeonlythesefourgoldcoinsareintroducedbyKelantanState.SofarIhavenotheardofany
silverdenominationDirham(s)coinsissuedbyKelantanstate.ThesecoinsareproducedandMintedby:
MariwasaKraftanganSdn.BHD.Thesecoinsareinsertedinsideholedcolorfulcardboardwithanextra
thicktransparentplasticlaminationtomakethemsturdy.Thiswaythecoinswillretaintheirweightand
lookauthentic.
SomemorecoinswereintroducedintocirculationinKelantanon12August2010,buttheMalaysian
Ringgitalsocirculatesintandem.TheWorldIslamicMint(WIM)ofDubai,UnitedArabEmirateshas
beengiventheauthoritybytheGovernmentofKelantantostrikeaseriesofnewcoins.The
denominationsthathavenowbeenstruckareasfollows
Silver1,2,5,10and20Dirhams.
Gold1/2,1,2,5and8Dinars.
TheobversesdepictamonograminArabicwithinadecorativeborder.Thereversesofthesepieces
depictsthefullKelantaneseCoatofArms.Oneofficialagenthasbeenappointedtosellthecoinstothe
publicinKualaLumpurat:http://www.nubex.com.my/v2/.Thewebsiteat:http://www.dinarkel.com/has
beenupdatedtoreflecttheintroductionofthenewKelantanesecoins.
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Europa
Europa
EuropaistheoldnameofEuropeanUnion.ECU(EuropeanCurrencyUnit)hasbeenreplacedby
Euro.Alargenumberofcoinshavebeenproducedtocommemoratespecialhistoricaleventsand
personalitiesofEuropeanUnion.Mostofthesecoinsweremintedfrom1972to1992andare
mentionedinBruce's4theditionof"UnusualCoinsoftheWorld"byKrausepublicationin2004.This
bookfeaturesagreatvarietyofEuropacoinsincopper,silverandgoldincludingpatterns.
IpurchasedmyEuropa1Thaler1972PaulHenriSpaak.925AgcoinfromSteeleHuang(Similar
Coin).ThiscoinisalsolistedintheabovementionedbookasnumberX205.
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http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Europa.htm
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GoldStandardCorporation
FoundedinKansasCity,MissouribyConradJ.Braun,circa1977.Hepurchasedgold(ForIntegrity
ThereisNoSubstitute)fromtheU.S.Treasuryin1980,mintedhisowncoins,andsoldthemtothe
public.Thedenominationofthesecoins(andnotesaswell)istheGoldStandardUnit.Alongwith
promotionalsloganslikeSoundCommercialBanking,DenationalizationofMoney,andFree
ChoiceofCurrencies,eachcoinbearstheimageofadifferentfreemarketeconomictheorist.From
198389,asthepriceofgoldandsilvertookasteepdive,Braunmadesomeunwiseinvestmentsin
commodityfuturesinanefforttokeephiscompanyafloat.Onthedomesticfront,hewasarrestedfor
harassinghisspouseandimprisonedfor2yearsbeginningin1991.Fromjail,heranGSCbyphone.
Then,in1993,3employeesdiscoveredthatthecompanywas$2millionindebttheyturnedrecords
overtotheFBI,whointurnraidedtheofficesinFebruaryandemptiedtheirvaults.Agentsfoundonly
about$100,000worthofgold,silver,andplatinum.InMarch,theybegananinquiry,andBraunwas
accusedofdefraudingatleast550investors/depositorshewasarrestedinSeptemberofthatyear.In
Aprilof1994,withthecompanykaput,hepleadguiltyto5countsofmail/wirefraudand5countsof
interstatetransportationoffundsobtainedbyfraud.Fortheembezzlement,hewassentencedto90
monthsinprisonandorderedtopaynearly$2millioninrestitution.Uponhisreleasefromfederal
custodyinSeptemberof2000,hewasrearrestedforviolationsoftheconditionsofhissupervised
release.HewassetfreeonceagaininJuneof2002.Portionsoftheprecedingpastichewereprintedin
thepagesofTheKansasCityStar.AnotherstorywasfoundintheOffbeatNewssectionofCNN.com
(postedonJanuary26,2004),whichhasalsobeenreprintedonotherWebsites:Braunleftajudge
buzzingwhenheshowedupataJohnsonCountyDistrictCourt(Olathe,Kansas)wearinga
bumblebeecostume,completewithyellowstripes,clothwings,andafootlongstinger.This
contemptuouslysatiricalgetupwashiswayofprotestingwhatheclaimswasastingoperationby
prosecutors(involvinghisformerwife,brotherinlaw,andtheyoungestofhis3sons)theircase,
involvingablackmailcharge,allegesthathemadeathreatagainsthisexwife'scurrenthusband.
SomeoneclosetoMr.Braun,inK.C,statesthatwhenConradstartedhisbusiness,hewasreallya
visionary.Butonaccountofhispersonaltribulations,hewasnotabletosustainhissuccess.The
personsaysthathemaintainsthathewasaninnocentmanwhobelieveshewasframed.Heis
convincedthathewillprevail.
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Conradhimselfexplains,inasometimesdifficulttofollowway,hislengthylegalbattles,atablogto
whichhecontributedentitledSentencingLawandPolicy.Itallstartedwhenhewassentencedto180
daysforamisdemeanorinSeptemberof1991.Hisservedonly120days,butafterwards,histroubles
onlyescalated,particularlybecausehewouldnotrefrainfromcontactinghischildren,againstthe
orders(whichhefeelswereaviolationofhiscivilrights)ofKansasauthoritiessincethen,hehas
spenttimeinhalfwayhouses,correctioncenters,stateandmaximumsecurityfederalprisons
(includingabriefstayatthetheLarnedFacilityforthecriminallyinsane),andwasconsideredtobe
adangertothecommunity.Hisbusiness(GSC)hadcollapsedafteronlyayearandahalfinKansas
prisons.HeconcludesbysayingthatIwasfinallyreleasedinMayof2000Iwasrevokedin
September2000andfinallyreleasedwithoutstringsinApril2002InowresideinSanDiegoand
havestartedasmallbusiness.Heisverybusytryingtogetreestablishedandfightingmore
retaliation...fromJohnsonCountyProsecutorswhoareunderDOJinvestigationfortheiractions.And
becausehewaswronglyconvictedandreceivedharshtreatmentbasedonhisfalsecriminal
history(whichisbuiltonafoundationofliesandcoverups),Iamdeterminedtobringthistothe
publiceye.
SomeinformationonGSCcoinagefrom2ndeditionofKrausepublication"UnusualCoinsofthe
World"is:
1/20GoldStandardUnit1.7800g0.999Au0.05ozNicholasL.DeakInternationalizationof
SoundMoneyStuckatRogerWilliamMintin1980.
1/10GoldStandardUnit3.5400g0.999Au0.10ozAdamSmithTrustinGodStuckatRoger
WilliamMintin1979.
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1/4GoldStandardUnit8.5000g0.999Ag0.25ozHenryHazlittFreeChoiceofCurrencies
StuckatAmericanPacificMintin1984.
1/2GoldStandardUnit17.1000g0.999Ag0.50ozFriedrichA.HayekDenationalizationof
MoneyStuckatAmericanPacificMintin1984.
1GoldStandardUnit34.9600g0.999Ag1.00ozEdwardC.HarwoodSoundCommerical
BankingStuckatRogerWilliamMintin1981.
1GoldStandardUnit34.2200g0.999Ag1.00ozEdwardC.HarwoodSoundCommerical
BankingStuckatAmericanPacificMintin1984.
TheGoldStandardCorporationcoinshavealsobeenstruckinplatinum.See250YearsofPlatinum
CoinageWorldCoinsandMedalsinPlatinumandPalladiumfrom1740to1990byMr.WillyFuchs
(ISBN3927286079)onpage168,inthedenominationsofG1,G.50,G.25,andG.10.
TheHarwoodpiece,oneouncewasmintedingold,silver,andplatinum.Theotherthreecoinsinthis
suiteare:a0.50oz.piece(FriedrichA.Hayek,mintedingold,silver,andplatinum),a0.25oz.piece
(HenryHazlitt,mintedingold,silver,andplatinum),anda0.10oz.piece(AdamSmith,mintedin
goldandplatinum).ItshouldbenotedthatthegoldHarwoodpiecesfrom79and80differfromthe
otherversions:theyhonortheunnamedDirectorEmeritusoftheAmericanInstituteforEconomic
Research(whohappenstobeE.C.Harwood,theorganizationsfounder).Mr.Melvinaddsthat
besidestheproofcoins(whichweredoublestruckandthedieswerepolishedevery15to20coinsso
therewouldbeabrightpolishedbackgroundforthefrostedareas),heissurethatGSCalsostruck
manymorecommoncoins(withoutthefrostedareas).Therefore,Ihavebeenreluctanttoconclude
thatallcoinsofaparticulartypeweremintedatthosesamemints.Itispossiblethattwomints
producedthesamecoinsorthatoneproducedcommoncoinsandtheotherproofs.
Mr.Braun,basedonthechoppyandbriefly,statedthathiscoinswereanattemptatalternatemoney.
Hisfirsttaskwastodecimalize[the]ounce,aconceptwhichwasprettyRadicalatthetime.He
saysthataviablesystemofsubstitutemoneyliketheonehedevelopedisNeedednowmorethan
ever.Ideathatmoneyshouldbeinhandsofgovernmentissimplysuperstition,likedivinerightof
kings.Heaskedmetocompletemyhomeworkbylookingintooldissuesofoneofthenumismatic
publications:ThedaythefrontpageCoinWorldappearedthefedsfromfederalreservewalkedinmy
door!OtherthanthecoinsImentionedinthepreviousparagraph,healsolistedahandfulofpieces
pertainingtohisPioneerseriesand/orPioneerInterchangeableseries(Idontknowifbothterms
refertothesameseries)ofwhichIwasunaware(featuringElizabethCourier,LudwigvonMises,
MiltonFreeman,JimBlanchard,andsomeoneelsehecouldn'tremember).
ThankstoacollectornamedMr.PatMcAuliffe,ItwasalsolearnedthatGSCproducedafascinating
groupof4medallions,unrelatedtotheGoldStandardUnitseries.ThecompletesetincludesaOne
TroyOunceGoldpiecefeaturingaportraitofJohnF.Kennedy,aOneOunceGoldAbraham
Lincolnpiece,a10GoldGramsThomasJeffersonpiece,anda5GoldGramsGeorgeWashington
piece.ThemedallionsarehousedinaCapitalplasticcustomcoinholder,uponwhichiswritten
UnitedStatesPrototypeGoldCoinProofSet/FreeMarketGoldCoinageAct.Allofthepieces,dated
1981,haveGoldStandardCorporationinscribedontheirreverses.Webothwonderedwhytheset
includesaOneTroyOunceGoldcoinaswellasaslightlysmallerOneOunceGoldcoin.Mr.
McAuliffebelievesthatithadsomethingtodowithConradBraun'sdrivetotryanddecimalizethe
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ounce.ThissetwasprobablyaprototypeproducedbyGCSwiththehopesthatitwouldbeadoptedfor
U.S.goldcoinage.HepointsoutthatthepiecesallbearmottosLibertyandInGodWeTrust
ontheirobversesandEPluribusUnumontheirreversesthataresimilartothosefoundonU.S.
coinage.
IlaterlearnedthatGSCalsoproducedaUnitedStatesPrototypeSilverDollarProofSet/FreeMarket
SilverDollarActset(alsoinaCapitalplasticcustomcoinholder),consistingofaONEDOLLAR
(oneounce,featuringLadyLiberty)pieceandaONEHALFDOLLAR(halfounce,featuring
GeorgeWashington)piece.Bothpiecesaredated1982.Textwise,theirobversehasLibertyandIn
GodWeTrusttheirreversehasGoldStandardCorporationandEPluribusUnum.Mr.Barnhart
providesfascinatingbackgroundinformationaboutthesecoins:In1981,theU.S.hadalargereserve
ofsilverinitsstockpiles.Silverpriceswererising.AndafewhardmoneyadvocatessuggestedtheUS
shoulddosomethingwiththissilver.EnterouroldfriendConradJ.Braunridinghighontheearly
successofGoldStandardCorporation.Conradwaspushingforhardmoneyandseignioragefree
silver.Idaho,asamajorproducerofsilver,couldbeexpectedtobefullybehindthisconcept.Sothis
setwasproducedtopromotetheideabeforeinfluentialpoliticiansandwhichactuallycameto
fruitionafewyearslaterastheSilverEaglebullioncoin.Butin1981,ayoungRepresentativefrom
IdahonamedLarryE.Craigwastheonlypoliticiantovoicethissupport.On11/13/1981Craig
proposedH.R.4965theFreeMarketSilverDollarAct.Nooneelsethoughtitwasagoodideaand
BraunandCraig'slovelylittleideawasshuffledofftotheSubcommitteeonConsumerAffairsand
Coinage.ThepurposeofthebillwastoprovideforthemintingofUnitedStatessilvercoins.It
declaredthatitshallbethepolicyoftheUnitedStatestopromotethefreecoinageofsilveratafree
marketprice.ThebilldirectedtheSecretaryoftheTreasurytoofferthesilverbullionreservesofthe
UnitedStatesforsaletothepublic,exceptthatsuchsalesshallonlybeintheformofsilvercoinsthat
aremintedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthisAct.Itdeclaredthat,inadditiontoanyother
legaltenderoftheUnitedStates,thefollowingshallbelegaltenderinpaymentofdebts,publicand
private:(1)silvercoinsmintedbytheSecretaryunderthisAct(2)silvercoinsmintedbyanyperson
and(3)silverbullion.ItdirectedtheSecretarytoacceptsilverbullionorsilvercoinofferedfromany
sourceinexchangeforitsequivalentfineweightinsilvercoinsmintedunderthisAct.Italso
prohibitedanyseignioragefrombeingchargedbytheSecretaryforanysilvercoinmintedunderthis
Act.Mr.Barnhartstatesthateventhoughtheyaredated1982,theGSCcoinspertainingtotheFree
MarketSilverDollarActwereactuallystruckin1981.AnecdotalEvidenceindicatesthesesetswere
handedoutbyBrauntopoliticiansandleaderstosupportCraig'sefforts.
Furthermore,fromMr.GregMacLean,Ilearnedthatthereisa5pieceproofsetofgoldpiecescalled
theTestimonySeries.EachobversefeaturesaprofileofJesusChristandthewordsForChrist
ThereisnoSubstituteeachreversehasacrossinthecenteralongwitharoundcrownofthornsalong
thecompleteouterborder.Mostofthepieceshaveonemorebitoftextdirectlyunderneaththecross:
the1/20oz.coinsaysfivepiece,the1/10oz.coinsaystenpiece,theoz.coinsaysone
quarter,theoz.coinsaysonehalfthe1oz.coinisblank.Theyarealldated1985,whichis
prettylateinthecompanyslife.
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InternationlTradeUnit
InternationalTradeUnit
TheInternationalSilverTradeUnitasindicatedonthecoinwasmintedin1974with31.1grams(1oz)
of.999finesilverfeaturingAbrahamLincoln.
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IslamicMint
IslamicMint
IslamicMintissituatedinDubai,UnitedArabEmirates.IthasproducedtheIslamicDinarandIslamic
Dirham.Therevelationundertookbecausethewealthinthesecoinscanbecalculateddirectlybyweightfor
zakah,marriageandhududaccordingtoIslamicteachingandimplementation.
UmarIbnalKhattab(secondcaliphoftheMuslimalsoknownasAbuHafsUmaribnalKhattabalAdawi,
reignedfrom634to644CE)establishedtheknownrelationshipbetweenthembasedontheirweights:"10
dirhamsmustbeequivalentto7dinars(mithqals)".Theweightofamithqalofgoldisseventytwograinsof
barley,sothatthedirhamwhichissevententhsofitisfiftyandtwofifthsgrains.Intheyear75AH(695CE)
CaliphAbulWalidAbdalMalikibnMarwan(reignedfrom685to705CE)orderedAlHajjajtomintthe
firstDirhamsandin77AH(696CE),thefirststandardgoldDinarwereminted.Inthenextyearsthesecoins
weremintedinalltheregionsofIslam.Heorderedthatthecoinsshouldbestampedwiththesentence:"la
ilahaill'Allah"(AllahisUnique,AllahisEternal).Healsoorderedtoremovehumanfiguresandanimals
fromthecoinsandtobereplacedwithletters.GoldandsilvercoinsremainedofficialcurrencyinIslamic
regionsuntilthefalloftheCaliphatein1918.ThisindicatesthattheIslamicGoldDinarwasthecurrencyof
theMuslimcommunityfromitsfirstyearsrightuptothefalloftheOttomanEmpire(Osmanlidynasty).
Zakt(orZakah)isthethirdofthefivepillarsofIslam.Zaktreferstospendingfixedportionofone'swealth
forthepoorandneedyinthesocietyafterreachingNisab(minimumamountliabletoZakt).Itisapplicable
tocashmoney,gold,silver,commercialcommodities,cattleandharvestaftercompletingoneLunaryear(254
days).Nisabiscalculatedatthebeginningandendoftheyear.Anydecreaseorinsufficiencyinbetweenis
overlooked.AnyincreaseofpropertyafterreachingtheNisabduringtheyearistobeincludedinthetotal
sumcountedforZakah.Thisisconsideredtheeasiestandmostapplicableamongtheotherjuristicviews,
whichhasmadethemajorityofscholarsadoptit.
Accordingtoaprophetichadith,"GoldisnotliabletoZakahunlessitreachestwentydinars(20X4.25g=
85g).Onceitreachesthisamount,halfadinarmustbepaidasZakahonit."Likewise,silverisnotcounted
forZakahunlessitreachestwohundreddirhams(200X2.975=595grams).Onceitreachesthisvalue,an
amountoffivedirhamsmustbepaidasZakahonit.
TunDr.MahathirbinMohamadwasthePrimeMinisterofMalaysiafrom1981to2003.Hegavetheideato
theMuslimcommunitytouseIslamicDirhamsandDinars,intradeandwellasintheirdailylifetoovercome
financesituations.
DatukSeriDr.MahathirbinMohamadaddressedtheSanaPoliceAcademy,Yemenon17thJune2001and
saidthat"NobodycanoppressMuslimaslongastheyworktogethertoremainunitedandstrong".Duringhis
speechhealsosaid"Ifyouholdthedinarasreservesandtradeisdoneusingthegolddinar,it'spossibleto
stabilizethevalueofacurrency".
FurthermoreDatoSeriDr.MahathirbinMohamadaddressedonthe20thAlBarakaSymposiumforIslamic
Economies.HesaidthatMalaysiahasfixedtheexchangerateagainsttheUSDollar,RM3.8equalsoneUS
Dollar.Since85percentofourtradeispaidinUSDollarthismakestradingeasier.Therecanbenodoubtthat
thisfixexchangeratehascontributedmuchtothehighgrowthofMalaysianworldtradepostturmoil.
UnfortunatelysincethecurrenciesofourtradingpartnersfluctuateagainsttheUSDollar,theirearningsor
lossescannotbecorrectlyascertained.
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IslamicMint
Dr.UmarIbrahimVadillo,
PioneeroftheDinars
reintroductionanddirectorofE
DinarLtd,isknownasthe
designerofthesecoins.Heis
alsotheauthorofbooks,written
onIslamicfinanceand
Economics.Amonghisbooks
are"TheFatwaonPaper
Money","TheReturnofthe
GoldDinar"and"TheEsoteric
DeviationinIslam",published
byMedinahPress.
Onemorereasonsgivenforthe
continuedinsaneriseinWall
Streethasbeentheflowof
moneyoutoftheAsiancountries
intotheU.S.marketsinsearch
ofasafehaven.TheIslamic
GoldDinarwasofficially
launchedon07thNov2001by
IslamicMint.Thegoldcoinsare
nowavailableinalltheseven
emiratesofUnitedArab
Emiratesthroughbranchesof
ThomasCookRostamani
ExchangeCompanyandDubai
IslamicBank,whohavejointed
forceswithIslamicMintforthe
launch.
TheStateGovernmentof
Kelantan,thenortheastSultanate
ofMalaysiahasofficially
adoptedtheIslamicDinarasits
economicpolicy.Thismeans
thatIslamicDinarwillcirculate
throughthehandsofhundredsof
thousandsofpeopleinaphysical
form.Itseemspossiblethatas
wordofthismovementtravels
amongMuslims,demandsto
openaccountsandbeginusing
thismeasureofexchangecould
growveryrapidlyintheMuslim
world.
ArabicDescriptiononthetheseCoins:
InnerCircle:knownaskalimaetayyabah,whichisthefirstpillarofIslam.Itsays:"Thereisnogodbut
AllahandMuhammadisthemessengerofAllah".
OuterCircle,Anticlockwisefromthefivepetalflower:WaInnaHadhihiUmmatukumUmmatan
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IslamicMint
WahidatanWaAnaRabbukumFaAttaqun[AndverilythisBrotherhoodofyoursisasingleBrotherhood,and
IamyourLordandCherisher:thereforefearMe(andnoother)].ThisverseistakenfromQur'anChapter#23
[AlMumenoon(TheBelievers)],Verse#52.
WeightsandMeasures:IslamicDinar22Kgold(.917)equivalentto4.25grams23mmdiameter.
IslamicDirham0.925puresilverequivalentto2.975grams25mmdiameter.
Besides1Dirhaminsilverand1Dinargoldcoins,5Dirhamsinsilverand2DinarsinGoldalsoexists.The
silvercoinsshowtheKaaba.AllthemuslimsfacetheKaabaduringtheirfivetimeprayersinaday,whichis
thesecondpillarofIslam.AmosqueisalreadyexistingaroundtheKaabaknownasMasjidalHaramin
Makkah,SaudiArabia.ThegoldcoinsshowsthetombofMuhammad.ItisattachedtotheMasjidanNabawi
[MosqueoftheProphet]inMedina,SaudiArabia.
AllahsaysintheQur'an:
AndamongstthePeopleoftheBooktherearethosewho,ifyouweretoentrustthemwithatreasure(qintar),
hewouldreturnittoyou.Andamongstthemishewho,ifyouweretoentrusthimwithadinarwouldnot
returnittoyou,unlessyoukeptstandingoverhim.Thatisbecause,theysay,"thereisnocallonus(tokeep
faith)withtheseignorant(Pagans/Gentiles)."buttheytellalieagainstAllah,and(well)theyknowit.This
verseistakenfromQur'an[Chapter#3AaleImran(TheHouse(Family)ofImran)],Verse#75.
QadiAbuBakrIbnalArabi,thegreatestauthorityonQur'anicLawwroteinhisfamous"AhkamalQur'an"
aboutthisayat:"ThebenefitthatcanbetakenfromthisistheprohibitionofentrustingthePeopleoftheBook
withgoods".
QadiAbuBakrsaid:"ThequestionconcerningentrustingpropertyislegislatedbythetextofQur'an."This
meansthattheayatisalegaljudgementofabsolutevalidityandofthegreatestimportancetothereligion.
EntrustingwealthtononMuslimsisnotallowed,butfurthermore,takinganonMuslimasapartneroutside
DaralIslam(wherewestandoverthem)isextremelyrestricted,becausetheymightcheatormightuseour
wealthinforbiddentransactions.Sincepapermoneyisapromiseofpayment,canitbepermittedtotrustthe
issuerswhiletheyholdthepayment(ourproperty)outsideourjurisdiction?Historyhasalsodemonstrated
repeatedlythatpapermoneyhasbeenapermanentinstrumentofdefaultandcheatingtheMuslims.In
addition,IslamicLawdoesnotpermittheuseofapromiseofpaymentasamediumofexchange.
TheIslamicDinarisnowbeingprivatelyusedinmorethan22countriesandiscurrentlybeingmintedinfour
countries.Eventually,thelistofcountrieswhereitistradedislikelytogrowtoamuchlargernumbergiven
thelargernumberofIslamicCountrieswhoaremembersintheIslamicDevelopmentBank,whichincludes
some51countrieswithatotalMuslimpopulationof1.1billion(19.2%oftheworld'spopulation).During
1982,theIslamicDevelopmentBankwasprescribedmytheIMFasaholderofSpecialDrawingRights
(SDR's).SDR'sareaunitofIMFcurrencytiedtogold.TheIslamicDinar,whichismadeofgoldisaunitof
accountattheIslamicDevelopmentBank,equalinvaluetooneSDR.
Ipurchasemy1Dirham2.97g.925Agand2Dinars8.5g.917AucoinsfromFaizalOsman,whenIvisited
Dubai(UAE)nearKarachiDarbarRestaurant,BurDubaiinJan2004.Igotachancetopurchasethe
remainingtwocoins(5Dirhams14.85g.925Agand1Dinar4.25g.917Au)fromPerozaAhmedinMay
2005.ShewasatthattimeworkingatThomasCookRostamaniExchangeatShiekhZayedRoadinDubai,
UAE.
MoredetailsaboutIslamicMintcanbeviewedatitsownwebsitehttp://www.islamicmint.com/.Another
IslamicMintbranchhavebeenoperatingfromMalaysia,whichcanbeseenat:
http://www.islamicmint.com.my.
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IslamicMint
SimilarlybytheinvolvementofInternationalGoldDinarIndonesian,theyhaveproducedoneDirhamcoinin
silver,while1/2,1,2,8and20Dinarcoinsingold,whichcanbeviewedat:http://izham
miyake.blogspot.com/2007_08_01_archive.htmlwithslightlydifferentvariantofdesigns.
Inthebeginningof2008IslamicMinthaveintroducedtwomorecoins:10Dirhamsin.999Silverhaving30g
and8Dinar22Kgoldhaving34g.Thistimetheyareoperatingdirectlytosellthesecoins.Theirmainoffice
isatAbuDhabiandregionalbranchandprivatemintlocatedinDubai.Theirfunctionalwebsiteisat:
http://www.edinar.com/withimagesandcurrentpricescanbeseenat:https://www.e
dinar.com/cgi/shop.cgi.
Igotmy10Dirhamsin.999Silverhaving30gfromtheprincipalcontactpersonofIslamicMint:Mr.Thani
Alromaithi.[email:info@edinar.com.mobile:+971506611005].
Basedonthisconcept,Kelantan(seemylisting),oneoftheMalaysianStatehasminted1/4,1/2,1and2
Dinargoldcoinsin2006,whichcanbeviewedat:http://www.dinarkel.com/wtb.html.
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TheJeffersonMint
TheJeffersonMint
TheJeffersonMintoneounce.999Agcoindated1974with13stars.
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LasquetiIslandMint
LasquetiMint
AprivatemintlocatedonLasquetiIsland,inaremoteareaofBritishColumbia.It'scapitalandmainport
isprobablySquittyBay.
Largelyundeveloped,LasquetiIslandliessouthwestofTexadaIsland,ashortdistanceacrosstheStraitof
GeorgiafromParksvilleandQualicumBeachonVancouverIsland.Itisapproximately8kmwideand22
kmlong,withanareaof73.56km2(28.4sqmi)andistraveledonquietandunpavedroads.Thisquaint
island,hasapproximately350permanentresidents.Itisaccessibleonlybytheuseofafootpassenger
ferrythatdepartsfromtheterminalatFrenchCreek,acrosstheStraitofGeorgiatoFalseBayinthis
Island.Othersmeanstotravelisbyprivateboatorplane.OnthenorthendofLasquetiareScottieBayand
SpringBay,wherethereareacaveandeagles'nests.InScottieBaythereareclambeachesandashipyard.
Theroadthroughthecenteroftheislandpasseslakes,amountainandsomebaysbeforeitreachesSquitty
Bayboatdock.Theroadsareunpavedandtheislandhasnopublictransportation.Therearenopublic
campgrounds.LasquetiisnotservicedbyB.C.Hydro.Residentsliveeitherwithoutelectricityorwith
alternativesourcesofpowerlikesolarormicrohydro.Thereisverylittleindustryandnobustling
economy.
FormoreinformationonLasquetiIslandclickonhttp://www.lasqueti.ca/and
http://www.britishcolumbia.com/regions/towns/?townID=237
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/LasquetiIsland.htm
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LasquetiIslandMint
TollingJennings,anumismatist,andRayLipovsky,agoldsmith,beganmintingtheirowncoinsonJuly5,
1997.Atfirst,thepartnersuseda19thcenturydrophammer,buthavesinceupgradedtheirequipmentand
productiontolatesttechniques.Everyaspectisstilldonecompletelybyhand.Their1,000thcoinwas
mintedonMarch3rd,1999.
Theircoinscanalsobepurchasedonwholeshowateclectic.
(LM4)1999ChinaCloud/ArbutusTree1/2oz.999Ag29.7mmdiameter,2.20mmthickness.Thereverse
andobversedesignofthiscoinsisartistebyToniSeaman.
Lasqueti's1/2ozreversedesignfeaturesthejunk"chinacloud"designedandbuiltbyAllenandSharie
Farrell.CometHaleBoppandfulllunareclipse.TheobserveofthiscoinfeaturesaviewfromLasqueti
IslandfromunderanArbutustreelookingtotheshowcappedpeaksofMt.ArrowsmithacrosstheGeorgia
strait.
(LM6)GabriolaIsland19991/2oz.999Ag29.7mmdiameter,2.20mmthickness.Thereverseis
designedbyToniSeamanandobservedesignisartistebyKathyDennisonBurroughs.
GabriolaIslandotherwiseknownasTheIsleoftheArtshasaround5,000fulltimepermanentresidents
andmanymoresummerresidentsandvisitors.AnamazingnumberofartistsliveonGabriola.The
environmenthereprovidesaspecialharmonyandenergyconducivetotheartisticcreativeprocess,beit
painting,sculptingormusic.Ifyouareanartcollector,insearchofagiftforsomeonespecial,oramusic
lover,youwillbesurprised,delighted,amusedandsometimesshockedbytheeclecticdiversityfound.The
reversedesignofGabriolacoinissameasthereversedesignofLasqueticoin.Theobservedesignofthis
coinfeaturingtheDancingManpetroglyphwithstylizedwavesincludingberriesandflowers(produced
withthesupportandapprovaloftheGabriolaCommunityArtsCouncil,whichsponsorstheannual
DancingManMusicFestival).
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12/27/2016
LasquetiIslandMint
(LM10)MMI(2001)LasquetiDory1/10oz(3.11gm).999Au16.6mmdiameter,1.4mmthickness.
ThiscoincommemoratesthelegalizationofmedicalMarijuanainCanadaon29thJuly,2001.
LasquetiDory1/10oz.999Ag2006
IpurchasedmytheLasquetiIslandsfromR.E.(Ray)Desjardins(rayd@monisys.ca)Bonavita,POBox
11447,StationH,Nepean,Ontario,K2H7V1,Canada.Bonavita(adivisionofEligiConsultantsInc.)are
dealingwithdifferentkindsofMunicipalandChamberofCommerceTradeTokens.Theirhomepage
seemstobe:http://www.eligi.ca/.Theyhavepublishedtheirbook"AcompendiumofCanadianMunicipal
TradeTokens"bySergePelletieras1steditionin2002onthesetokens.Howevermy1/10oz.999Ag2006
datedcoincamethroughOdedPaz.ThesecoinscanalsobepurchasedfromJ&MCoin&JewelleryLtd.
at:http://www.jandm.com/script/getitem.asp?PID=271
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
3/3
12/27/2016
MandviKoliwadAssociationcoins
MandviKoliwadAssociation
AnyonetravellingbybusinIndia'smajorcitiesisaffectedbytheshortageofsmallchange.Bus
conductorsoftenaskforchange,andifyoudon'thaveany,oftendoesn'treturnany.Theyjustignore
givingbackarupeeortwo,butsomedon'tprotestiftheygetarupeeortwoless.Thengiveaconductor
Rs10,fortheminimumbusfareofRs7,andhemayreturnyouRs5ormayignoregivingyouback
anythingunlessyouaskforchange.Smallshopsmaygiveatoffeeyoudon'tneed.Thenumberofcoins
issuedislimited,sinceitcoststheCentralBank(CB)morethanthefacevaluetomintcoins,andCB
encouragesconsumerstoreturncoinsintocirculationratherthanaccumulateathome.InIndiahowever,
customersinsistoncorrectchangeandunabletogetsufficientcoinsfromthebanks,tradershavetopaya
heavypremiumtogetthecoins.
Hereisarecenttellingsample:ThewholesaletradersinSouthMumbai,werefacingperennialshortage
of1,2and5Rupeecoins."Forone(Indian)rupeecoinsworthRs100onehastopayRs114,whilefor
tworupeecoinsworthRs100onehastopayRs115.ForfiverupeecoinsworthRs100onehastopayRs
118.Theserateskeepchanging.Duringfestivals,thepremiumgoesashighasRs125forcoinsworth
Rs100,"accordingtoaMumbaitrader.
TheThinkTankoftheirassociation(MandviKoliwadAssociation),reelingunderofficialcoinshortages
andblackmarketingofthesmallchange,ponderedovertheproblemandcameupwithabrilliant
solution.Sobrilliantthatweordinarymortalswouldbedazzledtoblindnessbyit.Believemeornot,the
solutionwasmintingthecoinsontheirown.Fedupwiththecoinshortage,thetradersinthesouth
MumbaiwholesalemarketsofMasjidBunderandBhendiBazaarhavehituponanideatousetheirown
tokenswhicharehonouredwithintheircommunity,virtuallylikeofficialcurrency.Theyputabout50
thousandsofRe1andRs2denominationsofthesecoinsintocirculationinthefirstweekofJanuary
2012.Atthemomenttheyassureusthatthecirculationiswithintheirownempire.Allthesedetailshave
appearedintheNewsPaper.(DNAofthe23rdJanuary2012,frontpage).Thedenominationisprintedon
theobverseandonthereversetheMKA'slogoisboldlyminted.Acustomerneednotlegallyaccepta
tokenasmuchas(s)hemaynotacceptatoffee,sincetheshophasnochange.Thetradingcommunitywas
leftwithnooption"sinceoverayear,thecoinshortageisplaguingthemarkets.Thecoins,madebythe
MandviKoliwadassociation,wereputincirculationinthefirstweekofJanuary.Ametalcastwasmade
foronerupeeandtworupeecoins.CoinsworthRs50,000havebeenmadeinthefirstbatchmorewillbe
madedependingontheresponse,saidDineshShah,agrocerystoreownerandmemberofthe
association.ThesecoinsaremintedandarebeingdistributedinthewholesalemarketsinBhendiBazaar
andMasjidBunder.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/MandviKoliwad_Association.htm
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MandviKoliwadAssociationcoins
2Rupees.Year:ND(2012).Weight:2.57g.Metal:Aluminum.Diameter:32mm.Edge:Plain.
Alignment:Medal.Mint:N/A.Obverse:"2"writteninthecenter.Reverse:"MANDVIKOLIWAD
ASSOCIATION"writtenaroundtheirlogo.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:Oneyeartype.
Wehadnootheroption.Forthepastoneyear,shortageofcoinshastroubledus.Earlier,coinswere
easilyavailablethroughtheReserveBankofIndiaoutlet,butthattoohasstoppednow.Rampantblack
marketing,becauseoftheshortage,isanothertroublingaspect.Thesituationissobadthatwehaveto
payaheavypremiumonthecoins,saidAbdulSattar,abakeryowner."Rightnow,onlyregulartraders
areusingthecoinssothatthecirculationremainswithinthemarket,"saidanothertrader.
Perturbedbyreportsofillegallymintedsmalldenominationcoinsbeingusedincertainpartsofthecity,
theReserveBankofIndia(RBI)promisedtogettothebottomofthecase."Ihavegonethroughthe
reports.Thesearenewspaperreportsindicatingitsuseinsomeareas.Wehavetoverifyit.Ihaveasked
theRBI'sMumbaiofficetogetdetailsofit,"RBIGovernorDuvvuriSubbarao(inoffice:05Sep2008
04Sep2013)toldreporters.RBIDeputyGeneralManagerVaibhavChaturvedisaidthatsofar,nearly12
billioncoinshavebeenputintocirculationinthemarkets."Thereisnoshortageatanylevelsofanykind
andwehavesufficientstocksinourcurrencychestsalso,"MrChaturvediassured,thoughhewondered
wherethecoinsweregoing,referringtothecomplaintsofshortages.SinceitprobablycostsRBImore
thanfacevaluetominttheircoins,wouldn'ttheRBIbesaved,ifthemarketsissuetheirowntokens
acceptedbythepublicascoins.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/MandviKoliwad_Association.htm
2/2
12/27/2016
MaundyMoney
MaundyMoney
MaundymoneyisawelcomingBritishcoinagegiventodeservingpoorpeopleinareligiousceremony
performed,inmanyperiodswiththeparticipationofthemonarch,onMaundyThursday,theThursday
beforeEaster.AMaundyceremonyatthecourtofElizabethI.MiniatureattributedtoLevinaTeerlinc,c.
1560.ThepresentdayMaundyceremonyhasevolvedoverthecenturiesandbearslittlerelationshiptothe
originalritestowhichitowesitsorigins.AfundamentalaspectoftheoriginalMaundyservicewasthe
washingofthefeetofthepoor,whichhasitsoriginsinJesus'washingofthefeetoftheDisciplesatthe
LastSupper.Inearlyceremonies,seniorclergymenwouldwashthefeetoflowerclergy,whileinother
ceremonies,thewashingwouldbedonebysomeonehigherupthehierarchicalorder.
KM#7773pence1900VictoriaPlain1.4138g.925Ag.
KM#797.13pence1904EdwardVII1.4138g.925Ag.
KM#8133pence1912GeorgeV1.4138g.925Ag.
18221830LeftfacingheadofKingGeorgeIV.GEORGIUSIIIIDGBRITANNIARREXFD
(GeorgeIVbytheGraceofGodKingoftheBritains,DefenderoftheFaith).
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Maundy.htm
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MaundyMoney
18311837RightfacingheadofKingWilliamIV.GULIELMUSIIIIDGBRITANNIARREXF
D(WilliamIVbytheGraceofGodKingoftheBritains,DefenderoftheFaith).
18381887Leftfacing"younghead"ofQueenVictoria.VICTORIADGBRITANNIAR
REGINAFD(VictoriabytheGraceofGodQueenoftheBritains,DefenderoftheFaith).
18881892Leftfacing"Jubileehead"ofQueenVictoria.VICTORIADGBRITANNIAR
REGINAFD(VictoriabytheGraceofGodQueenoftheBritains,DefenderoftheFaith).
18931901Leftfacing"oldhead"ofQueenVictoria.VICTORIADEIGRABRITTREGINA
FIDDEFINDIMP(VictoriabytheGraceofGodQueenoftheBritains,DefenderoftheFaith,
EmpressofIndia).
19021910RightfacingheadofKingEdwardVII.EDWARDVSVIIDGBRITTOMNREXF
DINDIMP(EdwardVIIbytheGraceofGodKingofAlltheBritains,DefenderoftheFaith,
EmperorofIndia).
19111936LeftfacingheadofKingGeorgeV.GEORGIVSVDGBRITTOMNREXFDIND
IMP(GeorgeVbytheGraceofGodKingofAlltheBritains,DefenderoftheFaith,Emperorof
India.
19371948LeftfacingheadofKingGeorgeVI.GEORGIVSVIDGBROMNREXFDIND
IMP(GeorgeVIbytheGraceofGodKingofAlltheBritains,DefenderoftheFaith,Emperorof
India).
19491952LeftfacingheadofKingGeorgeVI.GEORGIVSVIDGBROMNREXFIDEIDEF
(GeorgeVIbytheGraceofGodKingofAlltheBritains,DefenderoftheFaith).
1953RightfacingheadofQueenElizabethII.ELIZABETHIIDEIGRABRITTOMNREGINA
FD(ElizabethIIbytheGraceofGodQueenofAlltheBritains,DefenderoftheFaith).
1954currentRightfacingheadofQueenElizabethII.ELIZABETHIIDEIGRATIAREGINAF
D(ElizabethIIbytheGraceofGodQueen,DefenderoftheFaith).
Notethatthe"younghead"ofQueenElizabeth(byMaryGillick)hasbeenusedonallMaundycoinsofher
reign,despiteitnothavingbeenusedonregularcirculationcoinssincedecimalization.
Until1820ordinarysilvercoinagewasusedfortheMaundymoney,butfrom1822specialcoinswere
mintedinvaluesof1,2,3,and4pence.The4dcoinwasalsoknownasagroat.EachsetofMaundy
moneythereforecontains10pence,andrecipientswouldbegivenanappropriatenumberofcompletesets,
plusapartsetwhenappropriate.
Thedimensionsandreversedesignsofthecoinshavenotchangedsince1822,althoughtheircomposition
haschangedovertheyears(notnecessarilyinwayswhichwouldbeexpected):
1penny:weight0.4713grams,diameter11.15millimetres.
2pence:weight0.9426grams,diameter13.44millimetres.
TheoriginalcompositionofthecoinswasSterling(0.925)silver.IncommonwithallcirculatingBritish
silvercoins,thefinenesswasreducedto0.500in1921.In1947,silverwasremovedfromallcirculating
Britishcoinsinfavourofcupronickel,butitwasfelttobeinappropriatetostrikeMaundymoneyinsuch
debasedmetal,sounusuallythefinenesswasrestoredto0.925,whereitremainstothepresentday.
In1971,Britishcurrencywasdecimalised,with100newpenceinsteadof20shillingsof12pence(240
pence)inapound.ThedesignoftheMaundymoneywasnotchangedatall,soinsteadofbeingworth1,2,
3,or4oldpence,thecoinsarenowworth1,2,3,or4newpence,eachonebeingworth2.4timesits
formervalue.Asthereisnodifferenceinthedesignorweightbetweenpreandpost1971coins,itwas
uniquelydecidedtorevalueallpredecimalMaundycoinsbackto1822attheequivalentvalueinnew
pence,i.e.thefacevalueofeachcoinwasincreasedbyafactorof2.4overnight.AllMaundycoins,backto
1822,remainlegaltenderinBritainattheirstatedvalueinnewpence.
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MaundyMoney
SourceofInformation:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maundy_money.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
3/3
12/27/2016
Mundinero
Mundinero
TheabovecoinismentionedinKrausePublication"UnusualCoinsoftheWorld",4theditionreferred
asX#4onpage486.ThesewereissuedbyWadeVentures.Itisdated1973,.999Silver,1.0457ounce
coinwith38.60mmdiameter.ObverseshowsshieldinsprausandreverseshowsElipticalglobalin
circularfame.TheaboveshowncoinisknownasMuninero.Thereareothertwosilverdated1973of
2Mundineros62.2683gand3Mundineros93.4024g.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Mundinero.htm
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Norfed
NORFED
TheNationalOrganizationfortheRepealoftheFederalReserveActisanonprofit,supporter
based/memberbased,educationaloutfitbasedinEvansville,Indiana.Theiralternativecurrency
(warehousereceipts/Certificates)is100%backedbyandredeemableingoldandsilver,whichis
storedbyathirdparty,theSunshineMinting,Inc.(Coeurd'Alene,Idaho).TheyalsomintNORFED's
coinage,andaretotallyindependentandnotpartofNORFED.ThefoundingofNORFEDdatesfrom
September11th1974,whentheirSeniorEconomist,BernardvonNotHaus,wroteToKnowValue
AnEconomicResearchPaperandestablishedtheRoyalHawaiianMint.Hislongtermdesirewasto
issuealegal,valuebackedcurrencyforHawaii,andthiswastohavebeentheHawaiianSovereign
Currency,whichwastheresultofsome23yearsoftoilandresearch.Whenthisprojectwasjustabout
readytobemarketed,hehadanencouragingchancemeetingwithoneoftheMint'scollectors.Itwas
theeveningofOctober7th1997,andtheywerebothattheWaikikiBranchMint.Theelderly
benefactorbecameenthusiasticaboutvonNotHaus'ideas,soheurgedvonNotHaustoseriously
considertakingasimilareconomicmodeltothemainland.Afterabrieffactfindingtrip,vonNotHaus
madethedecisiontoretirefromtheMintandredesigntheHawaiicurrencyintoanationalissue.
Duringthis11monthperiod,heformulatedhisinvestigationintoanotherpaper,FreeMarket
Currency,whichlaterledhimtodecidetolaunchtheFreeMoneyMovementassuggestedbyNobel
LaureateFriedrichAugustvonHayek,andalsotoproposetheworld'sfirstworkingmodelforan
OrganicMonetaryStandard.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Norfed.htm
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Norfed
Theideagainedmomentum,andadherents,fairlyquickly.Withinayearthegrowinggroupof
concernedAmericanshadbecameNORFED.Andthenat11:00PMonSeptember24,1998,von
NotHauswasonhandtofinallytakedeliveryofthefirstshipmentofAmericanLibertyCurrency.On
the25th,thisMonetaryArchitectthentraveledtoSunshineMinting,andhanddeliveredthefirst
sealed/tamperproofcartonsofthefreshlyprinted,warehousereceiptstotheirChiefofOperations/Vice
President,whocheckedthemintotheirvault(knownastheShelterSystemWarehouse).Andon
October1,1998,theresultsofanoutstandinggroupofverydedicatedAmericansborefruitwhenthe
firstAmericanLibertyCurrencywasdistributedonscheduleasplanned.Sinceitsintroduction,about
$510millionofNORFEDmoneyisincirculation,growingtoover100,000usersnationally.Atthe
centerofitallisanexpandingnetworkofLibertyAssociates(whosignacontractwithNORFEDand
obtaintheLibertyDollarsatadiscount),LibertyMerchants,andcharteredRegionalCurrencyOffices.
Althoughlegal,itisnotlegaltender,yetthecurrencyissupposedlybeingusedindaytoday
transactionsacrossthecountry,andacceptedintradeforgoods/services/wagesbybusinesses,banks,
churches,andthegeneralpublic.
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Norfed
ItisworthmentioningthatvonNotHausconsidersRalphBorsodi(CofoundedofInternational
FoundationforIndependence)tobeoneofhismentors,andheunmistakablysharestheDoctor's
displeasurewiththefluctuatingfiatmoneyproducedbyourgovernment.
TherehavebeenseveralbatchesofSilverLibertycoins,includingissuesfrom1999,2000,and2003
whichcanbeviewedatandpurchaseddirectlyfromhttp://www.norfed.org.Onlyafewthousandof
theseweremintedinaspanofabout3months,anditisconsiderablydifferentthanalltheSilver
LibertyDollarswhichfollowed(forone,thereversecontainsaheraldicdesignofancientsymbols
withthelegend,THESHELTERSYSTEM).Type1B,withadifferentreedcount,wasmintedby
BernardattheRoyalHawaiianMint.
TheLibertyDollarisaprivatelyissuedcurrencythatwasmadetobean"inflationproof"alternativeto
theUnitedStatesdollar.Itisbasedonanounceofsilver,withoneounceofsilverbeingcurrently
equivalentto20LibertyDollars.ThoughtheLibertyDollarhasbeenaroundsince1998,itlanguished
inobscuritywithonlyaverylimitedfollowinguntil2006whentheU.S.Mintissuedawarning
[LibertyDollarsNotLegalTender,UnitedStatesMintWarnsConsumers"JusticeDeterminesUseof
LibertyDollarMedallionsasMoneyisaCrime",publishedonSeptember14,2006]aboutusingthe
LibertyDollarascurrency,andthreatenedindividualswithprosecutionfortryingtospendLiberty
Dollars.ItisunclearifthegovernmentisreallyconcernedthattheLibertyDollarwouldposeathreat
totheUnitedStatesdollar,oriftherewerejustsomegovernmentbureaucratsthathadtoomuchtime
ontherehands.ThepublicitycreatedbytheMint'swarninghascausedavastincreaseindemandfor
LibertyDollarsandmanymoremerchantsbeganacceptingLibertyDollarsintrade.Itisclearthatthe
mintingorpossessionofLibertyDollarsisnotacrime.Itisunclearhowitisacrimetoacceptthemin
tradeastheMintclaims.TheUnitedStatesMinthasaConsumerAlertwithphotosofLibertyDollars
athttp://www.usmint.gov/consumer/index.cfm?action=HotItems.
Ihavealsoseen1Dollarincopperdated2007.Liberty20SilverDollarsproducedonMarcoIsland
(tinyIslandinFlorida)in2006andadifferentdesignofLibertad20SilverDollarsin2007forPuerto
Rica..
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
3/3
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PakistanMintCanteen
PakistanMintCanteen
PakistanMintisatSuknahare,oppositeMapcoCorp.onGrandTrunkRoadatPakistanMintstopnear
ShalimarGardens,Lahore.ItisresponsibletomintcirculatingcoinsorcurrencyforPakistansince
1948butalsomanufacturingdifferenttypeofMedalsforMilitaryArmedForces.PakistanMinthas
residentialquarters,shopsandrecreationalparkslocatedwithinthevicinity.
In"UnusualWorldCoins"bookbyKrausepublication,underBritishIndiasection,thereasomeMint
EmployeeCanteenTokensdated1943listedasbelow:
X#Tn10(Prid.#175)1/2AnnaND(1943).Metal:Copper.Diameter:26mm.Edge:Plain.
ObverseLegend:"H.M'sMINT+AN1/2NA+LAHORE".SmallCrownabovedigit"1".
Obverselegend:"TOKEN"writteninthecenter.
X#Tn11(Prid.#174)AnnaND(1943).Metal:Copper.Diameter:26mm.Edge:Plain.Obverse
Legend:"H.M'sMINT+AN1NA+LAHORE".SmallCrownabovedigit"1".Obverselegend:
"TOKEN"writteninthecenter.
X#Tn12(Prid.#173)TwoAnnasND(1943).Metal:Copper.Diameter:26mm.Edge:Plain.
ObverseLegend:"H.M'sMINT+AN2NA+LAHORE".SmallCrownabovedigit"2".
X#Tn13(Prid.#172)FourAnnasND(1943).Metal:Copper.Diameter:26mm.Edge:Plain.
ObverseLegend:"H.M'sMINT+AN4NA+LAHORE".SmallCrownabovedigit"4".
InthebeginningcoinswerestruckunderthedirectionofBernardSinclairJonesO.B.E.,Deputy
MasteroftheRoyalMintinIndia,atCalcuttauntil1943andlateratLahoreuntil1947.SinclairJones
playedamajorpartintheintroductionofnickelcoinageintoIndia(M.B.E),andatthetimeofthe
JapaneseinvasionofBurma,hewassolelyresponsible(theMasteroftheMintbeingill),forthe
removaloftheCalcuttaMinttotherelativesafeplaceatLahore(O.B.E).Thecoinsweretwoofatotal
sixpairsofpatternRupeepreparedin1947priortothecommencementofcoinageforthenewly
independentRepublicofPakistan.NeitherofthedesignswasadoptedandwhenSinclairJonesleft
Pakistanduringtheturmoilofthe19471948riots,thefoursetswerelostandtheirpresent
whereaboutsisunknown.
BernardSinclairJones'careerinIndiawasfullofincident,moresothanwouldbeexpectedfora
DeputyMaster.Awellrespectedmemberofthesociety,heownedthefirstmotorcarinCalcutta,and
laterbuilthisownaeroplane.HedeclinedtheofferofatwoyearcontractasMasterofthePakistan
Mintandretiredin1948toKentafteralifetimeofserviceinthesubcontinent.
TheStateBankonPakistanwasinauguratedon01stJuly1948.AtthesametimeBritishIndiancoins
werereplacedwithnewlydesignedcoinbearingthename"GovernmentofPakistan".
ThebelowcoinscamebysurprisetomethataMintwhichisproducingcoinsforWestPakistan
(moderndayPakistanhavinganareaof880,940km)andEastPakistan(nowBangladeshhavingan
areaof143,998km)ishavingadifferentdesign/alternativecoinsusedintheirsmallcanteenin
1950sto1970s.ThereasononmintingPakistanMintCanteencoinsseemsprobablyorthefirstthing
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Pakistan_Mint_Canteen.htm
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PakistanMintCanteen
thatcomes/clicksinourmindinthatthemintauthoritiesweretryingtoavoidpeoplefromstealing
Pakistanicoinsstocked,storedorfreshlypreparedfromthemint.Thereforealternativecoinswere
producedforthemfortheirusageinthemintcanteen.Theseemployeemightalsobefrequently
checkedwithmetaldetectiondevicestoavoidtheftaswell.Anyhowsomeofthesemintcanteencoins
managetomaketheirwayoutofthePakistanMinttocollectors.
Currency:Rupee=16Annas=64Pice=192Pie(19471960).
Anna.Year:ND.Weight:4.00g.Metal:Copper
Nickel.Diameter:19.50mm.Edge:Plain.Alignment:
Medal.Mint:Lahore.Obverse:""(OneAnna)
separatebynumeral"1"."ANNA"writtenbelowit.
Reverse:"PAKISTANMINT"writtenatthetop
section.CrescentandStarinthecenter."CANTEEN"
writtenbelowit.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:N/A.
Rupee.Year:ND.Weight:12.36g.Metal:Brass.Diameter:30.00mm.Edge:Plain.Alignment:
Medal.Mint:Lahore.Obverse:""(OneRupee)separatebynumeral"1"."RUPEE"written
belowit.Reverse:"PAKISTANMINT"writtenatthetopsection.CrescentandStarinthecenter.
"CANTEEN"writtenbelowit.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:N/A.
Rupee.Year:ND.Weight:10.96g.Metal:Brass.Diameter:30.50mm.Edge:Plain.Alignment:
Note:Theword"CANTEEN"isclosertotheabovealphabetsPontheleftsideandTontheright
side.Thelegendsonthereversesidearethin.
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PakistanMintCanteen
Sameasabovecoin,buthaslargeandthicklegendsonthereverseside.Thiscoinalsohasreduced
thickness.Weight:9.37g.
Currency:Rupee=100Paisa(1961date).
.02(2paisa).Year:ND.Weight:1.71g.Metal:
CopperNickel.Diameter:14.50mm.Edge:Plain.
Alignment:Medal.Mint:Lahore.Obverse:".02"(2
paisa)writteninthecenter.Reverse:"P.M."(Pakistan
Mint)writtenatthetopline,followedby
"CANTEEN"asmiddlelineand"TOKEN"writtenas
thebottomline.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:N/A.
Note:Thiscoinhasasmalldiamondbelowtheword
"TOKEN".
Note:Thiscoinhasabatmanengravedmarkbelow
theword"TOKEN".
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12/27/2016
PakistanMintCanteen
Rupee.Year:ND.Weight:3.59g.Metal:Aluminum.Diameter:29.75mm.Edge:Plain.Alignment:
Rupee.Year:ND.Weight:3.95g.Metal:Aluminum.Diameter:28.00mm.Edge:Plain.Alignment:
"CANTEEN"writtenbelowit.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:N/A.Thiscoinhasthickness3.00mm.
FiveRupee.Year:ND.Weight:4.79g.Metal:Aluminum.Diameter:30.00mm.Edge:Plain.
Alignment:Medal.Mint:Lahore.Obverse:""(FiveRupee)separatebynumeral"5".
"RUPEES"writtenbelowit.Reverse:"PAKISTANMINT"writtenatthetopsection.Crescentand
Starinthecenter."CANTEEN"writtenbelowit.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:N/A.Thiscoinhas
thickness2.50mm.
Igotmy1Anna(1/16Rupee)NDCopperNickelcoinfromHaroonTareen,1RupeeNDBrass
(10.96gand9.37g)coinsfromDawarAliShah..10(10paisa)NDCopperNickelcoinfromKhalid
Akhtar.RemainingcoinswerepurchasedfromMohammadAzeemKhan.
Accordingtomyinformation,PakistanMinthasalsoproducedcoinsforSaudiArabiaunderKing
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PakistanMintCanteen
SaudandKingFaisalreigns.
ListofPakistan1948coins,mostlymintedatLahorearelistedbelow:
http://www.chiefacoins.com/Database/Countries/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah.htm.Continueonthislink
forfurtherPakistancoinagetodate.
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TexasMint
TexasMint
TexasMint(basedinWhitney,Texas):AccordingtoRickPinner,anartistandrancher,Ihadthisidea
in1997thatTexasneededacommemorativedollarfortheMillenniumandfinallyformalizedthatwith
mydesignforthe2000issue.Ispentacoupleofyearssellingjustthatone,afterIhadthemmade
(19982000).I'vealwayshadsomeinterestincoins,butneverknewmuchaboutit.Aftermyfirst
silverdollarsoldsowell(Ievenhadsomemintedin.999gold)IthoughtthenextyearI'ddoa2001,
andsoitcontinued.AsatributetoTexas'entryintothenewcentury,thereisasilverdollarforeach
yearsincethen,somintingthesepieceshasturnedintoanannualtradition.Theyhavereceivedlotsof
interestovertheyearsandeachcoindepictssomeoneorsomethingfromourgreatTexasHeritage.
Mr.PinnerhadalittlecabinindowntownWhitneyfromwhichtheyweresold,buttheTexasMint&
Mercantilehassincemovedtoalargerstore.Theirwebsitecanbeviewedat:
http://www.texasmint.com.
AccordingtoRickPinner,"InTexaseverythingislarger.TheTexasdimeisnoexception.Largerthan
theU.S.dime,our.22ofanounce.999silverdime.Thedragonfly,acreatureofmythandlegend,is
anamazinglacewingedinsect.Abletodartaboutandhoverinplace,itsanticshavebeenobservedby
manyancientpeoples.Almostfairylike,IhaveplaceditonourTexasdimeinhonorofadragonfly
woman,mywifeof29years."Itwasmadein2003(actuallyundated).Theothercoindisplayedisone
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TexasMint
troyounce.999silverTexasoneDollarfeaturingTexasstar,bullwithTexasmap.Ipurchasedthese
coinsfromOdedPaz.
FurthermoretothisErikV.McCreainvestigatedsomemorepiecesmintedbyvarioussourceonthis
subjectandstates:"AsacompanionpiecetotheRepublicanandTexasMintcoinage,Iobtained(on
eBay)aninteresting1980TexasDollar.ItwasproducedbythePapelMint,Inc.,andbelongstotheir
StateDollarCommemorativeSeries,inwhichauniquelimitedcollector'seditionwasmintedfor
eachofthe50states.And,asacomradepiecetoaccompanythecompanionpiece,Ifoundan
additionalTexasDollaroneBay.Thisoneisundated,andfeaturesamockingbird(stateavis)andthe
bluebonnet(stateflower)onthereverse.ApartfromthetinyWNW,whichispresentonboth
sides,I'venoclueastowhoissuedthetoken.Furthermore,Icameacross(alsooneBay)asilverOne
TexasDollarissuedbytheDonCaseyCompany,Inc."
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Esperanto(UniversalLigo)
EsperantoalsoknownasUniversalLigo.BelowtextistakenfromErikVictorMcCrea'swebsite,
whichisacontributionofhisresearchandinformationgatheredonEsperanto.
Forthislisting,Iamindebtedtotwonumismatists,Mr.WilliamR.Harmon(formerpresidentofthe
EsperantoLeagueofNorthAmerica,andcurrentChiefDelegatefortheAmericanbranchofthe
UniversalaEsperantoAsocio)andMr.ChaimDovShiboleth.Theyeachimpartedsomeinvaluable
knowledgetomeaboutthe2seriesofEsperantocoinage.WhenIseparatelyaskedthemforafew
meagerdetails,theysuppliedmewithmanymoreseeminglyunmanageablefactsthanwhatI
originallybargainedfor.Iwasactuallybowledoverbytheminiavalanchesofdata,whichIthen
attemptedtoconsolidateintoasingletsunami.Bothmendeserveallthecreditforthislittleknown
factualmaterial.Whatfollowsisanimmoderatelycondensed/adulteratedversionofwhatIreceived.
LetusbeginwiththemoremodernSteloseries:
ThisrebirthofanEsperantistcommunalcurrencywastheresultofaveryambitiousinitiativeof
AndreasCseh(AndreoCxe),whoin1942foundedtheUniversalaLigo(UniversalLeague),basedin
TheHague,Netherlands,atthesiteofthecurrentInternationalEsperantoInstitute(I.E.I.).Thisevent
tookplaceinsecrecyonApril14,1942(the25thanniversaryofthedeathofLudovicLazarus
Zamenhof),duringtheGermanoccupationofthatcountry.EsperantohadbeenbannedbytheNazis,
andtheirconstituentswerepersecutedmanyofitsspeakerswereexterminated.TheLigo,whose
missionstatementwastounitemankindinharmonythroughtheuseofacommonlanguage,gaineda
substantialDutchandinternationalfollowingintheyearsafterWW2,withmorethan15,000members
intheearly'50s.Duringthe1stinternationalassemblyoftheLeagueonthe16thofMarch1946in
TheHague,adecisionwasmadetoreintroduceacommonworldcurrencywithaninternationally
stablevalue.Theirswouldbeanexperimentinachievingpeaceviainternationaleconomicsin
provingtotheworldthattheglobalconflictscausedbyinternationaleconomicpressurescouldbe
resolvedbytheuseofthisrevolutionarycurrency.ThenobletaskwouldfallupontheStelo(star,one
ofthesymbolsoftheEsperantomovement),anditsvaluewastobefixedat1Stelo=1standardloaf
ofbread,whichatthetimecost0.25DutchGuilders.Thatsameyear,theLigostartedprintingcoupons
(PremioKupono)withthevalueinSteloj,forinternaluse(paymentofactivities,leaflets,prizemoney,
etc...).Thesewerewidelyusedwithinthemovementupuntilthe1980s.
ThemintingoftheLeague'sfirstcoinage,dated1959,commencedonJune28,1960.Theywere
proudlymintedinanoptimisticallylargeamountbytheRoyalDutchMint(Rijksmunt)inUtrecht.The
sloganonthe1SteloisOneworld,onelanguage,onemoneythe5StelojhadTheworldisone
nation,mankindonepeoplethe10Stelojfeaturedthekreinto(creator)ofEsperanto.Exceeding
expectations,thesaleofthecoinsrapidlycoveredthecostofproduction.A25Stelojwasmintedin
1965(IpurchasedminefromMr.FrankS.Robinson).Thesecoinsactuallycirculated,thoughnot
underanygovernmentalaegis.Theywereutilizedasaunitofaccountforsalesofbooksandother
merchandisewithintheNetherlandsChapteroftheLeague,andperhapswereevenvalidfor
purchasingitemsatotherassociatedoutletsanywhereintheworld.Thesecoinsremainedinusefor
quitealongtime,certainlyformorethan30years,untiltheLigodeclinedinpopularityand
importance.In1974,thepriceoftheStelowasrevaluedat0.50DutchGuildersanditsprevious
connectiontothepriceofbreadwasterminated.In1977,theStelowasfixedatanewconstant,the
consumerpriceindex,whichisbasedonapercentageofthetheoreticalmonthlypurchasesofan
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averagefamily(thesamesystemusednowadaystocalculateminimumwages).Theideabehindthis
wasthatthisindexwouldnotbeasheavilyinfluencedbyinflationastheEuropeancurrencieswereat
thetime.ButbecauseoftheoreticaldifferencesregardingthekeytocalculatingthevalueoftheStelo,
fierceinternaldisputearosebetweenthemembersoftheLeague'sboardofdirectors,finallyleadingto
thedepartureofitsCashierandfinancialexpert,Mr.LaurenceMee.Fromthe1980sonwards,the
activitiesoftheLeaguestagnatedduetolackofnewmembers,untilfinallyin1993theLigowas
disbandedandtheirassets,includingtheentireremainingstockofcoins,werebequeathedtothe
U.E.A.inRotterdam.Thedreamofacommonworldcurrencyleadingtointernationalconcordhad
sadlyenoughnotmaterialized.
Nowletustravelbackwardsintime.Decadesearlier,aninitialbreakthroughwasachievedwiththe
Spesmiloseries:RendeSaussurewasthevisionarywhofirstproposedastable,goldbased
internationalmonetarysystemwhichcouldeasilybeconvertedintomanyexistingcurrenciesofthe
era.InMayof1907,hepublishedhisprojectforaninternationalcurrencyinaspecialeditionof
SciencaRevuo(ScientificReview).Therein,healsodevisedtheEsperantorootwordspeso,andthe
requisitedecimalterms,fromtheFrenchespce(coinage).Hereceivedmanylettersfrompeersand
confrereswhogenerallyapprovedoftheconceptamongthemostpleasedwastheoriginatorof
Esperantohimself,Dr.Zamenhof.HeurgeddeSaussuretonotswayfromitandtodoeverythingin
hispowertoobtainforitthesanctionofthe3rdInternationalEsperantoCongresslaterthatyearin
Cambridge,England.DeSaussure'sproposalturnedoutsuccessfully,andtheSpesmilosystemwas
widelyandfavorablyadvertisedandemployedbytheU.E.A.(WorldEsperantoAssociation),which
hadbeenfoundedonApril28,1908.ThoughdeSaussurecontinuedtomakebrilliantcontributionsto
Esperanto,hewaslaterexpelledfromitsAcademyforattemptingtolaunchanewerlanguagecalled
NovEsperanto.
Asexamplesofthiscoinage,2denominationsweremintedin1912,inverysmallquantities,bythe
SwissfirmHolyFrres:a1Spesmilo(milomeaningthousand1,000spesojIpurchasedmine
fromAspenCoins),anda2Spesmiloj(2,000spesoj).Theaimwastosellthematthe1913
InternationalEsperantoCongressinBern.Itispossible,althoughtheywerenotintendedforgeneral
useatthatphase,thattheyseeminglysawsomelimitedcirculation.Onthesemedallions,thedates
18871912suggestnotthe50thanniversaryoftheInternationalEsperantoCongress(the1stonewas
in1905),butthe25yearsthathadpassedsinceDr.ZamenhofpublishedhisUnuaLibro(FirstBook)
in1887underthenomdeguerreDoktoroEsperanto.Threeadditionalpatternsmayhavebeen
producedforamintingthatneveroccurred:spesdeko(10spesoj),spescento(100spesoj),spesdekmilo
(10,000spesoj).
ThemajorresultofdeSaussure'sarticlewasthatitpromptedaGermanbythenameofDr.HerbertF.
Hveler,livinginGreatBritainandanavidfolloweroftheEsperantomovement,toestablishthe
CxekbankoEsperantistainSeptemberof1908.Heembracedtheideaofanutopiancurrency,and
underthealiasE.Cxefecx(pronouncedChefech),hefoundedthisinternationaldepositbank.Its
homeofficewasinMertonAbbey,LondonitalsohadabranchinDresdenandoneinMoscow.The
newarrangement,whichwasanimmediatesuccess,wouldutilizespecialcheckspayablebythis
banksomeofthemborethesameunifyingsloganwhichlaterappearedontheUniversalaLigo's
smallestcoin:UnuMondoUnuLingvoUnuMono.Thebrotherhoodoftendealtinsmallsumsfor
miscellaneoustransactionsamongstthemselvesinforeigncountries,couldnowdebittheiraccountsor
makepaymentstotheaccountsoftheirfellowmen.Duringthatprewarperiod,thecatalogsof
EsperantobookstoresandmagazinesubscriptionshadtheirpricesshowninSpesmiloj.Membership
feesintheirorganizationswerealsopaidinthatcurrencyduringInternationalEsperantoCongresses,
paymentssmallandlarge(evenintherestaurants)werepaidbythosechecks.By1914,thishandyand
inexpensivesystemhad730clientsin43countries.AftertheoutbreakofWorldWarI,theiractivities
wereseverelylimited.WiththedeathofHvelerin1918therewasnosuccessortocontinuethe
operation,soiteffectivelyceasedtofunction.Allcreditorswererepaid.Sincethetimingappearstobe
right,wecanspeculatethattheSpesmilocoinsmayhaveactuallybeencommissionedbythe
CxekbankoEsperantistaorifnot,thenbysomeenterprisingSwissEsperantist(s).
Afterwards,DrevesUitterdijk(anoldbutveryactivepioneerintheEsperantomovement)andJ.
HengeltriedtorevivetheoncepromisingSpesmilomonetarysystem.In1927theyfoundedthe
UniversalaSpesmilaBanko(UniversalSpesmilaBank),andbecausetheNetherlandswasoneofthe
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fewnationswhosecurrencystayedstableduringtheperiod,itsheadquarterswasinLaren.Theyissued
severalSpesmilojnotes(alsobackedbygold,withthesameidealisticsloganmentionedabove)but
withoutfavorableresultstheydisappearedintheearly1930s.
TolearnmoreaboutEsperanto,agreatplacetostartwouldbeELNA:http://www.esperantousa.org/
Observe:5pointedstar
Reverse:UniversalLeague
Arms
Year:1959
Metal:Copper
Mintage:10,000
Weight:3.4g
Diameter:20mm
Denomination:1Stelo
Edgetype:Plain
Observe:5pointedstar
Reverse:Globe
Year:1959
Metal:Brass
Mintage:10,000
Weight:5.0g
Diameter:23.3mm
Denomination:5Steloj
Edgetype:Reeded
Ipurchasedmy1Stelo1959"UnuMondoUnuLingvoUnuMono"and5Steloj1959"LaMondoestas
UnuLandoLaHomaroUnuPopolo"coinsfromHaroldRayMoore(Numstam@aol.com).
TheUniversalaLigo(UniversalLeague)wasanEsperantistworldgovernmentorganisationbasedin
theNetherlandsthatpromotedEsperantoastheuniversallanguage,andtheStelo(Star)asauniversal
currencyunit.ThemottoUnuMondo,UnuLingvo,UnuMonothatappearsonthe19591stelocoin
meansOneWorld,OneLanguage,OneCurrency.TheStelohaditsoriginsintheaftermathofWorld
War2when1StelocouponswereissuedintheNetherlands.UniversaloLigoin1959alsoproduced
10StelojCupronickel,Weight:9.0g,Diameter:28.0mm,PlainEdgewithamintageof10,000pieces.
Itfeaturing5pointedstarasobverseandportraitofDrLLZamenhofonreserve.
In1965UniversaloLigoproduced25Stelojcoininthreedifferentmetals,havingthesameobverse
andreserveason195910Stelojcoin.theseare:
01.Cupronickel,Weight:19.0g,Diameter:37.8mm,PlainEdgewithamintageof1,000pieces
02.Silver,Weight:25.0g,Diameter:37.8mm,PlainEdgewithamintageof5,000pieces,although
stated10,000
03.25Steloj(.983Gold,Weight:50.0g,Diameter:37.8mm,PlainEdgewithnumberedwitha
mintageof10pieces)
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Universaro
Universaro
TheabovecoinismentionedinKrausePublication"UnusualCoinsoftheWorld",4theditionreferred
asX#1onpage493.TheseareknownasCaliforniaStateFantasyCoinage.Itisdated1974,.999
Silver,31.1030gcoin.ThethemeisWorldTrade.TheaboveshowncoinisknownasUniversaro.Over
2,000,000pieceshavebeenproduceddated1972to1975reportedbytheirmint.
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WorldTradeUnit
WorldTradeUnit
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LativaLegationMedallicCoinage
LatviaLegationSeries
TheseareMedallicCoinageissuedbytheLegationofLatviatocommemoratingthe70thanniversary
ofIndependencein1988andanothersetofcoinswereissuednextyearin1989.
TheLatvianLegationinWashingtonDCservedastheofficialdiplomaticrepresentativeoftheLatvian
RepublicafteritwasoccupiedbytheSovietUnionin1940.ItactedastheLatviangovernmentinexile
andwasrecognizedbytheUnitedStates,Canada,GreatBritainandmanyothercountries,untilLatvia
regaineditsindependencein1991.AfterLatviaregainedindependencetheLegationbecamethe
officialLatvianembassytotheUnitedStates.Inthelate1980stheLegationissuedalimitednumberof
coins.Thefirstissue,dated1988,commemoratedthe70thanniversaryofLatvianindependence.The
obversedepictedtheLatvianarmsandthereversepicturedtheLatvianMonumenttoFreedom,which
hasstoodinRiga,thenationscapital,since1935.ThemonumentwasthesymbolofLatvia'sstruggle
forfreedom.The38.25mmcoinsweredenominatedas1TrojasUnceandwereissuedinbronze,silver
andgold.Unfortunatelywhenthedesignwasfaxedtothemint,asmallspotmadetheword
TEVZEMEIonthereverseofthecoinappearasTEVZEMEJ.Theerrorwasnotdiscovereduntil
thefirstshipmentofcoinswerereceivedbytheLegation.ProductionwasimmediatelyhaltedandThe
Legationtriedtogetbacktheerrorcoinsthatwerealreadysenttocustomers.Only78oftheerror
coinswereissuedinBronze.Someunifacepatterncoinsalsoexists.Thesetfeaturesthreedifferent
designs:theobversewiththeLatvianarms,andthereverseswiththeLatvianMonumenttoFreedom
withboththeerrorspellingofTEVZEMEJandthecorrectedversionspelledTEVZEMEI.Eachof
thethreedesignsisstruckinfourdifferentmetals:nickelsilver,bronze,brassandcopper.Onlytwo
oftheseunifacepatternsarelistedintheUnusualWorldCoinsbook,thecopperobverse(Bruce#TS1)
withamintageofonly10piecesandnickelsilverobverse(Bruce#TS2)withamintageof35pieces.
Becausemostofthesepatternsweredistributedassinglecoins,itislikelythatthereareonlytwo
completeunifacepatternsetsavailable,probablysomestillwiththemintarchives.Alsoavailableisa
19881TrojasUnce.999finesilverPiefort(doublethickness,weight2troyounces)withthespelling
error.Ithasamintageofjust43pieces.In1989theLatvianLegationissuedacoincommemorating
the350thanniversaryofLatviansarrivinginAmerica.Thereversepicturesasailingshipandthe
Latvianarmsontheobverse.Thecoinisdenominatedas1TrojasUnce,contains1troyounceof.999
finesilverandhasamintageof3500pieces.
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LativaLegationMedallicCoinage
Obverselegend:LATVIJASREPUBLIKAwithsupportedarms.Reverseshowssunwithamonument
anddate19181988.In1988oneouncecoinswith38.25mmdiameterwereproducedinthreemetals,
Bronze,Silver7000piecesandGold495pieces.
In1989theyalsoproducedanotherseriesofcoinshavingthesameobversesidewithsupportedarms
butdifferentreverseside,whichshowsaship.Thesecoinswereproducedinthreemetalhavingthe
weightof31.10geach.3500piecesin.999Silver,350piecesinGoldand350piecesin.999
Palladium.
AlltheabovecoinsmentionedcanalsobeseeninKrausePublication"UnusualCoinsoftheWorld",
4theditiononpage294.
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RussianImperialUnionOrder
RussianImperialUnionOrder
ThisisaninterestedcoinissuedasanexileTsaristorganizationfoundedin1929inParisby"White"
Russian.TheRussianmonarchistRoublewasreleasedtocommemorativethe60thanniversaryofthis
organization.Theobverseofthecoindepictstheemblemoftheorder,theCzaristeaglewithswordof
freedomfighter,withthefollowinginscriptions:"RussianImperialUnionOrder","FortheFaith,the
CzarandtheFatherland","19291989","60yearsofstruggle"and"WeareRussian,Godiswithus".
ThereversedepictstheportraitofTsarNicholasIIwithinscriptions:"18941917"(thedateofhis
accessiontotheImperialthroneandthedateofhisabdication),"OnlyNationalAssemblywillchoose
theworthysuccessor"withdenomination"Rouble".
Thiscoinexistsincopper,silverandgoldmetals.Itisworldwideaccepted/knownthat100pieces
weremintedingold.Accordingtotheofficial"TheImperialMessenger"(aRussianlanguage
periodical,distributedworldwide),the"MonarchistRouble"doescirculateextensivelyamongRussian
monarchistcirclesinRussiaandaroundtheworld.Thiscoinhasadiameterof38.25mmandweight
23.5g.Asimilarcoinwiththesameinscriptionshasalsobeenmintedin1990byRussianSupreme
MonarchistCouncilfoundedin1921inSerbiabyAdmiralKoltchackforits70thanniversaryin1991.
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AnkhMorpork
AnkhMorpork
ThisistheoldestcitystatepertainingtoTerryPratchett'sDiscworldnovels.Itsfirstappearancewasin
1983'sTheColourofMagic,whichwastheseries'earliestbook.ItislocatedontheStoPlains,which
aretheroughanaloguetoWesternEuropeontheDiscworldsunnamedmaincontinent(wheremostof
thebooksareset).Althoughtheyhavebeenanempireinthepast,theStoPlainscurrentlyexistasa
loosecollectionofindependentcitystates,ruledoverbyacloseknit(andprobablyinterrelated)ruling
class.TheStoPlainscouldbethoughtofasbeingsimilartoGermanypriortotheunificationofthe
statesintotheGermanEmpire,withnooverallauthority.Thelargest/principalcityoftheStoPlainsis
AnkhMorpork,andwhileitdoesn'texertanypoliticalpoweroveritsneighbors,itseconomic
dominationoftheregionhasmeantthatthesmallercitiesarounditareessentiallyitssatellites.The
largecosmopolitanburg,whichisalsothemercantilecapital,isdividedintwobythefictionalworld's
mostpollutedbodyofwater,theRiverAnkh.Ononesideofthiswaterway(whichissothickwithsilt
fromtheplainsthatitshouldreallybeconsideredawalkwayinstead)thereisAnkh(theaffluenthalf)
separatedontheothersidethereisMorpork(thepenurioushalf,whichincludestheslumareaknown
astheShades).Ankhmorpork,aquasimedievalmeltingpot,issocarefullydescribedbyits
authorthatitcouldbeconsideredacharacterinitsownright.AsfortheDiscworld,itisaflat,disc
shapedplanetrestingonthebacksoffourgargantuanelephants,whointurnarestandingatopaneven
moregiganticturtleasitslowlyswimsthroughintergalacticspace.
ThecityofAnkhMorporkhasexperiencedvariousformsofgovernmentoverthemillennia,butthere
hasn'tbeenakinginAnkhMorporkfor300years,sinceLorenzotheKind(thelastandpossibly
nastiestone),wasexecutedduringtheAnkhMorporkCivilWarof1688(basedontheUniversity
Calendar,whichbeganwiththefoundingoftheUnseenUniversity,acenterofmagicallearning).
Thus,theAnkhMorporkianmonarchywasoverthrown.TheruleofPatricianscommencedin1689,
immediatelyafterthepeoplevotedawaytheirdemocraticrights.Thecurrentpoliticalsystemappears
tobeasortofcrude/specializedOneMan,OneVoteformofdemocracy:thePatrician(whotendsto
enterintoofficebylies,trickeryanddeceit)istheMan,andhehastheVote.Thecurrentholderofthis
particularofficethroughouttheDiscworldchroniclesisLordHavelockVetinari.Inhisyouth,he
reputedlytrainedandgraduatedwithfullhonorsfromtheGuildofAssassins.Strangelyenough,this
somewhatbenevolentdictatorhasnolustforomnipotence.UnlikepreviousunelectedheadsofAnkh
Morpork(figureswhowerenotwhollypleasantorwellbalancedandwhosoonmettheirends
successionoccurseitherbyassassinationorrevolution),Vetinariisnotmotivatedbypersonalgainor
vanity.Heisfiercelyloyaltohisbusymetropolis,andthoughthislevelofdevotionhasledhimto
carryoutmanysurreptitiousschemes,hetrulystrivestomakesurethatitspublicservicesare
functioningproperly.Asanexampleoftheadaptabilitywhichhaskeptthissupremerulerinoffice,
oneofVetinari'searliestandmostinnovativeactionswastolegalizeandorganizethecity'sGuilds
(suchasthoseoftheThievesortheSeamstresses,whichhadbeenactivebutoutlawedforyears).He
encouragedthegrowthofthesepowerwieldingsyndicates,ofwhichtherearenowsome300.Their
leadersevenbecameesteemedmembersofsociety,andtheirmembersinsuredandlicensed.Vetinari
appearstohavesurvivedbybeingequallydistrustedanddislikedbyalloftheinterestgroupsinthe
city(whoarealwaysplotting,quarrelling,conniving,andformingalliancesamongstthemselves).In
themiddleofthisvociferousmunicipalmaelstromstandstheshrewdstatesman,quietlydoingthings
hisownway,carefullyconductinghimselfinsuchawaysoastonotbecomeasunpopulartothe
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AnkhMorpork
Guildsastheythemselvesaretooneanother.Theresult,inpoliticalterms,isstabilityachievedby
equaltensioninalldirections.InAnkhMorpork,itmightseemasiflaws,inthemodernsense,have
goneoutoffashioninthelastseveralhundredyears.Butcontrarytoappearances,thecityisnota
completelylawlessplace.Nooneinparticularhasabsolutecommandovertheaffairsofthecity,but
poweristosomedegreesharedbetweenthePatrician,thekingpinsofthemanyGuilds(they,who
enforcetheirownbrandofjustice,aretheoneswhounofficiallyelecthiminthefirstplace),andthe
survivingnobility.Afterall,thegreatlyinfluentialmerchantfamiliesofAnkh,whohadastranglehold
overthecityeitheraskingsorPatriciansforthelasttwentycenturies,werenotlikelytorelinquishany
oftheirrealauthoritytheyweretooaccustomedtoasituationthatbasicallyresembledanon
hereditaryoligarchyinwhichtheyplayedtheroleofruthlesstyrants.Inessence,AnkhMorporkis
governedbythiscomplexinterplayofvariouspressuregroups,whichformacitycouncilofsorts,
eventhoughthePatricianhastheonlyvoteatmeetings.
AnkhMorpork'sinitialcoinisapewterHalfDollarfromcirca199095,madebyBernardPearson
(TheCunningArtificer),formerlyofClarecraft(aBritishcompanyhefoundedwhichmanufactured
collectiblesculpturesandfigurines).Clarecraft,whichoperatedfrom19802005,ranalargefanclub
calledTheDiscworldCollectors'Guild.TheHalfDollarpiecewasavailabletoGuildmembersastheir
2ndannualrenewalgift.Theobverseshowsacoatofarms,inwhichtheheraldicdevicesare
flankedbytwostandinghippos.Accordingtolegend,thefirstcityofAnkhMorporkwasfounded
thousandsofyearsagobytwinbrotherswhowereraisedbyahippopotamus(anallusiontotheRoman
mythofRomulusandRemus).Itisinmemoryofthissnippetoffolklorethattheamphibiousmammal
becametheroyalanimalofAnkh.Onthereverse,thereisadepictionofHavelockLordVetinariVrbi
etDisci.Thiscoinis29mmindiameterwith4mmindepth.
TherearewasOnePennypiece,fromcirca200304.Itismadefrompotmetalandalsofeatures
AnkhMorporksofficialcoatofarmsthoughthistimeitisaccompaniedbytheperfectlylegible
mottoQuanticaniculailleinfenestra(Howmuchisthatsmalldoginthewindow?)alongwitha
muchfinerrenderingofVetinari.
AlsothereisOneShillingpiece,featuringtheDuchessAnnagovia(ofBorogravia,afictionalcountry
ontheDiscworldsunnamedcontinent)alongwiththeLatinphraseAliquidArdet(Somethings
Burning).TheseDuchessShillings,mentionedinMonstrousRegiment,wereusedasprizesduringthe
ClarecraftDiscworldEvent2005(thetenthandfinalClarecraftevent),andtheycouldonlybe
obtainedbyentrantsintheMaskeradeorthePaintYourOwncompetitions.
IntheendIwouldliketothanksMr.EricVictorMcCreafortheaboveinformationonAnkhMorpork.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/AnkhMorpork.htm
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RepublicofSanSerriffe
RepublicofSanSerriffefirstappearedtopublicnoticein"TheGuardian"onFridayApril1st,1977as
aspecialreportatPage8.AcordingtothisBritishnewspaper,thislandexistsintheIndianOceanwith
itscapitalBodonionthenorthislandofCaissaSuperiore(UpperCaisse).Landmarksinhistoryofthis
republicareindicatedbelow:
1421:DiscoveredbyadventuresrecruitedbyJohnStreet,anEnglishadmirerofHenry,theNavigator.
ThecrewmadetheirhistoricallandfallintheShoalsofAdze.
14321439:PortugueseandSpanishcolonization.
1659:AnnexedbyBritain
1815:CededtoPortugal
18241836:Thecondominium
April1,1967:IndependenceunderSocialDemocraticGovernment.
June1967:SeizureofpowerbyColonelHispalis
August1969:SeizureofpowerbyGeneralMinion
May11,1971:GeneralM.J.PicaassumesresponsibilityoftheGovernment,andsubsequently
institutesmartiallawandassumesfulldictatorialpowersdueto"foreignterroristinfiltration".This
leadstonationwideprotests,escalatingintocivilwarand23yearsofensuingchaosandanarchy.
May121997:Firstgeneralelections.ThewinnerwasthecharismaticAntonioBourgeois.
Location:NortheastoftheSeychellesIsland
Colombo1,550miles.
Area:9,724sq.m.
Population:(1973census):1,782,724consistingof
(approx.)Europeansandmixedrace640,000
Flongs574,000Creoles271,000Malaysians
117,000Arabs92,000Others88,000.
Capital:Bodoni.
Touristcenters:GaramondoVillaPica,Cillcameo,
CapEm,Umbra.
Climate:Oceanicequatorial.RainsmainlyMay
OctoberandearlyJanuary.
Currency:TheSanSerriffeCorona=100ems.It
hasbecomeoneofthehardestcurrencies,standing
atC1=4.30PoundSterlings
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/SanSeriffe.htm
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Travel:SanSerriffeAirwaysfromGatwickorvia
Mogadishu.
Health:Smallpox,Cholera,Typhus,andlassafevervaccinationsrequired.
Customs:NoCustomsdutiesareleviedontouristsorcommercialimporters.
Language:Englishistheworkinglanguage.Caslonisusedonceremonialoccasionsandthereisa
language(Kiflong)indigenoustotheFlongs.
AccordingtoHenryMorris:"Manyreaderswillbejustifiablyunacquaintedwiththetinyandlittle
knownRepublicofSanSerriffe.IneverheardofitmyselfuntilIsawthe"SpecialReport"intheApril
1,1977,issueofTheGuardian,oneofthemajorEnglishnewspapers.Acopyofthisissuewassendto
mebyanEnglishfriendwithnoexplanationotherthan"Ithinkyou'llfindthisinteresting."Iwasat
firstpuzzledasitlookedlikeanyordinarynewspaperandIcouldn'timaginewhyhe'dgonetothe
expenseofairmailingacopyofanowweekoldnewspaper.Aftersomeperusal,Ifinallybegunto
thinktherewassomethingoddabouttheeightpageSpecialReportwhichwasinacentersection.The
reportdealtatlengthwiththeRepublicofSanSerriffe,acountrywhoseexistenceIwaspreviously
unawareof.Thepowerofprintissuch,thatareportlikethisinabigcitynewspaperestablishes
instantcredibility.Icouldn'tunderstandwhyI'dneverheardofthiscountrybefore.Mysuspicions
weresoonarousedbythenamesofvariouscitiesshownonmapofthiscountrywhichwasincluded
(seeabovemap).thesenameswerealltermsconnectedwithprintingplaceslikeGaramondo,Bodoni
andErbarallnamesofprinter'stypefacesCaissaSuperiore(Uppercase),andCaissaInferiore
(lowercase),referringtotheprinter'stypecasearrangement.Ifinallyrealizeditwascolossalprinter's
AprilFool'sDayjokethegreatestI'deverseen,anddoneasonlytheEnglishcandosuchthing.Even
theadvertisershadgonealongKodak,forexample,hadanadthatread:"Ifyouhavecolorphotosof
SanSerriffewe'dliketoseethem."Infactthereisnosuchcountryandeventhenameisaplayon
words,"sanserif"beingastyleoftypewithoutserifs."
Thiswassuchagreathoax,Mr.HenryMorrisstartedtoissuestockcertificatefor1,000sharesinhis
newlylocatedsatelliteplantnearPortClarendonontheeastcoastofCaissaSuperiore.Heprintedonly
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100ofthem.Hesendaletterto"TheGuardian"onMay1,1977andheartilycongratulatedthem.
Afterwardshesend10ofhisstockcertificatestothem.In1978heproducedabookwhichhethought
mightcreatelegalproblems,sohedecidedtodistancehimselffromitbyissuingitunderSanSerriffe
PublishlingCo.imprint.
LaterMr.HenryMorrisbecameinterestedinmakinghiscoinstruckprivately.Henoticednumismatist
medalsproducedbyvariouscoinclubsandorganization.Mostofthemwereofferedtosaleand
seemedattractive,ofgoodqualityandgenerallymoderateprice.Onedayhegotintouchwithan
officerofnearbycoinclubwhorecentlyproducedacommemorativemedal.Fromhimhegotthe
reverentinformationoncoinmanufacturersandstepsrequiredtomakeapairofcoiningdies.In1988
uponthe30thanniversaryofBird&BullPress,hedecidedtoproducedacointobelegaltenderand
mustbearamonetarydenomination.TheonlycountryheknewofthatwasSanSerriffe,asthisname
waspreviouslyusedforhisstockcertificatesandpublishingpresslongback.Belowishis1988San
Serriffesilver100Coronas:
Mint:Garamondo(locallyknownasLeCanardVert).Edge:Splitreededconsecutivelynumbered001
to500.Weight:1troyoz..999finesilver.Design:OBV:Bird&Bullpressmarkwithanniversarydates
andLatinlegendmeaning"theremembrancesofpastlaborissweet."REV:Anadaptationofthe
classicowlandolivebranchdesignfromancientAtheniancoinage.Mintage:500pieces.Designer:
RosemaryTottoroto.Engraver:KennethD.Douglas.ProjectCoordinator:StellaL.Blazier.Theproof
aluminumandantiquebronzeversionsarestruckfromthesamediesasthesilver,butnotedge
numbered.Onehundredandfivepieceseachwerestruckinaluminumandantiquebronze.Five
proofs,notfordistribution,werestruckin.999gold.
350copiesofthisbook"RepublicofSanSerriffe1988100Coronas"werepublishedandIgotthe341
numberedcopywith491edgenumberedsilvercointogetherfrom
OakKnollBooks:http://www.oakknoll.com
PlentyofotherinformationaboutSanSerriffecanbefoundonGoogle:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Serriffe
http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/af_1977.html
ApartfromtheSanSerriffecoin,Mr.MorrisdelvedevenfurtherintonumismaticswithhisTrade
TokensofBritishandAmericanBooksellers&Bookmakers,WithSpecimensofElevenOriginalTokens
StruckEspeciallyforThisBook,publishedin1989bytheBird&BullPress.Thiseditionis
accompaniedbyaheavydiecutboardfoldercontaining11differentcoppertokens,allenclosedina
slipcase.HehasprovidedahistoryofthesetokensandgivenabibliographyofallknownBritishand
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Americanexamplesandincludedmanyillustrationsoftokensreproducedfromoriginalexamples.The
participantsincludesevenbooksellersincludingOakKnollBooks,theBird&BullPress,onemarbler,
onebookbinderandonepapermaker.Animageofthesetokenscanbeseenat:
http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/byorg/gbw/gallery/bestofbest/exhibitors/blumenthal.html
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
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ArabiaAH1352coins
Arabia
ThesecoinsareknownasBernardM.O'Heaseries.TheywerestruckbyViennaMintinca.1965.
Dinar.Year:AH1352(ca.1965).Weight:
1.40g.Metal:Bimetal.Diameter:23mm.
Edge:Reeded.Alignment:Medal.Mint:
Vienna.Obverse:ThereisnotGodbutAllah/
MuhammadisAllah'sprophet.Reverse:Value.
Mintage:N/A.
TheabovementionedcoinwerealsomadeinAluminumBronze,Bronze,CopperNickel,Silver,Gold
andPlatinum(3pieces).
Additiontothis,anotherseriesofthesamedesigns,butwith38mmdiameterwerealsomadein
Aluminum,Aluminumwithcountermarked"A",AluminumBronze,Bronzewithcounteredmarked
"BRONZE",Gold(10pieces)andPlatinum(3pieces).
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Arabia.htm
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KingdomofAtlantis
KingdomofAtlantis
ThiscoinisthevaliantcreationofMr.EdwardJ.Moschetti(worldproofna@aol.com),thefounderof
theWorldProofNumismaticAssociation(P.O.Box4094,Pittsburgh,PA152010094,USA).They
havebeenapurveyorofthesedesirabletypesofcoinssince1964,andtheycarryafantasticstockof
proofcoinage.Pleasewritetothemandtheywillmailyouanyinformationyourequest.
5piecesweremadein.999Auhavingthedominationvalueof100Dollars,50piecesweremadein
.999Agalsohavingthedominationvalueof100Dollarsand200piecesinpurecopperhavingthe
dominationvalueof20Dollars.Allthesecoinsweight1oz,39indiameterandbearthedateMMIV
(2004).Theweightsandfinenessofthesepreciousmetalswerestrictlyobserved.
AccordingtolegendandthewritingofPlato,Atlantissunkundertheseasome12,000yearsago.That
hasnotstoppedcoinsfrombeingissuedforthislegendaryland.The200920AtlantisDollarsisa
goldenbrassProofcoinwithamintageofjust100pieces.The2009100AtlantisDollarsisasilver
Proofcoinandhasamintageofonly50pieces.Bothcoinsare39mmindiameterandhavesimilar
designs.PicturedononesidearePoseidon,theGodofAtlantis,andhismortalwife,Cleitoinfrontof
Archesm,thegatewaytoAtlantis.Theothersidepicturesawomanbathinginalakewithawaterfall
andatempleinthebackground.Thisisthethirdissuefromthislegendaryland.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Kingdom_of_Atlantis.htm
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ConfederationofAntarctica
ConfederationofAntarctica
ThiscoinwasmadebyRichardHanscom(akcoins@mosquitonet.com)in1976.Heiscurrentlya
partnerinthefirmAlaskaRareCoins,ofFairbanks,AK.Imagesofhisintriguing'76coincanbe
viewedbelow.
Year:Statedas2076
Metal:Copper
Designer:RichardHanscom
Mint:PatrickMint
Mintage:1000
Diameter:20.5mm
Denomination:
1/100Troyounceof.999Silver
Edgetype:Plain
ThisisaGoodfor1/100Troyoz.999Ag.piece,dated2076itsreversehasaseeminglygeneric
17761976motif.ThethoughtprovokingcoinfromMr.Hanscom,whoexplainsthatSincetherewas
infactnoConfederationofAntarcticain1976,Idatedthemforthefuture.Itmayhavebeenan
arbitrarydecision,buthechosetopostdatehiscreationby100yearsbecausetheroundnessofthat
numbersoundedgood.HesettledonAntarcticabecausenumismatically,nothingwasbeingissued
fromthereinthosedaysandultimately,thisfrigid,moneylesscontinentjustlydeservedanofrills
coinofitsown.ThebicentennialdiewasusedbecausethatiswhatPatrickMintwasdoingatthe
time...Iamalsoabelieverinhardmoney,thusthe1/100oz.silvervalue.ItwasjustoneofthethingsI
didtoamusemyself.Now,nearly30yearslater,Iamprovidingamusementtoothers.Notabad
investment.Youcansaythatagain!Nowthatthiscoinhasfinallyresurfaced,theattentionitisnow
receivingiswellearnedandlongoverdue.Itmighthavegoneunderourcollectiveradarsfor3long
decades,butnow,thankstotheInternet,it'llnolongergounnoticed.Hopefully,itshallbeappreciated
byallthosecollectorswhomisseditthefirsttimearound.Itwasquiteashockingandunexpected
sight,Imustadmit,tobeshownoutoftheblueacointhatclearlyprecedesMr.FredZinkann's
earliestAntarcticapieceby5years.Asaresult,Iamnowobligatedtothinkofitasthegreat
granddaddyoftheentireAntarcticlot.IampleasedtoannouncethatMr.Hanscomiscurrently
exploringthepossibilityofissuingasilver,2006followup!
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Confederation_of_Antarctica.htm
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RepublicofAntarctica
Thisisaunifacewoodenpiece(nodenomination)dated19902005.Itshowsanimageoftheentire
continent,butthegrainytextureofthetokendidnotofferanidealsurfaceforpickingupsmalldetails
therefore,thelocationnamescannotbefullyreadbecausetheprintingonthismapistoosmall.These
labeledregionsarepartiallydecipherableonlywiththeaidofamagnifyingglassandanactualatlas
formoreexactvisualreference.Aftermucheyestrain,theseareasare:MarieByrdLand,Victoria
Land,WilkesLand,MacRobertsonLand,EnderbyLand,CoatsLand,PalmerLand,andEllsworth
LandatthecenterofthemapthegeographicSouthPoleitselfaboldstarmarkstheapparent
capitaloftheRepublic,Amundsen/ScottLand(theofficialnameofthisAmericanresearchbaseis
theAmundsenScottStation,andthisfacilityisthesouthernmostcontinuallyinhabitedplaceonthe
planet).Itsissuer,anumismatistfromAnchoragenamedJamesHill(hisminusculemonogram,JVH,
appearsatthe5:00position).
Therearesomeadditionalpiecesinwhichthewoodhadbeenstainedadeepredcolorpriortobeing
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Republic_of_Antarctica.htm
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stamped(alsoshownabove),aswellasasmallbatchmadefromplasticpokerchips(Abouthalfare
smudgedandtherestarepoorlystruckbecausethechipshavebeenpaintedwhiteandthisglossy
coatingdidntaccepttheinkverywell).
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Republic_of_Antarctica.htm
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KingdomofBermania
Bermania
KingdomofBermaniaisacreationofveterancoindealerAllen
G.Berman,inFairfield,Connecticut,USA,foundedinthemid
1970s
http://www.bermania.org/
Hebegancoincollectingasachildhoodhobby,butthestudyof
coinssoonbecameakeyfocusinhislife.Asanundergraduate
hewasgiventheopportunitytoworkdirectlywiththe
AmericanNumismaticSociety'scollections,recataloginga
portionofitsmedievalholdings.Atpresentheserveasa
memberoftheSociety'sCommitteeonMedievalCoins.He
completedhismaster'sthesisonearlypapalcoinsin1986.He
haspresentedlecturestogroupsasdiverseastheCubScouts
andMENSA.In1997,hewasappointedaninstructorforthe
AmericanNumismaticAssociation'sSummerConference,
creatinganintensivecourseonmedievalcoins,whichwas
attendedbynumismatistsfromboththeUnitedStatesand
overseas.
Inadditiontowriting,heisararecoindealerwithan
internationalclientele.Since1979,hehasroutinelybeencalled
upontoappraiseandidentifycoinsforothernumismaticfirms,
auctionhousesandbanks.KrausePublications,theworld's
largestnumismaticpublisher,hasmanytimesawardedhimtheir
CustomerServiceAward.Hehasrepeatedlyprovidedexpert
testimonybeforeSenateandHousecommitteesatthe
Connecticutstatecapitol.AsamemberoftheAmerican
NumismaticAssociation,AmericanNumismaticSociety,
NumismaticLiteraryGuild,RussianNumismaticSociety,
FloridaUnitedNumismatists,heisalsobeentheSecretaryof
theFairfieldCountyNumismaticAssociationsince1987.
ThiscoinhasbeenstruckforhisownfantasykingdomformyreallifeweddinginNovember1998.
Reverse:"KINGDOMOFBERMANIA","ROYALWEDDINGOFALANUSI&BARBARAOF
ULSTER"and"5DENARPLUMB1998"arewritten..
Obverse:ArmsandCoatofBermania,withthefollowingdescriptioncirclingaroundit.
"ALANVS.D:G:BERMANIAE.REX.ORB:TER:NOS.IMP:VEN:COM:&c.".
Thefollowingarethemintageproducedindifferentmetal:
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Bermania.htm
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KingdomofBermania
NickelSilver(NiAg)=1000pieces
Aluminum(Al)=452pieces
Silver(.999Ag)=18pieces
Ipurchasedmy5DenarPlumbNiAgCoinfromJoelAnderson.Thisinterestingcoincanbeseenat
Mr.AllenG.Berman'swebsiteathttp://www.bermania.com/interesting.htm.Thesecoinsarealso
availablewithSimilarcoinfromtimetotime.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Bermania.htm
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CrescentIsland
CrescentIsland
Crescentisabout9kilometersoutsidethewesternboundaryoftheFrenchPolynesia200mile
economiczone,locatedininternationalwatersbetweentheKiribatiandPitcairnIslandEconomic
Zones.Itismadeupof2smallisletsconnectedbyasmallstripofsandatlowtide.Thetotallandarea
isabout200acres.Populationof40personsandeconomydependsonPearlfarmingandthesaleof
craftscomprisestheentireeconomy.796Eurosperannumisthepercapitaincome.Englishand
Crescentesearethelanguagesused.
ThehistoryofCrescentIsland,toldbytheIslanders,passeddowntoeachgenerationbytheelders,
tellsmuchbutleavesmuchtoquestion.Priortothe1760s,itisknowntheinhabitantsofCrescent
IslandwereresidingonMangareva,intheGambierIslands,nowpartofFrenchPolynesia.Withthe
exceptionoftwomen,allthemaleswereformercrewmembersfromaBritishmerchantshipthat
stoppedatMangareva.Thesecrewmembersdecidedtoresideontheisland,abandoningtheirjobson
theship.ThewomenwereallfromMangareva.Asyoumightimagine,thenewinhabitantsof
Mangarevabroughtturmoiltothelocalpopulation.Themenbroughtbadhabitstotheisland.Themen
'hadtheirway'withmanyoftheyoungwomenandtypicallyrefusedtohelptheislandersinthedaily
work,choosingtoconsumealcoholinstead.TheChiefheldlittlepowerofpersuasionoverthesailors.
Forthequalityoflifetobemaintainedinsuchasmallandfragilepopulation,theauthorityofthe
rulerscouldnotbechallenged.Arigidsocialstructuresetupwiththewisdomoftherulersinsureda
populationexplosionwouldnotputanendtolifeonMangareva.Astructureforworkwasessentialto
insuretheresourcesoftheislandwouldbemanagedproperlytoleadtoalifeofabundance.While
Mangarevahadthousandsofpeople,it'sresourceshadtobemanagedwellandsizeofthepopulation
carefullycontrolled.Astherulerslostpatience,actionwastobetakentopreservethewayoflife.The
men,theirwomenandthosefewwho'fellaway'fromthesocialstructurewereroundedup.Thesefew
weretobepurgedfromMangareva.Forcedonaraft,theyweresenttosea.Theirfuturewasbleak.
Mostpeopleforcedtoseaweretobecomefoodforthefishes.Itwaspurelyadeathsentence.Theodds
oflandingonapieceoflandandbeginninglifeanewwasremote.Thedozenorsosenttoseawerethe
onestobeattheodds.Afterseveraldaysatsea,thegroup,neardeathforsure,foundtheirraftbeing
tornbyareefwithasmallsandbankinthedistance.Makinganattemptatland,thegroupmanagedto
swimtoshoreandsetuphousekeepingonwhatisnowknownasanisletofTemoeAtoll.Feeling
fortunateatbeatingcertaindeath,thegroupwaspleasedwiththeirplightalthoughTemoeoffered
little.TheCrescentIslandersfoundonlybreadfruittreesgrowingontheirisland.Withnoboat,thebest
theinhabitantscoulddoisnavigatethesharpcoraltoplucksmallfishfromholesonthereef.Withno
woodforfiretocookfood,fishwasconsumedraw.Theislandersrealizedtheymustmakedowithout
clothingorhousingastheonlyvegetationontheislandwasneededtosustainlife.Mangareva'ssocial
structurewasnothingcomparedtothefoodrationingandhardshipsenduredonCrescentIsland.With
noleaderthegroupbickeredandfoughtforsometimeuntiloneislanderbecameknownforwise
decisions.Althoughneverformally'elected'asleader,ayoungmanfromMangarevaearnedthe
respectofall.Hissuggestionswerefollowedandlifebecameeasier.Lifewasthreatenednolessthan5
timesoverthefirst70years.ThebiggestthreatweretheshipsfromSouthAmerica.Theyhada
reputationforstorminganisland,takingallthemen,womenandchildrenprisoner.Theywouldbe
takentoSouthAmericatobesoldasslaves.Thereweretalesofislandsfoundabandonedwithnotrace
ofwhathappenedtothepeople.AssuchshipsapproachedCrescentthreedifferenttimes,the
defenselesspopulationhidamidthebrushintheinterioroftheisland,hopingnottobetaken.Two
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Crescent_Island.htm
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CrescentIsland
timesduringthefirst70yearstheislandwasawash.Oncethiswasduetoacyclonepassingoverthe
island.Thesecondtimewasfromhighseasfromanearbycyclone.Inbothinstances,lifeandproperty
waslost.
Itwasinthe1830sthatashipcarryingPastorNobbsfromPitcairnIsland,discoveredtheisland.Pastor
NobbshadbeenforcedfromPitcairnanwasinexile.HewasonhiswaytoMangareva.PastorNobbs
toldtherulersofMangarevaoftheplightoftheCrescentIslanders.TheChiefaskedthattheCrescent
IslandersberescuedandbroughttoMangarevawherea'welcomehome'feastwouldbeheld.Pastor
NobbsnotedinhisjournalthatCrescentIslandwasameresandbanksome50milesfromMangareva,
inhabitedbysome40wretchedandmeagersoulssurvivedbyhandpluckingsmallfishfromthereefs
andconsumingthefruitoftheonlyplantgrowingontheisland,thebreadfruit.Henotedtheislanders
weretakentoMangarevawhereafeastwasheld.Henotedonediedfromoverconsumptionand
severalotherswouldhavesufferedthesamefateifhehadnotforcedthemtobepurgedofthe
problem.ItwasaboutthistimetwoFrenchCatholicMissionariesarrivedonMangareva.Theywere
thoughttobeGodsbecausealadyknowntobecapableofseeingintothefuturehadspokenofa
dreamwhereGodsappearingaswhiteskinnedmenwouldcometotheisland.Therulersthreatened
thevisitorswithdeathbuttheyappearedunafraidandquotedfromtheBibleallthewhile.Thiswasthe
prooftherulersneededthatindeedtheseweretheGodsthenowdeceasedwomanhadseeninher
dreams.Withtheacceptanceandrespectoftheislanders,themissionariessetoutonaplantocreatea
showplaceinthePacific.Theideawasthatsuchaparadisecouldbeimagedasthegreatestamongthe
PacificislesduetoastrongChristianfaith.Theneedforworkerswasgreat.Shipsweresenttoevery
nearbyislandtocollectthepopulationandbringthemtoMangarevatowork.Themissionaries
believedasixday,sixteenhouradayworkweekwouldbeneededtocompletetherestorationofthe
islandandserveasawaytokeeptheislanderssetonprincipalsofChristianity.Idletimewas
consideredevil.SundayswasforadayofChurch.Theworkwasenforcedbycruelpunishment.One
sixyearoldboyhadbeenjailedforlaughingduringaChurchservice.Withalltheconstructionand
congestedpopulationcamemorevisitingships.Nowtheislanderswerenotusedtosuchalongand
harddayofworkandtheyhadnoresistancetocommonillnessesinotherpartsofthework.People
becameill.Peopledied.ThesouloftheMangarevanpeoplehadbeenstompedout.Allwaslost.The
oldlifeofrelativeease,comparedtotheircurrentlifewasgoneandwasnottoreturn.TheCrescent
Islanderswereamongthegroup.
PastorNobbsnotedinhisjournalthattheCrescentIslanders'pined'fortheirhomebutstateshenever
heardoftheirfate.Nobbswasinexilefor6yearsbeforereturningtoPitcairn.Theoralhistoryof
Crescentsaysthattheislanderslongedfortheirhomeandbeganplanningforanescapefrom
Mangareva.Supplieswerestockpiledinhidingplaces.Latenightmeetingswerecarriedout.Whenthe
timewasright,mostofthe23remainingCrescentIslanderssetoutwhentheweatherandthetidewere
rightfortheirhome.With16menandwomen,thedangerousjourneybegan,butthejourneywouldnot
remainwithoutperil.Onlyadayintothejourney,cloudsrolledinandastrongwindfollowed.Three
daysofstiffwindsandsquallyweatherthreatenedthecrew.ForsuretheywereoffcourseforCrescent
Island.Butonceskiescleared,optimismprevailedandaftersevendaysatsea,thegroupspottedaset
ofislandsinthedistance.Lateintheday,theymadeittooneofthetwosmalldotsofland.Thegroup
setforthplantingcoconutsandplantinggardens.Thechoicesforfoodgreatlyincreasedoverthe
comingyearsandthehardshipsoftheearliestdayswerequicklyforgotten.Thegroupwassurethis
wastheoriginalCrescentIsland.Thevegetationwasidentical.Thegroupwasoverjoyed.Theoriginal
islanderslivedouttheirdaysbelievingthatsomehowtheyhadreturnedtoCrescentIsland.Itwasnot
untilthe1880sthatthetruthwasknown.Apassingshipcalledontheisland.Theirstorywastold.
ThentheCaptainexplainedtheywereover200milesfromMangareva.ThenewCrescentIslandwas
notanisletofTemoe,butalittleknownreefwithtwosmallsandbankscoveringjust200someacres.
Bythistime,overpopulationwastakingit'stoll.CrescentIslandershadsurvivedabout50yearswith
nosocalledleadertoguidetheuseofresourcesandcontrolpopulation.TheIslanderswerestill
Christian,butmixedtheirlifestylewiththeold.LikeotherPolynesiancultures,especially
Marquesasean,children,fromanearlyage,simulatedsexualactsandayoungwomanwasencouraged
tohavemanypartners.Theoldermenwereexpectedto'teach'theyoungwomen.Youngmenwere
frequentlywitheachyounggirlontheisland.Asaresult,thepopulationoftheislandwentfromit's
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CrescentIsland
beginningpopulationof16to73,it'speak.Bythe1880s,foodwasrationed.Nopersoncouldconsume
morethanacertainamounteachday.Thiswasrequiredtopreserveresourcesandinsuretherewould
beenoughtoeatinthefuture.Bythistime,theoldermenfromeachfamilyhadchosentomeeteach
daytodeterminethejobstobeperformedanddictatewhensexualrelationscouldoccur,alldependent
ontheresources.ThiswasthefirstislandwideformofgovernmentonCrescent.
Overtheyears,Crescentwasdiscoveredbyafewpassingships.Mostcarriedmerchandisefromexotic
ports.Islandersbegantoworkanactivetradewithsomeofthepassingvessels.Seeingtwoshipsa
yearwastypicalbythe1950s.Itshouldbenoted,theCrescentIslandersneverlearnedofWorldWarI
orWorldWarIIuntilthe1950s.Inthe1960sCrescentwaslessisolated.Onaverage,5vesselscalled
onCrescenteachyear.Oneortwowereshipsbuttheotherswereprivatevesselswithasmallcrew
exploringthePacific.Friendshipsweremade.Bythe1970s,Crescenthadbecomeawellkeptsecret
amongthePacificboundyachts.Evenso,onlythemostadventurouswouldsetoutforthetinyisolated
island,butthosethatdid,becamefriendsoftheislanders,typicallymakingitpossibleforCrescent
Islanderstogetitemsandsuppliestheyneededtomakelifeeasier.
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CrescentIsland
Itwasthelate1960swhenCrescentissuedit'sowncurrency.Onbeingtoldofmoney,theislanders
decidedtogiveitago.Noteswereexchangedforriceandflour.Thecurrencywasbackedupwith
pearlsharvestedinthelagoon.Inrecentyears,Crescenthasbecomelessisolated.Textbooksfor
schooling,basicfoodsuppliesandevenasolarpoweredradiostationhavetakenaplaceontheisland.
Westernclothesareworn.Houseswerebuiltandroofedwithtin.Theisolatedspitoflandisfar
removedfromitshumblestart.TodayCrescenthasanarrangementwithashippingcompanyto
purchasesuppliesforaoncepersixmonthvisit.Anaverageofabout3cruisingyachtsstopoffat
Crescent,stayingattheguesthousesbuiltbytheislanders.ThePearlFarmistheeconomyandsource
ofqualityoflifefortheislanders.CrescentIslandisbynomeanseasytoreachanditisstillvery
isolated.Therearelittlecomfortsofmodernlife.Crescentremainsoneofthemostunspoiltislandsin
thePacificwhereislandtraditions,societyandcustomsareapartofdailylife.
TodayCrescentIslandispopulatedby40peoplesharingaPolynesianAngloCaucasianmix.The
languageofCrescentisEnglishmixedwithsomewordsofMangarevanandTahitianorigin.Some
wordsarepurelyofCrescentoriginwithPolynesianroots.Itisthoughtthemen,primarilyAnglo
Saxon,prevailedintheEnglishlanguagetakingroot.Fewerthan530Polynesianorientedwordsare
tossedintoEnglishconversationsamonglocals.Thesewordsaretypicallyabsentfromconversations
withthosefromtheoutside,sotheEnglishequivalentisknownandusedinmoreformalsettings.A
fewwordsoflocaloriginhavenopurelyEnglishrelative.CrescentIslandmoneyhastraveledoffthe
islandwithvariousvisitorsinthepast.Itwasinthe1960stheeldersdecidedtoissuebanknotesfor
collectors,butfewweremade.Anambitiousprojectofhiringacompanytocreatethefirstcoinsfor
CrescentIslandhasbeenworkedout.TheIslandersareeagertoworkoutchannelsofsalesand
distributiontotakethecoinsthroughouttheworld.Itishopedthesaleofthecoinswillgreatly
stimulatetheeconomyofCrescent.Atpresent,theonlysourcesofrevenueforCrescentarethesaleof
pearls,craftsandsomecurioscreatedbytheIslanders.CrescentIslandersrealizetheneedformoney.
In2006theyissuedaseriesofthreeunusualacryliccoins,bothtouseontheislandsandtoraise
moneybysellingthemtocollectors."IleCrescent"setconsistsof:500PoaBlueAcrylic(mintageof
511pieces),1000PoaGreenAcrylic(mintageof503pieces)and5000PoaYellowAcrylic(mintage
of434pieces).Poa,meanspearl".Allthreecoinshaveasimilardesignfeaturingthesunrisingover
theisland,withthedateanddenominationatthebottom.DesignoncoinsisofanIslandandtwoplam
treesleaningtotheright.Eachcoinis39mmindiameterand5mmindepthasshownabove.Usually
thesecoinscomewithcertificatesandadescriptivebrochure.
Theirdesigner,Mr.WilliamTurner(basedinCypress,TX).All3denominations(500,1000,and5000
Poa),dated2006,aremadeoffluorescent,seethrough,laserengraved,coloredacrylic(blue,green,
andyellow,respectively)andwereproducedbyacompanycalledTexasLaserProducts.These
distinctive,unifacepiecesseemtoreallyglowinthedark!Therealsoexiststrial5initialsamples:2
blue,2yellow500poaand1pink.ThemanufacturersentMr.Turnertoshowwhathecoulddowith
hisequipment.
Mr.BillTurnersfascinationwithCrescentIslandbeganatanearlyage,whenIreadthebook
PitcairnIslandbyDavidSilverstonein6thgrade.Yearsofongoingresearch(combinedwithadeep
interestinnumismatics)ledhimtoproducehisownseriesofrubberstampedbanknotesfortheisland
(mademostlyofmarbled,handmadepaper)sometimeduringthesummerof2004.Fortunately,this
Crescentesecurrencyhasnowbeenexpandedtoincludecoins.Theirdesignisfrommynewsletter
logoforTropicalFrontiers,atravelnewsletterIpublishedfrom1984to1988.Geographically,
CrescentIslandisabout9kilometersoutsidethewesternboundaryoftheFrenchPolynesia200mile
economiczone,locatedininternationalwatersbetweentheKiribatiandPitcairnIslandEconomic
Zones.Itismadeupof2smallisletsconnectedbyasmallstripofsandatlowtide.Thetotalland
areaisabout200acresandpopulationconsistsofroughly40islanders.AccordingtoMr.Turner,who
haswrittenalengthyhistoryoftheislandcomprisedoffactmixedwithfantasy,theoriginal
inhabitantsofCrescentIsland,priortothe1760s,residedonMangareva,intheGambierIslands,now
partofFrenchPolynesia.Someofitsmenandwomenfellawayfromtherulersrigidsocial
structureandwereroundedup.ThesefewweretobepurgedfromMangareva.Forcedonaraft,they
weresenttosea.Afterseveraldaysafloat,thegroup,neardeathforsure,foundtheirraftbeingtorn
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byareefwithasmallsandbankinthedistance.Makinganattemptatland,thegroupmanagedto
swimtoshoreandsetuphousekeepingonwhatisnowknownasanisletofTemoeAtoll.Thissite,
50milesfromMangarevaandcontainingnothingbutbreadfruittrees,becameCrescentIsland.
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Viinamarisaar
Viinamarisaar
Viinamarisaar(GrapeIsland)isafantasylandlocatedasasmallislandintheBalticSea.
Location:BalticSea
Size3,396acres
Population73
LanguagesEstonian
Viinamarisaar,exceptforashorttimeduringWorldWarII,hasbeeninhabitedsincethe1300s.The
originalsettlerswereSwedeswholivedanisolatedpastorallifeontheisland.
BalticSeaIslandshavealonghistoryofinhabitation.Manyoperatedastightknitselfsufficient
communitiesthatwerecompletelyisolatedfromtheworld.Someofthemorewellknownislandsincluded
Ruhnu,ParkisandSaarnaki.IneachinstancetheywereSwedishspeaking.Theyfished,cultivatedtheland
andraisedcattle.
WhileresearchonViinamarisaardoesnotspecificallyindicate,itislikelytheislandersweremuchlike
thosewholivedonthewelldocumentedRuhnu.RadioSwedenwenttoRuhnuintheearly1940sfinding
thelifestylehadchangedlittleinover400years.Theywereareligiouspeoplelivingbyastrictcodeof
conductnotunliketheSwedesofthe1500s.Theyhadlittlecontactwiththeoutsideworldandlivedself
sufficientsimplelivesinanumberofcommunitiesonRuhnu.Indeed,theirlifestyledifferedlittlefromthe
Britishisleswherecraftingwasthemainstay.ThelifestylewasnotsounliketheAmishfoundmostlyin
theUnitedStatesofAmericaandCanada.
Fearinginvasion,theislandersfledtheislandduringWorldWarII.Itwasnotuntilthelate1940swhenthe
firstfamiliesreturnedtoViinamarisaaraccompaniedbyasmallnumberofEstonians.
Operatingasafarmcooperative,Viinamarisaarfloundereduntilresidentsrealizedgrapescouldproduce
thefundsneededtomakeViinamarisaarmoreprosperous.WhileBalticstormsaffectedthecropsome
years,overall,grapegrowingwasdeemedasuccess.Thiswasanunusualchoiceandcriticsclaimed
grapescouldnotbegrowninsuchaharshclimate.Whileitistrueformostvarieties,afewgrapevarieties
arehardyenoughtoflourishintheBalticclimate.
Moreandmoregrapevineswerestartedontheislanduntilfinally,asidefrompatchesoflanddedicatedto
grazingandgardens,theislandwascoveredbyvineyards.
EvenduringRussianrule,Viinamarisaarwasanoutpostthatexperiencedlittlecontactwiththeoutside
world.WiththefalloftheSovietNation,Viinamarisaarsuffered.Thetradepartnerswerenowlookingat
anuncertaineconomyandanuncertaingovernment.TheresidentsofViinamarisaarhadfewmarketsfor
theirgrapes,sowinemakingbegan.
Winemakingontheislandhasalwaysbeenonaverysmallscale.Economicsdemandedsmalloutputsand
themarketviewedViinamarisaarwinesasararefind,resultinginverygoodprices.Viinamarisaar
exclusivelyproduces"icewine".Icewineismadefromgrapespickedwhilefrozenandcrushedwhile
frozen.Mostofthesegrapesaresoldtowinerieswholesale.
Duringatypicalyearabout400casesof375ml.bottlesofViinamarisaaricewinesareproducedonthe
island.IcewinesaremadefromtheVidalBlancgrape.Thewinegenerallyfetchesabout300Eurosper
casethroughdirectsalefromtheisland.Unfortunately,directsalestoindividualsarenotpermitted.Buyers
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mustbelicensedcompanies.VisitorstoViinamarisaar,however,canpurchasethewineatgenerallyaround
25Eurosperbottle.
Thewineiscalleda'newwine'anditisintendedtobeconsumedafterpurchase.Thealcohollevelis
11.5%.
Theislandstilloperatesasafarmcooperativeinsomerespects.Whilelandisnowownedbyfamilies,a
centralorganizationoverseesthemarketingofViinamarisaargrapesandwines.Theorganizationsecures
goodpricesontheitemsneededtooperateavineyard.Thisincludeshiredspecialists.Alllandownersare
membersofthecooperative.Allemployeesontheislandworkforthecooperativeinlieuofthe
landowner.
Withnobankontheisland,theavailabilityofmoneyislimited.Afterall,cooperativebankaccountsare
offshoreandthosebuyingViinamarisaarproductsuseamoreefficientmodeofpaymentthancash.
Thecashshortagewasmetwithalocalcurrencythatcanbeexchangedontheislandorevencashedinat
thecooperativeofficeforapaperchequeifgoingofftheisland.Initially,afterthecollapseoftheSoviet
Union,thepapernotesweredeemedworthlessbutafterthenewlyformedcooperativefoundacoupleof
marketsfortheproductsproducedonViinamarisaar,thenoteswereconsideredalocalcurrency,especially
whenthecooperativewouldgladlywriteachequeforthosenotescashedin.
InitiallycrudelymadepapernotesdenominatedinAsperswerecirculated.Theserangedfromthinwhite
notestosturdypaperchitsnotmuchmorethanaboutaninchsquare.Severalotherstyleswerecirculated
asneeded.Fewhavesurvivedthelastdecade.
Woodentokensappearedseveralyearsagotoreplacepapernotes.Thelastoftheseweredenominatedin
Krooni.Likethepapernotes,thewoodencoinageisbecominghardertofindeachyear.
.
Finallyin2007,metalcoinsweremade.Thecoinswerenotonlyintendedforlocalcirculationbutalsofor
coincollectors.Earlierthesecoinsweretobeoffered,purposedinninemetalseachhavingadenominated
of7Krooni.Anyhowitwasmintedonlyinfivemetals:AnodizedAlloyof92.5%Niobiumwith7.5%
TantaluminBluewithTealovertone(Mintage:100pieces),AnodizedpureniobiuminDeepPurple
(Mintage:100pieces),AnodizedpuretitaniuminRose/Purple(Mintage:100pieces),Brass(Mintage:150
pieces)andCopper(Mintage:250pieces).Atthispointthedieswereretired.Thecoinsare17mmin
diameter,areUncirculatedandcomewithaCertificateofAuthenticity.Thecoinsallbearthesamedesign,
withthedenominationononesideandthenameofthecountry,dateandabunchofgrapesontheother.
ThesecoinsweredesignedbyWilliam(Bill)TurnerandproducedbyShirePost.
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Thedenomination,7Krooni,representsthepayforalugofgrapes(about30poundsor14kg).Aslow
workerpicksabout20lugsaday,butthebestpickerscanpick40to50lugs.Estoniaraisedtheminimum
wagefrom3,000Kroonipermonthto3,600.Viinamarisaarisexpectedtoissue9Kroonicoinssoon.
ViinamarisaarisconsideringmovingtotheEuroasthedenominationforitscoinage,butthishasnotbeen
decided.Ifitdoesoccur,itwillbein2008orlater.
Todayvariousvineyardsdottheisland,ownedbytheextendedfamiliesthatowntheland.Eachfamily
dedicatesaportionoftheirlandforgardensandcattle.
ThecooperativeactsasaclearinghouseforallproductsproducedonViinamarisaar.Theworkofthe
cooperativeinvolvesstorage,marketing,shippingandcollectingpaymentforalltheoutputof
Viinamarisaar.Thecooperativeisrunbythelandownersandoperatedbyamanagementteamhiredbythe
cooperative.Inessence,thecooperativeisinvolvedinalmosteveryaspectoflifeonViinamarisaar.
ThereisstillthesenseoftrueisolationonViinamarisaarevenastheislandersgoabouttheirdailychores
coupledwithplentyofsocialinteraction.OnViinamarisaarthefactsremains,you'reagooddistancefrom
anywhereandnoroadsleadtoViinamarisaar.
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KlefRaraha
KlefRaraha
KlefRarahaisasmallCaribbeanislandinBritishterritorywithanareaof870acres.Theislandisabout3
mileslonganduptoamilewideofferingtwosafeanchorages.
KlefRaraha,meaningCitrusReefinEnglish,isoperatedasacitrusplantationthatisnowownedbythe
islanderswhonumber465atthelatestcensus.ThelocalpopulationspeaksPapiamentuandEnglish.
KlefRarahawasonceownedbyafamilyofPortugueseorigins(theLopesfamily).Thefamilyoperated
theislandaswellasanumberofotherinvestments,howeverthepresentgenerationdidnotdesiretolive
ontheisland.Sincethecosttoupkeeptheislandwasrisingandcitruspriceswerenotthebest,thefamily
optedtosellKlefRaraha.LikeFlorida,KlefRarahawashurtingthankstoBrazil'slowwagespaidtofarm
workers.
Forafewyears,inthelate1990s,theislandwasforsale,marketedasatouristdestinationataveryhigh
price,butnotakerscameforward.Finally,theislandwasofferedtotheworkersatamuchreducedprice,
thoughttobeintheneighborhoodof25milliondollars.
KlefRarahahasoperatedcontinuouslysincethelate1850s.Theislandcommunitywasbuilttobeself
sufficient.Generallyspeaking,mostfoodisgrownlocally.Primaryimportsareoil/gasoline,basic
necessitiesandsomefooditems.Aschool,smallmedicalfacility,electricity,sewageandwatertreatment
facilityareapartoftheinfrastructure.
Theislandshipsoranges,grapefruit,limesandtangerinesandhasareputationofsweethighqualityfruit.
Ajuicingplantandrefrigeratedstoragefacilityoperateontheisland.Thephysicalqualityofthefruitand
it'ssweettastehasmadeKlefRarahacitruspopularamongmoreupscaleestablishmentsintheregion.
Mosthomesaresimplestructuresmadeofwood.Theyareplumbedandwiredforelectricity.Thestandard
oflivingisconsideredaboveaveragecomparedtomostoftheCaribbean.
KlefRarahaisgovernedbyaboardselectedbytheadultsontheislandbypopularvote.Anyoneover21
yearsofagemayserveontheboard.TheboardhandlesallaspectsoftheoperationofKlefRaraha.The
boardoperatesasacooperativeownedbytheislanders.Theunusualdutiesoftheboardincludemanaging
theoutputoftheislandandbasicgoverningofKlefRaraha.
Thereisasmallbusinesscommunityontheisland.Amoveinrecentyearstowardprivateownershipof
businesshasbeenencouragedastheboardseekstogetoutofitsresponsibilitytopurchasetheneeded
suppliesforthepeopleandseeingtoitsdistribution.
Mostrecently,theboardhasconsideredthepotentialoftourism.Asmallinnwasbeingconsideredbutwe
donotknowhowsuchdiscussionsareproceeding.
KlefRarahahascomealongwayinthepastfewdecadesasthepopulationhasmovedfromanalmost
feudalsocietytoonethatisconsideredmodernandprogressive,althoughislanderswilladmiteverything
fromthehousestotheequipmentwasneglectedforyearsandinneedofmaintenanceandrepairs.In
addition,somerecentyearsthecropssufferedfromhurricanesthatbatteredtheisland.Likemanyislands,
themoneyisshortandthelistofneedslong,butwiththehopeofbetteryears,KlefRarahahopesto
maintainandprosperinthefutureyears.
ThepeopleofKlefRarahahaveavariedmixofethnicinfluencesandmostcamefromsouthernislandsof
theCaribbean.
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Therehavebeenmanyislandsthroughouttheoceansoftheworldwheretheisland'sowneroperatedthe
islandasabusinesswiththeobjectivetoexploitthefruitsoftheland.Inmostcases,theseoutposts
differedlittlefromlifeinthe'DarkAges'.Theworkersandtheirfamiliesworkedthelandwhiletheowner
tookcareoffindingabuyerforthebountyoftheland.Generally,anythingtheworkerfamiliesneeded
camethroughtheowneratthepricetheownercommanded.
KlefRaraha,likethemuchmorefamous,CocosKeelingIslands,workedthisway.Thegoodstheworking
familiesneededwereboughtatthestorethatwasownedbytheislandowner.Theislandownerwasthe
bankaswell.Theownerdoledoutpaymentsforworkandgenerallywastheabsoluteauthority.
Wedonotknowalltypesofpaymentthatwereissued,butinmorerecentyearsa'pickercheck'typeof
papernotewasgiven.Therewereseveralvarieties,someinPortugueseandsomeinPapiamentu.
Morerecently,probablyasapromotionalormoneymakingscheme,enameledcoinshavebeenproduced.
ItisassumedtheseweremadeforcollectorsandpossiblymerchantswhoregularlypurchaseKlefRaraha
produce.Thesecoinscomeinseveraldifferentmetals.Theyarevaluedatthetypicalpaymentissuedfora
bagoffruitpicked.Mostcitrusispickedandplacedinaclothbagthatwillholdabout90poundsofcitrus.
Thisseemstobethestandard.Denominatedas2EastCaribbeanDollars,ithasafacevalueofabout$0.75
inU.S.Dollars.Thus,acitruspickerwouldreceiveroughly75centsforpickinga90poundbagofcitrus.
Thereisasetoffivecommemorativecoinseachhavingadenominationof$2E.C.DollarfromKlef
Raraha.Only100piecesaremadeineachmetal.ItconsistsofGoldFinish,SilverFinish,Nickel,Copper
andBrass.Thecenterisenamel,Isuppose,withaclearcoating.Thesearebig39mmdiameterheavy
coins.ThesecoinsarecreationofBillTurnerandweredesignedandmintedby
www.personalgeocoins.com.
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Pampapana
Pampapana
BlueWatersMintisoperatedbyBillTurnerinCypress,Texas,USA.Webeganoperationin2004and
remainasmallbusiness.Ourhistorybeginswiththediscoverythatbanknotesandcoinspurchasedby
Billintheearly1970shadsometimesincreasedgreatlyinvalue.Thecollectingbughadreturnedfor
Bill,whobeganseekingoutrareandunusualnotesandcoinstoaddtohiscollection.Aftersometime,
BillsawafantasycoincreatedbyErikMcCrea.Hehadtoaddittohiscollectionandhewantedto
knowmoreaboutfantasycoins.ErikwaskindenoughtopointBillintherightdirectionbutwithoutthe
moneytomintcoins,awaytogetthemoneybecamethekey.
Billdecidedtoreleasefantasybanknotesmostlymadefromhandmadepaper,utilizingcustommade
stamps.Theideaofabrochuretoaccompanythenotewasadded.Afewsamplesweremadein2004
andsalesbeganinafewweeks.Thefundsgeneratedfrombanknotesalesfundedthefirstcoinrelease.
ThefantasybanknotesweresoldallovertheworldtobuyerwhofoundBill'slistingsoneBay.Laterthe
coinsweresoldviaeBayandeventuallybyafewcoindealers.
Itwasearly2006thefirstcoinswerecontracted.AreleaseofcoloredacryliccoinsforIleCrescentwas
readyforsaleinAugust2006.ThecoinsarelistedinUnusualWorldCoins,5thEdition,byColinR.
BruceIIandpublishedbyKrausePublications.Whiletheyarecoins,Billwantedametalcoinrelease
underhisbelt.
TheIleCrescentsaleswerestrongenoughtoprovidethefundsfora5coinreleaseforViinamarisaarin
early2007.Within60days,thankstoanincometaxrefund,KlefRarahacoinswerereleased.The
ViinamarisaarcoinsweremadebyShirePost(www.shirepost.com)underthedirectionofTomMaringer
whoutilizedhisscrewpresseswiththecoinsimpression(thedies),madebyGregFranckWeiby,a
highlypraisedmetalengraverandartist.TheKlefRarahareleasewasdesignedandmintedby
www.personalgeocoins.com.
OurnextreleaseforTheMostSereneRepublicofExcelsiorwasmetwithgreatdemand.WithShire
Posthandlingtheproduction,Tomhadtheinsighttodoubleourmintageandcommissionpostage
stamps.WebelieveitwasTomsgreatfeelfortheprojectanddemandthatleadtoaselloutinamere
tendays.
NextwasMgiPivinesaggressive16coinreleaseinthelastquarterof2008.Ourmostexpensive
projectyet,ittookalmostayearbeforewecouldcommissionournextreleaseforPampapana.
ThePampapanareleasebecameavailableinJanuaryof2010andhasmetwithgreatsuccess.Easilyour
finestyet,thehuge1.75inchor44millimeter,thickcoinsweighing44to49gramseach,werecertainly
themostdifficulttomint.Theveryimpressivedesigntooknearly100hoursofdesigntime.Again,it
wasthecraftsmanshipofTomMaringerandGregFranckWeibythatmadethisanextraordinaryrelease.
Ourinvestment,asmallpricetopayfortheexceptionalresult,wasoneofourbiggestinvestments.
Thisbringsustothehereandnow.SeeourNewsPageforourupcomingplans.
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Pampapana
1Pampapano.Year:ND(January2010).Weight:49.00g.Metal:Tin.Diameter:44mm.Edge:Plain.
Alignment:Medal.Mint:BlueWaters.Obverse:llamainfrontofastylizedsunandmountains.
Reverse:communitychurch.Mintage:100.
AccordingtoBillTurner:"Ihavealwaysbeenageographybuff.Ilovereadingabouttheplacesmost
overlook.Ievenpublishedatravelnewsletterontropicalislandstheguidebooksmissedinthe1980s
calledTropicalFrontiers.So,Ifindaplacethatinspiresme.Therealplacegivesmearegionto
research.Istudytheregion,culture,historyandlanguages.AtthispointIstartwritingthestorythatwill
bematchedtoacoinorbanknoterelease.Asaresult,thestoryseemsasifitcouldbearealplace
becauseithasarecognizedhistory,cultureandsometimes,language.Mygoalisaplausiblestorya
placethatcouldbe.Ilookforlocalorregionallanguagesspokenbyfewpeople.Iamgratefultosome
whohavegivenmepermissiontoutilizelanguagestheyhavedeveloped.Thesearecalledconstructed
languages."
Pampapanaisadistant,almostinaccessibleareaofapproximately670squaremiles(1735sq.km.)
locatedinthemountainsofthesoutherntipofSouthAmerica.Ithasapastoraleconomyandisvoidof
roadsandothermodernconveniences.Pampapanarecentlyreleasedthreelarge,attractivecoins.The
undatedcoinsare44mmindiameterandareeachdenominated1Pampapano.Thecoinsarestruckin
copper,brassandtin,allbearingthesamedesign.Allamainfrontofastylizedsunandmountainsison
oneside,whilethecommunitychurchisontheother.Thelargecoinswerestruckoneatatimeona
manualpresscoinusinghandcutdies,yetshowimpressivelyhighreliefanddetail.Only100coins
werestruckineachmetal.
ThemountainsofthesoutherntipofSouthAmericaareominousanduninviting.Thejaggedpeaksand
steepinclinesalmostguaranteetheadventurerwillquicklyturnbackclaimingtravelacrossthose
mountainrangesisimpossible.Bylookingatatopographicalmapoftheregion,thiswouldconfirm
theincrediblefeatitmustbetopenetratethesemountainstotheinnervalleys.Beyondthosejagged
peaksisahighplateauthatisflatasapancakeasidefromafewgentlyrollinghillsalongitsedges.
Severalsmalllakesorpondsarefoundamongthehillsandarenotedfortheirrichblueandrichgreen
hues.Somesayitlookslikethewaterisloadedwithfoodcoloring!Pampapanaislocatedinthese
grassyplainsandsparselyvegetatedrockstrewnareas.Itremainsadistant,almostinaccessible,
outpostthankstothesteepinclinesofmountainaftermountainformiles,blockingthisnearlyalpine
pampafromtherestoftheworld.TherearenoroadscomingclosetoPampapanaandnoairstrips,
althoughlandingaplaneintheflatareasisnottoodifficult.Evenso,theareaisknownasoneofthe
unchartedwildernessesofSouthAmericaWithanelevationrangingfromabout11,500to16,400feet
abovesealevel,thishighplateauintheDryPunaregionisawindyandcoolplace.Coveringanareaof
about670squaremiles,Pampanaisaverylonelyplace.Itisvoidofroadsandmodernconveniences.
Thepopulationraisesherdsofvicua,guanaco,llama,alpacaandsheep.Theareaisruralopenranching
land.Eventhoughthepopulationisfarflung,itisatightknitcommunitythatenjoyssocializing.The
extendedfamilyresidesinseparatehomesonthefamily'slandSome50familiesinhabitPampapana,
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Pampapana
alllivingontheirancestrallandsandworkingcooperativelyforthegoodofthefamily.While
populationfiguresarenotavailable,itisbelievedabout300peopleliveinPampapanawithestimates
rangingfrom250to375.Theirancestors/forefatherssettledthishighpunaplateaucompletely
enclosedbytheAndeanMountains.Theyestablishedthedivisionoflandssoeachfamilymight
sustainthemselvesontheirownparcelofland.ThePampapanacommunitybecamesuccessfulin
herdingnativeanimals,providinganattractivehabitatforthem.Inreturn,[thefamilies]reapthe
economicgainfromthefuroftheseanimals.Theyalsoprovidefoodfor[theentire]population.
Justliketheolddays,ThepeopleofPampapanahaveasenseofcommunityandeagerlyvolunteerto
helpsickorelderlyneighborsandmakesurethecommunityasawholeiswithoutneed.Familiesgather
foratripintomarketeverySaturday.MosthaveasmallhomeatthecenterofPampapanawherethere
isasmallplazathatdoublesasamarketReligionisimportantinthelivesofthepeople.Thereisa
ChurchPastorandtheservicesleantowardCatholicbeliefsalthoughthechurchisnotamemberofany
denomination.ThepastorisalocalconsideredtobedevotedtoGodSchoolingishandledbythe
motherofthechildren.Nootherformofeducationisavailable,howeverthepopulationseemsfarfrom
illiterate.Unfortunately,Pampapanaratesasamongthepoorestlocationsonearth.Butluckily,A
smallregionalorganizationknownastheS.U.P.hasadoptedthefolksofPampapana.Thegroupis
concernedwithteachingfolkstogrowandutilizetraditionalfoodsandteachingselfsufficiency.Every
yearortwoapersonorfamilyfromtheorganizationlivesseveralmonthsinPampapana,learningand
teachingalongtheway.S.U.P.isresponsibleformuchofthisinformation.Overall,Pampapanaisa
veryisolatedcommunitywithfewmodernconveniencesfoundintheworldaroundus.[Their]families
livesedentarylivesinasimpleanduncomplicatedmanner.
Mr.TurneralsoprovidesabitofinsightintothemoneyofPampapana:Asmallboxinanookatthe
Churchholdsquiteafewoldgoldpiecesandsilvercoinagefromgenerationspast.Wordisitisthe
collectedwealthoftheoriginalfamilies.Itisassumedthisisthereservetobackupthemoneyinusein
Pampapana.Mostofthesilver,itistold,wasusedtostrikecoinsforPampapana.Localcoinsofsilver
areusedbythelocals.Thecoinsaresmallandrangeinsilvercontentfrom.667to.900.Thereareno
puresilvercoins,soperhapsthemeltedcoinswerenotofpuresilver.Thiswasacommonpracticeof
somecolonialmintsasthemintmasterwouldlowerthesilvercontenttoshaveoffsomesilverforthe
mintmasterSomecrudepapernotesarecirculatedwithseveralvarietiesfoundamongthefamiliesin
Pampapana.Sincesurplusgoodsareusuallytraded,thenumberofcoinsandpapernotesislessthanone
wouldthink.ThefirstPampapanabanknoteswereproducedbyMr.TurnerinlateFebruaryorearly
Marchof2008.ClaylikecoinshavecirculatedinPampapana.Itisthoughtthatthepeoplehaveused
virtuallyanycommonlyavailablematerialtouseformoney,backedbythechestofsilverandgold.It
seemstheirmintingishighlycontrolledtomatchthevalueofthegoldandsilverattheChurch.
Mr.Turneralsoreceivedawrittenresponse,fromsomeonenamedLuisP.A.Campos(heseemstobe
oneofthevolunteersaffiliatedwiththeS.U.P.),tohisrequestforadditionalinformationon
Pampapana,mostexpressly,ourcoinsandcurrency.HereishisoverviewofthePampapanamonetary
system:Inreferencetoyourinquiryonourcoinsandcurrency,ourforefatherschosetocollectgold
andsilverofeachfamilytobeheldinaboxwiththecollectivesumtobeutilizedtohelpthecommunity
atlarge.Thiswealthhasalwaysbeenstoredatthechurch,alocationconsideredbyalltobethebest
locationasspiritualguidanceisalwayssoughtbeforeourgoldandsilverisrenderedforapurchaseand
becauseinPampapana,thepastorisourmosttrustedindividualfromwhoweseekdirectionand
guidance.ThePampapanacommunityuseslittlemoney.Mostarrangementsaretradesnegotiatedbythe
interestedparties.Sometimesthetradesarenotequal,sothereisamonetarytransaction.Forsuch
arrangements,ourforefathersutilizedcoinsmadefromsomeofoursilvercoins.Thesecoinswere
melted,weighedandstruckforuseinPampapana.Sincesomeinourcommunitybegantoestablisha
collectionofcoins,itwasdecidedapaperformofmoneycouldinsuremoresilverwouldbeavailableat
thechurch.Inmoremoderntimes,paperandcoinsofmetalsconsideredlessvaluablehavebeenutilized
asasubstituteforthegoldandsilver.WhileagreatportionofoursilvercamefromthePotosimines,we
alsogatheredcopper,brassandtinfromournumeroustradeswhenourmenwouldventureoutof
Pampapana.Itwasthesemetalswehaveutilizedtomintourcoinage.Westillhaveanumberofsmall
silvercoinstradedbutnolargesilvercoinsareinuse.Thebulkofoursilverholdingsandallofourgold
areheldtoguaranteethevalueourpaperandmetalcoins.Atpresent,ourcollectedwealthisconsidered
between$500,000and$800,000inU.S.dollars.
3/5
12/28/2016
Pampapana
Mr.TurnerproducedafairnumberofnonmetallicpiecesforPampapana.Tobeginwith,therearethree
handpaintedpiecesmadefromwood:2Plata(paintedschoolbusyellow),4Plata(paintedgreen),
and5Plata(paintedblue).Theseareroundanddated1997(theinitialpiecesweremadeinMay2008)
andfeatureasilhouetteofalargedragonflyonthereverse.Tomakethese,Mr.Turneremployeda
varietyofmethods.ThewordPampapanawashandstampedusinganalphabetrubberstampsetI
boughtyearsago[oneBay].Healsodescribeditasatypewriterfontofminiaturerubberstampletters
thateachcomeontheirownwoodmount.Thelargenumeralsweremadewiththesamestoreprice
makingkitthatMr.TurnerusedforthewoodenIleCrescentpiece.Then,thewordPlataandthedate
weremadewithhistrustyLabelonCustomRubberStampKit.Helaterproducedahandpainted
rectangular2Platapiece,dated2006(actuallymadeinMarch2009):The2006versionyouhaveofthe
rectangularPampapanaisaoneofakind.Thoughthelargenumeralcomesfromthestoreprice
makingkit,theremainderofthetextcomesfromtheLabelonCustomRubberStampKit.Thereisalso
a1Platapiece(undated,alsomadeinMay2008)madeofasculptingcompoundknownasSuper
Sculpey(manufacturedbyPolyformProductsCo.).ThereversefeaturesasunwithafacebutIhave
anotherofthesunwithoutafacethatgivesabetterindentionofthedesign.Forthelettering,Iused
little[individual]charactersIhadandsimplypressedthemintheclay.Hethenflippedoverthepiece
andstampeditwiththesunrubberstamp,thenturneditbackovertorestampanylettersthatgotweak
frompressingthesunrubberstampontheotherside.Afterbakingandcooling,thecoinswere
colorizedwithPaintJewels(producedbyDeltaCreative,Inc.),aglossy[glazelike]seethrusortof
paint/stainOncethestainisdry,Isealeachside[withacrylicspray].InMarchof2009,Mr.Turner
producedanadditionaldenominationinthesameprimitivestyle:anundated2Platapiece.Theimage
ontheobverseallamaamidaSouthAmerican[decor]bordercomesfromtheimpressionmade
byanearring.Thereversesimplysays2Plata.Theyareundated.Notsurprisingly,eachcoinisabit
differentandhassomeimperfection.TheyaremadewithPlusClay(manufacturedbyActivaProducts,
Inc.)apremiumquality,natural,selfhardeningclay.IreallypreferthisstufftothatSculpeyClay.It
iseasiertoworkwith,retainsitsshapeandIcanrollitdowntoathicknessofacoinmoreeasily.Plusit
tendsnottochipifitfalls.Iwantthesetoberealdurable.Initially,however,Theimagesandlettering
[didnotshow]upwellso[heneeded]todosomethingtohighlighttheimageofthellamaand
decorativedesignplusthelettering.Therefore,Mr.Turnerdecidedtotryanothermethodsomething
calledPearlExPowderedPigments(producedbyJacquardProducts)toaddcolortothecoins.He
describesitasabottleofdrypaintthatcanbejustsprinkledontheclayTheinstructionssayitcanbe
mixedwithpaint,varnish,glueorpasteorapplieddryanddusted,thensealed.Theparticlesare10to60
micronsinsize.HechosetousetheSuperCoppercolorforthenewPampapanapieces.Thisstuffis
sortofamazing.Itislikedust.WhatIdidwastakemyfinger,dipitinthedrypigmentandrubitonthe
claysurface.Itcanbesealedaminuteortwolater.Itisalmostasifthepigmentbecomesapartofthe
clayandstaysputeventhoughtyouarebrushingonthesealer.Theclayalmostlookslikearedcopper.
Theseturnedoutnicely.OncethepieceshadbeendustedwiththePearlEx,Mr.Turnerhadtoapplya
clearprotectivecoatinginordertokeepthecopperfromrubbingoff.Thistime,hedidnotsprayan
acrylicsealonthecoins(Ihadcommented,monthsago,onhowthesprayonacrylicfinish/coathed
beenusingremainedtootackyupondryingthecoinswouldadhereabittoostronglytotheinside
surfacesoftheplasticcoinholdersinwhichtheywerestored).Heinsteadusedaliquidacrylicsolution
thatneedstobeappliedwithabrush:thisnewerprotectivefinishislikewater,thecolorofmilkand
leavesaverythincoatthatisnotstickywhatsoever.Ithinkitwillbeaniceimprovementovertheglaze
Ihadusedinthepast.Ididindeedfindittobeanimprovementaslightone,butanimprovement
nonethelessoverthepreviousproduct.Afterallhislaboriousexperimentationwithclay(starting
withtheExcelsiorpieces),IthinkMr.Turnerfinallyhitthejackpot!Claytendstobesticky,so
workingwith[it]isalwaysachallenge.Thankgoodnesshenevergaveup,becauseIthinkhefinally
foundthebestformula/methodformakingthekindofclaycoinsheenvisioned.Ithinktheclaycoins
turnedoutbetter.Theyareverysimple(notetheearringjustmashedintotheclay)withsimplelettering.
Oncedry,Itakethispowderandstickmyfingerinthejarandrubmyfingeronthecoin.Thisisstrange
stuff.Itattachesitselftotheclayandyoucanimmediatelytakeapaintbrushandapplyathincoatof
glazewithoutthepowdercomingoff.Theonlypartoftheprocessthattakestimeisthedrying[ofthe
clay]ThePlusClaypackagesuggests48hourstoairdry.SinceIdryonesideatatime,Idryeachside
48hours.Icutthepiecesonaflatsurfacecoveredwithaluminumfoil.So,onesidedriesbeforethe
4/5
12/28/2016
Pampapana
otherside.Meanwhile,Mr.Turnerhadaninnovativeideatoaddtotheuniquenessofthesetokens:
SincethePlusClayisairdryclay,itmeansIcouldtryplantingoneofthellamapiecesintheclay.I
haveagood10or20ofthem.InApril,hedidindeedbeginmakingalimitednumberofthese,eachof
whichfeaturesaninsetllama.Todoso,hepressedthepiecesintheclayandthenputtheglosson
theminhopesofkeepingthemfromseparatingfromtheclay.Theylookprettynice.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
5/5
12/28/2016
BuckIsland
BuckIsland
BuckIslandissituated,ananglebetweenTortolaandBeefIslandin
BritishVirginIslands.ThisislandissituatedinthesouthofEastEnd,a
placeintheeastofTortola.Thegeophysicalcoordinatesofthisislandis
alsomentionedonthecoin(18o25'45''N64o33'30''W)
Note:NottobeconfusedwithBuckIslandReefNationalMonument
situatedonemilenortheastofSt.CroixinU.S.ViriginIslands.
BuckIslandcoinshaveproducedcoinsinND(1958)and1961.Each
yearhalfBuckandoneBuckcoinsweremade.Thereforeonlythese4
coinsarewellknowntocoincollectors.TheseCoinsarementionedin
UnusualWorldCoins,byColinR.,IISmith,BruceWayne
(Contributor),releasedbyKrausePublications.TheMintageofthese
coinsareasfollow.
1/2BuckND(1958)XTN1Bronze=10,000pieces
1BuckND(1958)XTN4CopperNiZinc=350pieces
1/2Buck1961Bronze=unknown(probably10,000pieces)
1Buck1961XTN5CopperNiZinc=350pieces
Reverse:LonghornedGoat
Obverse:ContourMapofBuck
Island
AllthesecoinarePlainedged.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/BuckIsland.htm
1/2
12/28/2016
BuckIsland
Ipurchasedmy1BuckND(1958)
CopperNiZinccoinfromRoger
ZagoandBarbaraatAspenCoins
Ipurchasedmy1/2BuckND
(1958)Bronzeand1Buck1961
CopperNiZinccoinsfromSteele
HuangatSimilarCoin.Hestill
haveafewinhisstock.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/BuckIsland.htm
2/2
12/28/2016
LledHliopolis
LledHliopolis
AftercompletingNichtsburgetZilchstadtcoin,ErikV.McCreadecidedtodesignanewcoin.Asan
Englishteacherhelovespoetry,thereforethedesignofLledHliopolisreflectsthepoetryaspectson
hiscoin.Belowarethedetailmentionedbyhimregardinghisfascinatingcoin.
TheLledHliopoliscoinsarealsobasedonmypoetry.Foryears,Ihavebeenmesmerizedbysolar
imageryandsymbolism.ItisathemetowhichIreturneverynowandagain,anditneverseemsto
loseitsvitalityandfreshness.Foreachofthesecoins,Ihavetakenfragmentsfromsomeofthose
poems,andpiecedthemtogetherlikeacollage.
Theinaugural20045oles:LikemanyofthemunicipalnotgeldcoinsIadmire,thisCincooles
(FiveSuns)coinwasapparentlyissuednotonlybytheIsleofHeliopolis,butmorespecifically,by
anotherbodywithinitsinsularboundaries:thealliterativeLiguedesFilsetFillesduSoleil(Leagueof
theSun'sSonsandDaughters).Themonetaryunitistheol(olesbeingtheplural),whichis
phoneticallyidenticaltothePeruvianSol/Soles.TheradiantsymbolontheobverseisthatofShamash
andhisallseeinglightthisdiscrepresentedtheMesopotamian
(Sumerian/Akkadian/Babylonian/Assyrian)solardeityapproximately3,000yearsago,thoughthe
actualsungodissubstantiallymoreancient.Onthereverse,thereisthelegendSonnenmnzeder
Sonnenkinder.ThisinscriptionhopestoaffirmthespecialfunctionofthispieceastheSunCoinof
theSunChildren,oneofwhichisbornebyeachofthedepictedyouths.
Thecoinisdated2004,is39mmindiameter,and3mmthick.ItwasmintedbytheNorthwest
TerritorialMint,50piecesincopperand5piecesinsilver.Thesecoinsareencapsulated.
ErikV.McCreahasdecidedtogofurtherwithanewdesignofLledHliopolisas20063oles
Isleos:Essentially,thesoulfulgistofthiscoiniswhollyinlockstepwiththeheliocentricleitmotifof
itsforerunner.Thoughanisleomaybeanative/inhabitantofanisland,thewordcanalsobedefined
as:of,relatingto,pertainingto,orbefittinganisle.Theobverseofthispieceisemblazonedwithan
insigniawhoseperfectlybalanceddecorativenessisfilledwithsymbolicsignificance.Itisanageold
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/L'ileD'Heliopolis.htm
1/8
12/28/2016
LledHliopolis
representationofthesun,inherenttotheZia/TsiaPueblo,andwhichadornstheflagofNewMexico.
Accordingtotheirspirituallore,richeswerebestoweduponthembytheGiverofAllGoodGiftsin
orderlygroupsoffour.Thishallowednumberisdivinelyembodiedinthemaindirectionsoftheearth,
theseasonsoftheyear,thesegmentsoftheday(sunrise/morning/dawn,noon/daylight,
sunset/evening/dusk,night/darkness)andthestages/divisionsoflifeitself(childhood/infancy,youth,
adulthood,oldage).Alloftheseblessedbequestscorrespondto16linearrayswhichradiatefromthe
centerofacircle.Theseelementsareeverlastinglyboundtogetherattheirbasesbytheorb,which
epitomizesexistenceandlove,bothofwhicharewithoutbeginningorending.Moreover,thetribe
believesthatinthisgreatfellowship/allianceofallthings,eachpersonbears4sacred
responsibilities/obligations:todevelopastrongbody,aclearmind,apurespirit,andadevotiontothe
welfareofone'sfamily/people.Onthereverseofthecoin,assistingitsattainmentofafullfledged
thematicdenouement,arethreeSunparakeets(AratingasolstitialisinthetaxonomyofLinnaeusand
inPortuguese,becausethisbirdisindigenoustoBrasil,Jandaiasol).Itispleasanttoimaginethemas
zoomorphicaspects,earthlymanifestationsoftheomniscientsun,whofrequentsourworldby
adoptingasprightlyanimalformwhodonsthislivelyguiseandbecomesinconspicuousbyblending
inwiththetropicalbackgroundwho,nolongerhinderedbytheastoundingdistanceofspace,usesa
featheryfaadetogainsound,experientialinsightswhileinourmidst.
Thecoinisdated2006,is36mmindiameter,and3mmthick.ItwasmintedbyPressedMetal
Products,inarunof54copperand11silver(plus2preproductionsamples:oneincoppernickeland
oneinbrass).
2/8
12/28/2016
LledHliopolis
ItseemssonaturalthatthebirdsandthebrancharecoatedwithSilverassomeonehavingmagichas
turnedthemtoSilver.WhenIaskedErikabouthisHliopolissilvercoin,onhowdeeplyfocused,
amazinglyandbeautifullyitiscreated,hereplied,"Iamhumbled!Itoo,thinkthemintdidagreatjob
withthecoin,whichwasareliefforme.Thefirstengravertheyassignedtothejobwasnotdoinga
verygoodjobwiththebirds.Maybehewasaninternoratrainee,buthisbirdsdidnotlookvery
natural.Thetextureoftheirfeatherslookedlikewickerbaskets,notfeathers.Butthentheyassigned
thetasktoanotherengraver,whodidamagnificentjob."ImyselfappreciatedPressedMetalProducts
formakinganexcellentpieceofart.
ErikV.McCreahasdecidedtogofurtherwithanewdesign,thistimeusingglass,accordingtohim:
TheMedioolwascraftedbyMr.DavidAlan(http://www.glassbyda.com/).Afterreceivingmy
designs,Mr.Alansentmeanemail:Lookingoverwhatyou'reaskingmetodoitisnotaneasy
piecetodo!Ididnotfullyunderstandthescopeuntilthisweek.IwilladmitthatitwillbeaVERY
UNIQUEPieceandIbelieveIcanpullitoff.Hepredictedthattheywouldbeapaintodobecause
Eachpieceishanddone,thereisnomachinetodothejob.Nevertheless,hewasconfidentthey
wouldultimatelylookbeautiful.Asitturnsout,Mr.Alanwasabsolutelycorrectinthisprediction.
RightafterheblastedthefirstSample,heremarked:ItisAwesomewithoutadoubtThedegree
ofdifficultyisalsobeyondbelief.Butitwillbeworthit.WhenIfinallysawthefirstthreeSample
Proofs,Iimmediatelyrealizedthattheresultsweregoingtobeclearly(nopunintended)amazing.
Mr.Alanscraftsmanshipwasstunning.Thatwascrystalclear.Imustadmit,however,thatIwas
initiallytakenaback:thepiecesdidnotmatchwhatIhadenvisionedandtheydidnotadheretothe
basicsimplicityofmyconcept.Theywereexperimentalinnatureandtheydifferedmarkedlyfrom
howIdesignedthecoin.Mr.AlanhadinterpretedmydrawingsinwaysIsimplycouldnothave
foreseen.Hesandblastedthethreesamplessothattheycouldbeviewedfromonesideonly.Inother
words,hemadethemsothatallthetextcouldbereadbysimplylookingattheobverse.Therefore,
therewouldbenoneedtoflipthecoininordertoviewthereverse(allthetextonthatsidewouldbe
backwards).Therewouldbenoreasontogazeatthebackofthecoin(excepttoadmirethefrosting
techniqueupclose,outofcuriosity),justlikethereisalmostnoaestheticpurposetolookattheback
ofapaintingorthebackofadecorativetile.Alltheimportantinformationonthecoin(country
name,denomination,yearofissue)wouldbelegiblesolelyfromthefrontside(theprimaryside),
makingtheunreadablebacksideofthecoincompletelyirrelevant.Thisdefiestheoneofthe
purposesofacoin,whichissupposedtohavetwousefulsides,twofunctionalsides.Typically,
BOTHsidesofacoinconveycrucialinformation.Bothsidesareofequalimportance.Therefore,I
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LledHliopolis
attemptedtoemulatethisinmydesignsothattheviewerwouldhavetoflipfromonesidetotheother
inordertoexperiencethewholecoin.ThewayIdesignedthecoin,thephraseL'led'Hliopolisis
supposedtobelegiblelefttorightontheobverse(itappearsbackwardswhenthecoinisflipped),and
thephraseMedioolissupposedtobelegiblelefttorightonthereverse(italsoappearsbackwards
whenviewedfromtheoppositeside).Thisway,thecoinabsolutelyhastobeseenfromthefrontAND
fromtheback.Bothsidesarevital.Bothsidescontainpertinent/usefulinformation.Bothsidesofthe
coinareintegraltothewhole.
Mr.Alanproducedatotalof25glassmedallions(plus5preproductionsamples).Eachoneis49mm
indiameter,and6mmthick.
IgotallthesecoinsdirectlyfromErikV.McCrea.Youcanalsoemailhimatevm111@hotmail.comor
visithiswebsiteat:http://erikmccrea.tripod.com/heliopolis.htmlformoreinformation.
Inclosing,I(ErikV.McCrea)feltthatitwouldbefittingtohereinincludemyunabridged
compilationofepigraphs.Ihavegarneredthesebeautifulliteraryquotesovertheyears,andIintendto
includetheminapublishedanthologyofallmysunthemedpoetry.Enjoy!
Iftheeyewerenotsunlike,
howcouldweperceivethelight?Goethe
IamAzatiwatas,
thepersonblessedbytheSungod,
theservantofTarhunt.
Sendmekudosand
fortifymyheart.Luwianhieroglyphictext,Karatepe,Turkey
Shadowsarelonganddarkbeforeme.
Ishallsoonliedowntorisenomore.
Whilemyspiritiswithmybody
thesmokeofmybreathshallbetowardstheSun,
forheknowsallthingsandknowsthatIamstilltruetohim.
FromRedCloud'sabdicationspeech,July4,1903
4/8
12/28/2016
LledHliopolis
Oppositemelaughsthecitynewlymade:
Sun!Sun!AvramSchlonsky
Humorisanoutofdoorsvirtue.
Itrequiresozoneandthelightofthesun.LilianBell
Theworldsighsnotshesoundsasong
onstringsofsunbeams.FriedrichNietzsche,BeethovensTod
Sunofbeing,PrinceandMaster!
Ourworksarescattered,
ourtaskswithouthonor
andourgrainwithoutharvest.SaintJohnPerse,Nocturne
Theearthismostlyjustaboneyard.
Butprettyinthesunlight.LarryMcMurtry
Owhatmadefatuoussunbeamstoil
tobreakearth'ssleepatall?WilfredOwen
Thesunitselfisbutthedarksimulacrum,
andlightbuttheshadowofGod.SirThomasBrowne
Praisetothee,myLord,forallthycreatures,
Aboveall,BrotherSun,
Whobringsusthedayandlendsushislight.St.FrancisofAssisi
ThecheeksofourSaxonmaidens
haveseentoolittleofthesuntoenablethem
tobearthefixedglanceofacrusader.SirWalterScott,Ivanhoe
therounded
Breastsofthemilkybay,palms,flocks,thegreenanddead
Leaves,thesun'sbrasscoinonmycheek...DerekWalcott
Everyoneknowsthatindreamsoneneverseesthesun,
eventhoughoneoftenhastheperception
ofamuchmorevividbrightness.GerarddeNerval,Aurelia
Thesunneverrepentsofthegoodhedoes,
nordoesheeverdemandarecompense.BenjaminFranklin
HowIshallfreezeafterallthissun!
HereIamagentleman,
athomeaparasite.AlbrechtDurer
Thesunistheblanketofthepoor.Mexicansaying
Thereisnothingsodestructiveforspokenwords
asasunthatkeepsonburning.ClariceLispector,TheAppleintheDark
Thesunneversetswithoutfreshnews.Xhosaproverb
Goodnesscomesoutofpeoplewhobaskinthesun.
CharlesDudleyWarner
5/8
12/28/2016
LledHliopolis
Thesundialcountsonlythebrighthours.Germanproverb
DuringsummerdaysIsufferfromcontinuedhunger,
ThroughwintrynightsIsleepwithoutbedcovers.
Wheneveningcomes,Ilongimpatientlyforthecockcrow,
AtdawnIwishthesunwouldhurryofftothewest.T'aoCh'ien
Ifallbackdazzledatbeholdingmyselfallrosyred,
Athaving,Imyself,causedthesuntorise.
EdmondRostand,Chanticleer
Hewaslikeacockwhothoughtthesun
hadrisentohearhimcrow.GeorgeEliot,AdamBede
Hehadbeenborntothesun.
Onehewasintenthousand
inthematterofsunresistance.JackLondon,ASonoftheSun
Ihaveahorrorofsunsets,
they'resoromantic,sooperatic.MarcelProust
TheSunisamassoffierystone,
alittlelargerthanGreece.Anaxagoras
Thiswasmycountryanditmayyetbe,
butsomethingflewbetweenmeandthesun.EdmundBlunden
Menshuttheirdoorsagainstasettingsun.TimonofAthens
Followthyfairsun,unhappyshadow.ThomasCampion
Dazzlingandtremendoushowquickthesunrisewouldkillme,
ifIcouldnotnowandalwayssendsunriseoutofme.WaltWhitman
Andifwedon'twantourglorytobe,
asthefatefulexpressiongoes,lesoleildesmorts
thenwemustforevercloseoureyes
tothesunofordinarylife.CamilleMauclair
Whatevermaybeinmymind,
Idon'twantittoblockmyreaders'sunshine.RabindranathTagore
Andwhenyouconcealme
inyourserenearms
I'llsurrendermyself
butyourbrowneyes
frightenmemore
thanarayofsunlight.AntonioCarlosJobim,Ligia
Joyisalightwhichdevoursitself,inexhaustibly
itisthesunearlyon.E.M.Cioran
Whenthesuncomesout,
hesaystohimselfscornfully,
we'llsoonhavethesuntooonourleash.EliasCanetti
6/8
12/28/2016
LledHliopolis
Eventhesmallestofcreatures
carriesasuninitseyes.AntonioPorchia
Twobadcheersforthesmallsun.ThomasMerton
Somefolksisbornwidtheyfeetondesun
andtheykinseekoutdeinsidemeanin'ofwords.
ZoraNealeHurston,MulesandMen
Thesun,whichpasseththroughpollutions
anditselfremainsaspureasbefore.FrancisBacon
Thusthedreamwastransformedintoanightmare.
Amiraclewasneededforthesuntoshineanew.NaguibMahfouz
Butnothingwecaneverdoisdiametrictothesun.JohnHay
Itisgoodenoughjusttositstill
andholdyourpalmouttothesunlight,likealeaf,
andturnitoverslowly,wondering:Whatislight?
Whatisflesh?Whatisittobealive?DonaldCulrossPeattie
Wearepiecesofthesun,
thatiswhyweareluminousbeings.CarlosCastaneda
Wereallyknowourworth,
thesunandI!WilliamS.Gilbert,TheMikadolibretto
Somepainterstransformthesunintoayellowspot
otherstransformayellowspotintothesun.PabloPicasso
Hehasanexperienceinwhichitappearstohim
thatthereisasunset,
butthisexperienceisnotaseeingofanything.ColinMcGinn
Buteverysunsets,
andnavelswitheraway.JoseSaramago
Ifnottothesun,
thentonothingandtonoone.LindaGregg
Asonthedaythatbroughttheetothisearth
Thesunstoodinconjunctionwiththestars,
Soartthoufashionedbytheheavenlylaws
Thatmarkthywaysandwalkwiththeefrombirth.Goethe
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
7/8
12/28/2016
NichtsburgetZilchstadt
TheinauguralNichtsburgetZilchstadt1Miden,dated2003:Asawriterofpoetry,I(ErikVictor
McCrea)amintriguedbylanguage.Yearsago,ItoyedaroundwithacharacternamedZero
MacNaught(Macmeaningsonofhence,sonofNaught,inanIrishandScottishGaelicvein)and
hishometown,Zilchstadt(Ilikedthesuffixstadtbecauseitwasreminiscentofthemunicipalnotgeld
coinswhichfascinateme).Ittooktimeforalltheotherelementstoslowlycometogetherandtoform
awellroundedtheme,butultimately,theideaforanattractivecoinemerged,tyingtogethermybest
lovedavocation(verse)andthismostfavoreddiversionofmine(numismatics).OnceIactuallyput
penciltopaper,thepreliminarysketchesgraduallytookaninventivecourseoftheirown.Ithen
allowedthosedrawingstotakemeonaslowjourney,fraughtwithvariationsandrevisions,untilthey
ledmetoagratifyingfinalversion.NichtsistheGermanwordfornothing(ness)/naught/none/nil,
andNichtsburg(Ialsolikedtheburgsuffix)becameZero'sbirthplaceaswellasthesistercityto
Zilchstadt.MidenisthemodernGreekwordforzero,andthisisthefictitiousmonetaryunit.The
reversefeaturesastylizedrenditionofourcontemplativeprotagonist.Abovehim,forminganarc
betweenhistwooutstretchedhands(asifhewereliterallyjugglingtheverytheory),appearsthe
epigrammaticLatinadageExNihiloNihilFit:outofnothing,nothingismade,fromnothing,
nothingiscreated,nothingarisesoutofnothing,fromnothingcomesnothing,nothingbegets
nothing.AlsoemphasizedisthedictumOuden,AdInfinitum:oudenisancientGreekfornothing.
The language is meant to be playful, in a metaphysical sort of way. Perhaps Zero MacNaught is a
nihilist, a nonentity, a cipher. Or perhaps his very existence is a negation of those notions.
Furthermore, the coin is dedicated to the void from which all creativity emerges: the blank sheet of
paper,theuntouchedcanvas,thepristinesilence.Inordertocreatesomethingthatpleasesthesenses,
artists must wrest meaning and form out of nothingness. This coin is 30mm in diameter, and 3mm
thick.ItwasmintedbytheNorthwestTerritorialMint,65piecesincopperand10piecesinsilver.
ErikV.McCreahasdecidedtogofurtherwithanewdesignofNichtsburgyZilchstadt11Midenika,
dated2005.MidenikaisthepluralofMiden.Inessence,thespiritofthiscoinisharmoniouslyfaithful
totheoriginalpremise.Theobverseiscrowned,inDevanagariscript,bytheSanskritword
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/NichtsburgetZilchstadt.htm
1/3
12/28/2016
shnya/snya(empty,vacuum,hollow,nullity,nonbeing,insignificance/absence).Itistheterm
fromwhichourrevolutionaryzeroevolvedyetduetoitsenormousantiquity,thereisinsufficient
consensusamongscholarsastowhenthisinnovationgenuinelyarose.Incidentally,there'salsoa
doctrineofvacuitycalledShnyatvda,closelyassociatedwiththeMdhyamikasectofMahyna
Buddhism.Thereversecentrallyhighlightskyomu.ThisistheCh'an/ZenBuddhistdesignation,
writteninJapaneseKanjiideograms/logograms,fornihility/nothingness.Itisalsoacentraltenetof
theKyotoSchoolofphilosophy(NishidaKitaro,TanabeHajime,NishitaniKeiji).Symmetrically
flankingitaretwoterseaphoristicphrasesculledfromKabbalisticontology:ayinmeyesh
(emptinessfromfullness)anditsconverse,yeshmeayin(somethingnessoutofnothingness).
Thisnewdesigncoindated2005isnowavailable.Itis38mmindiameterwith2.3mmthickness.It
wasmintedbyPressedMetalProducts,51piecesincoppernickeland5insilver.Therearealso3pre
productionsamples:onecommercialbronze,onecartridgebrassandone24Kgoldplatedbrass.
TheNichtsburgundZilchstadt1Miden,dated2007:Thetrilogyconcludeswiththiscoin.Stylistically,
whilstitisentirelyinkeepingwiththepreestablishedmotifofitstwopredecessors,itismoreofa
sequeltothe2003piecethanwasthe2005piece.Itisalsoitsantitheticalcounterpart,insofarasit
accentuatesastatement,OmniaFintexNihilo,whichseeminglycontradictstheoneonthefirstcoin.
Thismottomeanseverythingiscreatedfromnothing,outofnothing,allthingsaremade.Alsoon
thereverse,oneofZeroMacNaughtsforebearsisgivenprominence:BisabueloZeueroisour
protagonistsgreatgrandfather.Zeuero,alongwithzevero/zefiro/zepiro,istheItalianequivalentof
zero.Etymologically,thewordcanbetracedbacktotheLatinizedzephyrum/ziphirum/cephirum,
derivedfromtheArabicsifr/syfr(vacant),whichwasaliteraltranslationofthemeaningfortheVedic
shuunya.Otherformsincludetziphra,tsiphron,ziffra,cifra,cifre,chiffre,chiffer,ziffer.Alsopresent
onthereverseisthemottoEPluribusNemo.InLatin,thewordnemo(acontractionofnehomo,no
man,noone)signifiesnobody.
Thiscoinis30mmindiameter,and2mmthick.ItwasmintedbyPressedMetalProducts,inarunof
51bronzeand10silver(plus4preproductionsamples:onebrass,onecopper,onecoppernickel,and
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one24kgoldplatedbrass).
IgotmyNichtsburgetZilchstadt1Miden2003coppercoinfromJoelAnderson
(www.joelscoins.com).The11Midenika2005and1Miden2007coinsfromErikV.McCrea
(http://erikmccrea.tripod.com/index.html).YoucanalsoemailMr.ErikV.McCreaat
evm111@hotmail.comandformoreinformationclickat:http://erikmccrea.tripod.com/zilchstadt.htm.
Sofinallytherewasnothing.
Itwasputinsidenothing.
Nothingwasaddedtoit
Andtoproveitdidn'texist
Squashedflatasnothingwithnothing....
TedHughes,ConjuringinHeaven
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
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Roller
Roller
ThisisaoneRollerdated2001brasscoinforApolloAstronaut.ItisprototypeBrass27mm950
mintedbyDanielCarr.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Roller.htm
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UnionofNorthAmericaAmero
UnionofNorthAmerica
FirstofallIwillthankErikV.McCreatogatherthebelowinformationonspecimenissuesofAmero
byvariousdesigners.AmeroisaproposedcurrencyofNorthAmerica,thatwouldbeusedbyCanada,
MexicoandUnitesStatesofAmerica.
TheseprivateissuefantasypatterncoinsweredesignedbyMr.DanielCarr.Theywillbestruckasan
annualseries(untilsuchtimeasitisnolongerlegaltodoso)The2007designsfeaturevarious
SeatedLibertyobversesandasimilarEagle&Globereverse.Inadditiontotheregularissue
Ameros,Mr.CarralsoplanstomakeaspecialyearlyAmeromedallion(the2007pieceisthe
Jamestown400thAnniversarycommemorativeissuewhichfeaturesPocahontas).Intermsof
precedence,theAmeroseriesisimmediatelyreminiscentofthecoinsissuedbytheRepblicadel
CentrodeAmrica(18241851),theUninCentroAmericana(1889),theBancoCentroamericanode
IntegracinEconmica(1970),andtheOrganizacindeEstadosCentroamericanos(1971).Ibelieve
thattheexistenceoftheUnionofNorthAmericacoinageisaveryhistoricevent,numismatically.
Onceinabluemoon,thelinebetweenfantasycoinsandrealworldcoinsbecomesblurred.These
Amerostrulyreflectarealisticmoderndaygeopoliticalscenario,andIthinktheyaredefinitely
crossoverpiecesthatwillhavemajorimplicationsinourcommunitythatgofarbeyondtheusual
impactmadebyatypicalprivatelymintedcoin.Justdaysafterthefirstpieceshadbeenproduced,
membersofatleastoneonlinenumismaticforumwerealreadysuggesting,withsomeveryhostile
words,thatMr.Carrmaybepartofaconspiracytoreplacethedollarunderaglobaldictatorship.Mr.
Carr,amemberofthatforum,replied:Wow,Ireallystirredupahornet'snesthereIguessthenest
wasjustwaitingallalongandIjusthappenedtobetheonetostiritup.Thecoinspicturedareprivate
issuefantasypatternsthatI'vedesignedandmintedascollector'sitems.Maybesomedaytherewillbe
governmentissueAmerocurrency.ThereiscurrentlynolawthatsaysIcan'tmintanddistribute
Amerocoins.Butinthefuture,theremaycomeatimewhenitwillbeillegaltomakeprivateissue
Amerocoins.Butregardlessofwhathappens,myAmerocoinsarethefirst!Wemustbearinmind
thatMr.Carrisanartistandhehastoearnalivingbysellinghiswork.Amidstallthefuss,he
remindedeveryonethatThegoalofanyartworkistoprovokesomesortofthoughtoremotion.He
alsoattemptedtoreassurethemthathewasnotresponsiblefortheentireNorthAmericanUnion
[NAU]proposal.Allthecontroversystemmingfromthatparticularscenariowastherefloating
aroundlongbeforeIcamealongandshinedaflashlightonit.Fortherecord,myinterestshave
nothingtodowithpromotingaNorthAmericanUnion.Ijustlikemakingcoins.Meanwhile,a
popularrightwingradiotalkshowhostwasrailingagainsttheAmeroathisWebsite:Onethingis
absolutelyclear:ThegovernmentsoftheUSA,Canada&Mexicoareengagedinaconspiracyto
mergethethreecountrieswithouttheknowledgeorconsentofThePeople.Infurtheranceofthis
conspiracy,thegovernmentoftheUnitedStatesisintentionallyspendingthenationintoabsolute,
unrecoverableBankruptcywiththeintentionthatthemonetarysystemcollapses.WhentheU.S.
currencycollpases,itwilltakewithit,boththeCanadiandollarandMexicanPesobecauseboth
countriesaresoheavilyinvestedintheU.S.dollarthroughtradewiththeUS.Duringsuchacollapse,
whenhundredsofmillionsofaveragecitizensfaceabsolutedestitutionbecausetheircurrencieshave
beenwipedout,theseConspiratorswillturntoThePeopleofeachnationandsayyouronlyhopeis
tomergeallthreecountriesandmakeanewstart.Thethinkingisthatthepopulationswillrushto
embracethemergerandforgetallaboutourindividualhistory,rightsandsystems.Inonefellswoop,
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Union_of_North_America.htm
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theConspiratorswillclobberusintoabsolutedespotismandwewillbehelplesstodoanything
becauseourmoneywillhavebecomeworthless!Becausethecoinsaredated2007,hespeculatesthat
thisplanseemsawfullyfaralong.Iguessthismeansthecollapsewillbethisyear?Heviewsthe
Ameroasevidenceofeviltreacheryonasuperlativelymassivescale:Thisisbetrayalfolks!Betrayal
byourhighestelectedofficials!Deliberate,intentionaldespicabledeceit!
UNA1Amero.Year:2009.Weight:8.45g.
Metal:Copper.Diameter:25mm.Edge:
Plain.Alignment:Medal.Mint:Moonlight.
Obverse:"Liberty"withmanwithalong
arrowsittingonflyinghorse.Reverse:
EagleontheNorthAmericanmapofthe
world.Mintage:N/A.
Note:KnownasSatinFinish.
UNA5Amero.Year:2009.Weight:
12.50g.Metal:Copper.Diameter:30mm.
Edge:Plain.Alignment:Medal.Mint:
Moonlight.Obverse:"Liberty"withman
withalongarrowsittingonflyinghorse.
Reverse:EagleontheNorthAmericanmap
oftheworld.Mintage:N/A.
Note:KnownasSatinFinish.
Overtheyears,Mr.CarrhasbecomeamajorfigureinthefieldofAmericannumismatics.Adesign
byDanielCarrwasoneofsevenofficialUSMintfinalistsforthereverseoftheSacagaweadollar.
DanielCarralsodesignedtheactual2001NewYorkandRhodeIslandstatequartersfortheUSMint.
Mr.CarrhasworkedextensivelyintheComputerAidedDesign(CAD),computergraphics,image
processing,andvisualartsfields.Heiscurrentlyusingspecialtechniquesthathehaspioneeredfor
sculptingandengravingcoindesignsdigitallyin3D.Mr.CarrhasissuednumerousU.S.A.Prototype
SmallDollars(ApolloAstronautOneRollerandTwoRollers,BessieColemanNonDollar)and
PrototypeStateQuarters.Hehasalsodelvedintothearenaoffantasycoinagebyproducingaseries
ofAlteredStatesofAmericaCARRterDollarparodyStateQuarters.Itisalsoimportanttomention
MoonlightMint.Establishedinlate2008,thisprivatemintingfacilityisownedandoperated(in
associationwithhistwomainWebsites,DCCoinandDesignsComputed)byMr.Carr.The
showpieceofMoonlightMintistheGrabenercoinpresswhichoriginallyservedtheU.S.Denver
Mint.Mostoftheissuesofferedatwww.DCCoin.comwillnowbeproducedonthatGrabenercoin
press.ThehistoricpieceofequipmentwasactuallyusedintheU.S.DenverMintfrom1986to
2001.MoonlightMint,aprivatefacilitybuiltbyAmerocoinminterDanielCarracquired[atauction]
thissurplusDenverMintcoinpressinearly2007andcompletedtherestorationofitinlate2008.
AdditionalinformationcanbefoundattheofficialWebsiteoftheMoonlightMint
(http://www.moonlightmint.com/):MoonlightMintbeganoperationsinlate2008,followingthe
lengthyrestorationoftheMintsGrabenercoinpress.MoonlightMintwillcontinuethetradition
establishedbyDanielCarrbymintinginterestingandfinelyengravedmedals,tokens,andcoinssuch
asthepopularUnionofNorthAmericaAmeroseries.MoonlightMintscoinpressoriginallyserved
theU.S.DenverMintfor15yearsbeforebeingsoldassurplus.Duringtherestorationprocess,a
numberofinterestingitemswerefoundinsideit.Theseartifactsconfirmtherolethatthispressplayed
inproducingDenvermintsetcoins,commemorativecoins,andmedals.Evenmoreinformationabout
theGrabenercoinpresscanbefoundat:http://www.amerocurrency.com/buyameros.html.
InordertofullyappreciateMr.CarrsAmeros,wemustplacetheminthecontextoftheNorth
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AmericanMonetaryUnion(orNorthAmericanCurrencyUnion),aspeculativeentityinwhichthe
maincountriesofNorthAmerica(Canada,theUnitedStates,andMexico)wouldsharea
single/commoncurrency.Thisidea,whichhasexistedformanyyears,isbasedonthecommon
EuropeanUnioncurrency,theEuro.Thehypotheticalcurrencyissometimesreferredtoasthe
amero,butIhavealsoseenitreferredtoastheNAMU(NorthAmericanMonetaryUnit).Upon
findingoutabouttheAmero,Mr.Carrreadasmuchashecouldaboutit:Istartedaskingmyselfwhat
IwouldcomeupwithifIwasinchargeofmintingtheamerocoinfortheNorthAmericanUnion.He
decidedtochangethenametoUnionofNorthAmericaaftergivingthematterconsiderablethought,
becausethenyouendupwithU.N.A.andyoucansayUNA,whereasyoucan'treallysayNAUin
aword.BecausehehasreceivednumerousinquiriesastomypersonalstandontheNorthAmerican
Union(NAU)issue,Mr.Carrcomposedthefollowingstatement:Mygoalwiththesecoinsisnotto
endorseaUnionofNorthAmericaoracommonAmerocurrency.IfullysupporttheUnitedStates
Constitution,andIwouldnotwelcome(inanyform)adiminishmentofitsprovisions.Iexpectthat
thesecoinswillhelpmakemorepeopleawareoftheissueandthepossibleramifications.Ileaveitup
tootherstodecideiftheyareinfavorof,oragainstaNorthAmericanUnion.AndIencouragecitizens
tovoicetheirapprovalordisapprovalofgovernmentplansthatimpactthem.Moredetailsaboutthese
numismaticbeautiescanbefoundat:http://www.designscomputed.com/coins/amero.htmland
http://www.dccoin.com/index.asp?PageAction=VIEWCATS&Category=8.
Theideaofaregionalcurrencyhasbeenreceivingalotofattentionthesedays.BennSteil,the
DirectorofInternationalEconomicsattheCouncilonForeignRelations,wroteintheMay/Juneissue
ofCFR'sinfluentialForeignAffairsmagazinethattheworldneedstoabandonunwantedcurrencies,
replacingthemwithdollars,euros,andmultinationalcurrenciesasyetunborn.Hewrites,Theright
courseisnottoreturntoamythicalpastofmonetarysovereignty,withgovernmentscontrollinglocal
interestandexchangeratesinblissfulignoranceoftherestoftheworld.Governmentsmustletgoof
thefatalnotionthatnationhoodrequiresthemtomakeandcontrolthemoneyusedintheirterritory.
Heisconvincedthateconomicglobalismisirreversible,withnationalcurrenciesdoomedtothe
dustbinofhistory.Inordertoglobalizesafely,headvises,countriesshouldabandonmonetary
nationalismandabolishunwantedcurrencies,thesourceofmuchoftoday'sinstability.Steilbelieves
thatcontinuedeconomicgrowthdemandsaglobalflowofcapitalunimpededbythebarriersinherent
tomonetarynationalism.Obstaclescreatedbymonetarynationalism,suchasnationalexchange
ratesornationalmonetarypolicyregimes,inevitablyimpedecapitalflowandcausecurrencycrisesas
aconsequence.Therefore,SteilarguesthatMonetarynationalismissimplyincompatiblewith
globalism.Heimaginestheultimatesolutionmightbetoprivatizeaglobalcurrencythroughagold
basedinternationalmonetarysystem.Anewgoldbasedinternationalmonetarysystemsurelysounds
farfetched,headmits.Butso,in1900,didamonetarysystemwithoutgold.Moderntechnology
makesarevivalofgoldmoney,throughprivategoldbanks,possibleevenwithoutgovernment
support.
AccordingtoDr.JamesR.Lee(oftheSchoolofInternationalServiceatAmericanUniversity),The
introductionoftheEurototheworld'sfinancialmarketsin1999madetheideaofonecurrencyfor
numerouscountriesseempossible,andattractiveTheEuroalsomadeothernationsmorethanalittle
nervousastohowtheywouldmanagetocompetewiththisnew,andstrengthening,currency.These
factorsledtheUS,Canada,Mexico,Argentina,Chile,Brazil,andColumbiatobegintoexplorethe
feasibilityofcreatingtheAmeroasacounterparttotheEuro.TheAmerowouldbeacommon
currency,notnecessarilytheUSdollar,thatallofthecountriesintheAmericaswoulduseastheir
own.Inthisinstance,dollarization(whenaforeigncountryadoptstheUnitedStatescurrencyasits
mainformofcurrencytheforeigncurrencywouldbeusedinparalleltoorinsteadofthedomestic
currency),canbeviewedasasteppingstonetotheproposedAmero.IntheAmericas,theprocess
ofadoptinganAmerocurrencymayactuallybeginwithdollarization.Formanynations(El
Salvador,since2001Ecuador,since2000Panama,since1904Liberia,from190485)facedwith
severeeconomicwoes,adollarizedeconomyhasbeentheproposedpanacea.Nevertheless,Some
economistsbelievethatfullDollarizationortheAmeroassociatedwithaFreeTradeAgreementof
theAmericaswillnothappenfor520years.Thelikelihoodofthisactuallyhappeningespecially
increasesiftheglobaleconomymovesintoregionaltradingblocs.
Atpresent,CanadacurrentlyusestheUSdollarasanunofficialsecondnationalcurrencymany
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peopleareoftheopinionthatdefactodollarizationiswellunderwayinCanada.Infact,Canadas
privatesectorismovingrapidlyinthisdirectionviatheprivatedollarizationofcommerce.As
evidenceofthistransformationoftheCanadianeconomy,anincreasingnumberofCanadianfirms
havelistedtheirsharesinUSdollarsonAmericanstockexchanges.Tomeetlistingqualifications,
theirfinancialreportsareissuedinUSdollars.ThesalariesoftopCanadianemployeesworkingfor
multinationalsoperatinginCanadaarepaidinUSdollars.Theathletesinthepremierbaseball,
basketball,andicehockeyleaguesarepaidinUSdollars.Thesameistrueoftherefereesworkingin
thesebestleagues.Furthermore,intermsofCanadianmanufacturingproduction,mostoftheseexports
arepricedinUSdollars,withproducersrequiringincreasinglythattheirsuppliersalsopricetheir
goodsinUSdollars.
Apparently,CanadahasbeenthesourceofagooddealofproAmerosentiment.TheC.D.Howe
Institute,aTorontobasedconservativeeconomicandsocialthinktank,advocatesthecreationofa
sharedcurrencyfortheNorthAmericancountries.TheFraserInstitute,aconservative/libertarianthink
tankinVancouver,hasalsoarguedinfavoroftheAmero.HerbertG.Grubel,ProfessorofEconomics
(Emeritus)atSimonFraserUniversityandSeniorFellowoftheFraserInstitute,wroteamonograph
entitledTheCasefortheAmero:TheEconomicsandPoliticsofaNorthAmericanMonetaryUnion
(publishedinSeptemberof1999).Hisstudywasstimulatedbytherecentsuccessfullaunchofthe
euro,theprospectofofficialdollarizationinArgentinaandMexico,therelativelypoorperformance
oftheCanadianeconomy,andthedepreciationoftheCanadiandollarduringthelast25yearsand
especiallyin1998.Hispaper(itsentiretextcanbereadat
http://oldfraser.lexi.net/publications/critical_issues/1999/amero/)conveysaninterestingvisionofa
radicaleconomicmetamorphosisthatcouldbeinstorefortheAmericas,loomingjustoverthe
horizon:TheplanforaNorthAmericanMonetaryUnionpresentedinthisstudyisdesignedto
includeCanada,theUnitedStates,andMexico.Undertheproposedplan,banknotesandcoinsofthe
currencyaretentativelycalled(bytheauthor)theamero.UponcreationoftheUnion(Mr.Grubel
arbitrarilygivesthedateasperhapsonJanuary1,2010),those3countrieswillreplacetheir
nationalcurrencieswiththeamero.Onthatday,allAmericandollarnotesandcoinswillbeexchanged
attherateofoneUSdollarforoneamero.TheconversionofexistingUnitedStates,Canadian,and
Mexicancurrenciesintotheamerowilltakeplaceatratesthatleaveunchangedeachcountry'sreal
income,wealth,andinternationalcompetitivenessatthetimeofconversion.Thepricesof
goods/services,wages,assets,andliabilitiesinallthreecountrieswillbesimultaneouslyconverted
intoamerosattheratesatwhichcurrencynotesareexchanged.Atthesametime,thenationalcentral
banksofthethreecountrieswillbereplacedbytheNorthAmericanCentralBank.Theoperationsof
thatbankwillbegovernedbyaconstitutionlikethatoftheEuropeanCentralBank,whichmakesit
responsiblesolelyformaintainingpricestability.Itisnotrequiredtopursuefullemploymentor
maintaincertainexchangerates.Itspersonnelpolicieswillbefreefrompoliticalinfluences,in
particularthosearisingoutofpartisannationalpoliticsinmembercountries.Theboardofgovernors
oftheNorthAmericanCentralBankwillconsistofmembersfromtheUnitedStates,Canada,and
Mexicochosenbytheirrespectivegovernmentsinnumbersthatreflecttheireconomicimportanceand
population.AsinEurope,membershipintheunionwillrequirethatcountriesdonotincurpersistent
budgetdeficitsItisimportanttorealizethatimmediatelyaftertheadoptionoftheamero,theliving
standardsandwealthofcitizensinallthreecountrieswillbecompletelyunchanged.Furthermore,
membersoftheamerozonewillreceivetheprofitsfromtheissuanceofamerosuseddomestically.
Tradeamongthemembersofthemonetaryunionwillbestimulatedbytheeliminationofthecostsof
currencytradingandrisk.Therewillbegreaterpricestabilityand,importantly,interestratesinCanada
willfallbyaboutonepercentagepoint.
Mr.GrubelastutelyadmitsthatManyCanadianswillopposeaNorthAmericanMonetaryUnionon
thegroundsthatitwillinterferewithnationalculturalsovereigntyandthatitrepresentsafurtherstep
inaprocessthatwillultimatelyleadtothepoliticalabsorptionofCanadabytheUnitedStates.By
joiningsuchaUnion,theybelievethattheywouldsacrificetoomuchofCanadaseconomicand
politicalautonomy.However,Nationalistsdonothaveagoodcasetoopposetheameroexceptonthe
groundsthatitresultsinthelossofnationalmonetaryandfiscalsovereignty.Butthislossisincurred
intheexpectationoflargeeconomicgains.Elsewhere,headds:Canada'sculturalsovereigntyand
politicalindependencearenotaffectedbymonetaryunion.Justasinthecaseoffreetrade,thereis
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nothinginanytreatyformonetaryunionthatinterfereswithCanada'sabilitytopursuetaxation,
spending,social,regulatory,orforeignpoliciesdifferentfromthoseoftheUnitedStates.Asmall
politicalmovementformonetaryunionalreadyexists.ItwillgainstrengthiftheCanadianeconomy
continuesitsrecentrecordofpoorperformance.Eveniftheworldpricesofcommoditiesandthe
exchangerateshouldrecover,historyshowsthattheexchangeratewillnotreturntoitsoldlevel.All
Canadianswillbepermanentlypoorer.Atthesametime,theriseintheexchangeratetakingplacewill
causeunemploymentandgovernmentdeficits.Businessandthegeneralpublicwillincreasinglylook
tomonetaryunionasasolutiontotheseproblems,especiallyiftheeurosucceeds.TheUnitedStates
haslesstogainfromamonetaryunionthanCanadaandMexicobuttherewillbesomebenefits.
MonetaryunionwillreducethethreattothepoweroftheUSdollarresultingfromthegreateruseof
theeuroinplaceofthedollarintherestoftheworld.Further,theUnitedStateswillbenefitfrom
havingmorestableandprosperouscountriesasneighbours.WhentheUnitedStatesjoinedother
internationalorganizationsliketheIMF,theWorldBank,theWorldTradeOrganization,andtheNorth
AmericanFreeTradeAgreement,theexpectedeconomicandpoliticalgainsappearedtooffsetthe
surrenderofsomenationalsovereignty.Inthistradition,theUnitedStatesmaywellfinditworthwhile
tojointheproposedmonetaryunion.
WhatwouldMr.Grubelsversionofthecontroversialcurrencylooklike?Theameronotesandcoins
willhaveincommonabstractdesignsononesideandnationalemblemsontheothertopreserve
importantsymbolsofnationalidentity.Theywillbeproducedineachofthethreecountries
accordingtotheirowndemand.Thesecurrencieswillcirculateatparinallthreecountriesandthose
spentinothermembercountrieswillbereturnedtotheircountriesoforiginwhenevertheyfindtheir
wayintoacommercialbank.Therefore,atalltimescitizensofeachcountrywilldealpredominantlyin
notesandcoinsthatcarrytheirnationalsymbolsononeside.Mr.Grubeliskeenlyawarethatsome
peoplebelievethatsymbolsofnationalismareimportantforhumanwellbeingsincetheysatisfythe
needforaffinitytolargerhumangroupingsandnationalidentities.Theflag,theRoyalCanadian
MountedPolice,geographiclandmarkslikeLakeLouiseandNiagaraFalls,thedesignofpassports,
andthearchitectureoftheHousesofParliamentaresuchsymbols.Canada'shistory,thesettlingofa
wildcontinent,theheroicsofherarmies,multiculturalism,andgeneroussocialsecuritynetsare
intangiblebutnolessimportantsymbolsofanationalidentity.Rankedhighonthelistofsuchsymbols
isthecurrencybearingimagesoftheQueen,importantCanadians,andoutstandinggeographicsites.
NationalistswilldeplorethelossofCanada'snationalcurrencyasamajordisasterandwilloppose
monetaryuniononthesegrounds.Iagreewiththepropositionthatsymbolsareanimportantpartofa
country'snationalidentity,whichisimportanttomanypeopleandcanprovidesocialcohesionand
peace.Therefore,tominimizethelossofnationalsymbolsbroughtonbyacommoncurrency,my
proposalenvisagesthedesignofNorthAmericannotesandcoinswithnationalsymbolsononeside
andabstractsymbolsontheother.ThissolutionmaynotsatisfythemostardentnationalistsbutIam
hopefulthattheiropinionswillnotcarrythedayandthatotherswillrememberthatthecurrencyis
onlyoneofalonglistofnationalistsymbolsimportanttotheCanadianidentity.TheCanadianidentity
shouldbestrongandvibrantenoughtosurvivethereducedstrengthofthecurrencyasanationalist
symbol.
Outofcuriosity,IcontactedMr.Grubelinordertoascertainifhehadindeedbeenthefirstpersonto
cointhetermsNorthAmericanMonetaryUnionandAmero.ItturnsoutthatTheCaseforthe
Amerodoesindeedcontainthefirstandoriginaluseoftheword[Amero]inprint.Inthewordsof
Mr.Grubel,ThetermNorthAmericanMonetaryUnionhasbeenaroundforsometimeandIdonot
knowwhocameupwiththeterm.However,afterthecreationoftheEuropeanMonetaryUnion,the
termseemedveryobvious.ThesamecanreallybesaidabouttheAmeronameaswellinthelightof
theEuro,butIwilltakecreditforhavingitusedfirstinconversationandprint.Ifmymemoryserves
mecorrectly,thefirstappearanceinprintwasintheFraserInstitutepublication.
Mr.Grubelstheoriesseemtoleadthepackofsimilarphilosophersandeconomists.RobertA.Pastor,
VicePresidentofInternationalAffairsandProfessorofInternationalRelationsatAmericanUniversity
(from197781,heworkedattheWhiteHousesNationalSecurityCouncilasDirectoroftheOfficeof
LatinAmericanandCaribbeanAffairs),authoredabookentitledTowardaNorthAmerican
Community:LessonsfromtheOldWorldfortheNew(2001).Init,hesupportedGrubel'sarguments
fortheAmeroandforthecreationofaCentralBankofNorthAmerica.Hopefully,asuccessfulNorth
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AmericanUnionwouldperfectthedefectswhichhebelieveslimitedtheprogressofanothersuper
regionalentity,theEuropeanUnion.IwassurprisedtolearnthattheAmerohasbeendiscussedonat
leasttwoseparateoccasionsonCNBC(onewasaninterviewwithStevePrevis,SeniorVicePresident
ofJefferiesInternationalLimited,conductedon11/27/2006).
Lastly,thereisactuallyaWebsitecalledTheAmeroCurrency(http://www.amerocurrency.com/),
whoseintentistomakeUnitedStatescitizensawareoftheadvancementoftheagendatolaunchthe
nationsofNorthAmerica,includingtheU.S.,intoacontinentalunionsimilartotheEuropeanUnion.
Thisundertaking,whichhasabroadscope,isdelineatedinseveraldocumentsauthoredbythe
SecurityandProsperityPartnershipOfNorthAmerica(SPP).Theoverallgoaloftheprogram
(PromotingGrowth,CompetitivenessandQualityofLife)isoutlinedintheProsperityAgenda,
releasedinMarchof2005bytheWhiteHouseOfficeofthePressSecretary:Toenhancethe
competitivepositionofNorthAmericanindustriesintheglobalmarketplaceandtoprovidegreater
economicopportunityforallofoursocieties,whilemaintaininghighstandardsofhealthandsafetyfor
ourpeople,theUnitedStates,Mexico,andCanadawillworktogether,andinconsultationwith
stakeholders,to:ImproveProductivity(detailedinthesubheadingsRegulatoryCooperationto
GenerateGrowth,SectoralCollaborationtoFacilitateBusiness,andInvestinginOurPeople),Reduce
theCostsofTrade(detailedinthesubheadingsEfficientMovementofGoods,andEfficient
MovementofPeople),EnhancetheQualityofLife(detailedinthesubheadingsJointStewardshipof
ourEnvironment,CreatingaSaferandMoreReliableFoodSupplywhileFacilitatingAgricultural
Trade,andProtectOurPeoplefromDisease).ThepeoplewhofoundedAmeroCurrencywerenottoo
thrilledbytheseproposals.Initially,thesegoalssoundreasonable.However,uponinspectionand
understandingofthebackgroundofthemovement,itbecomesclearthat,oncefullyimplemented,the
newlyformedorganizationwillusurpauthorityoftheU.S.,andredistributepowerandwealthamong
thethreeNorthAmericannations.Thebraintrustsbehindthephilosophiesthatlaidthegroundwork
fortheprogram,initscurrentandfutureforms,elaborateabroaderviewofeconomicsand
sovereigntythatalsoredistributeeconomicandlegislativepowers.Theygoontoadd:Itiscritical
tonote,theinformationpresentedonthissiteisnotconspiracytheory,shockjournalismor
speculation.TheSPPisaninternationalworkinprogressthattheU.S.StateDepartmentand
DepartmentofCommercehaveembarkedonwithouttheconsentoroversightoftheU.S.Senateor
CongressThecitizensoftheUnitedStatesmustawakentotheimpendingrealitythatoursovereign
nationisbeingassimilatedbyanunconstitutionalunionaunionwithtwosocialistnations.Asthe
dataconverge,manyunexplainedphenomenon,suchasthemysteryofunenforcedimmigrationlaws
andtheTransTexasinternationalcorridor,willilluminate.AmeroCurrencyelaboratesuponthis
topicatalaterpoint:AstrategicgoaloftheSPPistoeaserestrictionsontransportofgoods.TheU.S.
beingtheprimaryconsumerwithintheunion,itisnomysterywhothegoodsareheadedfor.The
SPPintendstodiminish,oreliminate,securityatU.S.borders,preferringaperimeteraroundthe
threenations.ByeliminatingU.S.bordercheckpoints,theSPPwillstreamlinetheflowofgoodsand
humantrafficbyavoidingU.S.PortsOfEntry(ports)therebysubvertingU.S.homelandsecurity
avoidinguseofU.S.labor(TeamstersandLongshoremen'sunions)andcreatinganultrahighway
systemrunningfromdeepinMexico,throughtheU.S.,andwellintoCanada.Theinitiallegofthis
highwaysystemisalreadyunderwayinSouthTexas.CintraMacquarie,ajointventurebetween
SpanishandAustraliancompanies,hasnotonlysecuredcontractstoconstructtheU.S.Mexicostretch
ofinternationaltollway,butisactivelyacquiringbillionsofdollarsandthousandsofmilesoftollroads
throughouttheU.S.Theflowoftrafficthroughthecountrieswillnotbecontrolledbytheunion,but
overseasorganizations.TheSPP,throughNASCO[NorthAmerica'sSuperCorridorCoalition]and
NAIPN[NorthAmericanInlandPortsNetwork],isredefiningourtransit,import,export,inspection
anddistributionnetworks,atthehandsofforeigninterests.GoodswillbeflownintotheU.S.,directly
intotheheartland,ratherthanbeingstoppedandcheckedatourexistingborders.Goodsbroughtinvia
theMidContinentTradeandTransportationCorridorwillnotbecheckedastheyentertheU.S.
Rather,theywillbeinspectedastheyenterMexicanports,thenshippedoverlandwithinthe
prosperityunion.Howwillweallpayforthis?Withanominousunitarycurrency,naturally.From
themindsetsdocumentedaboveemergestheconceptoftheAmero,aninternationalcurrency
wherebytheAmericanmonetarysystemandourtreasurysystembecomehomogeneouswiththoseof
MexicoandCanada.RegardlessofwhetheritscalledtheAmero,theDollar,theNuevoNuevo
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Peso,orthemaninthemoon,somesystemwillhavetobeinplacetostabilizeandstandardize
transactions.Youcancallitwhateveryouwant.Fornow,we'llcallitAmeroCurrency.Thepossible
threatisunderstandable.Afterall,thecreationofanewmultinationalcurrencymightnotbenefit
fairlyandevenlyallthenationsinvolved.Foramiddlepowerwhoseeconomyisweakand
exchangeratedecliningsteadily,suchamaneuvermaybeinthebestinterest.Thisisnotthecasewhen
thestrongesteconomyintheworld,theUnitedStatesofAmerica,considersdilutingitsmonetary
systemwithMexico,athirdworld,developingnationandCanada,asecondsocialistnationonour
twolandborders.Further,U.S.sovereigntyis,perhaps,ourmostpreciousfacet,asdefinedinour
DeclarationofIndependenceandConstitution.Oursovereigntyispartoftheformulathatmakesour
Republicthemostuniquepoliticalandculturalexperimentinthehistoryofcivilization.Ratherthan
trytodecode,redescribeandpublishcommentaryontheprevailingphilosophiesandarguments
surroundingtheneedandadvantagesforacommonhemisphericcurrency,thissiteprovideslinksto
informationfromlegitimateproponentsanddetractors.TheWebsiteofferssomegreatlinksleading
toadditionalinformationabouttheAmero(noneoftheofficialU.S.documentscitedby
AmeroCurrencyevermentiontheAmero,ofcourse).
Interestingly,theAmerohasalsograbbedtheattentionofanoutfitcalledNAUMINT.Locatedin
Wayne,NewJersey,itwasestablishedin2008byMr.PhilipPrekel.AtNAUMINT,wedesignand
mintprototypecurrency.AccordingtoitsWebsite(http://www.naumint.com/),TheNorthAmerican
Union(NAU)isatheoreticalregionalunionofCanada,MexicoandtheUnitedStatessimilarin
structuretotheEuropeanUnion,includingacommoncurrencycalledtheAmero.Theideahasbeen
discussedandproposedinacademicandscholarlycircles,eitherasaunionorasaNorthAmerican
communityasproposedbytheIndependentTaskForceonNorthAmerica.Theameroisthe
appellationgiventowhatwouldbetheNorthAmericanUnionscounterparttotheeuro.NAUMINT
hasissueditsowncoinfortheNorthAmericanUnion.TheNAUMINTAmeroprototypecurrencyis
designedwithnoEnglishtext.Itisafterallsupposedtobethefuturecurrencyof3nationswith
severaldifferentlanguages.Itdoesnotcontainanyimageryuniquetoonenation,reflectingcultural
neutrality.Theimageryconveysprosperityandcooperation.Onthefaceofthe20081Amerocoin,a
sunshinesdownonafullharvestofwheat.Ontheobverse,threehandscometogether,symbolizing
thethreenationsofNorthAmericainunity.Acityscapebehindthehandsrepresentsaconstructive
future.TheyalsoremindusthatthisprototypeforthetheorizedNAUisnotalegaltender.These
coinscanbepurchaseddirectlyfromMr.Prekel.
ThankstoMr.EdwinJohnston,afellowmemberoftheUnrecognisedStatesNumismaticSociety
(http://www.usns.info/andhttp://groups.yahoo.com/group/UnrecognisedStatesNumismaticSociety/),I
learnedthatthereisyetanotherAmerocoin!ThisoneseemstoevenpredatetheonesmadebyDaniel
Carr.ThestorybehindthiscoinisexplainedinadocumentAmeronothingnewtoTruthRadio
(http://www.truthradio.com/Bell%27sAmero.pdf)locatedattheWebsiteofTruthRadio(this
InternetbasedChristiantalkradiostation,operatedbyMr.RichardPalmquist,islocatedinNipomo,
CA):Getreadyforachangeinyourmoney.ThenewcurrencywillbecalledtheAmero.Photosof
thenewAmeroareavailableontheInternet.CoinsarealreadybeingproducedbytheUSMint.The
newcurrencyreportedlywillbeissuedforthenonnationconglomerationofCanadaUnitedStates
Mexicoafterthebordersbetweenthosecountrieshavebeenerased.Ofcourse,thenameAmero
echoestheEuropeanunifiedcurrency,theEuro.Withamazingforesight,sometimeintheearly
1990's,famousTaxRealist(theIRSandFederalCourtcalledhimaTaxProtester)PaulBellofTaft,
California,sawthischange(pardonthepun)coming.Paulhadplentyoftimetostudymonetarypolicy.
Hehadbeenunlawfullyimprisonedforeightyears[afootnoteexplainsthatBell'sjudgeunlawfully
refusedtoallowthejurytoviewBell'sdefenseevidence.Thisiscommonpracticeincasesinvolving
theInternalRevenueService.]andlater,againapoliticalprisoner,heservedanothertwoorthree
years.(Hediedearlyinthenewcentury.)Resoluteinhisbeliefthathisresearchwasaccurate,and
manyyearsbeforeCongressmanRonPaulpublicizedthesameevidence,BellcametoTruthRadio
(ThenRadioStationKDNO,Delano,California)withaproposal.Hewantedtomintapuresilvercoin
thatwouldshametheFederalReserve'sfraudulentcurrency.So,KDNOpurchasedgenuinesilver
roundsfromSunshineMining,themostreputableproducerofblanksilvercoins,andPaulcrafteda
manualtabletopmintingmachine,usingformshedesigned.ThenhehandpresseddozensofAmero
coins.Bell'sAmeroweighsoneordinaryounce(avoirdupoisratherthantroy).ItisnotLegal
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Tender.BelllabeledthecoinPublicTender,avoidinganyaccusationthatitpretendstobeissuedby
thegovernment.ItisnotasubstituteforcoinsproducedbytheU.S.Mintmadeofbasemetals.Bell,
withgoodintentions,madetheerrorofplacingaU.S.Dollardesignationonthecoin.Hereasonedthat
ifheusedthewordParhewouldnotbeaccusedofseekingtomimicissuancesoftheMint.Thus,the
coin'sPargrewoutoflinewithitsU.S.DollarequivalentasthevalueoftheU.S.Dollarhas
diminished.Thecoinneverbecamewellknownenoughtomakethatanissue.Itshouldbeviewedas
merelyamedallion.Mr.PalmquistgoesontostatethatTheAmeromedallionisabout90percent
asheavyasatroyounceTheAmerohasthreekindsofREALvalue.Itismadeofpuresilver,itisa
memorialtothecourageofPaulBell,anditisacollectibleproducedmorethanadecadebeforethe
officialAmero.SpecimencanbedirectlypurchasedfromMr.Palmquist.Theobverse,dated1992,
bearsthephraseAmeroandadenominationof$10italsofeaturesanimageoftheNorth
Americancontinent.ThereversebearsthephrasesTenU.S.DollarsPar,PublicTender,and
EklampoAmmiyitalsofeaturesagenieslamp.
IaskedMr.PalmquistifheknewwhatthephraseEklampoAmmiysignified:Whew.Good
questionaboutEklampoAmmiy.Ohdear.Ihaveforgotten.Ithinkthoughitmeanssomethinglike
enlighteningthepeople.Icouldberight.Butmaybewrong.Accordingtoinformationgleanedfrom
theInternet,EklampoisGreekfortoshineforthand/ortoberesplendentAmmiyisHebrew
formypeopleand/ormyfamily.IalsoaskedhimforhisopinionaboutwhetherIshouldclassify
thisAmeromedallionunderNorthAmericanUnionorUnionofNorthAmerica(ItoldhimthatI
wascuriousifMr.Bellhadusedoneofthesetermsintheirconversationsafterall,hemusthave
conceptuallyequatedhisAmerowithsomesortofnewfangledgeopoliticalentity/nameiftheU.S.
andCanadaandMexicoweretounite,thenthisresultingunionwouldhaveauniquenameof
somesort).Hereplied:Firstofall,thissilverAmerocoinwascreatedmorethanadecadebefore
theunionissueemerged.Thepresentmovementtowardunificationofthenationsofourcontinentis
nothealthy,inmyopinion,byANYname.Helateradded:Ibelieveyouarecorrect.IthinkPaulhad
asortofprescientvisionaboutwhatwastocomeandthathesawoursovereigntycrumblingAsto
theclassificationquestion,intermsoftheintentofPaulBell,youwouldnotcategorizeitunderany
othernamethanpatrioticirony.PaulwasopposedtoanylossofsovereigntybytheUS.Hewasalso
putoffbythedestructionofvalueofourcurrencyandfavoredgenuinemoney:goldandsilver.Those
thoughtscombinedwiththedevelopmentoftheEurocausedhimtocomeupwiththetermAmero.
IthensuggestedthatMr.BellhadntbeenthefirstpersontousethetermAmeroandIsenthim
someoftheinformationaboutHerbertG.Grubel.Mr.Palmquistthenwrote:Astowhodidit.What
diditisthatitwasanaturalPaulprobablycametome[withtheidea]inlate1990[somewhere
aroundthen],becauseittookawhiletoputtogethertheplan,createthepressandthenorderandget
thesilverfromSunshineMine.Asforthepuzzlingterm,Itwasanamethatinventeditself.Who
spokeAmerofirst?Wemayneverknow!
IntheexplanatorytextfromtheTruthRadioWebsite,theassertionthatAmerocoinsarealready
beingproducedbytheUSMintiscompletelyerroneous.ButIcanunderstandwhythereisamixup
inthemindsofmanyconspiracytheorists.ItallhastodowiththeGrabenercoinpress(mentionedin
thesecondparagraphofthiswriteup).DanielCarranticipatesthatallofhisAmeros,beginningwith
theonesdated2009,willbestampedbytheaforementionedmachine.Traditionally,allAmeros
havehadasymbolicDmintmark.ButnowthatallAmeroswillbestruckonaDenverMintcoin
press,theDtakesonadditionalmeaning.Notethatthe2008100Amero(1/10thozgold)coinswere
alsostruckonthisDenvercoinpress.Soanyonewhoorderedoneofthosecoinscannowrightfully
claimthatitwasstampedbya(former)U.S.governmentcoinpress.Overall,thecoinseemstofitin
withtheoverallphilosophyofTruthRadio.Oneoftheirhopesis:Libertyforeverypersononearth
withWethepeoplesovereignoverLimitedgovernmentsthatstructurecommercethroughissuing
moneyasavalidmediumofexchangerepresentingunitsoflabor,astableunitofaccountimmune
fromspeculation,anhoneststoreofvalue.
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Ferdinandea
Ferdinandea
Thissubmergedvolcanicislanditisbasicallythetruncatedcone/tipofanunderwatervolcano
liesinanareaknownastheCampiFlegreidelMardiSicilia(PhlegraeanFieldsoftheSeaofSicily),
whichislocatedbetweenSicilyandTunisiainthesparklingwatersoftheMediterranean.Volcanic
activityatFerdinandeawasfirstreportedintheregionduringtheFirstPunicWar(264241B.C.),and
theislandhasappearedanddisappearedfourorfivetimes,duringwhicheruptionsraiseditabovesea
levelbeforeerosioneventuallycausedittosubmergeagain.Sincethe17thcenturyseveraleruptions
havebeenreported.Ferdinandea,sometimesreferredtoasL'isolachenonc'pi(Theislandthatis
nomore),iscurrentlyaseamountdozensofwhichdottheflooroftheMediterranean.
WhenFerdinandealastsproutedfromthewaterabout4150km(2631nauticalmiles)southwestof
theSicilianseaportofSciaccainJulyof1831(afteranearthquakeontheSiciliancoastandmuch
spittingoffireandstonesfrombelowthesea),itsappearancewasasmuchapoliticaleventasa
geologicalone.Observersatthetimewonderedifachainofmountainswouldspringup,linkingSicily
toTunisiaandthusupsettingthegeopoliticsoftheregion.Afourwaydisputeoveritssovereignty
ensued.CaptainHumphreyFlemingSenhouseledaBritishnavalpartytothesummit.After
disembarking,heproclaimedthelandmassapartoftheBritishEmpirebyplantingaflagontheblack
lump.HenamedthefickleseamountGrahamIsland,afterthefirstlordoftheadmiralty,SirJames
RobertGeorgeGraham.AnislandatthisstrategicpointintheMediterraneanclosertothesouthern
coastofFranceandSpainthanMalta(aBritishasset)wasofobviousinteresttotheworld'sgreatest
navalpower.ButthegovernmentoftheKingdomoftheTwoSiciliesbecamefuriousatlosinga
potentiallyvitalbase.TheKingofNaples,FerdinandII,dispatchedthecorvetteEtnatoreplacethe
UnionJackandclaimthenascentislandfortheBourboncrown.OnAugust17th,hismenchristenedit
asFerdinandea,inhonorofFerdinandII.LastonthescenewasConstantPrvost,acofounderofthe
FrenchGeologicalSociety,whoarrivedwiththeFrenchNavy.Thegeologistcomparedtheeruptionto
abottleofchampagnebeinguncorked.HoistingtheflagofFranceonthetallestpartoftheisland,he
calledthesmoking,foulsmellingconeleJulia,foritsJulyappearance.Spainalsoshowedaninterest
anddeclareditsterritorialambitions.Withfourclaimants,adiplomaticspatbrokeout.Thescenewas
setforafourwaywarwhichwasonlyavertedwhenthefullygrownislanddecidedtoresolvethe
issueonitsownvolition.Thevolcanobubbledandspatforsixmonths.Itissaidthattheaquaticrock
stoodat6570meters(213229feet)abovesealevel.Differentsourcescitevariousmeasurements:it
measured700metersindiameterand/orithadacircumferenceofabout5km(3miles).However,it
wascomposedofloosetephra,whichwaseasilyerodedbywaveaction.Therefore,beforeasingle
shotcouldbefiredoveritspossession,geologyrapidlyhadthelastwordonthematter.Ferdinandea
crumbledinonitselfandallbutdisappearedbytheendoftheyear.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Ferdinandea.htm
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Ferdinandea
ByJanuary1832ithadsunkcompletely,vanishingbeneaththewavesbeforetheissueofitsownership
couldberesolveddiplomatically.Afterwards,therewaslessthanameterofwateroverthespot.
Britishsurveysreportedthishadincreasedto5.5metersin1870and7.3metersin1885,whileItalian
surveysin1890and1925showednoappreciablechanges.Sincethen,theremainsofGrahamIsland
havebeenreferredtoastheGrahamBank(ortheGrahamShoal),butItaliansstillcallitFerdinandea.
Duringitsexistence,theuniquenaturalphenomenonwasstudiedandwrittenaboutbynumerous
scientists.Manyothervisitorsalsocametowitnessthemaritimeanomalythemostfamousbeing
thenovelistSirWalterScott,duringanattempttorecouphisfailinghealthbyatriptoMalta(hedied
in1832).Fresheruptionsin1863resultedinthebriefemergenceofanewisletattheauspicious
locationbeforeitsankagain,devouredbytheinsatiableocean.Subsequently,thevolcanolaydormant
formanydecades,withitssummitjust8metersbelowsealevel.In1986,itwasallegedlymistakenfor
aLibyansubmarineandbombedbyaU.S.AirForceplaneonitswaytobombTripoli.Theinsular
causewasagaintakenupbytheItalians,aftersignsofvolcanicactivityinFebruary2000prompteda
newspaperarticleonthetopic.InMarch2001,DomenicoMacaluso,asurgeoninthecoastaltownof
Sciacca,organizedaprojecttoplaceamarbleplaqueontheunderwatershoalreclaimingFerdinandea
fortheSicilianpeople.Tobolstertheircaseforownership,Sicilians(fishermenandsailors,aswellas
IgnazioCucchiara,themayorofSciacca),persuadedFerdinand'sdescendant,whostyleshimself
PrinceCarlosofCalabria,tosponsorapermanentnameplate.Inaceremonyfilmedbyaflotillaof
cameracrews,PrinceCarlodiBourbon(accompaniedbyhiswife,CountessCamillaCruciani),a
marbleplaqueweighing150kgandinscribedThispieceofland,onceFerdinandea,belongedand
shallalwaysbelongtotheSicilianpeoplewasloweredintothewaves.ThePrincetoldcheering
locals:ItwillalwaysbeSicilian.(inordertoaccommodatetelevisioncrews,theplaquewaslowered
wellbeforereachingthedangerousshoal).Butwithinsixmonthsithadbeenbrokeninto12pieces,
possiblybyfishinggearthoughvandalismcannotberuledout.Thepossibleculpritremainsamystery.
InNovemberof2002,Ferdinandeamadeheadlinesonceagain.Renewedseismicactivityaroundthe
covetedrockledvolcanologiststospeculatethataneweruptiveepisodecouldbeimminent.The
seamount,inwhatwouldvebeenaverybeautifulandfascinatingevent,mightbecomeanislandonce
more.Inadvanceofitsexpectedresurfacing,Siciliandiversactedswiftlyandplantedaflag(it
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Ferdinandea
featuresaMedusa'sheadsurroundedbythreenakedlegsasignthatistraditionallyinterpretedas
keepaway)onthetopofthebubblingunderwaterrocksoastothwartanyclaimsofBritish
sovereignty(andtoforestallargumentsfromanyotherpotentialrivals)ifandwhenitbreaksthe
surface.However,thefuriousseismicrumblingsdidnotleadtovolcaniceruptions.Ferdinandeadid
notmakeaspectacularcomeback.PierluigiMariaRossi,aprofessorofvolcanologyattheUniversity
ofBologna,saysthesunkenislandisjust,inasense,lettingoffsteam.It'saveryyoungvolcano,he
notes,andwithallyoungvolcanoesthere'sgoingtobegasreleased.Suchemissionsarequite
normal.EnzoBoschi,directoroftheNationalInstituteofGeophysicsandVulcanologyinRome,
agrees:Therearebubblesandwaves,hereports,butthatdoesn'tmeantheislandisabouttobe
reborn.Itjustmeansthezoneisactive.Hehasbeenmonitoringthesituation,andalthoughhecould
notruleoutanappearanceofthevolcanoabovethewatersurface,hesaidhedidnotexpectoneany
timesoon.ThisgoestoshowthatthegeologicallyactiveMediterraneanseabedaprecarious
locationwheretheearth'sEurasianandAfricantectonicplatescometogethermaintainsapowerful
gripontheimagination.ThepossiblereemergenceofFerdinandeaismerelyoneofthemore
fascinatingscenariossurroundingseamounts.Theoretically,atleast,itcouldberebornasanabove
surfaceisland(formedwhenlavapushesoutoverthetopofthevolcanoandsolidifiesinthecold
water,increasingtheheightofthemount)andFerdinandeaseruptivesurfacingscouldcontinue
indefinitely.Geologicallyspeaking,it'sapossibility,acknowledgesBorisBehncke,aGerman
researcherattheUniversityofCatania'sdepartmentofgeologicalsciencesinSicily.Butgeologyhas
averylongtimescaleWereallyshouldnotbetooworried.
Today,FerdinandearemainsoutsideItaly'sterritorialwaters.Thehugeunderwatervolcanicstructure,
shapedlikeahorseshoeandwithapeakmorethan500metershigh(tallerthantheEiffelTowerin
Paris),is30kilometers(about19miles)offthesoutherncoastofSicily.Itssummitremainsonlyabout
68meters(1926feet)belowthewaterssurface.Assuch,itisconsideredamenacetonavigationand
toshipping.TheoldendisputeoverFerdinandeahasnowbeenovershadowedbythediscoverythatthe
formerislandisjustoneoutcropofafargrandervolcano,thelargestseamount(underwatermountain)
offtheItaliancoast,andonethatisstillactive,thoughfornowemittingonlygas(thefindwasthe
resultofinvestigationsintoFerdinandea).ProfessorGiovanniLanzafame,ofItaly'sNationalInstitute
ofGeophysicsandVulcanology,namedthevolcanoEmpedocles,afterthepreSocraticGreek
philosopherwholivedinSicilyandplungedheadfirstintothecraterofMountEtna(Europeslargest
activevolcano,whichlies100kilometerstoitsnorthandisstillhighlyactivetoday)intheinterestsof
scientificresearch.Empedocleshypothesizedthatallmatterconsistedoffourelementsearth,air,
fireandwater.BecauseEmpedocles(thevolcano)isdormant,scientistsbelievethereisnoimminent
riskoferuption,noroftheappearanceofnewislands.
WhilethereappearanceofFerdinandeamaynotsparkthesamediplomaticwranglingasitdidover
175yearsago,therecouldwellbeanewdebate.Shoulditreascend,FedericoEichberg,an
internationalrelationsexpertbasedinRome,believesitwoulddosowithinItalianterritorialwaters
andinallprobabilitywouldbeformallyclaimedbyItaly.Eichbergdoesnotexpectthatarenewed
internationalrumpuswouldarise,noting:Ifit'sjustalittleisland,we'renotgoingtohaveabigfight
overit.Inallactuality,theislandwouldnothavethesamestrategicimportancetodaythatithadin
thesummerof1831.Adiplomaticdisagreementwouldbehighlyimprobable,andtheislandwould
likelybelongtoItaly.AspokeswomanforBritain'sForeignandCommonwealthOffice,however,kept
alloptionsopen.TheBritishgovernmentwouldlookatthisifandwhenanyislandweretoemerge,
shesaid,adding:Wedon'twanttomakewavesnow.InthewordsofEnzoBoschi,directorofthe
NationalInstituteofGeophysicsandVulcanologyinRome:I'msuretheEuropeanUnionwillwantit
asamember,won'tthey?
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Ferdinandea
FromMr.OdedPaz,IpurchasedthecopperversionoftheFerdinandeaOnePenny,dated2000.
ThankstoMr.Paz,IwasabletolearnthatthedesignerofthiscoinissomeonenamedMr.David
Mannucci.TheideatomakethiscoinoccurredtoMr.Mannucciafterhefoundouttheexistenceof
theghostislandfromanewspaperarticle.Astudentatthetime,Ihaverealizedthecoinsforthe
schoolexamintheschoolIstitutoDArteStatalediPortaRomanaofFirenze.Thesecoinshavebeen
coinedinthePicchianiandBarlacchiCompanyfromFirenze.Thefirstbatchwasmintedin2000.Mr.
Pazlearnedaboutthesecoins(andacquiredacoupleofspecimens)afewyearslater,whenhewas
contactedbyMr.Mannucci.Mr.Pazwantedtoacquireadditionalpiecesforothermembersofthe
UnrecognisedStatesNumismaticSociety
(http://groups.yahoo.com/group/UnrecognisedStatesNumismaticSociety/andhttp://www.usns.info/),
buttherewerenoneleft.Then,attheurgingofMr.Paz,Mr.Mannuccidecidedtodoaspecialminting
ofthesecoins,usingtheoriginaldies.Besidesthecopperpiece,varietiesexistinsilver,copperwith
protectiveenamel,andsilverwithprotectiveenamel.Iinitiallyfounditratheroddthatwhilethis
ItalianmadecoinfittinglybearstheItaliannamefortheisland,theconflictedpiecealsofeaturesabust
ofElizabethIID.G.R.andbearsaBritishdenomination.Asaresultofthisnumismaticambivalence,
itcouldbesaidthatthecoinhasadualnationalityofsorts.FerdinandeaiscurrentlyunderItalybut
claimedbyUnitedKingdom.France,SpainandpossiblyMalta,Algeria,Tunisia,LibyaandMorocco.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
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PopeMathew(PapalCoinage)
PopeMathew
ThisisaunusualfantasycoinofVatican,againamasterpieceproductionofMr.FredRichardZinkann.
ItisaPapal3Ducat,PopeMathewIwith25mmindiameter.Itwasmintedin1989.ThereisnoPope
namedMathewinthehistory.MostofthetheunusualmetalstruckforMr.Zinkannwerefrom
MintmasterCoiningofFranklinPark.Mostofthesecoinsproducedinunusualmetalsoverthepast10
yearsweresoldorgiventomuseums.Hehaskeptoneofeach,forhisownreference.Theblankswere
veryexpensive,especiallythechromiumandrhenium.MostoftheunusualmetalusedbyMr.Zinkann
weremostlystableatroomtemperature.Theydonotoxidizereadily.Thatisoneofthereasonsthathe
triedthemascoinage.Anotherreasonwastheirdensities,someofwhicharedenserthansilver.
Designsimprintedonthemwilllastmanydecades.
Chromiumisahardwhitemetalwhichisunsuitableforcoinage,butwhichhasbeenusedtoplatesteel
coins.Hafniumhasfewusesexceptinthenuclearindustry,whereitshighneutroncapturecross
sectionmakesitusefulforcontrolrodsinsomenuclearreactors.Rheniumisveryscarcewhitemetal.
Tantalumisahardbluecolouredmetalwithaveryhighmeltingpoint.Tooexpensiveanddifficultto
workforcoinage.Titaniumisastronglightmetalthatiscorrosionresistant.Itcouldbeusedforcoins,
andhasbeenusedtostrikemedals.However,thereareproblemsinproducingasheetofthemetalwith
asmoothenoughsurfaceforcoinagepurposes,andthisincreasesthecostofproducingcoinsinbulk
usingthismetal.
DespiteallabovementionedproblemsMr.Zinkannhadmadecoinsinthesemetals.Thesecoinsare
havingadiameterof25mm.Thequantity/patternsofthiscoinwereproducedinthefollowingmetals.
Metal
Symbol Weight
Mintage Edge
Copper
Cu
CopperNickel CuNi
8.00g
8.00g
10
25
Plain
Plain
Chromium
N/A
03
Plain
Cr
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Pope_Mathew.htm
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12/28/2016
PopeMathew(PapalCoinage)
Gold
Au
N/A
02
Plain
Hafnium
Rhenium
Silver
Hf
Re
Ag
N/A
N/A
7.85g&7.55g
04
03
50
Plain
Plain
Plain
Tantalum
Titanium
Ta
Ti
N/A
N/A
01
03
Plain
Plain
IpurchasedmyPapal3Ducal1989silverplainedgecoindirectlyfromFredR.Zinkannthroughhis
Ebayauction.HeusesEbayid:equiilink(fredzur@mindspring.com)tosellhiscoins."Only
evangelistnothaveapopeusehisname"iswritteninthedescriptionofthesecoinsinhisauction.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Pope_Mathew.htm
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Antarctic(McMurdo)
Antarctic(McMurdo)
McMurdoStation,locatedat77degrees51minutesS,166degrees40minutesE,isthelargest
Antarcticstation.McMurdoisbuiltonthebarevolcanicrockofHutPointPeninsulaonRossIsland,
thesolidgroundfarthestsouththatisaccessiblebyship.
ThestationwasestablishedinDecember1955.ItisthelogisticshuboftheU.S.AntarcticProgram,
withaharbor,landingstripsonseaiceandshelfice,andahelicopterpad.Its85orsobuildingsrange
insizefromasmallradioshacktolarge,threestorystructures.Repairfacilities,dormitories,
administrativebuildings,afirehouse,powerplant,waterdistillationplant,wharf,stores,clubs,
warehouses,andthefirstclassCraryLabarelinkedbyabovegroundwater,sewer,telephone,and
powerlines.
Recordedtemperatureextremeshavebeenaslowasminus50degreesCentigradeandashighasplus
8degreesCentigrade.
LocalfeaturesincludeMountErebus(anactivevolcano),McMurdoSound(thestation'snamesake,
namedforLt.ArchibaldMcMurdoofJamesClarkRoss's1841expedition),theRossIceShelf,andthe
icefree(dry)valleysofsouthernVictoriaLand.
ResearchisperformedatandnearMcMurdoinmarineandterrestrialbiology,biomedicine,geology
andgeophysics,glaciologyandglacialgeology,meteorology,AeronomyandAstrophysics,andupper
atmospherephysics.
FredR.ZinkannhasmadecoinsinTantalummaterialwhichisahardbluecolouredmetalwithavery
highmeltingpoint,tooexpensiveanddifficulttoworkforcoinage.Pewteroriginallyisanalloyoftin
withabout15%lead,andsometimesantimonyandcopper.Modernpewtersareusuallyleadfree.The
quantity/patternsofthiscoinwereproducedinthefollowingbelowmentionedmetals.
Metal
Condition Pieces Year
Weight Edge
Tin(Pewter)
Proof
Proof
Piedfort
Silver(.999Ag)
25
1987
5.0g
Plain
05
1987
8.5g
Plain,incuseedgelettering
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/AntarcticMcMurdo.htm
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Antarctic(McMurdo)
Silver(.999Ag)
Tantalum(.995Ta)
Proof
Proof
NickelSilver
(NiAg)
restrike
Titanium(.999Ti)
restrike
50
18
1987
1987
N/A 1987(N/A)
20
1987(N/A)
16.0g
10.0g
Plain,incuseedgelettering
Plain
N/A
Plain
N/A
Plain
FredRichardZinkannhasproduced/designed$101987CommemorativecoinofMcMurdo.The
diameterofthecoinis25.5mm.Therestrikecoinshaveadiamaeterof25mm.
Obverse:Antarcticlandscape.McMurdowrittenonthebaseofthemountains."1957IGY1987"
indicates30thAnniversaryofInternationalGeophysicalYear.
Reverse:IceCrown"WHEREALLDOMINIONSANDDIRECTIONSMEETTHROUGHWIND
ANDICEUMBRAGE"iswritten."ANTARCTICA$10"iswritteninthelowercenterpartofthe
coin.
IpurchasedmyAntarctica$101987Tin(Pewter)plainedgecoindirectlyfromFredR.Zinkann
throughhisEbayauction.HesellsthecoinsviaeBay,usingthenomdeplumeequillink.
Probablyintheend2005,Fredmintedsomemoreofthesecoinsinvariousmetalsusingthesamedies.
Imanagedtograbonepiecein.999Niobium,3.5gramswithplainedge.Itis25mmindiameterwith
1.0mmthick.MintageofthesecoininNiobiumisbelievedtobe19.
InformationonNiobium:
Symbol:Nb,AtomicNumber:41,AtomicWeight:92.90638,Density:8.57g/cc,MeltingPoint:2477
degreesC.
Niobiumisashinysilverwhitemetalwhichisductileandstableinairatroomtemperature.Themetal
willslowlydevelopabluishtingewhenexposedtoairforalongtime,andwillreadilyoxidizeat
temperaturesabove200C.NiobiumischemicallysimilartoTantalumandasaresultthesemetalsare
difficulttoseparatefromtheirores.Ithasverygoodcorrosionresistancetodilutedacidsandcertain
othercorrosivechemicalshoweveritisreadilyattackedbystrongalkalisandhotconcentratedacids.
Niobiumisusedextensivelyinalloysforcorrosionresistance,andinalloysfornuclearreactors.Itis
alsousedinbodypiercingjewelryduetoitsbluishcolor.Themetalwasgivenit'scurrentnamein
1950,priortothatitwascalledColumbium,anamethatindustrysometimesstillusestoidentifythe
metal.
MicroNations
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/AntarcticMcMurdo.htm
2/3
12/28/2016
AntarcticTerritoryEnderbyland
Enderbyland
EnderbylandisaregionofAntarcticabetweenQueenMaudLandandWilkesLand,claimedby
AustraliaaspartoftheAustralianAntarcticTerritory.Enderbylandisnamedforthewhalingcompany,
SamuelEnderby&Sons,whichfinancedthe1831expeditionthatdiscoveredit.
FredRichardZinkannhasproducedthisOneSovereign1990coinofAntarcticTerritory
Enderbyland.Thediameterofthecoinis25.5mm.Hisinitialsarealsovisibleonthebottomofthe
coinasFRZ.
Reverse:EnflamedRunicSymbol.
Obverse:ArrowedSymbol
Hehasproducedcoinsinunusualmedalshavinghigheratomicnumberanddensityforexperimental
purposes,toseewhattheylooklikeincoinageformandhowtheymightstrikeupforlaterdesigns.
Thequantity/patternsofthiscoinwereproducedinthefollowingmetals.
Molybdenumisasilverywhiteelementusuallyusedasanalloyingadditiontosteelsandtitanium
alloys,althoughthereareapplicationswherethepuremetalisused.Ithasnotbeenusedforcirculation
coins.
ThecoinsareprivatefantasypatternissuesmintedbyMrFredZinkann,whohaspioneeredthe
strikingofcoinsinmanyunconventionalmetals.Thecoinswereoriginallyplannedtobestruckin
molybdenum995,butduetothehardnessofthismetalonly5werestruckinthatmetal(plus30pairs
ofunifacemolybdenumtrialsinathinnerflan).Eightothermetals,amongstothersniobium,titanium
andpalladumwereusedtomakeagrandtotalof30coins(excludingtheunifacecoins).
Duetothescarcityofthecoins,manywouldbecollectorshadtobedisappointed,whichtriggeredMr.
Zinkann'sdecisiontomakethemavailabletothelargerpublicbymintingatotalof762restrikesin
2004,250eachinthemetalsbrass,copperandaluminium,plus12piecescounterstampedonUS
quarters.Therestrikescanbedistinguishedfromtheoriginalstrikesbythemetaltypeandan
untrimmededge,thecounterstampedpiecesbythereedededge.
Niobiumanexpensivegreymetalmainlyusedforsuperconductingapplicationsinalloyform.The
occasionalmedalhasbeenmadeusingthismetal.ThiselementusedtobecalledColumbium(symbol
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/AntarcticEnderbyland.htm
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AntarcticTerritoryEnderbyland
Cb)intheUSA.Palladiumascarceductilemetaloftheplatinumserieswhichdoesnothavequitethe
sameeconomicimportanceofplatinumatpresent.Despitethesecircumstancesanddifficultyasmall
numberofpatterns/coinshavebeenmadeinthesemetalsbyFredZinkannasmentionedbelow.
Metal
Remarks
Pieces
Year
Weight
Copper(Cu)
05
1990
8.0grams Plain
Cupronickelclad
copper
Counterstruck
onUSdollar
12
1990
5.7grams Reeded
ObverseDie
Molybdenum(.995Mo)
TrialStrike
ReverseDie
Molybdenum(.995Mo)
TrialStrike
Molybdenum(.995Mo)
05
1990
7.5grams Plain
30
1990
5.5grams Plain
30
1990
5.5grams Plain
05
1990
N.A.
Plain
Niobium(Nb)
Palladium(Pd)
01
05
1990
1990
N.A.
N.A.
Plain
Plain
Titanium(Ti)
03
1990
N.A.
Silver(Ag)
05
1990
N.A.
Plain
Plain,incuse
lettering
Gold(.750Au)
01
1990
N.A.
Copper(Cu)
250
1990(2005)
Aluminium(Al)
250
1990(2005)
6.0grams Plain
Plain,outer
1.5grams edge
untrimmed
CopperNickel(CuNi)
Brass
Steel
Unc
Steel
Uncdouble
struck
Titanium(Ti)
250
1990(2005)
N.A.
1990(2005)
01
1990(2005)
N.A
1990(2005)
Edge
N.A.
Plain,outer
6.0grams edge
untrimmed
Plain,outer
N.A.
edge
untrimmed
Plain,outer
5.8grams edge
untrimmed
N.A
Plain,outer
edge
untrimmed
Ipurchasedmyonesovereign1990CuNiplainedgecoindirectlyfromFredR.Zinkannthroughhis
Ebayauction.HeusesEbayid:equillink(e_zinkann@mindspring.com)tosellhiscoins.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/AntarcticEnderbyland.htm
2/3
12/28/2016
KerguelenIslands
KerguelenIslands
TheKerguelenArchipelagoissituatedat4920'South,7020'East,midwaybetweenAfrica,
AntarcticaandAustralia.KerguelenisaFrenchpossession,lyingsome13,000kmfromFranceinthe
SouthernIndianOcean.Themainislandoccupiesmeasuresroughly120kmby140km,occupies
6,675sqkmandissurroundedbyaround300othersmallerislands,islets,reefsandrocks,formingan
archipelagoof7,215sqkm,locatedintheSouthIndianOcean,approximately5310kilometres
southeastofthesoutherntipofAfrica.Theywerediscoveredin1772bythenavigatorCYJde
KerguelenTrmarec,aspartofthesearchforthegreatsoutherncontinent.ScatteredFrench
possessionsintheSouthernOceancontributetoit'spositionasthecountrywiththelargestExclusive
EconomicZoneintheworld.KerguelenIslanditselfisthelargestoftheislandgroup,asubantarctic
islandofvolcanicorigin,alsoaptlyknownasDesolationIsland.ThearchipelagoispartoftheTerres
AustralesetAntarctiquesFranaises(TAAF)theFrenchSouthernandAntarcticTerritorieswhich
alsoincludestheCrozetArchipelago,thetinyislandsofAmsterdam/StPaul,andTerreAdlie
(Adlieland)ontheAntarcticmainland.ThecoastofKerguelenisdeeplyindentedwithfjords,whilst
theinteriorisheavilyglaciated.ThehighestpointisMountRoss,at1,850m,inthesouthoftheisland.
In1981,Mr.Zinkannalsostruckanundated25FrancsKerguelenIslandscoin,butbothdiesandthe
rimcollarbrokeafteronly3hadbeenmade.Hetriedtoproducedthemin90%tungsten.This
happenedduetotheextremehardnessoftheexperimentaltungstenplanchets.Reverseofthecoin:
StylisedArrowSymbol,Obverseofthecoin:Stylisedsnowflake.
InDecember2003,Mr.ZinkanndesignedanewKerguelenIslandscoininTantalum1/4ozas20
Francs.1/4ozisdescribedonthecoinas"QuatriemeOZ"Thequantity/patternsofthiscoinwere
producedinthefollowingmetals.Reverseofthecoin:EnflamedCrown,Obverseofthecoin:Fieldof
Stars.Thesecoinsweremintedby:NorthwestTerritoryMint.
Metal
Silver(.999Ag)
.995Tantalum
Pieces
90
09
Weight
Diameter
Edge
5.2grams
8.4grams
22.00mm
22.00mm
Reeded
Reeded
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Kerguelen_Islands.htm
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.210Gold(5
Karat)
KerguelenIslands
05
4.9grams
22.00mm
Reeded
In2004,probablyunhappywiththedesignproducedin2003,Mr.Zinkannmadeanotherslightly
changeddesignofKerguelenIslandsinTantalum1/5oz.Ithasthesamedesignasthe1/4ozcoin,
except"1/5OZ"iswritteninsteadof"QuatriemeOZ"andemptyfieldofdrawingswerefilledup.The
quantity/patternsofthiscoinasasfollow.Thesecoinswerealsomintedby:NorthwestTerritoryMint.
Metal
Pieces
Weight
Diameter
Edge
Silver(.999Ag)
.995Tantalum
108
38
6.50grams
6.60grams
22.00mm
22.00mm
Reeded
Reeded
.210Gold(5Karat)
.750Gold(18Karat)
01
04
4.90grams
5.80grams
22.00mm
22.00mm
Reeded
Reeded
Ipurchasedmy20Francs2003reeded(segmented)edge1/4oz.995TantalumcointhroughElizabeth
A.Zinkann.SheistheyoungersisterofMr.FredR.Zinkann.
InformationonTantalum:
Symbol:Ta,AtomicNumber:73,AtomicWeight:180.9479,Density:16.654g/cc,MeltingPoint:
3017degreesC.
Tantalumisanextremelyhard,durablegraycoloredmetalwhichhasexcellentcorrosionresistance.
WiththerightlightingandsurfacetextureTantalumshowsadefinitepinkishtingetoitsmetalliccolor.
Themetalhasmanyusesincludingelectrolyticcapacitors,inalloystoimproveproperties,andsurgical
anddentaltools.Itisagoodcruciblematerialduetoitsresistancetocorrosivematerials.Tantalumhas
anextremelyhighmeltingpoint,exceededonlybyosmium,rheniumandtungsten,andisalsovery
dense.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Kerguelen_Islands.htm
2/2
12/28/2016
CrozetIslands
CrozetIsland
ItisoneoffourdistrictsoftheFrenchSouthernandAntarcticLands.TheCrozetIslandswerefirst
discoveredbytheexpeditionofMarcJosephMarionduFresne,aFrenchexplorer,wholandedon
January24,1772onledelaPossession,claimingthearchipelagoforFrance.Henamedtheislands
afterhissecondincommandJulesCrozet(HehadalreadynamedMarionIslandafterhimself).
Intheearly19thcentury,theislandswereoftenvisitedbysealers,totheextentthatthesealshadbeen
nearlyexterminatedby1835.Subsequently,whalingwasthemainactivityaroundtheislands,
especiallybythewhalersfromMassachusetts.
ShipwrecksoccurredfrequentlyattheCrozetIslands.TheBritishsealerPrincessofWalessankin
1821,andthesurvivorsspenttwoyearsontheislands.In1887,theFrenchTamariswaswreckedand
hercrewstrandedonledesCochons.TheytiedanotetothelegofaGiantPetrel,whichwasfound
sevenmonthslaterinFremantle.Alas,thecrewwasneverrecovered.Becauseshipwrecksaroundthe
islandsweresocommon,forsometimetheRoyalNavydispatchedashipeveryfewyearstolookfor
strandedsurvivors.
FranceoriginallyadministeredtheislandsasadependencyofMadagascar,buttheybecamepartofthe
FrenchSouthernTerritoriesin1955.In1961,afirstresearchstationwassetup,butitwasn'tuntil1963
thatthepermanentstationAlfredFaureopenedatPortAlbertonledelaPossession(bothnamedafter
thefirstleaderofthestation).Thestationisstaffedby18to30people(dependingontheseason)and
doesmeteorological,biological,andgeologicalresearchandmaintainsaseismograph.
Mr.Zinkanndesignedpattern/trialcoinsonCrozetIslandsinvariousmetalshaving22mmdiameter
and1.0mmthickness.TheCuNiTypeIIhas1.25thicknesswithflatdesign.Hegotmetalsheetsfrom
JohnsonMattheyinBoston,MassachusettsandthentheyweremintedatPressedMetalProducts.
ThesecoinsareknownasDoubleRooster20FrancscommemoratingtheYearofRooster.HighRelief
coinswereproducedinBrass,CuNiTypeI,Gold18KRedandSilvermetals.HighReliefdiesfailed
afterstrikingofIridiumcoin.Detailsofthesecoinsareindicatedbelow:
Metal
Mintage
Year
Weight Edge
BrassHighRelief
BrassLowRelief
25
25
2005
2005
4.85g
3.9g
Plain
Plain
CopperNickelTypeI(3Ddesign)
CopperNickelTypeII(Flat)LowRelief
25
25
2005
2005
4.5g
3.7g
Plain
Plain
Gold(18K)[.750Au.250Ag]Green
unknown
Gold(18K)[.750Au.125Ag.125Cu]Yellow 07
2005
2005
6.6g
5.8g
Plain
Plain
Gold(18K)[.750Au.250Cu]Red
IridiumHighRelief
IridiumLowRelief
2005
2005
2005
5.6g
N/A
11.2
Plain
Plain
Plain
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Crozet_Islands.htm
01
01
03
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CrozetIslands
HafniumLowRelief
04
2005
5.2g
Plain
MolybdenumLowRelief
NiobiumLowRelief
SilverLowRelief
04
04
25
2005
2005
2005
3.95g
3.2g
6.5g
Plain
Plain
Plain
TantalumLowRelief
TungstunLowRelief
20
02
2005
2005
6.3g
6.5g
Plain
Plain
VanadiumLowRelief
ZirconiumLowRelief
04
03
2005
2005
2.3g
2.7g
Plain
Plain
InformationonMolybdenum:
Symbol:Mo,AtomicNumber:42,Atomicmass:95.94g/mol,Density:10.28gcm3,MeltingPoint:
2623C.Molybdenumisahard,heavy,grayishcoloredmetalthatisverycorrosionresistant.The
metal'sprimaryuseisasanalloyingagenttopromotehardnessinspecialtysteelsusedforhighspeed
cuttingtools.Itisveryresistanttocorrosionbyacidsandmanyothercorrosivematerials.Pure
molybdenumthinsheetisusedforxraytubesandelectricfurnacesduetoitsresistancetohigh
temperatures.
InformationonTantalum:
Symbol:Ta,AtomicNumber:73,Atomicmass:180.94788g/mol,Density:16.69gcm3,Melting
Point:3017C.Tantalumisanextremelyhard,durablegraycoloredmetalwhichhasexcellent
corrosionresistance.WiththerightlightingandsurfacetextureTantalumshowsadefinitepinkish
tingetoitsmetalliccolor.Themetalhasmanyusesincludingelectrolyticcapacitors,inalloysto
improveproperties,andsurgicalanddentaltools.Itisagoodcruciblematerialduetoitsresistanceto
corrosivematerials.Tantalumhasanextremelyhighmeltingpoint,exceededonlybyosmium,
rheniumandtungsten,andisalsoverydense.
Igotmy20FrancsMolybdenumandTantalumcoinsfromElizabethAnneZinkann
(ezinkann@comcast.net).
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Crozet_Islands.htm
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12/28/2016
AdlieLand
AdlieLand
AdlieLandistheportionoftheAntarcticcoastbetweenPourquoiPasPointat6612S,13611Eand
PointAldenat6648S,14202E,withashorelengthof350kmandwithitshinterlandextendingasa
sectorabout2600kmtowardtheSouthPole.ItisoneoffourdistrictsoftheFrenchSouthernand
AntarcticLands(otherdistrictsincludesIleAmsterdamandIleSaintPaul,IlesCrozetandIles
KergueleninIndianOcean).SincethelandisallSouthofthe60parallel,itsaffiliationwiththe
FrenchSouthernandAntarcticLandsissuspendedbytheAntarcticTreaty.Thelandarea,mostlyice
covered,isestimatedat432000km2,underFrenchsovereigntysince1938.
SinceJanuary12,1956,therehasbeenapermanentlystaffedFrenchresearchbase,Dumontd'Urville
Station,withawinterpopulationof33,whichgoesupto78intheAntarcticsummer.ThefirstFrench
station,PortMartin,wasbuiltApril9,1950at6649S,14123E,butdestroyedbyfireonJanuary21,
1952.FrancehasalsomaintainedaninlandstationontheAntarcticicesheet,300kmfromthecoast
andfromDumontd'UrvilleStation,atanelevationof2400meters,CharcotStationat6922S,
13901E,fromJanuary1957to1960,whichhousedonlythreemen.
AdlieLandbordersontheAustralianAntarcticTerritorybothWestandEast,namelyonClaireLand
(partofWilkesLand)intheWest,andGeorgeVLandintheEast.Thecoastwasdiscoveredin1837
byFrenchexplorerJulesSbastienCsarDumontd'Urville,whonameditafterhiswife,Adlie.
TheAdlieLand25mmdiameter,plainedgecoinsaredesignedbyFredRichardZinkannandminted
atPressedMetalProducts.Igotthe25Francs2005TitaniumcoinfromElizabethAnneZinkann
(ezinkann@comcast.net).OnesidedisplaysFleurdelisandanchorwhiletheotherfeaturespenguins
andcrown.Thediesbrokeduringthemintingofthefourthiridiumcoin,puttingthemintingtoahalt.
Belowaretheirmintageandinformationinvariousmetals:
Metal
Year
Weight
Mintage Edge
Copper(Cu)
Iridium(Ir)
2005
2005
5.5g
13.6g
02
04
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/AdelieLand.htm
Plain
Plain
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AdlieLand
Molybdenum(Mo)
2005
5.2g
01
Plain
Nickel(Ni)
Silver(Ag)
Titanium(Ti)
2005
2005
2005
5.3g
6.2g
3.7g
52
45
09
Plain
Plain
Plain
CopperNickel(CuNi)
Hafnium(Hf)
2005(2007)
2005(2007)
5.7g
6.9g
50
10
Plain
Plain
InformationonTitanium:
Symbol:Ti,AtomicNumber:22,AtomicWeight:47.867g/mol,Density:4.506gcm3,Melting
Point:1668C.Titaniumisalustrous,lightweight,strongmetalwithexcellentcorrosionresistance.It
istheninthmostabundantelementintheearth'scrust.Titaniumisresistanttomostacidsandcorrosive
environments,howeverthefinelydividedformwillburnbrilliantlyinair,andistheonlyknown
substancetoburninnitrogen.Themainprocessforextractingtitaniummetalisbyreducingits
chloride(aliquidatroomtemperature)withmagnesium.Titaniumisasstrongassteel,butabouthalf
theweight.Asaresultthemetalisextensivelyusedintheaerospaceindustry,usuallyasthemain
ingredientinanalloy.Thedioxideisawhitepowderandisextensivelyusedforthewhitebasein
paint.Titaniumisphysiologicallyinert,makingitagoodmaterialtocreateartificialhipsandother
biologicalimplants.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/AdelieLand.htm
2/2
12/28/2016
leSaintPaul
leSaintPaul
leSaintPaul(St.PaulIsland)isaverysmallislandformingpartoftheFrenchSouthernandAntarctic
Lands(France)intheIndianOcean.Itisabout85kilometres(53miles)southofthelargerleAmsterdam,
locatedat3843'19?S,7731'44?E.Itisarockyanduninhabitedislandmeasuringnomorethanfivekm
(threemiles)atitsgreatestwidthandiscompletelydevoidoftrees.Ascientificresearchcabinontheisland
isusedforscientificorecologicalshortcampaigns,butthereisnopermanentpopulation.
leSaintPaulisoneofthreeislandswhichisanantipodeoftheUnitedStates.ItcorrespondestoFirstview,
Colorado.TheothertwoantipodesareleAmsterdamandKerguelenIsland.
ThereisspeculationthatofficersfromtheGermanauxiliarycruiserAtlantishidtreasureneartheentranceof
thebayduringWorldWarII.
AsusualMr.FredRichardZinkannhasproducedpattern/trialcoinsonthenameofleSt.Paulinvarious
metals.Thetextwrittenonitshows"BravezLaTempetei".Belowaretheirdetailswithmintage.
Metal
CopperNickel(CuNi)
Hafnium(Hf)
Pewter(Tin)
Silver(Ag)
Mintage
50
10
25
25
Year
2005
2005
2005
2005
Weight
N/A
6.90g
4.64g
6.45g
Edge
Plain
Plain
Plain
Plain
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Iles_StPaul.htm
1/2
12/28/2016
leSaintPaul
Igotmy5EurosFlyingRooster25mmdiameterwith2mmthicknesscoinsinPewterandSilverfrom
ElizabethAnneZinkann(ezinkann@comcast.net).
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Iles_StPaul.htm
2/2
12/28/2016
IslasMalvinas
IslasMalvinas
TheFalklandIslands,alsocalledtheMalvinas,areanarchipelagointheSouthAtlanticOcean,located300
miles(483kilometres)fromthecoastofSouthAmerica,671miles(1080km)westoftheShagRocks(South
Georgia),and584miles(940km)northofAntarctica(ElephantIsland).Theyconsistoftwomainislands,
EastFalklandandWestFalkland,togetherwithabout700smallerislands.Stanley,onEastFalkland,isthe
capitalandlargestcity.TheislandsareaselfgoverningOverseasTerritoryoftheUnitedKingdom,buthave
beenthesubjectofaclaimtosovereigntybyArgentinasincetheearlyyearsofArgentina'sindependence
fromSpainin1810.
TheislandsarereferredtointheEnglishlanguageas"[The]FalklandIslands".Thisnamedatesfroman
expeditionledbyJohnStrongin1690,whonamedtheislandsafterhispatron,AnthonyCary,5thViscount
Falkland.TheSpanishnamefortheislands,"IslasMalvinas",isderivedfromtheFrenchname"les
Malouines",bestowedin1764byLouisAntoinedeBougainville,afterthemarinersandfishermenfromthe
BretonportofSaintMalowhobecametheisland'sfirstknownhumansettlers.
Inpursuitofthisclaimin1982theislandswereinvadedbyArgentina,precipitatingthetwomonthlong
undeclaredFalklandsWarbetweenArgentinaandtheUnitedKingdom,whichresultedinthedefeatand
withdrawalofArgentineforces.Sincethewartherehasbeenstrongeconomicgrowthinbothfisheriesand
tourism.TheinhabitantsoftheislandsareBritishcitizens.ManycantracetheiroriginsintheIslandsbackto
theearlynineteenthcentury.TheyrejecttheArgentinesovereigntyclaimwithEnglishandnotSpanishbeing
thelanguageusedontheislands.
AsusualMr.Zinkannhasproducedpattern/trialcoinsonthenameofIslasMalvinasinvariousmetalswith
22mmdiameterwith1.5mmthickness.Belowaretheirdetailswithmintage.
Metal
Mintage
Year
Weight
Edge
Brass
Cobalt
25
04
2006
2006
3.9g
3.5g
Plain
Plain
Gold
Hafnium
Nickel
03
04
25
2006
2006
2006
Unknown
5.3g
Unknown
Plain
Plain
Plain
NickelTypeII(1.25mmthickness)
Rhenium
unknown
10
2006
2006
3.7g
7.1g
Plain
Plain
Silver
Tantalum
unknown
100
2006
2006
5.7g
6.8g
Plain
Plain
Zirconium
12
2006
2.7g
Plain
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Islas_Malvinas.htm
1/3
12/28/2016
IslasMalvinas
InformationonCobalt:
Symbol:Co,AtomicNumber:27,Atomicmass:58.933195g/mol,Density:8.90gcm3,MeltingPoint:
1495C.Cobaltisahard,lustrous,silvergraymetal,achemicalelementwithsymbolCo.Itisfoundin
variousores,andisusedinthepreparationofmagnetic,wearresistant,andhighstrengthalloys.Its
compoundsareusedintheproductionofinks,paints,andvarnishes.
InformationonHafnium:
Symbol:Hf,AtomicNumber:72,Atomicmass:178.49g/mol,Density:13.31gcm3,MeltingPoint:2233
C.Hafniumisacorrosionresistant,ductilemetalwithasilverwhitecolor.Itspropertiesareextremely
closetothoseofZr,withtheexceptionthatHafniumistwiceasdense.Themetalsareextremelydifficultto
separateduetotheirchemicalsimilarities.Themetalisusedincontrolrodsduetoitsabilitytoabsorb
neutrons.Hafniumwillburnatelevatedtemperatures.
InformationonRhenium:
Symbol:Re,AtomicNumber:75,Atomicmass:186.207g/mol,Density:21.02gcm3,MeltingPoint:3186
C.
Rheniumwasnotdiscovereduntil1925andisoneofthelastnaturallyoccurringelementstobediscovered.
Rheniumhasthesecondhighestmeltingpointofanymetal,at3,180CsurpassedonlybyTungsten.Itis
verydense.Rheniumisductileoveramuchwidertemperaturerangethanmostorallmetals.Themetalcan
bethermallycycledthousandsoftimeswithnoilleffects.Rheniumisproducedmainlyasabyproductof
thecopperminingindustry.Themetalignitesatabout400Candburnsviolentlycreatingrheniumtrioxide.
Rheniumdoesnotoccurfreeinnatureandiswidelydispersedintheearth'scrust.Annealedrheniumisvery
ductile,andcanbebent,coiled,orrolled.Rheniumiswidelyusedasfilamentsformassspectrographsand
iongauges.Rheniumisalsousedasanelectricalcontactmaterialbecauseithasgoodwearresistanceand
withstandsarccorrosion.ThermocouplesmadeofReWareusedformeasuringtemperaturesupto2200C.
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IslasMalvinas
InformationonZirconium:
Symbol:Zr,AtomicNumber:40,Atomicmass:91.224g/mol,Density:6.52gcm3,MeltingPoint:1855
C.
Alustrousgraywhite,strongtransitionmetalthatresemblestitanium,zirconiumisobtainedchieflyfrom
zirconandisverycorrosionresistant.Zirconiumisprimarilyusedinnuclearreactorsduetoitsresistanceto
corrosionandlowneutroncrosssection.
Igotmy5AustralesinCobalt,Hafnium,RheniumandZirconiumfromElizabethAnneZinkann
(ezinkann@comcast.net).
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lesAmsterdam&St.Paul
leAmsterdam:
NottobeconfusedwiththeArcticAmsterdamIslandintheSvalbardarchipelago,nearthenorthwestern
cornerofSpitsbergen.NewAmsterdamorleAmsterdam(meaningAmsterdamislandaftertheDutch
capital)isaFrenchislandintheIndianOceanlocatedat3752'S,7732'E.
Theislandisvolcanicbuthasbeeninactivesince1792.Ithasanareaof55km(21mi),measuring21
km(13mi)onitslongestside,andreachesashighas867m(2844ft)attheMontdelaDives.Theisland
ispartoftheFrenchSouthernandAntarcticLands(TerresaustralesetantarctiquesfranaisesTAAF),
andtogetherwithneighboringleSaintPaul(85kmtotheSouth)formsoneofthefivedistrictsofthe
territory.ItsbaseMartindeVivis,formerlycalledLaRocheGdon,isthecapitaloftheterritory.
UnlikemostpartsofTAAF,leAmsterdamhasamild,oceanicclimate,withameanannualtemperature
of13C(55F},rainfallof1,100mm,persistentwesterlywindsandhighlevelsofhumidity.le
AmsterdamisoneofonlythreeislandswhicharelandantipodesofthecontinentalUnitedStates.It
correspondstoanareanearLaJunta,Colorado.TheothertwoantipodesareleSaintPaulandKerguelen
Island.
ThisislandwasdiscoveredbytheSpanishexplorerJuanSebastinElcanoonMarch18,1522.Elcano
didnotnametheisland,however.Havingfoundtheislandunnamed,theDutchcaptainAnthonievan
DiemennameditNieuwAmsterdam(DutchforNewAmsterdam)afterhisshipin1633.
FrenchCaptainFranoisPron,wasmaroonedthreeyearsonthisisland.PronhadbeenontheFrench
shipEmlie,whichwreckedonNewAmsterdamIslandin1792.In1795hewastakentoAustraliaby
shipCeres.His'Memoires',inwhichhedescribeshissurvivalaloneonNewAmsterdam,werepublished
inalimitededitionandarenowanexpensivecollectors'item.In1871aBritishfrigate,HMSMegaera,
waswreckedinthislonelyisland.Mostofthe400personsonboardhadtoremainupwardsofthree
monthsontheisland.TheislandsofleAmsterdamandleSaintPaulwereattachedtoMadagascarin
1924andhencebecameaFrenchcolony.ThefirstFrenchbaseinNewAmsterdamwaserectedin1949,
andwasoriginallycalledCampHeurtin.TheGlobalAtmosphereWatchstillhasanatmosphericresearch
stationonleAmsterdam.
TheislandhasPhylicaarboreatrees,whicharealsofoundonTristandaCunha.Theislandishometothe
AmsterdamAlbatross,whichbreedsonlyonthePlateaudesTourbiresonleAmsterdam.Theislandis
alsohometootherrarespecies,suchastheGreatSkua,theAntarcticTern,theGentoopenguin,the
SubantarcticFurSealandtheElephantseal.TheonlyexistingherdofcompletelywildCattlealsolives
ontheisland.
leSaintPaul(St.PaulIsland):
NottobeconfusedwithSaintPaulIsland,AlaskaorSt.PaulIsland,NovaScotia.Itisaverysmallisland
formingpartoftheFrenchSouthernandAntarcticLands(France)intheIndianOcean.Itisabout85
kilometres(53miles)southofthelargerleAmsterdam,locatedat3843'19?S,7731'44?E.Itisarocky
anduninhabitedislandmeasuringnomorethanfivekm(threemiles)atitsgreatestwidthandis
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completelydevoidoftrees.Ascientificresearchcabinontheislandisusedforscientificorecological
shortcampaigns,butthereisnopermanentpopulation.
leSaintPaulisoneofthreeislandswhichisanantipodeoftheUnitedStates.Itcorrespondsto
Firstview,Colorado.TheothertwoantipodesareleAmsterdamandKerguelenIsland.
Inthe1880sCharlesLightollerwasshipwreckedhere.Heaccuratelydescribestheislandinhis
autobiography,TitanicandOtherShips.DuringFrenchruleofMauritius,SaintPaulaswellasle
AmsterdamwereadministeredfromPortLouis,buttheyweretransferredtoRunionpriortoBritish
invasionofMauritius.
In1871aBritishfrigate,HMSMegaera,waswreckedinthislonelyisland.Mostofthe400personson
boardhadtoremainupwardsofthreemonthsontheisland.
In1928,anillfatedspinylobstercannerywasestablishedonleSaintPaul.Sevenemployeesofthe
cannerywereabandonedtotheirfateontheislandwhenthecompanywentbankruptin1931theylater
cametobeknownasLesOublisdeSaintPaul("theforgottenonesofSt.Paul").Fivediedthetwo
survivorswerefinallyrescuedin1934.
AsusualMr.FredRichardZinkannhasproducedpattern/trialcoinsonthenameoflesAmsterdam&
St.Paulinvariousmetals.Thetext"BONancrerGRES"isshownonthesecoins.Belowaretheirdetails
withmintage.
Metal
Mintage
Year
Weight
Edge
Brass
CopperNickel(CuNi)
25
50
2007
2007
N/A
N/A
Plain
Plain
Gold(18K)
05
2007
8.1g
Plain
Silver(.999Ag)
25
2007
6.63g
Plain
Igotmy5Euroswith25mmdiameterwith2mmthicknesscoinin.999SilverfromElizabethAnne
Zinkann(ezinkann@comcast.net).
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http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Iles_Amsterdam_&_StPaul.htm
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PopeJoseph(PapalCoinage)
PopeJoseph
In2007,FredZinkannhasproducedanotherpapaldesignforPopeJoseph(alsothispopenamehas
notbeenpreviouslyused).Ithasanartisticdesignofthreepomegranates.Obversedesignshowsarms
forthispopewithtextas"FECUNDITATISMUNDUS".Theinformationonavailablemintagein
variousmetalsonthemisasfollow:
Metal
Brass
CopperNickel
Gold
Silver
Symbol
None
CuNi
Au
.999Ag
Weight
N/A
N/A
N/A
8.50g
Mintage
25
25
02
25
Diameter
28.5mm
28.5mm
28.5mm
28.5mm
Alignment
Medal
Medal
Medal
Medal
Edge
Plain
Plain
Plain
Plain
Igotmy10Euro2007SilvercoinfromElizabethAnneZinkann(ezinkann@comcast.net).
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Pope_Joseph.htm
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VostokStation(Russia)
VostokStation(Russian:)isaRussian(formerlySoviet)researchstationlocatednear
theSouthernPoleofInaccessibility,atthecenteroftheEastAntarcticIceSheet.VostokStationis
locatedwithintheAustralianAntarcticTerritory(althoughasasignatorytotheAntarcticTreaty
System,Australiadoesnotexercisesovereigntyovertheterritory).Vostokresearchstationwas
establishedonDecember16,1957(duringtheInternationalGeophysicalYear)bythe2ndSoviet
AntarcticExpeditionandhasoperatedyearroundformorethan37years.Thestationwastemporarily
closedinJanuary1994.ThisstationisnowcooperativelyoperatedbyRussian,U.S.,andFrench
scientists.
In2008,FredZinkannhasproducedcoininvariousmetalsonVostokAntarcticaStationwithface
valueof5RussianRublestocommemorate50thyearsofoperation1958to2008:
TheabovecoinisinMolybdenummetal."AmongCathedralsofice//onthecontinentoffriends".
Weakstrikeinspotsduetotoughmetal.
TheabovecoinisinZirconiummetal."AmongCathedralsofice//onthecontinentoffriends".
Metal
Symbol
Weight Mintage Diameter Alignment Edge
CopperNickel CuNi
N/A
Molybdenum .999Mo 5.13
Silver
.999Ag N/A
100
12
25
25mm
25mm
25mm
Coin
Coin
Coin
Plain
Plain
Plain
Zirconium
12
25mm
Coin
Plain
.999Zr
3.25
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Vostok.htm
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ThispanoramicphotoofVostokStationshowsthelayoutofthecamp.Thestripedbuildingontheleft
isthepowerstationwhilethestripedbuildingontherightiswhereresearcherssleepandtakemeals.
Thebuildinginthebackgroundwiththeredandwhitestripedballontopisthemeteorologybuilding.
Cavesweredugintotheicesheetforstorage,keepingcoresatanideal55degreesCelsiusyearround.
OnJuly21,1983,thelowesttemperatureeverrecordedonearthwasinVostokwith89.2C(128.6
F).Thoughunconfirmed,ithasbeenreportedthatVostokreachedthetemperatureof91C(132
F)duringthewinterof1997.In1996,RussianandBritishscientistsfromthestationdiscoveredLake
Vostok,thelargestknownsubglaciallakeintheworld,underneathVostokStation.LakeVostoklies
some4,000meters(13,000ft)belowthesurfaceofthecentralAntarcticicesheetandcoversanarea
of14,000km(5,400sqmi).Thestationis3,488meters(11,444ft)abovesealevel.Itisthemost
isolatedofalloftheestablishedresearchstationsontheAntarcticcontinent,locatedabout1,300km
fromtheGeographicSouthPole.ItslocationneartheSouthGeomagneticPolemakesitoneofthe
optimalplacestoobservechangesintheEarth'smagneticsphere.Otherstudiesinclude
aerometeorology,actinometry,geophysics,medicine,climatologyandothers.Thestationtypically
contains25scientistsandengineersinthesummer,theirnumberdropsto13inwinter.
IcecoredrillingstartedbytheSovietUnionin1970s.Thesehavebeenusedtostudytheoxygen
isotopecompositionoftheice.AlthoughtheVostokcorereachedadepthof3623mtheusable
climaticinformationdoesnotextenddownthisfar.Theverybottomofthecoreisicerefrozenfrom
thewatersofLakeVostokandcontainsnoclimateinformation.Theusualdatasourcesgiveproxy
informationdowntoadepthof3310mor414,000years.
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http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Vostok.htm
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EgyptBritishOccupationTokenCoinage
EgyptBritishOccupation
IgotthiscoinfromansilverjewelersellerinRiyadh,SaudiArabiainearly1990s.Itwasexmounted
withajewelryandlookeddifferent.IpersuadedhimtoremovethiscoinfromthejewelryandthatI
willonlypayforthecoins.Inthebeginninghehesitatedandatlastagreed.IthoughtCairo/Egypt
mightbeoccupiedbySpainforashortwhilein1920sbutasIwentthroughthehistory,nothing
coincided:CairounderSpanishRuler!anyFerdinandVIIreignedin1920!etc.
Istillkeptthisunusualcoininmycollection,hopingtogetsomethingoutofitinthecomingyears.In
2005,whileIwasgoingthroughthepagesofKrausePublication:UnusualWorldCoins,4thedition,I
suddenlyhaltedatBritishOccupationAH13331341(19141922AD)TokenCoinageatpage120.
MycoinwassimilartothecoinshownasX#Tn158Reales(Issuer:SagaSaadMeawad)inthisbook.
Howevermyversionofcoinisnotbeenpublishedinthisbook.ItisprobablyissuedbySagaMikh
Habibaswrittenonthecoin.TheobversesideshowsthebustofFerdinandVIIrightwithlegends:
FERDIN.VII.DIE.GRATIA.Reversesideshownthecrownedarmsbetweenpillars.Itisalsoan
imitationofSpanishcolonial8Realesissuedprobablyin1920.Mycoinalsoweightsaround24grams
andhaveadiameterof41mm.
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http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Egypt_British_Occupation.htm
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Gardiner'sIsland
Gardiner'sIsland
GardinersIslandisasmallisland,ineasternSuffolkCountyintheU.S.stateofNewYork,locatedin
GardinersBaybetweenthetwoflukelikepeninsulasattheeasternendofLongIsland.Itis6miles
long,3mileswideandhas27milesofcoastline.Theislandisthelargestprivatelyownedislandinthe
UnitedStates,andhasbeenownedbythesamefamilyfornearly400years.Theislandis3,350acres
insize,approximately5squaremiles(13km).Itcontainsincludesmorethan1,000acresofold
growthforestandanother1,000acresofmeadows.Manyofthebuildingsdatebacktothe17th
century.In1989,theislandwassaidtobeworth$125million.In1639,theislandwassettledbyLion
GardinerfromagrantbyCharlesIasthefirstcolonialEnglishsettlementinpresentdayNewYork
state.Theislandhasbeenprivatelyownedforoverthreehundredyearsbyhisdescendants,andisthe
onlyrealestatestillintactaspartofanoriginalroyalgrantfromtheEnglishCrown.
TheoriginalGardinerreportedlypurchasedtheislandin1639fromtheMontaukettIndiansfor"alarge
blackdog,somepowderandshot,andafewDutchblankets."Theindianscalledtheisland
Manchonake,whiletheGardinersinitiallycalleditIsleofWight.Theoriginal1639royalpatentgave
Gardinerthe"righttopossessthelandforever".Theislandwasgrantedanewpatentin1665by
GovernorRichardNicolls,andannexedbyEastHamptonin1688.Gardinerestablishedaplantation
ontheislandforgrowingcorn,wheat,fruit,andtobacco,aswellforraisinglivestock.Theislandwas
laterthesceneofwarsbetweenNativeAmericantribesduringthePequotWarandwasreportedly
visitedbyCaptainKidd.ApopularlegendholdsthatKiddburiedtreasurethere.Theislandwasused
bytheBritishtostoreprovisionsduringtheAmericanRevolutionaryWarandtheWarof1812.
From1854to1894,theislandwasthesiteoftheGardinersIslandLighthouse.Mostproprietorslived
intheislandupuntil1920,whenitwasleasedandbecameahuntingpreserve.DuringWorldWarIIit
servedasamilitarybasewithanairfield.Owingtothehighcostofupkeep,in1937theislandwasput
upforsalebutwasboughtatthelastminutebyarelative,SarahDiodatiGardiner,for$400,000.Upon
herdeathin1953,theislandpassedtohernephewRobertDavidLionGardiner,andhissister,
AlexandraGardinerCreel.Theiraunthadalsosetasideatrustfundforupkeepoftheisland,butitwas
exhaustedbythe1970s.
Theislandwasthesubjectofafamilydisputeregardingtheownershipandinheritanceoftheland
whenRobertDavidLionGardinerquarreledwithhissisterandherdaughter,AlexandraGardiner
Goelet,believingtheysecretlywantedtoselltheislandfordevelopmentafterhisdeath.AfterGoelet
andherhusbandbeganpayingthelargeupkeepandtaxcostsoftheisland(estimatedat$2millionper
year),Mr.Gardinerrefusedtopayhalf,hopingthatthegovernmentwouldacquirethelandandmake
itanhistoricsite.Hisrelativestookhimtocourt,in1980hewasbarredfromvisitingtheisland.On
appeal,thiswasreversedin1992,andMr.Gardinerregularlyvisitedtheisland,thoughhedidnot
speaktotheGoelets.
Mr.Gardiner,whoclaimedthetitle"16thLordoftheManorofGardiner'sIsland"andlivedinEast
Hampton,marriedin1961buthadnochildren,leavinghimwithnoheir.Uponhisdeathin2004,his
ownershipoftheislandpassedtohisniece.TheGoeletsofferedtoplaceaconservationeasementon
theislandinexchangeforapromisefromthetownofEastHamptontonotupzonetheisland,change
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Gardiner'sIsland.htm
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Gardiner'sIsland
itsassessment,orattempttoacquireitbycondemnation.Ifaccepted,theeasementwouldensurethat
theislandisnotdevelopedfortheforeseeablefuture.
TheislandhasthelargeststandofWhiteOakintheAmericanNortheast,aswellastheoldest
survivingwoodframestructuresinNewYorkstate,acarpenter'sshedbuilttherein1639.Theislandis
hometoNewYorkstate'slargestcolonyofospreys,andisoneofthefewlocationsintheworldwhere
theybuildtheirnestsontheground,astherearenonaturalpredatorstotheospreyontheisland.
TrialpiecestestingnewalloyswerestruckbyFranklinMintonthisIsland'snamedated1965.Franklin
Minthasproducedthesetrialcoinsin4typesofmetals,SilverClad3000pieces,Franklinium3000
pieces,NiconFrankliniumII3000piecesandPlantinum2pieces.Thesetrialcoinarementionedin
Bruce's4theditionof"UnusualCoinsoftheWorld"byKrausepublication.
Ipurchasedby1965NicontrialcoinfromWayneWiebe/JennyWeibe(wwiebe@hotmail.com).
AspenCoinsalsoholdthesecoinsfromtimetotime.
MicroNations
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http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Gardiner'sIsland.htm
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HungerAidandDevelopmentFoundation(HADEF)
HungerAidandDevelopmentFoundation
(HADEF).
ThisendeavoristhebrainchildofMr.JorgeFernndezVidal,whohappenstobeafellowmemberofthe
UnrecognisedStatesNumismaticSociety
(http://groups.yahoo.com/group/UnrecognisedStatesNumismaticSociety/andhttp://www.usns.info/).He
hasissuedscadsofmicronational/fantasycoins,andmostofthesepiecesaredescribedingreatdetailin
numerouspagesofmyWebsite.Mr.VidalisalsotheManagingDirectorofJFVCoins,andhe
distributeshiscoinsviahisownWebsite(http://www.jfvcoins.com/index_english.html).Previously,
Mr.VidalhadfocusedagreatdealofhisenergyintoissuingcoinsfromAntarctica(pleaserefertomy
separatelistingfortheGrandDuchyofWestarctica).ItseemsasthoughthecontinentofAfricahastruly
becomeanewpredilectionforhim.
TheHADEFProjectisalocalNonGovernmentalOrganisation(NGO)basedinGaintheWaWest
DistrictoftheUpperWestRegionofGhana.Establishedin2007,theoverallgoalofHADEFisto
reducepovertyamongtheruralfolkbypromotingthesocioeconomicdevelopmentofrural
communitiesintheimpoverishedWaWestdistrict.AtthepagedevotedtotheHADEFProject
(http://www.jfvcoins.com/ProyectoHADREP/ngo.html),Mr.Vidaloffersanexplanationforwhyhehas
decidedtoembarkinthisnumismaticproject.IsupposethatIsharewithanyothercoincollectora
certainpassionforhistoryandgeography.Iimaginepoliticswouldhavetobeincludedaswell,since
therewouldbeneitherwithoutit.Onecouldsaythatcoinsare,tosomeextent,aphysicalrepresentation
ofthehistory,geographyandpoliticsofanyregionorcountry.Havingsaidthat,itisgenuinelybelieved
thatthemoreunusualthecoin,themorefascinatingthestoryandhence,themoreintriguedIam.
Withoutgivingmuchdetail,JFVCoinsisdedicatedtoproducinganddistributingunusualcoins.Itisnot
solelybecausewebelievethatitisaninterestingandgenerallyunknownarea,butbecausewetrulyare
fascinatedbythem.Inatimewherecommemorativecoinsofthemostvariedevents,arepartofour
collections(coinsissuedbytheCentralBankofalmostanystate)andwheretheconceptofwhatisa
coinhaschangeddramaticallywebelievethatitisthetimewhenothernationsshouldhavetheright
tocommemoratetheirhistoryandtheirexistence.IamfondofhistoryandIamparticularlyintriguedto
thehistoryoftheBlackcontinent,Africa.Ithasadarkandunknownyetmagicalhistory.Ahistory
markedbytheConferenceofBerlin(1885)wheretheEuropeansdecidedtodividetheAfricancontinent
betweentheforeignpowers,creatingimaginarycountriesandchangingthecourseofhistory.Itisnot
myintentiontodiscusstheimpactofthesechangesyetanyonewhohashadtheopportunitytotravelto
Africahasprobablynoticedthateventhoughtheyallsharethesameflagandterritory,thesediverse
nations,kingdomsandtribeshavenotlosttheirownidentity,powerandinfluence.TheEuropean
mistakecouldnotdestroythesetribesandtheconstitutionsofmostoftheAfricancountriesstill
recognizetheimportanceofthesenations(forthosewhoareinterestedinthissubject,thechapter22
Chieftancyofthe1992ConstitutionoftheRepublicofGhanaisaclearexampleofthelegaland
politicalpowerofthetriballeaders).Mr.Vidalasks,ifsomanytinyterritoriesanddependenciesall
aroundtheworldareissuingtheirowncoins(eitherforprofitorasawaytoexpresstheirnational
identities),thenwhatpreventsSovereignAfricantribesfromissuingtheirowncoins?Yetitisnotjust
aboutcoins.Thereissomethingelse.Itisatributetoahistorymarkedbydifficultiesandchallenges.In
JFVCoins,webelievethatthisisagenuineefforttohelpthosewhoareinneedthroughsomethingthat
wetrulylove:coins.ThatiswhyalltheprofitsfromtheseprojectswillbedonatedtotheNGOHADEF,
tobeusedforfuturedevelopmentsineachofthesetribes.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/HADEF.htm
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BasedonmypersonalcommunicationswithMr.Vidal,theHADEFProjectwasfoundedbymeandmy
associateinAfricaIt'saimistoreducetheruralpovertyandbuildsustainabledevelopment,through
livelihoodinterventions,foodsecurity,supportforqualityeducation,andsoon.TheNGOistiedto
theGhanaianissuesthatIamcurrentlyworkingwith.I'vedecidedtosetupmyNGOandthebulkofmy
projectsinGhanabecauseofthepoliticalconditions,thesignificantnumberoftribesandkingdoms,and
theopportunitiesforeconomicdevelopment.TheNGOwillbefinancedbyMr.Vidalspersonal
resourcesandbytheprofitsobtainedthroughthesaleofcoinsfromAfricanKingdomsandTribesof
thearea.TheseKingdomsTribesarerecognisedassovereignentitiesbytheconstitutioninGhana,and
duetotheparticularpoliticalconditionsinWestAfrica,theystillhaveasignificantpowerandrelevance
intheGhanaianlive.ThenumberofKingdoms/Tribesforwhichheproducescoinswilldependonthe
numberofcontractshecansecure.Idontreallyknowifthecoinswillbepopularornotasitwillbe
difficulttopromotethembutIthinkitisagreatprojectthatcanmakeanimpactinthelivesofsomany
people.TheHADEFProjectwasoriginallytohavebeencalledtheHADREP(HungerAid&
DevelopmentProgramme)Project.
Mr.VidalprovidedmoreinformationabouttheHADEFcoins.TheKingsorChiefsoftheseKingdoms
andTribeshavedulyauthorizedallmytribalcoinproductions.Heprovidedthegroupwiththescan
ofthecontractJFVCoinssignedwiththechiefsoftheEduola,EwaalaandNaajeriTribes(thefirst
coinsthatIproducedfortheHADEFproject).TheseagreementsallowJFVCoinstoproducetheir
coins.AllthreecontractsaredatedNovember18th,2007.Hepointedouttousthatthese(andother)
Tribeswieldrealauthorityintheircountryoforigin.Intheabsenceofanydemocraticstructureorany
sortofWesternstylegovernment,theyactassovereignterritories.Heurgedustotakealookat
Chapter22(itfocusesontheinstitutionofChieftaincy)oftheConstitutionoftheRepublicofGhana
(1992).HeremindedusthatIamnottryingtoarguethatmyproductionsareanysortoflegalcoinage
oranythinglikethatAnotherimportantthingtomentionisthepurposeofthesecoins.Ienjoy
producingcoins,andcertainlyIdonotdoifforthemoney.Producingprivatelymintedcoinageisnot
averyprofitableventure.Ittakesyearsjusttobreakeven.Soitisnotacommercialbusiness.Iproduce
thesecoinstoraisefundstobeusedinlocalprojectsinthesecommunities.Ihavealsocreatedmyown
NGO,whichiscurrentlyoperatinginGhana.Healsoprovidedthegroupwithascanoftheofficial
registrationdocumentsIreceivedacoupleofweeksago:aCertificateofIncorporationdatedMarch
13th,2008,andaCertificatetoCommenceBusinessdatedMarch14th,2008.Wehavebeenworking
inseveralprojectssincelastyear,includinga20acrefarmintheUpperWestRegionofGhanaand
severalmicrocreditprojectsindifferentareas.Fortunately,thingsaregoingbetterthanexpectedwith
theNGO.Ihavenotraisedenoughmoneyfromthesaleofthesecoinstofinancetheperiodicdonations
ImakeandIamusingmypersonalmoneytokeeptheNGOworking.Andwearetalkingaboutafew
thousandEuroamonth.Istillhopethecoinswillsellwellenoughtopermitfurtherissuesfromother
tribes.Healsoofferedtosendthegrouppicturesofthefarm,andthepeopleweworkwith,aswell
asotherdocumentswhichshowthatthedonationsandactivitiesofourNGOarereal.Thefollowing
isabriefsummaryofthetribes/kingdomsforwhichcoinshavealreadybeenproduced:
Mr.VidalhasalsoproducedcoinsfortheMantinaTribe(a1Iyapiece,dated2008)andthe
PokoyirdemeTribe(a1Miworpiece,dated2008).TwocoinsofMantinaandPokoyirdemehave
recentlybeenreleasedfortribeslocatedinnorthernGhana.TheMantinatribebrass1Iyacoinfeaturesa
traditionalmedicinalplantontheobverseandadrinkingmugontheother.ThePokoyirdemetribe
copper1Miiworpicturesadrumononesideandgroundnuts(themaincropofthetribe)ontheother.
Bothcoinsare30mmindiameter.Informationabouteachofthesetribescanbeviewedat:
http://www.jfvcoins.com/ProyectoHADREP/tribes_kingdoms.html
ImagesoftheHADEFcoinscanbeviewedat:
http://www.jfvcoins.com/ProyectoHADREP/coins_HADREP.html.
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1Miiwor.Year:2008.Weight:
13.0g.Metal:Copper.Diameter:
30mm.Edge:Reeded.
Alignment:Medal.Mint:N/A.
Obverse:Drum.Reverse:
Groundnuts.Mintage:N/A.
ThereareothertribalcoinsfromGhana,producebyMr.Vidal.Thisfascinatingseriesofcoinshasbeen
issuedbyafirminSpain.Highreliefcoinsarebeingissuedformanyofthetraditionalkingdomsand
tribesofGhana.TheKingsorChiefsoftheKingdomsorTribeshaveauthorizedeachoftheissues.The
coinsarenotintendedtocirculated,butrathertobesoldtoraisefundsforprojectsthatbenefitthe
KingdomsandTribes.Thecoinhaveamintageofonly1000pieceseach.TheKingorChiefappearson
theonesideofthecoinsanditemsofsignificancetothetribe,thenameofthetribeandthe
denominationappearontheother.ThebrassEduolaissueisdenominated1Edoandfeaturesa
traditionalspearandshield.TheEmuolaconsiderthecrocodileastheirspiritanimal,thusitispictured
ontheirbrass2Diercoin.ThebimetallicEwaala1EwaiincludesamapofGhanashowingthetribal
region.ThebronzeManyaalaTribe2Ebofeaturesabowandarrow.Thebimetallic2Mwalfromthe
MwalbaTribepicturesacarvedwoodstool.Woodcarvingisanimportantindustryforthetribe.A
traditionaldrumisonthebronze1EchecoinoftheNaajeriTribe.Allthesecoinsareof38mmin
diameter,aredated2008andweremadewithmattefinish.
EduolaTribe(ofNyetigu):TheEduolaoccupyavaststretchoflandaroundthesoutheasterncorridor
oftheUpperWestregion,sharingboundarywiththeNorthernregion.Thegreatwarriorknownonlyas
TakyiisbelievedtohavemigratedfromsomewherenearpresentdayAccra(Ghanascapitalcity)onhis
conquestagenda,settledatNyetiguandlaterhisprogenysplittoKanyiniintheJirapa/Lambussie
districtoftheupperwestregion.FromNyetigu,theyexpandedtheirhorizontoshareboundarywith
WechiauatpresentdayGatothewest,Naahatothenorth,andNorthernregiontotheeastandsouth.
FortheEduola,Mr.Vidalhasproduceda20081Edopiece,honoringChiefYakubuGalibeu.
EwaalaTribe(ofGa):ThepresentdayGaispredominantlyewaalawhoarebelievetohavemigrated
fromDorimonnearWatothewesterncorridoralongthebanksoftheblackVolta.Thethreeewaala
clans:Sandaayiri,KwameyiriandDonwieyiriwieldroyalpowerinGa.Theseclansaresupercededbya
unifiedleadership,theYirininkpong,whoisequallyacceptedbytheentirepeopleofGa.The
Yirininkpongthusisthemostelderly(notnecessarilyinage)inlineageamongthethreeroyalgatesand
forthatmattertheelderofthevillage.The1Ewaipiecedated2008,honorsChiefNaaSumaniIbin
Banda.
NaajeriTribe(ofPolee):NaajeriisoneofthethreeroyalgatesintheWatraditionalandchieftaincy
system.WiththeirtraditionalandadministrativecapitalatYaru,thepeopleofNaajeriarespiritually
dominantamongtheircoequals.TheyhaveproducedoneofthegreatestleadersintheWaalatradition:
WanaaSidikiBomi.Poleeisahumblevillagewithtotalpopulationofabout1,500residents.The
ruggedterrainofPoleemakesoneeasilysuspectofmineraldeposits,thoughthishasnotyetbeen
confirmed.ThecommunityislocatedbetweenWaMunicipalityandWaWestdistrict,afewkilometres
awayfromtheWaKumasitrunkroadtothewest.Theis1Echepiecedated2008,honorsChiefSalia
KperisinaaDramani.
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2Mwal.Year:2008.Weight:
29.60g.Metal:Bimetalouter:
Copper,inner:probablyTin.
Diameter:30mm.Edge:Reeded.
Alignment:Medal.Mint:N/A.
Obverse:carvedwoodstool.
Reverse:portraitofChiefKyere
Saanpure.Mintage:1000.
Threecoins,2010datedwerereleasedintheseriesofcoinsforthetribesofAfrica.Thebimetallic1
JiibaanifromtheDakpanyiriTribefeaturesthechiefontheonesideandanornamentcarriedbythe
menofthetribeontheother.TheChiefishighlightedingoldonanickelcoin.The26mmcoinhasa
mintageofonly1000pieces.TheDonwieyiriTribeissuedabimetallic1Yiehuncoin.Thechiefis
picturedononesideandanAfricanmouseontheother.The26mmcoinhasamintageofonly1000
pieces.FromtheSandaayiriTribeisa26mmnickel1SandacoinpicturingtheChiefononesideanda
hoeontheother.Ithasamintageof1000pieces.AllthreetribesarelocatedintheUpperWestRegion
ofGhana.
ApartfromtheHADEFpiecesenumeratedabove,hehasalsoproducedseveralnonHADEF(non
Ghanaian)pieces.AttheendofJanuary2008,Mr.Vidalinformedmethatthefirstcoinsofmy
AfricanProjecthavebeenreleasedIamextremelyhappybecauseI'vebeenworkingonthis
particularbusinessforalongtimeandit'sarelieftoseethatit'smovingforward.AsI'msureI've
mentionedinoneofmypreviousemails,thesecoinsareawaytoraisefundstolocalcharities.Iwas
initiallyconfusedaboutwhichcoinswouldpertaintohisAfricanProjectandwhichoneswould
pertaintohisHADEFProject.Mr.Vidalthenexplainedhowhedifferentiatesbetweenthetwo
ventures:I'vebeeninover10WestAfricancountriesduringthelast15monthsandI'vemanagedto
secureseveralagreementswithkingdomsandtribesfromSenegal,GuineaBissauandTheGambia
amongothers.Thepurposeoftheissuesisthesame:promotethetribes/kingdomandraisefundsfor
localcharities.ButwiththeissuesoutsideGhanaIwilldonatetheproceedstolocalNGOsinsteadof
managingthempersonallythroughHADEF,that'swhytheseSenegaleseissuesarenotincludedinthe
HADEFwebsite.Ithoughtitwouldbemisleadingtoincludethemthere.Mr.Vidalsnumerous
AfricanProject(nonHADEF)issuesincludecoinsfrom:
ChisumuluIslandandLikomaIsland:ChisumuluIsland(4,000inhabitants)isthesmalleroftwo
inhabitedislandslocatedinLakeMalawi(alsoknownasLakeNyasa).Likoma(9,000inhabitants)isthe
largerofthetwo.BoththeseislandsliejustafewkilometresfromMozambique,andareentirely
surroundedbyMozambicanterritorialwaters,butbelongtoMalawi.Theyarethereforeexclavesof
Malawi.ThiscameaboutbecausetheislandswerecolonisedbyAnglicanmissionariesspreadingeast
fromMalawi,ratherthanbythePortuguesewhocolonisedMozambique.Forbothoftheseislands,Mr.
Vidalproduceda5Kwachapiece,dated2007.Imagesofthesecanbeviewedat:
http://www.jfvcoins.com./Productos/world_coins=OtherCoins.html.
RoyaumedeKabrousse:TheKingdomofKabrousseislocated[inSenegal]neartheborderwith
GuineaBissauinasmallvillageofthesamename.Althoughitcurrentlyhasjust6,000inhabitants,
Kabroussewasoneofthemostpowerfulkingdomsoftheareauntilrecenttimes.Itisthebirthplaceof
theDiolaQueenAlineSitoDiatta,afamousheroineoftheSenegaleseresistancetoFrench
Colonialism.Thesecoinsa1CauripieceandaCauripiece,bothdated2008arededicatedto
her.Imagesofthesecoinscanbeviewedat:
http://www.jfvcoins.com./Productos/micronations_english=catDK.html.
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L'ledeSyppo:TheislandofSyppoislocatedinSinSaloumDeltainthesouthofSenegal.Syppoisa
smallancientkingdomruledbyMadameToure.RightnowtheKingdomconsistsofasmallvillagethat
receivesasignificantnumberoftouristseveryyear.The2Cauripiece,dated2008,isthefirstissueof
thistinyKingdom.Imagesofthesecoinscanbeviewedat:
http://www.jfvcoins.com./Productos/micronations_english=catOS.html.
Mr.VidalhasalsoproducedcoinsfortheHaalTribe(a10Dengpiece,dated2008
http://www.jfvcoins.com/Productos/micronations_english=catDK.html),theKanjagaTribe(a5Kebu
piece,dated2008http://www.jfvcoins.com/Productos/micronations_english=catDK.html),andthe
NchamTribe(a3Peuhlpiece,dated2008
http://www.jfvcoins.com/Productos/micronations_english=catLN.html).TheNchamisatribelocatedin
Gambiawithlessthan1000members.TheNchamvillagesareverysmallandrarelyhaveaccessto
schools,healthcare,orotherbasicservices.This2008Nchamcopper3Peuhlhasamintageofjust
1000pieces.Onesideshowsabirdononesideandatribaltotemontheother.TheKanjagaisoneofthe
smallesttribesinBurkinaFaso.This2008Kanjaga5Kebuhasamintageofalsojust1000pieces.One
sideshowsanativebuilding,whiletheothershowsatribaltotem.Bothcoinsare30mmindiameter.
Threenewcoinsdated2011arealsopartofacontinuingseriesofcoinsissuedforthetribesasa
fundraiserthatbenefitstheHungerAidandDevelopmentFoundation(HADEF)basedinGhana.The
FoundationpromoteseconomicdevelopmentprojectsinAfrica.The2011issuesfeaturethree30mm
coinsdepictinganimals.The2011issuesfeaturethree30mmcoinsdepictinganimals.TheSanuoriTribe
issuedabrass1Nuorpicturingajackal,theTomboriyiritribebrass1Mobirihasacutehedgehog,and
theWechaubourcopper1Kajourshowsahyrax.AllthreetribesarerelatedtotheGapeopleofGhana.
Only1000ofeachcoinwereminted.AllthreetribesarerelatedtotheGapeopleofGhana.Only1000
ofeachcoinwasminted.
TheBrifo,PonaalandWielberarethreecloselyrelatedtribesthatarelocatedinNorthWestGhana.
Eachofthesethree2012datedcoinsfeaturesatribalmaskontheobverse.Oneithersideofthemask
arecommonGhanaiansymbols.GyeNyame,whichmeansexceptforGod,whichisaverypopular
symbolofthesupremacyofGod.TheOdoNyewFieKwan,or"Loveneverlosesitswayhome",which
isasymbolofthepoweroflove.Thesethreecoinsarealldenominatedas1Suoma,whichisa
traditionalcurrency.ThebrassBrifoTribecoinfeaturesaBaobabtreeonthereverse.AplateofCocoa
podsisonthebrassPonaalTribecoin.TheSheaButtertreeisonthereverseofthealuminumWielber
Tribecoin.Allthreecoinsare30mmindiameterandhaveamintageofonly1000pieceseach.Partof
theproceedsfromthesaleofthecoinsgotofinancedevelopmentprojectsforeachofthetribes.
Wecannotforget,ofcourse,thelovelypiecesMr.VidalissuedfortheKingdomofBiffeche(please
viewmyseparatelistingforthiscoinissuingentity).
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HugueninFreres,Neuchatel
HugueninFreres,Neuchatel
HugueninFreres,NeuchatelhasstruckafewmedalliccoinageonthescenicviewofSwisscitiesfrom
1964to1971.ThesecoinscanbeseeninKrausepublication:UnusualWorldCoins4theditionfrom
page462to464.Eachcoinweremadein.8350Agandweightsbetween27.75to28.12grams.
ScenicCitiesviewsinSilbertalerdenominations:Bern(1964,1969),Zurich(1965),Luzern(1965),
Einsiedeln(1967),Solothurn(1967),St.Gallen(1969),Zug(1969),Aarau(1970),Arosa(1970),
Basel(1970),Rapperswil(1970),Schaffhausen(1970),Schwyz(1970),Zermatt(1970),Frauenfeld
(1971),St.Moritz(1971)andWinterthur(1971).
ScenicCitiesviewsinECUdenominations:Lausanne(1964),Geneva(1965,1967),Neuchatel
(1969),Sion(1969),Fribourg(1969)andMontreaux(1971)
ScenicCitiesviewsinScudodenominations:Lugano(1967)
IgotmySilbertalerBern1969coinfromHaroonTareen.
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JoelAnderson
JoelAnderson
JoelAndersonstartedcollectingcoinswhileinthirdgrade.In1970,whilestillinHighSchoolhe
startedtosellworldcoinsbymailonaparttimebasis.JoelgraduatedfromtheUniversityofSanta
ClarathengotaMastersofBusinessAdministrationfromtheAmosTuckSchoolatDartmouth
College.AfterworkingincostaccountingandasacontrollerinSiliconValley,hefoundhimselfonthe
wrongsideofa"corporatereorganization".Decidingitwasmorefuntosellcoinsthantodorealwork
heconvertedhisparttimecoinbusinessintoafulltimebusinessin1989.ThefirmconsistsofJoel,his
wifeLila,andtheirtwocats,PatandTuck.Businessisdonebymail,internetandatselectedcoin
showsthroughoutCalifornia.ThefirmhasbeensellingcoinsonInternetsince1996.Sorry,wedonot
haveashopandarenotsetuptoreceivevisitors.
Afterover15yearsinMerced,California,thefirmmovedtoGroverBeach,Californiain2003.
GroverBeachislocatednexttoPismoBeachontheCentralCaliforniacoast.JoelandLilahaveeach
servedasPresidentoftheGatewayCoinClubofMercedCountyandoftheCaliforniaState
NumismaticAssociation(CSNA).JoelhasreceivedtheCSNAMedalofMerit.
Theabovetwocoins:50centsinbronzeand250centsinbrassdisplaythelogoofthefirm.According
toJoel:"OurlogoisofaChinesecoincalledtheK'aiYuan.TheK'aiYuanwasintroducedbyEmperor
KaoTsu,whofoundedtheTangDyanstyin618AD.ThecoinsreplacedthepreviouslyusedWuChu
andothercoins.ThehighqualityofthecoinsandexcellentcalligraphysetastandardforChinese
coinsforthenext1000years!Thelegendonthecoin,K'aiYuanTungPaotranslatesas"precious
currencyoftheK'aiYuanera".TheTangDynastywasabrilliantperiodinChinesehistory.Itwasan
eraofgreatprosperityandartistry.TheK'aiYuancoincontinuedtobeissuedforthenext300years,
untilthecollapseoftheDynastyin907AD.Duringmuchofthedynastythecoinwastheonly
denominationstruck.Becauseoftherelativelylowvalueofthecoinandthehighlevelofcommercea
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JoelAnderson
LOTofthecoinswereissuedduringthatperiod.(Thinkofdoingallyourtransactionswithonly
pennies!)Asaresultthecoin,thoughover1000yearsold,isstillplentifulandinexpensive.The
Chineseusedthebasicdesignofaroundcoppercoinwithasquareholeforover2100years.The
roundnessofthecoinrepresentedheaven,whilethesquareholerepresentedtheearth,thustheircoins
weretheperfectmixofheavenandearth.Amorepracticalreasonforthedesignisthatthecoinswere
cast.Inordertoremovethecastingspursonthecoins,asquarestickwasrunthroughthecenterhole
ofagroupofcoinsinordertoholdthem.Thespurscouldthenbequicklyandeasilysandedoffthe
wholegroupofcoins.TheoriginofouruseoftheK'aiYuancoinasalogoisdeeplyshroudedinthe
hiddenmysteriesofthepast.Eitherthat,oraftersellingcoinsforoverthirtyyearsmymemoryis
slipping.Ithinkithadsomethingtodowiththecoinbeingoldandinexpensive."Theaddresswritten
onthesecoinsarenolongervalidastheyhaveshiftedtoGoverBeach.
TheabovetwotokenarethecelebrationofJoelandLilaCresciAndersonin2004.Onetokenisin
purecopperwhiletheotherissilverplatedcoppertoken.
JoelAnderon'sThree
Dollarsbimetallwiththeir
currentpostandweb
addresses.Itis9.30grams.
Medalalignmentandhaving
edgeoffivepatcheseachof
reededandplain.
Topurchasevariousworldcoinsvisittheirwebsiteat:http://joelscoins.com/[POBox365Grover
Beach,CA934830365USA,phone/fax18054898045,email:orders@joelscoins.com].Around
10%ofmycollectionofworldcoinswerepurchasedthroughhim.Hegavemetheabovecoinsand
tokenofhisfirmwithmyorderedcoins.Alongwiththeimagesofthecoinsdisplayedathiswebsite,
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JoelAnderson
healsobrieflydescribestheimportanceofthecoinintermsofitsbackgroundhistory.Itisindeeda
valuableinformationforcollectorstoknow.
2010markstheir40thanniversaryofsellingcoinsbymail(Internetdidnotexistwaybackthen).To
celebratetheeventtheycreatedtwoelongated(rolled)coinsutilizingsomeofthetokenstheyhad
struckforour25thanniversaryinthecoinbusiness.Onerolledtokenisgoodfor$4.00intradeand
wascreatedfromourgoodfor$2.50intradetoken.TheotherisaGoodfor$1.40intrade,rolledfrom
ourgoodfor50cintradetoken.Bothtokensfeaturetheircashcoinlogo,andtheiraddressand"40TH
ANNIVERSARY19702010".ThetokenswerecreatedbyOP(OdedPaz),utilizingaspecialprocess
thatkeptmuchofthereliefoftheunderlyingdesignonthereverse,sotheircashcoinlogoandold
Mercedmailingaddressisplainlyvisibleonthereverse.Approximately200ofeachtypewereminted.
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AndamanandNicobarIslandsunofficialcoinissues
AndamanandNicobarIslands
(unofficialcoinissues)
RajendraCholaI(1014to1042CE),oneoftheTamilCholadynastykings,occupiedtheAndamanand
NicobarIslandstousethemasastrategicnavalbasetolaunchanavalexpeditionagainsttheSriwijaya
Empire(aHinduMalayempirebasedontheislandofSumatra,Indonesia).Theycalledtheislands
Timaittivu("impureislands"inTamil).Theislandsprovidedatemporarymaritimebaseforshipsofthe
Marathasinthe17thcentury.ThelegendaryadmiralKanhojiAngreestablishednavalsupremacywitha
baseintheislandsandiscreditedwithattachingthoseislandstoIndia.Thehistoryoforganized
EuropeancolonizationontheislandsbeganwhentheDanishsettlersoftheDanishEastIndiaCompany
arrivedintheNicobarIslandson12December1755.OnJanuary01,1756,theNicobarIslandswere
madeaDanishcolony,firstnamedNewDenmark,andlater(December1756)Frederick'sIslands
(Frederikserne).During17541756theywereadministratedfromTranquebar(incontinentalDanish
India).Theislandswererepeatedlyabandonedduetooutbreaksofmalariabetween14April1759and19
August1768,from1787to1807/05,1814to1831,1830to1834andgraduallyfrom1848forgood.
From01June1778to1784,AustriamistakenlyassumedthatDenmarkhadabandoneditsclaimstothe
Nicobarislandsandattemptedtoestablishacolonyonthem,renamingthemTheresiaIslands.In1789the
BritishsetupanavalbaseandpenalcolonyonChathamIslandnexttoGreatAndaman,wherenowlies
thetownofPortBlair.TwoyearslaterthecolonywasmovedtoPortCornwallisonGreatAndaman,but
itwasabandonedin1796duetodisease.Denmark'spresenceintheterritoryendedformallyon16
October1868whenitsoldtherightstotheNicobarIslandstoBritain,whichmadethempartofBritish
Indiain1869.
In1858theBritishagainestablishedacolonyatPortBlair,whichprovedtobemorepermanent.The
primarypurposewastosetupapenalcolonyfordissentersandindependencefightersfromtheIndian
subcontinent.ThecolonycametoincludetheinfamousCellularJail.In1872theAndamanandNicobar
islandswereunitedunderasinglechiefcommissioneratPortBlair.JapaneseoccupationoftheAndaman
Islands.DuringWorldWarII,theislandswerepracticallyunderJapanesecontrol,onlynominallyunder
theauthorityoftheArziHukumateAzadHindofNetajiSubhashChandraBose.Bosevisitedtheislands
duringthewar,andrenamedthemas"Shaheeddweep"(MartyrIsland)and"Swarajdweep"(Selfrule
Island).GeneralLoganathan,oftheIndianNationalArmywasmadetheGovernoroftheAndamanand
NicobarIslands.On22February1944healongwithfourINAofficersMajorMansoorAliAlvi,Sub.
Lt.Md.Iqbal,Lt.SubaSinghandstenographerSrinivasanarrivedatLambalineAirportinPortBlair.
On21March1944theHeadquartersoftheCivilAdministrationwasestablishedneartheGurudwaraat
AberdeenBazaar.On02October1944,Col.LoganathanhandedoverthechargetoMaj.Alviandleft
PortBlair,nevertoreturn.TheislandswerereoccupiedbyBritishandIndiantroopsofthe116thIndian
InfantryBrigadeon07October1945,towhomtheremainingJapanesegarrisonsurrendered.Atthe
independenceofbothIndia(1947)andBurma(1948),thedepartingBritishannouncedtheirintentionto
resettleallAngloIndiansandAngloBurmeseontheislandstoformtheirownnation,althoughthisnever
materialized.ItbecamepartoftheIndianunionin1950andwasdeclaredaunionterritoryon1956.
BelowcoinsaredesignedandproducedbyJosephE.Lang.Nativewildlifeisfeaturedonthissetofseven
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unofficial2011datedcoinsfromtheAndamanandNicobarIslands.Inshort,theterritoryislocatedinthe
IndianOcean,consistsof572islands,ofwhichjust38arepermanentlyinhabited.Denmark,Austriaand
Britainallattemptedtocolonizetheislands.Britaineventuallyturneditintoapenalcolony.Japan
occupieditinWorldWarII.TheyarenowaUnionTerritoryofIndia.Overtheyearstheindigenous
inhabitantshavebeenalmostcompletelywipedoutbydisease,landencroachmentsandpunitivemilitary
expeditions.Mostofthefewhundredthatremainmaintainasteadfastindependence,refusingalloutside
contact.Thebimetallic20RupeespicturesaNautilus.Thebimetallic10RupeesdepictsaDugong.An
IndianWildBoarisonthe5Rupees.ACoconutCrabisshownonthe2Rupees.The1Rupeehasa
KuhlsFlyingGecko.AStorkbilledKingfisherisonthe50PaisaandtheAnadmanclubtailbutterflyis
onthe25Paise.Thearmsoftheislandsisontheobverseofeachcoin.Only10,000setswereminted.
ThesewerestruckbyOsborneCoinageinCincinnati,OhioUSA.JLinitialisvisibleonthereverseside
ofallthesecoins.
25paise.Year:2011.Weight:2.86g.
Metal:Copper.Diameter:19.00mm.
OsborneCoinage,USA.Obverse:
"ANDAMAN&NICOBAR
ISLANDS"writtenatthetop.Emblem
inthecenterwithdateatthebottom.
Reverse:Anadmanclubtailbutterfly
withvalueinfourdifferentlanguages.
Mintage:10,000.MintedYears:One
yeartype.
50paise.Year:2011.Weight:3.95g.
"ANDAMAN&NICOBAR
Reverse:StorkbilledKingfisherwith
valueinfourdifferentlanguages.
yeartype.
Note:Thefourlanguagesequenceon
thiscoinisdifferentthantherestofthe
coins.
1Rupee.Year:2011.Weight:5.42g.
Metal:CopperNickel.Diameter:25.00
mm.Edge:Reeded.Alignment:Medal.
Mint:OsborneCoinage,USA.
Obverse:"ANDAMAN&NICOBAR
Reverse:KuhlsFlyingGeckowith
valueinfourdifferentlanguages.
yeartype.
2Rupees.Year:2011.Weight:6.04g.
Metal:CopperNickel.Diameter:11
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sided26.00mm.Edge:Plain.
Alignment:Medal.Mint:Osborne
Coinage,USA.Obverse:
"ANDAMAN&NICOBAR
Reverse:CoconutCrabwithvaluein
fourdifferentlanguages.Mintage:
10,000.MintedYears:Oneyeartype.
Metal:Brass.Diameter:23.00mm.
Edge:Reeded.Alignment:Medal.
Obverse:"ANDAMAN&NICOBAR
Reverse:IndianWildBoarwithvalue
infourdifferentlanguages.Mintage:
10,000.MintedYears:Oneyeartype.
Metal:BimetallicCopperNickelas
outerringandBrassinthecenter.
Diameter:25.00mm.Edge:Reeded.
Alignment:Medal.Mint:Osborne
Coinage,USA.Obverse:
"ANDAMAN&NICOBAR
Reverse:Dugongwithvalueinfour
differentlanguages.Mintage:10,000.
MintedYears:Oneyeartype.
Metal:BimetallicCopperasouter
ringandBrassinthecenter.Diameter:
27.00mm.Edge:ReededandPlain12
patchedeach.Alignment:Medal.Mint:
"ANDAMAN&NICOBAR
Reverse:Nautiluswithvalueinfour
differentlanguages.Mintage:10,000.
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CaboDakhla(fantasycoinissues)
CaboDakhla(Fantasyissue)
AsetofthesecoinsarenotlegaltenderissuesandwereproducedbyJosephE.Lang.ItisclaimedthatCabo
DakhaispartofMauritaniabutadministeredbyMorocco.
Dakhla(Dajla),oradDakhla(Arabic:)(formerlyVillaCisneros,whichisitscurrentnameinSpanish),isa
cityintheWesternSaharawithabout85,000inhabitants.Itisabout550kmsouthofElAainonanarrow
peninsulaoftheAtlanticCoast.ItisthecapitalofwhattheMoroccangovernmentcalledtheOuedEdDahab
Lagouiraregion,butforthePOLISARIOispartoftheOccupiedTerritories.DakhlawasfoundedasVilla
Cisnerosin1502bySpanishsettlersduringtheexpansionoftheirEmpire.Duringthecolonialperiod,the
SpanishauthoritiesmadeDakhlathecapitaloftheprovinceofRodeOro,oneofthetworegionsoftheSpanish
Sahara.TheybuiltamilitaryfortressandamodernCatholicchurch,bothofwhichremainpointsofinterestfor
visitorstothecity.AprisoncampalsoexistedhereduringtheSpanishCivilWar,atwhichwriterssuchasPedro
GarcaCabrerawereimprisoned.Duringthe1960s,theFrancoistdictatorshipalsobuilthereoneofthethree
pavedairportsinWesternSaharaatDakhlaAirport.Between1975and1979,Dakhlawastheprovincecapitalof
theMauritanianprovinceofTirisalGharbiyya,consistingofitsannexedportionofWesternSahara.Dakhla
AirportisusedaspublicairportandbytheRoyalAirMaroc.The3km.longrunwaycanreceiveaBoeing737
orsmallerplanes.Thepassengerterminalcovers670mandiscapabletohandleupto55.000passenger/year.
Themaineconomicactivityofthecityisfishing.Inrecentyearsthetownhasbecomeacentreforaquaticsports,
suchaskitesurfing,windsurfingandsurfcasting.
Currency:20Peseta=1Dinar(Dinar=100santimat)
AH14272006
500Peseta25Dirhams.Year:AH14272006.
Weight:12.12g.Metal:Brass.Diameter:22.00mm.
Thickness:4mm.Edge:Reeded.Alignment:Medal.
Mint:N/A.Obverse:"CaboDakhla"onthetop.
Bunchofflowersinthecenter.Valueandwritten
denominationatthebottom.Reverse:Year"1427"
onthetop.
ColonialSpanishbuildinginthecenterwith
denominationbelow.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:
Oneyeartype.
Othercoinsinthissetcontains:
1peseta5santimatCamel.Aluminumzinc
5pesetas25santimatWhale.Aluminumzinc
10pesetas50santimatFennecFox.Aluminumzinc
25pesetas11/4DinarsVulture.Aluminumzinc
50pesetas21/2DinarsMenoncamels.Aluminumzinc
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CaboDakhla(fantasycoinissues)
100Pesetas5Dinars2006TribalMan.BimetalCopperNickeloutercircleandBrasscenter.
200Pesetas10Dinars2006Amanwithsnakeonhishead.BimetalBrassinoutercircleandCopper
Nickelincenter.
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DarfurSultanate(unofficialcoinset)
DarfurSultanate(unofficialissue)
TheSultanateofDarfurrecentlyreleasedanattractivesetofsevencoinsthatincludeabimetallic,unusual
shapesandfeatureAfricanwildlife.Thenoncirculatingcoinsarethefirstmoderncoinsfortheembattled
sultanatethatisengagedtragicwarinanattempttoregainindependencefromSudan.AtthemomentDarfuris
thewestpartofSudan.ThesecoinsaredesignedandproducedforJosephE.Lang.
Currency:Dinar
AH14292008
5Dinars.Year:AH14292008.Weight:3.10g.
Metal:Brass.Diameter:19.00mm.Edge:Plain.
Alignment:Medal.Mint:N/A.Obverse:African
WildDogwithdatesanddenomination.Reverse:
"DarfurSultanate"writteninArabicattopandin
Englishbelow."ThereisnoGod,butAllahand
MuhammadisthemessengerofAllah"writtenin
Arabicwithintenfoildesign.Mintage:N/A.Minted
Years:Oneyeartype.
Alignment:Medal.Mint:N/A.Obverse:Civetwith
datesanddenomination.Reverse:"DarfurSultanate"
writteninArabicattopandinEnglishbelow."There
isnoGod,butAllahandMuhammadisthe
messengerofAllah"writteninArabicwithintenfoil
design.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:Oneyeartype.
Alignment:Medal.Mint:N/A.Obverse:Camelwith
messengerofAllah"writteninArabicwithintenfoil
design.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:Oneyeartype.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Darfur_Sultanate.htm
Metal:Copper.Diameter:12sidedscalloped25.00
mm.Edge:Plain.Alignment:Medal.Mint:N/A.
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DarfurSultanate(unofficialcoinset)
Obverse:Hartebeestwithdatesanddenomination.
Reverse:"DarfurSultanate"writteninArabicattop
andinEnglishbelow."ThereisnoGod,butAllah
andMuhammadisthemessengerofAllah"written
inArabicwithintenfoildesign.Mintage:N/A.
Metal:CopperNicket.Diameter:Square25.50x
25.50mm.Edge:Plain.Alignment:Medal.Mint:
N/A.Obverse:Leopardwithdatesand
denomination.Reverse:"DarfurSultanate"writtenin
ArabicattopandinEnglishbelow."Thereisno
God,butAllahandMuhammadisthemessengerof
Allah"writteninArabicwithintenfoildesign.
Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:Oneyeartype.
Metal:CopperNicket.Diameter:8sided31.00mm.
Edge:Plain.Alignment:Medal.Mint:N/A.Obverse:
Elephantwithdatesanddenomination.Reverse:
"DarfurSultanate"writteninArabicattopandin
Englishbelow."ThereisnoGod,butAllahand
MuhammadisthemessengerofAllah"writtenin
Arabicwithintenfoildesign.Mintage:N/A.Minted
Years:Oneyeartype.
Metal:BimetalCopperNicketinoutercircleand
Copperincenter.Diameter:31.00mm.Edge:6
patcheseachofReededandPlain.Alignment:
Medal.Mint:N/A.Obverse:Nilecrocodilewith
messengerofAllah"writtenincoppercircle.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Darfur_Sultanate.htm
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EasterIsland(unofficialcoins)
EasterIsland(unofficialissue)
TwoEasterIslandcoinswerereleasedfor2008.The27mm.999finesilver2000Pesocommemoratesthe60th
anniversaryoftheChileansailingshiptheEsmeralda.Theship,picturedonthereverseofthecoin,isusedasa
trainingvesselbytheChileanNavy.The27mmnickelplatedzinc1000Pesopicturesarare,carvedwooden
tabletfeaturingthestillundecipheredRongorongoEasterIslandscript.Theobverseofeachcoinfeaturesa
carvedstoneheadfoundontheIsland.ThecoinsarenotlegaltenderissuesandseemsoftheproducedbyJoseph
E.Lang.
Currency:Peso
2008
Mil(100)Pesos.Year:2008.Weight:8.30g.Metal:
Nickelplatedzinc.Diameter:27.00mm.Edge:
Plain.Alignment:Coin.Mint:OsborneCoinage
Cincinnati,Ohio,USA.Obverse:"MilPesos"
writteninattop.UndecipheredRongorongoEaster
Islandscriptincenter.Datebelow.Reverse:"RAPA
NUI"writtenleftclockwise."ISLADEPASCUA"
writtenrightclockwise.Mintage:N/A.Minted
Years:Oneyeartype.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Easter_Island.htm
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GalapagosIslands(unofficialcoins)
GalapagosIslands(unofficialissue)
ThecoinarenotlegaltenderissuesandseemsoftheproducedbyJosephE.Lang.Ahumpbackwhaleispictured
thisrectangular8dollarcoinfromtheGalapagosIslands.Thecoinisthefirstinaseriesofcoinsissuedforthe
isolatedislands.Thereversefeaturesthearmsoftheislands.Theislandsarefamousfortheirwidearrayof
unusualwildlife.TheGalapagosisapossessionofEcuador.Since2000theUnitedStatesdollarhasbeen
Ecuador'sofficialcurrency,thusthecoinisdenominatedinU.S.dollars.Likemostoddballcoins,itisnotmeant
tocirculate.Theattractiveandunusualcoinisstruckinsilverplatedbrass.Ithasamintageofonly3000pieces.
Currency:Dollar
2008
8Dolares(Dollars).Year:2008.Weight:
31.25g.Metal:SilverplatedBrass.Diameter:
Rectangle50.00mmx29.00mm.Edge:
Plain.Alignment:Medal.Mint:Osborne
CoinageCincinnati,Ohio,USA.Obverse:
"ISLASGALAPAGOS"writteninattop.
Emblemincenter.12starsoneachside.Date
below.Reverse:"BallenaJorobada"written
rightanticlockwise.Denominationbelow.
Mintage:3,000.MintedYears:Oneyeartype.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Galapagos_Islands.htm
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Greenlandunofficialcoinissues
Greenland(unofficialcoinissues)
ThesecoinsaredesignedandproducedbyJosephE.Lang.Nativewildlifeisfeaturedontheseunofficial
2010patterncoinsfromGreenland.Adogsledteamisfeaturedonthetrimetallic50Kroner.Thecoin
featuresacopperouterring,brassmiddleringandacoppernickelcenter.The20Kronerpicturesapolar
bearandhercutecub.Awalrusisonthe10Kroner.The5Kronerfeaturesawolverine.Amuskoxison
the2Kroner.The1Kronepicturesanarwhal.Anarcticfoxisshownonthe50Ore,andanarctichareis
onthe25Ore.TheobverseofeachcoinfeaturesapolarbeareitherintheformthetraditionalGreenland
armsoramodernversionoftheGreenlandarms.AlleightcoinsareUncirculated.Only10,000setswere
issued.ThesewerestruckbyOsborneCoinageinCincinnati,OhioUSA."Prve"iswrittenonthe
observesidewithJLinitialofreversesideofallthesecoins.
25re.Year:2010.Weight:2.43g.
"KALAALLITNUNAAT"writtenat
thetop.Greenlandembleminthe
centerwithdateatthebottom.
Reverse:Arctichareinthecenterwith
value.Mintage:10,000.MintedYears:
Oneyeartype.
50re.Year:2010.Weight:3.90g.
Reverse:Arcticfoxinthecenterwith
Oneyeartype.
1Krone.Year:2010.Weight:3.88g.
Obverse:"KALAALLIT"writtenat
centerwith"NUNAAT"anddateatthe
bottom.Reverse:Narwhalinthecenter
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Greenland.htm
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withvalue.Mintage:10,000.Minted
Years:Oneyeartype.
2Kroner.Year:2010.Weight:5.97g.
bottom.Reverse:Muskoxinthecenter
withvalue.Mintage:10,000.Minted
Years:Oneyeartype.
bottom.Reverse:Wolverineinthe
centerwithvalue.Mintage:10,000.
Reverse:Walrusinthecenterwith
Oneyeartype.
Reverse:Polarbearandhercubinthe
centerwithvalue.Mintage:10,000.
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50Kroner.Year:2010.Weight:12.70g.Metal:TrimetallicCopperintheouterring,Brassinthe
middleandCopperNickelinthecenter.Diameter:34.00mm.Edge:ReededandPlain12patcheseach.
Alignment:Medal.Mint:OsborneCoinage,USA.Obverse:"KALAALLIT"writtenatthetop.
Greenlandembleminthecenterwith"NUNAAT"anddateatthebottom.Reverse:Dogsledteaminthe
centerwithvalue.Mintage:10,000.MintedYears:Oneyeartype.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
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Kurdistan
Kurdistan
AnethnicallyKurdishenclave,confinedwithintheartificialbordersoffourothercountries(Iraq,Iran,
Turkey,andSyria),whichhasbeentryingtoattainaliberatedhomeland.Forcenturiestheyhave
dreamedofhavinganindependenthomeland,howevereachtimethedreamhasbeenthwarted.An
independentKurdistanwaspromisedafterWorldWarI,howeverinsteadtheirlandwasdivided
betweenTurkeyandIraq.AftertheFirstGulfWarin1991theKurdsinIraqweregrantedalarge
degreeofautonomyundertheUnitedNations.Theyevenusedadifferentcurrencythantherestof
Iraq,calledtheSwissDinar.ManyKurdsinIraqwereexpectingtogainfullindependencewiththe
fallofSaddamHusseinin2003.SeveraloverseasKurdishgroupsauthorizedtheissuanceofcoinsfor
whattheyexpectedwouldbeanewindependentnationafterthefallofSaddam.
However,theTurksfearedthatanindependentKurdistaninIraqwouldfurtherthedemandsofthe
KurdswithinTurkeyformoreautonomy.TheystronglyobjectedtoanautonomousKurdistanwithin
Iraqandthreatenedaninvasion.TheUnitedStatesagreedwithTurkey,soplansforanindependent
Kurdistanhaveonceagainbeenquashed.Thefirstcoinshoweverwerestillissued.Thecoinsfeature
theKurdshistoricpastandwildlifenativetotheirhomeland.Kurdistancoinswerestruckin2003/
AH1424.The1DinarshowingthemostfamousKurdofalltime,Saladin.SalahalDinYusuf
(Saladin)bornin1138inTikrit,assonofKurdishchiefAyyub.HefoundedthepowerfulAyyubid
dynastyandruledfrom1169to1193.Hisdiplomaticskills,backedbywelldisciplinedarmyenabled
himtogaincontrolofEgypt,PalestineandSyriafromIslamicaswellasChristianopponents.Even
hisopponentsadmiredhimforhischivalry,justiceandpiety.Hediedon04thmarch1193in
Damascusafterashortillness.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Kurdistan.htm
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Kurdistan
The1Dinarisstruckinbronzeplatedzinc,amaterialsimilartothatusedinthecurrentU.S.cent,
hasanauthorizedmintageofonly5,000pieces.The10DinarscoinpicturesthenativePersianFallow
Deerandhasanauthorizedmintageofonly10,000pieces.Thecoinisstruckonnickelplatedbronze.
Thesilverproof100DinarshowstheLesserKestrel,asmallbirdofpreyfromtheFalconfamilythat
isnativetoKurdistan.Ithasanauthorizedmintageofonly800pieces.Thegoldproof1000Dinar
featuresSaladinridingahorsecarryingaKurdishflag.Itisstruckin22Karatgoldandcontainsjust
slightlyunderahalfounce(.4990AGW)ofpuregold.Only98pieceswerestruckofthisattractive
goldcoin.The10Dinaris39mm(silverdollarsize)whiletheotherdenominationsare27mmin
diameter.MountainshavefiguredprominentlyinKurdishlore,sothereverseofallthecoinsfeatures
fourmountainpeaks,whichalsorepresentsthefournationswithmajorKurdishpopulations.Above
themountainsisa21rayedrisingsun,whichisatraditionalKurdishsymbolpredatingthenations
conversiontoIslam.ThelegendsareinthetwomaindialectsofKurdish:SoraniandKurmanji.A
significantportionoftheauthorizedmintagesofthe1and10Dinarsareactuallybeingdistributedin
IraqiheldportionsofKurdistan.The100and1000DinarsareProofonlyissues,soarenotexpectedto
circulate.Thesearebeautifulandintriguingcoinscoinfromanewnationthathasyettobeborn.
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Kurdistan
ErrorVersionCorrectVersion
In2003,therewere4coinsavailable,asmentionedabovetherearealsoerrorversionsofthe1and10
Dinarspieces.Theproductionofthesenonlegaltenderpieceswascoordinatedbyvenerablecoin
dealerJosephE.Lang(jlang@neteze.com),fromwhomthecoinsareavailable.Accordingtoanarticle
intheMay10,2004editionofCoinWorld,healsodesignedtheirobverseandhelpedtopayfor
theirmanufacture.AhandfulofKurdishgroupseitherauthorizedorwereinvolvedinthisproject.The
AmericanSocietyofKurdseventookafewhundredcoinstoIraqiKurdistanforpossiblecirculation.
ThesecoinswereproducedbyHoffmanMint.
ThoughKurdistanhasnotachievedindependence,ithasnotstoppedissuingcoins.Itrecentlyreleased
newgoldandsilvercoinsdated2006.Thegold100,000DinarpicturesSaladin,themostfamous
KurdSaladin,foeofRichardtheLionheartandtheCrusaders,wasfamousforhischivalryand
justice.Theisstruckin22karatgoldandcontainsaquarterounceofpuregold.Ithasanauthorized
mintageofonly150pieces!Thesilver10,000DinarshowsaMerlin(Falcocolumbarius).Itcontains
1/4ounceof.999finesilverandhasanauthorizedmintageofonly1200pieces.Bothcoinsfeaturethe
Kurdistanarmsonthereverse.
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Kurdistan
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Kurdistan
Thislatestsetofsevenbasemetalcoinsisquiteattractive.Thefivelowerdenominationsfeature
nativewildlife.Thecopper25DinarshowsaGreyPartridge.Thebrass50DinarspicturesaEuropean
GreyHeron,Thecoppernickel100DinarshowsaRedFox.Theeightsidedcoppernickel250Dinars
showsaEurasianLynx.Thecoppernickel500Dinarshowsawildgoat.The1000Dinarshows
MustafaBarzani,acharismaticKurdishnationalistleaderwhodiedin1979.The2500Dinarisan
attractiveandunusualsquarebimetalliccoinwithacopperouterringandabrassinnerplug.It
featuresanoilrefineryinKirkuk.Allcoinsaredated2006andfeaturetheKurdisharmsfeaturingthe
sunoverthemountainsonthereverse.
IpurchasedallmyKurdistancoinsfromJoelAnderson.IalsowouldlikethankJoelAndersonand
ErikV.McCreafortheiraboveresearchandinformationonthesecoins.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
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TurkishRepublicofNorthernCyprus(unofficialcoinset)
TurkishRepublicofNorthern
Cyprus(unofficialissue)
ThesecoinsarenotlegaltenderissuesandwereproducedbyJosephE.LangthroughaChinesefirm.
Currency:Lira/100kurus
2010
1Kurus.Year:2010.Weight:2.00g.Metal:Brass.
Diameter:16.50mm.Edge:Plain.Alignment:
Medal.Mint:N/A.Obverse:"KuzeyKibrisTrk
Cumhuriyeti"writteninattop.Emblemincenter.
Dateanddenominationbelow.Reverse:TRNCFlag.
Writtendenominationbelow.Mintage:N/A.Minted
Years:Oneyeartype.
5Kurus.Year:2010.Weight:2.10g.Metal:Steel.
Dateanddenominationbelow.Reverse:Nativeplant
withwrittendenomination.Mintage:N/A.Minted
Years:Oneyeartype.
Years:Oneyeartype.
Years:Oneyeartype.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Northern_Cyprus.htm
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50Kurus.Year:2010.Weight:5.60g.Metal:Bi
metalCopperNickeloutercircleandBrassin
center.Diameter:23.50mm.Edge:Reeded.
Alignment:Medal.Mint:N/A.Obverse:"Kuzey
KibrisTrkCumhuriyeti"writteninattop.Emblem
incenter.Dateanddenominationbelow.Reverse:
Nativeplantwithwrittendenomination.Mintage:
N/A.MintedYears:Oneyeartype.
1Lira.Year:2010.Weight:6.80g.Metal:Bimetal
BrassoutercircleandCopperNickelincenter.
Diameter:26.00mm.Edge:6patcheseachof
ReededandPlain.Alignment:Medal.Mint:N/A.
Obverse:"KuzeyKibrisTrkCumhuriyeti"written
inattop.Emblemincenter.Dateanddenomination
below.Reverse:Butterflywithwrittendenomination.
CopperNickeloutercircleandCopperincenter.
below.Reverse:Dovewithwrittendenomination.
AluminumoutercircleandCopperNickelincenter.
below.Reverse:CypriotMouflonwithwritten
denomination.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:One
yeartype.
2011
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20Lira.Year:2011.Weight:26.60g.Metal:CopperNickel.Diameter:39.00mm.Edge:Plain.Alignment:
Medal.Mint:OsborneCoinageCincinnati,Ohio,USA.Obverse:"KuzeyKibrisTrkCumhuriyeti"written
inattop.Emblemincenter.Datebelow.Reverse:"TrkLirasi"writtenleftclockwise.OttomanSultanSelimII
incenter."SultanII.SelimHan"writteneightclockwisewithdates15241574.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:
Oneyeartype.
Thisunofficial2011dated20LiracoinfromtheTurkishRepublicofNorthernCyprusfeaturesaseatedportrait
OttomanSultanSelimII.SelimwascalledTheSotorTheDrunkard.HemarriedaVenetiannoblewoman
andturnedovermostofthegovernmentfunctionstohisministersallowinghimtopursuehisdrinkingand
orgies.In1570heconqueredCyprusinordertoassureasteadysupplyofhisfavoritewine.Thereverseofthe
coinfeaturesthearmsofNorthernCyprus.Unlikemostcoins,thedesignisincuse(engravedintothecoin),
ratherthanraised,givingitanunusualandattractiveappearance.Thecoppernickelcoinis39mmindiameter
andhasaMatteUncirculatedfinish.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
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Palestine(unofficialcoinset)
Palestine(unofficialsampleissue)
ThisattractivesetofeightunofficialPalestinepatterncoinsfeaturesnativewildlifeincludingtwobimetallic
coins.Eachcoinhasaword"pattern"inArabiconreverseside.Thesecoinsaredesignedandproducedfor
JosephE.Lang.
Currency:Dinar/100piastres
AH14312010
1Qirsh.Year:AH14312010.Weight:4.20g.
Metal:Copper.Diameter:22.50mm.Edge:
Plain.Alignment:Medal.Mint:Osborne
"StateofPalestine"writteninArabiconthetop.
Palestineemblemincenter.Onestaroneach
side."Palestine"writtenbelowwithdateson
eachside.Reverse:FattailScorpionwith
denomination.Mintage:10,000.MintedYears:
Oneyeartype.
Metal:CopperNickel.Diameter:21.50mm.
Edge:Reeded.Alignment:Medal.Mint:Osborne
eachside.Reverse:MarshSandpiperwith
Oneyeartype.
eachside.Reverse:WhitePelicaninflightwith
Oneyeartype.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Palestine.htm
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eachside.Reverse:BarbaryFalconwith
Oneyeartype.
Metal:Brass.Diameter:7sided26.50mm.
Edge:Plain.Alignment:Medal.Mint:Osborne
eachside.Reverse:WhiteStorkwith
Oneyeartype.
Metal:Brass.Diameter:7sided29.00mm.
Edge:Plain.Alignment:Medal.Mint:Osborne
eachside.Reverse:Leopardwithdenomination.
Mintage:10,000.MintedYears:Oneyeartype.
1Dinar.Year:AH14312010.Weight:5.80g.
Metal:BimetalBrassinoutercircleand
CopperNickelincenter.Diameter:25.00mm.
Edge:12patcheseachofReededandPlain.
Alignment:Medal.Mint:OsborneCoinage
Cincinnati,Ohio,USA.Obverse:"Stateof
Palestine"writteninArabiconthetop.Palestine
emblemincenter.Onestaroneachside.
"Palestine"writtenbelowwithdatesoneach
side.Reverse:ArgaliMountainGoatwith
Oneyeartype.
Metal:BimetalCopperinoutercircleand
CopperNickelincenter.Diameter:27.00mm.
Edge:12patcheseachofReededandPlain.
Alignment:Medal.Mint:OsborneCoinage
Cincinnati,Ohio,USA.Obverse:"Stateof
Palestine"writteninArabiconthetop.Palestine
emblemincenter.Onestaroneachside.
"Palestine"writtenbelowwithdatesoneach
side.Reverse:TwoSandCatswith
Oneyeartype.
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Metal:0.999Silver.Diameter:27.00mm.Edge:
Reeded.Alignment:Medal.Mint:Osborne
eachside.Reverse:PabloPicassospeacedove
withthewordPeaceinEnglish,Arabicand
Hebrew.Mintage:750.MintedYears:Oneyear
type.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
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KingdomofKamberra
KingdomofKamberra
TheyareasmallconstitutionalmonarchylocatedinthePacificOcean.TheinventionofMr.Franck
Medina(aresidentofEschsurAlzette,Luxembourg),itwasoriginallynamedthePrincipalityof
Camberra,whichexistedfromAugust6,1988untilAugust23,1988.Itthenbecame,onAugust24th,
theKingdomofCamberra.ThespellingofCamberrawaschangedtoKamberrain1990,withthe
creationofitsConstitution.ThenameitselfisderivedfromtheKamberriword:Kamba'areawhich
meansmeetingplace.KamberriisthedialectspokenbytheZahoripeoplelivingonpartofthe
island(thenameofAustralia'scapital,Canberra,istrulybasedonaNgunnawalAboriginalwordwith
thesamemeaning).Kamberraisanislandofpeace,wellbeing,toleranceandsharing.Thefirst
Numismabill,whichwouldeventuallybecomeitsunitofcurrency,wasdesignedbyMr.Medinaon
March26,1988,whenhewas14yearsofagethisprecededthebirthofKamberraitselfbyover4
months!Alongwithitsmanybanknotesandstamps,H.M.KingFranckI(contact@kamberra.com)has
now,bypopulardemand,issuedthefirstKamberiancoin:a1Numismapiece,dated2004.Thecoreof
thebimetallicissueisinAlpaca12%(CuZnNi).Itscolorisgrey.Theringofthecoinisin
Niclal725(CuSnNi).Itscolorissilverpink.
ThewebsiteofKamberracanbeviewedat:
http://www.kamberra.com/
AboutKamberra'sfirstcoin,aDutchcoindealercommentedthathedidnotcareverymuchforfancy
coinsthatwerenotofficialsotothoseofyouwhohavenotyetfullyembracedtheworldof
fantasycoins,hereiswhatMr.Medinahastooffer:Dearfriends,whatisofficialandwhatisnot,in
thislife?Inhiseyes,thereisnoqualitativedifferencebetweentheauthorizedcoinsoffamiliar
worldnationsandtheKamberianunofficialissue.Ifullyconcur.Acoinremainsacoin!Acoin
remainsjustpoormetalandforus,itdoesn'thaveanyvalue.Arthasvaluetooureyes.Notmetal.
Since2004,Mr.FranckMedinahasneverlookedbackandstilldesigningtestseriesasNotLegal
TenderandLegalTendercoinforKamberra.1Numisma=100Lotis.Hiscoinscanbeviewedunder
"SHOP"linkonhiswebsite.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Kamberra.htm
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KaylessEmpire
KaylessEmpire
FantasyCoinage:X#1K'hluk34.00gCu.Ruler:Kayless.Obverse:Kaylessface(Klingoncultural
hero).Reverse:OldKlingonEmpireTrimaris.Thiscoinalsoexistsona17gramplanchet,holedfor
pendantuseandoversizeflan.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Kayless.htm
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NewIsland
NewIsland
CommonwealthofNewIsland(basedinKaukauna,Wisconsin.Abeautifulconcept,inwhichthecoin
isaccompaniedbyanamazinglydetailedandbreathtakingfoldoutmap,reminiscentofthoseclassic
cartographicmarvelsfromNationalGeographic):ThecreatorisalandscapeartistnamedLee
Mothes(mothesart@aol.com).HedeterminedthatNewIslandwasthepure,unpollutedsourceofall
thepaintingshehadbeencreatingatthetime.Hethenproceededtoprovidehisadoptedislandnation
withitsownhistoryandculture.HisWebsiteis:http://www.newisland.net/
Asafunandinteractiveinnovation,parcelsarebeingreleasedforprivateownershiponafirstcome,
firstservebasis.Byacquiringresidency,peoplecangoonestepfurtherandbecomelandowners.
OncetheypurchasetheirpersonalpieceofNewIsland,theycanopttobuildahome/businessinany
areaofhis/herchoice.Thougheachcommunity/townmaystartoutwithasoleinhabitant,thatlone
pioneercaneventuallybejoinedbyotherislanders.Mr.Mothesencouragespeoplewhoestablish
citizenship,perhapsundertheguiseofassumedidentitiesandmakebelieveprofessions,toexplore
theislandasifitwerearealplace.Bymakingthisinvestment,inhabitantscanaugmentand
embellishtheisland'stopographywithimaginativedetails.Andwithatleastfivefriendsorfamily
members,agroupcanevenstarttheirowntribe/neighborhoodandhaveitaddedtothemap.Thereare
hundredsofsites/plotsofvaryingsizes/pricesavailable,dependingonthelocation.Theislandcanbe
hometo350,000residents,withroomtospare.Mr.Mothescanevencreateacolordepictionofyour
terrainandthehouseofyourdesign.
This20031RogerwasspotlightedintheApril29,2003issueofNumismaticNews.TheHoffman
Minthasreprintedportionsofthatprofileandanimageofthecoinat:
http://www.hoffmanmint.com/ar2.html.
Obverse:Pelicaninflight
Reverse:Dawndance
Ipurchasedmy1Roger2003BrasscoinfromJoelAnderson(www.joelscoins.com).Itisareeded
edgecoin,weight12.5grams,having30mmindiameter.100piecesarealsomadein.999Silvermetal
withthesamedomination,diameterandreedededge,butweights13.5grams.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/NewIsland.htm
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OccussiAmbeno
OccussiAmbeno
SultanateofOccussiAmbeno(amodelcountrybasedonanactualenclaveinwhatwasPortuguese
EastTimor,inIndonesia):Thisimaginarystate,whichobtainedindependencefromPortugalin
April1968,wasmastermindedbyMr.BruceHenderson,aNewZealanderwhoisanotedfilmbuff
andwhowasonceheavilyinvolvedinscififandom.Forthisandotherprojects,headoptedthe
alias/nomd'artisteofBruceGrenville(Ishallrespectfullyrefertohimbythatnameforthe
remainderofthiswriteup).Havingperpetratedthisingenioushoax,herosetonotorietyinthe
1970sand80s.Today,theInternetalmostinvariablycreditsMr.Henderson(notMr.Grenville)as
thevisionarywhodevisedtheinfamousOccussiAmbenopostagestamps.
ThisoftentimeslightheartedventurewasanopportunityforMr.Grenville(hewasalreadywell
knowninanarchistcirclesasapersonwhoadvocatedfreedomfromStatism)tosatirizethe
institutionofthestateandthetrappingsofitspoliticalapparatus.Aspartofwhatmanycritics
wouldcharacterizeasascam,Mr.Grenvilleandhiscomradesfabricatedanuniquehistorical
timelineandbureaucracy,includingsevenunitedprovinces/tribesandasuccessionofrulersgoing
backto1848.Almostimmediately,theybegantoprintstamps,crests,letterheads,andother
officiallookingmaterial.Forpublicitypurposes,theyalsospawnedcountlesspressreleases,many
ofwhichwerepublishedbytheworld'smedia.Theyhavefrequentlymadeheadlinesforexample,
TheNewZealandHeraldoncecarriedastoryaboutOccussiAmbenoonitsfrontpage.Apparently,
in1973itwasthefirstandonlystatetoestablishfulldiplomaticrelationwiththeRepublicof
Minerva,whosefounderstriedtoseekrecognitionbysendingletterstosome100countries.
OccussiAmbenoitselfonceskillfullysecureddiplomacywithanumberofothertinystates,
includingMonacoandLiechtenstein(partofthisinformationappearedinTheStateAdversary,July
1987).Theyareprofessedtohavebeenaccidentallyincludedinalistofcountriescompiledbythe
U.S.Dept.ofState.Mr.Grenville'sdeliberateirreverence/flippancyprobablyalienatedmany
influentialpeoplealongtheway,especiallythosewhofeltwronglydupedaftertheproverbialcat
wasoutofthebag.Despiteallthecommotionhe'scaused,themelodicwordsOccussiAmbeno
simplywouldnotbeinourvocabularyifitwerenotforhim.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/OccussiAmbeno.htm
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OccussiAmbeno
TheSultanofOccussiAmbenowasbutoneofMr.Grenville'snumerousalteregos.Hehasbecome
theartistinresidenceforoveradozenrecreated/mythicalcountries,andanamazinglyprolific
originatorofcinderellastamps.Theyarealsoknownasartistamps,anartformwhichproffersa
colorfulalternateuniverseallitsown.Mr.Grenville,asthePostmasterGeneraloftheOkusi
AmbenoPhilatelicBureau/PostOfficeoverseestheirentirecatalogofstamps.Plus,heisthecurrent
SecretaryGeneraloftheInternationalCouncilofIndependentStates(ICIS,foundedby
NorwegianarchaeologistGeirSrReimeonJune1st,1984).ItactsasakindofUnitedNations
forthefictionalrealmsthatbelongtowhathetermstheFifthWorld,anditbringstogether20or
sootherartistampissuingstates(e.g.SultanateofUpperYafa,KingdomofAlltheSedang,
RepublicofLiegerland,FreeVinlandRepublic),manyofwhichareMr.Grenville'sprogeny.Inone
ofthechaptersforJamesWarrenFelter's216pagebilingual(Italian/English)paperback
Artistamps,Mr.Grenvillewritesthatsomephilatelistsfeelthatstampsmustoriginatefroma
countrytobeconsideredrelevanttocollectors.Thus,theissuerisforcedtomakethedecisionto
createavirtualcountry.OccussiAmbeno'ssuccesshasbeenbecauseitreallydoeshavea
geographicallocationandhobbyistsbecomemoreinterestedwhentheycanfindadetailedmapof
thepreexistingstampiferouscountryinanatlasandprovetothemselvesthatitisunequivocally
real.TheircurrentHeadofStateisHisMajestytheSultanGare(i.e.GaryDean),thoughMr.
Grenvilleoriginallyheldthatpostbeforebeingdeposed.
ThoughforalongspellitwasunclearwhethereitheroftheBruceswasthesamepromoterbehind
theOccussiAmbenocoins,Icannowreportwithconfidence(basedonpersonalcorrespondence)
thatthenumismaticitemsbearingitsnamearenotofficialconcoctions,andwerewithcertainty
producedsansconsent.Thevariouspiecesfrom1996/97(showingthemesrelatedtoTaiwan)and
thetwofrom1990(showingpaintingsofthenudemaja/Venus)werepurportedlystruckbythe
ValcambiMintinSwitzerland.Itisextremelyunclear,however,whoactuallyauthorizedthe
issuanceofthesecoinsbutbasedonreportsfromaclosecolleague,I'velearnedthatanumismatist
fromSpainmayhavebeenresponsibleforthe'90pair.
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OccussiAmbeno
InregardstotheSwissconnection,thelone1998coin(PrinsMauritsandMarilenevandenBroek,
oftheDutchRoyalHouse)isthespuriousexception.Thishideouspieceistheorizedtobeof
Chineseorigin,butcomparedtoitsveryhandsomepredecessors,itwasdesigned/engravedbymuch
lesscapablehands.Afantasybasedonafantasy?Adoublefantasy,sotospeak?Justascollectibly
intriguing,atleasttome.Andtoaddfoodforafinalbitofthought,hereisanunexplainably
peculiartidbitIfoundatGoogleGroups(postedbyaMr.BrettMcInnes):ThecurrencyofOkusi
Ambenois,ofcourse,theOkusiAmbenoPataca,consistingof100avos.Coinscirculatein
denominationsof1,2,3,7,11,13,17,19,23,29avosand1,2,and3.14159265patacas.Thecoinsare
struckonapatentedplanchetconsistingofanalloyofmushroomsandanotherundisclosed
substancealsocommonlyfoundinconnectionwithmushrooms.Boy,thisreallyaddsanother
bizarrelayertothedeepeningmystery!Wecaninfer,ofcourse,thattheauthorofthissnippetwas
fullyawarethatapartfromtherevenuesofitsPhilatelicBureau,theSultanateseconomyis
completelydependentuponexportsofhighqualityhallucinogenicmushroomsmanufacturedin
StateownedfactoriesscatteredthroughoutOkusiAmbeno.Thoughthereisnopagedisplayingthe
actualmetalliccoins,theofficialWebsiteoftheKesultananOkusiAmbenois
http://okusi1.tripod.com/.Accordingtothiswebsite1DollarofOccussiAmbenoisequivalentto
1.23USDollars.
Inthesummerof2004,someonenamedXavierCarlosMariadiOccussiAmbenoposteda
coupleofeyebrowraisingmessagesattheUnrecognisedStatesNumismaticSociety
(http://groups.yahoo.com/group/UnrecognisedStatesNumismaticSociety/)newsgroup.Claimingto
beamemberoftheRoyalGovernmentoftheSultanateofOkusiAmbeno(noconnection
whatsoevertotheregimeoftheimaginativephilatelistsenhorGrenvilleandSultanGareboth
ofwhomheconsiderstobepretendersandusurpers),hestatedthatWehavebeeninexile
sincetheIndonesianArmyinvadedourSultanateinthe1970's.Asoflastyear,theStateofTimur
Lestehasbeenreenstatedbut,asofnow,doesnotrecogniseourrightstotheSultanate.Thismeans
weareobligedtostayinexileuntilthiscanberectified.Hefurthermoreassertedthattherehave
beenonly2officialpatternsmadebythesultanateinexile,bothin1998:asilver1Rupiyah,
commemoratingthe30thanniversaryofautonomy(averylimitededitionof100pieceswasmade),
andalarger5Rupiyahsilverpatternmadeforpresentationpurposesonly.Thesecoinswerenot
availabletothepublicastheJavanesefrozeourassetswithinafewweeksafterourmintingof
these,astheywerescaredbyrumours(lies)ofarevoltbyourloyalsubjectsinOkusi.Another
reasontoexplainwhythosecoinshaveneverbeendistributedisbecausetheyareasofnow
residing(ALLthecoinsaswellasthedies)inaLuxemburgbankvaulttogetherwiththerestofour
frozennationalassets.In2003westartedalegalprocedureattheEuropeanCourtofJusticetoget
ourassetsunfrozen.AsthesewerefrozenbytheorderoftheoldJakartaregimeofIndonesiaJava
(in1999)thereisnowadistinctpossibilitytheywillbeunfrozenshortly.Thelatestupdate,based
onpersonalcorrespondencefromNovemberof2006,isthatIamstillwaitingwithpatienceforthe
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OccussiAmbeno
newsfrommysollicitorsonthecoinsinLuxembourg.Thereisstillnonews.Anothermajoraim
ofhismessageswastoconvincetheUSNSersthatallotherOccussiAmbenocoinsarefantasies,
UNAUTHORISEDbytheRoyalGovernment.ThoughthePrincepresumesthatsomeofthose
piecestheonesfeaturingamalformedandstylizedversionoftheOkusiFireCrown(whichin
turnwasstolenfromtheRoyalTreasurybythepretenderHendersonandhisfollowersintheearly
70's)mayhavebeenmintedwiththeconsentoftheNewZealandfantast,hewasunableto
confirmordenythisspeculation.Finally,inordertosupportthereinstatementoftheRoyalFamily,
theRoyalGovernmentinExilewasplanningtoissueanewcoinin2005.Thoughthispiece
wouldvecomplementedthepairofinaccessiblecoinsquitenicely,itsproductionhasbeen
postponedindefinitely.
Afternearly40yearsofexistence,OccussiAmbenohasfinallyoffereditsfirstofficial
numismaticissues.Mr.GrenvilleandtheSultanhimselfpersonallyauthorizedthemintingofapair
ofcoins.ThefirstpieceisasilverplatedSepuluh(10)Ringgit,featuringtheSwiftairZeppelinNT
LZN07,thejewelofOccussiAmbeno'sAirshipExpressService.TheSwiftairCorporation
usesmodern,safe,andfasthightechairshipsfilledwithhelium,aninertgasthatwillnotignite.It
is100%safeforairshiptravel.Swiftair'sfleetoffivezeppelinsoperatesregularlywithinOccussi
Ambenoandalsorunslessfrequentinternationallinks.Airshipsareideallysuitedtodelivering
mail,passengers,andsuppliestoisolatedoutposts,wheretheshipscanhovertotransfercargo.
ThesecondpieceisagoldplatedLimapuluh(50)Ringgit,depictingalengthybuilding:Itisthe
controlroomfortheLighthouse,whichissituatedonthecoastofOccussiAmbenoatKuala
Waals.Mr.Grenvilleexplainedthespecificreasonwhythose2denominationswerechosen:$50
isthepriceforanalldaypassforinlandzeppelinflightswithinOccussiAmbenoSingletripsare
$10.Bothpieces,dated2006,wereproducedwiththeassistanceofMr.JorgeFernndezVidal(see
mylistingforWestarctica).BothcoinsweremadeonSriSultanGareI'sprotrait:$10(Sepuluh
Ringgit)CuNiSilverplatedand$50(LimaPuluhRinggit)CuNiGoldplated.
IntheendIwouldthankErikV.McCreaforhisaboveresearchandinformation.Ipurchasedmy5
Dollar1998CuNifromhim.ThiscoinfeaturesthecelebrationofroyalweddingofPrinsMaurits
andMarilenevandenBroekon29thJune1998.Ipurchasedmy100Dollar1990Goyaand
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OccussiAmbeno
Velazquezsilvercoinsplus2006datedcoinsthroughOdedPaz.FurthermintedcoinofOccussi
AmbenocanbeseeninBruce's4theditionof"UnusualCoinsoftheWorld"publishedbyKrause
publication.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
5/5
12/30/2016
PurpleShaftieuland
PurpleShaftieuland
ItisbasedinLaPorte,Indiana,USA.Asetofcoinsfrom1970,conceivedbyMr.BobKolosa(Box411,Westville,IN,
46391).ThereistheFullShaft,theHalfShaft,the1/4Shaft,1Twist,and1Nudge.Thesefivecoinsasasetisavailable
inBrassandUnanodizedAluminum.Thesecoinswerehishumorouswayofexpressingcontempttowardsallthenon
circulatinglegaltender(NCLTs)andcommemorativecoinsthatwere(andstillare)beingmintedspecificallyfor
collectors.Hebasicallythoughtthattheonlypurposeofthesecoinswas/istoseparateusfromourcash,andweresimply
amoneymakingscheme.InthebrokenEnglishofChiefWeeskeeRooyooKissieutieu,thesecoinsarealsocall
transportationtokensbecauseyoubuyandgettakenforride.IreckonMr.Kolosa(andtheChief!)wouldfeelequally
asangryaboutcoinagefromnonexistent/ephemeral/unrecognizedgovernments(Ididn'tchancetoaskhim!).
Ironically,Mr.Kolosa'scoinshavebecomesoughtaftercollectors'items.Asuniqueastheyare,theyreallyfitquite
nicelyintothisfamilyofunusualcoins.Imagesofthecoinscanbeseenat:http://69.55.175.34/dan46.html.Onsmaller
coins"InForinadeWeTrust1970"iswrittenwhileonlarger38mmdiametercoins,thenameof'ChiefWeekseeRooyoo
Kissieutieu'isalsowrittenasshownbelow.
Shaft=100Twists=100Nudges=NothingU.S.
AluminumSet:
OneNudge
16mmdiameter
OneTwist
22mdiameter
QuarterShaft
38mdiameter
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/PurpleShaftieuland.htm
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PurpleShaftieuland
HalfShaft
38mdiameter
FullShaft
38mmdiameter
BrassSet:
OneNudge
16mmdiameter
OneTwist
22mdiameter
QuarterShaft
38mdiameter
2/6
12/30/2016
PurpleShaftieuland
HalfShaft
38mdiameter
FullShaft
38mmdiameter
Belowaretheimagesof2veryinterestinginfosheets,onehasthespecificationsofthecoinsandtheNationalAnthem
andtheother,thehumorousreasoningbehindthecoins!
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PurpleShaftieuland
4/6
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PurpleShaftieuland
IpurchasedmybothUnanodizedAluminumandBrasssetsofcoinsfromMr.OdedPaz(go_4_it@sbcglobal.net).
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
5/6
12/30/2016
RCC(rec.collecting.coins)
RCC(Rec.collecting.coins)
RCC/rec.collecting.coins(aUSENETnewsgroup,foundontheWebatGoogleGroups.Google
purchasedtheentireUSENETdatabase/archivefromDejaNews/Deja.cominFeb.2001.Thisforum
wasstartedonAugust16/22,1994).
http://groupsbeta.google.com/group/rec.collecting.coins
Theworld'slargestcoincollectingusenetnewsgroupconsistingofhundredsofcollectorsand
numismatistsinteractingonaregularbasis.Itisanexcellentforumtoaskquestionsforthecoin
collectingnoviceortheexperiencednumismaticexpert.Tosimplychatorgetothersopinions
regardingnumismaticissuesitsagoodstartingplace.TheUsenetnewsgrouprec.collecting.coins
(news://rec.collecting.coins)madehistoryinthesummerof2002bybeingthefirstInternetnewgroup
toproduceitsowntoken.TheprojectwasconceivedbyGeorge"Buzz"HuseandfinancedbyKen
Johnson.
ThisinterestingprojectischieflythecreationofMr.GeorgeV.Huse,Jr.(buzzhuse@sbcglobal.net),of
Euless,Texas.ThemottooftheRCCisSempiterniter,whichisLatinforneverending/everlasting
journey.ItdescribesyourexperienceshereatRCC.You'realwayslearningsomethingabout
something.Ithinkthisquoteappliessplendidlytoourentiresubsectofcoincollecting.Startingwith
the20021Ember,they'vemintedahandfulofcoins,allonaregularbasis.Severalmoreareplanned.
On09thMay2002GeorgeHuseofficiallycoinedtheterm"Ember"andtheRCCMonetarySystemas
100Embers=1Frame.WhenMr.HusewasaskedwhatthesignificanceontheEmberwas,he
responded,"Ember'isthepseudodenominationRCCersdreameduponedaywhilegoofingaround,".
"Flame"isInternetslangmeaningtospeakincessantlyorwithapatentlyridiculousattitude,directed
withhostilityataparticularpersonorpeople.
Mr.HusechosetouseascanofaSlaveyPetrovreproductionoftheancientGreekcoinasthebasisfor
theEmber,withthebustofPallasAthenefacingleftinsteadofright.Hedidthistoavoidrunningafoul
ofanycounterfeitinglawsandtoavoidhavingthe1Embertokenmodifiedandsoldasareal
Tetradrachm.Themintmark"U"forUsenetishiddenonPallasAthene'shelmet.ByApril2002,Mr.
HusehadsettledonafinaldesignoftheEmber.Afterafewdaysofemailingprivatemintsfor
estimate,Mr.HusetookthesuggestionofRCCregularStujoeandwentwithQualityChallengeCoins,
Inc.(http://www.militarychallengecoins.com).On03rdMay2002,havingdoneallhecould,George
petitionedthegroupforthefundingneededtoputtheprojectintomotion.
KenJohnsonmadetheRCCEmberavailableforsaleon25thJune2002.By14thAugust2002RCC
Emberweresoldout(notincluding6heldinreserveforauctionatalaterdate).On11thSep2002,
KenJohnsonreceivedtheEmbersfromQualityChallengeCoins.Shippingbeganonthe13thof
September,withtheoverseasordersshippingfirst.Thusstartedthejourneyofthesecoinsfromone
handtoanother.Letters"FD"onthesecoinsstandsforFlamedrake,thedragonwhichrepresentsthe
unofficialmascotofRCC.
Sofarsixcoinshavebeenproduced.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/RCC.htm
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RCC(rec.collecting.coins)
01.1Ember200240mmdiameter,3mmthickness,bronzewithanantiquebrassfinishwith32.1
gramsweight.121coinswereproduced.
02.5Ember2002RCC20thAnniversary19822002.ANeverEndingJourney.Flamedrakethe
dragonappearedontheothersideofthecoin.
03.10Ember2003
04.1/4Flame2003"FeedNotTheHideousTroll"iswriitenononesidewhile"PoisonInTheMind,
PoisonInTheSoul,PoisonOnTheInternet,PoisonInTheNewGroup"iswriitenontheotherside.
05.1/2Flame2004sumptuouslycolorizedwithhandpainted,bakedenamel.
06.1Flame2004sumptuouslycolorizedwithhandpainted,bakedenamel.
TheearlierRCCtokenscanalsobefoundoneBayfromtimetotime(searchusingtheterm"rcc").
Informationandimagesonthesecoinscanbefoundatthesesites:
http://www.geocities.com/buzzhuse@sbcglobal.net/RCCTokens/
http://www.ciampelli.com/rcc/emberhtm/index.htm
Ipurchasedmy5Ember2002coinfromDaleR.McDonald/WindeWalker
(winde2000@comcast.net).Ipurchasedmyonehalfflame2004throughOdedPaz.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/RCC.htm
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12/30/2016
ShermanDollar
ShermanDollar
Createdanddesignedin2003byMr.KenOglesby(ofSpringfield,IL),whohasstudiedthehistoryof
moneysince1968.WiththeexceptionofhighpricedcommemorativecoinssoldbytheU.S.Mint
onlytocollectors,theShermanDollaristhefirstConstitutionallycorrectDollarmintedfor
commercesince1935.Itisaprivatelymintedsilverroundthatinspiritmeetsthedefinitionofthe
wordDollarasstatedintheCoinageActof1792,whichwaspassedonApril2ofthatyear.This
neglecteddocumenthaddefinedthestandardforallsilvercoins,whichshouldeachcontain371.25
grainsoffinesilver.Itsguidelines,ofwhichthecollectibleShermanDollarisaprecisemodel,are
laterreiteratedintheCoinageActof1837thesesacrosanctdefinitionsremainunchangeduntiltoday.
Mr.OglesbydrewinspirationfortheShermanDollarfromNORFEDandhegivesduecredittothat
organization'ssuccessfulLibertyDollars.However,heconsidershiscointobeasuperior
product...theresultoftakingthecarbonnuggetdiscoveredbyMr.NotHausandpolishingittoa
brilliantdiamondluster.TheShermanDollariscapableoffunctioningasanewbridgebuilttolead
usbacktowardsaConstitutionalCoinage,awayfromtoday'scorruptfiatmonetarysystem,which
Mr.Oglesbyclearlydisdains.Nevertheless,thecoinisalsouniquelydesignedtooperatewithinour
current,egregioussystem,andheenvisionsindividualstatesadoptingtheShermanDollarasa
financialtooltosolvetheirbudgetaryproblemsandtohalttheirendlessdependencyonfederal
grants.Oncestatelegislaturesstartputtingthemselvesonthefasttracktoeconomicrecoveryby
enactingtheShermanDollarAct,thislegislationwillallowtheirstatestobuythecoinsata
discount,belowtheirfacevalue.Thecoinwillfurtherenablemoreandmoreofthemtobeginthe
processofweaningthemselvesfromthetyrannicalclutchesofthesocialistFederalReserve
System,whosephonyandworthlesspapermoneywillinturnbecomelessandlessinfluential.
TheShermanDollars,andotherprivatelymintedDollarsthatmayappear,willbecomethecurrency
ofthenationandwillbereplacedonlywhentheUnitedStatesMintstartscoiningrealsilverDollars
again.ThebuyingpoweroftheselawfulDollarswilleventuallymeetorexceedtheMorganandPeace
SilverDollarsofyesteryear.Onceagainminorsilvercoinswillpurchasethosenumerousnecessitiesof
lifethatourparentssooftenspokeof,andthatwefoundsohardtobelieve.Somedaysoonpocket
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Roger_Sherman_Dollar.htm
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ShermanDollar
changewillbuyyouatickettoseeafascinatingmovieabouthowthelegacyofRogerShermansaved
America!Toreadmoreaboutthishistoricalfigure,whoseimportantcontributionsarehonoredbythis
coin,pleasevisit:
http://www.shermandollar.us/
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Roger_Sherman_Dollar.htm
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SanBlasIslands
SanBlasIslands
TheSanBlasArchipelagoorSanBlasdeCunaIslandsisachain
oftropicalislesintheCaribbeanSeaafewmilesoffthenorth
coastofPanama.Approximately50ofover365oftheseislands
thatmakeupthechainareinhabited.Halfoftheislandsare
withinsightandeasytravelingdistanceofthemountainsand
jungleofthemainland.ThereisnofreshwatersupplyontheSan
BlasislandsleavingtheIndianswiththedailytaskoftraveling
uptheriversofPanamatocollectwater.TheSanBlas
Reservationwasdeclaredanindependentstatein1925andwas
legallyformedin1938.
TheSanBlasdeCunaIslandsarethehomeoftheCuna,a
traditionalsocietyofNativeAmericans.Mostofthesetropical
islandsareverysmall.Manyaresurroundedbycoralreefs.The
islandsarepartofPanama,butareprimarilyadministeredbythe
Cunatribe.
Molasareoneoftheprimaryexpressionsofthevisualartsin
Cunasociety.AllgenuinemolaswerecreatedbyaCunawoman
asthefocalpointforherowndress.Thedesignsarealways
originalandareanimportantwayforawomantoexpressherself
anddemonstratehertalentandindustryinthispoliticallyactive
andtraditionallymatriarchalsociety.
TheHistoryoftheSanBlasIslandtokensisthat"SIABIBI"companyisownedbyJohnMann,an
islandimpresario,whostartedtouristtrafficthereyearsago.AfterhavingbeenadiverwiththePan
CanalCo.,hestartedtradingontheislands,andnaturallybuyscopra(driedcoconut).Itrequiresto
purchasethewholecoconuttoobtainthecopraandsincethepriceofcoconutsareshiftedfromdayto
daybasisfrom5centsto9centseach.Itwasatoughjobfiguringoutawaytomakeacorrect
accountingattheendoftheday.Hehadtofindawaytoavoidcarryingbagsofchange,orhundredsof
Dollarbills.Sohethoughtandgottheideaoftokens.Itbecomeeasy,asbyattheendofthedaythe
Indiansareallowedtocashintheday'sreceiptofcoconutsalesfromthenumberoftokentheyhave
acquired.Eachtokenbeingworth5timesthecurrentpriceofacoconut,whichispayableinDollar
billswithcorrespondingchanges.
TheDesignofthetokenisalsoveryinteresting.YouwillnoticethattheinitialCQPbesidesthe
Coconutpalmtree.Thesearetheinitialsof"CharlesQ.Peters",whohasbeenaguideandfriendofthe
Indiansformanyyears.HeistheonewhogaveanauraofassurancetotheIndiansthatthesetokens
arelegitimateontheboleofthepalmtreesofaorchidcalled"BrassabolaNodosa",translatedas"lady
ofthenight".ThePalmtreeonthecoinisseenupfromthegroundandputinpotionwithalbatross
flyinginthebackgroundindicatesinIndianlanguage"Tomorrow".Soalittlelegendcomesfromthe
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/SanBlasIslands.htm
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SanBlasIslands
scene,whichtranslatedmeans"Bepatientfortomorrow,youwillgetpaid".TheIndiansalwaysflow
designstogetherandforthisreasonthetree,sky,water,canoe,land,etcshowsomemessage.
IpurchasedmySanBlastokendated1986fromDonErickson(dnecoins@nyc.rr.com).Thistokenis
mentionedasSB9inRulau'sbook.OnonesideofthecoinyoucanseeaPalmtreewithtext
"SIABIBI".Ontheotherside1986iswrittenonthebigearringworebyalocalwoman.Thistoken
canbeprobablycalledasouvenirfromSanBlasIslands.Similartokenwithdifferentyearsalsoexists
inbrassandcoppernickelwithvariousdesigns.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/SanBlasIslands.htm
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ShirePostMint
TheShirePost
MiddleEarthwasthecreationofJohnRonaldReuelTolkien(b.03rdJan1892d.02ndSep1973)as
thelocationoftheepicTheLordofRings.Theraces,languageandgenealogyhecreatedasabasefor
thecharactersinthestoryhavegivengenerationsofreadersfertilegroundforexplorationintothe
worldoffantasy.Calledatrilogy,itisreallysixbooks,andforafullerstoryonemustaddTheHobbit
aswellasTheSilmarillion.Inspiredbytherichtextureofsuchafantasyworld,TomMaringer[2692
PowellStreet,Springdale,AR72764,USA.website:http://shirepost.comemail:
maringer@arkansas.net],hastakenbutthreementionsofcoinagesystemnotonlyfortheHobbits,but
alsoformanyoftheotherracesinthebooksuchastheimmortalelves,thesturdydwarflords,the
hardyhorsemenandeventhefolkfromthefarsouthwhousestrangeelephantinebeastsinwarand
commerce.Onhiswebsite,Marringerhaschangedthenamesofthefolkwhousethesecointypes
fromthoseusedintheLordofRings.
FromErik.V.McCreawebsiteregardingTheShirePost:
TheShirePost(whichprovidesaninterdimensionalmailingservice)haditsbeginnings,with
philatelyandstamps,in1987.ItsveryfirstHalfling/Shairecoins,alsoHobbitthemed,weremadein
Juneof2001,whenitsfounder,TomMaringer,chanceduponanoldantiquemanualcoiningpress.
ThoseinitialpiecesweremarkedSR1401(S.R.signifiesShireReckoning,thecalendarusedbythe
HobbitsofTheShire,aregionofTolkien'sfictionalMiddleearth).Startingwiththe2ndseries,he
partneredwithanothertalentedengravernamedOswaldOaklif.Creatingcoinshasnowbecomethe
mainactivityoftheShirePost,andthevarietiesofcoinsMr.Maringernowoffershasgreatly
expanded.AftertheSR1403series(struckin2003),numerousOutlandishcoinsfromother
realmsofMiddleEarth(Gondor,Arnor,Mordor,Dale,Angband,Moria,Isengard,Harad,Rohan,
Erebor,Hollinetc.)soonfollowed,invariousmaterialsandwithdesignfeaturesappropriatetothe
cultureoftheissuingpeople.TheserealmsareseparatefromTheLandoftheHalflingsfar
beyondtheboundsofTheShayreandarecollectivelyreferredtoastheoutlands(meaningany
landoutsidethoseofnormalhalflingfolk).Overtheyears,thecoinageoftheShirePostMinthas
becomeextremelypopular,tothepointofeveninspiringacounterfeiter,whoisknowntobe
currentlyoperatinginGermany,castingcoinsfrommoldsclonedfromthediestruckoriginals.
TheShirePostisdevotedtothepremisethatfantasyisausefultoolingrowingourown
personalitiesandeverydayartifactssuchascoinscanbolsteroursenseofplaceandtransportus
morefullyintotheserealmsofthought.TheMintapproacheseachcoinasIFitwerefromthe
periodratherthananobviouslymoderncoincelebratingapastevent.Eachcoin/tokenconceivably
couldhaveexistedhadhistorygonejustalittlebitdifferently.ForMr.Maringeraswellasfora
growingnumberofnumismatistsThetermfantasycoinisatechnicallyprecisetermin
numismaticsreferringtoitemsthatappeartobea[bonafide]coin,butwhichwerenotactually
issuedbyanyrealworldauthorityasamediumofexchange.Forourpurposeshowever,weextendthe
useofthetermabitfurthertocovercoinagesFROMfantasyworlds,includingthosewhichare
basedonliterature,contemporaryfiction,ancientmythology,chronicledhappenings,andevencoin
fantasiesthatcomemmoratehistoricaleventsthatmighthavebeenplacesthatsurelysomehowexist
intheinfinitemultiverse!Youwillnotfindcoinsbearingtheimagesoffilmcharactersherebut
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Shire_Post_Mint.htm
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ratherthecoinsthatthosecharactersmighthavebeencarryingintheirpocketses!Thepremiseofthis
effortisthatcoinsprovideforusaTACTILEsenseoftimeandplacesomethingwecantouchand
handle.Itistothisgoalofmakinghistory,mythology,andfantasyseemmorerealthatwededicateour
labors.Whatisthepurposeofitall?Thisisallforfunandenjoyment!ShirePostcoinsareusedto
lendasenseoftangibilityandrealismtothefantasyworldsoftheimagination.Thereisasenseof
placethatcomeswithjinglingsomecoinsinyourpocket.
Mr.Maringer(willwhitfoot@shirepost.com).WillWhitfoot(Mayor/Postmaster/Mintmaster)ishis
alterego,myHobbitlypersonnaifyouwill.TheMint'smostresplendentpiecetodatemightwellbe
theSilverDalerofNewDal,whichpertainstotheRealmsofMen(MiddleEarth/Outlands)series.Its
remarkablebeautyisadirectresultofthetimelycollaborationbetweenMr.MaringerandthegreatMr.
GregFranckWeiby,whoinvestedover340hoursofmeticuloushardworktowardsthefinelydetailed
engravingofitsdies.
ItshouldbenotedthatMr.Maringerhasalwaysbeencarefultorespectfullyalterattimesjust
slightlythecopyrightednames(settings,characters)pertainingtothebooksofTolkien.Thisapplies
notonlytoTheShire,buttotheotheruniqueregionsofMiddleEarthcategorizedastheOutlands
(forexample:RowanforRohan,DalTunforthetownofDale,NewDalforNewDale,Palan
HaraudforFarHarad,KingEleussarforKingElessar).Hehasdonethisinordertosteerclearof
anyunforeseeablelawyerlywoes.Asadevotedandwellintentionedfan(hefirstreadTolkien
beginningin1970),Mr.MaringerpassionatelyproducedabeautifularrayofTolkieninspiredpieces.
Forabout6years,heclearlyenrichedourhobbywithhisgiftedartistry.Headdedsomethingbeautiful
toourworld.WhilstdetailingthehistoryofhisventureinanearlierversionofatextentitledThe
DevelopmentofShirePostasarealworldhobbyandit'sgrowthintoacommunity,Mr.Maringer
wrote:Fromthebeginningin1987,thishasallbeenaratherelaboratehobby,createdforthepurpose
ofmakingthefantasycomealivebymakingsimpleeverydayartifactsthatonemighthave
encounteredinMiddleEarth,anditwasalldonewithadeeprespectandanimmenseloveforthe
bodyofworkcreatedbyProfessorTolkien.Ianticipatedlittleoutsideinterestinthisfantasycoinage
asidefromafewfriendsandthepeoplewhowereinterestedinthestampsIwasalreadymaking.Ifelt
thatIwasratherfoolishlyspendingalotofmoneyonequipmentandsupplies,andthatIwould
probablyjustmakeafewcoinsatgreatexpensethatIcouldplaywithandsharewithafewfriends
andthatwouldbethat.Butitsoonbecameclearthattherewasalurkinglatentinterestinsuch
thingsafterIpublishedphotosofsomeofmyfirstpiecesonmywebsitefolksbegantochaseme
downseekingtoobtaintheseitems.Manyhundredsofpeoplehavethankedmeforcreatingthese
itemsandenablingthemtofurtherdeepentheirenjoymentofTolkien'sMiddleEarthbyaddingthe
simpletacticalsenseofplacethatacommonplaceeverydayobjectlikeacoincanprovide.It
becamecleartomethatthepotentialmarketwashugeandthatthishobbyhadthepotentialtobecome
arealbusinessandIbecameconcernedaboutthepossibilityofcopyrightproblems.AtthispointI
begantoseekcontactwithcopyrightholdersfortheTolkienWorksinordertoobtaintheirblessings
andmoveforward.IinitiallysoughttomakecontactwiththeTolkienheirs,butthenfoundthat
ProfessorTolkienhadsoldmanyofhismerchandizingcopyrightstoSaulZaentz(TolkienEnterprises)
yearsago.InFebruaryof2002IshutdownShirePostandsentaformallicensingproposalofferinga
percentageofproceeds,andincludingsamplesofcoinsandstampsandpostmarkedenvelopesto
LaurieBattle,licensingdirectoratTolkienEnterprises.OnMarch4,someoneattheirofficesignedthe
postalreceiptfortheproposal.Iwaited.ForthreemonthsIwaited,callingandleavingmessages
occasionally,withnoresponsewhatever.Afterthreemonths,withpeoplepoundingatmydoorto
obtaincoinsandstamps,Istartedmakingandsellingthemagain,trustinginmyhopethatalicensing
agreementwouldsoonbearrangedandthatallwouldbewell.Ninemoremonthswouldpasswithout
substantivewordfromTolkienEnterprises.MynaiivehopeswereshatteredonFebrary27th2003,just
fivedaysshortofayearfromthetimethatIsentinmyproposal,whenAnnetteHurst,attorneyfor
TolkienEnterprises,sentmeanemailverybluntlystatingthatTolkienEnterprisesrejectsmyproposal
outright(withnoofferorattempttonegotiateterms)ANDthattheyalsodemandthatIimmediately
ceaseanddesistallcommercerelatedtowhattheyrefertoasinfringingactivities.Inafollowing
emailandinveryhaughtytermssheinformedmethatIwasinnopositiontoaskforanything,and
thatTolkienEnterpriseshadnolegalobligationtorevieworconsidermyproposaleithernoworever,
butthatIDIDhavealegalobligationtoimmediatelyceaseanyandalloftheallegedlyinfringing
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activities.OnMarch4th,hecontinuedthistrainofthought:Sonowwhat?TosaythatIam
disappointedisapaltrydescriptionofhowIfeel.Isthiswhatwehavecometointhisworld?Isthis
thelegacyProfessorTolkienwouldhavewishedforus?Ifthestandardofhumaninteractionistobe
onlywhatislegallyobligatory,thenthedarkpowershavewon.OnMarch6th,headdedan
addendum:IthascometomyattentionthatTheIronCrownofMorgoth,beingbasedinThe
Silmarillion,isNOTinfringingonanyrightsheldbyTolkienEnterprises.ThereforetheOnlineStore,
whilenearlyevisceratedcomparedtopreviously,willreopenwithamundanemapcompilationof
WashingtonCountyArkansas,andtheIronCrownofMorgoth,coinoftheancientenemyoftheelves,
asthesoleavailableproducts.IttakesawrysenseofhumortoappreciatethattheonlycoinIcansell
basedintheTolkienMythosistheonerepresentingthemosttrulyevilcharacterthateverexistedin
thatworld.Unfortunately,onAugust1,2007,aheavyheartedMr.Maringerpostedaverysorrowful
messageathisWebsite:DuetolegalactionbyattorneysclaimingtorepresentSaulZaentz
Corporation,(doingbusinessasTolkienEnterprises),ShirePosthasbeenforcedtoremoveall
referencestotheworksofprofessorTolkienfromthiswebsite.Ouronlinestorewillbeshuttingdown
completelyasoftheendofAugust2007.Thewebsitewillremaininplace,butwillnolongerhaveany
connectiontotheworksoftheprofessor.
TheShirePostMint'swelldesigned,funtoexploreWebsiteis:http://www.shirepost.com/
BasedonJ.R.R.TOLKIENfictionwork:
ANGBAND(Wizard'sStronghold)
BLOODOFSURAK(Vulcansociety)
DALETOWN(MunicipalityLandofmilkandhoney)
EREGION(KingdominSecondAgerealmsettledbyElvenfolk)
MORDAUR(theEyeoftheDarkLord)
NEWDAL(Raven)
ROHAUN(MannishKingdom)
SHIRE(PeacefulAnarchy)
CAMELOT(ARTHURPENDRAGON)
THEFRENCHCOLONIESINNORTHAMERICA
VINLAND(LEIFEIRICSSON)
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
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Angband(Wizard'sStronghold)
Angband(Wizard'sStronghold)
AngbandisthestrongholdofMelkor.MorgouthisthenamegivenMelkorafterthetheftofthe
Silmarils.Thefullsenseofthenameis"DarkEnemyoftheworld."
X#1Theiron13.50g28mmanancientCrownofMorgoth.MintedduringthefirstageofMiddle
Earth,duringthereignofMelkor(namedMorgouth,"TheEnemy"bytheElfs)inAngbandsome
5,000yearsago.The28mmisstruckinpureironandfoundburiedintheNorthFarthingofTheShire
inSR1402.Obverse:IroncrownofMelkor.Reverse:Dragonhunchedovercastlewallorspouting
flamesabovethebattlementsofThangorodrium.Mintage:900pieces.Thesecoinswereissuedby
Melkourasamediumofexchangeforhisslavesandminions,forpurposesofgambling,purchasesof
weapons,androtgutliquor.Thiscoinalsoexistsin6.20gsilver(Mintage:120pieces),6.20gniobium,
purpletoned(Mintage:36pieces)and11.00gin.900Gold(Mintage:3pieces).Thesilvercoinwere
alsoholedtobeusedaspendants.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Angband.htm
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BloodofSurak
BloodofSurak
BloodofSurakinpurecopper:
MintedinhonorofthepeacemarkerSurak,this2.4grampurecopperoctagonalcoinisnotatokenof
ordinarycommerce,butasymbolicpieceusedtopaya"bloodprice"inlieuofritualcombatin
ModernVulcansociety.ThecoppersymbolizesthebasisofVulcanblood.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Blood_of_Surak.htm
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MunicipalityofDaleTown
MunicipalityofDaleTown
DaleisthecitykingdomandhometomenwholivedundertheLonelyMountain.Itwasbuilton
woodenpiersoverthelakedestroyedbyfirestartedbythedragonSmaug.Itwaslaterrebuiltunder
KingBard.
Daletownwasavillageofmenfartothenorth...ontherunningrivernearEreborandtheDwarf
kingdomofThrain.Thepeoplelivedwellondairy,beekeeping,fursandtrade.Theyboastfullyputthe
inscription:"LandofMilkandHoney"ontheircoins.Thatsooncametotheattentionofthewily
dragonSmaug,andheswoopeddowntheverynextyearandateupthewholetown.
X#1Penny3.10gcopper,20mmindiameter,Date:2769TA.Obverse:RavenofDaleinscriptiedinthe
strangefurthorkrunesofthatfolk.Reverse:Shortcross,beeandbirdinangles.Inscription:Landof
milkandhoney.Mintage:1000pieces.Thiscoinisalsoproducedin.900Ag(2.50g,Mintage:300),
Titaniumanodizedwithpalebluecolor(1.90g,Mintage:20)andNiobiumanodizedwithalight
reddishpurplecolor(2.40g,Mintage:20).
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Dale_Town.htm
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KingdomofEregion
KingdomofEregion
EregionisaSecondAgerealmsettledbyElvenfolk.Initiallyacopper"ONELADY"undatedcoin
wasissuedfeaturingtheLadyofGoldenwoodwithinflora.Theothersideofthecoinhadstylizedmap
oftheGoldenwoodwith18spearheadspointingoutwardsasborder.Itwasstruckonanuntrimmed
planchet..Italsoexistedasholedforpendants.Mintage:400pieces.
Asecondseriesoffourcoinsinleafshapewereintroducedin1070SA.
X#5.1SPRINGLEAF7.10gNiobium,greenanodized.Obverse:Leafveinswithlegendsverseofa
NoldorianverseancestraltotheHymnofRivendell.Inscription:GILTHONIETH,A!ELBERIN!/
SILTHERNPENDAARMIRUIN/MENELLOCALMAURELENHOTH!(Starkindler,OElbereth
!whiteshiningslantsdownliketheSilmarilsfromtheheavenstheradianceofthestarhos).Reverse:
LeafveinswithlegendinNoldorianwrittenintheAngerthasMoria.Inscription:DICELEBRIMBOR
ARANEREGIONTEGILBORNINECHANTCORONORMINEGRAASTENIENNELEDHEN
(UnderCelebrimbor,lordofEregionTegibormademeintheeleventiethyearofthethirdyen).
Mintage:140pieces.
ThiscoinisalsoknownastheSpringLeafofHollyInMythril.A"mythril"coinintheshapeofa
HollyleaffromtheElfinrealms,dated1314ofthesecondage.
SimilarlySUMMERLEAF5.30ginBrass(Mintage:550pieces),FALLLEAF7.00gCopper
(Mintage:700pieces)andWINTERLEAF7.90g.925Silver(Mintage:120pieces)wereproducedin
thesameyearwiththesameabovementionedinscriptions.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Eregion.htm
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Mordaur
Mordaur
MordoristhewastelandinthesouthofMiddleEarthwherethedarklord,Sauronliesinthestronghold
towerofBaraddur.ItisalsothelocationofOrodruin,sometimescalledMountDoom,fromwhose
firetheringsofpowerwereforgedandwheretheoneringmustbedestroyed.Sauron'seyeisall
seeingandits'gazeispowerfulandcontrolling.HecontrolstheBlackridersandtheRingwraiths
NazgulaswellasOrcs.
Wizard'sStrongholdstandardcoinage:OriginallymintedinironfortheusebytheDarkLord's
minions.Theiron(6.00g)andsilver(4.70g)coinswasstruckasatradetokentoextendpower
southwards.Theironcoinswerenotwellreceivedduetotheirtendencytorustinthemoistclimate.
X#2EYE4.70gDate:2905.Metal:.340silver(35%Ag,8%Mnand57%Cu).Ruler:Sauron.
Obverse:EyeofSauron(Obey/Mordaur).Reverse:FieryMountain.Mintage:240pieces.Theiron
coinhasamintageof600pieces.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Mordaur.htm
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NewDal(Raven)
NewDal(Raven)
RavenPennyofNewDal:MintedFA4,eightyfouryearsafterthedeathofthedragon.Inscribedin
runeshonoringtheKingofravensonobverse,andthetownofNewDalontheother.Equalto1/20
Disme,or1/100thDaler,3.1grammesCualloy.
BronzeDalerofNewDal:MintedFA20,OneHundredyearsafterthedeathofthedragon.Inscribed
inTengwarhonoringtheDragonlayeronobverse,andthetownofNewDalonreverse.Equalto1
Dismeor10pennies.Struckin26.5grammescoiningBronze(85%Cu,15%Zn).
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/New_Dal.htm
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Rohaun(MannishKingdom)
Rohaun(MannishKingdom)
Rohaun(orRouhanorRowan)MannishKingdomisnotedforitshorsemen:TheKingdomofthe
RohirrimwasonceaprovinceofGondor,andthelandwasgiventomeninreturnfortheiraidinthe
BattleoftheFieldsofCelebrant.TheRohirrimfarmedandraisedhorses.TheridersofRohanplayeda
crucialroleatthebattleofthePelennorFieldsduringtheWaroftheRing.
X#1FOALCopper.Ruler:Theodun.ObverseInscription:THEODUNKONGEORLINGAS
(TheodunKingoftheEorlings).Reverse:Mearas,Kingofthehorse,runningleft.ReverseInscription:
EUDORAS(mintname,'Edoras)/dated:3014.Itisanunusualoblongcoinstruckonovaldieon
largerplanchet,25x19mm.Mintage:1000pieces.
HalfDram(2.40g,140pieces)andDram(6.00g,90pieces)weremadein.900silverinsomehow
irregularroundshapedplanchet.Boththesesilvercoinsaredated3017.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Rohaun.htm
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TheShire
TheShire
TheShireistheabodetheHobbit.ItisdividedintofourFarthings,whicharefurtherdividedintoa
numberoffolklands.ThereareseveraltownswithineachthatplayapartinthestoryoftheLordofthe
Rings.BilboandtheFrodoBagginsliveinHobbittownatahousecalledBagEnd.Therewereafew
membersofthelandedgenty,whodidnotneedtowork,butmostHobbitswerefarmers,tradesmenor
laborers.TheShirewasprimarilyagricultural.
StandardCoinage:FromSR1401toSR1403,Farthings,Penny,3Pence,6Pence,Shillingand
1/2Crownwereused.
X#243PENCE8.1gCopper.Obverse:Plumtreeinfullfruit,Minted:Solmath.dated:SR1402.
Reverse:Large3withinscription:NELDEKELEBRIS/SUZABARKUDUK(ThreePence/Shire
abodeoftheHalflings).Octagonshapedhighrelief(octagonal)rimwithinroundplanchet.Mintage:
2000pieces.Anothervariantof7.00gincopperalsoexistswithtrimmededgesusedaspresentation
piece.
In1404therewasamonetaryreform:Hlokarpeni=FarthingBanapeni=1/2Penny
Hlokartharantiin/Peni=PennyBantharantiin=1/8KastarTharantiin=1/4KastarBankastar=1/2
Kastar.
X#35HLOKAPPENIBrass.70gObverse:Pinetreeinpelletcircle.Reverse:Large"F"(h).Dated:SR
1404.Mintage:200pieces.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Shire.htm
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TheShire
X#36HLOKAPPENIBrass.70gObverse:Elmtreeinpelletcircle.Reverse:Large"R"(y).Dated:SR
1404.Mintage:200pieces.
X#37HLOKAPPENIBrass.70gObverse:Willowtreewithinpelletcircle.Reverse:Large"H"
(invertedy).Dated:SR1404.Mintage:200pieces.
X#38HLOKAPPENIBrass.70gObverse:Oaktreewithinpelletcircle.Reverse:Large"N"(m).
Dated:SR1404.Mintage:200pieces.
TheFarthings(alsoknownasHlokarpeni)arestruckinbrassandcomeinfourvarieties,eachfeaturing
adifferenttree,representingthefourdifferentcompasspoints.ThePineTreeisfortheNorth,theElm
isfortheEast,theWillowisfortheSouthandtheOaktreeisfortheWest.Thelettersononesideof
thecoinsaretheelvishcompasspointletters,andtheyandthetreesrepresentthefour'farthings'or
quarters(i.e.geographicaldivisions)oftheShire.Theplayonthedoublemeaning(monetaryand
geographical)of'farthing'isdeliberateandveryHobbitish.
X#41HLOKARTHARANTIIN/PENI3.10gCopper.Obverse:Willowtree,bare.Reverse:Quartered
circleSR1405.Mintage:2000pieces.Thispiecealsoexistsin2.60Bronzeand2.40gNiobium.
MicroNations
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Shire.htm
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Camelot(ArthurPendragon)
Camelot(ArthurPendragon)
TheCamelotKingdomcoinageofKingArthur:Whilecontemporarytalesandfilmstendtoplace
KingArthurinthe10thto12thcenturies,historianstellusthattherealhistoricKingArthurlived
muchearlier...inthe5thto6thcenturies,justafterthefalloftheRomanEmprire.So...hereisacoin
astherealArthurPendragonhimselfmighthaveissuedit...inlateRomanstylewithLatin
inscriptions.
X#3Siliqua2.30g.900Ag,19mmindiameter,Ruler:ArthurPendragon.Issuedcirca500CEtohonor
Arthur'sgreatestvictory.Mintage:500pieces.
Theworkismuchbetterthanmostcontemporaryexamplesoftheperiod...butthenwepresumethat
Arthurwouldhavepermittedonlythefinestavailableworktobearhisnameandimage.
TheportraitismodeledonthoseofthemidthirdcenturyGallicEmperors,whoweremorerugged
lookingandshownwearingtheradiatecrown.Originallyraysoflightaroundaportraitshead
indicateddeification.Bythemidthirdcentury,thecoinportraitsclearlyshowtherayshadbecomea
metalheadbandwithspikes,tiedatthebackwitharibbon,andwornrathercasuallytowardtheback
ofthehead.Itwasprobablytheinspirationformedievalcrowns.ThedraperysuggeststheRoman
militarywoolcloakwornoncampaigns.TheinscriptionisinRomanesqueLatin,ARTORIUSDUX
BELLORUMBRIT(anniae),meaning"Arthur,WarLordofBritain".Arthurwasregardedasthelast
"Roman"leaderinBritainatatimewhenrex,meaningking,wasregardedasabarbariantitle.
Onreverse,Thevictoriouswingedfemalefigurebearingpalmfrondandlaurelwreath,personifying
victory,wasatthattimegraduallymorphingintoaChristianimageofanangel.MONSBADONIS
referstotheBattleofBadonHill,Arthursgreatestvictory(circa490).PCAMistheRomanstylemint
designation,standingforPecuniaCamelot."Thiscoinisalsoavailableasacopper"HalfAs"(5.50g
Mintage:200)andalsoavailableasagold"Solidus"(3.30gMintage:12)
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Camelot.htm
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TheFrenchcoloniesinNorthAmerica
TheFrenchColoniesinNorthAmericaseriescontainsfourissueschronologicallybydateoncoins:
ArkansasPost(posteAuxAkansas)1690(issuedincopperandsilver),MassacreIsland(IsleDu
Massacre)1699(issuedincopperandsilver),DauphinIsland(IsleDauphin)1707(issuedincopper
andsilver)andNewFrance(LaNouvelleFrance)1803(issuedincopperonly).
MassacreIsland(IsleDuMassacre)1699:Asweknowfromourhistorybooks,theFrench
colonizedthemiddlepartofNorthAmericainthenameofKingLouisXIV,callingitNouvelle
France,orjustLouisiana.OneoftheearliestFrenchsettlementswasonthecoastoftheGulfof
Mexico.ItwasanislandjustfourmilesoffthemainlandnearthemouthofMobilebayinsouth
Alabama,atanaturaldeepwaterportthatistodaycalledDauphinIsland.In1699,theFrenchexplorer,
PierreLeMoynedeIbervillenamedit"IsleDuMassacre"(MassacreIsland)becauseofalargepileof
humanskeletonshediscoveredthere.Itturnedouttobeaburialmoundthathadbeenbrokenopenby
ahurricane,notamassacresite,butthenamestuck.deIbervilledecidedtolocateacolonyhere
becauseoftheabundanttimber,reliablesupplyoffreshwater,andagreatdeepwaterharbor.
"MassacreIsland"soonbecametheheadquartersforFrenchcolonizationalongtheGulfCoast.The
thrivingsettlementconsistedofafort,achapel,governmentownedwarehouses,andmanyprivate
homes.
Weissuethiscomemmorativecolonialpiecetocelebratethehistoryoftheislandinacointhatcould
conceivablyhaveexisted.TheobverseshowsthehaughtyKingLouisXIVathisjowlybest...youcan
almosthearhimshout"Letat,cestmoi!"(translation:"IAMthestate!")asadvisersandsycophants
bowandscurryathisfeet!TheinscriptionsdeclarehimkingofFranceandhercolonies.Thereverse
bearstheroyalcrownabove,andashieldofthreeskullstorepresentthecolony,withtheinscription
"IsleMassacre"andthedate1699.
Inourunabashedlyfictionalizedversionofevents,wesuggestthatthecrownauthorizedthemintingof
thiscolonialcoin,butthattheengraversdesignwithshieldofskullsturnedouttobetooluridforthe
refinedfolkwhowerebeingurgedtorelocatetothecolony.Thechestofcoinswaslockedawayina
backroomatthemint,whereitwouldsitouttherevolution,twoworldwars,andwouldfinallybe
discoveredduringarenovationjustlastyear.
Thislargishcoppercoindenominatedonesol,weighsabout9grammesofpurecopper,isabout26
mmindiameter,andisdoneintheclassicstyleof17thcenturyFrenchcoinage.Theconditionoftheis
EF+(extremelyfineplus)withlittlewearandadelicatetoning.ThesilverversionoftheIsleDu
Massacrecoin,struckonthesamedies...ThislargishsilvercoindenominatedonequarterEcu,weighs
about6grammesof90%silver,isabout26mmindiameter,andisdoneintheclassicstyleof17th
centuryFrenchcoinage.TheconditionoftheisEF+(extremelyfineplus)withlittlewearanda
delicatetoning.ThispieceisbroughttoyoubyShirePost,specializingincraftingstrangeandunusual
artifactsfromallovertheworldforthepurposeofmakinghistorycomealive.
NewFrance(LaNouvelleFrance)1803:Asweknowfromourhistorybooks,themilitarydictator
andselfstyled"emperor"NapoleonBonaparteofFrance,acquiredtitularrightstothewesternpartof
thewatershedoftheMississippiriverfromSpainin1801.Hisplan,accordingtohistorians,wastouse
thevastresourcesofthisterritoryasaspringboardtocrossthePacificandconquerAsiaandtheworld.
Hisplanswerethwartedhowever,byaseeminglyunlikelyfoe.Aslaveuprisingontheislandof
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/The_French_Colonies_in_North_America.htm
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Hispanola(morerecentlyknownasHaiti)divertedthetroopsNapoleonintendedtooccupyNew
Orleans,andby1802hadsappedhisstrength.Hewasnowfacedwithadifficultdecisionwithregard
totheNorthAmericahelikedtocall"NewFrance".IfhisforcesattemptedtocontrolNewOrleansin
theirnowweakenedcondition,hefearedtheAmericansunderThomasJeffersonwouldattackto
restoretheirbackdoorontheriver.ThisfearappearsjustifiedgivenJefferson'smemoirs.Thiswould
beawarthatNapoleonknewhecouldnotwin...itwouldcosthimmuchandhewouldlosehistoehold
inNorthAmerica...dashinghisplanofworldconquestinthebargain.Ontheotherhand...ifhewere
toSELLtherightstotheAmericans...theywouldbothavoidawarandhemightobtainenoughmoney
tofundhisbattlestoatleastgaincontrolofEurope.Thusbeganthenegotiationsforthesalethat
wouldunlimatelybeknownastheLouisianaPurchase.
AcomemmorativecointhatmighthavebeenisuedforNepoleonBonaparte'scolonyof"LaNouvelle
France"shortlybeforehisdecisiontosellthelandtotheyoungUnitedStates.Struckin9.00gramof
purecopper.
Inourcreativeinterpretationofevents,wesurmisethatNapoleonmayhaveorderedcoinagestruckfor
hiscolony,andindeed,evenafternegotiationsfortheLouisianaPurchasehadbegun,hemighthave
beenpromotingtheideatotheAmericansthathestillintendedtooccupy.Theintroductionofcoinage
ascurrencyfortheNewOrleanscolonywouldcertainlybeseenasanindicationofsuchintent!The
resultmightbeasignificantriseinthemonetaryofferfortheterritory!Sohereweofferit...acopper
5centimespieceof1803,madeandcirculatedtogoadThomasJeffersonintomakingasignificantly
higherofferinordertoavoidanevenmorecostlyconflict.Itcouldhavehappened!!!
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/The_French_Colonies_in_North_America.htm
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Vinland(LeifEiricsson)
TheVINLANDcoinageofLeifEiricsson:Hereisacointhatmighthavebeen!Asweallknowfrom
ourhistorybooks,theGreenlanderLeifEricsson,sonofErictheRedledacolonizingexpeditionin
AD1000,sailingwestfromIcelandandGreenlandandestablishingacolonyhecalled"Vinland"on
whatisnowthoughttobethecoastofmoderndayNewfoundlandorNewBrunswick.Justbeforehis
departure,LeifwasforcedtoconvertfrompaganismtoChristianityonpainofdeathbyNorwegian
KingOlavTrygvasson.Thecolonywasillfatedhowever,withtroublesomeweatherandproblems
withthenatives,andthestarvingcolonistsabandoneditafterjustafewofyears,spellingtheendof
Europeaninfluenceinthenewworldforanotherhalfmillenium.
X#5Penny2.4g.900AgRuler:LeifEiricsson.Mintage:500pieces.
TheobverseshowsLeifinaVikinghelm(withouthorns!)holdingascepter,andwiththeinscription
LEIFEIRICSSON(theoldspelling).Thereverseisaclassiccrossofdoublelines(guidestocutting
thecoinintoquarters)withthetextVINLANDMONETA(trans:VinlandMoney)Notethatthetext
terminatorontheinscriptionsisa"HammerofThor".Therearetwoparticularlyinterestingthings
aboutthedesignofthiscoin.ThetraditionaltextterminatorforcoinsofaChristiancountrywouldbea
cross,andthetraditionalobjectheldbyaroyalsubjectwouldbeanaxe.ThefactthatLeifchosethe
scepterandhammerwouldindicatethatheplannedrebellionagainstKingOlav!Inourromanticized
versionofthestory...LeifwassimplylividwithKingOlafurTryggvasonabouttheforcedreligious
conversion...andhadahoardofcoinssecretlymadeup,planningtosetuphisownindependentpagan
kingdomfaraway.Butthecolonyhadtroublesandnevergrewtothepointwheremoneywasneeded.
Thenwhendisasterstruckandtheyhadtoabandonit,(andlackingresourcestoremeltthem)...Leif
wiselychosetoburytheentirehoardratherthanbringbackhardevidenceofhisownrebellious
intent...whichbringsustorecenttimes.AdiggeronanobscurearchaeologicalexpeditiontoNew
Brunswickin1923cameacrossthehoardunderarunemarkedstoneinarottingleatherbagandwas
overcomewithgreedfromthesplendorofthefind,secretlykeepingthemtohimself.Scaredofthe
publicityandashamedofhimselfforwhathehaddone,hekeptthehoardintactandneversoldor
showedanyofthem.Afterhisdeathhisheirs,retiredthemselvesandlivingnowinArkansas,
contactedmediscreetlyandIwasabletopurchasetheentireneverusedhoardnoquestionsasked.
Thissilverpennyweighsabout2.5gramsof90%silver,isabout19mmindiameter,andisdoneinthe
classicstyleof10thcenturyVikingcoinage.TheconditionoftheisEF+(extremelyfineplus)witha
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delicatetoningandbrighthighlights.Thiscoinisalsoavailableincopper3.10g(Mintage:1000).
Thesepiecescanalsobefittedaspendants,tietacks,orclothingbuttons.
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TheUltimateStateofTdivm
ConfrontingtheDireConsequencesof
BoredomintheNumismaticWorld"
ChaimDovShibolethisalsoacollectorofcoins,tokenandmedallionfromMicronations,local
communitiesandUnusualplacesoftheworld.Hehascontributedalotongatheringtheinformation
onthesetypeofcoinsandalsoprovideusasourcetoobtainthem.Heisanactivememberand
eventuallypromotedtothestatusofcommitteememberofUnorganizedstatesofNumismaticSociety
athttp://www.usns.info/links.html.
Hewasalsooneofkeymemberandspecialcontributorinpromptingandgettingpublishedthe"4th
editionofUnusualcoins"inJune2005byKrausepublication.HeandIencounteredseveraltimeto
bidonthesametypeofcoinsonEbayauctions.ThroughtheseencounterIgottoknowhimand
boughtafewcoinsfromhimaswell.HehasastoreinEbayat:http://stores.ebay.nl/UnusualCoins
Tokensandoftensellshisextracoins.HeisalsokeenincollectingalltypesofcoinsfromIsraelas
well.Hispersonalwebsiteisat:http://home.versatel.nl/shiboleth/index.html,whichcompriseofhis
owncreatedcoinsandotherMicronations,localcommunitiesandUnusualplacescoinswithdetailed
information.Veryimpressiveindeed,Ihopethatitcontinueslikethat!
AccordingtoChaimShiboleth:"Visualisetheclock,thehoursofthedaytickingaway:Daily,you
startworkat9a.m.(maybeearlier,maybelater).Yougreetyourcolleagueswithanodofthehead
maybeyouhaveachatabouttheweather,thedailytrafficjams,redecorating,thegamelastnight,
internationalpolitics.Yougetyourcupofcoffee(onesugarortwo?ordoyoudrinktea?),checkyour
mailbox(chancesareyouturnonthecomputer)andstartyourdailyroutine.Possiblyyouworkwith
people,respondingtotheirneeds,ateacher,guide,salesmanmaybeyouworkwithartifacts,consumer
goodsyoumightbeascholar,athinker,awriter,usingwordsornumbersasthetoolsofyourtrade.
It'sallthesame.
Daily,at5p.m.(ormaybeawhilelater)youllpackyourbag,wishthecolleaguesafineeveningand
jointheothercommuters,thosetakingthetrainorthoseploughingtheirwaythroughcloggedtraffic
routes,followingthewellknownpathsleadinghomewards.Athome,youllgreetyourspouse,your
children(ifyouhavethem),eatyoursupper,readtheeveningpaperorwatchthelatestnews(orsoap,
orcomedy)onTV.Possiblyyoullfollowuponyoursportoryourhobbyorgoonlinetoorderthe
latestgadgetorbaublethathasbeendesignedtoconvinceyouintothinkingyourlifewillbeimproved
byowningit.Fillingtheholeinyourtimeorinyourcollection(orisittheholeinyourlife)youllfeel
goodforafleetingmoment.But,thesalesmanspromisetofulfillyourdreamsneveroccurs.
Imaginethedaysoftheweek,theweeksineveryyear:Daily,weekly,monthly,yearlyfollowingthe
samepattern,sameroutine.Stagnation.Imaginealifetime,yourlife.Doyoufindthelifeyoure
leadingreallyfulfilling,doesitarouseyournaturalintellectualcuriosity?Orisitthecomfortand
safetyoftheknownthatkeepsyoufollowingthetickingoftheclock?Doyoumakeadifference?Are
yousure?Ordoyourecogniseaninternalfeelingofexistentialboredom?Takethisfeeling,this
boredom,thisemptiness.Thistedium.Holdittightembraceitforallitsworth!Thinkaboutitasa
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StateofMind.WelcometotheUltimateStateofTdivm.Wellwelcomeyouwithhalfayawnand
lullyoubacktosleep.Nopromisesmade,nonekept."
Finalmintagefiguresincludingprereleasetrials,mintedin2005:
Metal
Mintage
Brass(antiqued)
03
Aluminium(antiqued)
Copper(.064thickflan,antiqued)
03
01
coppernickelzinc(.064thickflan,antiqued)
01
Silver.999(antiqued,unholed)
Coppernickelzinc(antiqued)
03
51
Copper(antiqued)
21
Silver.999(prooflike,unholed)
20
Allcoinsare25mmindiameterwithplainedge.Acoinfullofcompromisestothetechnical&
practicalsideofminting.Inmyopiniononlyworthyofapitifulhalfayawn,amereGaap
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(pronouncedwithasoftG,similartotheCHofLochNessorChaim).Theobverse:Astylisedmoon
inthebackground,withthevaluesuperimposedthemoonsymbolisingcircularity,emptiness,lunacy.
Thetrianglesontheleftsymbolisethedialsoftheclockstoppedat9,whenfreedomendsandthe
tdivmoftheworkdaycommences.Thereverse:Symbolisingaclockwiththedialssetat"nineto
five.ThequoteonthecoinisfromFaulkner:"thehoursoffollyaremeasuredbyaclock".Thehole:
Symbolisingemptiness,theessenceofbeinginanultimatestateoftdivm...butalsogivingthose
whowouldwishitanopeningtoallthat'sbeyondtdivm.ThecoinsweremintedbyPressedMetal
ProductsinCanada.Toorderthesecoinsemailattaedivm@taedivm.org.
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MauquoyTramaux&Co.
MauquoyTramaux&Co.
X#4721/2ECU199215.00gCuNi,33mmdiameter.Ruler:Beatrix(BeatrixWilhelminaArmgard
vanOranjeNassau).Obverse:Large"ECU",medievalsailingship,12starsinribbonborder.Legend:
DENEDERLANDER.Reverse:BustofWillemI.Frederik3/4rightatleft,threeemblemsatright.
Inscription:...UITBREIDUNGVANHETVERKEERMETALLEVOLKEN....Thiscoincanalsobe
viewedatpage351of4theditionof"UnusualWorldCoin"byKrausePublication.Thesecoinswere
issuedbyMauquoyTramaux&Co.B.v.b.a.,Grobbendonkfrom1988to1993.
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UnitedMaxxicoAmerica
FromErikV.McCrea'sresearch:InanentertainingcompositionentitledAFoolishFantasy,which
LawrenceJ.LeecomposedfortheApril2003Numismatist,hereportsthattheUMAconfederacy
wasashortlivedkingdomthathaditsturbulentbeginningsduringtheBoscoWarsofthemid1870s.
HegoesontogiveonlyafewhumorousdetailsabouttheMaxxicoRevolution,acivilwarledbythe
charismaticCommanderZacatecas,andhisattemptstooverthrowthecorruptregimeofKingEpudI,
whowasitsfirstandonlymonarch.ThedetailsoftheMaxxicoRevolutionareavailableinany
historybook,andthethemehasbeenrepeatedmanytimesbeforeandsince...Thus,weknowMaxxico
existed,andthebasicfactssurroundingitssuddenandcompletedisappearance.However,wedon't
havemuchinthewayofartifacts,exceptforthecoins(asissooftenthecase).Thereverseofthe
pieceinquestion,dated1884,ismodeledafteraMexicancapandrays8Reales,likethetype
producedbytheZacatecasmintfrom18251897.Buttheoverallappearanceofitscentralimagehas
beenartfullyalteredtoshow,insteadofalibertycap,an11rayedsunrisingoverthesea.Themajority
ofthearticlebasicallydescribesthecoppernickelcoinandinterpretsallofitsdevices/symbolism.The
pieceis,afterall,alinktoalostsociety.Mr.Leereveals,forexample,thattheeagleontheobverse
(hecallsitajackdaw)isgraspingaleaflessslooflirpastickinitsbeak.Inthepenultimate
paragraph,hecomicallyacknowledgesthattheANA'sspecimenwasdonatedbyAprilPhoule(let's
see,hernameringsabell...yes,Idistinctlyrememberonceseeinganextremelyrisquphotographof
her,takenbyapaparazzi,whileshewasvacationingonthescenicbeachesofSanSerriffe,salaciously
clenchingalongstemmedeluohplirpaflowerinherteeth).Allkiddingaside,Mr.Leepennedthe
entireyarnforhisandouramusement.Inourpersonalcommunications,IwasinformedthatwhenMr.
Leewascontactedbythechapwhofoundthisoddity,hesoughttheopinionofmanyother
experts/colleagues,butallofthemwerestumped.Inspiteofthefactthatnoone(otherthanthe
owner)believesittobeanythingbutnonsense,hethenmadeuseoftheircollectivepuzzlementto
spinanimaginative,deadlinebeatingspoof.IobtainedmysampleoneBay.
Ifanyoneouttherecanprovideanyconcretedetailsaboutthiscoin'strueprovenience,pleaseletme
know.Thatmaybetheonlywaywecanconvinceournumismaticcommunitythatthiscoinisworthy
ofourattention,thatitdeservesourseriousmindedness,andthatitismuchmorethananonsensical,
Phoulishpieceofmetal.
Amazingly,I'veencountered(againoneBay)asecondtypeofMaxxico8Reales.Tobeginwith,it's
madeofbronze.Itsreverseonceagainpayscompositionalhomagetothenowfamiliarcapandrays
motif.Buttheobversehasundergonesomemajorchanges.Thestickcarryingeagle,whilestillvery
muchresemblingadoveofpeacewithanolivebranchinitsmouth,isnolongerfacingusheadon
itisnowstandingsidewaysandlookingtotheright.Thedesignerhasrendereditevenmorepoorly
thanitspredecessor(eventheletteringisextremelycrude).Andthistime,insteadofbeingperchedon
arock(oradune,atraditionalMaxxicoianoneroommudhut,accordingtoMr.Lee)likeonthe
firstcoin,itrestsonathickbranch.IboughtitfromasellernamedMr.KennyOngYewChuanthe
factthathelivesandworksinMalaysiasupportsmysuspicionsthatthesepiecesoriginatesomewhere
inSoutheastAsia(I'veseenseveralbeingsoldfromthatregion).Hetoldmethathedidnotpossess
anyinformationspecificallyabouttheMaxxicancoins,butinregardstonumismaticsingeneral,he
offeredanilluminatingculturalinsight:theMexicandollarsinthepastarepopularinMalayaand
theycalleditRinggitHelang(Eagledollar)...itwascurrentuntiltheBritishissuedtheBritishTrade
Dollars.ThelocalMalaysherebelievethatareplicaoftokenmadeandkeptbyownersothatmore
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moneycanbegenerated.itiscalledibuduit(mothercoin).Thisnotioniscorroborated,somewhat,
byanothereBaymerchant:accordingtoalikabok,whoisbasedinManila,theMaxxicopieceisa
PhilippinemadeANTINGANTING(amulet)combiningthedesignsofvintageUSandMexican
coins.DuringtheSpanishoccupationperiodinthePhilippines,manysuperstitiousFilipinosbelieved
thattheMexicanRepublic8realescoinswiththedesignoftheeagleholdingasnakewaslucky
especiallyforbusiness.Uptonow,thissuperstitionwasstillbelievedinsomeolderprovinces.
Whoeveroriginallyconcoctedthisdesignonthisamuletmusthaveconcludedthatitwouldbea
MOREPOWERFULamuletifthedesignonthedollarcoinoftheUSAwouldbeaddedin.Hencethis
mixedupdesign.
Afterwinningthebronzepiece,Iwasfortunateenoughtoenterintocorrespondencewiththeonly
otherbidderonthatauction,acollectornamedMr.BobGurney.Heisclearlyanauthorityontheentire
arrayofcapandrayscoinage,especiallythespuriousexamples,andhehasbeenexploringthisvery
diverseanddifficultseriesfornearly50years:IhavebeeninlovewiththesecoinssinceIpickedup
myfirstcopyin1957.Isawmyfirstcounterfeitofthetypein1960andIhavebeenhookedonthe
counterfeitseversince.Forstarters,TherearetwodifferentdesignsusedtheProfileEaglethe
Hookneckwasissued1823to1825byafewmints.Thestandardorfacingeaglewascommencedin
1824andlasteduntiltheendoftheseriesin1897.SpeakingofStandard,thedieswereinitiallymade
onebyone.Thisproducednearlyinnumerableminorvarietiesthathaveneverbeenfullycatalogued
eventoday.Italsomadethemeasytoforge.Theearliestdiesevenuseddifferenteaglesoneachdie
sovarietiesareexceptionallynumerous.Thereasonfortheseandotherdissimilarities(inquality,
silvercontent,diameter,thickness,evenedgedesign)wasthatmanymintswerenotrunbythe
Mexicangovernment.Manywereoperatedunderleasesbymineownersorotherprivatecitizens.In
all,therewere14mintsthatproducedtheseries,resultingin14separatemintmarks(notcountingthe
distinctsubvarietiesandvariationsinthemintmarksthemselves).Interestingly,thereweretwoperiods
ofissuanceinregardstothese8Rpieces:Theearlyseriesendsinabout1870withtheintroductionof
thedecimalseriesthePeso.ThePesofailedininternationaltradesotheyresumedmakingtheold
8Rsin1873foroverseasuse.ThissecondphaseissimilartotheUSTradeDollarseries.Theselater
coinswerebullionissuesnotmeanttocirculateinMexico.TheywerelegaltenderinMainlandChina
until1933.
Inallactuality,theMaxxicancoinsmirrortheMexican8Realesonlytotheextentthatthename
MaxxicopartiallyreflectsthewordMexico.Atfirstglance,oureyesmightinitiallybedeceived
bythepuzzlingMaxxicopieces,butoncewesubjectthemtoeventhemostcursoryofvisual
comparisonswiththeMexicancoin,itbecomesclearthatthesocalledcounterfeitsarerifewith
uniquelyquirkycharacteristics,makingthemsoradicallyunliketheMexicanpiecethatitwouldtruly
beimpossibleforustoconfuseonefortheother.TheMaxxico'sobverseisafarcryfromtheAztec
symbolofanEaglekillingasnakewhilestandingonacactusinthemiddleofalake.Thereverse,
whichisevenmoreofadeparture,isanoddmixofmisinterpretedsymbols.Butsomeofthoseerrors
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maypointinthedirectionoftheforger.Whoeverproduceditseemstohavemissedthepointofthe
originaldesignsentirely.Theensuingoversightspointtoanonwesternoriginsomeoneunfamiliar
withthemeaningbehindsomeofitsminutiae.Onecrucialdetailseemstobetheletterswhichappear
immediatelyafterthedate:thesearetheassayerinitials.Typically,theseusuallycomeinpairs.But
thereareafewdatesthathave3initials.Counterfeitscanhave1,2,3,4andeven5.TheJSonthe
1884Zacatecas(Zs)coinisbelievedtostandforJesusMariaSanchezdeSantaAnna.Therearesome
yearswherethereare2,3or4differentassayercombinationssotheoverassayervarietiesare
VERYnumerous.IntheMaxxicopieces,Thelegendiscarriedoverfromacommontradecoinbut
theMexicanstraightJismisreadaseithertheletterIoranumber1.Thiserrorwasoriginallymade
onsomeChineseimitationsofthe1884Zs8Rwhichsawwidespreadusage.Yearsofaccumulated
researchhasledMr.GurneytoconcludethatThemodelfortheMaxxicopiecewasdefinitelythe
Counterfeitversionofthe1884ZscointhatwassoverycommonduringandaftertheVietnamWar.
Theforgerwhomadethedieswasthefirst(Ibelieve)tomaketheJ=Ierror.FromtheIitisaneasy
steptothenumeral1.Iownacopyofthe1884Zs8RcounterfeitthatusestheIDENTICALtypeface
totheMaxxicocoin.Isuspectthatthesamemasterdiewasusedonbothcoins.Iownaprogressionof
forgeriesofthe1884Zscoininwhichthelegendanddesignsbecomemoreandmorecorrupt.At
presentIhaveidentified6stagesinthetransformation.Ihave13differentcoins.TheearliestIwould
pegthetransitionfromJtoIisabout1960priortothattheforgersatleasthadtheJcorrectbut
oftenusedafullJinsteadoftheStraightJ.Thenewestversionsoftenusea$inplaceofthes
superscriptsinthelegend.These$copiesdatetothepost1985era.TheMaxxicocoincomesrather
lateinthesequencebutpriortothe$.BasedonwhenhefirstencounteredtheMaxxicopieces,he
estimatesthatthesehaveexistedatleastsince2001,orperhapsevenfiveyearsearlierthanthat.ButI
haveheardfromothercollectorsthattheyhavebeenaroundfarlonger.Helamentsthatwemaynever
knowanythingfactualaboutthesepiecesuntilwegetsomeonetoconfesstocreatingthem.Ihave
beenabletocultivatearelationshipwithacoupleforgers(theonesthatactuallymakesomeofthese
fakes),allofthemfrommainlandChina.Someofthemevenofferbulkdealsontheirersatz
merchandise.ButIhaveneverfoundtheMaxxicopieceinanyone'sinventory.
Ontheonehand,theMaxxicanpiecesappealtoMr.Gurney'ssensibilitiesbecausetheyclosely
approximatethe8RealesI,ontheotherhand,collecttheMaxxicocoinsspecificallybecausetheydo
soonlyuptoacertainpoint.TheyborrowelementsfromtheMexicancoinsolelyasanumismatic
pointofdeparture.Theythenmetamorphoseintosomethingsoperplexinglydivergentthattheynearly
approachtheillogical,asattestedtobytheprecariouslydiscordantringrisingfromthenameUnited
MaxxicoAmerica.Thecreationofthisungrammaticaltriplecombinationofwordsseemspurposeful
tome,andsuggeststhatthepiecesweremeanttostanddistinctlyapartfromtheirMexican
counterparts.Ifthemaker'sintenthadbeentoreplicateaMexicancoinasfullyaspossible,whilestill
managingtoutilizehisexoticlookingMaxxico,hewould'veemployedsomethingtotheeffectof
EstadosUnidosMaxxicanosorRepublicaMaxxicanaontheobverse.Butinstead,hechosetogo
againstthegrainandinventanincongruoussoundingfantasylandwheresolecismseemstobethe
norm.Lackingdefinitive,concretecluesabouttheprovenienceofMaxxico'scoinage,theyremaina
toughnuttocrack!
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VictorVincenteofAmerica
Bornin1941asMichaelHiltner,whilestill
ateenager,VVA'smeteoricriseintheworld
ofcyclingwasconsideredtobe,rightfully
so,astounding.Hestartedpedaling
earnestlyattheageof16andalmost
immediately(thatsameyear,1957)became
SouthernCaliforniajuniorroadchampion,
thenAllCaliforniaroadchampion(1958).
In1959,hewasSouthernCaliforniaGrand
Prixchampion.Alsothatyear,hewasthe
youngestwinnerofCanada'sTourduSt.
Laurent,andbyachievingvictoryinthe
CircuitodiMonsummanoof1961he
becamethefirstAmericansince1870(over
90years!)towinabikeraceinTuscany.
AbovepictureshowsVVAwithhis50thbirthdaycoin.VVAwasalsoaCaliforniaroadrace
champion,nationalroadchampion,andNorthAmericanhillclimbchamp(allin1965).Hecompeted
inthePanAmericanGames(1959inChicago,1963inSoPaulo)andtheOlympicGames(1960in
Rome,1964inTokyo).HehasalsoracedinSwitzerland,Germany,Spain,andBelgium.He
furthermoreestablishedthe1stdoubletranscontinental/coasttocoastandbackrecord(1975)upon
hisvictoriousreturnfromthiscrosscountrytrek,heresolvedtomarktheoccasiontheconquering
oftheAmericanhighways,turnpikes,interstates,andthoroughfaresbypromptlyandofficially
changinghisnamefromMichaelBeckwithHiltnertohissymbolicallychosennomdecyclisme,Victor
VincenteofAmerica.Afterwards,headdedtohislegendbyshiftinggearsanddevotinghisenergiesto
offroadracing.Startingin1979,heevendesignedandmassproducedhisownmountainbike,the
Topanga!.TheDirtGuru,asheisaffectionatelyknown,wascrownedasCaliforniahillclimb
championin1983.Forhispioneeringeffortsincyclingandforbeingatirelesspromoterofthissport,
hewasinductedintotheMountainBikeHallofFame(1989)andtheU.S.BicyclingHallofFame
(2001).ThereareplentymoreadditionalbiographicaldetailswhichcouldbelistedaboutVVA
(vva2020@yahoo.com)andhisvariedaccomplishments.HisWebsite(http://www.vva2020.com/)
containsacompleteLifeTimeline.
1989a$9.00DownhillCrazy(copper)
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1990a$23.00Skrabinjscarabbeetle(.999silvermintedbyCrownMint,Calabasas,CA)
1991a$50.00SolarEclipse/VVAprofile,50thbirthdaycommemorative(200piecesinbronze,100
piecesin.999silverand1piecein.999GoldmintedbyCrownMint,Calabasas,USA).
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1992a$4.50Aurochs/BrickWall,masonrytheme(pewterbyForbesStampings,Valencia,CAalso
in10.99gsilverand2.99ggoldmintedbyBloomer'sMetalStampings,Valencia,CA)
1994a$3.0030thAnniversaryofthe1964TokyoOlympiad/ChineseSaD'kideograms,withcenter
hole.698piecesmadeinphosphorousbronze,1''diameterand.045thick,mintedbyBloomer'sMetal
Stampings,Valencia,CA.
1995a$20.00Godkillsyou.TeTueDeusArabJapanesewarcry,triangularinshape.161piecesin
.999silverand1piecein.999goldmintedbyBloomer'sMetalStampings,Valencia,CA.
1996a$12.00AtlantaOlympicGames,chainrings/AustralianAboriginerider.Commemoratingthe
inclusionofmountainbikingintoOlympicsgames.240piecesinbronze,98piecesin.999silverand2
piecesin.999goldmintedbyBloomer'sMetalStampings,Valencia,CA.
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2000a$20.00HuPopDe,advocatingHumanPopulationDecline.300piecesinbronze,30piecesin
.999silvermintedbyNevadaCityMint,NevadaCity,CA.
Therearealsothefollowinglesssophisticated,nonindustriallystruckcoins:
1988a$1.07handhammeredfromautomobilewheelbalanceleadweights,a$2.54anda$6.39
fashionedfromreflattened,scrapcopperpipe.1993a$2.14(similartothe'88$1.07)anda$3.86
frombrass.
Inregardstothe'89piece,Victordidn'tquiteknowwheretogoinordertogetitproperly
(professionally)made:Iwentdoortodoorinanindustrialneighborhood,orusedthephonebook,
andeventuallyfoundashopthatcouldapplysometonnage.Ineverheardofaknucklepress,much
lessaCOINPRESS.Whoknowswhatthenameofthatshopis?Thatmaybelosttohistory...
Additionally,thiscoinwasactuallyusedinatleastonelegitimatecommercialtransaction:itwas
acceptedinlieuofthe$20entryfeeforcyclistsduringthe1993Puerco!race,anevent(oneof
several)whichwasfoundedbyVictorin1980.WhydidVVAstartmintingcoins?Bytheendofthe
'80s,hehaddecidedtocreateobjectsofamorepermanentnature,artintendedtolastforamillennia.
HeexplainsthatBeforecoinproduction,Ihadexperienceindesignandgraphicarttotheextentof
producingtshirts,posters,postcards.Eventually,Iwantedamedium,andaproduct,thatwasmore
longlasting.Sinceteenageyears,Ihadaninterestinnumismatics,sotherewasmyanswer:graphicart
inmetal.Theobverseonmyfirstcoinwas,infact,reusedartfromatshirtandposterdesign.From
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mypointofview,Idiscoveredcoinart,thoughastimewentby,Ibegantoseethatothershadbeen
strikingcoinsforyears.Victorhasmadeatleast4attractiveartistamps(mailart)aswell.Though
lackingphotographicimagesoftheactualcoins,alinktomostofVVA'spiecescanbefoundinthe
Productssectionofhissite.Furthermore,someclearimagesofthe1991coinareviewableat:
http://www.gnurps.com/photography/HallOfFame/HallOfFamePages/Image5.html
http://www.gnurps.com/photography/HallOfFame/HallOfFamePages/Image6.html
VVAisalsoaauthorofafewbookslike"ADirtRoadRider'sTrekEpic"and"1991,selectedverses
ofVictorVincenteofAmerica".
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Breda
Breda
BredaisamunicipalityandacityinthesouthernpartasProvinceofNorthBrabant(NoordBrabant)
ofNetherlands.ThenameBredaderivedfrombredeAa('broadAa')andreferstotheplacewherethe
riversMarkandAacometogether.(Another,lessplausiblehypothesisstatesthatitisamutationof
bredewal('broadwall')).
Thiscoppercoin1Pistoletcommemoratesthe150thanniversary(18281978)ofMilitaryAcademyin
Breda.
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FreeCityofChristiania
FreetownofChristiania
TheFreeCity/TownofChristiania(FristadenChristiania)isademocraticcommune,whichispartially
selfgoverningneighborhoodinCopenhagen,Denmark.Foundedin1971asanalternativesociety,
whichwasanofffpringoftheDanishcounterculturalmovementandthestudent/hippiesquatters
uprisingsofthe1960s.Thecommunityappropriatedsomeabandonedmilitary/armybarracksbecause
thevacanttractandboardedupbuildingsbecameaneyesore,andtheywantedtoconvertitintoa
playground/park.SotheyknockeddownthefenceatthecornerofPrinsessegadeandRefshalevej
streetsandbegantheiranarchisticsocialexperiment.Theypridethemselvesonnotbeingpartofthe
city,thecountry,ortheEuropeanUnion.OneofthemoreinfluentialpersonswasJacobLudvigsen,
whopublishedananarchistnewspaper,whichwidelyannouncedtheproclamationofthefreetown.
TheFreetown'sentrepreneurscelebratedtheCity's30thbirthdayonSeptember26,2001.Oneofthe
commune'swebsitecanbeviewedat:http://www.christiania.org/
Theneighborhoodisaccessibleonlythroughtwomainentrances.ThepeopleinChristianiahave
developedtheirownsetofrules,completelyindependentoftheDanishgovernment.HavingNocars,
Nostealing,NoGuns,NoBulletproofVests,andNoHardDrugs.Thecommunityrulesclearlysays
thatmarijuanaiscool...butharddrugs(heroinandcocaine)areabsolutelyforbidden.
Famousforitsmaindrag,knownasPusherStreet,wherehashish(oftenshortenedtohash)wassold
openlyfrompermanentstandsuntilJanuary4,2004,thestandswerefinallydemolishedbytheowners
themselves(withoutstoppingthehashtradeassuch,whichcontinuedonapersontopersonbasis)asa
wayofpersuadingthegovernmenttoallowtheFreeTowntocontinuetoexist.Theregionnegotiated
anarrangementwiththeDanishdefenseministry(whichstillownstheland)in1995,andtheresidents
nowpaytaxes.Thefutureofthearearemainsindoubt,though,asDanishauthoritiescontinuetopush
foritsremoval.OnPusherStreet,camerasarenotallowed,andlocalswillwavetheirhandsandshout
"Nophoto!"iftheyseesomeonetryingtotakeapicture.
TherearetwoseriesofcoinsinChristiania.First,thereareanumberofFed(fat,1gram)and
Klump(lump)coins,whosenicknames/valuesalludetoportions/quantitiesofhashish,thepersonal
useofwhichissemilegalwithintheFreeCity.Thesebeganasafunexperiment,spearheadedbyVagn
SorentoDichmann,anddatebackto1976.Inhisownwords,theFEDwasstartedby3guyswhoget
theideaandhadthemoney,andthedesignsonthat1stcoinweremadebymeandafriend,1side
eachbutIwastheonlyonewhocoulddotheengraving.Initially,itwasveryexcitingandrequired
totalsecrecy,becausetheyallfearedthecoinwouldnotbeallowedbytheDanishgovernment.But
oncetheFEDpoppeduponthestreet,theauthoritiesdidnotraiseanyobjectionstotheirexistence
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Christiania.htm
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FreeCityofChristiania
aslongastheydidnotresemblethestates'officialcoinage.Ifpeoplehadutilizedthemtomake
purchases,asopposedtosavingthem,thousands(insteadofafewhundred)wouldhavebeenchurned
out.Materially,theearlyoneswerechallengingforthenovicecoinmakertofashionthe'76coins,for
example,werecutinthehandinsomesteelwefoundstartingwiththe2ndcoin(1977),hewas
workingsolothe3rdcoin(1984)endedupbeingonesided.Butbythe4thcoin(1985),Mr.
Dichmannfinallyfoundouthowtostampthemintherightway,therebyimprovingupontheir
overallquality.Fromthenon,bothsidesofeachcoinhavebeenperfectlycentered,aswasoriginally
intended.Itstilltakesalotofhandworktomakeeachcoin,somintageshavebeenlimitedto200
silverand200copperorbronze.Havingbecomeverypopular,theymostlydisappearedinpeoples
pockets.Theyareeagerlyanticipated,likeatradition,partlybecauseeachcoinisalittlemirrorof
whatwashappenedintheyear.In1997,hewasaskedtoproduceafullymachinemadecointosellto
themanytourists.Itwouldalsoseeregularhandtohandusageasitwasmeanttobefromthestart.
Sohereferredthemtoafriend(BentJensen)whowouldbeabletoprofessionallymachineengrave
them.ProducedinDecemberofthatyear,thiscointurnedoutthebetheinitialLn(wage,pay,salary,
compensation),whichareusedasremunerationforcommercialtransactions,servicesandlabor.These
actasChristiania'ssecond,morelicitmonetarysystem,andadifferentcoinismintedannually.As
circulatingcoins,theLninparticularisreferredtoasacomplementarycurrency.I'mgoingon
withtheFED,addsMr.Dichmann,whichgivememuchmorepleasuretomake.
MilleniumDragon
(Swan)
Year:2000
Medal:Copper
Diameter:30mm
Edge:plain,markedE.T.
Weight:11.5g(est.)
Mintage:200
Flyinghats
Year:2004
Medal:.999Silver
Diameter:30mm
Edge:plain(unreeded)
Weight:13.0g(est.)
Mintage:200
Ifyou'relookingforChristianiacoins,youcandirectlycontactVagnSorentoDichman(for"Fed"
issues)andDitlevNissen(for"Ln"issues).Fedcoinswereissuesin19761977,1981,19841985,
1988,1993and19972006.Klumpwereissuedin1991only.Lnwereissuedin19972008.
Christianiaalsohassomeanniversaryralatedmedallicandexonumia,bearingthewords"aar"in
1977,"r"in1981and1991.Thesefeatureits06th,10thand20thanniversariesrespectively.In1996
specialissueswerealsomadetocelebratetheir25thanniversary.SomeNEMOknownasHEMP
tokensarealsobelievetobeproducedaround1985.
ImagesofChristianiasentireoutputofcoinagecanbeviewedatMr.ChaimDovShiboleth'sprivate
collection,athiswebsite,whichwascreatedafterhislongstruggleofresearch:
http://www.taedivm.org/christiania1.html
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Christiania.htm
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FederationofDamanhur
Damanhur
FederationofDamanhurisaspiritualcommonwealthinthePiedmontregionofItaly.Itwasbuiltin
1977byObertoAiraudiandhissmallgroupofsupporters.TheysettledintheValchiusellaValley,inthe
AlpinefoothillsofnorthernItlay.ThecapitalofDamanhurisDamjl.Beforeitstartedin1975asthe
HorusCentreinTurinaplacewhereAiraudicouldsharetheresultsofhisreligiousresearchwiththe
public,andalsowherehecouldcommenceanewphaseofexperimentation.Initially,heofferedcourses
andconferencesonmeditation,philosophy,andhealing.
Today,asaresultofitsconstantethicalandsocialcommitment,DamanhurisrecognizedinItalyasan
AssociationofSocialAdvancement.Ithasevolvedintoaninternationallyrenownedcenter,with
approximately1,000residents/participantsformingagrowingFederationofcommunitiesandregions.
InDamanhur,smokingisforbiddenoutofrespectforothers,forNatureandalllivingbeings.
Oneoftheirmostamazingachievementsistheongoingconstructionofanundergroundtemple.Itisa
seriesofinterconnectedrooms/halls,ondifferentlevels,eachcarvedoutofsolidrockintheheartofa
smallmountain.Itisrichinartisticallyresplendentmosaics,windows,paintings,andsculptureitalso
housesthelargestTiffanystylestainedglasscupolaintheworld.Thediggingandtunnelingbeganin
1978,somorethan20yearsoflaborhasbeeninvestedintheelaboratestructure.Currently,thisis
Damanhur'smainsite:http://www.damanhur.org
Since1998theFederationofDamanhurhasbeenafullmemberofGENEurope.GEN(GlobalEco
villagesNetwork)isanNGOcomprisinghundredsofcommunities,peopleandresearchcenters.GEN
wasfoundedin1995.Itsmainaimistosupportandencouragetheevolutionofsustainablesettlements
acrosstheworld.TheUNhasrecognizedGENasaconsultingmemberofitsECOSOCCommission.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Damanhur.htm
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Before19991Credito=100Cali=1000ItalianLira.Damnahircoinsaretoughtoget.ThroughErikV.
McCrea'swebsiteIknewsomeoneatDamanhurwhomighthelpme:OtariaPalma
(otaria@damanhur.org).Althoughaccordingtotheirnewconstitutionthe1999versioncoinsareonly
legallyvalid,Istillmanagedtopurchasethe10Creditoand50Creditos1986datedcoins(shownabove
ontheleftside)alongwith25Creditos1995coin(shownaboveright).Detailsareasfollow:
10Crediti,dated1986,Silvermetal,Weigh3.9grams,Diameter19mmwithplainedge.
25Crediti,dated1995,Silvermetal,Weigh11.5grams,Diameter25mmwithplainedge.
50Crediti,dated1986,Silvermetal,Weigh5.8grams,Diameter20.5mmwithplainedge.
ThisremarkableinternaleconomicsystemremainsinfullcompliancewithItalianlawandits
developmentisbeingcarefullymonitoredbytheItaliannationalbank.TheCreditosareeventaxedasif
theywereEuros.
AllCrediticarryaphraseinSacredLanguage,theideogrammaticlanguagethatcharacterizes
Damanhurianart.Damanhur'scomplementarycurrency,whichisconsideredbyexpertstobethe
mostsustainableoneofitskind,fuelstheircommunityownedbusinesses/servicesmostofthese
companiesandcooperativesareunitedundertheumbrellaofsomethingcalledtheDhCreaConsortium.
TheDamanhuriancoinsareuniversallyacceptedbythisnetworkofproducersandconsumers.On
arrivalintheFederationitispossibletoconvertcurrencyattheWelcomeofficeorbymeansofspecially
locatedchangemachinespositionedaroundtheterritories.UnusedCrediticaneasilybereconvertedto
Eurowhennecessary.Theyhaveproventhatitispossibletorevitalizeanareathathasbecome
depressedasaresultofdeindustrialization.SincetheOlivettiCompanyfactorycloseditsdoorsin
Valchiusellasometwentyfiveyearsago,thepopulationhasdeclinedfrom50,000inhabitantsto5,000.
Denomination:10cali
Metal:Aluminium
Weight:1.8grams
Diameter:15mm.
Edgetype:plain
Confirmedyears:1999,2004
Denomination:20cali
Metal:Aluminium
Weight:2.0grams
Diameter:17mm.
Edgetype:plain
Confirmedyears:1999,2001,
2004
Denomination:50cali
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Denomination:50cali
Metal:Aluminium
Weight:2.5grams
Diameter:20mm.
Edgetype:plain
Denomination:1Credito
Metal:Bronzital(brassalloy)
Weight:3.5grams
Diameter:21.5mm.
Edgetype:plain
Confirmedyears:1999,2000,
2002
Denomination:2Crediti
Metal:Copper
Weight:5.7grams
Diameter:24mm.
Edgetype:plain
Metal:Bronzital(brassalloy)
Weight:6.1grams
Diameter:25mm.
Edgetype:plain
Metal:Nickelsilver(copper
nickelzinc)
Weight:9.6grams
Diameter:27mm.
Edgetype:plain
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Metal:Bronzitalring,Nickel
silvercore
Weight:8.75grams
Diameter:27mm.
Edgetype:plain
Thedetailsabouttheircoins/currencycanbeviewedat
http://www.damanhur.info/en/html/ArcMagazineDet.asp?IDArt=37#and
http://www.damanhur.it/credito/en/
Lastly,IwouldthankMr.ChaimDovShibolethfortheinformationandscansonthesecoinsprovided.
HiscompleteprivatelistingonDamanhurcoinscanbeviewedat:
http://home.versatel.nl/shiboleth/damanhur1.html.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
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AntonineImperium
EmpireofAntoninia (AntonineImperium)
Itwasfoundedon26November,1999,andisdedicatedtotheexplorationandcelebrationofthePagan
cultureandcivilizationcreatedbytheancientGreeksandItalians,whichreacheditsculminationinthe
RomanEmpire.InshortitsrevivingandsupportingthepolytheisticPaganreligionsandcultsofthe
ancientGreek,Roman,Italian,andkindredpeoples.It'swebsitecanbeviewedat
http://www.antonineimperium.org/index.html.
Currentlytwopersonshaveformedthismicronation,manyplaces(positions)canstillbebefound
vacant,tobefilledupbypeopletakingtheirrespectiverolesandresponsibilities.Firstpersonis
Antoninia'sfounderMr.JohnH.Carlson,whoisalsoactingHeadofStateandusuallyidentifyhimself
as"QuintusPoppaeusSabinus".Secondpersonidentifiedinthissetupis"TiberiusClaudius
Camillus".
AntoniniawasnamedaftertheAntonineEmperorsofancientRome,whopresidedoveroneofthe
highpointsofancientWesterncivilization,anditspurposeistosupporttherevivalandrestoration
ofselectedelementsofancientWesterncivilization,andinparticularthepolytheisticPaganreligions
andcultsoftheancientMediterraneanworld,withanemphasisuponancientGreeceandItaly.
AntoniniausestheAUCdatingsystem,whichcountsyearsfromthetraditionaldate,basedontheyear
inwhichRomewasbuilt.AUCisanabbreviationofAbVrbiConditvm,whichmeans"IntheYearof
theCity".InLatin"AUC",whichstandsfor"aburbecondite"means"fromthefoundingofthecity",
1AUCcorrespondstotheyear753BCEinthecommonerareckoning.Thisdatingsystemisalso
employedbyNovaRoma.Year2005CEcorrespondsto2758AUC.
AntoniniaoriginatedasthestateofImperiumNovum,orImperiumRomanumHellenicum,whose
DeclarationofSovereigntywasannouncedonNovember26,2752AUC(1999CE).Itsfounder,
QuintusPoppaeusSabinus,hadbeeninspiredbythemicronationofNovaRoma,ofwhichhehad
beenamember(heleftitafterbecomingdissatisfiedwithitsdevelopmentandstructure".
Furthermore,thedesignoftheAntoninestatehassincedevelopedinaratherdifferentdirection.).
ImperiumNovumwasformallydissolvedonFebruary10,2754.ItwasrefoundedonMarch21,2754
(2001),underthenameofAntoninia.ThisorganizationwasagainterminatedonDecember31,2754,
butwasreestablishedaftermuchconsiderationonApril21,2755(2002),withanewConstitution
andLaws.Thenewstatecanbedevelopedasanautocracy,asanoligarchy,orasarepublicor
democracy.InfactAntoniniaisanorganizationdesignedinsuchawaythatitcanalsoeasilyadopted
tobecomeanindependentandsovereignstate.AccordinglytoitsdefinedConstitution,Antoniniaisan
independent,sovereign,selfrulingentity.Itisintendedtobeanempireofcultureandspirit,ofart
andpiety,withoutanyfixedphysicalboundaries.CurrentlyAntoniniadoesnotpossessanysovereign
physicalterritorybutthisdoesnotmeanthattheNewEmpiremaynotsomedaypossessterritoryofits
own.AccordinglytoDeclarationofSovereigntyonImperialDecreeofJanuary16,2757AUC(2004
ce),"TheRomanHellenicImperiumofAntoniniamayclaim,atalocationyettobedetermined,
physicalterritorythatshallberecognizedassovereignandindependentbyotherindependentnational
states.Antoniniamayalsopossesspropertyandterritorywithintheboundariesofothernationalstates,
whichshallbesubjecttothelawsofthosestates".TheAntonineImperiumisstillatheoretical
exerciseratherthanapracticalrealityatthispoint,buttheFounderintendstocontinuetheproject".
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/AntonineImperium.htm
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AntonineImperium
Obverse:Wreathand
SunofVergina
Reverse:Janus
Theirfirstcoin,a1Aspiece,dated2758(2005)wasobtainedfromMr.OdedPaz.Itwasmintedon
anantiquedbronzemetalbyQualityChallengeCoins,designedbyMr.JohnH.Carlson,havingatotal
mintageof1500coins,28.6mmindiameterwithplainedge.Therearealsoafewerrortypecoin
whichdisplaysadistinctflatteningandlossofdetailinthetheJanusfigure'swreathlikeheadband,
aboveeachforehead.TheDenariusistheImperium'sbasiccurrencyunit,andtheotherfifteenunitsof
currencythatithascreatedbydecreehavevaluesrelativetoit.TheAs,forexample,isworth0.625of
aDenarius,while10.80Denarii=1Dodekadrachm.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/AntonineImperium.htm
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EmpireofAtlantium
Atlantium
TheEmpireofAtlantium(acyberbasednonterritorialstate)isa
uniqueindependentStatewithaprimarilynonterritorial
immanentglobalsovereigntybasedinSydney,NewSouthWales,
Australia.TheEmpireofAtlantiumwasfoundedonthe3
Decimus,10500(27November,1981).TheAnnusNovusyear
numberingconventionisderivedfromtheapproximatedatefor
theworldwideendofthePleistoceneEraandthelastIceAge,and
thebeginningoftheHolocene.Atlantiumadoptedtheirflagon19
Quartarius10501(08thMay1982).
HisImperialMajestyGeorgeIIistheSovereignHeadofState.
http://www.atlantium.org
Withanominalvalueof10Solidi(US$10),andfeaturingahigh
relieflikenessofEmperorGeorgeIIontheobverseandthe
ImperialEagleonthereverse,thisuniquecoinnotonlymarksthe
20thAnniversaryoftheFoundationoftheImperiumon3
Decimus10500(27November1981),butisalsothefirstever
coinageissuebyaglobalnonterritorialstate,andwillbekeenly
soughtafterbycollectorsinyearstocome.Thediameterofthe
coinis38mmwith4mmThicknessandhavingweightas30.5
grams.ThiscoinhasbeenproducedbyTheAquilaMint,Sydney,
Australia.BelowistheMintageofthecoinproducedindifferent
metalswithtrialstrikes.
511Copper,platedwith9caratgold
3Solidsterlingsilverpieces
10numberedunplatedtrialstrikes
2standardunplatedtrialstrikes
1incompleteunplatedtrialstrike
1pairofsinglefaceunplatedtrialstrikes
1platedtrialstrikewithfrostedreverse
Ipurchasedmyyear10520/200110SolidicoppergoldplatedcoinfromJoelAnderson.Itisalso
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Atlantium.htm
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EmpireofAtlantium
possibletopurchasethiscoindirectlythroughEmpireofAtlantium'swebsite.
In2011abimetallic30Soldicoinwasissuedtocelebratethe30thanniversaryofAtlantium.Thehigh
relief38mmcupronickelcoinispartiallyplatedin9caratgold.TheobversepicturesEmperorGeorge
II,highlightedingold,whilethereverseshowsastunningWedgetailedEagle(Aquilaaudax)
highlightedingold.Ithasamintageofjust250pieces.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Atlantium.htm
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GrandDuchyofAvram
Avram
TheGrandDuchyofAvramisnotaDuchyinthesensethatonemightinitiallyconceivesuchanentity.It
isnotalandbased,physicallyidentifiableentity,butratheranetherealsocietyoflikemindedindividuals
whoarelocatedthroughouttheworldand,presumably,linkedbyacommonbelieforunderstanding.The
DukeofAvramis(usually)residentinTasmania,Australia.HisGrace,PrinceJohn,(formerlyknownas
JohnCharltonRudge),TheGrandDukeofAvram,MostHonorableMarquisofMartha,theRight
HonorableEarlofEnoch,theViscountUlom,andpossessoroftoomanyothertitletomention,gotfedup
withtheAustralianbankingsystem.Beingamanofnobletitles,heissuedaRoyalCharter,creatingthe
RoyalBankofAvram.HowtheDuchycametobeformedisofsomeconjecture.Accordingtotheweb
siteoftheDuchy(http://www.grandduchy.org/)thenameAvramisqabalistic.Thewebsitestates:
Frequently,overthecenturies,theQabalahasbeenlostandrediscovered.WefindthiswithAvramin
stillmoreremoteages,itdisappearsfromsightofenquirers,butnotfromthosewhohaveinheritedthe
mostancientofknowledge.Avrammeanshewhopossesses,thebasisoftheworldandissometimesa
symbolofallthatradiatesfromthesun.Avramishewho,havinggonethroughmanylayersof
differentiation,receivesthepulsationoflife,whichtransfiguresthatproliferationonalevelwithcosmic
action.Insimplewords,theactionofanAvraminhisown,househasacosmicsignificance.
PriortotheestablishmentoftheRoyalBankofAvram,theDukehadwrittenadoctoralthesisfor
businessadministrationentitledHowtoFormandOperateYourOwnBankinAustralia.Exercisingthe
knowledgehehadgained,theRoyalBankofAvramwasfoundedbyRoyalCharterandLettersPatent
dated1October1980.(TheauthoritiesgrantingtheCharterandtheLettersPatentareunknown.
EvidentlythedocumentsweretakenbytheAustralianPoliceseebelowandneverreturned.)The
BankisalmostasetherealastheDuchyitself.TherearenoknowndirectorsoftheBankanditappears
nevertohaveproducedanAnnualReport(althoughasaprivateentityitneednotproduceanAnnual
Reportifitpleases).
TheRoyalBankofAvramwasalsoresponsiblefortheissueofseveralsetsofcoins,whichwereissued
asDucals.(Thereare100ducalstotheAvram.)In1985theissueofbanknotesandcoinscametothe
attentionoftheAustralianTreasury,whodecidedtoprosecutetheDukeonbehalfoftheGovernmentof
Australia.TheDukewasprosecutedundertheAustralianBankingActof1959,whichstates,amongst
manyotherthings,that:
SubjecttothisActapersonotherthanabodycorporateshallnotcarryonanybankingbusinessin
Australia
SubjecttothisActabodycorporateshallnotcarryonanybankingbusinessinAustraliaunlessthe
bodycorporateisinpossessionofanauthorityunderthenextsucceedingsectiontocarryon
bankingbusiness.
ExceptwiththeconsentinwritingoftheTreasurer,apersonorbodyofpersons,notbeingabank,
shallnotassumeoruse,inrelationtothebusiness,oranypartofthebusiness,carriedonbythat
personorbody,thewordbank,bankerorbankingoranywordofalikeimport.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Avram.htm
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GrandDuchyofAvram
While,onthefaceofit,theDukeandtheRoyalBankofAvramwouldappeartohavecontravenedthese
sectionsoftheBankingAct,theGovernmentwasunabletosuccessfullyprosecutetheDuke.Inall,six
courtcaseswerebroughtagainsttheDuke,andineachcasethecourtfoundthattherewasnocaseto
answer.SubsequentappealsbytheAustralianGovernmentwerealsounsuccessful.Thematterbecamea
causecelebreinTasmaniaandtheDukesubsequentlystoodfortheseatofLyonsintheTasmanian
Parliamentandwasdulyelected.HelaterbecametheshadowMinisterforConstruction.
Quiteearlyinthehistoryofthenotes,inthe1980s,theexchangerateoftheAvramwasstatedtobe:1
Avram=A$4.60.Currently,theexchangerateiscalculatedat:1Avram=US$10.00.(TheUSDollaris
currentlyequaltoapproximatelyA$2.00,soitwouldappearthatthevalueoftheAvramhasincreasedin
thelasttwentyyearsor,alternatively,theAustralianDollarhasdecreasedinvalue.)
ThelatestnewsfromtheDuchyisthattheAvramisnowlinkedtogoldasastandard,afteraboutfifteen
yearsofbeingattachedtotheUnitedStatesDollar.TherearecurrentlythirtyAvramtooneounceofgold.
WhatthismeanstotheAvram,onlytimewilltell!
FurtherresearchandinvestigatingaboutPrinceJohnofGrandDuchyofAvramisdescribedbelowby
Mr.ErikV.McCrea.
ItisoneofseveralselfdeclaredAustralianmicronationsbasedinTasmaniaandfoundedonOctober1,
1980byPrinceJohn,theGrandDukeofAvram:PrinceJohn,formerlyJohnRudge,isaneminentlywell
rounded,keenlyintellectualaristocrat(toborrowsomeoftheterminologyemployedbyKitKieferinthe
April1,1986issueofWorldCoinNews).Hehastracedhisfamily/forebearsbacktothe12thcentury.
Inhisyouth,hehadbeentutored/trainedbyaBishopwiththegoalofbecomingonehelaterreceiveda
DoctorateinSacredTheologyin1978andaDoctorateofDivinityin1982.Thatsameyear,hewas
appointedtheCardinal,ArchbishopoftheRoyalSeeoftheContinentofAustralia.Hehasalsoexcelled
inseveralsecularfields,ishighlyeducatedandhasextensiveacademicqualifications.Hewasascientist,
employedasaManagingDirectoroflaboratoriesfortheMaryEllenMinesPtyLtd.(namedafterhisfirst
child)from196986.His1981doctoralthesisforBusinessAdministrationandCivilLawwasentitled
HowtoFormandOperateYourOwnBankinAustralia,whichheimplementedwhenheopenedthe
RoyalBankofAvram(whichoffersallthebonafideconventionalbankingservices,andwhoseshopis
verypopularwithtourists).TheAustraliangovernmentbecamefuriouswiththisventure,becausethey
claimedhehadbrokentheirbankinglaws.Theytooklegalaction,whichwasinstitutedbytheTreasurer
andauthorizedinwritingbytheCabinet.InMarchof1985theFederalPolice,armedwithwarrants,
raidedhishouse(theybrokedownthedoorwhilehewasshowering!)andabranchoffice,seizinghis
privatelyprintedbanknotesandcoins.Theytriedtoclosedowntheentireoperation,butinDecemberof
1986theCourteventuallydismissedall6cases(thegovernmentalsolostwhentheyappealedthose
decisions)atacostofapproximately22milliontothetaxpayers(comparedtotheGrandDuke'stotalcost
of$175,andapartfromthedamageitcausedtohisreputationwiththelocalpopulation).Theyruledthat
Avram'scoinswerenotillegalintheCommonwealth.Itwaspointedout(inaDecemberJanuary2000/01
articleintheAustralianCoinReviewandintheFebruary2001issueofCoinNews)thatironically,
theRoyalBankofAvramabbreviatestoR.B.A.thesameasthatoftheReserveBankofAustralia.
ThoseexpositionsalsoclaimthattheRoyalBank,whichhasitsowncharteranddirectors,isnot(and
neverwas)ownedbytheGrandDuke.ItisalsoimportanttoemphasizethataccordingtotheGrand
Duke,abankisnotnecessarilyabuilding,butagroupofpeoplewhoholdabelief.TheDuchyisalsoa
QabalisticOrder,establishedinantiquity,andChivalricOrders/Decorationsareofferedtoworthy
Knights(supportersoftheRoyalHouse)whoaregenuineandsincereseekersofTheTruth.Itisthe
GrandDuke'sconvictionthatthesacredselftransformationandevolutionofone's
nature/conduct/personalityismeditativelypossible,andthatapersoncanennobleoneselfwiththe
assistanceofchivalry(one'sknowledgeofhis/herownarms/emblem/blazon/shield/ensign/totem).To
him,heraldryistherecognitionofone'sparticularitytheattainmentofone'strue,higherself.In1982,he
purchasedtheremarkableOrmistonHouseinStrahan(hesoldthehistoricmansionin1995).In1989,
PrinceJohnwaselectedasamemberoftheTasmanianParliament,representingtheseatofLyons.He
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GrandDuchyofAvram
wasalsoDeputyMayorofSorell.HeiscurrentlyaservingcouncillorfortheSorellCouncil.Allofhis
incomparablygorgeouscoinscanbeviewedat:http://www.heraldic.org/rba/html/coins.htm
EachcoinhasacoatofarmorialbearingshasbeengrantedtotheindividualsconcernedbyLettersPatent.
(Again,itisnotclearwhoauthorizedtheLettersPatent.).Acoinsetof1,3,7,15,30and75ducalshave
beenproducedin1982,1985,1990,2000and2005eachcoinbearsadifferentdesignsofArms.250sets
havebeenissuedineachofthesementionedyears.The2005sethasthesamedesignsason2000set.The
RoyalBankofAvramrecentlyissuedtwospectacularmulticoloredcoinstocommemoratethe25th
AnniversaryoftheBank:a40mm250GrandDucal,anda34.5mm150GrandDucal,bothdated2005.
ThealsocoinsfeaturetheRoyalArmsand250piecesaremintedforeach.Allthesecoinsaremadeof
GoldineplatedEnameledmetalwithplainedge.
Denomination:1Ducal
Year:2000
CoatandArms:TheLordRamaArms
Diameter:12mm
Edge:plain
Weight:0.85grams
Denomination:3Ducal
Year:2000
CoatandArms:TheViscountUlomArms
Diameter:16.5mm
Edge:plain
Weight:2.15grams
Denomination:7Ducal
Year:2000
CoatandArms:TheGrandDukeof
AvramArms
Diameter:19.0mm
Edge:plain
Weight:2.95grams
Denomination:15Ducal
Year:2000
CoatandArms:CardinalArchbishop
Arms
Diameter:22.5mm
Edge:plain
Weight:4.65grams
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GrandDuchyofAvram
Year:2000
CoatandArms:RoyalBankofAvram
Arms
Diameter:26.5mm
Edge:plain
Weight:7.75grams
Year:2000
CoatandArms:TheRoyalSeeArms
Diameter:30.0mm
Edge:plain
Weight:11.40grams
Ipurchasedmy1,3,7,15,30and75ducalwithunreedededgeofenameledgoldineplatedmetalcoins
dated2000(MillenniumSeries)fromJoelAnderson.EarliercoinsofDuchyofAvramhavebeenlistedin
Bruce'sbook"UnusualWorldCoins".
MicroNations
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BaronyofCaux
BaronyofCaux
ItisarestoredancestralSovereigntyofTheCorbets.TheCorbetsareanancientfamilywhichcanbe
tracedbacktoNormandie.ItisbelievedthattheCorbetsareofDanishoriginandthattheravenwas
theirsymbol.TheCorbetnamederivesfromtheoldNorman"LeCorbeau"which,overtime,changed
to"LeCorbet".Itcouldbederivedfromtwopossiblesources.TheDanishwereknowntodisplaythe
"Reafan"ortheravenasasacredstandardinbattle.Itiswrittenbythehistorians,PlinyandTacitus,
thattherewasawarriorfamilywhotooktheirfamilynameandemblemfrom"TheRaven".They
relatedthattheirdirectancestorwastheRomanheroMarcusValeriusCorvus.ItissaidthatValerius
hadaRavenlandonhishelmetatacriticalmomentduringabattleinGaulandleadhimtovictory.
ThelatinforcroworravenisCorvus.ThefirstdocumentationofthisfamilyisinA.D.1040whenLe
CarpentiermentionsoneHugoleCorbetorleCorbeauas"Chivalier."UntiltheNormanInvasionin
1066theywereanimportantfamilyinthePaysdeCauxregionofNormandie.WebsitesonBaronyof
Cauxcanbeviwedat:
http://www.baronyofcaux.com/
http://www.angelfire.com/nv/micronations/selfproclaimed.html
Fromthesewebsites:"TheancientandsovereignfeudalBaronyofCauxwasgrantedtoHugole
CorbeauinthePaysdeCauxbyWilliamsonofRollo,DukeofNormandiein1040CE."TheBarony
wasconfirmedonhissonRogerFitzCorbetinShropshirebyWilliamsonofRollo,Dukeof
NormandieandKingofEnglandin1069CE."ThesovereignstatusoftheBarony,freeofroyal
oversightofBaronialaffairs,wasreconfirmedonhisgrandsonWilliamCorbetinShropshirebyHenry
II,CountofAnjouandPretendertotheThroneofEnglandin1165CE."TheSovereignBaronyof
Caux(SBC)wasrestitutedonAugust27,2001CE,byHisLordship,JohnI,firstandthirtyseventh
BaronofCaux,oftheCorbetfamily."
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Barony_of_Caux.htm
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BaronyofCaux
Thefamily'shistorybeginswithHugoleCorbetorleCorbeau.Withtwoofhissons,Rogerand
Robert,SirHugojoinedinthebattleofHastingswithWilliamtheConquerorin1066.Hugohelped
counseltheConquerorinregardstotheWelshborderlandswhichwereunconquerable.Fortheir
serviceasknightstotheConqueror,RobertandRogerweregivenBaronies.Rogerreceivedtwenty
fivemanorsinShropshire(TheBaronyofCaux).Robertreceivedagrantoffifteenmanorsin
Shropshire(theBaronyofLongden).TheseManorshadbeentownshipsunderSaxonrule.Roger
calledbothhiscastleandBarony"Caux"or"Caus"afterhishomeinNormandie.TheCorbetsowed
fealtytotheEarlRogerdeMontgomery.Theywereinsovereignservicetohelpcontrolthebordersof
Wales,withabsolutelocalauthorityovertheirdemesnes.
TheShropshiremanorsweregrantedtotheCorbetbrothersin1069CEbytheConqueror,andwere
reconfirmedbyhissonWilliamRufusin1091CE.Atthistime,theBarony(alongwithseveralmore
alongtheWelshborder)became"MarcherBaronies".Independentandsovereignunderthe
overlordshipoftheKing,theywereessentiallyfreestates.Thissovereignstatuswasreconfirmedon
theBaronyofCauxin1165CEbytheCountofAnjou,HenryII,PretendertotheEnglishThrone.
DescentofHugoleCorbeau
HugoleCorbeau,d.1080,bornatCaux,Normandie,BaronofCaux,Normandie
RogerFitzCorbet,hisson,d.1134,bornatCaux,Normandie,BaronofCaus
WilliamCorbet,hisson,d.1170,bornatCaus,Shropshire,BaronofCaus
SimonCorbet,hisson,d.1190,bornatCaus,BaronofCaus
RobertCorbet,hisson,d,1222,bornatatCaus,BaronofCaus
ThomasCorbet,hisson,d.1274,bornatCaus,BaronofCaus,
PeterCorbet,hisson,d.1300,bornatCaus,BaronofCaus
JohnCorbet,hisson,d.1370,bornatCaus,BaronofCaus
JohnCorbet,hisson,d.1397,bornatCaus,BaronofCaus
TheBaronypassedtoBeatriceCorbetin1397,andthetitlewasvacatedin1422.Thepresentclaimto
theBaronydatesfrom1972,andtheBaronywasrestitutedonAugust27,2001byJohnIBaronof
Caux[JohannesICorvinusCauxDominus].Theyissueda1DollarGoldplatedSilvercoindated2006
ontheir5thAnniversaryofrestitution.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Barony_of_Caux.htm
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KingdomofBiffeche
KingdomofBiffeche
AccordingitsofficialWebsite(http://www.kingdomofbiffeche.net/),thistinyRoyaumeislocatedon
theborderbetweenSenegalandMauritania,onthelowerSngalRiverintheSahelregionofWest
Africa.Aplaceofpristinesemidesertbeauty,itisashortdistance(about25kilometers)fromthe
picturesquecoastalcityofSaintLouis,Sngal.ThoughBiffechehasbeenaKingdomfromtime
immemorial,itsoriginsareobscure.ItwasfirstmentionedbytheFrenchinearlyXVIICentury
documents.AnunusualfeatureofthisfundamentallyAfricanKingdomisthatforthelastfour
decades,Biffechehashadforeign/nonAfrican,Caucasiankings.AccordingtootherInternetsources,
Biffeche(orBifeche)wastheearlynameforamediumsizedislandinthedeltaoftheSenegalRiver,
approximately2milesupstreamfromtheislandofN'Dar(thesiteofSaintLouis).Inthe1600s,achief
knownasthePetitBrak(LittleKing)ruledoverthelooselyorganizedpolityoftheBiffeche(also
referredtoasGangueul)attimes,hewassubordinatetotheGrandBrakoftheformerkingdomof
Waalo.
ThemodernhistoryofBiffechebeginscirca1960,whenlifebecametoohardandRomanCatholic
membersoftheSrrNduttribe(itisuncertainastohowlongpriortothiseventtheirconversionhad
takenplace)weretransportedtoBiffechefromMontRolandincentralSngal.Inancienttimes,their
ancestorsinhabitedBiffecheandtherestoftheSngalValley,butweredrivenoutcenturiesbeforeby
invadersfromthenorth.Tillersofthesoil,theysettledaspartoftheSrrculturesincentralSngal,
especiallyintheenvironsknownasMontRolandwestofthecityofThies.TheSrrarethecountry's
oldestnativegroup,onewithavividhistoryofKingdomsandEmpires.Assuch,itistheSrrNdut
whofoundedtheroyalcapitalofBiffecheVille.Besidesthem,theothermainethnicgroupsinthis
lowlyingandlargelyflatterrainincludethePulaar(alsocalledFulfulde,Peulh,Peul,Fula)they
theonlynomadicpastoralistsinallofWestAfricaarethelargestgroupinBiffeche),theWolof
(althoughtheyarejustoneofthemajorindigenousgroupsinBiffeche,theyarethedominantgroupin
Sngaltheirlanguageisgraduallybecomingthelinguafrancaofthewholearea),theNaar(Moors,
whohaveculturalaffinitiestotheArabicspeakinggroupstothenorthandeastinplaceslike
MauritanieandMali).Theseproud,industrious,funlovingpeoplewithuniqueculturalpracticesall
livetogetherharmoniouslyandarealltrulycalledtheBiffeche.Afterbeingresettled,theSrr
Ndutwereindesperatestraitsatfirst,andnearlystarved.Theywerepromisedvariouskindsof
supportthattheydidn'tget.Theirnewfieldswerearidandbecamesaltyandbarren.Thestoryisthat
in1963theycouldnotsettleuponanewKingatthetimeinsteadofchoosingoneoftheirownpeople
theyaskedtheirpriest,FatherVAST,forguidance.Headvisedthemtochoosethepersonwhohad
helpedthemthemostduringtheirplight.ThatindividualhappenedtobeAmericanbornEdward
CharlesSchafer,anactivebusinessmanwhoownedvariousradioandtelevisionstationsinSt.Louis,
Missouri(istheconnectionbetweenSaintLoiusandSt.Louispurelycoincidental?).He,adevout
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Biffeche.htm
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KingdomofBiffeche
Catholic(andacousintobothoftheHohenzollernrulingfamilyofGermanyandtheHapsburgruling
familyoftheAustroHungarianempire)wasthenaskedbytheCardinalofSt.Louistoforma
committeetoaidtheneedypeopleofBiffeche.Schafer,assistedbyaSenegaleseLebanesewoman
whohadimmigratedtoSt.Louis,wasindeedabletoraisemoneyandsendittothepeopleofBiffeche.
Atsomepoint,thegratefulrecipientspetitionedGunKoKaWeexTen,thechildless99thKingof
Biffeche,tograntthemtheboonofrequestingthatEdwardSchaferbeproclaimedKingofBiffeche.
Heagreed.AftertheBiffecheeldersreceivedhispermission,theymailedSchafersomesymbolic
skins,apacketofholygrains,sacredseedsandanotificationinFrenchthathewastheKing.Schafer
thenjourneyedtoWashington,D.C.forameetingwithG.MennenWilliams,AssistantSecretaryof
StateforAfricanAffairs.TheU.S.DepartmentofState,throughWilliams,apparentlypresentedno
objectionstoBiffeche'snewroyalarrangement.ItwastheSrrNdutwhoarrangedfortheanointing
ofKingEdwardI:in1963(1393ahintheIslamiccalendar),Schaferwasenthronedasthe100th
KingofBiffeche.Afterwards,TheAmericansappearedinBiffechelife.InadditiontotheRoyal
Family,Schaferestablishedaverysmall,EuropeanstylearistocracyintheKingdom,consistingof
localmembersinBiffecheaswellasmembersintheUSA,GreatBritain,andEurope(mostlywellto
dopatronswhohelpedthepeoplefinancially).Forinstance,ThelateEmpressZitaofAustria
HungaryaddressedSchaferroyallyasCousin,andPrinceCharles(oftheU.K.)oncetoldhimhe
wasenviousbecauseitwassomuchsimplertobecomeKingofBiffechethantowaitdecadesforthe
throneasPrinceofWales.ThePopegavehisApostolicBlessingtoH.M.,EdwardI.Everyyear,
SchaferwouldholdaCeremonialChristmasPartyathishome,designatedbyeveryonethatnightas
TheRoyalPalace.There,HisMajestywoulddressregallyandreceivehiscourt.TheAmerican
presswaspurportedlyawareofEdwardI,andevenEsquireMagazinepurportedlyrananarticleabout
hisKingdom.Formorethan30years,hediligentlyhelpedthepeopleinvariousways(thisincluded
seekingtheadviceofagriculturalexpertsinregardstotheBiffeches'farmingwoes).ButSchafer
nevervisitedhisKingdom.Instead,heissuedRoyaldirectivesbymail.Heruled...simplyby
makinghiswishesknownthroughcorrespondencewithPierreClaverFaye,thelocalnativeChefde
Village(andlaterBaronSavoigne)ofBiffeche.EdwardwascompletelyacceptedasKingbyallthe
Biffechepeople.Theywereverypoor,evenbyWestAfricanstandards,andtheywereproudofhaving
aKingsoimportantthathelivesinAmerica.
Bythe1980s,atBiffecheVille,thefieldsforricegrowingwereunsuccessfultheybecamesaltydue
tovariouscauses.ThewaterforirrigationcamefromthenearbyMarigotdeDjeuss,whichitself
containedsomeseawater.Eventually,theChristianfamiliesmovedtoatownfartherupstreamcalled
Savoigne.TheMuslimPeulhtooktheirplaceatOldBiffecheCity(renamedAlMadinatoulIslamiah
M'BoubenePeulh),buttheydidnothavebetterluckwiththeircrops.Thoughmanyadministrative
functionsandfestivalsareheldinSavoigne,theholyvillageofM'Boubene(MbouleneandEmboulan
arevariants)remainedtheofficialcapital.
Shortlyafterhisreignbegan,SchaferhadcometorelyuponanotherAmericanbornpersonnamed
Ronnie Reisinger(knownasRonald)ofInneryne.Relatedonhismother'ssidetotheoldSwedish
Royalfamily,putativeheirtoGermany'sDuchyofOrlemund,anddestinedtobeScotland'sBaronof
Inneryneuponthedeathofhisfather,RonaldwasoneofthefewpeopleinAmericawhobelievedin
andunderstoodtheproblemsofmonarchy.Overthemorethanthreedecadesofhisrule,EdwardIhad
placedRonaldinmoreandmoreareasoftrust.Schaferhadnochildren,andbeforehediedin1997,
heexecutedanActofSuccessionabdicatingthethroneanddesignatingRonaldashissuccessor.
Ronaldbecamethe101stKingofBiffeche.UnlikeEdward,KingRonaldimmediatelyvisitedthe
Kingdom,alongwithhis30yearoldsonCrownPrinceChristopherandateamofinterpreters.But
thepopulacehadnoideathatSchaferhaddieduntilRonaldgavethemthesadnewsafterwards,he
wasapparentlywelcomedbyall.HewasacceptedasthenewKingnotonlybytheChristians,but
alsobytheMuslimmajorityinSavoigne,theMuslimPeulhsinM'Boubene,theMuslimWolofs,Naar
(Moors)andPeulhsofthecountryside,andthetraditionalists/animistswhostilladheretotheirage
oldspiritualbeliefs.Afterhisinitialstay,RonaldreturnedtoAmerica.Whilehewasaway,the
BiffechepeoplebuiltamonumenttoreceiveSchafer'sashes.
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KingdomofBiffeche
Biffeche'sWebsitecontainssomeinterestingphotographicimages.Oneofthemshowsaseated
Ronald,surroundedbyagroupofhisfollowers,allofthemwearingTshirtsprintedwiththeslogans
RONALDISMYKINGonthefrontandBIFFECHEISMYCOUNTRYontheback.Ronald
seemstotakehisrole(whetherhisdedicationisparttimeorfulltime)somewhatseriously.Hehas
donatedmanythousandsofdollarstoimprovetheprimitiveinfrastructureofBiffeche(thecompletion
ofanelectricpowerline,thepurchaseofamotopump,anewdrainageditch,bridgerepairs).Oneof
hisprioritiesistocombatthetragicsalinityproblemofthesoilinBiffeche.Hehasvisitedofficialsat
alllevelsoftheSenegalesegovernmenttodiscussthisecologicaldisaster.Oneoftheobstacleshe
stillfacesistheskepticismthatWesternersexhibitabouthisKingshipwheneverhecontactsthem.
Biffecheisclearlyagenuinehistoricalkingdom(accordingtoMr.AswanMamolian,fromwhomI
receivedanemail,AsIhavebeentheremanytimesandpersonallyknowseveralhundredofthe
morethan40,000inhabitantsofthecountryIcanassureyouthatitisareal...ifverypoor...country),
andittrulydoesn'tappearasifitsnamehasbeenappropriatedbyamodernmicronationofdubious
provenance.Currently,theRoyaumemaintainsanAmericanOfficeinSeminole,Floridaandan
EuropeanOfficeinMadrid,Spain.Interestingly,thereislegallyapersonalunionbetweenBiffeche
andtheKingdomofAximinthattheysharethesameKing.TheKingofBiffecheisautomaticallythe
KingofAximontheGhanacoast(ThisissimilartothecurrentQueenoftheU.K.beingalsoQueen
ofCanada).AlthoughthelateBishopEssuahofSekondiTekoradi,Ghana,declaredAximtobea
partofBiffecheinthe1970's,AximisnottechnicallyadministeredasapartofBiffecheanymore
thanBiffecheispartofAxim,andofcourseneitherisacolonyoftheother.Therespectivepeoples
ofAximandBiffechehavealwayshadharmoniousrelations.
Monetarily,ThelocalBiffecheDinarHaut(BDH),usedonlyceremonially,israrelyseen.This
currency,whichisactuallynotnecessaryfortransactingthecommercewithintheKingdom,has
neverbeenavailabletothegeneralpublic.Butrecently,twocoinshavebeenmintedbythe
RoyaumedeBiffeche:acopper1DinarHautandabrass5DinarHaut.Botharedated2006.These
pieceswereproducedbyMr.JorgeFernndezVidal.Heconsidersthisundertakingtobethemost
importantonehehasbeeninvolvedwith,Especially,becausethiscoinswillbelegaltenderandwill
beusedintheactualterritoryofBiffeche.Ideally,theplanistohavetheDinarHautpeggedtothe
Euroonaonetoonebasis.Mr.Vidalhopesthatthecoinsbecomepopularwithcollectorsaroundthe
world,therebymakingitpossibleforhimtohelpBiffeche'speoplebysharingsomeoftheproject's
profitswiththem:Thisismorethanabusiness,letsaythatit'sadreamcomingtrue.
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KingdomofBiffeche
In the end I would like to thank Mr. Eric V. McCrea for the above valuable information
compiled brilliantly on the history and background of Biffeche.
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GrandDukedomofBirTawilcoin
GrandDukedomofBirTawil
TheGrandDukedomofBirTawilistheworldsyoungestandnewestmicronations,andtheworlds
onlyGrandDukedom.TheGrandDukedomwasfoundedJanuary25th2010ontheprinciplesof
freedom,micronationalism,monarchy,anddemocracy.BilTawilisaTerraNullius,orunclaimedland.
BirTawilmeans"tallwaterwell"inArabic.ItisoneofthelastunclaimedterritoriesonEarth.Egypt
basesitbordersonan1899treaty,whichplacesitwithinSudan,whileSudanbasesitsbordersona
1902treaty,whichputstheterritorywithinEgypt,thusitislegallynotclaimedbyeithernation.
Neithernationclaimstheterritory,asdoingsowouldforcethemgiveupaclaimtoamuchlargerand
morevaluableterritorythatborderstheRedSea.Egyptadministerstheterritory,thoughitdoesnot
appearonitsofficialmaps.Neithercountryallowsaccesstoit.Thys,TheGrandDukedomcomprises
ofthelastunclaimedterritoryonEarth.BirTawilisasmall,uninhabited,2,060km2(795sqmi)
trapezoidoflandinbetweenTheSudan,andEgypt(redcoloredareainbelowmap).
BirTawilis2,060km2(795sqmi)insize.Thelengthofitsnorthernandsouthernbordersare95
kilometres(59mi)and46kilometres(29mi)respectivelythelengthofitseasternandwestern
bordersare26kilometres(16mi)and31kilometres(19mi)respectively.Inthenorthoftheareaisthe
mountainJabalTawil(),withaheightof459metres(1,506ft).IntheeastisJabalajaraz
Zarq',withaheightof662metres(2,172ft).InthesouthistheWadiTawil(),alsocalled
KhawrAbBard.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Grand_Dukedom_of_BirTawil.htm
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In1899,whentheUnitedKingdomheldhegemonyinthearea,theAngloEgyptianCondominium
AgreementforSudansettheborderbetweentheterritoriesatthe22ndparallel.However,in1902the
UKdrewaseparate"administrativeboundary,"underwhichatriangleoflandnorthoftheparallelwas
placedunderSudaneseadministration,becauseitsinhabitantswereclosertoKhartoum(TheSudan)
thanCairo(Egypt),bothgeographicallyandculturally.Theareathusbecametheresponsibilityofthe
BritishGovernorinKhartoum.Egyptclaimstheoriginalborderfrom1899,the22northcircleof
latitude,whichwouldplacetheHala'ibTriangle(bluecoloredareainabovemap)withinEgyptandthe
BirTawilarea(redcoloredareainabovemap)withinSudan.Sudanhoweverclaimstheadministrative
borderof1902,whichwouldputHala'ibwithinSudan,andBirTawilwithinEgypt.Asaresult,both
statesclaimtheHala'ibTriangleandneitherclaimsthemuchlessvaluableBirTawilarea,whichis
onlyatenththesizeandislandlocked.ThereisnobasisininternationallawforSudanorEgyptto
claimbothterritories,anditwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibleforanythirdstatetoclaimthearea,
sinceitisaccessibleonlythroughSudanorEgypt.AsaresultBirTawilisoneofthefewlandareasof
theworldwhichisnotclaimedbyanystate.ArchdukeTalbotfoundoutaboutthisland,andlaidclaim
toit.
10Pecunias.Year:2010.Weight:
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12.72g.Metal:Brass.Diameter:26.00
Mint:N/A.Obverse:"ProLicentiaquod
Optimus"writtenintopbanner.Goatin
thecenterwithcrownaboveit.Dateat
thebottom.Reverse:"10Pecunias"
writtenatthetop.Saintinthecenter.
"GrandDukedomofBirTawil"atthe
bottom.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:
Oneyeartype.
Unfortunatelyafewothermicronationshavealsoclaimedthesameunclaimedterritory,includingthe
KingdomofBirTawil,theRepublicofBirTawil,theEmpireofBirTawil,theEmirateofBirTawil
andtheDuchyofCoqueland.Tothebestofmyknowledge,theGrandDukedomistheonlyoneto
haveissuedcoinsforthisuninhabitedterritory.This26mmhighrelief10PecuniasoftheGrand
DukedomofBirTawilisdated2010.OnesidepicturesaSaintandtheotherappearstofeaturea
crownedgoat.
InablognamedKingdomofBirTawil,theeconomyofBirTawilcontinuestoexpand,aswellasthe
promotionofitsnationalsymbols.Weintroduceourlatestsamples:refrigeratormagnetsandpersonal
pinsbearingourhallowedflag.Anyonedesiringmagnetsmayrequestthemonthispage,andpresent
citizensmayrequestoneofthelastfewpins.Thesearealldestinedtobecomecollector'sitems,so
planahead.Numberofregisteredcitizensarealsoincreasing.TheKingdomofBirTawilispleasedto
announcethatithasmanufactureditsfirstbatchofprototypeIDs.Thisconstitutesanimportantstepin
ourpathtowardsrecognitionbypeacelovingnationsaroundtheworld.Oncethedesignhasbeen
perfected,citizensmayhavethemissued.OnSunday,June13th,theCouncilofEldersconvenedwith
KingGeorgeHenryIatthePalaceofIndependence,andthefollowingimportantdecisionsweremade
toformtheConstitutionoftheKingdomofBirTawil.Afterlengthyandthoughtprovokingdebate,in
whichnumerousviewpointswereexpressedandwiseimprovementsmade,theConstitutionreceived
officialapproval.TheConstitutionshallbeenforcedassoonasitisofficiallyswornin,whichshall
takeplaceinanearbydate.
References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir_Tawil
http://kingdomofbirtawil.blogspot.com/
http://kingdomofbirtawil.blogspot.com/2010/04/whereisthisbirtawilplaceanyway.html
http://atlasobscura.com/place/birtawil1
http://www.infobarrel.com/The_worlds_most_unwanted_territory__Bir_Tawil
http://www.birtawil.com
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50Piastres.Year:2014.Weight:10.94g.Metal:CopperNickel.Diameter:32.50mm8sided.Edge:
Plain.Alignment:Medal,butrotatedasshown.Mint:N/A.Obverse:""(BitTawil)writtenin
Arabicatthetop.AnArabridingcameltowardsrightwithsunraisinginthebackgroundwithinthe
centercircle.Year"2014"writtenatthelefttopsideand""(2014)writtenatthetoprightside.
"BIRTAWILTERRANULLUS"writtenatthebottominoutercircle.Reverse:"50PIASTRES"
writtenatthetoprightside.TwoFennecs(DesertFox)inthecenterleftsidewithValue""(50)
withindecoratedcirculardesignontheirrightside.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:Oneyeartype.
Note:Theabove50piastrescoinisisproducedbyunknownresourceandisweaklystruck.
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TheNationofCelestialSpace
Celestia
Celestia,TheNationofCelestialSpaceisbasedinEvergreenPark,Ilinois,
USA.FoundedbyJamesThomasMangan,thePrimeMinister,wholaid
claimtoallspaceonJanuary18,1949.CharteredonDecember20,1948.
TherearetwowellknowncoinsofCelestia.FirstoneiscalledJoulewhich
is4.1500g0.9250Agwith19mmdiametercoindated1961.Othercoinis
calledCelestonwhichis2.2000g0.9000Auandmintedfrom1959to1961.
BothcoinsfeaturedPrincessRuthMarieManganportrait.Besidethisafew
weakstrikesofCelestoncoinhavealsobeenmintedincopperwith14mm
diameterduring1959to1960.
Thecoinshowninthepictureisdated1960struckin0.900finegoldby
JamesThomasMangan.TheobverseshowsRuthMangan,JamesMangan's
daughterwith"MAGNANIMITY"ontheheadband.Initiallysoldfor
$6.50each,butthepricewaslaterraisedto$10each.See"Numismatic
Scrapbook"Feb1960,page571and"TheNumismatist"Dec2001formore
information.ThesecoinsarealsounknownasUFOpocketchange.
OnDecember20,1948,JamesThomasMangan(ofEvergreenPark,Illinois)gavebirthtoCelestia,
claimingallspaceintheskyasitssovereignterritory,inpartbecausewealltravelthroughthesky
1,500,000mileseachdayandwearebasicallyskypeoplenotearthpeople.Manganlaidclaimto
onbehalfofhumanitytoensurethatnoonecountrymightestablishapoliticalhegemonythere.As
FounderandFirstRepresentative,heregisteredthisacquisition(theonlyoneofitskindinallof
history)withtheRecorderofDeedsandTitlesofCookCountyonJan.1,1949.Atitsfoundation
Celestiaclaimedtohave19members,amongthemMangan'sdaughterRuth.A28pageDecember
1958bookletentitledStateoftheSkySecondReporttotheUniversechroniclestheentirehistoryof
thisentityupuntilits10thanniversary.Atthatpointintime,theyhad19,057participantsaccordingto
theircensus,afarcryfromthe19withwhichtheystarted.Thesepersonsofunassailable
magnanimityindomitablyclingtotheirthesis:Awholesomesearchofthehumanheartrevealsthe
timeheavylongingofallmenforacountryclean&freeoftheworld'spressures&poisons.
Duringitsearliestyears,CelestiaformallyandrepeatedlyinformedtheStateDepartmentofevery
establishedNationonearthofitsexistence,itsclaims,itsrights,itsintentions,itsnationhood.Their
firstMapwasdrawnin1956atascaleinwhichonetenthousandthofaninchequalled250,000,000
lightyears.In1957,theU.S.PatentOfficecertifiedthenameCelestia,makingitthesky'slegal
designation.
BecauseCelestiacompletelyownsallspace,theypeacefullyprotestedseveraluses/abusesofthe
starryfirmamentasviolationsoftheirsovereignty.In1949,theynotifiedtheUnitedStates,Soviet
Union,UnitedKingdomandtheUnitedNationsthatCelestiahadruledagainstallfurtheratom
explosions(atmosphericnucleartests).Theircharterpubliclyforbadetheuseoftheregionsbeyond
ouratmospheretoanyartificialobject/activity(thiswouldcometoincluderadioandtelevision
broadcastsignals)withoutpermission.However,theU.S.wastheonlynationforwhichthisbanwas
lifted.In1957,itwasgrantedaspeciallicensetosendupmanmadesatellites.Itwasalsogiven
exclusiveauthorizationtomakethefirstexpeditiontotheMoon.ButdespiteCelestia'sstrenuous
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Celestia.htm
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TheNationofCelestialSpace
objectionstoAndreiGromyko(ForeignMinister)andNikitaKruschev(whowaswarnedbycable),
theU.S.S.R.committedanactoftrespassbylaunchingSputnikI.Asatestamenttohisconcernsover
nationalsecurity,Mr.Manganin1958evenspentonehourandahalfinspiriteddebateoverthespace
claimswiththeSecondSecretaryoftheRussianEmbassyinWashington,D.C.Later,asthespace
racegotunderwayinearnesthesentangrylettersofprotesttotheleadersoftheSovietUnionand
UnitedStatesontheoccasionsthattheirearlyspaceflightsencroacheduponhis"territory"although
helaterwaivedtheseproscriptionstoallowforsatellitelaunchesbythelatter.WhileManganand
Celestiawerepolitelyignoredbythesuperpowers,thereisevidencethatatleastsomeotherswere
preparedtoentertainhisclaimswithagreaterlevelofseriousness.
Onbehalfofhisheavenlycause,hetoiledwithinflexibleperseverance,lobbyingandpetitioning
higherupsinalllevelsandbranchesofthegovernment(Senators,Congressmen,Committees,the
Pentagon,thePresident,theFCC,etc...).Butinhisquest,heremainedaproAmericanpatriotwho
stoodreadytoturnhisclaimtoallspaceovertotheUnitedStatesofAmerica.AsHeadofState,he
wouldmakeanoutrightgiftofCelestiaifitweretobeusedfornationaldefense.Thefirstunfurling
oftheCelestianflagfeaturingabluehatchsymbolwithinawhitediscagainstabluefieldwas
broadcastinJune1958toatelevisionaudienceofmillionsacrosstheUS.Thenextday,infrontofthe
U.N.BuildinginNewYorkCity,itwasflownalongsidealltheflagsofitsmembernations.InJulyof
thatyear,theyissuedaProclamationtotheWorld,declaringtheMoon,Mars,andherTwoMoons,
andthePlanetVenusprotectoratesoftheNationofCelestialSpace.Mr.Mangandidsospecificallyto
safeguardthesebodiesagainstunsanctionedrocketshotsintendedforthem.Individualcopieswere
conveyedtoallthecountriesbelongingtotheUnitedNations.Despitetheseefforts,theNationof
CelestialSpaceisthoughttohavebecomedefunctwiththedeathofitsfounder.Itsonlysurviving
legacyistheseriesofsolidgoldandsilvercoinsandstampsissuedinitsnamebyManganfromthe
late1950sthroughtothemid1960s.References"StateoftheSkySecondReporttotheUniverse",
JamesTMangan,1958"NumismaticScrapbook",Feb1960,p571"Stamps",April16,1966,p129
"TheNumismatist",Dec2001.
IhaveseenagoodplacetolookforCelestiacoinsisMikeLocke'sWebsite,aportionofwhichis
devotedtogoldcoinshehasforsaleathttp://www.calgoldcoin.com/default.htmTheyalsocontrived
someErgsofCelestiaEnergystamps.
Ipurchasedmy1GoldCeleston1960PrincessRuthMarieMangancoinfromJohnMcCaugherty
(DistinctiveCoins/422W.75thSt.DownersGrove,IL60516,USA/+16309687700).Thiscoinis
alsolistedasBRX2inBruce'sUnusualCoins.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Celestia.htm
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ConchRepublic
ConchRepublic
TheConchRepublicisamicronationoftheFloridaKeys,createdaftersomeresidentsofKeyWest
stagedasecessionfromtheUnitedStatesofAmericaasa"tongueincheek"protestalbeitone
motivatedbyfrustrationovergenuineconcerns.IrtisdescribedbyErwinS.Strauss(inhisoutdated,
albeitclassicmicropatrologicaltreatiseHowToStartYourOwnCountry)asamousethatroared
operation.AlthoughsomeperceivethattheConchRepublicisnot,andneverwas,arealsecessionist
movement,manyinKeyWestcontinuetoidentifywithit.Conch"IndependenceDay"iscelebrated
withfestivitieseveryApril23aspartofaweeklongfestivalofactivitiesannually,inapublicand
notoriousmanner.TheorganizationoftheConchRepublicisakeytourismboosterforthearea.
ResidentsofKeyWestevenissuetheirownsouvenir"passports"andpostagestamps(actually
cinderellas,stamplikelabels).
TheirofficialWebsiteis:http://www.conchrepublic.com.
Motto:WeSecededWhereOthersFailed.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/ConchRepublic.htm
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ConchRepublic
In1982,theUnitedStatesBorderPatrolestablishedaroadblockandinspectionspointonU.S.
Highway1,whichrunsnorthfromKeyWestoveraseriesofcausewaysandistheKeys'onlylandlink
tothemainlandcityMiami.WhentheUnitedStatesBorderPatrolsetupacheckpointattheLast
ChanceSalooninFloridamainlandeffectivelycuttingofftheFloridaKeysattheconfluenceofthe
onlytworoadsoutLastChanceowner,SkeeterDavis,wasimmediatelyonthephonetohisoldpal
MayorDennisWardlowofKeyWest.
Vehicleswerestoppedasitwasinitiatedduetoanupsurgeofillegalimmigrationandnarcotics
smugglinginthearea.MeanwhileaseventeentonineteenmiletrafficjamensuedwhiletheBorder
PatrolstoppedeverycarleavingtheKeyssupposedlysearchingforillegalaliensattemptingtoenter
themainlandUnitedStates.ResidentsandvisitorsattemptingtoleavetheKeyswerepuzzledabout
whatillegalalienscouldbehidingundertheirfrontseats,intheirglovecompartments,andintheir
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ConchRepublic
trunks.Thisactangeredmanyoftheresidentsandthelocaltouristindustry.Themediastarting
reportingontheunprecedentedactionoftheBorderPatrolinsettingupabordercheckpointwithinthe
UnitedStates,itself.ThisroadblockportrayedKeysresidentsasnonU.S.citizenswhohadtoprove
theircitizenshipinordertodriveontotheFloridamainland!HardlyanAmericanthingtodo!TheKey
WestCityCouncilcomplainedrepeatedlyabouttheinconvenienceforpeopletravelingfromKeyWest
andsaidithurttheKeys'importanttourismindustry.Asamatterofafact,EasternAirlines,whichhad
ahubatMiamiInternationalAirport,sawawindowofopportunityopenwhentheroadblockswere
established,and,asaconsequence,EasternbecametheonlyairlinetoestablishjetservicetoKeyWest
InternationalAirport,figuringthattravellersfromKeyWesttoMiamiwouldratherflythanwaitfor
thepolicetosearchtheircarsattheroadblocks.
Asthestoriesofthetrafficjampouredoutacrossthenationandtheworld,visitorsstartedcanceling
reservationstocometothekeys.Thehotelsbegantoempty,deliveriesweredelayedorstopped,
attractionsintheKeyswentbeggingforcustomerstheKeywereparalyzed.Afterthecomplaintsfrom
theKeyWestCityCouncilwentunansweredbytheFederalGovernmentandattemptstogetan
injunctionagainstthe"blockade"failedincourt,KeyWestmayorDennisWardlowandthecity
councildeclaredtheindependenceoftheConchRepubliconApril23,1982.SincetheFederal
GovernmenthadsetuptheequivalentofaborderstationasiftheKeyswereaforeignnation,they
said,theKeysmightaswellbecomeone.
Weprotested!AtotallyAmericanthingtodo!KeyWestMayorDennisWardlowalongwithafew
other'key'Conchs,wenttoFederalcourtinMiamitoseekaninjunctiontostopthefederalblockade,
buttonoavail.UponleavingtheFederalCourtHouse,onthecourthousesteps,MayorWardlow
announcedtotheworld,bywayoftheassembledTVcrewsandreporters,that"Tomorrowatnoon
theFloridaKeyswillsecedefromtheUnion!"
Naturally,thepressfollowedDennisbacktoKeyWest.AsthenewsoftheMayorsintentionshitthe
newspapersandtheairwaves,thecommunitysplintered.WhentherumorflewthattheAmericanflag
wastobelowered,andtheConchRepublicflagraisedinitsplace,anumberofpeoplewerevery
upset.ThecallscamepouringintotheMayor.Acompromisewasreached,theAmericanflagwould
stay.TheConchflagwouldberaisedunderneathit.
Atnoon,onthedayofsecession,atMallorySquareinKeyWestFlorida,MayorWardlowwas
proclaimedPrimeMinisteroftherepublic,whichdeclaredwaragainsttheU.S.Hereadthe
proclamationofsecessionandproclaimedaloudthattheConchRepublicwasanindependentnation
separatefromtheU.S.andthensymbolicallybegantheConchRepublic'sCivilRebellionbybreaking
aloafofstaleCubanbreadovertheheadofamandressedinaU.S.Navyuniform.Afteroneminute
ofrebellion,thenow,PrimeMinisterWardlowturnedtotheAdmiralinchargeoftheNavyBaseat
KeyWest,andsurrenderedtotheUnionForces,anddemanded1BilliondollarsinforeignaidandWar
RelieftorebuildournationafterthelongFederalsiege!Theseactionsgeneratedgreatpublicityforthe
Keys'plight.Theroadblockandinspectionstationwereremovedsoonafterward.
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ConchRepublic
OnSeptember20,1995,itwasreportedthatthe478thPublicAffairsbattalionoftheUnitedStates
ArmyReservewastoconductatrainingexercisesimulatinganinvasionofaforeignisland.Theywere
tolandonKeyWestandconductaffairsasiftheislanderswereforeign.DennisWardlowandthe
forcesbehindtheConchRepublicsecessionin1982mobilizedtheislandfora"fullscalewar"(which,
intheConchRepublic,involvesfiringwatercannonsfromfireboatsandhittingpeoplewithstale
Cubanbread),andprotestedtheDepartmentofDefenseastoarrangingthisexercisewithout
consultingtheCityofKeyWest.Theleadersofthe478thissuedanapologythenextday,and
submittedtoa"surrender"ceremonyonSeptember22.
Inaddition,duringtheshutdownoftheU.S.GovernmentinDecember1995,theConchRepublic
attemptedto"invade"DryTortugasNationalParkinordertoreopenit.Theyhadraisedprivatemoney
tokeepitrunning,inspiredbyeffortsoftheSmithsonianInstitutiontokeepitsmuseumsopenby
privatedonations,butcouldfindnoonetoacceptthemoneyandreopenthepark.Whenofficials
attemptedtoenterthemonument,theywerecited.Whenthecitationwascontestedincourt,the
resultantcase,TheUnitedStatesofAmericav.PeterAnderson,wasquicklydroppedin1996.
OnJanuary13,2006,theConchRepublicannexedtheabandonedspanofSevenMileBridge,which
wasreplacedbyanewerparallelspanin1982.OnthepreviousJanuary4,15Cubanrefugeeshad
reachedthebridge,buthadbeenreturnedtoCubabytheBorderPatrolbecauseofafederaldecision
undertheWetFeet/DryFeetPolicythatdeclaredthebridgenotapartofU.S.territorysinceithad
beendamagedinastormandnolongerconnectedtoland.Becauseoffederaldisavowalofthebridge,
SecretaryGeneralAndersonclaimedthebridgefortheConchRepublic.Heexpressedhishopetouse
thebridgetobuildaffordable,ecologicallyfriendlyhousing.Therewasnodefenseoftheterritoryby
theUnitedStateswhenConchRepublicFlagswereplantedonthestructure.
TheConchRepublicgovernmentissuespassportsthroughitswebsite,offeringcitizenshiptoall
comersregardlessofresidency.However,thesearenotconsideredvalidtraveldocuments,eitherby
theUnitedStatesortheConchRepublicitself.Thatsaid,peoplecontinuetobuyConchRepublic
passportswiththemistakenbeliefthattheycanbeusedasvalidtraveldocuments.Thesepassports
worthfrom$200to$10000,dependingonyoursatisfactionandmutualrequirement/agreement.
Inthequestforrecognition,theHonorablePeterAnderson,SecretaryGeneraloftheConchRepublic
hascreated"OfficialConchRepublicPassports".TheSecretaryGeneralhasextensivelytraveledour
surroundingCaribbeanNationswithnothingmorethanhisDiplomaticPassportandhasbeenwell
receivedbymanyasaDiplomatandasaGovernmentOfficialoftheConchRepublicandevenhadhis
passportendorsedbynearlyall!Officially,ourpassports,DiplomatsandCitizens,havebeenwell
receivedby13CaribbeanNationsaswellasGermany,Sweden,Havana,Mexico,France,Spain,
Ireland,andRussia.
AccordingtotheirSecretaryGeneral,SirPeterAnderson,andtherearenoavailablecoins.Thoughit
containsnonumismaticinformation,Thereissomeawarenessof5or6entirelydifferenttypesof
coins,andsomeofthemcanbeviewedat:http://keywestparadise.com/purecoin.html(butdon'tsend
anymoneytotheaddresspostedtherethatinformationisveryoutdated,andI'vehadnosuccessin
locatingtheseller'scurrentlocation)HoweverU.S.DollariscommonlyusedinConchRepuiblic.
IpurchasedmyoneConchRepublic1982CommemorativesilverDollarfromStephenNasiatka
(tycr@aol.com).AccordingtoErikV.McCrea,healsofoundapewter18221972commemorative
ConchDollaroneBay(thedatesalludenottotheanniversaryofitsindependencetheConch
Republicwouldn'tevenbeformeduntil10yearsdowntheroadbuttotheyearinwhichNavyLt.
MatthewC.PerryplantedtheU.S.flaginnewlyacquiredKeyWest,transformingitintoabaseof
operationsforriddingtheareaofpiracy).
MicroNations
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DominionofBritishWestFlorida
ThisentityisasmallenclaveofHerMajesty'sEmpireandtheBritishCommonwealth,lyingbetween
theGulfofMexicoonthesouthand32.28degreesnorth,andbetweentheChattahoocheeand
ApalachicolaRiversontheeastandtheMississippiRiveronthewest.Theirgovernmentisstriving
forDominionStatusasaCommonwealthRealm,onaparwithCanada,NewZealand,Australia,
AntiguaandBarbuda,SaintKittsandNevis,andTheBahamas.Butsofar,QueenElizabethIIhas
notyetgrantedourPetition,norauthorizedthiswebsite(http://dbwf.net/).Currently,BritishWest
FloridaisadministeredinthenameofHerMajesty,QueenElizabeththeSecond,byherActing
GovernorGeneralRobert,DukeofFlorida.TheDukeactsasanagentofHerMajesty,functioningfor
andastheMonarchinHerabsence...Neitherhe,northePeopleofBritishWestFlorida,willaccept
anythinglessthanfullAllegiancetoHerMajesty.UndertheDuke'sguidance,theyremainstaunch
advocatesofthepreservationofthecountry'shistoriccustoms,traditions,andsymbols,especially
thosewhichlinkustoourBritishPast(priortotheTreatyof1783).ItsfirmlyRoyalistgovernment
encouragestheimmigrationofanyofHerMajesty'sLoyalSubjects,fromtheKingdom,oranyofHer
Dominions,Commonwealths,Colonies,orTerritorieswherevertheymaybefound.BritishWest
Floridaisproudofitsheritage,asaColonyofGreatBritain,andasstrongholdforLoyalistsinNorth
America.DuringthesocalledAmericanRevolutionweprovidedsafetytothosefleeingtherebellious
coloniestoournorth.WenowofferwelcomeandasylumtoHerMajesty'sSubjectsfromanyother
localitiesthathavedesertedGodandCrown..
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Dominion_of_British_West_Florida.htm
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ThebeginningsoftheDominiondatebackto1630,whenCharlesIhadgrantedtheterritorytosome
ofhisfollowers.Since1862,WestFloridahadbeenpartoftheFrenchcolonyofLouisiana,butBritain
receivedaportionofitin1763,attheendoftheFrenchandIndianWar(thiswasbutoneofmany
theatresoftheSevenYears'WarwhichinturnistheEuropeannamebywhichtheentireconflictis
known).That'salsowhenEnglandgainedcontroloftheSpanishcolonyofFloridainexchangefor
Havana,whichtheBritishhadcapturedfromSpainduringthefighting.BecausetheBritishmonarchy
hadambitiousplansforthistractoffertileland,theProclamationof1763establishedtheprovincesof
EastFloridaandWestFlorida.EastFloridaencompassedmostofthepresentstateofFlorida.West
FloridawasastripalongtheGulfCoastformedbypartsofthepresentstatesofFlorida,Alabama,
Mississippi,andLouisianaitwasaregionwhichunderwentseveralboundaryandsovereignty
changesduringitshistory.TheBritishcapitalofWestFloridawas(andstillis)inPensacola.Asthe
RevolutionaryWardraggedon,bothFloridas,whileremainingLoyalColonies,became
problematicforKingGeorgeIII.In1781,theKingdomofSpainenteredthewar,andsooncaptured
Pensacola.BritishloyalistswhoflockedtoFloridaduringtheRevolutionwerethenforcedtoleave,
andtheSpanishinheritedlargeplantationsthattheBritishhadworkedsohardtocultivate.Thus
endedaspecificinterval,whichlasteduntil1783,thatisreferredtoastheFirstRestorationPeriod.In
1808TheSpanishKing(CharlesIVofSpain)andhisson(FerdinandVII),underthreatofFrench
arms,wereremovedfrompowerandreplacedbyNapoleon'sbrotherJoseph.Itwasatthistimeour
historiansandlegaladvisorstellusthatSovereigntyoverFloridarevertedtotheKingGeorgethe
Thirdinotherwords,totheiroriginalstatusasbelongingtotheBritishCrown.Theactionsof
anyotherGovernmentaredeemedNullandVoidwithregardtotheDominionofBritishFlorida,and
theDominionofBritishWestFloridainparticulardeniestheeffectivenessofanyTreatyorOrder
issuedbyanyotherSovereign.Asaresult,In1810,theLoyalBritishSettlers,inconjunctionwith
newlyarrivedpersonsfromtheUnitedStatesofAmerica,revoltedagainsttheSpanishOccupation
they'dgrowntoresent.OnSeptember23rd,therebelsovercametheSpanishgarrisonatBatonRouge
andunfurledtheirnewbanner,whichwouldlaterbecomeknownastheBonnieBlueFlag.AFreeand
IndependentRepublicofWestFloridaactuallyexistedfor74days,survivinguntilDecember10th.
AccordingtotheirConstitution,theofficialnameofthenationwastheStateofFlorida.Oneofthe
meninvolvedintherebellionwasFulwarSkipwith,aformerdiplomatwhohadbeeninstrumentalin
negotiatingtheLouisianaPurchasein1803.Skipwith,adistantcousinofThomasJefferson,wasalsoa
memberofthefirstWestFloridajudiciary.HeservedasWestFlorida'sfirstandonly
President/Governor.Unfortunately,SkipwithcouldnotpreventtheUnitedStatesfromoccupyinghis
shortlivedstate.OnOctober27th,partsofWestFloridawereappropriatedunderaproclamationof
PresidentJamesMadison,who'dclaimedtheregionaspartoftheLouisianaPurchase.Naturally,
SkipwithandtheWestFloridagovernmentwereopposedtothisdecision,preferringtonegotiateterms
tojointheUnion.Skipwithevenvowedthathewasreadytodieindefenseofitsflag.Skipwithand
thelegislatureeventuallybackeddownandagreedtoacceptMadison'sdirective.Theunlawful
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annexationofWestFloridawascompletedbyforceofarmsin1813whenthefutureUnitedStates
President,Gen.AndrewJacksontookPensacolaanddroveouttheBritish,withwhomtheUnited
Stateswasatwar.Thisperiod,whichendedalmostassoonasitbegan,isreferredtoastheSecond
RestorationEffort.SkipwithlaterservedintheLouisianaSenate.Meanwhile,Spainrefusedto
recognizetheAmericanoccupationofWestFloridaandtheUnitedStatesgovernmentcontinuedto
useexcessiveforceagainstBritishCitizensinEastFlorida(atthattimeunderSpanishProtection).
Furthermore,Americanexpansionistscontemplatedtakingthisterritory.Theissuewasfinallysettled
withtheAdamsOnsTreatyof1819(FloridaPurchaseTreaty),inwhichSpainrenounceditsclaimsto
WestFloridaandalsocededEastFloridatotheUnitedStates.TheUnitedStatesgovernment
recognizeditsresponsibilitiestoSpainbymakingapaymentof$5,000,000forthoselands,butNo
mentionisevermadeoftheUnitedStatesRecognizingitsDutytotheRepublicofWestFlorida,orthe
Citizens.AccordingtoMr.RobertJ.BoRegisterTheLordBo,BaronVonServers(Lordand
GovernorofFayette,theeasternmostBarony)TheThirdRestorationEffortbeganatChristmas
time2004,butitwasaninformalgatherthefactseffortatthatpoint.AndonNovember29,2005,
theThirdRestorationEffortbeganusingtheWWWtopublicizetheDominionofBritishWestFlorida,
itsaims,andclaimstoSovereignty.Thus,thankstocyberspace,they'vebeenabletobegin
broadcastingtheirassertionthatTheDominionofBritishWestFloridaisthelawfulgovernmentof
theformerBritishColonyofBritishWestFlorida.
OnMay1,2006,TheDominionofBritishWestFloridaReserveBankreceiveditsfirstshipmentof
commemorativecoinscelebratingherMajesty's80thBirthday.Thepair,aOnePoundpieceandaOne
Farthingpiece,wasmadepossiblebyJorgeFernndezVidal.TheCoinsfeaturedualdating,AD
MMVIandAELXXX.TheletterstandsforAnnoElizabeth.TheRepublicofWestFlorida,todayis
dividedamongthreestates.In1993,theLouisianaStateLegislaturerenamedInterstate12throughthe
FloridaParishesasthe"RepublicofWestFloridaParkway."In2002,LeilaLeeRoberts,agreat
granddaughterofFulwarSkipwith,donatedtheoriginalcopyoftheconstitutionoftheWestFlorida
RepublicandsupportingpaperstotheLouisianaStateArchives.
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KingdomofElleore
KingdomofElleore(KongerigetElleore)
Thisisasmallisland(roughlytriangularinshape,eachsidebeingapproximately400metersin
length)locateddeepinDenmark'sRoskildeFjord.ItisintheeastcoastofDenmark.Thejourney
fromRoskildetakes17minutesbyrowboat.TheKingdomwasbornonAugust27,1944,aftera
groupofprofessors/schoolteachers,undertheleadershipofHansNeerbek,purchasedtheislandfor
useasasummercamp.Theyproclaimedtheisland'stongueincheek"independence"asaKingdom
asagentleparodyofthegovernmentstructureandroyaltraditionsofDenmark.Capital:Maglelille.
Language:Interlingua(aninternationallanguagealongthelinesofEsperanto,butbasedonLatin).
Campingistheonlyoption.Theresnoelectricityorwaterontheisland.
Priorto1944theislandwasknownmainlyasthelocationatwhichtheearlyNordiskFilm,
LvejagtenpElleorewasshot,in1907.In1962,aformofNeoLatincalledInterlinguabecametheir
officialtongue(NeerbekhadfoundedtheDanishInterlinguaUnionin1960).Althoughlittleknown
outsideScandinaviaitisoneofthelongestlivedmicronationsofthemodernera.Theirlocationis
approximately5541'10"Nand1203'40"Eandcomprisesaclaimedareaof15,000sqmeters.
Numeroustraditionspeculiartothekingdomhaveevolvedoverthesubsequentdecades,includinga
banonthenovelRobinsonCrusoe,andtheuseof"ElleoreStandardTime",whichis12minutesahead
ofDanishtime.Manyoftheplacenamesontheisland,thekingdom's"government"andthetitles
assumedbyits"nobility"areparodiesofDanishequivalents.Theypurportedorganizationalstructure
constitutionalmonarchy.
Theislandisflatwithsmallhills,alakeandalittleforest.Birdsaretheonlypermanentinhabitants
(includingalargecolonyofMuteSwansandaHerringGullcolony)andthenationalanimalisalion,
acreaturethatholdsaveryspecialplaceinElleorianlore.RoskildeFjordisinfactabirdreserve,
whichiswhytheDanishauthoritiesorderedtheElleorianstodestroytheircastlein1958inorderto
minimizehumaninterventiononElleore.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Elleore.htm
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KingdomofElleore
Elleoreisunoccupiedsaveforaweeklongannualgatheringattendedbydozensof"citizens"and
knownasthe"Elleuge"(meaningElleweek).Theceremonialenthronementofthereigningmonarch
takesplaceatthistime.
Thekingdomhasissuednumerousstampsandcoins.Thesilver11Dissercoinmintedin1969is
believedtobethefirstpreciousmetalcoinproducedbyamicronation,predatinga1970releaseby
thelibertarianAtlantisproject.Ithasperiodicallymintedcoinssince1969.TheyintroducedLeoD'or
astheircurrencysince1979.
Theisland'sonlypermanentresidentsarebirdsitisuninhabitedbypeoplefor51weeksoftheyear,
butduringsevendaysinJuly,citizensarepermittedtovisitandgocampingthere.TheirMottois"Let
ushelponeanother"andAnthemis"Avenostrepatria".
Elleore'sWebsitesare:
http://www.elleore.dk/andhttp://babel.ruc.dk/~elleore/
BasedoninformationsuppliedbyPrimeMinisterJKNielsen,EarlCampiDeux,thelineofElleore's
royalrulersare:
ErikI(reigning194549)
LeoIdenLille(194960)
ErikIIdenStorartede(196172)
LeoIIdenFolkekre(197286)
QueenLeodoraIdenDydige(19862003)
LeoIII(22February,2003date)
TheirfirstcoinseemstohavebeenaRegnodeElloria11Disserpiecedated1969.Inaddition,
there'sa19791Leod'Or,a19832Leod'Or,a19843Leod'Oranda20032Leod'Or.Elleore,which
onceclaimedtobetheworldssmallestKingdom,hasalsoissuedmanypostagestampsoverthe
decades.
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KingdomofElleore
TheirfirstkingErikI,whosemottowasLetushelponeanother.Eachsubsequentkinghashadtheir
ownmotto,includingKingLeothe1st(SeriousnessandMerriment)Erikthe2nd(Faithabove
Trust)Leothe2nd(HopetotheSea)andthecurrentKingLeothe3rd(WithLionandPeoplefor
theKingdom).Erikthe2ndswife,bytheway,wasknownasQueenLiliantheHappyOne,leading
onetowonderwhetherMontyPythontookElleoreastheirinspirationfortheirHappyValley
episode(youknow,theonewiththehappyPrincesswiththeWoodenTeeth).
Domination:11Disser
Obverse:ShieldofElleore
Reverse:RoyalCipherofErik
II
Year:1969
Medal:Silver
Diameter:25mm
Edge:plain
Domination:1Leod'Or
Obverse:ArmsofElleore
Reverse:KingLeoII
Year:1979
Medal:Copperplated
Diameter:35mm
Edge:plain
Domination:2Leod'Or
Obverse:GrandDukeof
Kajsnude'sArms
Reverse:KingOs(notLeoIII)
Year:1983
Medal:AntiquedCopper
Diameter:35mm
Edge:plain
Thereappearstobesomecontroversysurroundingthe1983cointhatfeaturesakingidentifiedasLeo
III.AccordingtoPrimeMinisterNielsen,itdisplaysthedoubleprofileoftheGrandDukeof
Kajsnude,whowas"crownedforoneday"in1983,andreignedasKingOsI,althoughthecoronation
wasonlyconsideredsymbolic,andheisnotofficiallylistedasaKingofElleore.MrNielsenstates
thatthecoinwaspreparedinadvanceofthecoronation,andthattheuseofthenameLeoIIIwasa
mistake.
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KingdomofElleore
Domination:3Leod'Or
Obverse:ArchdukeofNr
Len'sArms
Reverse:HansNeerbek
Year:1984
Medal:Bronze
Diameter:35mm
Edge:plain
ThemanfeaturedisHansNeerbek,thefounderoftheKingdomofElleore,whoisknownas"His
GracetheArchdukeofNrLen".TheDanishinscriptiononthiscointranslatesas"Fatherofthe
Kingdom,OurBeloved".TheArchdukewasthebrotherofLeoII,butneverreignedaskinghimself.
Domination:2Leod'Or
Obverse:ArmsofElleore
Reverse:QueenLeodoraI
Year:2003
Medal:Nickelplated
Diameter:35mm
Edge:plain
IpurchasedalltheabovecoinsfromOdedPaz.
TheruinsofKruneMonastery,orthelargestonethatwaslaidwhenthemonksfirstlandedits
inscribedwiththelegend,Hicestlocum(Thisistheplace).Elleorianscallthestone
Anstdsstenen(TheStumblingBlock)andtodayitsbeenmovedslightlytothesouthofits
originallocation.TheresamuseuminJyllinge,nearRoskilde,thatcontainsElleorianrelics.The
stateboatsElfinandSealionmakethejourneyduringElleorianWeek.Notethatwhileonly
Elleorianshavepermissiontocampontheisland,itsforbiddenforanyonetolandonanyofthefjord
islandsduringthebirdbreedingperiod(fromApril1untilJuly15).AtanyothertimeElleoreis
privateproperty.Youmighttryaskingforanappointmenttovisit,butthisisrarelygrantedtonon
Elleorians.IfyoujustwanttotakealookattheKingdom,trytheSagafjordboat(www.sagafjord.dk
adult/childDKK89/39),whichtraversesupanddownthefjordtwicepastElleore.DuringElleorian
Weektheislanderssalutetheboatandtheboatsalutesthemwithgunshots.Mindyourhead.Theother
waytovisitistotakeoutcitizenship,andthatcanbedoneoneoftwoways.Forthefirstyoullneed
tobe12andenrolledatKildegaardSchool(oneoftheoriginalschoolsfoundedbytheImmortals)all
Kildegaard12yearoldsaregiventhechancetoenrolintheLandForcesUndergraduationCourse,
effectivelyanintroductioncoursetoElleorianculture.Afterthatthepupilscandecidewhetherto
becomecitizensornot.Thesecondwayisabitmoreaccessible:youllneedtoberecommendedbyat
leasttwocitizens.
FurtherReading:
AKingdomofNoComparison(1991).Thisbooktook17yearsandthreecomputersystemsto
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KingdomofElleore
finalizeandfeaturespicturesandessayswrittenbyprominentElleorians.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
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PrincipalityofFreedonia
PrincipalityofFreedoniaisanewcountryprojectbasedinHouston,TexasfoundedinMarchof
1992bythe13yearoldJohnAlexanderKyleandagroupofhisfriends.Governmentally,they'vegone
throughafewpermutations.Bya1992resolution,theywereasortofoligarchy.Thatsystemwas
changedtoapresidentialrepublicin1996,andtoaconstitutionalmonarchyin1997.Theconstitution
wasrevisedin2000.AsofApril1998,theirnamewasmodifiedtoreflecttheirmetamorphosisfroma
RepublictoaPrincipality.Originally,Freedoniawastheresultoflengthycontemplationabout
theconceptofsomeonetakingthehousetheylivedinanddeclaringitindependentoftheUnited
States.Mr.Kyleandhisfriendsthenproceededtoconsummatethisplanofactionbywhimsically
assertingthethoroughliberationoftheirparents'homes.Initshumblebeginnings,theseruminations
werelargelyfortheirownentertainment.Freedoniawasonlyasmallhypotheticalprojectuntil1997,
whenthepossibilitiesoftheInternetenteredthepicture.Butastheprojectgrewinseriousness(and
Mr.KylegraduatedhighschoolandprogressedtoBabsonCollege),theirgoalwastocreateanew
nationbasedonthepoliticalideologyoflibertarianism.Ithasanationalanthemandpreviouslyhada
centralbank(BankofFreedonia),whichhassincebeendissolved/disbanded.TheHeadofStateis
PrinceJohnI(JohnAlexanderKyle),theprimeministerisDustinGawrylow.It'swebsitecanbe
viewedat:
http://www.freedonia.org/
FromFreedonia'swebsiteitstates:"ThePrincipalityofFreedoniaisanefforttoestabishanewnation
withagovernmentfollowinglibertarianprinciples.MaximumFreedomforallcitizens,andultralow
taxation.Ournationseekstogivepeopletruelibertythatisthefreedomtodoanythingwhichdoes
notcausedirectharmtoothersortootherpeople'sproperty.Ourgovernmentisaminimalistone,
whosesoleconcernandauthorityrelatestothepreservationoflawandorder,nationaldefense,and
someaspectsofinfrastructure.Withsuchagovernment,thereisaverylowneedfortaxation,well
belowthe35%ormoreofGDPrequiredbymostgovernmentstoday."
Inhissearchtopurchaseactualterritory,Mr.Kyleconsideredseveralviableoptions(suchas
maintainingalongstandingdesiretopurchasethePitcairnIslandfromGreatBritain,oranartificial
islandininternationalwaters).Hispursuitledtooneremotelocationinparticular,wherethingswould
endintragedy:theAwdalprovinceinSomaliland,whichinturnwasformedwhen5outof18
administrativeregionssecededfromSomaliain1991(hencerevertingbacktotheformerBritish
Somalilandconfiguration).AwdalhaseventriedtoclaimlibertyasaseparateRepublic,butthishas
neverbeengranted.Theyareclearlybeholden,amidendlessinternecinedisputes,totheclanswho
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Freedonia.htm
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locallyholdandsharepower.Alibertarianoutfit,calledtheAwdalRoadsCompany,hadpre
establishedavestedinterestinthisvolatileplaceanenvironmentwherethechanceofconflictis
alwayspresent,especiallywhenanoutsiderortwoareinvolved.Mr.Kylebecameinvolved(only
informallyandnoncontractually)withAwdalRoadsin1999.Its2foundersclaimtohavenever
workedforFreedonia,andbasedontheversiongleanedfromtheFreedoniaWebsite,Mr.Kyle
confirmsthattheyrightfullyassertedthatAwdalRoadsCo.isnotassociatedwithFreedoniainany
way.Nevertheless,eventhoughnoagreementwaseverreached,Mr.Kylewasclearlyexpectingto
receivesomesortofusefulinformationabouttheopportunitiesforforeigninvestmentandeconomic
developmentinAwdal.Attheveryendof2000andcontinuingintothebeginningof2001,these2
gentlemen(oneofwhomhadmarriedintotheSamaron,oneofthegreatclansofAwdal)wereinthe
midstofestablishinginfluentialcontactsandimprovingtheirprospectsinthearea.Theyhadaseries
ofmeetingswithgovernmentofficials,includingtheVicePresidentandvariousMinisters.Butthen
someunfortunatemisinformation,intheformofafalsehoodriddenfaxwhichwassentbysomeone
whowasveryangrywithAwdalRoads,gotintotheirhands.Thismaliciousmissiveportrayedthe
partnershipbetweenFreedoniaandAwdalRoadsinanegativelight,statingthatanAwdalSultanwas
goingtogivealargestretchoftheircoasttotheforeignrepresentatives.Frightenedbythefalse
implication,theofficialsthenconcludedthataconspiracywasafoot,andtheybecameconvincedthat
theCompanyhadbeenintendingtotakeadvantageofthemorstealfromtheirfolk.Inanatmosphere
easilycorruptedbymistrustanddeception,thingsquicklywentsour.Eventheslightesthintof
duplicitycouldhavewreckedtheCompany'splans,andwhatwasalreadyadelicatesituationtobegin
withbecameevenmorecomplicatedanddangerous.Duringtheirargument,inwhichtensionsgrew
veryhighandtempersflared,amortalthreatwasmadetooneoftherepresentatives.Theywerethen
bothexpelledandhadtoleavethecountryimmediately.Afewdayslater,amoboflocalsformedin
thestreets,andthrewstonesattheVicePresident'smotorcade.Theyhadbeenpleasedwithwhatthey
hadheardaboutAwdalRoad'sbusinessproposals,butoncetheofficialspermanentlyendedthe
dialogue,theybecameoutraged.Militaryguardsshotintothecrowd.Manywereseriouslyinjuredin
theviolence,andtherewerebetween14fatalities.Afewdayslater,theregimearrested6more
civilians.
Theseevents(Icannotconcludeiftheyarefairlyreliableorfactuallydistorted)reallyseemtohave
takenthewindoutofFreedonia'ssails.TheirWebsitehasnotbeenbroughtuptodateinages,and
manyhavewonderedifithasbeendissolvedforgood.Thereforeitcanbeconcludedthatthe
negotiationshavesofarbeenfruitless..
InMayof2004,JohnIansweredoneofErikVictorMcCrea'squeriesregardingtheprogressof
Freedonia:
ItiswithaveryheavyheartthatIhavetakenatemporaryleavefromFreedoniandevelopment.
Unfortunately,untilIcangreatlyincreasemypersonal(royal)assets,Iamnotabletopursue
Freedoniafulltime,whichisdefinitelywhatisrequired...Iammostcertainlystillconnectedto
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Freedonia,asIhavebeenfor12years,andtheprojectisbynomeansterminated.Ilookforwardto
thedaywhenIwillbeabletoleadtheprojectonwardbothwithafullallotmentoftime,andfinancial
resources.Thewebsiteshouldreflectsomeupdatesinthenearfuture.
IfyousendanemailtothePrinceJohnI(JohnI@freedonia.orgorjohnkyle@neosoft.com),don'tbe
surprisedifittakesalongtimeforyoutoreceiveananswer.Itriedprobablytwicetocontacthim
throughhisemailstogetholdofFreedonianCoins,butgotnoluck.AtlastIwasabletopurchasethe
onlyandsofarminted50FreedonianDollar1998,31.1300g.999silver,1ozwith39mmdiameter
coinfromOdedPaz.Theobversesideofthecoinshowsthedominationwhilethereversesideshown
thecrownedArmsofFreedonia.Informationaboutpurchasingthe199850Dollarscanbefoundat:
http://www.freedonia.org/bof.html.
AnarticleonJohnIandFreedoniabyAndrewWeineras"StateofMind"canalsobeviewedat:
http://www.aericanempire.com/bostonphoenix.html
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
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KingdomofGeniuszcoins
KingdomofGeniusz
2Guineas.Year:2011.Weight:13.28g.Metal:Brass(CopperZinc).Diameter:32mm.Edge:Plain.
Alignment:Medal.Mint:KresowaMint(MennicaKresowa).Obverse:DANIELIDEIGRATIA
REXA.D.2011.DanielGeniuszpotraitinthecenter.Reverse:"KINGDOMOFGENIUSZ"
writtenatthetop.Leopardinthecenter."2GUINEAS2"atthebottom.Mintage:1,000.Minted
Years:Oneyeartype.
TheKingdomofGeniuszclaimstobethefirstmicronationbasedinPoland.Itissueditsfirstcoinin
2011,a2
Guineasmadefromacopperzincalloy.The32mmcoinpicturesaleopardononeside,andKing
Daniel,itsfounder,ontheother.Thecoinhasanunusualmattfinishononesideandabrightfinishon
theother.Someotherdesignanddenominationexists,producedin2011and2012,whichcanbe
checkedathispolishwebsite:http://geniusz.npx.pl/news.php.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Kingdom_of_Geniusz.htm
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HuttRiverProvince
HuttRiverProvince
TheHuttRiverProvince(Principality)isoneofthepreinternetinspiredmicronations.Locatedin
WesternAustraliawithanareaof560km2.
In1970LeonardGeorgeCasleywasaWesternAustralianwheatfarmer.InAustralia,wheatfarmers
soldtheircroptotheAustralianWheatBoardunderaquotasystem.WhenLeonardCasleysfamily
wasofferedaninadequatequotainNovember1969,theychallengedthelegalityofthequotasystem.
Mr.CasleythentookexceptiontothewayinwhichhewasbeinghandledbytheWheatBoardandby
theAustralianGovernment.InprotestathissituationheinvestigatedthelawsofAustraliaandthe
stateofWesternAustraliaanddecidedthatunderacertainlawhecouldformaselfpreservation
government.So,on21April1970theCaselyssecededfromCommonwealthofAustraliabecauseof
crushingchangestothegovernmentwheatquotasanddeclaredtheirpropertyasHuttRiverProvince,
600kmnorthofPerth,secededfromAustralia.
Initially,LeonardCaselydeclaredhimselftheAdministratoroftheProvince.WhiletheAustralian
Governmentrefusedtohaveanythingtodowiththesecession,severalpiecesofcorrespondenceby
certainsectionsoftheGovernmentwereaddressedtotheAdministratorofHuttRiverProvince.
Thiswasseenbythesecessionistsasaformofrecognition.However,shortlyaftersecessionanew
PrimeMinisterwaselectedtoleadAustralia.Heimmediatelyannouncedthatthesecessionwas
invalid.Delvingintomoreobscurelaws,LeonardCaselyandhisfamilydecidedthatthesecession
couldbemoreproperlydefendediftheheadofthesecedingstatewasaPrince.So,LeonardCasley,
theAdministratortookthetitleas'Prince',hiswifebecamePrincessShirleyaandtheirsevenkids,
togethertheyturnedtheirprincipalityintoatouristdestination.
TheHuttRiverProvincecoversanareaofapproximately75squarekilometres.Theprimaryincomeof
theprincipalityisfromthesaleofwildflowers,agriculturalproducts,andphilatelicandnumismatic
items.ThePrincipalityalsomakesmoneyasatouristdestinationandasapurveyorofhonoursand
titles.
TheAustralianGovernmentcontinuestoaverthattheprovinceholdsnoofficialstatusandisnot
recognizedbytheAustralianoranyothergovernment.Passports,titles,andpostagestampsissuedby
thePrincipalityarenotrecognizedbyAustraliaandallsuchobjectsareregardedasfantasyitems.
Accordingtoofficialstatements,theHuttRiverProvinceisjustaprivatelyownedwheatfarm.It
wouldbeinterestingtoknowifPrinceLeonardhaspaidanytaxtotheAustralianGovernmentinall
hisyearsofindependence,andifhehasnot,whytheGovernmentdoesnottakeaction.Itisprobable
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/HuttRiverProvince.htm
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HuttRiverProvince
thatitisconsideredbettertoletsleepingdogslie,ratherthanpursuingtheissue,whichwouldjustgive
thePrinceanopportunitytopromotehiscause.
AfterbecomingfrustratedwiththeWesternAustraliagovernment'sinactionCasleyfoundanobscure
clausepermittedunderBritishcommonlawtolegallysecede.TheAustraliangovernmentlargely
ignoredLeonard,whoproclaimedhimselfPrince.SinceitsfoundingLeonardclaimstohavegranted
citizenshiptosome13,000peoplefromallovertheworld.HuttRiverProvincehasbeenanactive
touristdestinationasaresultofLeonard'snotoriety.
BrX#0450cents.Year:1976.Weight:5.00g.
Metal:CopperNickelZinc.Diameter:25.00
mm.Edge:Plain.Alignment:Medal.Mint:
LombardoMint.Obverse:"PrinceLeonard"
writtenonthetopandhispicturebelowit.Date
atthebottom.Reverse:"HuttRiverProvince"
onthetop.HuttRiverProvincelogoincenter
circle."FiftyCents"atthebottom.Mintage:
5,000+2,000Proof.MintedYears:19761978.
Designer:ChristineNorman(CNwrittenbelow
PrinceLeonardhead).
BrX#1130Dollars.Year:1979.Weight:31.10g.Metal:0.999Silver.Diameter:39.00mm.Edge:
Reeded.Alignment:Medal.Mint:LombardoMint.Obverse:"PRINCELEONARD"writtenonthe
topandhispicturebelowit.Dateatthebottom.Reverse:"HUTTRIVERPROVINCE"onthetop.
"19731979TALLYHOSKYLAB"writtenbelowtheSkylab"THIRTYDOLLARS"atthebottom.
Mintage:500.MintedYears:Oneyeartype.Designer:ChristineNorman(CNwrittenbelowPrince
Leonardhead).
Note:SkylabwastheUnitedStates'sfirstspacestation.Itwasinhabitedonly171days,fromMay
1973toFebruary1974.Itwasintendedtostayinorbituntil1983andwastobeutilizedintheSpace
Shuttleprogram.InsteaditcamecrashingbacktoearthonJuly11,1979,beforethefirstSpace
Shuttlewaslaunched.TocommemoratethefallofSkylab,HuttRiverProvinceissuedthis1troy
ouncesilver30Dollarcoinpicturingthespacestationandthedates19731979andthelegend
"TALLYHOSKYLAB".PrinceLeonard,aformerNASAphysicistwhoistherulerofthisself
declarednationinAustralia,ispicturedonontheobverse.Thecoinhasamintageofjust500pieces.
ItwasonlyproducedinProof,thoughmanycollectorswouldnotconsiderthecointomeetthe
moderndefinitionofProofquality.
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HuttRiverProvince
DuringthethirtyyearsthatPrinceLeonardhasmanagedtoremainindependenthehasproduced
numerousphilatelicandnumismaticproducts.Theseitemsareunashamedlysoldintothatsectionof
thecollectormarketthatchoosestocollectfantasypieces.Capitalizingonmanypressarticlesabout
Hutttheybeganacollectorcoinprogramin1976andhavealsoissuedcommemorativepostage
stamps.In1974PrinceLeonardissuedacolorfulsetoffivebanknoteswithhisimageandsignature.
Eachbanknotebackhasadifferentdesigntheme,importantinHutt,rangingfromboomerangstofarm
tractors.Thesepostagestampsandcoinshavemadeupthebulkofhisofferings.
On28thAugust2004PrinceLeonardwillcelebratehis78thbirthdayinHuttRiver.
WebsiteforHuttRiverProvincePrincipalitycanbeviewedat
http://www.huttriver.org/
http://www.huttriver.net/
BrX#735Dollars.Year:1991.Weight:26.32g.Metal:CopperNickelZinc.Diameter:38.95mm.
Edge:Reeded.Alignment:Medal.Mint:NewQueenslandMint.Obverse:DesertPatrol.Boat,
Airplane,HelicopterandSeaBird."InGodweTrust"and"Liberty".Reverse:"HuttRiverProvince"
onthetop.Crownovervalueonnativedesign.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:Oneyeartype.
Designer:HalReed.
Note:Ipurchasedmy5Dollar1991cupronickel(CuNi)coinfromOdedPaz.Thecoinbelongsto
oneofthe45DesertStormcoinset.39mmindiameterwithreedededgeandmostprobablydesigned
byHalReed.MycoinfeaturesUSCoastGuardSupport.Thiscoinismintedby"NewQueensland
Mint".MostofthecoinsproducedforHuttRiverProvincePrincipalityfromthebeginning,thatis
from1976topresentcanbeviewedonGeorgeCruickshank'swebsite(alsoknownasEmperor
GeorgeIIofAtlantium)athttp://www.imperialcollection.net/hutt_river_main.html.Mycoinis
numberedasHRPC075A,accordingtothiswebsite.OdedPazhasthesecoinstosellfromtimeto
time.
From1976to1980,HuttRiverProvincecoinswereproducedbyLombardoMint,designedby
ChristineNorman.From1984to1989,coinswereproducedbyJohnsonMatthey,designedbyHal
Reed.HalReedcontinuedtodesigncoinsproducedbyNewQueenslandMintfrom1989to1995.
Coinsfrom2000wereproducedbyWyndhamMint,designedbyAllanSterling.
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RegencyofLomar
RegencyofLomar
BelowistheresearchandinformationtakenfromEricVictorMcCrea.Iwouldthankshimonceagain
forhisvaluablecontributionandtimedevotedtogetthepiecestogether.
TheRepublicofLomarwascreatedin1997intheheartofSiliconValley(SantaCruz,CA),bya
smallgroupofCatholicandOrthodoxChristiansheadedbyLaurent/LawrenceA.Cleenewerck.
Thesehightechprofessionals/engineerschanneledtheirskillsinInformationTechnologiestoward
establishingwhattheyclaimedwasatonepointtheworld'slargest/leadingcybernation.It
encompassedthousandsofcybercitizens,allofwhomagreedthatcitizenshipneednotberestrictedto
one'splaceofbirth.Lomar,whichstandsforLibreOrganisationMondialed'AideauxRfugis,
evolvedfromanInternetbasedmicronationintoaconstitutionalrepublic/nonterritorialstatetheyare
currentlyasmall,transnationalNonGovernmentalOrganization(NGO)withdiplomaticstatus.In
Marchof1998,theRepublicofLomarFoundation(FdrationHumanitaireRepubliquedeLomar)
waslegallyandofficiallyincorporatedasanonprofitinstitutioninDelaware,withapetitionoftax
exemptiontotheInternalRevenueService(theFoundationisbasicallytheirlegalarmintheU.S.).
Fundamentallysecular,Lomar'saltruisticidealsandbenevolentendeavorssupport
humanitarian/medical/educationalcausesaportionoftheprofitsfromsalesoftheirstampsand/or
merchandisewasevensharedwiththeTibetangovernmentinexileandseveralrecognizedcharities.
Oneoftheirprincipalaimswastoattempttobreakdownartificialborders/boundariesandgobeyond
theofferingofmeaningless/simplevirtualcitizenship.Asadocumentissuingauthority,theyonce
providedauthenticlookingpassportsandpermanentortemporaryalternative/secondcitizenshiptothe
collectivecommunityofunderprivilegedpeopleincludingexiles,statelessrefugees,victimized
subjectsofunsatisfactoryregimes,unrooted/unrepresentedpeople,andotherqualifiedindividuals
whowereinneedofrelocation.Theywerefollowingtheprecedentsetbyotherentitieswhichpublish
legalpassportstheseincludetheUnitedNations,theNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization,the
InternationalRedCross,theUnitedHealthcareOrganization,theInternationalParliamentforSafety
andPeace,theWorldServiceAuthority,theOrthodoxChristianCulturalandDiplomaticOrganization,
andtheSovereignMilitaryOrderofMalta(uponwhichLomarismodeled).Theywerealsoactingin
thespiritofFridtjofNansen(arcticexplorerandstatesman),whoseNansenpassportswereoneof
thereasonshewasawardedthe1922NobelPeacePrize.Aspartoftheirhumanrightsadvocacy,
Lomaradministersandmaintainsaninternationalnetworkofdedicatedvolunteerdiplomats,special
representatives,consulates,attachs,andcounselorsitslargestteamofdiplomaticcorps,aswellas
theirSecretaryGeneral,arebasedinFrance.Ifimmigrationwasaperson'sonlyoption,thecouncil
would'vebeenabletoprovidelegalassistance/visaservicesthroughwhattheyadmittedcouldbea
longtermandexpensiveproject.ThoughLomarwasneverformallyrecognizedasaRepublicbyany
majorgovernment,theyclaimedthatsomeofitscitizensactuallymanagedtoenterCubaandRussia
withLomarianpassports.ThemainofficesofROLF/FHRL(http://www.rolhq.org/and
http://www.fhrl.org/)wereinWashington,D.C.,butitsAmericandelegationshiftedtoNevadain
Augustof2004.
ROLbuildsslowlyandpainstakinglyitsreputation,despitevarioushistoricalhardships.Regrettably,
theirgoodcharacterwastemporarilysulliedbeginninginearly2001,whencertainunscrupulous
individualsinNigeriaoperatedaviciousemailscam(theAfricannationhadbeenplaguedby
miserablefinancialschemesofallsortsthemenacewassoendemicthatitbecameknowninlocal
parlanceandinternationallyas419fraud,afterthesectionoftheNigerianpenalcodewhich
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Lomar.htm
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RegencyofLomar
addressesthisnotorioustypeofunlawfulactivity).Eagertodupetheirowncountrymen,thedubious
Nigeriansbegansellingcounterfeitapplications/certificatestounsuspectinggulls,whowereassured
easytraveltotheRepublicofLomar,aheavenonearthUtopianStatepurportedlyrecognizedby58
nations.Thenaivetargets,trustinglysnaredbythe419ers'welldesignedbogusWebpage,didnot
knowthatthisfraudulententitywasnotthetrueROL,whichlikewiseexistedonlyinthevast
vulnerabilityofcyberspace.TheactualLomar,whichproclaimeditselfastheplanet'sforemostvirtual
stateandwhosenamewasbeingruthlesslycooptedbythecrookssothattheirdeplorablelieswould
appearconvincing,wasbeingvictimizedbytheperpetrators'trickeryaswell.Thismakebelieve
dreamlandhadbeenformedcourtesyoftheinfinitewisdomofacraftysyndicateofsagacious
bamboozlers.Theirphantomrepublicwaspracticallybeggingforprospectivecitizens,andwasinneed
ofabout51,000peoplebytheendof2001.Nigerians,respondingenmasseinordertosecurethe
necessarypaperwork,weredefraudedandfleecedbythethousands.Ifthewisescammershadn't
successfullyadvertisedthefalseLomarasanirresistiblePromisedLand,thentheyatleastconvinced
themultitudesthattheirdeceitfuldestinationwastheidealstopoverenroutetoanevenbetterLandof
MilkandHoneyagatewaytoWesternprosperity.Lomarwassaidtobeconvenientlylocated
somewherebetweenCanadaandtheU.S.,andonceitsnewcitizensarrivedintheirunchartedhome,
theycouldeasilyenterthose2NorthAmericancountriesbecauseneitherofthemrequiredthe
Lomariantravelerstoobtainvisas.Theywouldbeseeminglywelcomedwithopenarms.This
particularbandoffraudsters,remorselesslycapitalizingonthedesperationanddespondencyoftheir
fellowcountrymen,usedtacticsthatwentwaybeyondtheuseofannoyingspam.Accordingto
Lagos'TheCometnewspaperandTheNewsweeklymagazine,theswindlerssuspended
screamingbannersabovethestreetsofthecommercialdistrictsofmajorcitiestheseservedto
attractemigrationcrazypassersbytothebusinesscentersandtravelagencies.Topurchaseandfill
outcitizenshipforms,hopefulcandidateswerechargedbetween4001,500Nairasinonereport,to
between1,5004,000Nairasinanother,perperson.Thegulliblevictims,nowpoorerthaneverbefore,
seemedtohavelosttheabilitytodistinguishbetweenrealityandfiction.Tothem,Lomarprovedtobe
acostlymirage.Peoplewerefallingoverthemselvestoregister,statedalawyer/writernamedMr.
AmosOyiwethecriminalsweremilkingthepeopledry.Intheend,between60,00070,000
applicantsfellpreytotheconmen'slucrativeruse.TheROL,whichhadnoauthorizedagents
whatsoeverinNigeria,stillstrugglestorecoverfromthenegativepublicityofthatunpleasantepisode.
Assoonastheyreceivedknowledgeoftheseillegalacts,theirofficialsintervenedimmediatelythey
didtheirbesttoclarifythesituationandtoputanendtotheconfusion.Inthehopesthatthenefarious
culpritscouldbeprosecuted,theyattemptedtodenouncethemtotheproperauthorities,andthey
communicatedextensivelywithlocalNigeriannewsagenciesandthepressmostnotably,London's
BBCradiobroadcastaninterview(2/10/2001)withtheChancellorofROLF/FHRL.Therewasalsoa
monthlongshutdownoftheirWebsite,accompaniedbyspecialadvisorybulletins/warningsontheir
mainpage.Unfortunately,afewpressarticlesmistakenlyreportedthatthewholeRepublicof
Lomarwebsitewasinfactinventedtooperatethisscamthetruthbeingthatthisscamwasinfact
anabuseofourgoodname.Thoughthey'vehadtoseeminglyalter/curtailtheirmethodology
somewhat,Lomarhasbouncedbackratherresiliently.They'vealsosteppedupeffortstodistance
themselvesfromtheoverallmicronationalsphere.ToquoteanImportantNoticepostedattheirWeb
site,WeDONOTSELLanypassportsorcitizenships!Weare100%cooperativewithallnationstate
governmentsandcomplywithinternationallaws.LomarreiteratesthattheNigerianflimflamwas
uncoveredandresolvedbythehighestlegalmeansandexposedinthemedia.Thoseincidentsgreatly
impactedthegenuineandsincerenatureofROLanditsaccreditedcorpsinhelpingrefugees.
Nonetheless,theirunitofdiplomaticcorpsmenpressedontilltoday.TheRegencyofLomar
Foundationworkshandinhandwithworldwidelawyerlyinstitutionstoprotectitslegalityand
credibility,especiallyinsafeguardingthehardearnedtrustofitsbenefactorsandbeneficiaries.ROL
isstillanemergingNGO,anditspersonneliscollaboratingcloselywithgovernments,well
establishedinternationalorganizations,corporations,andpeopleinordertogainmorerecognitionand
philanthropicpartnershipsfromallquartersoftheworld.Itsindependent,aidmindedapparatusstrives
toattainanyformoflegitimatesupportforitsseriouscause,includingfundraisingandtheheightening
ofpublicawareness.Already,withthehelpofsponsorsanddonors,ROLhasbuiltahospital,and
soon,adaycarecenterinPeru.Theyarealsoinvolvedinmanyotherlaudableglobalefforts,suchas
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RegencyofLomar
thecurrentinitiativesinBurkinaFasoandCameroon.What'shugelyironicisthatevenwhilethe
Nigeriancontroversywasbrewing,apopulatedplacenamedLomaractuallyseemstoexistinthe
northeasternpartofthatcountry(BornoState).Itsgeographicalcoordinates,inDecimalDegrees,are
latitude10.2333,longitude12.0500inDegreesMinutesSeconds,theyarelatitude1013'60N(or10
14'00"),longitude123'00E(1203'00").Themapscanbeviewedat:
http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NI/0/Lomar.html
http://www.tageo.com/indexeniv00dm2806269.htm
ThefirstcoinissuedbyLomarisabronze1Kurant,dated2006.ItsobversefeaturestheGreatArms
ofLomaritsreverseshowsanArcticWolfalongsidetheStarofLomar(symboloftheRegencyof
Lomar).Kurantwasanoldwordforamedievalcurrencyofexchange,andwasalsoinspiredbya
famousKurantBankinDenmarkinthe18thCentury.Thislimitededitioncharitycoin,designed
andfinancedbyMr.JorgeFernndezVidal(seemylistingforWestarctica),alsoservesasa
communitycurrencyitsdenominationofONE(1)Kurantisequivalentto12Euros,considered
fairwageforonehouroflabor.AllrevenuefromsalesofthecoinwillbedirectedtoROLF's
charitablecauses.IobtainedoneofthepiecesdirectlyfromHisExcellencyKlausSchlapps
(abt@abteistseverin.de),whowasappointedFirstCouncilorandPresidentinDecemberof2003.In
2004,afterhiselection,hebecametheirRegentandchangedROL'sinappropriatenamefrom
RepublictoRegency.AccordingtoDomKlaus,theArcticWolfwaschosenasoneofthecoin's
devicesbecauseLaurentCleenewerckbasedhisoriginalvisionoftheRepublicofLomar(Utopian
SafeHavenforRefugeesandDisplacedPersons)onanimaginarystatehereadaboutinshortstory
byH.P.Lovecraft.ThegreatpolarkingdomofLomar,whichexistedhundredsofthousandsofyears
ago,wasliterallylocatedintheArcticTerritory(supposedlyinCanadaoronthenorthernshoresof
Greenland).Thefabledregionwaspartoftheauthor'sCthulhumythos.WhenIpointedouttoDom
KlausthatIthoughtthatL.O.M.A.R.existedonlybecauseitslettersstoodforLibreOrganisation
Mondialed'AideauxRfugis,hestatedthatTheAcronymactuallywascreatedlater.Inlightof
this,IthinkitisremarkablethatonceCleenewerckhatchedhisRepublic,hesubsequentlymanagedto
selectmeaningfulwords(free,organization,worldwide,aide,refugees)eachofthemperfectly
embodyingthespecificpurposeforwhichLomarwasfoundedtosuccessfullyrepresenteachofthe
fiveletters.Unfortunately,CleenewerckhadseeminglylostinterestintheRepublichecreatedonceit
startedtosucceed,probablyheismoreexitedoncreatingthankeepingsuchentities.Hehascontinued
todoso.WhenItookovertheoldRepublic,therewherenoBillspayed,neithertheIncorporation
Fees.DomKlaushasguidedLomar'stransitionintoafullyoperational,sovereignhumanitarian
organization.NowwithadozenAllianceswithotherNGO'swearenowapowerfullTaskforce
operatinginmanyNations.HereportsthatLomarwillalsohavepapernotes,asamodelcurrency
forlocaldevelopmentprojects.Lomar'scoincanbeviewedandpurchasedat:
http://rolhq.org/html/kurantcoin.html
Forreasonsthatwillsoonbecomeevident,IwouldberemissifIdidnotofferafewwordsaboutSt.
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RegencyofLomar
Severin'sAbbey.Theybeganin1992asanucleusofreligiousmindedindividuals.Thisgroupwas
shepherdedbytwopriestsfromtheOrderofPortRoyal:Fr.KlausSchlapps(laterelectedasthe1st
AbbotoftheAbbeyandthenconsecratedasthe3rdAbbotBishopoftheGermanProvince)andFr.
MichaelMaier.InAugustof1999,St.Severin'spriory(inBuchloe,OstallguCounty,
Schwaben/SwabiaDistrict,Bavaria)wasdesignatedanabbeybytheAbbotGeneraloftheOrderof
PortRoyal.Inthefall,thisreligiouscommunitythenmovedtoasmallbuilding/monasteryinthefree
cityofKaufbeuren(alsoinOstallgu).InMayof2002,theyrelocatedtoLeinau,asmallhamlet
belongingtothevillageofPforzen(2milesfromKaufbeuren,stillinOstallgu).There,these
cloistered,lifeprofessedmonksoperateasmallfineartscollege(theKunstschuleAllgu).
Lastly,thisinformationalsegmentwouldnotbecompletewithoutalittlebackgroundabouttheOrder
ofPortRoyal.ThisisamonasticcommunitywhichbeganwiththeFrenchCistercianconventofPort
Royal.Itlastedfrom12041705,andwasrevivedfromthe1930s60s.TheofficeofAbbotremained
vacantfrom196790,andthemembershipdeclineddrastically.In1990,Dom/FatherPeterFalk(the
lastsurvivingpriest,ordainedin1963),convenedtheremainingmembersoftheConvent,andthey
decidednottodissolvetheorderandthatrenewalwastobetheirmission.Thatyear,thereconstituted
orderunanimouslyelectedhimtotheofficeofAbbot(priortothis,theorderunderstooditselfasa
contemplativebody,withoutanyeffectonpublicCatholiclifeafterwards,theychangedtheirpolitics).
Hewasconsecratedastheorder's2ndAbbotBishoponSeptember17,1996thoughheisnowretired,
healsobecametheir1stAbbotGeneral(theHeadoftheentireorder).Sincethen,theorderhasgrown
substantiallyandtheyhavebranches/provincesinGermany,Italy,England,andtheUnitedStates.
TheirrespectiveWebsitesare:
http://abteistseverin.de/english/
http://www.orderofportroyal.org/
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CityofMicrona
CityofMicrona
ThisundertakingwasthebrainchildofAlbertC.ZellerII,PresidentoftheRepublicofVeshault.The
projectwasstartedinDecemberof2001thecitynamewasincorporatedonJanuary1st2002,andthe
ownerofthepropertyapprovedthelandpurchaseonJanuary3rd.Micronawastohavebeenanactual
cityinElkoCounty,Nevada(onStateHighway233,12milessouthofMontelloand4milesnorthof
Cobre).SurveymapsidentifythesiteasNW&SE,Section7,Township37N,Range69E.Ithad
evenbeenannouncedthatsomeonenamedMaryAmbyreJorgensenwasevenscheduledtotakeoffice
asmayoronJanuary21st.Initially,thelandwasgoingtobesplitbetween6nations,andthougha
fewcountriesexpressedaninterest,allbutoneultimatelybackedoutoftheenterprise.Itthen
becameajointpartnershipbetweenVeshaultandtheKingdomofTorHavn.Mr.Zellerwasalsointhe
processofapplyingforMicrona'sownuniqueZipCode,andthecityhadatemporarymailboxin
Pahrump,NV.Butintheend,duetoafalleneconomicstructurebetweenmicronationswewereun
abletocontinueinitsventure.Micronahadfalteredbyrelyingonotherstosucceedandadmittedly
purchasing40acreswithoutbeingabletoaffordthewholepropertyonourownwasourdownfall.
AfterTorHavnwithdrew,Veshaultmade2additionalpaymentsbutwasforcedtofollowsuitand
terminatetheprojectbecausetheycouldnotfoottheentiremonthlybillsolo.Apparently,Veshault
vanishedfornearlytwoyears,butTorHavnremainedsomewhatreachableasoneoftheupstanding
micronations.HMKasimirDianaSkyhunter,ReginaistheCoMonarchofTorHavn.
This1Microncoinwasissuedin2002inCopperplatedzinc,designedbyAllenC.Zeller.Mintedat
HoffmanMintwithtotalmintageof1000pieces,weight:4.5g,diameter25mmwithplainedge.
ImageofthecoinandsomedetailaboutMicronacanbeviewedatGhostTownwebsiteat:
http://www.ghosttowns.com/states/nv/microna.html
In2003,asaConstitutionPartycandidate,Mr.ZellersoughtNewJersey'sDistrict17Senateseat.Ina
strategyofficiallycalledGivingBacktothePeople,hepledgedtooffercashtoregisteredvotersand
tohelpenticesomeunregisteredones.Hehopedtoboostthemoraleofthegeneralpublicbyhanding
out$1toeachpersonwhowouldattendhiscampaignrallies($200maximumperrally),providedthat
heorshelivedinhislegislativedistrictandsignedhisnominationpetition.Thoughadvisedthathis
ideawouldpresentlittleornoproblem,heretractedthisproposalthesamedayheannouncedit,aftera
concernedcitizeninformedhimviaemailthatthegivingofmoneyswouldbeaviolationofacertain
legalstatute.Oneofthepressreleasesathttp://www.politicsnj.com/reportsthatHealsowillbe
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Microna.htm
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CityofMicrona
givingawayspecialcoinsviatheinternetworth$1each...The$1offerviatheinternetisalsofora
limitedtimetothefirst100takers.CouldthiscoinhavebeentheMicrona?
AsofNovember2004,itappearsthatMr.Zellerisoncemoreactivelypursuingthisventurebecause
theRepublicOfVeshaulthasawokefromaslumber.Nowthathisnation'sbeenrevived,Mr.Zeller
originallyannouncedthathehadlocated32acresofdecent,buildableland7milesnorthofMontello,
NV(lessthanamilewestofDakeReservoir).Hewasnotseekingpartnersthistimearound,butwas
planningtoofferrentalspaceandpropertyleasestointerestedparties.Heintendedtobuildatleast1
buildingintheCitytosayitcanbedone.IwouldthenbuildahouseonVeshaults'piecetolivein
andcallitaday.Ifothernationswanttohavemebuildafenceorsmallshed/buildingontheirproperty
Iwoulddoitforthem...Micronaitselfwouldbethemaincitystreet(600ftx200ftintheoriginal
project),andothersmallerroadswouldleadtotheothertenants'subdivisions/plots.Shortlythereafter,
therewasachangeinlocationbyMarchof'05hehadproclaimedthepurchaseof10acresinwest
Texas,anddidindeedbegintoseekothermicronationswho'dbewillingtolease/rentsections(100ftx
100ft,200ftx200ft)ofthisproperty.TorHavnisbackonboardtheproject.Mr.Zeller'snewWeb
siteis:http://veshault.hollosite.com
Tohelpgetthecitysetupandrunning,Wehadmintedcoinsandweredisbursingtheminhopesof
prebuildinganeconomy.Afterthecitywasbuilt,thecoinsweremeanttobeusedbyitscitizensto
purchaseitemswithinthecitylimits.Allthemoniesfromthesaleofthecoinsweretohavegoneinto
theCityOfMicronabankaccounttohelpbuildthecitypropertyandbuildings(andpossiblypaythe
landpayments).InJanuaryof2002,itwasreportedthatMicronaplannedonissuingapproximately
150coinstotheUnitedHomelessOrganizationofNewYorkCitythecoinswouldthenbeusedby
destitutemenandwomentopurchasecoffeeandadoughnut/rollfromafewselectedstreet
vendors/cartsaroundtheareaofPennStation.
TheTownOfMicronastartedasactuallyaplanforaCity.Afterreviewingmanydifferentstate(s)[as
inUnitedStates]laws,citiesmustpayataxtothelocalcountyandalsotostateregulators.Thereare
approximately300+unincorporatedtownsinTexas.Sometownsarelikegatedcommunitiesand
haveordinances,fines,anditsowninternalcourtsystem.Sowedecidedafterconsiderationto
changetoTownOfMicrona.Weoriginallyhadbought10acresin12/2004forfutureuse.Located
betweenValentineandVanHorn,TexasbyUS90.Duetofinancialconstraintswewerenotableto
secureanactualsurveytillJune2010fromalicensedTexassurveyor.Wellthepropertywasactually1
milefromtheroadandpowerlineservice.Wesoldtheoriginal10acresinJan2011.Wethenlocated
11.12acresapprox4milesNorthoftheoldpropertyforareasonableamountandpurchaseditoutright
inFebruary2011.Thenewpropertyis907x537wideandhasaroadandpowerdownthemiddleof
it.Thenextstepisclearinganareaonitandeitherbuildsomethingorplaceamobilehomeonuponit
forastart.
AccordingtoAlbertZeller"Wearebackupandrunningherein2011aswehavemovedtheTownof
MicronaprojecttojustoutsideVanHornTexasintheUSAwithapurchaseof11acres.Iwillbegoing
outthissummerforclearingabuildingsite.Westillretainabout900coinsforhopefulfutureuseas
wasintended.Ourwebsitehttp://www.Veshault.Orgisbackupandrunningandlinkstopicturesofthe
MicronacoinisundertheBankheadingoffthemainpage."
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
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RepublicofMirageIsland
Thisisamicronation,establishedin2003,whenitsPresident(theHonourableMr.AlphonseE.Diaz)
declaredindependence.TheGouvernementdelaRpubliquedeslesdeMiragehasclaimedafew
islandsnearAustralia,andisintheprocessofobtainingasmallprivateisland.Completeindependence
fromthisnewislandmaybedifficult,asitwillbeunderthejurisdictionofthecountryinwhichitis
located.Negotiationswillhavetofollowonepossibilitywouldbeaautonomyousruleofthe
island.Unfortunately,TheMirageIslandsisnotaccessibleatthistime.Thereiscurrentlynovisa
needed,althoughinthenext510yearsweanticipatethattravelandvisasetcwillbeneeded.
Nevertheless,Forchartsoftheislands,theycanbeorderedthroughus,buttheoceanchartsarequite
expensive.TheHighCommisionoftheRepublicofMirageIslandsissituatedinWerrington
Downs(NewSouthWales),Australia.Allforeignnationalsareinvitedtoapplyforcitizenship(ID
cardorpassport).Forahigherfee,diplomaticpassportsanddiplomaticpositionsarealsoavailable.
Shrewdly,theRepubliciscarefultostatethatWedoNOTSELLpassport,weonlyprocessthe
applications,andthusthewaytoobtainapassportisbycompletingtheapplicationprocess.Itwould
beagainstthelawtosellpassports.AccordingtotheHonourableReverendCroft,theRepublics
diplomaticofficer(EnvoyExtraordinaryandMinisterPlenipotentiary)representingtheNordic
Region(Finland,Sweden,Norway,Denmark),AllIknowabouttheisland(s)isthattheyareindeed
completelyprivate,andflytheMirageIslandsflagsonthem.Idon'tknowtheexactlocation...AllI
knowonthepoliticallyisthatthepassportshavebeenacceptedandusedwithintheEuropeanUnion
bynormalcitizens(whomhavethenormalpassport)I'vesometimesusedthediplomaticpassport
andit'sallgonewithoutanytroubleinfactonegetsVERYRESPECTFULtreatmentby
officials,hotelsetcSoformeitwasworththepayfortheapplication,althoughittook2months
beforeIgotmypassport.Theydoseemtocheckone'srecordsquitewellafterallsonotjustanyone
cangetapassport.Applicant'smustprovidecertified,attested,notarizedandsometimesapostilled
copiesoftheirnormalnationalID/passportbeforetheapplicationcanevenstartproperly.That'sallI
knowatthistimetotellyouaboutmyrelationshiptotheRepublic.Mr.AnthonyCroftchoseto
becomeacitizen/diplomatoftheMirageIslandsbecausehefeelsthat,unlikemostothermicro
nations,itactuallyhassomerealpossibilitiesofbecomingaREALcountry,asitownssomeislands
somewhereAndasthepopulationandcitizensgrowallthetime,whoknowswhenthecountrywill
haveaseatattheUN?Therearesomerequirementsforcountriestobecomeofficial.Theymusthave
land,citizens,ruleoflaw,andagovernmentthisissomethingthattheMirageIslandsactuallyhas
butbeforemakinganybigsteps,thelandmustbedeveloped,infrastructure,banking,etcmustbe
developed.FromwhatIatthispointthinkis,thattheIslandswillatfirstbeginwithaprivatevacation
resort,andtherebybuildupsufficientcapital.Primarycontactinformation:Highcommissionofthe
RepublicofMirageIslands,Suite2601,9TanbarkCircuit,WerringtonDowns,NSW2747,Australia.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Mirage_Island.htm
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TheMirageIslandshasmintedaspecialcommemorationcoin.Thisisaunifacepiece.Notonlyisit
undated,butitalsobearsnospecificdenomination.Itdoes,however,featurethebustofaman,
accompaniedbythephrasesictransitgloriamundi(thuspassesthegloryoftheworld).Mr.Anthony
Croft,whoassuresthatWeexpecttomintnewcoinsinthenearfuture.TheofficialWebsiteofLe
GouvernementdelaRpubliquedeslesdeMirage(http://www.mirageislands.org/)alsohasaGift
Shopwhichsellsotherofficialmemorabilia/merchandise(shirts,acap,acup,evenastringthongfor
women).
Intheend,IwillliketothankEricVictorMcCreafortheaboveinformation.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Mirage_Island.htm
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RepublicofMolossia
RepublicofMolossia
Theyarea3.3hectares(8.20acres)sovereign,independentnationbasedinDayton,Nevadathereis
alsoasecondtinyenclaveinNorthernCalifornia(thecolonyofFarfalla).Thegovernmentalheartof
theRepublicofMolossiaisa.5hectaresitecalledtheProvinceofHarmony,whichliesinthehigh
desertGreatBasin,eastofCarsonCityandsoutheastofReno.SituatedinthefoothillsoftheSierra
NevadaMountains,theMolossianHomeTerritoryisjust45kilometersfrombeautifulLakeTahoe,
andminutesawayfromVirginiaCity,afamousNevadaminingtownandtouristattraction.
It'swebsitecanbeviewedat:http://www.molossia.org/
MolossianhistorygoesbacktotheGrandRepublicofVuldstein,whichwasfoundedonMay26th,
1977(yearI)andheadedbyJamesSpielman(KingJamesI)andKevinBaugh(PrimeMinister).
Afterashortperiodofsporadicactivitythenationenteredintoaperiodofdormancy.Baughalone
continuedwiththekinglessKingdomforthenext21years,(duringwhichitwasrenamedthe
KingdomofEdelsteinin1980,andtheKingdomofZariain1988)untilitssuccessorwasfinally
rebornastheKingdomofMolossiainMayof1998(yearXXI).TheGrandRepublicofVuldstein
wasthefatherofthenationthatisnowknownasMolossia.Idonotconsiderthatnationtobedifferent
thanMolossiainanyway,exceptinname.Thus,thelineageofMolossiaextendsbackthroughthe
yearsallthewaybacktoVuldstein,muchasmanyEuropeannationstracetheirlineagebackcenturies
throughvariousnames,toatimebeforetheyevenhadanationalidentity.Ineffect,
Vuldstein/Edelstein/Zariaareallnamesthatpertainedtothesamepoliticalentity,andMr.Baughis
unflinchinginhisaffirmationthatMolossiaproperwasfoundedin1977.Headmitsthateventswere
quitefluidatthetime,buthasluckilyrecordedsomeimportantmilestones:InJuneof1998theshort
livedKingdom,asaformofgovernment,wasrenouncedinfavorofaprovisionalCommunistone
calledthePeople'sDemocraticRepublic.InSeptember,theyjoinedtheUnitedProvincesofUtopiaas
oneofitsdivisions.ButinJanuaryof1999theUPOUceasedtoexistasanationbereftofanational
government,MolossiadeclaredthemselvesasovereignnationonceagainonFebruary21stofthat
year(XXII),withBaughservingasPremier.Finally,onSeptember3rd,theCommunistgovernment
wasrejected,andtheRepublicofMolossiawasdeclared,withBaughasPresident.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Molossia.htm
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RepublicofMolossia
The1Valoravibrantlycolorful2004(actuallyundated)plasticcompositeandlabeledcoinisthefirst
coincreatedbytheBankofMolossia.DesignedbyKevinBaugh,weight:7.5g,39.5mmdiameter
withplainedge.ItsfaceshowstheshieldfromtheArmsofMolossia,withourNationalAnimal,the
WildHorse.ThereverseistheNationalColorsandawreath,surroundingthecoinvalue.
TheFiveValoraPlasticcomposite,labeledcoinisthesecondcoincreatedbytheBankofMolossiain
2005.ItsfaceshowsHisExcellency,ThePresidentofourgreatRepublic.DesignedbyKevinBaugh,
weight:7.5g,39.5mmdiameterwithplainedge.ThereverseistheNationalColorsandawreath,
surroundingthecoinvalue,withourNationalMotto,"NothingVentured,NothingGained"onthe
scroll.
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RepublicofMolossia
TheTenValoraPlasticcomposite,labeledcoinisthethirdcoincreatedbytheBankofMolossiain
2005.DesignedbyKevinBaugh,weight:7.5g,39.5mmdiameterwithplainedge.Itsfaceshows
EmperorNortonI,EmperoroftheUnitedStatesandprotectorofMexico.Thereverseisacompass
behindthecoinvalue,withaquotefromEmperorNorton,"Toamelioratetheevilsunderwhichthe
countryislaboring,andtherebycauseconfidencetoexist,bothathomeandabroad,inourstability
andintegrity".ThesymbolsaroundtheedgesofourcoinsrepresentnotonlyMolossia'slocation
withinthewellknowngamblingstateofNevada,butalsorepresentEnterprise(Clubs),Strength
(Spades),Prosperity(Diamonds)andHappiness(Hearts).
MolossiaconsistsofBaugh'ssmallruralacreageinDayton,Nevada,anditscitizensarelimitedtothe
membersofhisfamilywhoresidethere.TheMolossiandefenceforcesconsistofBaugh'ssonandan
inflatablerubberdinghy.Transportationservicesconsistofamodelrailwaywhichtraversespartsof
theproperty.Thepropertyisalsohometoanumberofartinstallations,includingtheTowerofthe
Winds,aPeacePoleandNortonPark.TheMolossiantricolourisraisedbeforethePresidential
residenceeachmorningwithduesolemnityitremainsoneofthefewmicronationalflagsthathas
actuallybeenraisedonarealflagpole.
TheFiftyValoraCoinNickelplatedbrassisthefirstmetalcoincreatedbytheBankofMolossiaand
CentralBankoftheGrandDuchyofWestarctica.Thenewcoinisnickelplated,withamillededge
andraisedreliefdesignsontheobverseandreverse.TheobverseshowtheLesserArmsofMolossia,
thevalueandtheNationalMotto,"NothingVentured,NothingGained".Thereversecommemorates
theTreatyofFriendshipbetweenMolossiaandWestarctica,withimagesofeachnation'sflagorarms
shown,aswellasthetreatydate(2005)andthecoindate(2006).ThiscoinisdesignedbyJorgeVidal
havingadiameterof37mmwithreedededge.
ThebasicunitofcurrencyinMolossiaistheValora(plural:Valora),whichisdividedinto100Futtrus
(plural:Futtrus).TheValoraislinkedinvaluetoPillsburyCookieDough,3Valorahavingequalvalue
toonetubeofCookieDough.Molossia'sfirstthreecoinsaffixingcoloredlabelstoplasticgambling
chipsanappropriatesymbolofthemicronation'sNevadaheritage.0.75Valoraisequalof1USD.
ThesecoinscanbedirectlyobtainablefromHisExcellency(president@molossia.org).Imagesofthe
plasticcompositecoinscanbeseenattheBankofMolossia:http://www.molossia.org/bank.html.
In1995,afterpurchasinglandinNevada,Baughtransplantedhisentireundertakingtoitsnewhome.
Sincethespringof1999,theMolossiannationhasbegunaseriouspathofdevelopingitselfasan
emergingsmallnation,ratherthanamicronationproject.Ourpossessionofphysicalterritorymakes
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RepublicofMolossia
thiscourseatangibleone,ratherthanafantasy.In2003,BaughexpandedMolossia'sfontiersby
purchasingthelandwhereFarfallasits.Asarepublic,wehavestrivedtounitemicronations,andto
extendthemicronationalworldintothemacronationalworld.InSeptemberof2000,thefirst
IntermicronationalOlympicGameswereheldinMolossia.Theytookplaceinconcertwiththethe
SydneyGames,andwerearesoundingtriumph.ThesecondGameswerehostedbytheKingdomof
TorHavninthespringof2002.Theywereoriginallytimedtocoincidewiththe2002SaltLakeCity
WinterOlympics,butcircumstancesnecessitatedthattheybedelayeduntillaterintheyear.Adispute
withtheU.S.OlympicCommitteeresultedintheseGamesbeingtemporarillyrenamedThe
IntermicronationalGames.Thislegaldebateoverthecopyrightedtermhassincebeenresolved.The
2004GameswerejointlyhostedbytheKingdomofMahinaandtheImperialRepublicofShireroth.In
2000,MolossiaalsosponsoredthesuccessfuladoptionofNortonDay(January8th)asthefirst
intermicronationalholiday,andfurthercreatedtheNortonAwardsforIntermicronationalExcellence.
In2001XXIV,ournationhostedthefirstIntermicronationalWorldExposition,showcasing
micronationsfromtheworldover.
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RepublicofMonteCristo
RepublicofMonteCristo
EventhoughthisislandbelongstowildlifeitsonlypopulationaresheepandgoatsMr.
StephenKurtVogelsang(ofEagleRock,CA)hasestablishedaProvisionalRevolutionaryGovernment
dedicatedtotheconservationoftheirdelicatehabitat.Thisruminantinhabitedmicrostateisinthe
TyrrhenianSeaandisinthesouthernregionoftheTuscanArchipelago(alsoaNationalPark,a
naturalpreservewithvisitationbyspecialpermit/authorityonly),betweenCorsicaandPortoS.
Stefanoonthemainland.ItislayingbetweenElba,22milesdistant,andtheArgentariopromontory.It
isonly10squarekmwide,composedofgraygranite.Allsailing,swimmingandfishingareprohibited
withinarangeof500metersoffthecoast.ThisislandisspelledlocallyasMontecristo.Formostof
itshistory(afterbeingfoundedbytheBishopofPalermo,Sicily)theislandbelongedtotheKingof
Italyasaprivatehuntingreserve.Itsnewstatusasaselfproclaimedconstitutionaloligarchywas
institutedintheSpringof2005bytheexiledleadersoftheMontecristoFederalMovement,currently
livinginItaly,SpainandtheUnitedStates.Thesemenare,respectively,SecretaryofDefenseCount
WalterGiuliani(seemyPadanialisting),ForeignSecretaryCountJorgeFernndezVidal(seemy
listingforWestarctica),andGeneralSecretaryCountVogelsang.TheseThreeCounts,collectively
knownastheGreatCounciloftheRepublic,constitutetheProvisionalGovernment'srulingbody.The
triumvirateofficiallypromotesthecauseofanautonomousRepublicwithapermanentlyexiled
governmentandcitizenrytopreventspoilageoftheenvironmentallyprotectedislandstate.
TheircoincanbepurchaseddirectlyfromMr.Vogelsang(knossos134@earthlink.net),isabimetallic
(silver/enamelledcoppernickel)10SoldipiecedatedMMV.Ithasatotalmintageof100pieceswith
1.75inchdiameter.Obverseofthecoinfeaturespirate/privateerDragutincolorizedorangeandblue
whilethereverseofthecointributesHisHoliness,JohnPaulII.Alargeportionofthenetproceeds
fromthesalesofthegorgeouscoinwillbedonatedtovariouscharities.MonteCristo'sofficialWeb
siteis:http://montecristorepublic.com/index.html.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/MonteCristo.htm
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GeorgeJuniorRepublic
GeorgeJuniorRepublic,anAmericanIndustrialinstitution,situatednearthesmallvillageof
Smallville,inTompkinsCounty,NewYork,U.S.A.TheGeorgeJuniorRepublicformsaMiniature
Statewhoseeconomic,civicandsocialconditions,asnearlyaspossible,reproducethoseoftheUnited
States,andwhosecitizenshipisvestedinyoungpeople,especiallythosewhoareneglectedor
wayward,whoarethustaughtselfreliance,selfcontrolandmorality.
Thefounder,WilliamRuebenGeorge(b.1866),wasanativeofWestDryden,avillagenearFreeville,
whoasabusinessmaninNewYorkCitybecameinterestedintheFreshAirFundCharitysupervised
bytheNewYorkTribune,tookchargeofsummeroutingsforcitychildren(18901894)and,becoming
convincedthatsuchcharitiestendedtopromotePauperismandcrimeamongtheolderoftheir
protgsdevisedfirsttheplanofrequiringpaymentbythechildreninlaborforalltheyreceived
duringthesesummerjaunts,then(1895)selfGovernmentforaSummerColonynearFreeville,and
finallyapermanentColony,inwhichthechildrenstayedforseveralyears.TheGeorgeJunior
RepublicwasfoundedJuly1895theonlycheckonthePowersofexecutive,representativeand
judicialbranchesofthegovernmentliesinthevetoofthesuperintendent.
"NothingWithoutLabor"isthemottoofthecommunity,sostrictlycarriedoutthatagirlorboyinthe
Republicwhohasnotmoneytopayforanight'slodgingmustsleepinjailandworkthenextdayfor
theuseofthecell.Thelegislativebody,originallyaHouseofRepresentativesandaSenate,in1899
becamemoreliketheNewEnglandTownmeeting.Therespectforthelawthatfollowsitsenactment
bythecitizensthemselvesisremarkableinaclasssolargelyofcriminaltendenciesanditis
particularlynoticeablethatpositionsonthePoliceforceareeagerlycoveted.Fifteenistheageof
majoritysuffrageisuniversal,childrenunderfifteenmustbeinchargeofacitizenguardian.The
averageageofcitizenswasseventeenin1908.Theproportionofboystogirlswasoriginallysmall,
butgraduallyincreasedin1908therewereabout70girlsand90boys.Thetendencyistoadmitonly
thoseagedatleastsixteenandphysicallywellequipped.IntheRepublic'searlieryearsthecitizens
livedinboardinghousesofdifferentgrades,butlaterinfamilygroupsincottagesunderthecareof
"housemothers".Thelaboroftheplaceiswork,bakingbreadandwafers(thebusinessofanAuburn
BiscuitFactorywasbroughtin1903),plumbingandprintingfortheboys.Shoeandharnessmaking
weretriedforafewyears.MasonryandtheGovernmentissueditsowncurrencyinTinandlaterin
Aluminum,and"American"moneycouldnotbepassedwithinthe48acresoftheRepublicuntil1906,
whendepreciationforcedtheRepublic'scoinageoutofuseand"American"coinwasmadelegal
tender.
Obverse:LIBERTY
EXALTSLABORand
CapitalDome.
Reverse:NationalJunior
Republic51899with19
mmindiameter.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/George_Junior_Republic.htm
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Thereisanefficientpreparatoryandhighschool,fromwhichstudentsenterdirectlyleadingcolleges.
Thereligiousinfluenceisstrong,wholesomeandinsectariastudentsinAuburnTheologicalSeminary
assistedinthereligiousworkRomanCatholicandHebrewservicesarealsoheldandattendanceat
churchservicesarecompulsoryonlyonconvictsandprisoners.Thereare"Women'sAid"societiesin
NewYorkCity,Ithaca,Syracuse,Buffalo,Bostonandelsewheretopromotetheworkofthe
"Republic".A"Republic"foryoungerboysbegan,atFreeville,wasestablishedinLitchfield,
Connecticutanda"NationalJuniorRepublic"nearAnnapolisJunction,Maryland,anda"Carter
JuniorRepublic"atReadington,nearEaston,Pennsylvania,allofwhichweremodeledonthe"George
JuniorRepublic".InFebruary1908the"NationalAssociationofJuniorRepublics"wasformedwith
Mr.George(itsfounder)asitsdirector,itsaimsbeingtoestablishatleastone"Republic"ineachState
oftheUnion,andinothercountriessimilarinstitutionsforyouthand"MiniatureGovernments"
modeledonthatoftheCountryinwhicheach"State"isestablished,andtoestablishcoloniesfor
youngerpeople.
Today's,Republiccontinuesstrivingtobetheembodimentofthisidea,GeorgeJuniorRepublicoffers
anopportunityforpositiveandlastingdevelopmentinadistinctivelyuniqueenvironment.The400
acrecampus,locatedinGroveCity,Pennsylvania,ishometoover450youthfromonethirdofthe
UnitedStates.Thepopulationemulatesarealisticmixofsociety,enhancingthecampuscommunity.
GeorgeJuniorRepublicisoneofthelargestresidentialfacilitiesintheUnitedStateshowever,the
smallgrouplivingarrangementsallowforindividualattention.Theatmosphereservesasthe
foundationwherethediverseneedsoftroubledyouthareaddressed.GeorgeJuniorRepublicis
committedtofacilitatingpersonalgrowthandsocialresponsibility.Theprogramprovides:stateofthe
artlivingfacilities,fullyaccreditededucationalprograms,awidevarietyoftherapeuticactivities,and
continuingcare,synthesizedtohelpeachyouthreachhisfullpotential.
Ihavealsoseen1912GeorgeJuniorRepublic$1.00Coin,anoctagonalshapedwith35mmdiameter.
Centerdesignisofacrossedflagandaxewithanopenbookrestingagainstthem.Wordingonbook
"TheLawOfTheWiseIsAFountainofLife".
MicroNations
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http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/George_Junior_Republic.htm
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PrincipalityofNewUtopia
AproposedartificialislandtobeconstructedatoptheMisteriosaBank,anunderseamountain
range/landmasssome12feetunderwater,situatedapproximately115mileswestofGrandCayman.
Thebasalarea,whichiscomprisedofthreesubmergedislands,hasalsobeenreferredtoastheRosario
Reefs.ThisswathoftheCaribbeanispurportedlylocatedininternationalwaters.Thisenchanting
oasisinthemiddleoftheoceanwillbebuiltongiantconcretepilings/platforms,andwillinclude
apartments,condos,retailestablishments,shoppingmalls,hotels,banks,docks,warehouses,acasino,
aconventioncenter,auniversity,astockmarket,andamedicalcenter.Theywillalsohavetheirown
airportandairline.NewUtopia,whichhopestoevolveasthenewest,mostbeautifulandmostperfect
city/stateeverconceived,(andtoattainthehigheststandardoflivingintheworld)isaconstitutional
monarchy/sovereigntythatwasconcoctedinSeptemberof1996.Thisrefreshinghavenfromrunaway
bureaucracyandoverregulationisthevisionofalongtimebusinessman/entrepreneurnamed
LazarusR.Long.Originally,hisnamewasHowardTurney,whichlackedeventhetiniesthintof
superhumanconnotations.Sohelegallychangeditin1995,inspiredbyRobertHeinlein'simmortally
heroiccharacter(andalludingtoadeepseatedpreoccupationwithlonglivedness,aboutwhichwe
willlaterlearnmore).HewasalsoafanofAynRand,andwasheavilyinfluencedbyherwork.
AccordingtoSusanWright,ofNewUtopia'sInformationOffice,PrinceLazarusandtheBoardof
Governorsestablishedaquotaof4,000forCharterCitizenswhowillalwaysberememberedasthe
foundingcitizens.Eachonewillhavehis/hernameengravedonamarblewallonthegroundsof
GovernmentHouseasthefirstcitizensofthePrincipalityofNewUtopiaandhonoredbyall
subsequentgenerationsofNewUtopians.Whenthequotaof4,000isfilledtherewillbenoother
applicationsacceptedforaperiodof2years,atthattimeallapplicantswillhavetofilewiththe
immigrationdepartmentliketheydoinanyothercountry.Thecriteriaforbecomingacitizenwill
neverbesoeasyorunrestrictedagain.Also,wewillimmediatelyfileforObserverStatuswiththe
UN.Bytheirchartertheycannotrefuseus.Itstatesallmustbeacceptedregardlessofsizeof
territoryornumberofcitizens.Thiswillassurethatallmembernationswillrecognizeourpassports.
LazarushasalreadywrittenalettertoSecretaryGeneralKofiAnnan,inwhichhestatedwebegthe
UnitedNationsfortheirsupportandprotection.
NewUtopia'ssubstantiallytaxfreeeconomyhasbeenvisualizedbyitsfoundersasaMonacoofthe
Caribbean.Embracingprinciplesofwideopenfreeenterpriseandepitomizingthecapitalistic
dream,theyplantopromotethedevelopmentofbanking,financialservices,insurance,trustand
securitiesbrokerageservices,andmanyotherbusinessesandinvestmentinstitutions.NewUtopiaisto
beamagnetforinventors,innovators,scientists,andresearchers.Theypromiseanassuranceof
freedom,privacy,andstrictconfidentialitylawsinconnectionwithanycommercialenterprise.In
1999,theirfundraising/investorenticingmethodsdrewseriousinterestfromtheU.S.Securitiesand
ExchangeCommission.Thoughthecasehassincebeenresolved,Lazarus(whohadalreadybeen
involvedinanumberofquestionableinvestmentdealings),wasinvestigatedbytheSEC.Theywere
grantedanemergencyrestrainingordertohaltNewUtopia's$350millionbondofferingoverthe
InternetandallthecapitalLazarushadraisedtofinancehisprojectwastemporarilyfrozen.Inthe
wordsofSusanWright,ittooktenmonthstoproveincourtthatwewereinnocentofthecharge.
LazarusadmitsthatTherehavebeenanumberofdelaysasanyprojectofthismagnitudecanexpect,
buttheyarenowmovingfullsteamahead,andagreementshavebeensignedwithmajordevelopers.
Theirheadquarters(originallyinTulsa,OK)weremovedtoFortMyersBeach,FLthedecisionto
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relocatetheHQtobeatthegatewaytotheGulfofMexicoinFloridawasmadebecausethisnew
locationisconvenientlyaccessibletowheretheNewUtopiasiteissituated.ThePrincipalitys
officialWebsiteishttp://www.newutopia.com/
ThoughTheWallStreetJournalhasdescribedMr.Turneyasamedicallyuntrainedhighschool
dropout,heisthefounderofseveralsuccessfulcompaniesandmadehismodestfortunebyselling
controversiallifeextensionmedications/therapies.He,reminiscentofamoderndayPoncede
Le&ocauten,believesthatthesemedicineshavegreatlybetteredhislifesince1991and,asiftheplot
neededanyfurtherthickening,thisistheprincipalreasonwhyNewUtopiawillhostanantiaging
institute,whichwilldeliverthefountainofyouthandvigortoitswealthyclients.Hepreviously
headedtheElDoradoRejuvenationandLongevityInstituteinHouston,andasimilarlynamedclinic
inPlayadelCarmen/Cancun,Mexico.IhavebeencalledtheFatherofGrowthHormonebythe
media,basedonmyhavingpioneeredthefield,andhaveappearedallovertheworldpromotingthe
useofHGH(HumanGrowthHormone)...Ourantiagingwebsitehasmadethousandsofphysician
recommendationstothosewhowanttoenhancethequalityoftheirlives,andretardthedebilitating
signsofoldage.
JorgeFernndezVidal,whobynowhadenteredintothebusinessoffacilitatingtheproductionof
coinsonbehalfofnumerousunrecognizedstatesthatlackedthenecessarylevelsofnumismatic
knowledge.DuringJanuary2007aftermuchanticipatedcoin,OneCrowndated2007wasfinallya
reality.A6piecesetconsistingofnickel+Nordicgold,Nordicgold+nickel,nickel+copper,copper,
Nordicgold,andsilver.Thefirst3areactuallybimetallic,insofarasthesculptedbustofPrince
Lazarusiscoatedwithathinlayerofthesecondmetal.Atpresentexchangerateof1.25UnitedStates
Dollars(USD)isto1NewUtopianCrown(UTC).
IntheendIwouldthankEricVictorMcCreaforhisaboveinformationonPrincipalityofNewUtopia.
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http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/New_Utopia.htm
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NorthernForestArchipelago
NorthernForestArchipelagoisaMicroNationwithconstitutionalmonarchycenteredinandaround
SaranacLake/LakeClear,NewYork.
Itisdescribedasapintsizedparadisecomprisedofseveraldozenchunksorislandsofwilderness
existingwithinthenortheasternstatesoftheUSA.Theirdeclarationofexistencewasformalized
throughtheenactmentandratificationofaConstitutiononSeptember21,1998.TheirKingisKing
JamesIII(probablyalsoknownasLoraxD.Treehugger).Heexploredthevasttracksofforestland
knownastheGreatNorthernForest,purchasedthelandthatwouldbecomeBackwoods(thecapitalof
theNFA),andorganizedotherwidelydispersedbitsoftimberlandunderacohesivesystemof
government.Finally,amicronationalcoincraftedfromwood!Thisisastrikinglycute1/10thSweat
EquityBuck(acommunitycurrencymodelledaftertheinnovativeIthacaHOURSlocalmonetary
system).InitiallythesewoodencoinswereobtaineddirectlyfromMarjorieBoodlesmythe,the
MinisterofForeignRelationsandlaterwithothercoindealers.TheirWebsiteis:
http://www.northernforestarchipelago.org/
Thiscoinismadeofwood,issuedon01stSeptember2003.Only250ofthesecoinshavebeen
producedtocommemoratethefifthanniversaryofthefoundingofNorthernForestArchipelago.The
coinis1.5inchesacross,andmadefromvarioushardwoodsavailablehereintheNFA.Nontoxic
greeninkisusedinprintingthewordingsonit.AdAugustaPerAngusta,means"tohighplacesby
narrowpaths".OneNFASweatEquityBuck(NFASEB)isequivalenttoaUS$10Bill.
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PicturedaboveyouwillfindpicturesofthefirstNorthernForestArchipelagoMetalCoinageever
issued.Therewere250ofthebronzecoinsminted,100oftheblacknickel,25ofthesilver,and25of
thegold.Thecoinsare1.5"indiameter.Thefronthasapictureof(Ben&Jemie)KingJamesandthe
CrownPrinceBenjamin,coininformationarcingacrosstopandbottom,anda"B"forBackwoods(the
capitaloftheNFA).ThebackhasapictureofanaturalsettingcommontotheNFA,aquotefromEd
Abbey(EdwardPaulAbbey,19271989)aboutthenatureofwilderness,"WoodsWaterWildlife"
acrossthetop,andtheGPScoordinatescoordinatesofBackwoods.
Igotmy1/10NFASEB2003woodencoinfromErikV.McCreaand1NFASEB2006Antiqued
BronzecointhroughOdedPaz.Furtherdetailandinformationaboutthesecoinscanbefoundattheir
website:
http://northernforestarchipelago.org/coin.html.andforrecentissuesat:http://northernforest
archipelago.org/bux.html.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/NorthernForestArchipelago.htm
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NovaRoma
NovaRoma
Acyberbasedmicronationfoundedon01stMarch1998isbasedin
Wells,Maine.Itisanorganizationdedicatedtothestudyandrestoration
ofancientRomanculture.Locationisknownasworldwidewithno
territoryclaimed.RulersaretwoCensors,andotherRomanMagistrates
electedfromcitizensonayearlybasis.
ObverseImprint:SeatedfigureofIuppiterOptimusMaximus,(Jupiter,
BestandGreatest)holdingWingedVictory.Theletters"IOM",the
abbreviationofJupiter'snameandtitle,appearbelow.Legendaround
therimofcoinreads:NOVAROMAAEQUITAS(equality)
CONCORDIA(harmony)CIVILITAS(civility).
ReverseImprint:SPQR(SenatusPopulusqueRomanus)inwreath,the
symbolofNovaRoma.Belowisimprintedthecoindenomination,I
SESTERTIUS.Legendaroundtherimofcoinreads:DECLARATIO
NOVAROMA(DeclarationofNovaRoma)KALMARMMDCCLI
AVC(KalendsofMarch,2751AUC,or1stofMarch,2751,AbUrbi
Conditum,or"TheYearoftheCity".)Thiscommemoratesthefounding
ofNovaRoma,March1,1998.TheyusetheRomanCalendar,which
commencedwhenRomewasfoundedin753BC.
Theirtradetokeniscustomarilyplacedinactualcirculationatalltheir
events(suchastheannualRomanDays).Detailsofthistradecoincanbe
viewedathttp://www.novaroma.org/macellum/coins.html.Thevalueof
thiscoinisequivalentto50centsofUnitedStates.
Ipurchasedyear2751/19981Sestertius(SestertiusSignum)bronzemetalcoinfromChaimDovShibolet.
Hedealswithunusualworldcoinsandcanbecontactedat(shibolet@yahoo.com).
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/NovaRoma.htm
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NovaRoma
Obverse
Theobverse"device"(thepicturepart)showstheCapitolium(TempleofCapitolineIuppiter)withthe
CapitolineTriadofIuno,IuppiterandMinervaontheporch.ThiswasalsodoneonRomancoins.
Thebuildingistoppedbyaquadriga(asitactuallywas)thatiscomingtowardtheviewer.Onlythefrontsof
thehorsesareshown.Theroofisborderedbyseashellantefixi.Thepedimentalsculptureisavajra
lightningbolt.ThispedimentaldecorationwasactuallyshownonCapitoliumcoinsoftheRepublic.Itisa
veryimportantsymbol,appearinginasomewhatalteredformonRomanshields.Thisvajraalsofigures
importantlyinBuddhistart,symbolizingpowerandauthority.Itisbelievedthatthevajrawastakeninto
Buddhistartataveryearlyperiod,undertheinfluenceofHellenisticart,whichalsotransmittedconventions
ofposeanddraping.Thusthevajra,wellattestedtoinRomanart,formsabridgeacrosscontinents,cultures
andages,alwaysasasymbolofpower.OnlyweRomansretainitinanythinglikeitsoriginalcontext.
ThebuildingshownhereisCorinthianorder.Notethattheflutingisdrawntosuggesttheroundnessofthe
columns,withthecenterflutebeingsomewhatwiderthantheflankingones.ACapitoliumcoinfromthe
timeofDomitianshowedthecolumnsthisway,anditisaverydramaticfeature,fineanddelicatebutlinear,
formingpartoftheframearoundthecentralfigures.Thecolumnsandcapitalswilltaxthediecutter'sartto
thelimit.Thearchitraveissomewhatsimplifiedandthedentilsratheroversized,butagain,theyarestill
pushingthelimitofthediecutter'sskill.
TheentiretemplesitsonasimplebasesupportedbythelargelegendNOVAROMA.Thissymbolically
showsthatNovaRomasupportstheReligioandprovidesanewhomeandwelcomefortheRomandeities.
Thefigures,asmentionedabove,areallbasedonextantsculpturesandtheposesareconsistentwiththose
onactualRomancoins.Iunoontheleftisshownasaproperanddutifulwife,wearingastolabutcrowned
withadiadem.Shemakesanofferingfromapaterawhileholdingherstaffinherhand.Iuppiterisshown
seated,holdinghisscepterwhichdisappearsoutofviewabove.HecatcheshisconstantcompanionVictory
inhishand,whooffershimawreath.NexttoIuppiterisasymbolofTerminus,whoofalltheGodsrefused
tomakewayfortheTempleofIuppiter,foreshadowingthestabilityofthecityandtheRomans.
OntherightisMinerva,adutifuldaughter.Sheholdsherspearandshield,showing,alongwithherstern
look,thatsheisreadytodefendfamilyandhome.Shewearstheaegis,addingtoherfearsomelook,butitis
possibletoseethatsheisstillayoungwoman.TogetherwithIunoandIuppitersheformsafamilygroup,
showingthecentralimportanceofthefamilytotheRomans.Atthebaseofthecoin,curvedagainsttherim
isthewordSESTERTIVS.ThiswordneverappearedonRomancoins,butasmodernRomansweneeda
bitofhelp,anditcorrectstheSESTERTIUSoftheoriginalcoins.
Reverse
Thesurroundinglegend(FRAPVLOCLAENATECOS)istheconsulardatefortheyearMMDCCLVIII
AUC.ThecentralfigureisacommononefromcoinsoftheRepublic,Iuppiterinaquadrigadrivenby
Victory.Iuppiteragainholdshisstaff,andnowwieldsavajrathunderboltinhisupraisedarm.Victory,
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NovaRoma
wingsspreadbehindher,holdsthereins.Thehorsesgoforwardwithenergybutwithdignity.Iuppiter,
Victoryandthevajratiethereverseimagetotheobverse,andtheseatedIuppiterwithVictoryonthe
obversetiesthiscointhematicallytothepreviousSestertiusSignum,the"Declaratio".
Purposeofcoinage:
TobuildanactivetradeeconomyforNovaRoma.
Toactasapromotional/collectableitemtoencouragepublicinterestinNovaRoma.
Tobeaphysicaltokenofsovereignty,availabletoallCitizens.
TohelpprovideaRomanatmosphereatliveNovaRomaevents.
ToenhanceNovaRoma'sstatusasaviableorganization/micronation.
TohelpbuildalegacyforNovaRoma.(Coinscanlastcenturies,afterall!)
ToprovideaRomanitemthatcanbeusedasanofferingtothedeitiesoftheReligioRomana.
NovaRomasetstheredemptionvalueofitscoinsat50UScents(ortheequivalentinothercurrencies)to1
Sestertius.NovaRomaguaranteestoredeemcoinsatthisvaluesothattheymaybeusedastradecoinageat
events,withinNRProvinciae,tradewithOrdoEquestervendorsandmore.Coinsthathavebeen
deliberatelydefacedoralteredarenonreedemable.
NOVAROMAisanorganizationdedicatedtothestudyandrestorationofancientRomanculture.Fromits
legendaryfoundingin753BCEto330CE,whenitceasedtobethecenterofImperialauthority,Romeset
thestandardandlaidthefoundationformodernWesternCivilization.Romecivilizedtheworld,andNova
Romasee'stheneedforthatdivinemissiontobekeptalive.
Founded2,750yearsaftertheEternalCityitself,NOVAROMAseekstobringbackthosegoldentimes.But
whereancestorsimposedtheirwillthroughtheswordandthelegions,theyintendthesameresultthrough
thespreadofknowledgeandthroughthereownvirtuousexample.
InApril,2003theSenateofNovaRomaapprovedthepurchaseofa10acreranchinTexas,USA.(Nova
Roma'sAmericaAustroccidentalisProvincia.)ThislandisasymbolofNovaRoma'sdedicationtoour
futuregoalofalargerworldcapital.ItisalsoisaconfirmationofNovaRoma'sexistenceasaviable
organizationwithpracticalrealworldobjectives.
TheparceloflandNovaRomapurchasedislocatedinCulbersonCountyinWestTexas.Thelandserves
bothasasymbolicworldcapital,andalsoastheagerpublicus(publicland).AnyCitizenofNovaRomais
welcometovisititshouldtheytraveltothearea.CurrentlythelandownedbyNovaRomaisundeveloped.
AsmoreCitizensjoinAmericaAustroccidentalisProvincia,thelandmaybeusedforseveralpurposes,
includinggatherings,ReligioRomanarites,historicalencampments,oreventheraisingofaphysical
buildingsuchasatemple.(ThisareaofTexasisverysimilartopartsofsuchancientEasternProvincesas
Dacia,MoesiaandArmenia.ItwouldmakeanexcellentplacetoresearchvariousaspectsofRomanfrontier
militaryandcivilianlife.)
Ultimately,NovaRoma'sgoalistoownatleast108contiguousacresofland,wheretheyhopetobuildan
administrativeworldcapitalasaculturalandspiritualhomelandfortheCitizensthatlivearoundtheworld.
Thelandisthefirststeptowardthatgoal.NovaRomamayobtainotherlandand/orpropertiesaswellby
purchaseordonationtocontinueworkingtowardatruemanifestationofitscommunity.(NovaRomaisa
taxexemptnonprofitorganizationincorporatedintheUnitedStates,meaningdonationsoflandormoneyad
fundosres(landfund)aretaxdeductibleforAmericancitizens.)
DenominationofthecoinisSestertius,officialname:SestertiusSignumandcommonname:"Quadriga".
Diameter:32mm,thickness:2.25mm,edge:plain,material:brass,yearminted:C.ButeonePo.Minucia
cos.(MMDCCLIXa.u.c.).Quantityminted:5000circulationcoins,250proofs.Iobtainedmyproofcoin
throughOdedPaz.
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LaParvaDomusMagnaQuies
LocatedinthePuntaCarretasdistrictofMontevideo,Uruguay.ThePalaceofParvaDomuswasbuilt
in1878.Itissituatedinanoldmansion,withaverybeautifulgarden,inanaristocratic
neighborhood.Beforethis,therewereonlysomedilapidatedhovelsatthatlocation,whichitselfwas
onlyfilledwithclover,thistles,clumpsofgrass,andanassortmentofpricklyandthornyplants.The
roomshaddirtfloorsandsomeofthemdidn'tevenhavearoof.AmannamedJosAchinelli
(progenitorofalltheParvensepeople)usedtogofishingnearbyeverySunday.Toreachhis
destination,hehadtoendureanarduousandstressfulrideinanovercrowded,horsedrawnstreetcar.
Soeventually,therundownstructuresbecameafamiliarsighttoAchinelli,wholearnedthenameof
theirownerfromoneofthelocals.Soinordertohaveaplacetorestandregainhisstrengthafterthe
uncomfortablecommute,hethendecidedtorentoneofthedingyrooms(number4)for$3permonth.
Inthebeginning,itwasnothingmorethanaplaceforhimtostorehisbelongingsandtocookhisstew.
Butsoonthereafter,manyofhisfriendsbecameenamoredoftheideaandbegantojoinhimthere.One
ofthem,RivasZuchelli,wasanavidreader.HebecameenchantedwiththeLatinphraseParva
DomusMagnaQuies,whichhefoundinoneofhisbooksunawareofitssignificance,hethentooka
pieceofcoalfromthefireplaceandscrawleditabovethedoorofroom#4.WhenAchinelliarrived,he
wasinafoulmoodathavingcaughtnofishhequicklyerasedtheinscriptionfromthebricks.
Accordingtotradition,onekeptwritingit,andtheotherkeptremovingituntiloneday,twopassing
priestshappenedtotranslatethemottoforthem:smallhouse,greatquiet,littledwellingofgreat
peace.OnlythendidAchinellirealizehowprofoundlypertinentthewordswere,andhowsuccinctly
theysummeduptheverysentimentwhichcausedhimandtheothermentounite.Hegleefullyasked
Zuchellitorewritethephrase,butthistimewithpaint.Soon,auniqueflagwassewnforthem.Itwas
hoisted,onapolethey'derectedinfrontoftheirsmallbuilding,onAugust25,1878.Thisis
consideredtobethedateofParvaDomus'founding.Ittookplaceatfourinthemorning,inthe
presenceofmorethan20friends.Intime,alltheroomswerefixedup,andinordertoaccommodate
theevergrowinggroup,agooddealofremodelingtookplace.Theyevenaddedamuseum,inwhich
hundredsofpricelessitemsandimportantmementosareondisplay.Eventually,theParvaDomus
wouldhave843,196citizens(239250ofwhicharestillliving).Thisshorthistory,perhapsfictionalor
perhapsfactual(orperhapsanevenmixtureofthetwo),wasliftedfromanarrativewrittenbyaMr.
JulioRussi,inconnectionwiththeissuanceofanofficial2003Uruguayanpostagestampwhich
commemoratesthe125thanniversaryoftheParvaDomus.
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Accordingtoothersources,theSociedadParvaDomusbeganasapeculiarculturalassociationa
placeofgatheringforparticipantsofthelocalfishingparties.OnAugust4,1895,themembersofthis
SocietyassembledanddecidedthattheirnamewouldbechangedtoRepblicadeParvaDomus
MagnaQuies.Itisaplaceofrelaxationandrecreation,distantfromthebustleofthecity,andlargely
ignoredbymostMontevideans.InsidetheRepublic,passionatediscussionsarenotpermitted,and
onecan'tspeakaboutpoliticsandreligion(perhapstheprohibitionextendseventoeconomics,orany
othersubjectwhichcausesdivisionamongpeople).TheircredoalludestoTolerance,Friendship,
Fraternity,andEqualityandtheyarewellknownfortheirsumptuousmeals.
AfterWorldWarI,theywantedtoemulatetheSwissandformtheirowntypeofDadaistmovement
(whichwasfoundedinZurich)atthetime,UruguaywasconsideredtheSwitzerlandofSouth
America(duetoitssocialpeace,itsrelativelystabledemocracy,anditsadvancedlevelofeconomic
development).TheywereseriousadmirersofthepoetComtedeLautramont,whowasbornin
Montevideo.ThisbrotherhoodhasitsownPresident,VicePresident,Ministers,andAmbassadors.
Someoftheirlawsaredownrightdrollandsurreal,andtheyarefondofcomicalritualsandcustoms.
TheRepublicisreminiscentofasecretsociety,anditissurroundedbyamythofimpenetrability.
Theirmembershipisrestrictedtothoseofthemasculinegender,anditsmembershaveincludedsome
ofthemostillustriousnamesinthefieldofacademia,thearts(painters,photographers,singers,
musicians,actors),science,andhighsociety(includingsomemillionaires).Eventhoughoneofthe
articlesintheirConstitutionstatesthatNeitherwomen,noranimals,norinferiorbeingsareadmitted
inside,femalesareactuallyallowedentrancetwiceayear,foraspecialdinner.Ilearnedaportionof
thisinformationfromoneofitscitizens,Mr.WalterCarrasco.Hereisonemoreoddthinghehadto
say:Theonlyonewhocommandsusisthepresidentandweallobeyhimwithpleasureand
admirationbecauseheisourteacher,becauseintheparvadomus,weareignorantpeopleandthe
personwhoenlightensusisthepresidentwhenhetalksandexplainswhatheissayingbecausewe
neverunderstandanything.
In2003,theyissued3coinstocommemoratetheiranniversary.Thesewere1PesoCobre,5Pesos
Plata,and10PesosOro.Previously,underthenameRepublicaParvense,theyhadissueda195310
PesosOro(perhapsthiscoincommemoratestheir75thanniversary),andanundated1peso(one
cataloguestatescirca1890sbutitismorethanlikelyfrom1953aswell,orpossiblyfrom1928,when
theParvaDomuswouldhavereachedits50thanniversary).Thesecoinswerepurportedlyusedfor
gambling,andperhapsalsousedforbuyingotheritemswithinthewallsoftheRepublic.Theyhave
alsoproducedsomebanknotes,includingahumorousonefortheabsurdamountof499Pesos.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/ParvaDomusMagnaQuies.htm
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KingdomofRiboalte
KingdomofRiboalte
AccordingtotheirofficialWebsite(http://www.riboalte.tk/),theRegnedeRiboalteisavirtual
microstate.ThecapitalofthismonarchyisnamedSantaMariaMagdalena,aftertheirpatronsaint.
TheirofficiallanguagesareCatalanandSpanish.ThebriefhistoryoftheKingdomisasfollows:On22
July1999,agroupofcitizensestablishedthemicronation(intheSpanishprovinceofLrida)asan
independent/sovereignstate.HisRoyalHighnessEmiliI(heisalsodescribedasthefounder)assumed
thethroneasking.HeassumedthethroneaskingSuAltezaRealEmiliI(descendantofanillegitimate
sonofcountGuillermodeRibagorza).Thepeoplelivinginthatterritorywereadmittedintothe
KingdomofRiboalte(RIB)ascitizens.Thecountryisamonarchy.Theformofrealsuccessionthe
marktheconstitutionanditisinspiredintheprimitivekingdoms.HisRoyalHighnessJoanIruled
Riboaltefrom22July2000to01December2003(duringhisreign,byabsolutemajorityofitscitizens
andinexerciseofitssovereignty,RiboalteratifieditsConstitutionon22July2002)thedayin
whichheabdicatedthethroneduetoanillnesshelaterdiedon12December2003.Thereupon,His
RoyalHighnessJoanII(ElRey)thecrownprinceupuntilthatmomentsucceededtothethrone.
HeisthethirdkingofRiboalte.ThekingistheChiefofStateandbytherightsgivenhimbythecurrent
Constitution,heisthepresidentoftheGovernment,presidentoftheRoyalCouncil(Parliament)and
heisalsothepersoninchargeofforeignaffairs.Hecanchoosehissuccessorfromanynoblemanofthe
RoyalCouncil.TheKingdomofRiboalteclaimstwooverseasterritories(autonomousstates):Islotede
SantJordi(asmallislandinNorthAfrica)andPequeaIslaMosquitos(intheGulfofGuinea).
1ORiboalte.Year:2009.Weight:11.75g.
Metal:Bimetal.Diameter:25mm.Edge:
Reeded.Alignment:Medal.Mint:N/A.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Riboalte.htm
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KingdomofRiboalte
Obverse:Monkeysittingandwatchingleft.
Reverse:CoatandArmsofRiboalte.Mintage:
N/A.
On20January2000,JoanIestablishedtheOMEGARiboaltes(OR)astheKingdomscurrency.He
alsocreatedthestamps,auniversityandBankofRiboalte.On02January2005,JoanIIchangedits
nametotheRoyalBankofRiboalte.InMayof2008,theprolificMr.JorgeFernndezVidal(formore
informationaboutthisnumismatist,pleaseseemylistingsforHADEFandWestarctica)issuedtwo
coinsforthismicrostate.ThefirstisaReinodeRiboaltepiece.ThesecondisanIsladeSantJordi
piece.Bothbearthe5ORiboaltedenominationandaredated2008.InregardstotheSantJordipiece,
Mr.Vidalwrites:Itssovereigntyisunclear,whichpromptedtheKingdomofRiboaltetoclaimthe
islandin2002.Inhisoriginaltext,Mr.Vidaladded:DonDanielisthefirstDukeofSantJordiandthe
currentgovernoroftheisland.Helaterchangedthewordingto:DonDanielistheDuqueof
Portaspana(thetitleoftheheiroftheRiboaltethrone)andthecurrentGovernoroftheisland.Iasked
himwhyhealteredthesentence.ThereasonwhyIchangedthetitleofDukeofSantJorditothatof
DukeofPortaspanaisbecauseDonDanielwasmadeDukeofPortaspanaafterbeingmadeDukeof
SantJordi(Iguesshestillholdsbothtitles)andtheKingbelievedthatitwasmoreappropriatetohave
himdescribedasDukeofPortaspana.Tomakeitclearer,hewasindeedtheDukeofSantJordiatthe
timeIwrotetheoriginalsentenceandlaterwasmadeDukeofPortaspana,Ibelievethatinadditionto
hisformertitleofDukeofSantJordi.Ineverreallybothertoaskwhy.InFebruaryof2009,Mr.Vidal
issuedanewcoinforIsladeSantJordi.Thefollowingmonth,heissuedoneforPequeaIsla
Mosquitoswithamonkeystandingonhisfourlegs,movingrightwithalongtail.Bothbearthe1O
Riboaltedenominationandaredated2009.InregardstothePequeaIslaMosquitospiece,hewrites:
ThisstatewascreatedinNovember22nd2004andaparliamentarygovernmentwasformed,whichhas
beenrulingtheislandsincethen.InAugust29th2005thegovernmentoftheislandsignedaTreatyof
AnnexationwiththeKingdomofRiboalte.InSeptember2nd2005,aStatuteofAutonomywas
approvedviareferendumanditwasdeclaredofficialinSeptember4th2005.
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KingdomofRobland
KingdomofRobland
ThisisthenameofamicronationcreatedbyBelgiancomedian/celebrityRobVanoudenhoven.The
genesisofthiscountrywasinspiredbyHowtoStartYourOwnCountry,a5partseriesonBBC2that
beganairinginAugustof2005.Theprogram,whichwaspresentedbyDannyWallace,documented
histrialsandtribulationsinattemptingtofoundLovely,amicronationlocatedinhisLondonflat.
Apparently,theFlemishcommercialtelevisionstationVTMacquiredlegalrightstoproduceand
broadcastitsownshowbasedonthesameformat.IntheensuingepisodesofRobland,
VanoudenhovendeclareshimselfKingRobIandtravelstheworldseekingadviceonhowtorunhis
newnation.Thefirstepisode,whichairedonApril9th,2006receivedanaverageof673,000viewers.
Thefollowingepisodesfaredevenworseintheratings:anaverageof511,000forthesecondepisode,
380,000forthethird,and339,000forthefourth.Itisnotknownhowmanypeoplewatchedthe
subsequentprograms,becausetheCIM(CentrumvoorInformatieoverdeMedia)onlygivesthose
figuresforthe20mostwatchedprograms.
OnApril10,2006,VanoudenhoveninvadedthemunicipalityofGingelom,whereheplannedto
declaretheindependenceofRobland.Onthedayofthisevent,thearmyofRoblandpostedflyersall
overthevillageandgavepamphletstothelocalpopulationwithroughlythefollowingtext(forthe
translation,IamgratefultoMr.PeterGeelen):GingelombecomesRobland.Themomentyouread
this,youwillbeoccupied.FromtodayGingelomwillbeundertheauthorityofkingRobI.Butdon't
panic,becausewecomeinpeace.Youarethereforewelcometogoonwithwhatyouweredoing
unlessitissomethingillegalofcourse,becausethatisnotallowed.Forthetimebeingeverythingwill
remainthesame,onlythenameofthevillagewillchangeimmediately.NotonlydoesGingelomsound
likeawordfromaninfantrhyme,itisalsototallyunpronounceableforourfriendsintheprovinceof
WestVlaanderen...That'swhyI,kingRobI,rebaptizeGingelomofficiallytoRobland.Becauseofthis,
youarefromnowonaRobiaan.Weexpectyoutobehaveyourself:bepleasanttoeveryone,courteous
intrafficandseethatyourarmpitsarealwaysneatlywashed.Shortlywewillholdaspeechwhichwill
clearupeverything.Shouldyouneverthelessstillhavesomequestions,youcanaskthemafterwards.
Gingelom'sWebsitewasalsotemporarilyhacked.Aftersomedays,theleaderofRoblandwas
deliberatelyarrestedbythepolice.Hethendecidedtoestablishhiskingdominasmallpartofthe
communityofWijgmaal(inLeuven),wheremostoftheRobianenreside(almosteveryinhabitantof
WijgmaalispurportedlyacitizenofRobland).Thesizeofthisterritoryisabout1.5squarekilometers.
OnApril20th,KingRobsentanofficialdeclarationofindependencetotheBelgianPrimeMinister,
GuyVerhofstadt.OnApril23rd,theallfemalegovernmentofRoblandwasintroducedsomeofthe
offbeatofficesincludedMinisterofPublicHealthandGastronomy,MinisterofEnvironmentand
Intimacy,MinisterofMaleAffairsandOtherSmallDomesticAnimals,MinisterofAgricultureand
Relaxation.Thatsameday,Robland'spoeticconstitutionwasadopted.ThelawsofRoblandwere
announcedonApril30th.ItsHeadofStatealsoattemptedtogainrecognitionfromtheUnitedNations.
HehadameetingwithShashiTharoor(UnderSecretaryGeneralforCommunicationsandPublic
Information)onMay27th,buthismissionwasnotsuccessful.KingRob'snextstepwastobuyapart
ofthemoonfromtheLunarEmbassy(theofficialfoundersandleadersoftheextraterrestrialreal
estatemarket)andtoparcelthislandouttothecitizensofRobland.Itsflagwasdesignedby
kindergarteners.ItsanthemwascomposedbyVanoudenhoven'spersonalfriends.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Robland.htm
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KingdomofRobland
TheRobbieistheofficialcurrencyofRobland.TheMay28theditionofDeRobkrant(oneofthe
InternetnewspapersthatfocusesonRoblandanotherwellknownoneistheHetRobiaansNieuws)
recountsanimportanteventfromepisode#5,inwhichKingRobdecidedthathismicronationwasin
needofitsowncoinage.HethenspokewithhisgoodfriendRaf(abanker),whosuggestedthatthey
issue50,000pieces.TheundatedRobbie,whichbearsanimageofKoningRobI,wasindeedmade
availableasofMay8th,andcouldbepurchasedatanybranchofDexiaBank,byanyofitsclientsas
wellbyanyRobiaan.
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KingdomofRomkerhall
KingdomofRomkerhall
LocatedinOkertal,anarrowvalleysurroundedbyhighmountainswithintheslateandgranite
highlandregionofOberharz(UpperHarz),inGermany'sNiedersachsen(LowerSaxony)state.
Romkerhall,namedafterasmallriver,theRomke,isintheadministrativedistrictofBraunschweig
andthecountyofGoslar.Originallyahuntinglodge,itwasbuiltinthe19thcenturybyKingGeorge
V,andthepropertybelongedtohisKingdomofHanover.HerefusedtosupportPrussiaintheAustro
PrussianWar(1866),andconsequentlylosthiskingship.Thismonarchywasannexedin1871by
Prussiaasaprovince,untiltheGermanEmpirecametoanendin1918.ThecurrentownerisBaron
WalterLechner(aformerarchitect),whopurchasedthisformerprincelyestateafterafire.Heclaims
thatthesurroundingterritorywasforgottenaboutandneverformallyattachedtoaparticularparish
themistakewasrepeatedin1970,whenceitagainwentunassignedafterageneral
reformation/regionalreorganizationoftheparishes.Hetookadvantageofthisopportunityby
attractingPrincessErinavonSachsen,DuchesstoSaxonia,tohisminisculepieceofmunicipalityfree,
independentland.She,marriedtoPrinceThimo(grandchildofthelastkingofSaxony,Friedrich
AugustIII,whowasdeposedintheaftermathofWorldWarI),wasenthronedasactingQueenin
1988onthatsameday,hisestablishmentwasproclaimedtheworld'ssmallestKingdom.Sincethen,
RomkerhallhasbeenthecauseofcontinuousquarrelsbetweentheBaronandtheGermangovernment
anditsaristocracy.Intermsofmarketing,theBaronattemptstoluretouriststothepremisesby
offeringtohostseveraltypesofservicesforthecelebrationofspecialoccasions(birthdays,
anniversaries,baptisms,confirmations),nottheleastofwhicharefancyweddings,conductedin
Romkerhall'saudiencehall.TheBaronsells/conferstitlesofnobilitytoworthyindividualsandhehas
receivedsomepublicitybyallegedlylisting,asasteeplypricetaggedgag,hisKnigreichoneBay
firstfor$37million,andthenfortheevenmoreexorbitantsumof$60million.
TheirWebsite,whereafewofthecoinscanbeseen,is:
http://www.koenigreichromkerhall.de/
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KingdomofRomkerhall
Ipurchasedtheir,1,5,and10Knigsthalertinsetofcoins,eachhavingadiameterof30mmand
thicknessof2mm(thoughdated1988,theywereactuallystruckin2005,bythefirmKunstund
Gewerbering,inHalsbrcke).ThereisaswellaQueenErinacommemorativeThaler,knownas
Gedenkthaler(thoughdated1998,actuallyhandmadebyBaronChristianGrossin2005).Allthese
piecesareavailableinissuesoftin,silver,24karatgoldplatedsilver,andpuregold.Thesecoinscan
beusedwithintheKingdom(Hotel,Restaurant,Touristshopetc.)aslegaltender.
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http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Romkerhall.htm
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StateofSabotage
StateofSabotage
InJuneof1992,artistRobertJelinekfoundedtheSabotagegroupinKassel,Germany.Sabotage
beganoperatingthatyearasasmallproject/collective,andin1994theybecameintoSabotage
Communicationsanartorganisationandmusiclabel.Eventually,Sabotageevolvedintoa
unionofvarioussublabelsbroughttogetherbytheirsharedwayofthinkingandsimilarstyleof
expressionthroughdifferentmedia.Thesesublabelsaresimplyanumberofflexiblesubdivisions
whichemergeastheneedsariseanddissolveundertheirowninertia.Eachofthesublabelsprimarily
workswithinitsmedium,neverthelesstheirbondsarefirmandfruitful.Thefieldsofactivitiesof
Sabotagedefydefinitionofcontents,themeandgeographicconcentrationandtherefordifferent
projectsandtargetgroupsarerepresentedindifferentsublabels.Thesesubgroupsfallunderthe
categoryofartSabotageacts(since1992),AlibiService(199295),Sabotageevents(Since1994),
Sabotageprojects(since1995)orCaSH(1998)andmusicSabotageRecordings(199499),Craft
Records(since1995),SubetageRecords(since1999).Since1992morethan100internationalpublic
sabotageshavetakenplaceinformofperformances,actions,eventsandexhibitionsSabotagein
thissensemeansthebrakingofconventions,theartisticinterruptionofprocessesofthinkingand
manipulationaltransfer.Sabotageisnotatechnicthattransportsmeaning.Sabotagetransgresses
positionswithoutpresentinganewsocialorder,provokesthinkingbyinterveningintheofficial
discourse.Sabotageistheexperimenttobrakeupincrustationofanorganisedbourgeoissocietythat
insulatesitselfagainstallchangesandtriestomakethinkablenewpossibilities.Etymologically,the
nameSabotageoriginatesfromtheFrenchwordsabotandmeanstotramplewithwoodenshoes.
Asabotisaclogwithaleathertop.AtthebeginningofagriculturalmechanizationFrenchfarm
workersthrewtheirsabotesintoharvestingandprocessingmachines(whichweretakingtheirjobs),
therebyblockingthecomplicatedmechanicsofthemowingandthreshingmachinesandrendering
themuseless.Forthesakeoftheirlabor,theyengagedinsabotage.
Forthisorganization,Unpredictabilityandsubversion(characterizedbysolidarityandunity)
becameescaperoutesthroughthesystemofdominance.Intheirquesttowardsgreaterindividual
selfdeterminationandcollectiveautonomy,thesecloseknitsaboteursclipcloppedtheirwayintothe
micronationalworld.EnterAmorph!(themostimportantandinfluentialperformancefestivalof
Europe),whichtookplaceinHelsinkifromAugust2931of2003.Thatyear'sthemewas
Micronations.Fittingtothetheme,thefestivalwasrelocatedtotheuninhabitedislandofHarakka,
just100metersoffofHelsinki.Duringthisinternationalsummitofministates,conferences,
presentations,proclamationsandperformanceswerepresentedbyrepresentativesoftheindividual
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StateofSabotage
micronations.OnAugust30,2003at1:00pmFinnishtimeSoS(theStateofSabotage)wascalled
intoexistencebeforealargeaudience.ROBERTJELINEKandH.R.GIGER,togetherwith
HUUTAJAT,theFinnish25manscreamingmenschoir,ceremoniallyinauguratedthestate.
Accordingtotheirofficialwebsiteandelectronicembassy(http://www.sabotage.at/sos/),theStateof
Sabotageisasecular,sovereignanddemocraticstate.TheirStateConstitutionwaspubliclyrecited
andresolvedonSeptember4,2005andhasbeenvalidandlegallybindingsincethattimeTheassets
oftheSoSstatearethecreation,protection,mediation,andpositioningofartandculture.SoSisthe
firstsovereignculturalstateaccordingtointernationallaw.SoSfulfillsallcriteriarequiredofa
sovereignstate(territory,population,andstateorganization),aswellaseducationandtraininginterms
ofartisticfreedom.ThelonglistofidealspromotedbytheStateofSabotageinclude:Education,
visionandutopiaandInternallocationsanddislocations,displacementsanddissolutionsoftheself
compositionsthatformalivingsocietyandtheconservation,protectionandcreationofthefreedom
ofartandculture.
TheartisticprocessisattheheartoftheStateofSabotage:Statediplomacyisconductedthrough
artisticsovereigntyandtransnationalityartasstateasadirectformofindependentstateartThe
GermanconceptofStaatskunst(artofstate)alludestothefactthatingovernmentsofprevious
centuriesthebalancingandequalizationofmanifoldfactorsandpowerswasinfactunderstoodasan
art.TheantiquatedconceptofStaatskunstalsohasanothermeaning:Itremindsusthatinformertimes
thepromotionofartandculturewasseenasastategoalandrulersrecognizedthatartandculturewere
essentialcomponentsoftheirwealthandcapital.TheSoSstateisboundtothisunderstandingofstate
artandstrivesforthedevelopmentandpromotionofitsownSoSArtFoundation.Incooperationwith
variousartists,artisticpractices,models,visionsandutopias,aswellastransnationalcharacteristics,
willbecomevisibleandnewconditionsoftherealityofstateandartwillbeexemplified.
ThoughheadquarteredinVienna,theStateofSabotageisnotageographicplace,butrathera
concept.SoSisalsoprimarilyanideaandonlysecondarilyaconcreteterritory.SoShasnopredefined
territory,butonethatischaracterizedbyconstant,andtheoreticallyunlimited,growth.SoShasno
indigenouspopulation,butisopentoallthosewhowishtojoinoftheirownfreewill.Theterritoryof
theStateofSabotagegrowswitheachnewcitizen.TheStateofSabotagemayemergeanywhere
geographicallyandtheseregions/provincesareclearlydemarkedasStateterritory.Thus,theState
ofSabotageisnotapurelyvirtualcommunity,itencompassesrealstateterritory.InSeptember2003,
SoSfirsthoisteditsflagoveritsownterritoryonthefifthcontinent.:Baldrockistan,situatedin
Australia(betweenTenterfieldandStanthrope,3kmfromBaldRockNationalParkontheNewSouth
WalesQueenslandborder).EveniftheSoSstateonlysecondarilyrepresentsaconcreteterritory,the
developmentofitsownterritoryinBaldrockistanisofrecreationalandspiritualsignificance.The
groundsalreadyofferaccommodations,anexcellentroadnetworkandelectricity.Inthenextfew
years,artiststudiosandartisticprojectsshouldemergeinharmonywithfloraandfauna,withoutthe
intentionofsettling.Baldrockistanisaneutralzone.Justlikenativesandvisitors,theSoSstateisitself
aguestinBaldrockistan/Australia.Thegroundsareutilizedandprotectedinaccordwithnature,
aboriginesandnatives.TheSoSArtFoundationplansawardtravelandresidencyscholarshipsto/in
Baldrockistan/AustraliatoyoungartistsAndartisticproductions,conferences,eventsandworkshops
arealsoplannedontheSoSgroundsinBaldrockistan/Australia.OtherSoSterritoriesincludeCircle
RockandPendulumHouseinAustria,andTrinityintheCzechRepublic.Inaddition,theStateof
SabotageclaimsaShadowEmpire(TheDarkNightofthePlanetarySoul),whichtheydescribeasa
virtualcontinent,arhizomelikeplateaufortheSoScitizens.IncontrasttotherealSoSterritoryin
Baldrockistan,atransnationalmapwithoutbeginningandendgrowshereinthesenseofastateof
mind,determinedentirelybythecitizensthemselves.ThesizesoftheindividualareasintheSoS
Plateaumirrortherentedorownedspaceofthecitizens,suchasapartmentsorproperty.
PartoftheirphilosophyhastodowiththeconceptofDespatialization:Alandlesspeoplecannot
succumbtothesamefallacythathasimposeditselfonalmosteverysettledpeoplethroughouthistory:
tounderstandthelanditselfasthecontainerofthepeopleandtheirownlandastheapriorioftheir
lifemeaningoridentity.Thisterritorialphantomisstilloneofthemosteffectiveandproblematic
historicalheirloomsbecauseitistiedtothebasicreflexofallseeminglylegitimateusesofviolence,
nationaldefense.Itisbasedontheobsessiveequationofplaceandselftheaxiomaticerrorin
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StateofSabotage
territorialreasoning.Yetitisincreasinglybecomingexposedasanoverpoweringwaveoftransnational
mobilityensuresthatmanypeoplesandterritoriesrelativizetheirliaisons.SoScitizensarenomadizing
ordeterritorializinggroupswhoconstitutethemselvesnotonlythroughtheirimmunitytosupporting
soil.Rather,theircommunicativeinteractionsfunctionasanautogenousvesselinwhichparticipants
containthemselvesandstayinformwhilethegroupdriftsthroughexternallandscapes.Asaportative
statecommunitySoSoffersrealtransitspaces,placesatwhichpeopleconvene,yetwithoutwishingor
beingabletobindtheiridentitytoalocality.SoSspacesandplacesdonotdependonaregular
inhabitanceoronacollectiveself.ItispeculiartoSoSthatitdoesnotretainitsvisitors.An
invulnerablelicensetochangelandandselfremainsuntouchedbyglobaltendencies.
TheadherentsofSoSdefinethestateasastaticentity(bothtermsderivefromtheLatinword
status).Inourcontemporaryunderstandingthestateisakindofsteelyskeletonormatrix
constructedsothatitcanprovidestructure,grounding,anddurationtoaconstantlychangingsociety.
Politicalscientistsandstatetheorists,however,maintainthatthestatereachedtheapexofits
developmentintheseventiesandhassincebeenindecline.Yetevenatatimewhenthestateisbeing
pushedoutofmoreandmoreareasoflifeandcontinuestoloseesteem,itremainsthehighestexisting
authoritypreciselybecausethestateismorestaticthanotherforcesaffectingourlives.Ontheother
hand,thestateisinferiortothesehighlydynamicforcesandlagshelplesslybehindthenewest
developmentsinscienceandtechnology.ThecitizensofSoSarewillingnotonlytounfurlthe
bannersofculturalindependence,buttosignalrealpoliticalstatehood,toattainitandtoshareitwith
others.Statehoodinthesenseoflegalframeworkandinstrumentsistheprerequisiteforindividually
reclaimingretractedsocialpoliticalrights,freespacesandculturalstructures.SoSdoesnotpresently
wishtojoinideologicalblocsorsystemicstructuresthroughinternationalagreementsorcontracts.
Politically,SoSneithercan,norwishestobeagreatpower.Itispreciselytheadvantageofa
microstate,withitsminimaladministrativeorganizationandcompetenttrustedpartners,thatitcreates
ahighdegreeofflexibility.SoShasthequalityofaculturalstate.Itknowsneitherofficialsnor
functionariesitknowsonlyselfdeterminedartistsandactiveassociates.
ThestatusoftheStateofSabotageisnotdeterminable,butSoSisrichinnontangibleresources,thus
renderingitincontradictiontothesocietyandtheirdemands.Life,fromthestandpointoftechnology
oreconomics,isnevercompletelycontrollable.Andthereforeitisalwaysadisruptivefactor,a
potentialactofsabotage.Itsnotaboutrehabilitationorsecuringaseatattheconcertofhumanrights,
itsaboutdestabilization.SoSisaphantomlike,viral,spectralpresenceinthesynapsesofourbrains,
withafingerontheignitionswitchofourownrockets.Inlogical,creativeconsequenceofitsartistic
process,SoShasdesignedaninstrumentfortheculminationofhumanpotentialthestateasthe
ultimatenegationofthecivilizedOccidentSoSisadesignforlife,aparallelalternativetoexisting
forms,developmentsandimpendingconflictsOnlyexistenceaccordingtointernationallawand
artisticfreedomarerelevant.TheendeavorsofSoSarebasedonthisconsciousness.SoSrecognizes
andrespectsthelimitsofitsowncapabilities.Asaterritory,SoScontinuestogrowandcanemerge
anywhereontheglobe.Asapoliticalentity,SoScanachievemorethanitssizesuggests.Itisuptothe
activecitizens,friendsandpartnerstostrikeoutandpursuetherightpathwiththenecessaryinterest,
instinct,andjoy.In2003,theStateofSabotagedrewitsownartisticconclusionsanddeclareditself
astateastateintime,withitscitizens'territoriesconstantlygrowing,butwithoutthedemarcation
ofnationalborders.EveryonecanownanSoSpassportandenjoythestatusofanSoScitizen.SoSisa
physicallyvitalcollectivebody,installedinrealdailysocialandpoliticalspace.Itisagrowing
organismwhosedynamics,spiritanddiversityareshapedbythecitizensthemselves.
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StateofSabotage
TheStateofSabotagehasissuedanundatedFiveSoSpiece.Ipurchasedthealuminumandcopper
versions.Brassandsilveralsoexist.Seehttp://www.sabotage.at/sos/shop.php
IntheendIwouldliketothankMr.EricVictorMcCreafromtheaboveinformationonStateof
Sabotage.
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SaintBarthelemy
SaintBarthelemy
SaintBarthelemyislocatedintheCaribbean,asapart
FrenchOverSeasDepartmentofGuadelope(underFrench
rulesince1635).It'scapitalisGustiva.
RobertMilesReincke,theselfappointedKingofL'Urin
issuedoneshillingcoindated1970.Thiscoinisalsoknown
as"Reincke'sNecessityPieces".Thisunusualandrarecoin
wassupposedlymintedtoalleviateashortagecausedby
hoardingofsilverFrench5Francpiecesontheislandinlate
1960s.ThecoinalsobearsthenameLesCastelets,his
hotelinthevillageofL'Urin.
Theircoiniscalledtheworld'sfirstconvertiblecoin
becauseyoucouldexchangeitforothercurrencyinSweden
aswellasSaintBarthelemy.http://www.nmh
mynt.a.se/St_Barth_.html.
ThiscoinfeaturesMr.Reincke'sthreequarterrightportrait
wearingalaurelwreath.ThelegendAMOREIACETHA
/MILESIUSREXUSURINUS/HAASREDEEMARLE
FORUS$1and1970.
Translationreads,LOVEandWIT,MILESKINGOF
L'URIN.ASisinconjunctionwiththeREDEEMABLEFOR
US$1INDICATING"AT5"inFrenchmeans"at5Francsto
theUSDollar".TheHAHAmarkingarebelievedtohark
backtothemintmark'sontheFrenchcolonial5and10
centimespieces."H"forLaRochelleand"A"forParis.
AlegendLESCASTELETSVILLAGEAL'URINST.BARTHELEMY(AF)isalsovisibleonthe
coin.LESCASTELETSistheHotelnameofthetownonthisIsland.AFindicatesANTILLES
FRANCAISE(FrenchAntilles).ThetwoheadedAustrianeaglealludestothecountrywhereMiles
Reinckegrewup.
ThesenickelcoinsweremadeinCanadaasindicatedontheedgeofeachpiece.1Shillingis
redeemablefor1USDor5FrenchFrancs.516piecesaremintedinnickelmetalhaving39mm
diameterwithunreedededge.Only305coinsweremadeavailable.
Reincke'scoinagewasacceptedjustabouteverywhereonSt.Barthelemy.RobertMilesReinckewas
thesinglegreatestdeveloperoftheisland.HediedinNovember1990.Hisnecessitypieceswere
knownonlyto"SaintBarths"inhabitantsuntil1995.
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SaintBarthelemy
IpurchasedmySaintBarthelemyoneShilling1970coinfromRogerZago/BarbaraofAspenCoins.
SaintBarthelemy'sdated1988coinsof50and500Francs/Riksdaleralsoexist.
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Sealand
Sealand
HMFortRoughswasoneofseveralWorldWarIIinstallations,thatweredesignedbyGuyMaunselland
knowncollectivelyasHisMajesty'sFortsorasMaunsellSeaForts,anditspurposewastoguardtheportof
Harwich,Essex.Itwasconstructedin1942.OnFebruary11,1943thefortwastowedbythreetugstoa
locationonRoughSandswhereitsbasewasintentionallyfloodedsothatitsanktoarestingplaceonthe
sandbarlocatedapproximatelysixmilesfromthecoastofSuffolkandeightmilesfromthecoastofEssex.Itis
anUnitedKingdomabandonedWorldwarIIguntower.Itlaterbecameaselfproclaimed,unrecognizedstate
calledthePrincipalityofSealand.
In1965,heoustedRadioCitystaffwhohadoccupiedKnockJohnTower,aMaunsellSeaFort(aWorldWarII
Britishnavaldefenceplatform).[8]Usingthemilitaryequipmentthatwasleftontheplatform,Batesusedan
oldUnitedStatesAirForceradiobeacontobroadcasthisstation.FromKnockJohnTower,heranRadioEssex
from1965to1966andsucceededinbecomingthefirstpirateradiostationtoprovide24hourentertainment.
ThestationchangeditsnameinOctober1966toBritain'sBetterMusicStation(BBMS)afterBateshadbeen
convictedofviolatingSectionOneoftheWirelessTelegraphyAct1949.Bateswasthenfined100forhis
continuedillegalbroadcasting.Duetoinsufficientfunds,BBMSwentofftheaironChristmasDayof1966.
BatesmovedhisoperationtothenearbyRoughsTower,anotherMaunsellFortfurtheroutbeyondthethen
boundaryoftheUnitedKingdom'sterritorialwaters,but,despitehavingthenecessaryequipment,henever
beganbroadcastingagain.On14August1967,theMarineBroadcastingOffencesActof1967cameintoeffect
whichforbadebroadcastingfromcertainmarinestructures,namelyplatformssuchasBates'.19dayslater,on
02September1967,BatesdeclaredtheindependenceofRoughsToweranddeemeditthePrincipalityof
Sealand.PaddyRoyBatesisaformerBritishArmyMajor.In1966heoperatedRadioEssexandRonan
O'RahillywhooperatedRadioCarolinelandedonFortRoughsandoccupiedit.Howeverafterdisagreements
RoyBatesseizedthetowerashisown.O'Rahillyattemptedtostormthefortin1967,butRoyBatesdefended
thefortwithgunsandpetrolbombsandcontinuedtooccupythefort.TheBritishRoyalMarineswentonalert
andtheBritishAuthoritiesorderedRoyBatestosurrender.Inhisrefusal,RoyBatesfoundedthePrincipalityof
Sealandon02September1967andsettledtherewithhisfamilyasitwasoutsideBritishterritorialwaters.
Theareaisaboutthesizeofatenniscourt.Theislandfortressisconvenientlysituatedfrom65to100miles
fromthecoastsofFrance,Belgium,HollandandGermany.Latitude51.53N,Longitude01.28E.Theofficial
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Sealand
languageofSealandisEnglishandtheSealandDollarhasafixedexchangerateofoneU.S.dollar.Sealand
Dollarissubdividedinto100cents.
OfficialWebsitecanbeviewedat:http://www.sealandgov.com/
Ipurchasedmy10Dollar1972coinfromSteeleHuang(SimilarCoin).ItshownaSailingShipononesideand
PrincessJoanontheother.Thediameterofthiscoinis40.6mm.Madein.925silverandweights25.15grams
withreededegde.Mintageisonly2,000pieces.ThecoinismentionedinBruceUnusualWorldCoins,4th
edition,asBruce#X1andcataloguedatUS$50.10Dollardated1977and20Dollars1975werealsoproduced
onPrincessJoan.
ThelocationchosenwasRoughsTower,anislandfortress
createdinWorldWarIIbyBritainandsubsequentlyabandoned
tothejurisdictionoftheHighSeas.Afterintensivediscussions
withskillfulEnglishlawyers,RoyBatesproclaimedtheisland
hisownstate.Claimingjusgentium,hebestoweduponhimself
thetitleofPrinceandthetitleofPrincesstohiswifeand
subsequentlymadethestatethePrincipalityofSealand.Roy
Bates,henceforthRoyofSealand,exertedstateauthorityonthe
islandandthuswasanabsolutesovereign.Theroyalfamilyand
otherpersonsthathavedeclaredloyaltytoSealandhave
occupiedSealandeversince.
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Sealand
Sealand
SinceRoyofSealandwasstillanEnglishcitizen,hewasthusaccusedofextensivecrimesinBritainandwas
summonedtoanEnglishcourt.TheresultofthislawsuitinChelmsford,Essexwasaspectacularsuccessfor
Sealand'sclaimtosovereignty.Initsjudgmentof25November1968,thecourtdeclaredthatitwasnot
competentinRoyofSealand'scaseasitcouldnotexertanyjurisdictionoutsideofBritishnationalterritory.
BritishcourtdecisionwherethejudgeheldthatRoughsTowerstoodininternationalwatersanddidnotfall
underthelegaljurisdictionoftheUnitedKingdom.ThisisthefirstdefactorecognitionofthePrincipalityof
Sealand.EnglishlawhadruledthatSealandwasnotpartoftheUnitedKingdom,nordidanyothernation
claimit,hencePrinceRoy'sdeclarationofanewSovereignStatewasdefactoupheld.Theindependenceof
Sealandwasupheldina1968.ThisgavebirthtoSealand'snationalmottoofEMareLibertas,or"Fromthe
Sea,Freedom".
BATESPrinces
PaddyRoy............................................02Sep196709Oct2012
Hewasbornon29thAug1921inEaling,London.HeisthesonofHarryBates(father)andLilyanBates
(mother).RoymarriedJoanCollins(b.1926).On09October2012,Batesdiedquietlyatacarehomein
LeighonSeaafterhavingsufferedfromAlzheimer'sforseveralyears.RoyhadtwochildrenPenelope
Bates(daughterbornin1950)andMichaelBates(sonbornin1952).
Michael..............................................09Oct2012date
Hewasbornin1952andwasregentforhisfatherfrom1999.HemarriedLorraineWheeler(born1962)
andhadtwosonsJames(b.1986)andLiam(b.1988)andonedaughterCharlotte.Jamesmarried
CharleyRaeHolgate(born1989,anurseatSouthendHospitalwholivesinLeigh)on06thSep2013in
Essex.
Sevenyearslateron25September1975,RoyofSealandproclaimedtheConstitutionofthePrincipality.Over
time,othernationaltreasuresweredeveloped,suchastheflagofthePrincipalityofSealand,itsnational
anthem,stamps,aswellasgoldandsilvercoinslaunchedasSealandDollars.Finally,passportsofthe
PrincipalityofSealandwereissuedtothosewhohadhelpedSealandinsomeway,thoughtheywereneverfor
sale.TheLawofSealandisbasedonBritishCommonLawandBritishLawofContract.Passportsandstamps
havebeenincirculationsince1969.Sealandprintedstampsin1969and1970.Thesewerereportedlyusedto
carrymailbetweentheFortRoughs(Sealand)andBrussels(Belgium).
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Sealand
IgotmyX91Dollar1994,31.1340g,.999Ag,diameter39mm,1ozwithreedededgecoinfromJoel
Anderson.Sealandhasproducedasetofsilverandgoldcoinstodivertourattentiontotheendangeredspecies:
OrcinusOrca,onceknownas"KillerWhales".InoceanOrcacanlivefrom30to50years,butwhilecaptivity
inpollutedpoolstheyarelikelytodiewithin10years.Sealandhasproducedcoinsofquarter,halfandone
dollarinsilvermetalwith1,2.5and5dollarsingoldmetalin1994.The$1.00goldcoincontainsonegramof
gold,the$2.50goldcoinweighs1/20ozwhilethe$5.00goldcoinweights1/10oz.Allthreethreegoldcoins
arestruckin.999puregoldandtheirpurityandweightarenotedonthecoinstotheleftofthedenomination.
Patternofthesecoinsinbrassandcoppernickelalsoexist.
In1978,whileBateswasaway,the"PrimeMinister"hehadappointed,ProfessorAlexanderG.Achenbach,
andseveralGermanandDutchcitizensstagedaforcibletakeoverofRoughsTower,holdingBates'son
Michaelcaptive,beforereleasinghimseveraldayslaterintheNetherlands.
Batesthereuponenlistedarmedassistanceand,inahelicopterassault,retookthefortress.Hethenheldthe
invaderscaptive,claimingthemasprisonersofwar.Mostparticipantsintheinvasionwererepatriatedatthe
cessationofthe"war",butGernotPtz,aGermanlawyerwhoheldaSealandpassport,waschargedwith
treasonagainstSealandandwasheldunlesshepaidDM75,000(morethan18,000).Thegovernmentsofthe
NetherlandsandGermanypetitionedtheBritishgovernmentforhisrelease,buttheUnitedKingdom
disavowedallresponsibility,citingthe1968courtdecision.
GermanythensentadiplomatfromitsLondonembassytoRoughsTowertonegotiateforPtz'srelease,and
afterseveralweeksRoyBatesrelentedandvindicated.BateseventuallyreleasedtheGermanwithoutpayment
ofhis75,000Deutschmarkfineforsubsequentlyclaimingthatthediplomat'svisitconstituteddefacto
recognitionofSealandbyGermany.(Germanyhasnotcommentedonthisinterpretation.).
Followinghisrepatriation,Achenbachestablishedan"exilegovernment"inGermany,inoppositiontoRoy
Bates,assumingthetitleof"ChairmanofthePrivyCouncil".UponAchenbach'sresignationforhealthreasons
inAugust1989,therebelgovernment's"MinisterforEconomicCooperation",JohannesSeiger,assumed
control,withthepositionof"PrimeMinisterandChairmanofthePrivyCouncil".Seigercontinuestoclaim
thatheisSealand'slegitimaterulingauthority.Intheearly1990s,Achenbach'sGermangroupalsoproduceda
100SealandDollar1991datedcoin,featuringalikenessofPrimeMinisterJohannesSeiger.Itis1ozsilver
coin,havingreedededge,38.6mmindiameter.
ThenextuproartookplaceduringtheFalklandIslandsWarof1982.Argentina'sinitialsuccessrapidlyeroded,
andtheArgentinesconceivedofadesperateplan.TheycontactedBatesandaskedtoleaseSealandasamissile
base,hopingtodestroyBritishmorale.Batesswalloweddownhismercenaryimpulsesanddeclined.Ina
completelyunrelatedmatter,Britainextendeditsterritorialwaterstothe20kilometerlimitlaterthatyear,soon
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Sealand
afterdynamitinganothertowernearSealand.PrinceRoyrefusedtogiveuptheship,though.In1999,he
enteredintonegotiationswithHavenCotoleasetheentirenation.HavenCo(naturally)nowplanstoturn
Sealandintoanoffshoredatahaven.SincetheEUhasalreadyextendedSealandacertaindegreeofdefacto
recognition,itremainstobeseenhowtheseplanswilldevelop.
Inanincidentin1990,theRoyalMaritimeAuxiliaryvesselGoldenEyewasfireduponfromSealandin
defenseoftheirclaimtothewaterssurroundingRoughsTowertotheextentoftwelvenauticalmiles.Dueto
themassivequantityofillegalpassportsincirculation(estimatedat150,000),in1997theBatesfamilyrevoked
allSealandpassports,includingthosethattheythemselveshadissuedinthepreviousthirtyyears.
Ontheafternoonof23June2006,thetopplatformoftheRoughsTowercaughtfireduetoanelectricalfailure.
AnRAFrescuehelicoptertransferredonepersontoIpswichhospital,directlyfromthetower.TheHarwich
LifeboatstoodbytheRoughsToweruntilalocalfiretugextinguishedthefire.Alldamagewasrepairedby
November2006.In2007,SealandwasofferedforsalethroughSpanishestatecompanyInmoNaranja.
However,becauseaprincipalitycan'ttechnicallybesold,Sealand'scurrentownersplantotransfer
"custodianship".Theaskingpriceisbetween65,000,000and504,000,000(750maccordingtotheBBC).
AfilmaboutBates'story,titledSealand,islistedonIMDB(ausersubmitteddatabaseoffilmandtelevision
projects)asbeinginproductionandprobablyitwillbereleasedin2008.
DocumentaryonSealand:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6OisB56whg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3qv67cqQHLU&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMk9vqm8a4I&feature=related
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
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PrincipalityofSeborga
ThePrincipalityofSeborgaisamicronationlocatedinthenorthwesternItalianregionofLiguria,near
theFrenchborder,andinsightofMonacoat4350'43"N,742'0"E.Theprincipalityiscoexistentwith,
andclaimstheterritoryofanareaof15km,thetownofSeborgawhichisanItalianmunicipality.
Unlikemostmicronations,SeborgapossessesanundisputedhistoryasafeudalstateasConstitutional
monarchy.
Itcameintobeingin954,whentheCountofVentimigliacededSeborgatothemonksofLerino,atthe
foundationoftheCistercianmonasterythere.In1079theAbbotofthismonasterywasmadeaPrince
oftheHolyRomanEmpire,withtemporalauthorityoverthePrincipalityofSeborga.
Whateverthevalidityoftheseclaims,itisworthnotingthattheestablishmentofstatehooddoesn'trely
onlyonformalacts.Whentheprincelyabbacyceasedtoexist,Seborga,ifnotboughtbyPiedmont
Sardinia,wouldhaverevertedtoVentimiglia(whichsince1139wassubordinatetoGenoa)orelse
becometerranullius.ThenewstateofItalythuseitherinheritedSeborga,assuccessorstatetoboth
GenoaandPiedmontSardinia,orannexedit.SeborgathusbecameanordinaryItaliancommune,as
thedemocraticallyelectedmayorexplicitlyacknowledges
On20January1729,thisindependentprincipalitywassoldtotheSavoydynasty'sKingdomof
PiedmontSardinia,thenruledbyVictorAmadeusII.TheargumentforSeborga'spresentdaystatusas
anindependentstateisfoundedontheclaimthatthissalewasneverregisteredbyitsnewowner,
resultingintheprincipalityfallingintoakindoflegaltwilightzone.
Subsequently,in1815,theCongressofViennaoverlookedSeborgainitsredistributionofEuropean
territoriesaftertheNapoleonicWars,andthereisnomentionofSeborgaintheActofUnificationof
KingdomofItalyin1861.
Intheearly1960s,GiorgioCarbone,thenheadofthelocalflowergrowerscooperative,began
promotingtheideathatSeborgaretaineditshistoricindependenceasaprincipality.By1963the
peopleofSeborgaweresufficientlyconvincedoftheseargumentstoelectCarboneastheir"Headof
State".HethenassumedthetitleandstyleGiorgioI,PrinceofSeborga,whichhehasheldeversince.
Hewasreelectedin1993.Carbone'sstatusas"Prince"wasconfirmedon23April1995,when,inan
informalreferendum,Seborgansvoted304infavour,4against,forthePrincipality'sconstitution,and
infavourof'independence'fromItaly.Eventhoughthelegalityofthatreferendummaybequestioned,
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Seborga.htm
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theLuiginobecameSeborga'sofficialcurrencythefollowingday.PrinceGiorgioisknownlocallyas
'SuaTremendit'('YourTremendousness'or'YourTerrificness').
Moreover,thereisnotensionbetweenthe"Principality"ofSeborgaandtheItaliangovernment.Law
enforcement,publichealth,telecommunications,schoolservicesandallotherpublicservicesare
providedasintherestofItaly.Seborgansregularlypaytaxes,participateintheItalianadministrative
life,andvoteinlocalandnational(Italian)elections.Forinstance,intheelectionsoftheSenatein
2001thevoterturnoutwas84.21%.
HemadearareTVappearanceinthe2005BBCprogrammeHowtoStartYourOwnCountryEpisode
3"ForKingandCountry".InJanuary2006Carboneannouncedthathewouldabdicateonreachingthe
ageof70,apparentlyasaresultofarowoverrebuildingthevillagecentre,buthefailedtofollow
throughonhispromise.Evenso,thisdecisionwasthesubjectofafeatureontheBBCWorldService
radioprogrammeWorldTodayon25January2006.
InJune2006apowerstrugglearosewhenawomancallingherself"PrincessYasminevon
HohenstaufenAnjouPlantagenet",whoclaimstobetherightfulheirtothethroneofSeborga,wroteto
Italy'spresidentofferingtoreturntheprincipalitytothestate.Theclaimhassincebeenproven
frivolousandvoid.
PrincipalityofSeborgaisaselfproclaimedindependentstateintheLiguriaregionofItaly.Motto:Sub
UmbraSedi(English:SitintheShade).MusicalAnthem:LaSperanza.Languages:Italian,Ligurian
andFrench.
Seborgs'sWebsitecanbeviewedat:http://www.principatodiseborga.com/
He,PrinceGiorgioI,presentedevidencethatSeborgawastechnicallyneverpartofItaly.Dueto
convolutedchangesinownershipandbureaucraticoversights,ithadnotbeenlistedasoneofthestates
tobepartoftheKingdomintheUnificationof1861,norwasthisterritorymentionedinregardstothe
formationoftheItalianRepublicin1946.Therewasactuallysomehistoricalprecedentforcoins
withinthePrincipality.In1666,abbots/monksfoundedSeborga'sownmint(Themintofthe
PrincipalitywasfoundedonDecember24,1666byPrince/AbbotEdward),whichproducedsilverand
goldLuiginos("1666MINTSB"isindicatedonthecoins).Themodern,reopenedmintcurrently
offersreplicas/reproductionsofthoseXVIIcenturycoins,aswellasthenewer19941996coins
(whichreportedlystillcirculatelocally).
Denomination:5centesimi
Luigino
Year:1995
Metal:Stainlesssteel
Mint:SeborgaMint
Diameter:19.5mm
EdgeType:plain
Obverse:PrinceGiorgioI
Reverse:SwordinStone
Luigino
Year:1996
Metal:Brass
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Mint:SeborgaMint
Diameter:25.5mm
EdgeType:plain
Obverse:ArmsofSaintBernard
Reverse:SaintBernard
Luigino
Year:1996
Metal:Cupronickel
Mint:SeborgaMint
Mintage:30,000
Diameter:26.0mm
EdgeType:plain
Reverse:OrderofSaintBernard
Arms
Denomination:1/2Luigino
Year:1995
Metal:BimetallicBrassand
Cupronickel
Mint:SeborgaMint
Mintage:21,000
Diameter:30.0mm
Weight:8.50g
EdgeType:plain
Reverse:PiazzaSanMartino,
Seborga
Denomination:Luigino
Cupronickelhasa20.5mmdiametercausingthebaseofthelettersofthe
surroundinginscriptiontorestuponitsouteredge.
Year:1996
Metal:Bronze
Mint:SeborgaMint
Mintage:10,700
Diameter:28.0mm
Weight:8.50g
EdgeType:plain
Reverse:ArmsofSeborga
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GubernorsoftheCastrumSepulchri
Alberto,abbotofLrins........................................c.954
PrincesAbbotsofSeborga
Edouard.........................................................after1079
BertranddeBlanchefort.........................................c.1156
AlsosixthGrandMasteroftheKnightsTemplar.
GuillaumedeChartres....................................12091219
AlsofourteenthGrandMasteroftheKnightsTemplarcommanderoftheFifthCrusade.Vacant
Period:12191256.
ThomasBrard...................................................c.1256
AlsotwentiethGrandMasteroftheKnightsTemplar.
PonceLance..............................................13641394
GiovanniLascarisoftheCountsofVentimiglia...........13941403
GiovanniPellizon........................................14031424
GiorgioLascarisoftheCountsofVentimiglia............14241452
MicheleLascarisoftheCountsofVentimiglia............14521469
NicolaLascarisoftheCountsofVentimiglia.............14691493
RanieroLascarisoftheCountsofVentimiglia............14931512
AugustineGrimaldi.......................................15121532
AlsoRegentoftheSignoryofMonacotoHonorIfrom22August1523to14April1532.
Vacantperiod:15321534.
FrancescoBugi...........................................15341542
IlariodePescheriis....................................15421553
NicolaIsoarddiLaTurbie...............................15531563
GerolamodaPerugia......................................15631583
BasiliodeVallauris.....................................15831601
OnoratodaTaggia........................................160113Oct1611
CesariodaSanPaolo..............................13Oct16111617
TeodorodaGrasse........................................16171653
GiuseppedeMeyronet.....................................1653Aug1707
GiuseppeAntonioBiancheri...........................Aug170730Jan1729
FromAug1707,thesovereigntyofSeborgaistransferredfromtheCistercianAbbotofLrinsto
thatofBordighera.From30January1729SeborgabecomesaPrincipalitywiththePatronageof
theKingdomofSardinia.From17March1861SeborgabecomesaPrincipalitywiththe
PatronageoftheKingdomofItaly.From02June1946,Seborgaisdefactoannexedtothe
ItalianRepublic.
Princes(Pretenders)
GiorgioI[GiorgioCarbone].......................14May196325Nov2009
HewasmadePrinceforlifeon24September1995.Hewasbornon14thJun1936anddiedat
theageof73on25thNov2009.
AlbertoRomano(Regent)...........................25Nov200925Apr2010
MarcelloI[MarcelloMenegatto]...................25Apr2010date
MarcelloMenegattowaselectedonApril25,2010andcrownedonMay22,2010.
ThankstoMr.GeorgeCruikshankfortheinformationpertainingtoSeborgaandit'scoins.Hiswebsite
http://www.imperialcollection.net/seborga03.htmlishighlyrecommendedasithasmuchinformation
aboutthehistory,coinsandtheirmintagefrom1994to1996.Abovecoinsareabriefdescription
accordinglytohimonSeborga'coins.Luiginoissubdividedin100centesimiLuigino.
ConfusionconcerningtheprecisenumberofSeborgacointypehaslongpersisted,thankstoclaimson
officialSeborgawebsitethatthePrinceauthorisedthereissueofSeborgacurrencyforthefirsttimeon
23rdApril1995.Whatisnotmentionedisthefactthataseriesofcoinsweremintedin1994asapre
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releasedtrialwithatotalof50sets.Theset,whichrepresentsabouthalfthePrincipality'sentire
numismaticoutput,compriseda1Luiginocoindesign,mintedineachoftwelvedifferentmetals
(including,unusual,lead),inscribedontheobversewiththewordPROVA(trial).Athirteenth1
Luiginocoin(SBC002)wasalsomintedin1994andthisdidnotbearthePROVAinscription,which
mayincludethatitenteredcirculationatsomepoint.Alsomintedweregoldandplatinum100Luigino
patternsinatotalmintageof8trialcoineach,ofwhichonlythreeofeachwerereleasedforsale.The
luiginoisacceptedinsidethecity(alongwiththelegalcurrency,theeuro,andbeforethatbothItalian
liraandFrenchfranc)itisrecognizedbytheInternationalBank,butwithoutlegalvalueoutsidethe
town.SomeclaimthattheItaliangovernmentdidnotwelcomethisinitiative.Itisnotclearwhatisthe
totalamountofluiginiissued.
Itisknownthatinthe19941996period,Seborgamintedtwentyeighttypesofcoins,including
patterns.
Thebasemetaltypecouldbeexchangedforforeigncurrencyatbanksandcommericalestablishment
insidethePrincipalityandwereinwidedaytodaycirculationattheratepeggedto6USdollars=1
Luigino,whichthesilvercoinswereprobablyintendedforthenumismaticcollectormarket.
ThecurrentstatusofSeborga'scoinremainunclear,whileofficialwebsiteimplythatLuiginiremaina
validmeansofexchangewithinthePrincipality'sborders,Seborgahasnotmintedanyfurthercoins
intendedforcirculationsince1996andnolongerappearstopromotetheonesproducedbeforethat
year.Insteadithaslimiteditselftotheproductionofnoveltyfacsimilesofseveralofits17thcentury
release.IthasbeensuggestedthatthispolicymaybeanoutcomeofItaliangovernmentpressureon
PrinceGiorgiotoabandontheLuiginoasanindependentcurrency.
Stampsarealsoissued.Thestampshaveonlyaphilatelicvalue,sincetheonlypostofficeistheItalian
one.ThetouristofficecurrentlyissuesaTouristPassport,whichisbasicallyamerenoveltyandisnot
arecognizeddocumentvalidforcrossinginternationalboundaries.Thankstothepublicityasa
principality,tourismexpanded.Theprincipality'shistorictowncentrewasalsorestored,ensuringthat
itscharmswereprotectedfromcommercialoverdevelopment.
Ipurchasedmy5,10and15CentisimifromJoelAnderson.MyMezzoLuigino(50centesimi)and1
LuiginocoinscomefromAlejandroGuelfand.Hemightstillhaveafewofthemandcanbecontactat
(worldauctions2000@yahoo.com).
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
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TorguKingdom
TorguKingdom
TorguKingdom(TORGUKUNINGRIIK)issituatedinEstonia,inthesouthpartofSaaremaa/sel
IslandknownastheSrvePeninsula.InstitutedonlandsoftheformerTorgu(Torkenhof)township,by
Mr.KirillTeiter,amemberoftheRoyalistsfactionoftheEstonianRiigikogu(Parliament).Its
formationwasinstrictaccordancewitharticle155oftheConstitution.Hewasawellknown
person/voiceatthetimehewasapoliceofficerandhistrafficreportscouldbeheardontheradio.
Manyyearsago,theSrvePeninsulawasdividedinto2municipalities:TorguandSalme.InSoviet
times,theywereunited.Then,inthesummerof1992,therewereadministrativereforms.Salme,but
notTorgu,wasreestablishedaccordingtotheoldboundaries.InSeptemberofthatyear,Mr.Leevi
Hng,thepresidentoftheSocietyforRestorationandDevelopmentofSrve,protestedtothe
newspapers.HepubliclydeclaredtheEstonianKingdomofTorgu,andofferedthethronetoMr.Teiter,
whointurnaccepted.InOctober,thecountry'sfirstelections(afterRussianoccupation)wereheld,and
Mr.TeiterwaselectedasamemberoftheRiigikoguincludinghisown,theRoyalistswon8seats
(outof101).Theresultsofthispopularreferendumwereasurprisetothepoliticians,journalists,and
everyoneelseinvolved.OnNovember28,thequasikoenigwasformallyappointedking,intitle,
duringaballinKuressaare.OnDecember9,theRiigikoguapprovedadecisionontheestablishment
oflocalgovernmentstatustoseveraladministrativeunits,includingTorgu.Thisapparentlywas
satisfactorytoMr.Teiter(nowKirilltheFirst),whohad2daysearliersubmittedadraftresolution
becausethegovernmenthadfailedtoaddresstheTorgusituationinatimelymanner.ThoughTorgu
wasnotgivenfullblownKingdomrights,hestillachievedhisgoal,whichhadbeentorestorecounty
rightstothecirca500citizenswhowouldotherwisenothavetherighttovoteinmattersofselfrule
duringfutureelections.OnDecember18,hewascrownedbytheSaaremaaSelts(selSociety)during
acoronationceremonyinTallinn.HewasoriginallygoingtobecrownedastheKingofSaaremaa,but
atthelastmoment,theislandersbecamefearfulofpoliticalcomplications/repercussionsandpresented
himwithacrownsolelyforTorgu.Andthiswasnotagift,eitherhehadtopay500Krooniforthis
honor.Also,thecrownwastheleftistNationalFront'swayofprotestingagainsttherightwingPro
Patriaparty'sultraliberalprivatizationpolicy.InMarchof1993,selfgovernmentcountyrightswere
officiallyrestoredtoTorgu.
Soforafewyears,KirillIwastheeyestopperkingofTorgu.Therewereparties,interviewsfor
televisionshows,anupsurgeintourism,andmeetingswithforeigninvestors.HeleftParliamentin
1995.HenowlivesinTallinn,andisagroupcommanderandspecialistwhocoordinatesallmass
mediaandpublicrelationsactivitiesfortheirFireandRescueDepartment.Hereferstohimselfasthe
kinginexile,andhestillhasthecostlycrowninhisbookcupboard.Thedailydemandsofroyalty
canbeverytaxingonanordinary,nonbluebloodedpersoninhisownwords,naturallyIhavenotso
muchmoneytobearealorirrealking.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Torgu.htm
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TorguKingdom
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TorguKingdom
Fourcoinshavebeenissuedsofarfrom1993to2002,eachofthemhavingthePortraitofKingKirillI
asobverseandtheArmsofTorguKingdomasreverseincommon.Dominationofthesecoinsare
knownas"LViruValge".
01.LViruValge1993coin,Firstissue,issuedon23rdJunewithmintageof2000pieceswith32mm
diameterandweights12g.Itismadeofbrassalloywithplainedge.
02.LViruValge1998Vcoinwasissuedinthesummerofthatyear,tocommemoratethe5th
anniversaryofthe1stcoinwithmintageof500pieceswith32mmdiameterandweights13g.Itis
madeofcoppernickelzincalloywithplainedge.
03.LViruValge2002XcoincommemoratingtheKingdom's10thanniversarywasissuedwith
mintage250pieceswith32mmdiameterandweights13g.Itismadeofcoppernickelzincalloywith
plainedge.
04.LViruValge2002,thefourthcoin,celebratesKingKirill'spersonal50thbirthday/JubileeLcoin
on25.08.2002,itwasissuedwithmintageof75pieceswith32mmdiameterandweights13g.Itis
madeofgoldplatedcoppernickelzincwithplainedge.
Notably,oneofthefirstcoinswaspresentedtoformerEstonianPresidentLennartMeri.
Thefirst2coinswereostensiblywortha50centiliter(1/2liter)bottleofEstonianwhitevodkainthe
confinesoftheKingdom.Mr.TeiterconfirmsthatTorgu'scoinagestillchangeshandsasactualmoney.
Theyareacceptedbymerchantsandbartenders,andbecausetheirpurchasingpowerispeggedtothat
ofViruValge/EstonianWhite,theircommercialworthhasrisen300%in10years.In1993thevalue
of1coinwas2025EEKin1998itincreasedto40EEKin2003itclimbedto6070EEK.
IpurchasedmysetoffourcoinsfromMichaelPerelman(Michael.Perelman@mail.ee)from
Estonia.Anothercoinin2008withsymbolXV(commemoratethe15thanniversaryofthe1stcoin)
wasissuedwithdenominationofltr(Litres)ofbrassalloywithplainedge.
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TheUnitedFederationofKoronis
UnitedFederationofKoronis
In1966,TheOuterSpaceTreaty(a.k.a.theTreatyonPrinciplesGoverningtheActivitiesofStatesin
theExplorationandUseofOuterSpace,includingtheMoonandOtherCelestialBodies)was
consideredbytheLegalSubcommitteeofUNOOSA(UnitedNationsOfficeforOuterSpaceAffairs
theyareresponsibleforpromotinginternationalcooperationinthepeacefulusesofouterspace)andit
wasadoptedbytheUNGeneralAssemblythatsameyear,inresolution2222(XXI).Itwasratifiedby
95Statesandanadditional27havesignedit.TheOuterSpaceTreaty,whichprovidesthebasic
frameworkoninternationalspacelaw,enteredintoforceinOctober1967.
WhenMr.Wadhwa,whoalsohappenstobeanumismatist,becameawareoftheirprivatenation,he
suggestedthemintingofcoinsasanadditionalavenuetobroadentheirhorizons.Ihadheardofsmall
soverigncountriesinAustraliasuchasHuttRiverbutwasfascinatedbytheconceptofKoronis.
Thus,combinedwithMr.Wadhwa'sinterestinthingsnumismatic,thepoweroftheinternethasled
theFederation'sfounderstoawholenewarena.IhaveconvincedthemembersofKoronistoexpand
beyondtheirsofarinsularexistence.On26/4/06,TheUFKissueditsfirstcoins:asetoffourinthe
denominationsof5,10,25and50Kao,undertheFederation'sresponsibleofHRHPrinceIanStewart.
Thesepiecesweremintedusingasimplelithographictransferontolightmetaldiscs(aluminum).
The5and10Kaoaresilverfinishedandsinglesidedthe25and50Kaoaregoldfinishedand
doublesided(incidentally,the10and50Kaoarequitelargeof50mm).Theyareverythincoins,all
showtheFederation'scoatofarms.Therealsoexistsoneofthefivedoublesided5Kaocoins,which
weremintedsolelyasatrialstriking.ThebasicunitofcurrencyistheKorowhichisdividedinto
100Kao.AsmostbusinessisconductedonEarththevalueoftheKorohasbeensetasequaltothe
AustralianDollar.
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AccordingtotheKoronisFederation'sofficialWebsite(http://www.koronisfederation.org/),Article
IIoftheOuterSpaceTreatygovernstheappropriationofspaceresources.ArticleIIprovidesthat
OuterSpace,includingthemoonandothercelestialbodies,isnotsubjecttonationalappropriationby
claimofsovereignty,bymeansofuseoroccupation,orbyanyothermeans.Internationallawyers
differintheirinterpretationofthetermnationalappropriation.MostinterpretArticleIInarrowlyto
prohibitonlynationalappropriationwhileothersinterprettheclausebroadlytoprohibitallformsof
appropriation,includingprivateandinternationalappropriation.Favoringthenarrowinterpretationof
ArticleIIoverthebroadone,theKoronisfamilyofasteroidswereappropriatedbythenowMonarch
KingAramaron22/4/06toformtheUnitedFederationofKoronis.Thoughthiscollective
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constitutesmanyhundredsofsmallasteroidsorbitingbetweentheplanetsMarsandJupiter,the
principalactivitiesofKoronisarerelatedtothe8largerbodies:243Ida(thenominalcapitalofthe
Federation),158Koronis,167Urda,208Lacrimosa,263Dresda,277Elvira,311Claudia,and321
Florintina.TheUFKisprimarilyalandbasedfederation,butbecausetheasteroidsarecurrently
uninhabitable,they'veestablishedgovernmentofficesonEarthforthepurposesofconductingits
activitiesandrelationships.ThegovernmentofTheFederationisaconstitutionalmonarchywiththe
appointedmembersofcabinet(representingeachofthe8mainasteroids)responsibleongoing
governmentbusiness.Insummation,Koronisisliterallythemostfaroutmicronationtocomedown
thepikesinceCelestia(seemyseparatelistingforthiscoinissuingentity).
Mr.SurjitS.Wadhwaasanamateurastronomer(evenasemiprofessional,hehaspublishedsome
materialinthefieldofcontactbinarystars)whoisalsoamemberofstateandnationalassociations.
Hisinterestinmicronationsstartedafterachanceencounterwithsomeindividualswhobelongedtoa
regionalamateurastronomygroupbasedinNewSouthWales.Mr.Wadhwaaccidentallycameacross
thislocalbandofastronomersin2005whilevisitingfriends,andhewasacceptedasanewmember.
Thishumblecoterieofnonprofessionalstargazershaschosentoremainrelativelyprivate.Theyhave
requested,forreasonsIamnotclearabout,thattheiridentitynotberevealed,andMr.Wadhwahas
respectedtheirwishes.SincebecomingassociatedwithKoronis,hisunderstandingofitsearlyhistory
isthatafew(2or3)membersofthegroupthoughtaboutformingamicronationproject(spacebased
whatelsewouldyouexpect)in1988,buthadkeptthisplanofactionamongthemselves.They
madeafewnotesbutdidnotreallyformaliseastructureassuch.Likeallamateurgroups,theirs
containedpeoplefromvariousvocationsincludinganumberofsolicitors/lawyerswithaninterestin
internationallaw.Theirlegalexperienceledthemtobelievethatthereseemedtobeasolidlegalbasis
fortheexistenceofastellarmicronation.Thoughtheideabehindtheproposalinitiallystemmedfrom
afiresidechat,oneofthememberslookedintothelawbehindtheclaimingofcelestialbodies.
Thiswentonforanumberyearswithsomeverylegaldiscussionsatastronomyclubmeetings.
Unfortunatelyduetovariedcircumstancestheprojectlayeddormantfromabout1989untillate1994.
Thatyear,theideawasrevivedwhenacoupleofnewermembersoftheastronomygroupsuggested
formingacountryandthisledtheoldermemberstoopentheirpreviousnotesandformaliseThe
UnitedFederationofKoronis.Discussionstookplaceagainandonthisoccasionthelegalconsensus
wasthatindividualclaimingofcelestialbodieswherenotmuchexplorationhadtakenplace
could/shouldbevalid.Thelawyersseemtosuggestthatonplaceswheresignificanthumanactivity
hadtakenplace(e.g.moonandmostoftheplanets)maybedifficulttojustify,similarlytheythought
thatclaimingofcelestialbodieswheretherewasnohumanexplorationandunlikelytooccur(i.e.most
oftheknownuniverse)wouldalsobedifficulttolayaclaim.Thisanalysisledourgrouptoconsider
anycelestialbodieswhichhadhadsomehumancontactbutwererelativelyunexplored,i.e.similar
toanunclaimedislandininternationalwaters.Manyideaswerefloatedincludingcomets,moonsof
theplanetsetchoweverlegalopinionwasalwaysthattherehadbeentoomuchexplorationtojustifya
claim.TheideaofclaiminganasteroidwasonlyrecentandwhentheGalileoprobevisualised243Ida
anasteroidwithamoonthedecisionwastaken.ThegroupdidsendsomeletterstotheUN
informingthemoftheiractionwithnoreply.ThiswasrepeatedinApril2006,aftertheyestablisheda
Website,againwithnoreply.WehavenotheardanyrejectionofourclaimfromtheSecretary
GeneraloftheUN.TheFederationisessentiallyasmallsubgroupwithinthelargeramateur
astronomygroup.Theclubremainsisolatedandthereisnomentionofitintheamateurastronomy
groupsmonthlynewsletters.
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UnitedTransnationalRepublics
UnitedTransnationalRepublicsisacountryprojectedstartedinGermanyinApril2001,nowboasting
morethan2500registeredcitizens.Formoreinformation,youcanlookattheirwebsiteat
"www.transnationalrepublic.org".
UnitedTransnationalRepublicscanbedescribedasamodernizationorextensionofthefederal
system.Thenationalissueswillstillbedealtwithbythevariousnationalgovernments,international
issueswillbehandledbytheUnitedNationsandthetransnationalissuedbytheUnitedTransnational
Republics.
ThemodelofUnitedTransitionalRepubliccouldbeprobablysimilartoNonGovernment
Organizations,representingallissuesofhumanrights,warcrimesandothercrimesagainsthumanity
ortheprotectionoftheglobalenvironment(likeGreenpeace).
BelowistheinformationaboutUnitedTransnationalRepublicsanditsfounders,researchedand
gatheredbyErikV.McCrea.
Thisideawassparkedin1996,duringaconversationbetweenanartistnamedChristianEckartanda
dozenfriends.HerelayedastoryabouthisRussiangirlfriend,whosepassporthadexpired.Whenshe
wenttogetitextendedatherembassyinBerlin,theofficialsrefusedtorenewit.Shehadlosther
citizenshipfromonemomenttothenext.Theyfounditshockingthatwithoutsomeonevalidatingour
identityonpaper,wealmostceasetoexist!Theythendiscussedhowseeminglybizarregeopolitical
bordersareinnowadaystime.Dobordersreallyreflectourwayoflifeor,moreimportantly,ourway
ofthinking?Yet,thepeopleoftheworlddependonnationstoconfirmtheirexistencewithpaper
documents.Couldtherebeanalternative?Bytheyear2000,thesocietalswayoftheInternethad
expandedtosuchanextentthattheybegantodevelopaWebsite(alongwithacurrencysystem,
identitycards,andotherdocuments).TheTRansnationaleRepublikwasofficiallyproclaimedonApril
16,2001.TheProclamationPartytookplaceattheAtomicCafinMunich,Germany.Thefounders
includedthebrothers/artistsGeorgandJakobZocheandseveraloftheirfriends(TammoRist,Jakob
Schlandt,CorneliusEverding,EdwinaBlush,FloBiehler,AndorOrand).Sincethen,they've
establishedImmigrationOfficesinseveralothercities,includingBerlin,Hamburg,andCopenhagen.
Thesewelltraveledgentshavealsotakentheirmessagetospecialfunctions/eventsinFinland,Italy,
andSwitzerland.OnOctober20,2001,theywerefortunateenoughtotemporarilyoccupytheformer
Staatsbank(StateBank)oftheGDR,wheretheyparticipatedinasymposium/concertatthisBerlin
landmark.Morerecently,tomarkthe50thanniversaryofthe1954HagueConvention,they'vebeen
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askedtocontributeasampleoftheirculturalassets,whichshallbeplacedinanairtightstainlesssteel
containerandstoredfor1,500yearsattheBarbaraGalleryinOberried,underUNESCOspecial
protection.
Asfortheircreed,theymaintainthatinourage,peoplearenotaffordedsufficientrepresentationthis
islargelybecauseglobalizationispropelled/manipulatedbyglobalplayers/corporationswhich
behavelikeunfetteredsuperpowers.Theymonopolizepoliticalinfluenceandfinancialmight,causing
traditionalnationstobemonetarilydependantuponthem.Moreover,theyenablegovernmentstolive
ontheborrowedmoneyoftheirindentureddenizens.Additionally,therearecertainglobalissues
whichcannotbesolvedbynationsbecausetheseselfsamecountriesareconstrictedby
continental/economicconflictsofinterestsandareunabletoacttransnationally.Eventhoughthereare
somenoteworthyNonGovernmentalOrganizationsthatengageinsupranationalpoliticsand
negotiations,itistheaimoftheTRansnationalRepublictobecomeanoverarchingrepresentative
institutiononewhichinspiresandfuelstheircommunalspirit/kinship,therebyprovidingamore
effectivetoolforinternationalproblemsolvingandactivism.
Tocounteractourgovernments'strangleholdoverourmediumofexchange,theyproposethatmoney
(the4thpower)wouldrightlyservetofurtherexpandtheclassicalseparationofpowers(legislative,
judicial,executive).Theircommunitycurrency(andtheothersthatcouldfollowtheirlead)willbe
usedtoexchangegoodsandservicesamongsttheirfreecitizens,anditwouldreplacenational
currenciesandempowertheirlikemindedcompatriots(personslinkedtogethernotby
birthplace/geographicalboundaries)tobecomemoreinfluentialathomeandabroad.
Their4Payolacoinsymbolizesthisloftygoal,whileatthesametimetakingtheEuroasastandard
(1:4)inordertoassurethetradabilityofthisnewcurrency.Thiscoinisfashionedfromagenuine
2002GermanEuro.Itwasquiteacomplicatedthingtodo,aswehadtomakeamintingtoolthat
wouldremintthe1intoa4whichrequiredpositioningthe1Eurocoinverypreciselyinthetool.
ThewordEUROisremovedandreplacedbyPAYOLA.Thereisalsoa200210Payolacoin.Both
oftheirimpressivecoinswerestruckin2002fortheirparticipationattheInternationalBiennialof
YoungArtinTurin,Italy.Theymakesustainedeffortstoactivelyexhibitanddistributethesecoinsand
banknotes.FromJune29July11,2002,theCentralBankoftheUnitedTransnationalRepublics
managedaninstallationinBerlin'sStaatlicheMnze(FederalMint).
TheirWebsitehasanimageofthe10Payolacoinandthebanknotes:
http://www.transnationalrepublic.org/centralbank/CBpayola/CBpayola.html
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Thefollowingcoinsareproducedwiththeirmintageindicated.
01.4payola2002bimetallic(counterstampedona2002DGerman1eurocoin)=100pieces
02.10payola2002copperNickel,diameter30mmwithreedededge=2500pieces
03.10payola2002.999Silverproof(999isstampedonthereverse),diameter30mmwithreeded
edge=50pieces.
IpurchasedallmythreecoinshavingreedededgesdirectlyfromoneofthecofounderGeorgZoche.
Youcandirectlycontacthimat(georg@transnationalrepublic.orgor
immigration@transnationalrepublic.org).SincethePayolaintroductiononApril16th2001,thePayola
ispeggedtotheEuroas1Payola=0.25Euro.
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GrandyDuchyofWestarctica
GrandDuchyofWestarctica
ReginofGrandDukeTravisI[TravisMcHenry]02ndNov200114thJan2006
GRANDDUCHYOFWESTARCTICA:InAugust2001,
anenterprisingyoungmannamedTravisMcHenry(this
residentofNorfolk,VirginiaisdescendedfromtheHigh
KingsofIrelandandisadirectdescendantofPatrick
McHenry,BaronofDunluceinthe1600s.Travisretainsthis
titleandisknownthroughouttheUnitedKingdomasBaron
Dunluce.)discoveredthatalargewedgeshapedportionof
Antarctica,knownasMarieByrdLand,inWest/Lesser
Antarcticawastheonlyunclaimedsectorofthecontinent.
Thisunclaimedterritoryisfrom90Wto150W(exceptthePeterIIsland).Uponfurtherresearch,herealizes
thattheAntarcticTreatyonlypreventsgovernmentsfromissuingnewclaimstoAntarcticlands,butdoesnot
preventindividualsactingontheirownaccordfromdoingsuch.Heresolvestoclaimtheareaforhimself,his
familyandhisfriends.Hisfirstandmostimmediateconcernbecamethefutureofthisuntamedarea.Idecided
topreventanygreedycorporationfrompollutingtheterritorybyclaimingitasmyown.Atfirst,ConsulGeneral
McHenrycallshisunheldchunkofwesternAntarctica(includingallitsseasandiceshelves)theNewLand
Claim,butlaterchangesthenametotheAchaeanTerritory(inhonoroftheheroesinTheIliad).OnOctober
31,2001,hesignsaclaimantletterdeclaringhisintentiontoestablishtheAchaeanTerritoryofAntarctica.But
theactualdateofthefoundationoftheAchaeanTerritoryisNovember2nd,2001:McHenrysecureshispossessor
shipbynotifyingnineworldgovernmentsofhisactionsandintentionshesendsthislettertothepolar
administrationofficesofRussia,France,Norway,Australia,NewZealand,Argentina,Chile,theUnitedStates,
andtheUnitedKingdom.Theydidnotchallengehiminhisendeavors,soMcHenrypresumedhisclaimwas
valid.OnJune10th,2004,theConsulGeneraldissolvestheChancelleryandproclaimstheestablishmentofan
interim/provisionalgovernmentasovereignGrandDuchynamedWestarctica.TravisMcHenryassumesthe
positionofGrandDuke.OnJune13,2004,HisEminencehasanepiphanyandpledgestomakethenewGrand
DuchyaChristiannation.TheirConstitution,theGrandDucalMandate,isdecreedonJune30th,2004.Capital:
PeterIIsland(claimedbyNorway).Thereareabout200foreignscientistsworkingandlivingwithintheGrand
Duchy'sborders.Dependencies:BallenyIslands,OverseasTerritory.Independence:2November2001(as
AchaeanTerritory).Constitution:GrandDucalMandatedecreed30June2004.
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SinceJune2002,theMonarchyhasbeensplitintotwomajorGrandDuchies:theDuchyofEllsworthandthe
DuchyofByrd.Therearealsotenotherminorregions(Marquisates,Baronies,Vicounties).Thecitizensof
Westarcticadonotcurrentlyresidewithinitsgeographicborders,butarelocationprojecthasbeenunderway
since2003tobuildnewcitiesandrestoreoldresearchstationsforuseaslivingandworkingquarters.
Eventually,however,otherpursuitscameTravisway.Iwasnolongerabletofunctionastherulerofmyicy
domain,andthereforeIpassedresponsibilityforleadershipontothemostcapableofmymanynoblemen.On
January14,2006,Travisabdicatedhisthroneandtransferredthetitle,office,andallresponsibilitiesofGrand
DuketotheformerDukeofRavencroft(MinisterofInformation),whowassubsequentlycrownedasGrandDuke
PhilipofWestarctica.Thetwomensigneddeclarationsofsuccession,whichmadethechangeoverofficial.HSM
GrandDukePhilipvowstocontinueonthepaththathispredecessorhasstartedusallupon,workingtowards
recognitionofWestarcticaasafullyfunctionalandoperationalworldgovernment/entity.AccordingtoTravis,
whohasnotbeeninvolvedwiththeprojectforanumberofyears,theprojectwasasuccessinsomewaysThe
amountofpeopleIwasabletoattractwasprettyimpressive,towardstheend,wehadacitizencountofover50
people.ThecurrentGrandDukehasshutdownthewebsite[http://www.westarctica.com/]duetoincreasing
maintenancecostsandhasinformedmethattheprojectisnolongerfunctioningasanactivegovernment,
althoughhestillconsidershimselftheheiroftheclaimtotheterritory.
Furthermore,theolderAchaeanTerritorysitestillexistsandismaintainedforahistoricalrecord:
http://www.geocities.com/achaeanterritory/.
Westarctica'sfirst3coins,allofthemversionsofthe20051WestarcticanDollar(WA$1),aremadeoftimber:
onecommemoratesthe75thanniversaryofRichardE.Byrd'sfirstexpeditionanothershowsthreeemperor
penguinsanothercelebratestheirConstitution,andthedateinwhichitwasadopted.
Westarctica$1Year:2005EmperorPenguins.Material:Printedtimber.Mintage:200pieces.Weight:2.8g.
Diameter:38mm.Edgetype:Plain.
Westarctica$1Year:20051stConstitutionanniversaryofWestarctica.Material:Printedtimber.Mintage:200
pieces.Weight:2.8g.Diameter:38mm.Edgetype:Plain.
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Westarctica$1Year:2005ByrdExpeditionAnniversary.Material:Printedtimber.Mintage:200pieces.Weight:
2.8g.Diameter:38mm.Edgetype:Plain.
10WestarcticanDollars.GrandDukeTravisI.Year:2005.Material:Nickelplated,colorfullyadornedwithgreen
andyellowenameled.Mintage:175.Diameter:39.3mm.Edgetype:Plain.
http://www.westarctica.comwasawebsitededicatedtotheWestarcticacountrywhichisyettoberecognizedby
theentireworld.Thewebsiteisnolongerfunctional.Thiswebsitedisplayedthecountrysnationalanthem,
constitution,andaphotooftheHisSereneMajestyGrandDukeTravis,therulerofthissmallcountry.The
constitutionhasintotal7chaptersand63Articles.Thewebsite,maintainedbytheDukeofRavencroft,
proclaimedbytheGrandDukeasamemberoftheNobilityandtheMinisterofInformationfortheWestarctica
Monarchy,isawelldesignedoneandprovidesgoodhistoricaldetailsoftheDukeandHisMajestysancestors.
ThepreambleofthecountrysconstitutionsaysthatHisSereneMajesty,GrandDukeTravis,desiringpeace,
solidarityandprosperityforthecontinentofAntarcticaherebyestablishestheGrandDuchyofWestarcticainthe
formerAchaeanTerritoryofAntarctica(Heresolvestoclaimtheareaforhimself,hisfamilyandhisfriends.At
thistime,TraviscallsittheNewLandClaim.ThenameislaterchangedtotheAchaeanTerritory,inhonorof
theheroesofTheIliad,whichTravisisreadingatthetime).
GrandDukeTraviswasborn(birthday04thJune)andresidesintheUnitedStates.Duringhisteenageyears,
Travisworkedasasalesassociateforhisfatherscompanywherehelearnedtheinandoutsofbusiness.From
1997to2000hepursuedhisUniversitycareeratBloomsburgUniversityofPennsylvaniawherehedualmajored
inTheatreArtsandAnthropology.Heabandonedasuccessfulcareerinactingtojointhemilitaryinearly2001.
Between2001and2004,hecompletedthreesuccessfulnavaldeploymentsandfoughtintheArabianGulfduring
OperationIraqiFreedom,earningnumeroushonorsandawards.Hewasalsoapartoftheoperationtoremove
PresidentTaylorfrompowerinLiberiain2003.TraviswasinstalledastheConsulGeneraloftheAchaean
TerritoryAntarcticaonNovember2,2001.Hiscoronationtookplace(beforetheformalindependencepapers
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hadbeensigned)inacastleofAlexandertheGreatinMarmaris,Turkey.Thecrownusedintheceremonywas
madeofsolid14ktgoldandhandcraftedbylocalTurkishjewelerFerhatOzyalcin.OnJune6,2004,GrandDuke
TravisbecameaChristian(asevidencedinhis13June2004publicletter)andshortlyafterheformally
reorganizedtheAchaeanTerritoryintotheGrandDuchyofWestarctica.HisSereneMajestymarriedCathryn,the
MarquiseofWalgreen,onNovember13,2004.Theyhaveoneheir,HisSereneHighnessArchdukeAshton
RomanMcHenry.GrandDukeTravisiscontinuinghiseducation,takingcoursesthroughHarvardBusiness
SchoolOnline.Hehaskeenlovefortheoutofdoorsandhespendsmostofhisleisuretimehikingthroughthe
densewildernessofNorthAmerica.Hisfavoritesportingactivitiesincludegolf,sailing,andshooting.Healso
likesmusicespeciallyclassicalandcontemporaryChristianmusic,fineart,opera,andtheatre.Personalwebsite:
www.travismchenry.com
SignificantEventsintheHistoryofWestarctica:
17May2005:Treatyofmutualrecognition,cooperation,and
friendshipissignedwiththeRepublicofMolossia.
05May2005:StatutefortheAutonomyoftheBallenyIslands
isapprovedbyHisMajesty.
20April2005:Westarctica'sfirstpostagestampsareproduced.
18April2005:HisMajestywritestothePresidentsofLaos
andEritrearequestingtheimmediatereleaseoftworeligious
prisonersbeingbecauseoftheirChristianfaith.
25Dollars2006CuNi.Diameter:39mm.Mintage:100pieces.SimilarlyMolossiaissueda50ValoraCuNicoin
dated2006toshowanevidenceofmutualfriendship.
17April2005:WhilevisitingSpain,theGrandDuchessdiscoversthatsheispregnantwithasecondheirtothe
Westarcticanthrone.
06April2005:PrinceRainierIII,aKnightintheNobleOrderofWestarctica,dies.HisSereneHighnessisthe
firstKnightofWestarcticatopassaway.TheKnighthoodisgiventohisson,PrinceAlbertII.
02April2005:PopeJohnPaulIIisposthumouslymadeaKnightCommanderoftheHolyOrderofTheCross.
23March2005:TheologianRogerKuiperoftheMarsSovereigntyprojectisgivenatitleandlandsin
Westarctica.RisentotherankofDuke,heisalsoappointedMinisterofTheocraticAffairsandMinisterofthe
Interior.
01March2005:CentralBankofWestarcticaisformallyestablished.
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March2005:COLORSMagazine,aninternationalpublication,reportsthatWestarctica'sclaimtoAntarcticland
isasvalidasanynationintheAntarcticTreaty.
21February2005:TheViscountofReynolds,JustinRich,isdisbarredfromtheBaronageduetohislackof
ability.
12February2005:TheGrandDukeofLuxembourgwritesashortletterthankingGrandDukeTravisforhis
sympathies.
17February2005:GrandDukeTravissendsaletterofsupporttotheKingofNepalinresponsetohiseffortsto
eliminatetheMaoistinsurgentsfromNepal.KingGyanendraismadeanhonoraryKnightintheNobleOrderof
Westarctica.
13February2005:TheCabinetandBaronagearereorganizedtoaccommodateupcominglandsaleplan.
14January2005:WestarcticaformallyannexestheBallenyIslandsfromNewZealand.
11January2005:TheRoyalFamilysendsaletterofcondolencetoGrandDukeHenriofLuxembourgconcerning
thepassingofhismother.
22November2004:RequestsfordiplomaticrecognitionaresenttothegovernmentsofTaiwan,Latvia,andthe
SovereignMilitaryOrderofMalta.
20November2004:KnighthoodintheNobleOrderofWestarcticaisbestowedon11reigningmonarchsfrom
aroundtheworld.
13November2004:TheStatueofAutonomyfortheViscountyofSipleisapprovedbytheGrandDuke.It
establishesalegislativebranchwithintheViscountyandincreasestheViscount'spoweroverhisregion.
13November2004:TheGrandDukemarriesCathryn,theMarquiseofWalgreen,inaprivateceremony.Sheis
officiallyproclaimedtheGrandDuchess.
01October2004:Allnewtitlesareofficiallyconfirmed.
15July2004:TheGrandDukeissuesastronglywordeddemarchetothePresidentofSudanthroughthe
SudaneseambassadortotheUnitedStates.
30June2004:TheGrandDucalMandateispassedintolawandbecomestheconstitutionoftheGrandDuchyof
Westarctica.GrandDukeTravisabolishesalltheoldtitlesandappointsnewmembersoftheBaronageand
nobility.
13June2004:TheInterimGrandDukehasanepiphanyofacrosswithacrownarounditandisinspiredto
designthenewflag,healsopubliclyrepentsforhissinsandpledgestomakethenewGrandDuchyaChristian
nation.
10June2004:TheConsulGeneraldissolvestheChancelleryandproclaimstheestablishmentofaninterim
government.HewillbecomeGrandDukeoftheGrandDuchyofWestarctica.
06June2004:TheConsulGeneralrepentshispastsins,placinghisdevotionintheHolyTrinity.Becomesa
Christian.
05June2004:HisEminencehasareligiousexperiencewithCathryn,thefutureMarquiseofWalgreenand
changeshisviewsonChristianity.
11May2004:TheConsularConsortisdisbarredfromthenobilityandexiledfromtheAchaeanTerritory.The
PrinceImperialstillretainshisrighttothethrone.
12February2004:AnambitioususurpercallinghimselfLordProtectorofAntarctica,attemptstoclaima
portionoftheWalgreencoastforhimselfandhisfamily.HeisofferedanEarldomencompassingtheapproximate
areaandliberalfreedomtoappointnoblesunderhim.Themanrefusesandcorrespondenceisceased.
10February2004:ThePrinceImperial,andheirtothethrone,AshtonRoman,isborntotheConsularConsort.
25September2003:TheConsularConsortisappointed.
30June2003:TheConsulGeneralreturnsfromthedeploymenttoIraq,ahero.
19June2003:TheEarldomofTruettisestablishedintheRockefellerDukedomandruledbyJefferyTruett.
17March2003:TheU.S.declaredwaronIraqwiththesupportofBritain,SpainandBulgaria.TheConsul
Generalisonaship65milesoffthecoastofIraq.TheAchaeanTerritoryisofficiallyneutral,butsupportsthe
war.HisEminencehastheprimarymissionofAntiTerrorism/ForceProtectionanalyst.Heistoreceivealetter
ofcommendationfromtheadmiralforhisactions.
12January2003:TheConsulGeneralisdeployedtothePersianGulfinanticipationofwarwithIraq.
22December2002:AchaeanRoyalCharterispromulgatedthroughouttheTerritory.
05December2002:AchaeanRoyalCharterisdecreedbytheConsulGeneral.
02November2002:Firstanniversaryoftheissuanceoftheclaimantletter,nonationhasyetchallengedit.
10August2002:AchaeanCivilCodeispromulgatedthroughouttheTerritory.
02August2002:AchaeanCivilCodeisdecreedbytheConsulGeneralandtheChancellery.
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26March2002:BattleHymnoftheCivilDefenseForceiswritten.
June2002:TheConsulGeneralrestructurestheNobilityandtheAchaeanTerritoryissplitintotwoGrand
Duchies.GeorgeMorinisappointedGrandDukeofEllsworthandtheGrandDuchyofByrdissavedforthe
futureheirtothethrone.DukeofWalgreen'slandsincreasetwofold.
28January2002:TheRadlinskiEarldomisestablishedintheWhitmoreDukedomandgrantedtotheCountess
JeanneMorin,sisteroftheDukeofEllsworth.
15November2001:Firstappointmentsaremade:GeorgeMorin,DukeofEllsworthJosephDay,Dukeof
WalgreenNeilWhitmoyer,DukeofWhitmoreBenjaminKing,DukeofRockefeller.Allmembersaccepttheir
titlesexceptBenjamin,whochoosestohavenothingtodowiththeadministration.
02November2001:TheclaimantletterissenttothepolaradministrationofficesofRussia,France,Norway,
Australia,NewZealand,Argentina,Chile,theUnitedStates,andtheUnitedKingdom.Actualdateofthe
foundationoftheAchaeanTerritory.
31October2001:ConsulGeneralTravissignstheclaimantletterdeclaringhisintentiontoestablishtheAchaean
TerritoryofAntarcticainWesternAntarctica.
October2001:TravisspendsthemonthcorrespondingwithscientistsinAntarcticatobrainstormpossibilitiesfor
buildinganinfrastructureandattemptingtofindoutmoreaboutlivingandworkingonthecontinent.
August2001:Whiledoingresearchonobscurepartsoftheworld,TravisdiscoversthatalargesliceofAntarctica,
knownasMarieByrdLand,WesternAntarctica,orLesserAntarcticaistheonlypieceofthecontinentnot
claimedbyaworldgovernment.Researchingthepossibilitiesfurther,herealizesthattheAntarcticTreatyonly
preventsgovernmentsfromissuingnewclaimstoAntarcticlands,butdoesnotpreventindividualsactingontheir
ownaccordfromdoingsuch.
GOVERNMENTOFTHEBALLENYISLANDS:LocatedintheperiAntarcticregion(islandsand
archipelagossituatedoutside/northoftheAntarcticConvergenceZone),theyformpartoftheRossDependency,
whichisclaimedbyNewZealand.AlltheWestarcticacoinsweremintedby:CentralBankoftheGrandDuchyof
WestarcticathroughtheideaofMr.JorgeFernndezVidal,ofACorua,acityinanautonomousregionof
northwesternSpainnamedGalicia.HelearnedabouttheseislandsontheInternet,whilehewastryingtofind
claimablelandinAntarcticatoserveasabaseforhisnumismaticundertaking.IsettledontheBallenyIslands
coinprojectinMarch2004.Healsodiscovered,basedonaclosereadingoftheAntarcticTreaty(signedin
WashingtonD.C.on1December1959andenteredintoforce/ratifiedon23June1961)andafewrelatedarticles,
thattheislandsperhapsdidnotbelongtoNewZealandafterall,andwerethereforestillupforgrabs.TheBalleny
islandswerenotapartofNewZealand'sclaimtobeginwithonlysubsequenttosigningtheTreatydidNew
Zealandassertitsrighttothelandsinquestion.InMr.Vidal'sview,theywerestillsurroundedbyinternational
waters,officiallyunclaimed.Abeautifulfreelandtomintacoin.Soonafterwards,hestumbleduponthe
WestarcticaWebsite.Hewasamazed,andappliedforcitizenship.Luckily,theBallenyIslandswereclearly
outsideoftheofficialWestarcticanwedge,andhadnotbeenincludedinMcHenry'sclaim.OnWestarctica's
majormap,theywereshownasbeingintheneighboring,N.Z.sliceofthechilly,whitepie.Mr.Vidalalsoasked
theGrandDukeifheintendedtomintacoinsureenough,hewastoldthatWestarcticawasactuallyseekinga
headtobeinchargeofanumismaticproject.Thiswas,ofcourse,aperfectroleforMr.Vidal,whobecame
Westarctica'sMinisteroftheTreasury(hewasresponsibleformintingalloftheWestarcticacoinslistedabove.
McHenrysinvolvementwaslimitedtosomecreativeinputandfinalapprovalofthecoindesigns.Thetwo
gentlemenhadanarrangementwherebyJorgewouldaccept100%oftheriskinmintingandTraviswouldget
threecopiesofeverycoinsetasatribute.).Sothisishowaserendipitousunionoftwoseparateprojectscame
topass.BallenybecameacolonyofWestarcticawhenWestarcticaformallyannexeditfromNewZealandon
January14,2005.Mr.VidalwasappointeditsGovernor,andBallenywasgivenspecialstatus/autonomy.Hewas
grantedanothertitle:CountofSturge.
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BallenyIslandsBronzeEssai$1.Obverse:MapoftheBallenyIslands.Reverse:ArmsoftheBallenyIslands.
Year:2005.Mintage:150Only.Weight:10g.Diameter:25.4mm.Edgetype:Plain.
BallenyIslandsSilverEssai$1.Obverse:MapoftheBallenyIslands.Reverse:ArmsoftheBallenyIslands.Year:
2005.Mintage:20pieces.Diameter:25.4mm.Edgetype:Plain.
Theobverseofthe2005Balleny$1coinbearstheWestarcticacoatofarms.Thereversedepictsthegroups's
threemainvolcanicislands:Young,Buckle,andSturge(asatributetoJohnBalleny,themapchosenbyMr.Vidal
isbasedonthefirstonemadeoftheregionbythatEnglishsealer/whalingcaptainin1839).TheEnglishwhaling
captainsJohnBallenyandThomasFreemanfirstsightedthegroupin1839:Freemanwasthefirstpersontoland
onanyoftheislandsonFebruary091839,anditwasthefirstlandingsouthoftheAntarcticCircle.Thewords
WestarcticaTerritoriesfurtherconfirmBalleny'stiestoitsadoptiveGrandDuchy.Itistobeusedsolelyinthe
BallanyIslandcolonyanditsdependencies.Totalareaof781.8km.Highestpoint:RusselPeak(1524m)on
SturgeIsland.BuckleIslandandthenearbySabrinaIsletarehometoseveralcoloniesofAdelieandChinstrap
penguins.TheislandsformpartoftheRossDependency,claimedbyNewZealand.
TheBallenyIslands(6655'S,16345'E)formachainofuninhabited,mainlyvolcanic,islandsintheSouthern
Oceanstretchingfrom6615'to6735'Sand16230'to16500'E.Thegroupformsachainthatextendsforabout
160kminanorthwestsoutheastdirection.Theislandsareheavilyglaciatedandareofvolcanicorigin.Ice
tonguesprojectfromtheirslopesintothesea.TheislandswereformedbytheBallenyhotspot.
Theislandsandrocksfromnorthtosouth:YoungIslandandsatelliteislets,SealRocks,Pillar,YoungIsland,Row
Island,BorradaileIsland(withSwanBase,ashelterhut),BealePinnacle,BuckleIslandandsatelliteislets,
BuckleIsland,ScottCone,ElizaCone,ChinstrapIslet,SabrinaIsland(withSabrinaRefuge,ashelterhut),The
MonolithandSturgeIsland(nosatelliteislets),SturgeIsland.
GOVERNMENTOFPETERIISLAND:LocatedintheBellinghausenSea,andclaimedbyNorway.Itisthe
onlyoceanicislandintheextremeSouthPacificzoneoftheSouthernOcean.PeterIIsland(inNorwegianPeter
1.sy)isavolcanicislandlocatednearAntarctica.ItwasdiscoveredbyFabianvonBellingshausenoffWest
AntarcticaonJanuary21,1821.IttakesitsnameaftertheRussianemperorPeterI.OlaOlstadmadethefirst
successfullandingonFebruary02,1929andclaimedtheislandforNorway.TheotherAntarcticterritoryclaimed
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byNorwayisQueenMaudLand.PeterIIslandistheonlyAntarcticclaimareaundertheAntarcticTreatythatis
notasector.Theislandhasanareaof243kmandreachesaheightof1755metresonLarsChristensenPeak,
whichisavolcano.Itisnotknownwhetheritisextinctornot,fortheupperpartisapparentlyunmodifiedby
glaciation.Itliesapproximately450kmfromEightsCoast.Itissurroundedbypackiceexceptforabriefperiod
inlatesummer,andis95%glaciated.
$1Year:2005.Material:BronzeEssai.Mintage:850.Diameter:38.4mm.Edgetype:Reeded.
$5Year:2005.Material:CupronickelEssai.Mintage:300.Diameter:38.4mm.Edgetype:Reeded
$5Year:2005.Material:SilverEssai.Mintage:30.Diameter:38.4mm.Edgetype:Reeded
GOVERNMENTOFTHURSTONISLAND:This(7206'S,9900'W)isanicecovered,glaciallydissected
offshoreisland215kmlong,90kmwideand15,700kminareainWestAntarctica,withintheAntarcticCircle.
SituatedbetweentheBellinghausenandAmundsenSeas,itliesashortwayofftheNWendofEllsworthLand
andisseparatedfromthemainlandbyPeacockSound.AccordingtothetermsoftheAntarcticTreaty,allislands
southof60Slatitudedon'tbelongtoanycountrythisincludesalloftheantarcticislands(thoseintheSouthern
OceanorintheseasaroundAntarcticasouthoftheAntarcticCircle)andsomeofthesubantarcticislands(those
intheSouthernOceanaroundAntarcticanorthoftheAntarcticCircle).
ItisthethirdlargestislandofAntarctica,afterAlexander
IslandandBerknerIsland.Theislandisseparatedfromthe
mainlandbyPeacockSound,whichisoccupiedbythewestern
portionofAbbotIceShelf.Theislandwasdiscoveredfromthe
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airbyRearAdmiralByrdonFebruary27,1940,whonamedit
forW.HarrisThurston,NewYorktextilemanufacturer,
designerofthewindproof"ByrdCloth"andsponsorof
Antarcticexpeditions.Originallychartedasapeninsula,the
featurewasnotrecognisedanislanduntil1960.
$1Brassdated:2006.Humpbackwhales.39.2mm.Edge:Reeded.Mintage:10pieces.
$1NickelSilverdated:2006.Humpbackwhales.39.2mm.Edge:Reeded.Mintage:10pieces.
ThiscoinhasalsobeenproducedinBronze(450pieces),Copper(10pieces)andSilver(30pieces).
ReginofGrandDukePhilipI[PhilipKarns]14thJan200630thJun2008
14January2006
RoyalDecreeoftheAbdicationofGrandDukeTravisIofWestarctica
InlightofrepeatedrequestsbymyfamilytogiveuptherudderofstatethatIhavehewnfromtheiceofthe
AntarcticcontinentandfocusinsteadonthelordshipoftheBaronyofDunluceCastleandtheleadershipofthe
McHenryFamilyClan,IherebyabdicatetheroyalthroneofWestarcticaandforfeittherightofsuccessionformy
sonsandallmydescendants.
AsIdonotwishtoplaceunrealisticburdensonmybelovedsonArchdukeAshton,Iherebytransmittherightof
successionandtheofficeofGrandDukeofWestarcticatoPhilipKarns,DukeofRavencroft,Ministerof
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Information,andKnightoftheOrderofMerit.Idirecthimtoconducttheaffairsofstateinfullandinviolable
unionwiththerepresentativesofthenoblesintheBaronageonthoseprincipleswhichhavebeenestablished,and
onwhichhewilltakeaninviolableoath.
InowquitaltogetherpublicaffairsandIlaydownmyburdenofstate.Ishallalwaysfollowthefortunesof
Westarcticawithprofoundinterest,andifatanytimeinthefutureIcanbefoundofservicetoHisMajestyina
privatestation,Ishallnotfail.
Andnow,thereisanewGrandDuke.Iwishhimandyou,hispeople,happinessandprosperitywithallmy
heart.GodsaveWestarctica!GodsavetheGrandDuke!
Givenundermyhandonthisday,
Travis,formerGrandDukeofWestarctica
ApictureofGrandDukePhilipandGrandDuchessMelinda
ofWestarctica.
Whilstinpower,itseemsthatGrandDukePhiliplauncheda
replacementWebsite.AccordingtotheMissionStatement
foundattheWestarcticaMinistryoftheEnvironment
(http://www.freewebs.com/westarcticadevelopment/index.htm),
Atthispointintimenoneofyouprobablyhavebeenpresent
inourhomeland.Ourgovernmentisoneinexile.Still
Westarcticaismuchmorethanyetanothermicronation.Our
nationismorethanjustafewwebpagesontheinternet.
Alotofworkisbeingdonebehindthescenes.Verydedicated
peoplearetryingtorealisethefoundingofanewcountry.
Westantarcticawillbecomeawonderfulplacetolife.Some
describethesurroundingsofAntarcticaandit'snatureasa
pieceofheavenonearth.
Butthereisabigthreattothatnicepictureofournation'ssurroundingsandit'sfuture.Althoughoneofthe
harshestenvironmentsontheplanet,Westarcticaisalsooneofthemostvulnerable,wemustfeelcommittedto
protectforournextgenerationofWestarcticans.Despitethevastnessofourcountry,anditsharshclimate,the
Westarcticenvironmentisveryvulnerabletohumanimpact.Withoutcontrols,thosewhocometovisitthis
wildernessastourists,scientistsorinsupportroles,maydamagetheveryvaluesthatattractthem.Toprotectthe
WestarcticaspeciesofanimalsweestablishedtheMinistryoftheEnvironment.
SHERMANISLAND:(7240'S,09945'W)isanicecoveredislandofAntarcticaabout51kmlongand16km
wide,lyingsouthofThurstonIslandinthemiddleofPeacockSound.ThefeaturerisesabovetheAbbotIceShelf
whichoccupiesthesound.
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$1Year:2006.Material:CopperNickel/Silverplating.Diameter:39mm.Mintage:200pieces
$1Year:2006.Material:CopperNickel/Goldplating.Diameter:39mm.Mintage:10pieces
It'sacommemorativecoinoftheexplorerRoaldAmundsen18721928(theShermanIslandisintheAmundsen
Sea).ThecoatofarmsofWestarctica,andtheletters(WT)inthefront,andthey'repartoftheWESTARCTICAN
TERRITORIESissues(toavoidfurtherclaimsovertheirterritories).
CARNEYISLAND:Thecoinshavebeenmadein2.5WestarcticanDollar39mmdiameterdated2007in
Coppernickel/Goldplating(10pieces)andCoppernickel/Silverplating(200pieces).
CarneyIsland(7357'S,12100'W)isanicecoveredformation,110kmlongandabout8,500kminarea,with
allbutitsnortherncoastlyingwithintheGetzIceShelf.ItislocatedbetweenSipleIslandandWrightIsland
alongthecoastofMarieByrdLand,inWestAntarctica.TheGetzIceShelfisanextensiveicyplatformlocated
alongtheHobbsandBakutiscoastsofMarieByrdLand(iceshelvesarepermanent,floatingsheetsofsuperthick
icethatareattachedtolandandareconstantlyfedbyglaciers).TheGetzIceShelf,whichstretchesoutintothe
AmundsenSea,isheldinpositionbyCarneyIslandothernearbyislands.
Alsoa$10coin26mmdiameterdated2008hasbeenproducedinCoppernickelbrass(100pieces)onthecurrent
rulerofWestarcticaGrandDukePhilipI.
GRANT,SIPLE,PINEandBURKISLANDS:Trianglecoinsdated2008of25WestarcticancentsforGrant,
Siple,PineandBurkIslandsincopperhasalsobeenproduced.Eachhavingashapeof33.2mmx16.8mm.and
Mintage:200pieces.GrantIslandcoinfeaturestheAntarcticSkua(Catharactaantarctica)isoftenreferredtoas
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BrownSkua.SipleIslandfeaturesaDolphinGull(Larusscoresbii),acoastalbirdsometimeserroneouslycalled
theRedbilledGull.PineIslandfeaturestheKingPenguin(Aptenodytespatagonicus),whicisthesecondlargest
speciesofpenguinatabout90cm(3ft)tallandweighing11to16kg(24to35lb),secondonlytotheEmperor
Penguin.BurkIslandfeaturesthesheathbills.TheyareconfinedtoAntarcticregions,andaretheonlyAntarctic
birdswithoutwebbedfeet.Togetherallthesefourtriangleformsasquareof35mmx35mmandcombinedvalue
ofoneWestarcticanDollar.TheseislandsareconsideredtobepartofWestarcticanTerritories.
GrantIslandisanicecoveredisland,20mileslongand10mileswide,lying5mileseastofthesmallerShepard
IslandoffthecoastofMarieByrdLand,Antarctica.GrantIslandislocatedat7428'S,13135'W.GrantIsland
wasdiscoveredbypersonnelontheUSSGlacieronFebruary4,1962.
SipleIslandisa110kmlongsnowcoveredislandlyingeastofWrigleyGulfalongtheGetzIceShelfoffBakutis
CoastofMarieByrdLand,Antarctica.Itscentreislocatedat7339'S,12512'W.Itsareais6,390kmanditis
dominatedbythedormantshieldvolcanoMountSiple,risingto3,110mmakingthisthe17thrankingislandin
theworldbymaximumaltitude.
PineIsland(7510'S,1000'W)isabroadglacierflowingwestnorthwestalongthesouthsideoftheHudson
MountainsintoPineIslandBay,AmundsenSea,Antarctica.ItwasdiscoveredinDecember1946.
BurkIsland(akaBurkeIsland)isanicecoveredislandabout16mileslongand6mileswide,lying37miles
southwestofCapeWaite,KingPeninsula,intheAmundsenSea,Antarctica.BurkIslandislocatedat73.13S
105.1W.ItwasdiscoveredinJanuary1960.
TheWestarcticacoins,weredesignedandproducedbyMrJorgeVidal,amemberoftheUSNS,whoalsoserves
asWestarcticasMinisteroftheTreasury.Mr.Vidalhasrapidlybecomeanubiquitouspresenceinourcornerof
unusualnumismatics.Hislaudablecontributionsareongoing,andhehasalreadymadesuchapositiveimpact
inourhobbythatwemayevenhavetostartreferringtoourmicronational/fantasycoinsasthosehavingbeen
issuedB.J.E.(BeforetheJorgeEra)andA.J.E.(AftertheJorgeEra).Mr.Vidalhaslentahelpinghandtoseveral
aspiringcoinmakers:Sometimes,enthusiastswithaniceprojectcannotmintacoin,becausetheydonothave
theresourcesorbecausetheydon'tknowhowtodoit.Whenthesefolkslackthesufficientwherewithal(the
properchannelsofdistribution,time)Mr.Vidalisabletoofferthemwhateverhelptheyrequire,evendesigning,
producing,anddistributingsomeofthecoins.AsofNovember2007,Mr.VidalfinallyhashisownWebsite,
wherewecanmarvelatthispreeminentnumismatistseverexpandingoutput/catalogue:
http://www.jfvcoins.com/index.html.
ReginofGrandDukeJonLawrenceLanger30thJun200803rdJun2010
AccordingtoJonLawrenceLanger:"IamthethirdmantoserveastheGrandDukeofWestarctica.Idesigned
theblazonforWestarcticathatappearsonmanyofourcountry'scoins.DuringthereignofTravisI,Iheldthetitle
ofDukeofByrdandservedintheCabinetasWestarctica'sHerald.DuringthereignofPhillipImyholdingswere
renamedastheDuchiesofMoultonandBerlin.IhavecreatedanewwebsiteforWestarcticaatWestarctica.org."
HeresidesinPennsylvania,USAlikePhillipI.Hisfulltitleisknownas:JonLawrence,LordofMorrow,Duke
ofMoultonBerlin,CountofByrd,BaronofBaldwinandSchuylkill,KnightComanderoftheOrderoftheHoly
Cross,andGrandKnightoftheHolyOrderofSaints,CavalieroftheOrderofCravantDragoons2ndCavalry
Regiment.
AccordingtoTravisI:"JonLawrencewasanintegralpartofgettingWestarcticaupandrunningintheearlydays
andhehasbeenaloyal(andactive)supporterforaverylongtime.WhenGrandDukePhilip'sleadershipbegan
tofalter,JonLawrenceofferedtopickupthereignsofgovernment,andwiththeconsentofbothmyselfand
Philip,hehasbeeninstalledasthethirdGrandDukeofWestarctica."
ShepardIslandandWrightIslandareuninhabited,icecoveredislandsthatarepartoftheWestarcticaTerritories.
Westarcticahasproduced5DollarscoinoneachoftheseIslands,dated2009.Theyhave39mmindiameter,
struckinanickelalloyandhaveamintageofonly200pieceseach.TheShepardIslandissuepicturesabird
whiletheWrightIslandissuepicturesawhale.AmapofAntarcticaandtheWestarcticanarmsareonthereverse
ofbothcoins.
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OnJune3rd,2010thefounderofWestarctica,TravisMcHenryresumedpowerafterremovingJonLawrence
Langerasheadofstateafterseveralmicronationaldisputesandcomplaints.McHenryabolishedthegrandduchy
andreplaceditbytheProtectorateofWestarctica.TogetherwiththisreformsWestarcticaadoptedanewflag,
reducedtheclaimlandandjoinedtheAntarcticMicronationalUnion(AMU).
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
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12/31/2016
Wirtland
Wirtland
WirtlandwasfoundedonAugust14,2008asapublicinitiativeandisprincipallyrepresentedthroughitsofficial
website.Wirtlandpurportstobeanexperimentintolegitimacyandselfsustainabilityofacountrywithoutits
ownsoil,whichtranscendsnationalborderswithoutbreachingorlesseningthesovereigntyofanyinvolved.
Wirtlandbuildscommunities,whichwillofferpoliticalandeconomicbenefits,generateemployment
opportunities,providenewsourcesofartisticcreativityandindependentopinionsharing.Wirtlandiscurrently
governedbyachancellor,andaimstobecomeaparliamentarydemocracy.InJuly2009GlobalAntiwarParty
wasregisteredinWirtland.InMarch2010WirtlandInstitutewasfounded.
InJanuary2010WirtlandproposedtoacquirelandbyconsentfromNauruandprobablyalsofromSweden.If
successful,itwouldbethefirstcaseofapeacefulformationofanewcountry'fromscratch',makingWirtland
potentiallyeligibleforinternationaldiplomaticrecognitionaccordingtoArticle1ofMontevideoConventionon
theRightsandDutiesofStates,providedthatitcanalsomeettherequirementsofa"permanentpopulation"
underthecontrolofagovernment.NewapplicationsforIDcardareacceptedfromeveryoneover18yearsold,
whowantstobecomeacitizenofWirtland.WirtlandissuespersonalplasticIDcards.Wirtlandoffersequal
democraticrightsanddoesnotdiscriminateonthebasisofnationalorigin,age,religion,race,gender.Website:
http://www.wirtland.com/andCitizencommentpageat:http://witizens.ning.com/.Olga,acharmingladyfrom
Moscow,Russia,becamethe1000thcitizenofWirtland,whosigneduptotheWitizensofWirtland(WoW)
socialnetworkatwww.wirtland.net.Inadditiontousualwelcome,the1000thwitizenreceivedapresentafree
garmentfromthecollectionofWirtlandgiftshop.
Dateoffoundation:August14,2008
Motto:Virtus,noncopiavincit(Latin)[Courage,notmultitude,wins]
Anthem:WatchWhatHappens(musicmyMichelLegrand)
Capital:Wirtland
Officiallanguage:Universal(anylanguagewhichcanbetranslatedonline)
Population:1100(asof14.03.2010)
Demonym:WirtlanderWitizen
Ethnicgroups:All
Government:Parliamentarydemocracyandconstitutionalmonarchy
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Wirtland.htm
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Wirtland
Currency:Multicurrency,ICU
InternetTLD:.wl(temporary:.net,.com)
Chancellor:Alexander
PRAttacheoftheGovernmentofWirtland:CristopherLuengo
WhiletheboundariesofsovereignstatesarebecomingsymbolicinEurope,inotherworld'sregionssovereignty
isincreasinglychallenged,andseparatismleadstobloodshedandterrorism.Bothtrendssuggestforaserious
rethinkingofthenotionofselfidentificationinachangingworld.Foranindividual,whoisnotactivelyinvolved
inpoliticallife,therearetoofewoptionsforselfidentification.Webelievepeopleshouldbeofferedabroader
choice.Manypeoplefeelpowerlesswhenitcomestoeventsthattranspirewithinthegovernmentsoftheirhome
country,sothecreationofacountrywheretheycanenactchangesandcontributeinameaningfulwaymakes
themfeelbetter.Thisideacanbecomeamovementand,giventime,canaffectchangeinrealworld.Wirtlandis
thenewestalternativeforpeople'sselfidentification.Itisademocraticandpeacefulalternative.
Avirtualworldisacomputerbasedsimulatedenvironmentintendedforitsuserstoinhabitandinteractvia
avatars.Insuchaworld,everythingisvirtual.InWirtland,onlylandisvirtual.Citizensdonotuseavatarsthey
areengagedinrealworldactivities,andgainrealliferesults.Theymayinfluencerealpolitics,setup
organizations,earnmoney,findpartners.Wirtlandissuesrealpassportsandotherdocuments.Sometimes
Wirtlandisperceivedwronglyasoneofvirtualworlds.Infact,itismorecorrecttocompareWirtlandtoa
smallrealselfproclaimedstate.
2InternationalCurrencyUnits(ICU).Year:2009.Weight:31.10g.Metal:.999Silver.Diameter:39mm.Edge:
Reeded.Alignment:Medal.Mint:Moonlight.Obverse:Crane.Reverse:coatofarmsofWirtland,marked".999
silver"andthecountry'sURL"www.WIRTLAND.com".Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:Oneyeartype.
In2009Wirtlandreleaseditsfirstgoldcoin,knownasthe"WirtlandCrane"(10InternationalCurrencyUnits,
ICU).Thefirstsalesof1/10ounce24caratpuregoldWirtlandCraneprovedsuccessfulaswell."Ireceivedthe
Wirtland10ICU,andIreallythinkit'sagorgeouscoin!"saidErikVictorMcCrea,coincollector,whowasthe
firstbuyerofWirtlandCrane."TheWirtlandCraneistrulyaworkofart!AndthatiswhatIvaluethemosttop
notchartistrycombinedwithnumismatics."Thediameterofthecoinis16.5mm,composition:24caratpure
gold,weight:1/10troyoz.(3.2grams).Thepriceof"WirtlandCrane"(currently$135retail/$120wholesale)
willbereflectingthecurrentpriceofgold.Wirtlandisnotseekingtointroduceanewinternationallyrecognized
currency.WirtlandCraneformallyhasstatussimilartothatofcommemorativeorcollectorscoins.Its
competitivepriceallowsWirtlandCranetobeusedalsoasaninvestmenttool.Asthecoinisnotintendedfor
circulation,it'sdenominatedsymbolicallyat10ICU(InternationalCurrencyUnits).Wirtland'sofficialpartner
MoonlightMint,whichhasbeenreceivingadvanceordersfor"WirtlandCrane"fromcollectorsalloverthe
world,hasnowconfirmedthat"WirtlandCrane"canbepurchaseddirectlyfromitsonlinestorecompletewith
officialCertificateofAuthenticity.Thetotalmintageof"WirtlandCrane"willbelimited.
Ittookusonlyabout4monthstorealizethisunprecedentedproject:fromascratchtofirstsalesoftheproduct.
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Wirtland
Thesuccessof"WirtlandCrane"confirmsthatWirtlandisanefficientmechanism,whichcanrealizeambitious
projectsquicklyandeffectively.Thedesignofnewsilvercoinissimilarto1/10ounce"GoldCrane",whichwas
consideredtobetheworld'sfirstphysicalgoldcoinissuedbyavirtualcountry,andcalleda"workofart"by
experts.TwomonthsaftersuccessfullaunchofWirtlandsgoldcoin,Wirtlandnowintroducesitsfirstsilvercoin,
the"SilverCrane".Thenew"SilverCrane"weighs1troyounce(31.1grams)andconsistsof.999puresilver,its
diameteris39mm.Thecoin'sdenominationis2InternationalCurrencyUnits(ICU).The"SilverCrane"canbe
purchasedonlinefor38USdollarsfromWirtland'sofficialmint.Thesilvercoin,whichismuchlargerinsize,
featuresthesameimageofmigratorycrane,symbolizingthatvirtualcountrytranscendslandsandborders.Same
imageofJapanesecranewasusedintheWirtland'spostagestamp.Thereverseofthecoinfeaturesthecoatof
armsofWirtland,andisalsomarked".999silver".AsWirtlandhasnogeographicallocation,itsaddressin
cyberspaceisessential.Thecountry'sURL"www.WIRTLAND.com",inscribedonthecoin,reflectstheunique
statusofWirtlandasaninternetbasedstate.
"SilverCrane"isofferedin3versionsoffinishing:Cameoprooflike(polishedsilver),Satin,andMatte.The
Matteversionisaspeciallimitedtimeoffer."SilverCrane"isprimarilyacoinforcollectorsoragiftitem,unlike
the"GoldCrane".The"GoldCrane"servesdualpurpose:itisnotonlyabeautifulcollector'sitemorgift,butcan
beusedasaneffectiveinvestmentinstrumentinthecurrentsituationofeverraisinggoldprices.Itsprice
(currently$150retail)islowerthanothercountries'goldcoinsofidenticalweightandquality.Owncurrencyis
notnecessaryforoperationofWirtland.Thoughin2009Wirtlandissueditsowngoldandsilvercoins(socalled
"WirtlandCranes"),theyarenotintendedtobecomeWirtland'scurrency.
FoxNewsandBulgariannationalbTVwerethefirstTVchannelstoreportonWirtland.bTVorganizedan
onlineinterviewwiththreewitizensofBulgarianoriginonFebruary11,2009whilstFox45MorningNewsof
Baltimore,MarylandfeaturedaninterviewaboutWirtlandwithreporterLarryFiorinoonJanuary20,2009.
WirtlandhasalsobeencoveredbyCNNTrk,VoiceofRussia,DailyRecord,PCWorld,Computerworld,
Milliyet,SabahandDnevenTrud.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
3/3
12/31/2016
CherokeeNationof1839
CherokeeNationof1839/UnitedCherokeeNation(Tahlequah,Oklahoma):TheCherokeeCoin
Called"Adela",pronouncedphoneticallyas"ahdayla"whichmeansmoneyintheCherokee
language.Itis99.9%silverandweighingonetroyounce.Thethestarrepresentsthesevenclansofthe
CherokeePeople,thewordswrittenintheCherokeesyllabarybetweenthepointsarethesevenclans
oftheCherokee.TheportraitonthecoinisofJohnRoss.ThisCherokeecoinwasdesignedbya
Cherokee,thepresentlyseatedChiefoftheUnitedCherokeeNation,RobinMayes,whoisthegreat
greatgrandsonofChiefJohnRoss.
Mr.RobinMayes,whowastheCoChairoftheCherokeeNationof1839(theyalsooperatedthe
1839ConstitutionDefenseFund),whichwasestablishedonApril15,2000.Itwasrenamedasthe
UnitedCherokeeNation(UCN)in2001.Thereisanabundanceofcontroversysurroundingthiscoin,
becausetheissuingbodyhasbeenaccusedofbeingoneofmorethan200socalledbogusgroups
aroundthecountrywhichclaimtohaveCherokeeties.Manysuchgroupsaredismissedasbogusby
FederallyrecognisedorganisationssuchastheCherokeeNationofOklahoma(CNO),TheUnited
KeetoowahBandofCherokeeinOklahoma(UKB),ortheEasternBandofCherokee(EBC)ofNorth
Carolina.TheUCNappearstobecomprisedoflegitimate,cardcarrying(CDIB)NativeAmericans,
buttheyinitiatedthisprojectwithoutformalauthorization.Thus,thereispendinglitigationbetween
Mr.Mayes(theUCN'sPrincipalChief),otherdefendants,andthefederallyrecognizedCherokee
NationofOklahoma.Itseemsthatthisofficialentitydoesnotwanttorelinquishorshareanyofits
powernordoesitwantthesubgroup(oranyotheropponents)tousethenameCherokeeNation,
theimageofthe19thcenturyseal,ortodistributecartags/licenseplatesandtribalmembershipcards.
Theyarealsoeffectivelyblockingtheavailabilityofthesecommemorativesilvercoinsforthe
UCN'snonprofitpoliticalfundraisingpurposes.Sobesidesthecoinsthathadalreadymadeitintothe
marketplace,thiscoinispurportedlynotsupposedtobeforsaleanylonger.Inspiteofallthis,Mr.
JohnCornsilk(johnc@cornsilks.com),whowastheprincipalsalesmaninthecoin'smarketing
program,hastrackeddownalimitedsupplyofcoinsthatweresoldbeforethelegaldisputebegan,and
thesecanthereforeberesoldbutatahigherpricethantheoriginal$40donationtotheDefense
Fund.
Domination:1Adeela
Obverse:ChiefJohnRoss
Reverse:CherokeeNationSeal
Year:2000
Medal:.999Silver
Designer:ChiefRobinMayes
Diameter:39mm
Edge:Reeded,edgenumbered
TheapparentEnglish"D"onthecoin'sobverseisactuallyacharacterfromtheCherokeesyllabaryand
isthefirstcharacterinthewordAdelapronounced"ah",inthecenterofthecharacterDis1signifying
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/CherokeeNation1839.htm
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thecoin'sdenomination1AdelatheArabicnumeral"1"wasusedbecausethereisnosingle
characterrepresenting"one"("sawu"inCherokee).Theword"Adela"itselfpronouncedahdayla
means"money".Theremainderofthescriptistranslatableastheclosestapproximationto"Cherokee
Nation"intheCherokeelanguage.
ThearcbehindRoss'shead,signifiestherisingsun,andthebirdsignifiesaphoenixrebornbothof
whichsymbolisetheUCN'saimofrevivingoftheCherokeeNationGovernmentwithintheboundsof
the1839ConstitutionoftheCherokee.TheCherokeenameforthebirdis"coowescoowee",which
meansthegreatwhitebird.CoowescooweewasalsoChiefJohnRoss'sCherokeename.
Thereverseofthecoinhasalikenessoftheoriginal1839CherokeeNationSeal(alsousedasathe
SealoftheUCN),whichdiffersfromtheoneusedbyFederallyrecognisedCherokeegroups,insofar
asithasawreathofoakleavesratherthanlaurel.Theuppermostpointoftheseal's7pointedstar
representsthe"Creator",whilethetwodownwardpointsrepresenttheperpetuationofcreation.
Ipurchasedmy1Adela,2000datedcoinfromOdedPaz.YoucanreadaboutandviewthecoinonMr.
JohnCornsilk'swebsiteat:http://www.cornsilks.com/cherokeecoin.html&
http://www.cornsilks.com/coins.htm
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Flanders(FlemishRepublic)fantasycoinissues
Flanders(FlemishRepublic)
Overthecourseofhistory,thegeographicalterritorythatwascalled"Flanders"hasvaried.Fromaround
1000AD,FlandershistoricallymeanttoEnglishspeakingpeoplesthelandsituatedalongtheNorthSea
fromtheStraitofDovertotheScheldtestuarywithilldefinedsouthernborders.Itcametorefer
specificallytotheCountyofFlanders,lastingfrom862to1795,whoseterritorywassituatedinthe
northwesternpartofwhatisnowBelgium(theBelgianprovincesofWestFlandersandEastFlanders),
withextensiveportionsinwhatisnownorthernFrance(FrenchFlanders),andasmallareathatisnow
partoftheNetherlands(ZeelandicFlanders).Throughmarriage,theCountyofFlanderswasjoinedwith
mostoftherestoftheLowCountriesaround1400AD,anditlostitsindependence.Mostofthecounty's
territorybecamepartofanindependentBelgiumin1830,andduringthe19thand20thcenturies,it
becameincreasinglycommonplacetorefertotheentireDutchspeakingandnorthernpartofBelgiumas
"Flanders",includingtheBelgianpartsoftheDuchyofBrabantandLimburg.Inthelate20thcentury,
BelgiumbecameafederalstateinwhichtheDutchspeakingpartwasgivenautonomyastheFlemish
Community(Dutch:VlaamseGemeenschap)andtheFlemishRegion(Dutch:VlaamsGewest)thesetwo
entitieswereeffectivelymerged,andFlandersnowreferstotheterritoryoftheFlemishCommunity,
whichadditionallyhaspartialjurisdictionoverBrussels.
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Geographically,Flandersisgenerallyflat,andhasasmallsectionofcoastontheNorthSea.Flanders
bordersFrancetothewest,theNetherlandstothenorthandeast,andWalloniatothesouth.TheBrussels
CapitalRegionisenclavedwithintheFlemishRegion,whileVoerenisanexclaveofFlandersbetween
WalloniaandtheNetherlands.Flandersisagriculturallyfertileanddenselypopulated.
FlandershasfiguredprominentlyinEuropeanhistory.DuringthelateMiddleAges,Flanders'trading
towns(notablyGhent,BrugesandYpres)madeitoneoftherichestandmosturbanizedpartsofEurope,
weavingthewoolofneighbouringlandsintoclothforbothdomesticuseandexport.Asaconsequence,a
verysophisticatedculturedeveloped,withimpressiveachievementsintheartsandarchitecture,rivaling
thoseofnorthernItaly.AspartofBelgium,Flanderswasinitiallythepoorerhalfofthecountryto
industrializedWallonia.Inthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury,however,therehasbeenagradual
shiftofpoliticalandeconomicpowertoFlanders,which,havingmodernizeditseconomy,isnowmore
wealthyandprosperousthanitssoutherncounterpart.
TheMinisterPresidentofFlanders(Dutch:MinisterpresidentvanVlaanderen)istheheadoftheFlemish
Government,whichistheexecutivebranchoftheFlemishRegionandFlemishCommunity.Usuallythe
leaderofthelargestpartyoftheFlemishParliamentbecomestheministerpresident.Regionalelections
areheldevery5years.TheFlemishParliamentwaselecteddirectlyforthefirsttimein1995.Priorto
1995,themembersoftheFlemishParliamentwerethemembersoftheDutchlanguagegroupofthe
FederalParliamentofBelgium.
MinisterPresidentofFlanders
GastonC.S.A.Geens.............................22Dec198121Jan1992
LucVandenBrande................................21Feb199213Jul1999
PatrickYvonneHugoDewael........................13Jul199905Jun2003
RenaatJulienLanduyt(acting)....................05Jun200311Jun2003
BartolomeusJozefLodewijkRosalia"Bart"Somers..11Jun200320Jul2004
YvesCamilleDsirLeterme.......................20Jul200428Jun2007
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HealsoservedasthePrimeMinisterofBelgiumfrom25November2009to06December2011.
KrisPeeters......................................28Jun2007date
1Euro.Year:2010.Weight:7.55g.Metal:Bi
metallicBrassinouterringandCopper
Nickelincenter.Diameter:26mm.Edge:
ReededandPlain5patcheseach.Alignment:
Medal.Mint:N/A.Obverse:Flanders
Emblemwith"13062010NIL
VOLENTIBUSARDUUM"belowit.
"REPUBLIEKVLAANDEREN2010"atthe
bottom.11starsaround.Reverse:"VLAAMS
EURO"writtenaboveDutchspeakingnorth
Belgiummapinthecenter."PEPSIntl"
writtenbelowmap.11starsaround.Mintage:
Foroverayear,Belgiumhasnotbeenabletocreateanationalgovernmentbecauseofdisagreements
betweentheFrenchspeakingportionsandtheDutchspeakingportionsofthecountry.Despitethelackof
anationalgovernment(ormaybebecauseofalackofanationalgovernment),Belgiumisdoingbetter
economicallythanmostofEurope.AnumberBelgianshaveadvocatedbreakingthecountryintotwo
separatenations.FlandersistheDutchspeakingnorthernpartofBelgium.This20101Eurofantasycoin
wascreatedfortheFlemishRepublic,whichdoesnotyetexistindependently.Onesidehasamapof
FlanderswiththelegendVlaamsuro(FlemishEuro).TheothersidefeaturesaFlemishlion.
On13December2006,aspoofnewsbroadcastbytheBelgianFrancophonepublicbroadcastingstation
RTBFdeclaredthatFlandershaddecidedtodeclareindependencefromBelgium.
The2007federalelectionsshowedmoresupportforFlemishautonomy.Allthepoliticalpartiesthat
advocatedasignificantincreaseofFlemishautonomygainedvotesaswellasseatsintheBelgian
parliament.Severalnegotiatorshavingcomeandgonesincethefederalelectionsof10June2007without
diminishingthedisagreementsbetweenFlemishandWalloonpoliticiansregardingafurtherStatereform,
causingdifficultiesfortheformationofthefederalgovernmentandultimatelyleadingtothefallofthe
governmentandnewelectionson13June2010.ThesewerewonbytheproindependencepartyoftheN
VAinFlanders.Thelonglastinggovernmentformationof2010brokethepreviousrecordof2007.
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FriuliHomeland
FriuliHomeland
FriuliHomeland(LAPATRIEDALFRIL)history,inanutshell,hasbeenkindlyprovidedtomeby
Mr.RobertPontissothroughMr.ErikV.McCrea'swebsite:In1077theHolyRomanEmperor
grantedtemporalrightstothePatriarchofAquileia(thechiefbishopinthearea).Inotherwords,in
additiontobeingaspiritualleader,thePatriarchbecametheprinceofhisownterritory.ThusthePatrie
dalFrilbecameineffectanindependentstate.Thislasteduntil1420(Ibelieve),whenthePatriewas
conqueredbytheVenetians.TothisdayApril3rdiscelebrated(bysome,anyway)astheanniversary
ofthedatein1077whenFriuliwasgrantedindependence.LaPatriedalFrilisalsothenameof
theirmainmonthlymagazine,anditsmastheadevenusesthatauspiciousdateinitschronology:the
March2004issuesays926years,whiletheAprilissuesays927years.
Furlanshavealwayshadaverystrongsenseofidentity,andhavealwaysbeenquicktopointoutthat
Friulianisalanguage,notadialectbutwhileit'struethatthedesireforgreaterautonomyhasalways
beenstrongintheregion(andyes,thisdoespredatethewholePadanianmovementbydecades),I
don'tthinktherehaseverbeenarealseparatistmovementtospeakof.Friulians'senseofidentitymay
inpartbeaproductoftheirhistorywithinItaly:whenmostofFriulibecamepartofItalyinthe19th
century,abigchunkofitremainedpartofAustriaHungarywhenthatpartwasunitedwiththerest
afterWWI,Friulididn'tconstituteaRegionuntoitself(itwasjustpartofVenetia).ThepostWW2
yearsdidseethecreationoftheRegionofFriuliVeneziaGiulia,andthisregionwasoneoffive(of
Italy'stwenty)classifiedasautonomousandgivensomedevolvedpowers,butthefactthatFriulians
havetoshareahyphenatedregionwithVeneziaGiulia(theVenetianareasaroundTrieste),stillrankles
some(nottomentionthefactthattheregionalcapitalisTrieste),andtherearecallsinsomequarters
formoreofasplitbetweenTriesteandFriuli.SowhileIwouldn'tsaythere'saseparatistmovementor
callsforrealindependenceinFriuli,adesireforgreaterautonomydoesexist.Howstrongor
widespreadthisdesireisismoredifficultformetosay...
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/FriuliHomeland.htm
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FriuliHomeland
Theobverselegendstates:UNMODONPAROMPEO'TORNARINAPLOMPandthereverse
legendstates:NASCITEDEPATRIEDALFRIULonbothcoinsshownabove.The100Furlanspiece,
dated1977isreportedbyMr.PontissoasThecoinwasstrucktocommemoratethe1976earthquake
thatkilledaboutathousandpeopleinFriuli.Theinscription,Onebrickeachandwe'llgetourselves
backup(moreliterally,Onebrickpermanandwe'llbeplumbagain),wasmeanttoencouragea
spiritofrebuildingandcommunalsolidarityinthefaceofdisaster.Heinitiallyassumed,andplausibly
so,thatitsdenominationwasmeanttosymbolizetheworkof100Friuliansinthereconstruction
effort.Theobverseshowswhat'spresumablyaLongobardorLombardman(Friuliingeneral,andthe
townofCividaledelFriuliinparticular,wereimportantcentersofLombardculture).Onthereverseis
an11thcenturybishop'schairfromCividale.
AnothersourceofinformationhasbeenMr.WalterGiuliani.HestatesthattheleaderoftheFriuli
separatistpartywasafriendoftheManagerandthebossengraving(Mr.GuerrinoMattiaMonassi)
oftheItalianStateMint(IstitutoPoligraficoeZeccaDelloStato),andheaskedtheMinttoissuethese
coinstokeepmoneyforearthquakevictims.Thecoins,andsomecurrencyaswell,wereusedfora
shortwhileoneFurlanwasequalinvaluetooneLira.Hereportsthattherearetwoadditionalcoinsin
thisseries.Oneisa1977200Furlans(withtheexactsameinscriptionsasthepreviousexample):the
wordVenon,accompaniedbythedepictionofamanwrestlingabeast,alsoappearsonitsobverse
thisisthenameofasitethatwasparticularlyhardhitbytheearthquake,soperhapstheimagemaybe
thetown'ssymbol.ThereversepresumablydepictsEmperorHenryIVandPatriarchSigeardoof
Aquileia,theformerhavinggrantedthelattersovereigntyoverFriuliin1077.Theengraverofthis
pieceaswellasthe100Furlans,wasMr.Monassi.Thefinalcoinisa19831,000Furlans.Thetexton
theobversereadsTorememberthe1000yearsofUdine.Inthecenteraresomebuildings,landmarks
ofUdine.Asthedatesonthereversesuggest,1983wasthe1000thanniversaryofthefirstknown
mentionofthiscity,capitalofFriuli(thisearliestreferenceisfromadocumentinwhichtheEmperor
grantsUdine'scastletothePatriarch).TheimagesonthissideareofOtonII(EmperorOttoII)and
Rodoalt(PatriarchRodoaldusofAquileia).These3coinsweremadebyteachersofthemuseumof
themedalinBuja(nativelandavillainFriuliofmanymastermedalists).Thismuseumalso
hasaschoolformedals,andtheydoworkfortheabovementionedMint.
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LosCoyotesIndianscoins
LosCoyotesIndians
TheLosCoyotesIndiansareatribeoflessthan300member.Only78ofthosemembersliveonits
25,000acre(10,100hectares)reservationlocatedintheremotehillsnortheastofSanDiego.Unlikemany
tribesintheregion,theydonothaveacasinotoprovideeconomicdevelopment.Theirattemptstobuilda
casinohavebeenblockedbycasinoowningtribesandNevadacasinooperators.Thiscoinissueisan
attempttohelpraiserevenuesforthetribe.Thecoinsareanauthorizedlegaltenderissuebythetribeand
maybeusedonthereservation(thoughthereisnotmuchtobuy).Thesevencoinsetincludes1,5,10,
25,and50centcoins,a1Dollarcoinandabimetallic5Dollarcoin.Thetribalsymbol,twoCoyotesand
anEagle,areontheobverseofeachcoin.AnIndianinafeatheredheaddressisonthereverseofthebi
metal5Dollarcoins,whilenativewildlifeisshownonreverseoftheothercoins.Allsevencoinsarean
attractivesetfromasmallAmericanIndiantribe.
1cent.Year:2011.Weight:1.81g.Metal:
Copper.Diameter:16.50mm.Edge:Plain.
Alignment:Coin.Mint:N/A.Obverse:
"2011KILEQICIL"atthetop."TURKEY
PULMIWET"writtenattherightsideof
threeTurkeys."ONECENT"atthebottom.
Reverse:"SOVEREIGNNATIONOFLOS
COYOTESINDIANS"writtenatthetop.
LosCoyotosIndiansembleminthecenter.
"UNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA"written
atthebottom.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:
Oneyeartype.
5cents.Year:2011.Weight:3.88g.Metal:
CopperNickel.Diameter:20.00mm.Edge:
Plain.Alignment:Coin.Mint:N/A.
Obverse:"2011KILEQICIL"atthetop.
"RATTLESNAKEMESAPA"writtenatthe
rightsideofthesnake."FIVECENT"atthe
bottom.Reverse:"SOVEREIGNNATION
OFLOSCOYOTESINDIANS"writtenat
thetop.LosCoyotosIndiansembleminthe
center."UNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA"
writtenatthebottom.Mintage:N/A.Minted
Years:Oneyeartype.
OneDime(10cents).Year:2011.Weight:
4.88g.Metal:CopperNickel.Diameter:
23.00mm.Edge:Reeded.Alignment:Coin.
Mint:N/A.Obverse:"2011KILEQICIL"at
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thetop."BOBCATTUKUT"writtenatthe
leftsideofthecat."ONEDIME"atthe
Years:Oneyeartype.
QuarterDollar(25cents).Year:2011.
Weight:5.91g.Metal:CopperNickel.
Diameter:25.00mm.Edge:Reeded.
Alignment:Coin.Mint:N/A.Obverse:
"2011KILEQICIL"atthetop.
"MULEDEERSUKAT"writtenattheright
sideoftheMuledeerwithhischild.
"QUARTERDOLLAR"atthebottom.
Reverse:"SOVEREIGNNATIONOFLOS
Oneyeartype.
HalfDollar(25cents).Year:2011.Weight:11.77g.Metal:CopperNickel.Diameter:31.50mm.Edge:
Reeded.Alignment:Coin.Mint:N/A.Obverse:"2011KILEQICIL"atthetop."BEARHUNWLT"
writtenattherightsideofthebearwithhischild."HALFDOLLAR"atthebottom.Reverse:
"SOVEREIGNNATIONOFLOSCOYOTESINDIANS"writtenatthetop.LosCoyotosIndians
embleminthecenter."UNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA"writtenatthebottom.Mintage:N/A.Minted
Years:Oneyeartype.
OneDollar.Year:2011.Weight:8.65g.
Metal:Brass.Diameter:27.00mm.Edge:
Plain.Alignment:Coin.Mint:N/A.
Obverse:"2011KILEQICIL"atthetop.
"EAGLEPASWET"writtenattherightside
oftheeaglewithhischild."QUARTER
DOLLAR"atthebottom.Reverse:
"SOVEREIGNNATIONOFLOS
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Oneyeartype.
FiveDollars.Year:2011.Weight:5.79g.
Metal:BimetallicBrassinthecenterand
CopperNickelinouterring.Diameter:
25.00mm.Edge:Reeded.Alignment:Coin.
Mint:N/A.Obverse:
"COMMEMORATINGOURCULTURAL
HERITAGE"atthetop.Indianportraitin
thecenter."FIVESDOLLARS2011"atthe
Years:Oneyeartype.
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Padania/LegaNord
Padania/LegaNord
FederalRepublicofPadania/RepubblicadelNord(bothrefertothesameseparatistpoliticalpartyin
Italy,alsoknownasLegaNord/NorthernLeague):
Newflagadoptedon03rdOctober2001.TheAlternateFlagrepresentthesocalled"BandieraStorica
dellaNazionePadana"(TheHistoricalFlagofPadaniaNation).Itderivesfromthegraphicfusionof
St.Georgeflag,theflagof"Resurrection",thathasaveryimportantuseinPadanheraldry,and"Sole
delleAlpi"(SunoftheAlps),thesymboloftheCelticheritageofthisland.Theflagisnowusedbythe
associationsthatsupporttheideaofcultural,ethnic,sociopoliticalandlinguisticalindependenceof
Padania(LaLiberaCompagniaPadana,Ass.neCult.TerraInsubre,etc.)andbyLegaNord.
TheNorthernLeague,afederalist/separatistpoliticalpartyinItaly,emergedfromaplethoraof
provincialformationsthatcroppedupinthenortherlyheartlands.Thefirstofthesehomegrown,
grassrootsmovementswastheLigaVeneta(VenetianLeague),whichhaditsoriginsin1979.The
followingyear,theUnioneNordOccidentaleLombardaperlAutonomia(Unolpa)wasfoundedby
UmbertoBossi.In1982,thisleaderalsofoundedoneofLegaNord'sprecursors,theLega
AutonomistaLombarda,whichgrewfromtheashesofUnolpa.Almostimmediately,communication
andcollaborationbetweenhimandtheothersmalltown,autonomistmovementsbegan.OnApril12,
1984heformedtheLegaLombarda,inVarese.Alsothatyear,thefirsttrueembryonicversionofLega
Nord,theUnioneperl'EuropaFederalista,waspiecedtogether.Apartfromdemandinggreater
autonomyfromtheclutchesofRome'scentralizedapparatus(anditsendemiccorruption),allofthe
individualLeaguessoughttoprotecttheirdiverseculturalbackgroundsandtopreservetheirunique
ethnoregionaldialects/linguisticidentities.Thewealthynazioniofthenorthalsowantedto
disassociatethemselvesfromthelessopulentsouth,inordertosafeguardtheirvitaleconomicinterests
againsttheirbeingdrainedawayinperpetuitybyStaterunenterprises/industries.Amidstthese
divisiveconsiderations,aquasinationalcharacterwasbeginningtocrystallizeunificationofthe
entiremacroregionanditsincoherenthodgepodgeoflocalLeagueseventuallytookshape.This
nascentallianceoftownbasedLeagues,startedbyBossiin1990,wasknownastheRepublicofthe
North.ItsnamewassubsequentlychangedtoLegaNord,whichwasconstitutedin1991,alsounder
theguidanceofBossi.
Bossihassinceheldseveralhigheroffices,includingSenatorandSpeakerofthelowerhouseof
Parliament(ChamberofDeputies).OnMay20,1990thefirstmodernGiuramentodiPontida(Oathof
Pontida),emulatingtheonewhichtookplacein1167andwhichunitedthefreeItaliancommunes
againstBarbarossa,wasperformed.8,000fiercelyloyalparticipants,inanunprecedentedshowof
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Padania/LegaNord
supportfortheprecisedirectionhewasprovidingforthem,sworefealtytoBossi'sproject.The
triumphofaconfederationof16smallscaleLombardandVenetiancitiesfromtheMiddleAges
servedasarequisiteprecedentwhichinspiredtheLegaintheirowncurrentstruggletofulfilltheir
sacreddestiny.Astheirprotestgainedsteam,manysupportersandactivistslookedbackevenfurther
intothepastrediscoveringtheirhypotheticalrootsinancient/ancestraltimes,theyavailedthemselves
ofCelticthemesandanachronisticsymbolism,carvingoutanewidentityforthemselvesasCelto
Lombards.Theyembracedthesepersuasivehistoricalmyths,whichfosteredasenseofpannorthern
identity.
ThebirthoftheLegaNordwasonFebruary10th1991,whenitsfirstFederalCongressmetatPieve
Emanuele(nearMilan)there,acohesivefederationwasofficialyfashionedbetweenLombardia,
Veneto,Piedmont,Liguria,EmiliaRomagna,andTuscany.Thenewumbrellaorganizationwaslater
joinedbyValled'Aosta,TrentinoSudtirolo/AltoAdige,FriuliVeneziaGiulia,Umbria,andMarche.
OnJune16,1991anothercelebrationtookplaceinthemeadowsofPontidathistimetherewereover
25,000attendants.OnSeptember1315of1996,Bossiledarallyofover2millionPadaniansto
clusteralongVenice'sRiverPo(PadusisitsLatinname,andPadaniaisthevalleyaroundthisriver)in
ordertocelebratetheDeclarationofIndependenceandSovereigntyoftheFederalRepublicof
Padania.AprovisionalConstitutionwasalsoapprovedandadopted.Itwashopedthatthisunitary
milestonewouldleadtowardsstatehoodandselfdetermination.Bythistime,theirownseparatist
mindedParliamenthadbeeninstalledinMantua,andaGuardiaNazionalePadanahadbeen
established.Bossi'sNorthernLeagueachievedadegreeofelectoralsuccessandbecameapolitical
forcetobereckonedwiththeywere,atonepoint,thelargestpartyintheNorth.Theyevenserved
brieflyinthecoalitiongovernmentofPrimeMinisterSilvioBerlusconi,andtriedtoformulateamore
focused,detailed,andwelldefinedprogramme.Bossi'svociferousvisionwasthatItalywould
inevitablydividepeacefullyalongCzechoslovakianlines.Butintheyearssince,dwindlingsupportfor
nationalismandmajorinternaldivisionsfurtherfracturedanddilutedthegroup'sonceradicaland
extremistaimstheirbellicosetoneandroughrhetorichavesoftenedsomewhat.Separatismisnow
consideredtobewhollyimpracticalbythevotingpublic,andtheyopttoremainwithintheexisting
Italianframework.Thepartyisstillactive,butthey'vedeemphasizedtheircallforsovereigntyin
favorofmoremoderateandpragmaticgoals.
Afantasticchronology,inItaliano,ofLegaNord/Padaniacanbeviewedat:
http://www.naztoscana.leganord.org/chisiamo.htm
AnimmensecatalogofPadaniancoins,completewithimages(banknotesandstampstoboot),has
beenputtogetherbyASCOLPA(AssociazioneCollezionistiPadani,theorganizationwhichproduces
alltheauthenticPadaniancollectibles)itisavailabletoviewersat:
http://xoomer.virgilio.it/pmarcello/ascolpa/ascolpdn/cataloghi/silvercoincat.htm
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Padania/LegaNord
1Legaand5Leghe1992coinshavedoublethicknesswithdifferentlegendonthereversesideofthe
coincontainingtheword"PIEMONTE".
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Padania/LegaNord
AsilvermedaltypecoinofNordLegaNordLombardahasalsobeenmintedin1994.
RepubblicaFederalediPadania1997coin.
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Padania/LegaNord
IpurchasedmyRepubblicadelNord(VenetianNation)1992datedcoins1,2,5&10Legheplus10
Leghe(RepubblicaFederalediPadania)1997AlbertodaGiussanofromAlejandroGuelfand
(worldauctions2000@yahoo.com).Thedoublethickness1Legaand5Leghecoinswerepurchase
throughOdedPaz.
FederalRepublicofPadania(EuropaFederaledeiPopoli)coinsof2002Ascolpa1Euroareavailable
incopper,silverandgold.Ihaveinmycollectionthecopperandsilvercoins.1Euro2002
AssociazioneCollezionisaciPadaniinSilver(925/1000)coinhaveamintageof100pieces,while
copperhaveamintageof500pieces.IpurchasedthesecoinsfromfromAvinoAlfonso
(alfonso.avino@fastwebnet.it).The1Eurogold(750/1000)coinalsoexists.
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Padania/LegaNord
EuropaFederaledeiPopoli2003bimetal(BronzeCopperNickel)1and2Eurocoinsalsocamefrom
AvinoAlfonso.The2003coinof1Euro=1936.27Lirafeaturesasoldierwithswordhaving28.5mm
diameterandweights10gramswhilethe2Euro=3872.54Lirafeaturestheirflaghaving26mm
diameterandweights8grams.
Othercoinsofthisregionare20Leghe1992RepubblicadelNord(LombardiaAutonomista),50
Lighe199226.5000g0.9925AgNathionVeneta,5Lire1993UnionedelNord(LegaLombarda),5
Lire1993LegaNord/UnionedelNord(LigaVeneta)and1Scudo1995RepubblicadiCellatica(Lega
Lombarda).PivaGianpietroofASCOLPA(collezionistipadani@tiscali.itorgiapy@tiscalinet.it)can
becontactedforNordLega/Padaniacoins.Forinternationalcollectors,theemailaddressis
ascolpa_foreignservice@yahoo.it.InregardstotheCellaticacoin,Mr.Giulianistatesthatduringthat
time,thereweremanyproblemsbetweenthetownhallandthepeopleofthissmallLombardian
community:thelocalLegaNordissuedaparallelgovernmentcalledRepublicofCellatica,alotof
personsdidn'tobeytothedecisionsofthemayorbutfollowedthedecisionsofthisparallel
government.
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PoarchCreekIndians
PoarchCreekIndians
AmericanIndianpeopleoriginallyfromthesoutheasternUnitedStates,alsoknownbytheiroriginal
nameMuscogee(orMuskogee),thenametheyusetoidentifythemselvestoday.Mvskokeistheir
nameintraditionalspelling.ModernMuscogeesliveprimarilyinOklahoma,Alabama,Georgia,and
Florida.Theirlanguage,Mvskoke,isamemberoftheCreekbranchoftheMuskogeanlanguage
family.TheSeminoleareclosekintotheMuscogeeandspeakaCreeklanguageaswell.TheCreeks
areoneoftheFiveCivilizedTribes.Cusseta(Kasihta)andCowetaarethetwoprincipaltownsofthe
CreekNationtothisday.TraditionallytheCussetaandCowetabandsareconsideredtheearliest
membersoftheCreekNation.
MostoftheworkofartinspiredonthedesignsforPoarchCreekNationofIndianscoinsaresculpted
byAlexShagin.
ThesecondsilverdollarissuedbytheCreek
IndiansfeaturesChiefMenawa,asoriginally
paintedbyCharlesBirdKingwhenMenawa
visitedWashington,D.C.in1826toprotestthe
TreatyofIndianSprings.Kingwasemployed
bytheU.S.WarDepartmenttopainttheIndian
delegatesvisitingWashington,D.C.Sadlythis,
alongwithmostofByrdsoriginaloil
paintings,werelostinafireattheSmithsonian
Institution.Butfortunately,acopperplatewas
engravedbasedontheoriginalpaintingfor
McKenney&HallsIndianTribesofNorth
America,Rice&Hart,Philadelphia,published
in1858.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Poarch_Creek_Indians.htm
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PoarchCreekIndians
Menawa,alsoknownasGreatWarrior,wasamilitaryleaderofthepeople.LikemanyoftheCreek
leadersofhisera,hewasofmixedScottishandAmericanIndianancestry.Hewasbornabout1765at
thevillageofOakfuskeelocatedonorneartheTallapoosaRiver.DuringtheCreekWarhewasoneof
theprincipleleadersofthe"RedSticks"orUpperCreeks,whowenttowaragainsttheUnitedStates
duringtheWarof1812.MenewawassecondincommandattheBattleofHorseshoeBendattheend
oftheCreekWar.Hewaswoundedseventimeduringthebattle,butheescapedandsurvivedhis
wounds.
MenawawasamemberoftheCreekNationalCouncilthatwenttoWashingtonin1826toopposethis
treaty.TheCreekleaderssignedtheTreatyofWashington(1826),whichnullifiedtheTreatyofIndian
Springs.Inthisnewtreaty,theCreekcededlandtoGeorgiaincompensationtheyreceivedan
immediatepaymentof$217,660andaperpetualannuityof$20,000.Menewadiedduringthegeneral
removaloftheCreek.Hisburialplaceisunknown.
OnAugust30,1813,RedSticksledbyRedEagleattackedtheAmericanoutpostofFortMimsnear
Mobile,Alabama,wherewhiteAmericansandtheirIndianallieshadgathered.TheRedStickstook
thefort,andabloodyclashensued,asprisonersincludingwomenandchildrenwerekilled.Nearly250
peoplewerekilled,spreadingpanicthroughouttheAmericansouthwesternfrontier.
InresponsetothemassacreatFortMims,Tennessee,Georgia,andtheMississippiTerritorysent
armiesdeepintoCreekcountry.Outnumberedandpoorlyarmed,theRedSticksputupadesperate
fightfromtheirwildernessstrongholds.OnMarch27,1814,GeneralAndrewJackson'sTennessee
militia,aidedbythe39thU.S.InfantryRegimentandCherokeeandCreekallies,finallycrushedRed
StickresistanceattheBattleofHorseshoeBendontheTallapoosaRiver.
ThoughtheRedStickshadbeencrushedaltogether,about3,000UpperCreeksdiedinthewarthe
remnantsoftheUpperCreekresistanceheldoutforseveralmonths.InAugust1814,exhaustedand
starving,theysurrenderedtoJacksonatWetumpka(nearthepresentcityofMontgomery,Alabama).
OnAugust9,1814,theCreekswereforcedtosigntheTreatyofFortJackson,whichendedthe
conflictandrequiredthemtocedesome20millionacres(81,000km)oflandmorethanhalfoftheir
ancestralterritorialholdingstotheUnitedStates.EventhoseCreekwhohadfoughtalongsideJackson
werecompelledtocedeterritory,becauseJacksonheldthemresponsibleforallowingtheRedSticksto
riseup.ThestateofAlabamawascarvedoutofthisdomainandwasadmittedtotheUnitedStatesin
1819.
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PoarchCreekIndians
SomeoftheCreeksmigratedtoFloridaintheaftermathofthewar,wheresomeofthemalliedwiththe
SeminolesandBritishagainsttheAmericans.TheywereinvolvedinbothsidesoftheSeminoleWarin
Florida.
AdditionalcoinswithvariousdesignfeaturingCreekIndianschiefsarealsoavailableandproducedby
PandaAmerica[3460TorranceBlvd.,Suite100,Torrance,CA90503]:
http://www.pandaamerica.com/coins.asp
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
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SouthOssetia
SouthOssetia
IntheveryheartoftheGeorgiaissituatedTskhinvali/SouthOssetia.Atanaltitudeof1000meters
andmoreabovethesealevelistobefound89.3%oftheterritoryofSouthOssetia.Themountain
landscapealsodeterminedlargelySouthOssetia'sclimate.Itisshieldedagainstthecoldnorthern
windsbytheMainCaucasusRange,whichresultsinthefactthatevenatgreatheightsitiswarmer
herethanintheNorthernCaucasus.Administrativelyitisdividedintofourregions:theTskhinval,
Dzhava,LeningoriandZnaur.Theindustrial,cultural,andadministrativecentreoftheRepublicof
SouthOssetiaisit'scapital,thecityofTskhinval.InSouthOssetiaresideRussians,Georgians,
Armenians,Greeks,atotalof40nationalities.
On20April1922,aftertheSovietizationofGeorgiain1921,theSouthOssetianAutonomousOblast
(AO)wasformed.Georgianwritershaveclaimedthat,liketheAbkhazianASSR,theSouthOssetian
AOhadbeenformedbytheBolshevikstocreatepermanentsourcesoftension,soastoenablethe
KremlintocontrolGeorgiamoreeasily.BothAbkhaziaandSouthOssetiaweresaidtoberunonan
ethnocraticbasis,tothedetrimentofGeorgiannationalinterests.HencetheperceivedGeorgianneed
tocurtailifnotabolishtheseautonomousentities.TheresponsefromtheSouthOsseteswaseitherto
trytosecurefederalstatuswithinGeorgiaor,failingthat,toseektobereunitedwithNorthOssetia,
formingpartofRussia.
Conflictbetweenborderingcountrieshasbeenconstant.December1990theGeorgian
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/SouthOssetia.htm
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SouthOssetia
ParliamentmadeamovetoabolishSouthOssetianautonomywhichresultedinviolentclashesgiving
RussiafurtherlegitimationforinterveninginGeorgianaffairsandultimatelycontributingtoSouth
Ossetia'sdefactoseparationfromGeorgia),butitshouldalsobeseenasanillconsideredretaliation
forthedeclarationbythe"SouthOssetianDemocraticRepublic"ofitsseparationfromGeorgia,which
hadbeenmadeseveraldaysbefore.Whatensuedwasaterritorialwarinwhichbothsideswere
defending"theirland"andwhichtheabsenceofregulararmiesmadeevenmorebrutal.
ModeratetendencieswithintheOssetianmovementhadunderstoodverywellthatsecessionfrom
Georgiawasarecklessmove.CompromiseswiththeGeorgiangovernmentwouldhavebeenpossible,
insofaraspublicopinioninGeorgiahadneveropposedgrantingquiteextensiveculturalrightstothe
minorities.OnlysomegroupswithintheGeorgianindependencemovementattemptedtocooperate
withthesemoderatetendencieswithinthenationalminorities.Unfortunately,suchattemptswererare
andinconsistent.
In2005CentralBankoftheRepublicofSouthOssetiaissueda10RoublesCoin.Obversedepict:
ColorizedEnamelledCoatofArmsofSouthOssetia.Reversedepict:Thefacevalueof10Roubles.
Apparentlythisisthefirstcoinmintedbythisunrecognisedstateandis75%silvercrownwith
mintageto250pieces.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/SouthOssetia.htm
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ShawneeTribe
ShawneeTribe
TheSovereignNationoftheShawneeTribe(Oklahoma),recognizedbytheUnitedStatesunderthe
ShawneeTribeStatusActof2000.Ithasauthorizedtoissuetheirfirsthistoricalcoininthesameyear
on30thJulyfeaturingChiefTecumseh(50000piecesinBUand20000piecesinProof).Thecoatof
armsonthereversecontains12stars,representingtheoriginal12tribesoftheShawneeIndian
Nation.ThefourtribesthatsurvivedwereknowntothewhitesettlersasMequachake,Chillicothe,
LiskapokeandthePiqua."Thecoinsarenotlegaltender,"GaryPitcher,thetribesdirectorof
economicdevelopment,toldIndianCountry.Avalue,inthiscaseonedollar,wasputonthecoins
"becausetheywouldbemorecollectable."Certainmediareportshavedescribedthecoinsas"legal
tenderonShawneelands,"whichtheyarenot.Instead,thesilverdollarismeantasacommemorative
issue,honoringtheShawneeslegalseparation,in2000,fromtheCherokeeNationafter135yearsof
union.
TheShawneepeopleoriginallydweltinwhatisnowOhio.Astheirchief,Tecumsehsoughttoresist
EuropeanencroachmentintotheoldNorthwestTerritoriesbyunitingtheregionsIndiannationsand
refusingtoselllandheldincommonbythetribestoindividualwhitesettlers.
"Notribehastherighttosell,eventoeachother,muchlesstostrangers,"Tecumsehsaid."Sella
country!Whynotselltheair,thegreatsea,aswellastheearth?DidnttheGreatSpiritmakethemall
fortheuseofhischildren?Wegavethemforestcladmountainsandvalleysfullofgame,andinreturn
whatdidtheygiveourwarriorsandourwomen?Rum,trinketsandagrave."
ThesealoftheShawneeTribeisdatedNov.7,1811.Tecumsehfoughtasabrigadiergeneralonthe
sideoftheBritishduringtheWarof1812andwaskilledincombatattheBattleoftheThamesin
Chatham,Ontarioin1813.
In2003asecondnewsilverdesignofShawneetribeDollarfeaturingLewis,Clark&Drouillardwas
introduced(50000piecesinBUand20000piecesinProof,authenticitysignatureonthecertificateis
donebyRonSparkman,tribalchairman).ThiscoinCommemoratesGeorgeDrouillard,thesonofa
FrenchCanadianfatherandShawneeIndianmother,whoservedasinterpreterandhunterforthe
historicLewisandClarkExpedition.HewasanexcellenthunterandhadagoodknowledgeofIndian
signlanguageandcustoms.Hisskillsandadvicemorethanoncesavetheexpeditionfrompotential
disaster.PicturedontheobverseofthecoinareLewis,ClarkandDrouillardholdingrifles.The
reversefeaturesthetribalarms.In18041806,PresidentThomasJeffersoncommissionedMeriwether
LewisandWilliamClarktoleadanexpeditiononanepicjourneytoexploretheheadwatersofthe
MissouriRiverandfindanoverlandroutetothePacificOceanbythewayColumbiaRiver.The
"CorpsofDiscovery"departedCampDuBoisnearWoodRiver,IllinoisonMay14,1804,and
proceededuptheMissouriRiver.ThepartyreachedtheKnifeRiverIndianVillages,nearpresentday
Washburn,NorthDakota,wheretheybuiltFortMandan.Theretheyalsorecruitedasinterpreters,the
FrenchmanToussaintCharbonneauandhiswife,Sacagawea.TheCorpsofDiscoveryreachedthe
PacificOceaninNovember1805andreturnedhomethenextyearin1806.
ThesesilverandgoldcoinsofShawneeTribecanbepurchaseddirectlyfrom"PanadaAmerica"at
http://www.pandaamerica.com/subcategory.asp?subcat=163&categ=77&grp=1.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Shawnee_Tribe.htm
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ShawneeTribe
MoredetailinformationonShawneeTribecanbeviewedat
http://www.pandaamerica.com/NEWS_shawnee_tacumseh_05_29_2002.ASP
1Dollar2002
Chief"Shooting
Star"Tecumseh
17681813
Proofcoin
1Dollar2003
LewisClark
DrouillardBU
coin
IpurchasedmybothcoinsmentionedbelowfromJoelAnderson.Eachcoinsis38.6mmindiameter,
containing1troyounceof.999finesilverwithreedededge.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Shawnee_Tribe.htm
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ConfederateStatesofAmerica
TheConfederacyexistedfromFebruary1861untilApril1865.TheConfederateStatesofAmerica
reportedlystruckfoursamplehalfdollarsin1861,usingtheSeatedLibertyobversediesuppliedfor
strikingU.S.halfdollarsattheNewOrleansmint,andaspeciallypreparednewC.S.A.reversedie.
Theseoriginalfourcoinsareimpossibletoprice.In1879,oneofthecoins,alongwiththereversedie,
wasacquiredbyJ.W.ScottofNewYork,whothenobtainedaquantityofU.S.18610halfdollarsand
created500Confederate"restrikes".Healsostrucksomehalfdollarsizetokenswiththesamereverse.
Scottrestrikesarevaluedat$2,5005,000Scotttokens,$5001,500.Besidestheseisthe1cent1861
(1874)byCaptainJ.W.Haseltine.
Now,forthisnewestincarnationofCSAcoinage,aclusterofSilverDollarcommemorativecoinshave
beendesignedbyRichardO.LiptockofHumboldt,Tennessee.HisWebsite
(http://www.csasilverdollar.com)affirmsthatIn1996Iwastryingtofindasilvercointhathadthe
RebelBattleFlagonit.Tomyamazement,nominthadeverproducedone.So,Idecidedtoseehow
muchitwouldcosttohaveonemademyself.WhenIcalledthefirstmint,ItoldthemthatIwantedthe
battleflagononeside...rightawaytheytoldmethatIcouldnothavethatcoinmadebecauseitwasnot
politicallycorrect.TheysaidthatIwouldneverbeabletogetacoinlikethatmade.Whenanother
mintturnedhimdownandalsorefusedtogivehimaprice,thisfueledhisdetermination.Aftersix
monthsIfinallyfoundamintthatwouldmakemycoinifIsignedanagreementstatingthattheywere
notliableforanylawsuitsthatmayresult.DuringasubsequenttelephoneconversationwithMr.
Liptock,heclarifiedthathisquestforamintinfactbeganin1994.Thereare13SilverDollarsinthe
RebelsOfLibertyseries,and4intheReflectionsOfTheConfederacyseries.Mr.Liptock,canbe
directlycontactedatrliptock@csasilverdollar.com.
Ascompanionpieces,1861Germansilver1/10(dime)andcopper1/100(penny)demirestrikesalso
exists.Theseattractivefractionalpiecesweremadearound1955fortheupcomingcentennialofthe
CivilWar.Theycanbeseenat:http://www.csacurrency.com/csacoin/csafcoin.htm
Morerecently,IwasalertedtoanotherCSAcoin,completelyunrelatedinorigintotheonesmentioned
above.ThispieceisasilverOneConfederateDollardated2002.Thepersonwhodesigneditandhad
itmintedisaSouthernPatriotnamedHenriKlingler(ofJesup,Georgia),whoisasupporterofThe
SouthernNation(TSN),aSouthernnationalistgroup/elistandWebsite,createdforthehonourable
andnobleCauseofrestoringandadvancingtheSouthernnation.Mr.Klingleralsohappenstobethe
greatgrandnephewofaConfederatecavalrycolonel(whomhedescribesasasomewhatrenowned
smallunitcommanderofabandofguerillatypefightersduringthewar.)namedJohnSingleton
Mosby(thelegendaryGreyGhost).Thecoincanbeviewedbyscrollingdownthispagetothe
SilverDollarGiftShop,fromwhereitcanbepurchased.http://dixierising.com/an_index.php?
Page=http://dixierising.com/products/csa_index.phtml.Theinformationonthislinkaboutthecoincan
besummarizedas:
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Confederate_States_of_America.htm
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Theabovecoinshownanothervariant,struckforthecentennialbytheCoinoftheMonthClub,Sioux
Falls,SouthDakotainvariousmetals(Silver,CopperNickelZinc,BronzeOxidized,CopperNickel
ZincOxidized,BronzeGolden,BronzeGilt).Allofthesecoinsproducedbythisclubarelistedfor$5
orlessandthe.925silverisvaluedat$15.
DespitethattheConfederacyhadtwomints:oneinNewOrleansandanotherinDahlonega,Georgia,
theyhadnopreciousmetaltoproduceSilveror/andGoldcoins.Thereverseofthecoinisthe
authenticGreatSealofTheConfederacy.ThecolonialhorsemanisGeorgeWashington.
Remember,WashingtonwasaVirginian,aSoutherngentlemanandhero,notonlyoftheUSA,but
especiallyfortheCSA.ThewreathsurroundingWashingtonistheretoremindusoftheSouths
agrariannature,itsrootsandlifestyle.ThewreathconsistsoftheSouthssixmainstaples:corn,
wheat,tobacco,sugarcane,rice,andcotton.DEOVINDICE,"themottooftheConfederacy,isLatin
forGodwillvindicate.22February1862isnotonlyGeorgeWashingtonsbirthday,itisthedatethe
ConfederateConstitutionwasadopted.
IpurchasedmyHalfDollarND(1961),CopperNickelZinccoinfromOdedPaz.Almostalltheabove
mentionedCSAcoinsareshownin"4theditionoftheUnusualWorldCoinsbyColinR.BruceII,
editedbyTomMichael&GeorgeCuhaj",under"UnitedStatesofAmerica"category.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Confederate_States_of_America.htm
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NagornoKarabakh(Artsakh)RulersandCoins
NagornoKarabakh(Artsakh)
NagornoKarabakh,anethnicallyArmenianenclaveinsideAzerbaijan(pop.,1991est.:193,000),SWregion.It
occupiesanareaof1,700sqmi(4,400squarekm)ontheNEflankoftheKarabakhMountainRange,withthe
capitalcity:Stepanakert(Tatev19201921Shusha17511822).RussiaannexedtheareafromPersiain1813,
andin1923itwasestablishedasanautonomousprovinceoftheAzerbaijanS.S.R.In1988theregion'sethnic
ArmenianmajoritydemonstratedagainstAzerbaijanirule,andin1991,afterthebreakupoftheU.S.S.R.brought
independencetoArmeniaandAzerbaijan,warbrokeoutbetweenthetwoethnicgroups.OnJanuary8,1992the
leadersofNagornoKarabakhdeclaredindependenceastheRepublicofMountainousKarabakh(RMK).Since
1994,followingaceasefire,ethnicArmenianshaveheldKarabakh,thoughofficiallyitremainspartof
Azerbaijan.Karabakhremainssovereign,butthepoliticalandmilitaryconditionisvolatileandtensions
frequentlyflareintoskirmishes.Itsmarvelousnatureandgeographicsituation,haveallfacilitatedKarabakhto
beacenterofscience,poetryand,especially,ofthemusicalcultureofAzerbaijan.Theregionpossesses
numerousmineralspringsanddepositsofzinc,coal,lead,gold,marbleandlimestone.Themajorcitiesofthe
regionareStepanakert,whichservesasthecapitaloftheNagornoKarabakhRepublic,andShusha,whichlies
partiallyinruins.Vineyards,orchardsandmulberrygrovesforsilkwormsaredevelopedinthevalleys.
ThesovereignstatusoftheNagornoKarabakhRepublicisnotrecognizedbyanystate,includingArmenia,
besidesTransnistria,whichisitselfalargelyunrecognizedstate.ThreeUnitedNationsSecurityCouncil
Resolutions(853,874,and884)andUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyresolutions49/13and57/298referto
NagornoKarabakhasaregionofAzerbaijan.NoneoftheseresolutionswerepassedunderChapterVII(Action
withRespecttoThreatstothePeace,BreachesofthePeace,andActsofAggression)oftheCharter.
c.1554StateundertheruleofanAtabegfoundedpartofPersia.
1588PartoftheOttomanEmpire.
1606KhanateofQarabagh(Karabakh)founded.
14May1806AnnexedtoRussiabyTreatyofKurekchay.
Oct1822KhanateabolishedbyRussia.
04Jun1918TreatyofBatumrecognizesKarabakhasanautonomouspart
ofAzerbaijan.
22/26Jul1918(Armenian)People'sGovernmentofKarabakhformed.
http://www.chiefacoins.com/Database/Countries/NagornoKarabakh.htm
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26Aug191909Jun1920GovernmentofKarabakhrecognizesthesovereigntyof
Azerbaijan.
09Jun1920DeclaredincorporatedintoArmenia.
Sep1920ArmeniarelinquishedZangezurandKarabakhtoAzerbaijan,but
ArmenianforcesremainandAzeriscouldnottakepower.
02Dec1920AzerbaidzhanS.S.R.RevolutionaryCommitteerecognizes
Nakhichevan,NagornoKarabakhandZangezuraspartof
ArmenianS.S.R.
25Dec1920SyunikAutonomousRepublicproclaimedbyArmenian
forcesinSyunie(Siunie)andKarabakhwithcapitalin
Tatevwhichisdeclaredtobe"autonomouswithinArmenia."
02Apr1921RepublicofSyunikproclaimsindependence.
26Apr1921SyunikreducedtoonlypartofupperKarabakhandisrenamed
theRepublicofMountainousArmenia.
03Jun1921CaucasusBureauoftheRussianCommunistPartyrecognizes
NagornoKarabakhaspartofArmenianS.S.R.
01Jul1921RepublicofMountainousArmeniaisrenamedRepublicof
Armenia.
05Jul1921SovietRussiaoccupiesthearea,madepartofAzerbaijan.
07Jul1923NagornoKarabakhAutonomousOblastwithinAzerbaidzhanS.S.R.
13Feb1988KarabakhArmeniansbegandemonstratinginfavourof
unificationwiththeArmenianrepublic
20Feb1988SupremeSovietofNagornoKarabakhvotestoreunitewith
Armenia(rejectedbySupremeSovietofU.S.S.R.on28Mar
1988,butrecognizedbyArmenianS.S.R.on15Jun1988).
22Feb1988Firstdirectconfrontationoftheconflictoccurredasalarge
groupofAzerismarchedfromAgdamagainsttheArmenian
populatedtownofAskeran.
12Jul1988SupremeSovietofNagornoKarabakhagainvotestojoinArmenia
(rejectedbySupremeSovietofU.S.S.R.on18Jul1988,but
ratifiedbyArmenianS.S.R.1Dec1989).
12Jan1989Aug1991PlacedunderdirectSovietadministrationfromMoscow.
28Nov1989AutonomyabrogatedbySupremeSovietofU.S.S.R.
29Nov1989DirectruleinNagornoKarabakhwasendedandtheregionwas
returnedtomostlyAzerbaijaniadministration.
01Dec1989Duringajointsession,theSupremeSovietsofArmenian
S.S.R.
andtheNationalCounciladoptaresolutiononreunification
ofNagornoKarabakhandArmenianS.S.R.
27Aug1990AzerbaijanS.S.R.abolishesNagornoKarabakhautonomy.
02Sep1991ArmenianRepublicofNagornoKarabakh(orRepublicof
MountainousKarabakh(Artsakh)declared.
26Nov1991AzerbaijandeclaresNagornoKarabakhAutonomousOblast
dissolved.ItcameunderdirectcontrolofAzerbaijan.
06Jan1992Independencedeclared(notinternationallyrecognized).
19May1992dateArmenianoccupationofadjacentAzericityofLachin
(Kelbajarfrom7Apr1993,Aghdam24Jul1993,Fizuli23Aug
1993,Jebrayil26Aug1993andGubatly31Aug1993,Horadiz
23Oct1993Feb1994andinZangelanfrom1Nov1993).
02Jun1992FlagAdopted
17Nov1992TextofNationalAnthemAdopted
10Dec2006Constitution
NagornoKarabakhRepublic(ArtsakhRepublicalsoinuse).
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ARRAN
WesternAzerbaijan,southofChechnya.
Armenia................................................c.8055
Albania...............................................55BCE47CE
TheRomanEmpire..........................................47c.230
ToPersia.............................................c.230651
ProphetMuhammad'selectedsuccessors....................643661
GovernorsofArran
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appointedbyCaliph(capitalatBarda(NorthAzerbaijan)andfrom760Tabriz(SouthAzerbaijan,
nowwithinIran).
KhudaifaibnalYaman...............................643644
SammakibnalHaris.................................644645
UtbaibnFarhad.....................................645646
alWalidibnUqba...................................646656
SaidibnSariyaalKhuzai...........................656658
KaisibnSa'adalAnsari............................658660
UmayyadCaliphate........................................661750
UbaydallahibnalAbbas.............................660663
ToArminyah.........................................663692
MuhammadibnMarwan.................................692710
MaslamaalAmawi(1sttime).........................710720
TabitalNahrawani..................................720722
alDjarrahibnAbdallah.............................722724
SaidibnAmir.......................................724725
MaslamaalAmawi(2ndtime).........................725732
MarwanibnMuhammad(CaliphMarwanII744750)......732744
AbbasidCaliphate........................................750889
AbuDjafarAbdallahalMansur(caliph754775)......750754
unknownruler
AbualFazlYahyaibnHalidalBarmaqi..............775778
BistamibnAmiralTaglibi..........................778787
YazidibnMazyad(1sttime).........................787791
HeruledatShirvan799801.Arminyain787788and799801.
Zubaida(female)....................................791798
YazidibnMazyad(2ndtime).........................799801
HuzaimaibnKhazim..................................801803
BadjnaibnRawad....................................803812
HatimibnHatama....................................812820
IsaibnMuhammad....................................820824
AliibnSadakaalRuzak...................................824
IbrahimibnalLais.................................824826
MuhammadibnHumaidalTusi.........................826829
AliibnHisham......................................829832
UdjayfibnAnbasa...................................832838
Mandjur.............................................839840
MuhammadibnalRawad...............................840846
MuhammadibnHatim..................................847848
HamdawayhibnAlialSaadi..........................848849
AbuAbdallahMohammad(caliphalMutazz866869)...849862
AbualHasanAli....................................862863
unknownruler
alAlaibnAhmadalAzdi............................873874
unknownruler
IranianAzerbaijan(Sajiddynasty).......................889900
ARANSHAKHIKMIGRANIAN(inArtsakh(Qarabagh))
SakhlSmbatian(atKuchen)....................fl.early800'swith...
Isaiah(atDizak).............................fl.earlymid800's
EmirateofShirvanofAzerbaijan(Yazidid)............c.9001027
EmirateofShirvanofAzerbaijan(Kesranid).............10271063
FadlappearsinthehistoryofibnalAthiras"FadhluntheKurd".HewasthefirstemirofArrantoissue
hisowncoinage,havinghismintlocatedatPartavandlaterGanja.Fadlalsohasthesingulardistinctionof
beingthelastleaderinrecordedhistorytohavebeendefeatedinbattlebytheKhazars,in1030.According
toibnalAthir,theKhazarskilled10,000ofFadl'ssoldiers.SomescholarsbelievethatibnalAthirwas
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eitherusing"Khazar"asagenericforCaucasianhighlandersorelsewasaltogethermistaken,andthatFadl
actuallyfoughtCircassians,PechenegsorAlans.LaterreferencesappeartoindividualKhazarsinRussian
sources,butnottoanorganizedstateorarmy.
Seljuqs.................................................1071c.1120
mainrulersofArran
Menuchir(atAni)..................................10751118
AbulAsvarShavurII..............................11181124
FadlIVibnShavurII..............................1125?
Mahmud...............................................?1131
Khushchikr.........................................1131?
Shaddad..............................................?1155
FadlV.............................................11551161
Shahanshah.........................................11641174
EmirateofShirvanofAzerbaijan(Kesranid)..........c.11201204
Mongols.................................................12251278
GASANDJALALID
GasanDjalal(Qarabagh,Chachen).........fl.mid1200's1261
MongolIlkhans..........................................12781340
JalayiridBaghdad.......................................13401382
TimuridEmpire..........................................13821405
HordeoftheBlackSheep(KaraKoyunlu).................14051468
QaraYusufsdeathin1420lefthissonsIspend,Iskander,JahanShahandAbuSaidfightingoverthe
Succession.TheTurkomanMuzaffaralDinJahanShahibnYusuf(14371467)becamerulerofthis
region.
HordeoftheWhiteSheep(AkKoyunlu)...................14681502
Persia..................................................15021516
OttomanEmpire..........................................15161539
Persia..................................................15391548
OttomanEmpire..........................................15481578
DerbendidynastyofAzerbaijan
AbuBakrMirzaibnBurhanAli..................................1578
OttomanEmpire.................................................1578
Persia..................................................15781579
OttomanEmpire..........................................15791607
Persia..................................................16071721
Russia..................................................17211732
QarabaghasVassalsofPersia
Inc.1554QarabaghstateundertheruleofAtabegfounded.ItbecamepartofOttomanEmpire
15881606.Khanatefoundedin1606.
DawudKhan.........................................1722May1728
Makhtihar..........................................17281730
UghurluKhanZiyadoghlu............................17301738
KhanChemskeseka..........................................fl.1740's
Persia..................................................17321747
DJEVANSHIR
PanahKhanAliBeg......................................17471761
IbrahimKhalilKhan.....................................176114Jun1806
MahdiQuliKhanMuzaffar................................1806Oct1822d.1845
QarabaghhasbecomeathornysourceofcontentionbetweenAzerbaijanandArmeniainmoderntimes.
TheregionwaspopulatedbylargenumbersofArmenianmigrantsduringthe19thcentury,andwhenthe
SovietUnionbrokeupin1991,anArmenianinsurgencydatingfrom1987eruptedintoopenwarfarewith
Azerbaijan,withwhomtheterritoryhasbeenincorporatedintosinceTsaristtimes.
Russia.............................................Oct18221918
ViceroysofTranscaucasia(includingArmeniaandAzerbaijan)
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MikhailSemyonovich(PrinceVorontsov)...........18451853d.1856
NikolaiNikolaievichMuravyov....................18541856
PrinceAleksandrIvanovichBaryatinsky...........18561862
GrandDukeMikhailNikolaievichRomanov..........18621881d.1909
CivilAdministratorsoftheCaucasus
Pr.AleksandrMikhailovichDondukovKorsakov.....18821890d.1893
SergeiAleksandrovichSheremetyev................18901896d.1896
PrinceGrigoriiSergeievichGolitsyn.............18961904d.1907
YakovDmitriyevichMalama(acting)...............19041905d.1912
Viceroys
CountIllarionIvanovichVorontsovDashkov.......19051915d.1916
GrandDukeNikolaiNikolaievichRomanov..........19151917d.1929
TranscaucasianRepublic........................24Feb191826May1918
NikolozSemyonovichChkheidze..................23Feb191826May1918
OnFebruary10,1918,theSejmgatheredandmadethedecisiontoestablishindependence.OnFebruary
24,1918,TheSejmproclaimedthe"TranscaucasianDemocraticFederativeRepublic".Remainingin
Georgia,hebecameleaderoftheTranscaucasianSejmonFebruary23,1918andinMaywaselecteda
ChairmanoftheConstituentAssemblyofthenewlyproclaimedDemocraticRepublicofGeorgia.On
March3,1918,thearmisticeofErzincanfollowedupwiththeTreatyofBrestLitovskmarkingRussia's
exitfromWorldWarI.IntheTreatyofBrestLitovsk,theOttomanEmpireregainedBatum,Kars,and
Ardahan.BetweenMarch14andApril1918theTrabzonpeaceconferencewasheldbetweentheOttoman
EmpireandadelegationoftheSejm.OnApril05,theheadoftheTranscaucasiandelegation,Akaki
Chkhenkeli,acceptedtheTreatyofBrestLitovsk.OnMay11,1918,anewpeaceconferenceopenedat
Batum.AtthisconferencetheOttomansextendedtheirdemandstoincludeTiflisaswellasAlexandropol
andEchmiadzin,wheretheywantedtobuildarailroadtoconnectKarsandJulfawithBaku.The
ArmenianandGeorgianmembersoftheRepublicsdelegationbegantostall.BeginningonMay21,the
Ottomanarmymovedaheadonceagain.TheconflictledtotheBattleofSardarapat(May2129),the
BattleofKaraKillisse(May2428),andtheBattleofBashAbaran(May2124).OnMay26,1918,
Georgia(DemocraticRepublicofGeorgia)declaredindependencetwodayslater,onMay28,Armenia
(DemocraticRepublicofArmenia)andAzerbaijan(AzerbaijanDemocraticRepublic)followedsuit,
dissolvingthefederation.ThedayiscommemoratedbybothcountriesasRepublicDay.
AzerbaijanDemocraticRepublic.................28May191827Apr1920
PresidentofKarabakhSovereigntyCommittee
LyuftalibekByebutov............................1917Sep1918
PresidentofKarabakhArmenianNationalCouncil
YeghisheIshkhanyan..........................Sep19181919
GovernorofKarabakh
KhosrovbeySultanov......................15Jan1919May1920
PresidentofAuthority
ArsenOgannesyan.............................Apr19201920
PresidentoftheRevolutionaryCommittee
SakoAmbartsumyan.......................................1920
SovietUnion...................................27Apr192025Dec1991
KarabakhSparapet(Commander)
GareginEgishevichTerArutyunian............Apr1921Jul1921
FirstSecretariesoftheOblastCommitteeoftheCommunistParty
SeroManutsyan...............................Jul1923Dec1923
AkopMikaelovichBendzhanyan.................Dec1923Apr1924
Sarkisov.....................................Apr1924Oct1924
HaykHachaturovichSilanyan..................Oct19241925
ArtvazdAleksandrovichSaakyants.................19251929
M.K.Danilyan...................................1929Dec1929
AshotAbramovichKaramyan........................1929May1930
unknownpersonMay1930Jul1938.
MikhailSergeyevichManukyants...............Jul1938Oct1942
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YegishePetrosovichGrigoryan(1sttime).....Oct19421946
TigranGrigoryevichGrigoryan....................19561951
YegishePetrosovichGrigoryan(2ndtime).........1952Dec1958
NikolaySamsonovichShakhnazarov.............Dec1958Oct1962
GurgenAllakhverdovichMelkumyan.............Oct1962Jun1973
BorisSarkisovichKevorkov...................Jun197324Feb1988
GenrikhAndreyevichPogosyan..............24Feb198820Jan1989
VaganGabrielyan..........................20Jan198927Aug1990
RepublicofAzerbaijan.........................30Aug1991date
ChairmenofParliament
LeonardGeorgiyevichPetrosyan............12Sep199006Jan1992
HewasChairmanoftheExecutiveCouncilto02Sep1991.
ArturAslanovichMkrtchyan................07Jan199214Apr1992
GeorgyMikhaylovichPetrosyan(acting)....15Apr199214Jun1993
GarenZarmayrovichBaburyan(acting)......14Jun199329Dec1994
Presidents
RobertSedrakovichKocharyan..............29Dec199420Mar1997
ThepoliticsofArmeniaandthedefactoKarabakhrepublicaresointermingledthatRobert
Kocharyan,becamefirstthePrimeMinisterofArmenia(20Mar199710Apr1998andacting02
May200012May2000)andthenthePresidentofArmenia(04Feb199809Apr2008).
LeonardGeorgiyevichPetrosyan(acting)...20Mar199708Sep1997
HeservedasChairmanoftheParliament(19901992)andasPrimeMinisterfromDec1992toJun
1998.
ArkadyArshavirovichGukasyan.............08Sep199707Sep2007
BakoSahakovichSahakyan..................07Sep2007date
Coinage
Currency:ArmenianDram=100lumaareused.Commemorativecoinswerealsoproducedfrom1998to2004.
1998
KM#125000Drams.Year:1998.
Weight:31.20g.Metal:0.999Silver.
Diameter:39.00mm.Edge:Plain.
Alignment:Medal.Mint:LialoosinInc.,
LosAngeles,CA.Obverse:"1998"atthe
top.Nationalembleminthecenterwith
Numeral"25000"belowit.Armenian
languageatthebottom.Reverse:Head
leftabovetwofistswithdates"1957
1993".Armenianlanguagearound.
Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:Oneyear
type.
KM#1a25000Drams.Year:1998.
Weight:31.20g.Metal:0.999Silvergold
plated.Diameter:39.00mm.Edge:
7/16
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Plain.Alignment:Medal.Mint:
LialoosinInc.,LosAngeles,CA.
Obverse:"1998"atthetop.National
embleminthecenterwithNumeral
"25000"belowit.Armenianlanguageat
thebottom.Reverse:Headleftabove
twofistswithdates"19571993".
Armenianlanguagearound.Mintage:
languageatthebottom.Reverse:
""writtenontopleftsidewith
"ARTSAKH"writtenonthetopright
side.TwoMonumentfacesinthecenter.
Dateatthebottomwithmetal
composition"999"ontherightside.
type.
Thereversedepictsamanandawomanofthemonument,"WeAreOurMountains".Thesculpture,complete
iswidelyregardedasasymboloftheArmenianheritageofNagornoKarabakh.Themonumentrepresentsthe
mountainpeopleofKarabakh.Itisalsoknownas"tatikpapik"inArmenian.
thebottom.Reverse:""written
ontopleftsidewith"ARTSAKH"
writtenonthetoprightside.Two
Monumentfacesinthecenter.Dateat
thebottomwithmetalcomposition
"999"ontherightside.Mintage:N/A.
Alignment:Medal.Mint:N/A.Obverse:
"1998"atthetop.Nationalemblemin
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thecenterwithNumeral"25000"below
it.Armenianlanguageatthebottom.
Reverse:10dotsonthelefttopside.
""Armenianlanguage
writtenontoprightside.Armenianmap
ontheleftsideandNagornoKarabakh
mapontherightside.".999."atthe
bottom.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:
Oneyeartype.
"1998"atthetop.Nationalemblemin
thecenterwithNumeral"25000"below
it.Armenianlanguageatthebottom.
Reverse:Armenianlanguageinthree
lineswrittenontop."1700"writtenin
thecenter."CHRISTIANITYWAS
PROCLAIMEDINARMENIAASTHE
OFFICIALRELIGIONOFTHESTATE
IN301AD.Mintage:N/A.Minted
Years:Oneyeartype.
languageatthebottom.Reverse:
Armenianlanguagewrittenontopleft
sideand"ARTGHIK"writtenonthe
rightbottomside.Womanportraitfacing
leftinthecenter.Mintage:N/A.Minted
Years:Oneyeartype.
thebottom.Reverse:Armenianlanguage
writtenontopleftsideand"ARTGHIK"
writtenontherightbottomside.Woman
portraitfacingleftinthecenter.Mintage:
9/16
12/31/2016
KM#250000Drams.Year:1998.Weight:155.51g.Metal:0.999Silver.Diameter:63.80mm.Edge:Plain.
Alignment:Medal.Mint:LialoosinInc.,LosAngeles,CA.Obverse:"1998"atthetop.Nationalembleminthe
centerwithNumeral"50000"belowit.Armenianlanguageatthebottom.Reverse:Headleftabovetwofists
withdates"19571993".Armenianlanguagearound.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:Oneyeartype.
KM#2a50000Drams.Year:1998.Weight:155.51g.Metal:0.999Silvergoldplated.Diameter:63.80mm.
Edge:Plain.Alignment:Medal.Mint:LialoosinInc.,LosAngeles,CA.Obverse:"1998"atthetop.National
embleminthecenterwithNumeral"50000"belowit.Armenianlanguageatthebottom.Reverse:Headleft
abovetwofistswithdates"19571993".Armenianlanguagearound.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:Oneyear
type.
2000
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KM#450000Drams.Year:2000.Weight:155.51g.Metal:0.999Silver.Diameter:63.80mm.Edge:Plain.
Alignment:Medal.Mint:LialoosinInc.,LosAngeles,CA.Obverse:"1998"atthetop.Nationalembleminthe
centerwithNumeral"50000"belowit.Armenianlanguageatthebottom.Reverse:""wtittenontop
leftsidewith"ARTSAKH"writtenonthetoprightside.TwoMonumentfacesinthecenter.Dateatthebottom
withmetalcomposition"999"belowit.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:Oneyeartype.
KM#4a50000Drams.Year:2000.Weight:155.51g.Metal:0.999Silvergoldplated.Diameter:63.80mm.
Edge:Plain.Alignment:Medal.Mint:LialoosinInc.,LosAngeles,CA.Obverse:"1998"atthetop.National
embleminthecenterwithNumeral"50000"belowit.Armenianlanguageatthebottom.Reverse:""
wtittenontopleftsidewith"ARTSAKH"writtenonthetoprightside.TwoMonumentfacesinthecenter.
Dateatthebottomwithmetalcomposition"999"belowit.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:Oneyeartype.
2004
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12/31/2016
KM#650luma.Year:2004.Weight:0.95g[0.95g].
Metal:Aluminium.Diameter:19.80mm.Edge:
Plain.Alignment:Medal.Mint:N/A.Obverse:"50
LUMA"writtenonthetop.Horserunningonleft
side.Dateatthebottom.Reverse:"NAGORNO
KARABAKH"atthetop.Embleminthecenter.
"REPUBLIC"atthebottom.Mintage:N/A.
KM#750luma.Year:2004.Weight:0.95g[0.95g].
LUMA"writtenonthetop.Gazellerunningon
rightside.Dateatthebottom.Reverse:
"NAGORNOKARABAKH"atthetop.Emblem
inthecenter."REPUBLIC"atthebottom.
KM#81Dram.Year:2004.Weight:1.11g[1.15g].
DRAM"writtenontop.Pheasantinthecenter.
Dateatthebottom.Reverse:"NAGORNO
"REPUBLIC"atthebottom.Mintage:N/A.
KM#91Dram.Year:2004.Weight:1.13g[1.15g].
Plain.Alignment:Medal.Mint:N/A.Obverse:
"SAINTGREGORY"writtenonrightsideclock
wise."1DRAM"writtenonleftsideclockwise.
Saintprotraitinthecenter.Dateatthebottom.
Reverse:"NAGORNOKARABAKH"atthetop.
Embleminthecenter."REPUBLIC"atthebottom.
KM#101Dram.Year:2004.Weight:1.12g
[1.15g].Metal:Aluminium.Diameter:21.70mm.
Edge:Plain.Alignment:Medal.Mint:N/A.
Obverse:"1DRAM"writtenontopleftsideclock
wise.Cheetahwithitskidinthecenter.Dateatthe
bottom.Reverse:"NAGORNOKARABAKH"at
thetop.Embleminthecenter."REPUBLIC"atthe
bottom.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:Oneyear
type.
KM#115Drams.Year:2004.Weight:4.50g
[4.50g].Metal:Brass.Diameter:21.80mm.Edge:
Numeral"5"writtenabovethecrossonthe
Church.Churchinthecenter."DRAM"writtenon
righttopside.Dateatthebottom.Reverse:
12/16
12/31/2016
KM#125Drams.Year:2004.Weight:4.55g
[4.50g].Metal:Brass.Diameter:21.80mm.Edge:
DRAM"writtenonleftside.TwoMonumentfaces
inthecenter.Dateatthebottom.Reverse:
KM#191000Drams.Year:2004.Weight:
31.37g.Metal:0.999silver.Diameter:
38.90mm.Edge:Plain.Alignment:
Medal.Mint:N/A.Obverse:Dateatthe
languageonthebanneratthebottom.
Reverse:Leopardinthecenter.
"LEOPARDWILDLIFEPROTECTION"
atthebottom.Armenianlanguageatthe
top,leftandrightsides.Mintage:N/A.
Reverse:Standingbrownbearinthe
center."WILDLIFEPROTECTION"at
thebottom.Armenianlanguageatthetop.
type.
Reverse:Eagle'sheadfacingleftinthe
center."WILDLIFEPROTECTION"at
thebottom.Armenianlanguageatthetop.
type.
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Reverse:1918GenocideVictims
Monumentinthecenter."1918"below
thismonumentandArmenianlanguageat
thebottom.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:
Oneyeartype.
OnJanuary25,2005PACEadoptedResolution1416,whichcondemnstheuseofethniccleansingagainstthe
Azerbaijanipopulation,andsupportingtheoccupationofAzerbaijaniterritory.On1517May2007the34th
sessionoftheCouncilofMinistersofForeignAffairsoftheOrganizationofIslamicConferenceadopted
resolution7/34P,consideringtheoccupationofAzerbaijaniterritoryastheaggressionofArmeniaagainst
AzerbaijanandrecognizingtheactionsagainstAzerbaijaniciviliansasacrimeagainsthumanity,andcondemns
thedestructionofarchaeological,culturalandreligiousmonumentsintheoccupiedterritories.Atthe11th
sessionofthesummitoftheOrganizationoftheIslamicConferenceheldonMarch1314,2008inDakar,
resolution10/11P(IS)wasadopted.Accordingtotheresolution,OICmemberstatescondemnedthe
occupationofAzerbaijanilandsbyArmenianforcesandArmenianaggressionagainstAzerbaijan,allegedethnic
cleansingagainsttheAzeripopulation,andchargedArmeniawiththe"destructionofculturalmonumentsinthe
occupiedAzerbaijaniterritories".OnMarch14ofthesameyeartheUNGeneralAssemblyadoptedResolution
62/243which"demandstheimmediate,completeandunconditionalwithdrawalofallArmenianforcesfrom
alloccupiedterritoriesoftheRepublicofAzerbaijan".AsofAugust2008,theUnitedStates,France,andRussia
(thecochairsoftheOSCEMinskGroup)aremediatingeffortstonegotiateafullsettlementoftheconflict,
proposinga"areferendumoraplebiscite,atatimetobedeterminedlater,"todeterminethefinalstatusofthe
area,returnforsometerritoriesunderKarabakh'scontrol,andsecurityguarantees.IlhamAliyevandSerzh
SarkisiantraveledtoMoscowfortalkswithDmitryMedvedevon02November2008.Thetalksendedinthe
threePresidentssigningadeclarationconfirmingtheircommitmenttocontinuetalks.OnNovember22,2009,
severalworldleaders,amongthemtheheadsofstatefromAzerbaijanandArmenia,metinMunichinthehopes
ofrenewingeffortstoreachapeacefulsettlementonthestatusofNagornoKarabakh.
2013
50luma.Year:2013.Weight:1.32g[1.30g].Metal:
Aluminium.Diameter:19.80mm.Edge:Plain.
Alignment:Medal.Mint:N/A.Obverse:"50
LUMA"writtenonthetop.Horserunningonright
side.Dateatthebottom.Reverse:"NAGORNO
"REPUBLIC"atthebottom.Mintage:N/A.Minted
Years:Oneyeartype.
50luma.Year:2013.Weight:1.34g[1.30g].Metal:
Alignment:Medal.Mint:N/A.Obverse:"50
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LUMA"writtenonthetop.Antelopewalking
towardsleftside.Dateatthebottom.Reverse:
"NAGORNOKARABAKH"atthetop.Emblemin
thecenter."REPUBLIC"atthebottom.Mintage:
1Dram.Year:2013.Weight:1.61g[1.60g].Metal:
Alignment:Medal.Mint:N/A.Obverse:"1DRAM"
writtenontop.Leopoldwalkingleftinthecenter.
Years:Oneyeartype.
writtenontop.Wolffacingrightinthecenter.Date
atthebottom.Reverse:"NAGORNO
Years:Oneyeartype.
writtenontop.Pheasantfacingleftinthecenter.
Years:Oneyeartype.
5Drams.Year:2013.Weight:5.59g[5.65g].Metal:
Brass.Diameter:21.80mm.Edge:Plain.
writtenontoprightside.Bearmovingleftinthe
center.Dateatthebottom.Reverse:"NAGORNO
Years:Oneyeartype.
5Drams.Year:2013.Weight:5.71g[5.65g].Metal:
Brass.Diameter:21.80mm.Edge:Plain.
writtenontoprightside.Capricornstandingfacing
rightinthecenter.Dateatthebottom.Reverse:
"NAGORNOKARABAKH"atthetop.Emblemin
thecenter."REPUBLIC"atthebottom.Mintage:
15/16
12/31/2016
SahrawiArabDemocraticRepublicRulersandCoins
SahrawiArabDemocraticRepublic
TheSahrawiArabDemocraticRepublic(SADR)(Arabic:AlJumhryyahAl
ArabyyahAarwyyahAdDmuqryyahSpanish:RepblicarabeSaharauiDemocrticaakaRASD)is
apartiallyrecognizedstatethatclaimssovereigntyovertheentireterritoryofWesternSahara,aformerSpanish
colony.SADRwasproclaimedbythePolisarioFrontonFebruary27,1976,inBirLehlu,WesternSahara.The
SADRgovernmentcontrolsabout2025%oftheterritoryitclaims.Itcallstheterritoriesunderitscontrolthe
LiberatedTerritoriesortheFreeZone.Moroccocontrolsandadministerstherestofthedisputedterritoryand
callstheselandsitsSouthernProvinces.TheSADRgovernmentconsiderstheMoroccanheldterritoryoccupied
territory,whileMoroccoconsidersthemuchsmallerSADRheldterritorytobeabufferzone.
Capital:ElAaiun(Laayoune)VillaCisneros18871958.SADRCapital:BirLehlou(provisional)PolisarioHQ:
Tindouf,Algeria.Motto:(Arabic)="Liberty,Democracy,Unity".
TheSADRactsasagovernmentadministrationintheSahrawirefugeecampslocatedintheTindoufProvinceof
westernAlgeria.ItisheadquarteredinCampRabouni,southofTindouf,althoughsomeofficialeventshave
takenplaceonWesternSaharanterritoryintheprovisionalcapitalofBirLehlou,inTifaritiandothertownsin
theLiberatedTerritories.ThegovernmentoftheSADRadministersboththeWesternSaharaterritoriesunderits
controlandtheSahrawirefugeecampsonAlgeriansoilnearTindouf,butonlyclaimssovereigntyonthefirst
ones.Severalforeignaidagencies,includingtheUNHCR,andNGO'sarecontinuallyactiveinthecamps.
Currently49UNmemberstatesandSouthOssetiarecognizeSADR,additional34UNmemberhave"frozen"or
"withdrawn"recognition.
11401147PartofAlmoravidSultanate.
1860MoroccocedesWesternSaharatoSpain
187913Mar1895BritishNorthWestAfricaCompany(BNWA)tradingpost,
PortVictoria,establishedatCapeJuby(Tarfaya)byDonald
DonaldMacKenzie.
09Feb1883TradingpostatVillaCisnerosestablishedbytheCompaa
ComercialHispanoAfricana.
03Nov1884SpainoccupiesRodeOro(SpanishSahara).
26Dec1884SpanishprotectoratedeclaredfromRodeOrototheCape
theCapeBlancpeninsulaandAngradeCinta.
10Jul1885SpanishprotectoratedeclaredoverthecoastfromBoujdour
http://www.chiefacoins.com/Database/Countries/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.htm
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toCapeBlanc.
06Apr1887RodeOroDependentProtectorate.
06Apr188729Aug1934SubordinatedtotheCanaryIslands.
24Feb1895SultanofMoroccopurchasesCapeJuby(Tarfaya).
03Oct1904SaguiaelHamraannexedbySpain.
27Nov191207Apr1956Tarfaya(CaboJuby)StrippartofSpanishMorocco
protectorate.
Jul1936SpanishNationalistforcestakecontrol.
1946WesternSaharaunitedwithIfniasSpanishWestAfrica
20Jul194610Apr1958SpanishWestAfrica(fricaOccidentalEspaola)
(RodeOro,SaguiaelHamra,andIfni).
23Nov195725Feb1958MoroccanirregularoccupationofpartsofSpanishSahara
(Edcherato13Jan1958TanTantoFeb1958Tafurdatand
Smarato10Feb1958BirNazaranandAusertto21Feb1958)
12Jan1958OverseasprovinceofSpain(SpanishSahara).
02Apr1958TarfayaStripcededtoMoroccobySpaininTreatyof
AngraCinta.
17Jun1970ZemlaIntifada.HarakatTahrirriotsinElAaiun.
10May1973FoundationofthePolisarioFront
20May1973May20Revolution:StartofthearmedstruggleagainstSpain
04Jul1974WesternSaharagrantedautonomynotimplemented.
12Oct1975DayofNationalUnity.AinBenTiliConference.
15Oct1975InternationalCourtofJusticeadvisoryopinion
declaresthatWesternSaharahashistoricallinkswith
MorroccoandMauritania,butthepopulationofthis
territorypossessedtherightofselfdetermination.
14Nov1975TripartiteMadridAccordsbywhichSpaincededtemporary
administrationofWesternSaharatoMoroccoandMauritania.
27Nov1975MoroccoandMauritaniainvadeWesternSahara.
11Dec1975MoroccantroopsenterElAaiun.
26Feb1976Spainterminatesitsadministration,butrefusestoaccept
annexationofWesternSaharabyMorocco.
27Feb1976Saharan(Sahrawi)ArabDemocraticRepublic(SADR)
proclaimedbythePolisarioFrontinBirLehlou
28Feb1976ConstitutionadoptedbySADR.
14Apr1976SpanishSaharaispartitionedbyMoroccoandMauritania
(MauritanianpartisnamedTiriselGharbia.Moroccansector
reorganizedintotheprovincesofBoujdour,Laayoune,and
EsSemara).
09Jun1976DayoftheMartyrs.ElOualidied.
05Aug1979MauritanianagreementwiththeSADR,Mauritaniaevacuates
WesternSaharaundertheAlgiersAgreement.
11Aug1979MauritanianpartoftheterritoryannexedbyMorocco,which
isnamedOuedelDahabprovince.
06Sep1991dateUnitedNationsmonitoredceasefireimplemented.
04Sep1999NewconstitutionadoptedbySADR.
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AfteranagreementamongtheEuropeancolonialpowersattheBerlinConferencein1884onthedivisionof
spheresofinfluenceinAfrica,SpainseizedcontrolofTheWesternSaharaandestablisheditasaSpanishcolony.
After1939thisareawasadministeredbySpanishMorocco.Asaconsequence,AhmedBelbachirHaskouri,the
ChiefofCabinet,GeneralSecretaryoftheGovernmentandHeadofthepalaceforthecaliphofSpanish
MoroccocooperatedwiththeSpaniardstoselectgovernorsinthatarea.TheSaharanlordswhowerealreadyin
prominentpositionssuchasthemembersofMaaElAinainfamilyprovidedalistrecommendingnewgovernors.
Astimewentby,SpanishcolonialrulebegantounravelwiththegeneralwaveofdecolonizationafterWorldWar
II,whichsawEuropeanslosecontrolofNorthAfricanandsubSaharanAfricanpossessionsandprotectorates.
Spanishdecolonizationinparticularbeganratherlate,butinternalpoliticalandsocialpressuresforitinmainland
SpainbuiltuptowardstheendofFranciscoFranco'srule,inthecontextoftheglobaltrendtowardscomplete
decolonization.Spainbeganrapidlyandevenchaoticallydivestingitselfofmostofitsremainingcolonial
possessions.Afterinitiallybeingviolentlyopposedtodecolonization,Spainbegantogiveinandby197475
issuedpromisesofareferendumonindependence.
Atthesametime,MoroccoandMauritania,whichhadhistoricalclaimsofsovereigntyovertheterritorybased
oncompetingtraditionalclaims,arguedthattheterritorywasartificiallyseparatedfromtheirterritoriesbythe
Europeancolonialpowers.Algeria,whichalsoborderedtheterritory,viewedthesedemandswithsuspicion,
influencedalsobyitslongrunningrivalrywithMorocco.Afterarguingforaprocessofdecolonizationguided
bytheUnitedNations,theAlgeriangovernmentunderHouariBoumdinnecommitteditselfin1975toassisting
thePolisarioFront,whichopposedbothMoroccanandMauritanianclaimsanddemandedfullindependence.
TheUNattemptedtosettlethesedisputesthroughavisitingmissioninlate1975,aswellasaverdictfromthe
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InternationalCourtofJustice(ICJ),whichdeclaredthatWesternSaharahadhistoricallinkswithMoroccoand
Mauritania,butpopulationofthisterritorypossessedtherightofselfdetermination.On6November1975the
GreenMarchintoWesternSaharabeganwhen350,000unarmedMoroccansconvergedonthecityofTarfayain
southernMoroccoandwaitedforasignalfromKingHassanIIofMoroccotocrosstheborderinapeaceful
march.Afewdaysbefore,on31October,MoroccantroopsinvadedWesternSaharafromthenorthwest.
WESTERNSAHARA
KnowninArabic:Sahra'alGharbiyahSpanish:SaharaOccidental,alsoRiodelOro.Astretchofcoast
innorthwesternAfricabetweenCapJubyinthenorthandCapBlanctothesouththeCanaryIslands
archipelagoisashortdistancetothenorthwest.Theinteriorisadesolatereachofnearlyunihabiteddesert,
bytimesflatlandorhillcountry.Thechiefcity,elAain(Layoune),aportinthefarnorthwestwitha
populationofcloseto200,000,accountsforoverhalfthetotalpopulationoftheregion.
Bafour................................................c.5000c.3000BCE
TheBafourwereatribeofuncertainoriginwhomadealivingasagriculturalistsatatimewhenthe
region'sclimatewasmoreconducivetofarming.Around3000BCEtheregionlargelydesertified,andthe
BafourmovedsouthwardsintomoderndayMauretania(theyarebelievedtobetheancestorsofthe
ImraguenandSoninkeethnicgroups).
Largelyunoccupiedc.3000c.300.
VariousBerbertribes..............................c.300BCEc.790CE
IdrisidMorocco........................................c.790810
Sanhaja...................................................810c.900
TheSanhajawerethedominantBerbertribalconfederacyinnorthwesternAfricaintheearlyMiddleAges.
BranchesoftheSanhajaincludedtheZirids,Hammadids,LamtunaandAlmoravids.
VariousBerbertribes..................................c.900c.1040
Lamtunaconfederacy...................................c.1040c.1070
AlmoravidEmpire......................................c.10701147
VariousBerbertribes.................................c.11401591butnote...
PeriodicoccupationbyvariousMoroccandynasties.....c.11501591and...
IncursionsandsettlementbyArabBeniHassantribe...c.13001591and...
CapeBajodorandnearbycoastalsettlementstoPortugual.1430late1500's
Duringthecourseofthe15thand16thcenturies,afeudalcultureemergedinWesternSaharawithanArab
andArabizedBerberwarriorclass(knowntodaybythegenerictermSaharawi)controllingoasis
settlementsandcollectingtributefromnonArabizedBerbers,blackAfricansandothertribesofthe
region.
Morocco..................................................15911884
Spain....................................................18841976
TheSpanishweregiventheRiodeOroandIfniregionsin1860bytheTreatyofTetuan,butnosettlement
tookplace.Meanwhile,theBritishfoundedatradingpostin1879atCapeJuby,followedbyaSpanish
postatVillaCisnerosin1883.In1884aSpanishprotectoratewasdeclaredoveralloftheregionfromRio
deOrotoAngradeCinta,andadditionalterritorieswereaddedin1885.TheBritishoutpostwas
abandonedin1895andCapeJubyturnedovertoSpainbyMoroccointhesameyear.From1887to1903
theRiodeOroProtectorate(astheregionbecameknown,or,alternatively,"SpanishSahara")was
administeredfromtheCanaryIslands.
Commandant,Commissioner10Jul1885,Subgovernor06Apr1887assubordinatedto
thegovernorsoftheCanaryIslands.
EmilioBonelliHernando......................03Nov18841900
Governor1901(subordinatedtogovernorsoftheCanaryIslandsto29Aug1934,thentothe
SpanishHighCommissionersforMoroccoto20Jul1946.From20Jul1946alsoasthegovernors
generalofSpanishWestAfrica).
ngelVillalobos....................................190001Dec1903
FranciscoBensArgandoa.....................01Dec190307Nov1925
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MuhammadMustafaOuldSheikhbenMuhammadFadelMaalAynaynashShanguiti(jihadist
rebel)wasareligiousandpoliticalleaderwhofoughtFrenchandSpanishcolonizationinNorth
Africa19041910.In1910,anarchyspreadthroughMorocco,asthenewSultangreweverweaker
underEuropeanpressures.Maal'Aynayn,concernedthatMoroccowouldfallinEuropeanhands,
decidedtoextendJihadnorthofTiznitattheheadofanarmyof6,000mentooverthrowthenew
SultanAbdelhafid.HewasdefeatedbyFrenchGeneralMoinier,on23rdJune1910.LaterMaal
'AynayndiedatTizniton23rdOctober1910.
GuillermodelaPeaCusi....................07Nov192519Jun1932
EduardoCanizaresNavarro....................19Jun193230Aug1933
JosGonzlezDeleito........................30Aug193301Jul1934
Saharawirebellion1934.
BenignoMartnezPortillo....................01Jul193404May1936
CarlosPedemonteSabin.......................04May193607Aug1936
RafaelGallegoSainz.........................07Aug193612Mar1937
AntoniodeOroPulido........................12Mar193731May1940
JosBermejoLpez...........................31May194017Aug1949
FranciscoRosalenyBurguet...................17Aug194929Mar1952
VenancioTutorGil...........................29Mar195226Feb1954
RamnPardodeSantallanaSurez.............26Feb195423May1957
MarianoGmezZamalloayGuirce..............23May195710Jan1958
Governorsgeneral(to10Apr1958,alsogovernorsgeneralofSpanishWestAfrica)
JosHctorVzquez..........................10Jan195822Jul1958
MarianoAlonsoAlonso........................27Jul195806Oct1961
PedroLatorreAlcubierre(Ifni195961)......13Oct196121Feb1964
JoaqunAgullayJimnezCoronado(Ifni196163)..06Mar196405Nov1965
AdolfoArtalejoCampos(Ifni196365)........05Nov196526Nov1965
ngelEnrquezLarrondo......................05Nov196502Feb1967
JosMaraPrezdeLemayTejero............18Feb196704Mar1971
FernandodeSantiagoyDazdeMendvil......04Mar197106Jun1974
FedericoGmezdeSalazaryNieto............06Jun197406Feb1976
TransitionalAdministrationRepresentatives06Feb197626Feb1976
RafaeldeValdsIglesias(Spain)
AhmedBensouda(Morocco)
SidiMohamedOuldCheikhAbdellahi(Mauritania)
MostlyoccupiedbyMorocco........................26Feb1976date
Fromthe1950'son,Spaincameunderincreasingoppositionbyavarietyofgroupsseekingchangeinthe
region.From1956to1958,theMoroccanArmyofLiberation,agroupseekingunificationwithMorocco,
heldsway.TheHarakatTahrir,anIslamicnationalistmovement,exerteditself19671970.In1971,the
PolisarioFront,aSocialistnationalistmovementarose,andtheyaretothisdaythedominantopposition
movement.WhenSpainwithdrewin1976,Moroccofloodedtheregionwithsettlers,occupiedelAain
andbeganextendingit'sinfluencesouthwardthePolisarioproclaimedtheSahrawiArabDemocratic
Republic(SADR)andswitchedfromfightingSpaintofightingMorocco.MeanwhileMauretania,which
bordersWesternSaharaalmostentirely,attemptedtheoccupationofthesoutherndistrictsfindingthe
workuncongenialandwithoutreward,itwithdrewit'sforcesandallclaimsin1979.Meanwhile,the
MoroccanstrategywassimplicityitselfclearadistrictofallPolisatio,andbuildawallisolatingtherebel
elementseverfurthersouthwardandeastward.By1991,Moroccowasincontrolofnearlyalltheregion,
leavingtothePOLISARIO[FrentePopulardeLiberacindeSeguaelHamrayRodeOro(PopularFront
fortheLiberationofSeguiaelHamraandRiodeOro,authoritarian,Sahrawinationalist,separatist,
est.1973,onlylegalpartyofSADRsocialist19761991]a"FreeZone"consistingofthelifelessand
utterlybarrensouthandeasterndistrictstheseconstitutetheterritoryofSADR,"administered"from
Tindouf,inwesternAlgeria.SADRisrecognizedonlybyahandfulofThirdWorldnations.In1991,a
ceasefirewasbrokeredbytheUN,inanticipationofelectionstodeterminefinalstatus.Mattershavenot
progressedbeyondthispointsincethenMoroccoinsiststhatallresidentsshouldbeallowedavote,and
thePolisarioinsiststhatonlypre1976residentsshouldbeenfranchised.AndnoPowerorpersonhasbeen
abletoachieveanymodificationofthesepositions.Totheextentthattheinternationalcommunityhasany
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opinionsonthesemattersnowadays,anarrangementwherebyWesternSaharabecomesaselfgoverning
territorywithinMoroccansuzeraintyisenvisioned.
TerritorialDisputes:MoroccoclaimsandadministersWesternSahara,whosesovereigntyremains
unresolvedUNadministeredceasefirehasremainedineffectsince06Sep1991,administeredbytheUN
MissionfortheReferenduminWesternSahara(MINURSO),butattemptstoholdareferendumhave
failedandpartiesthusfarhaverejectedallbrokeredproposals.ManyneighboringstatesrejectMoroccan
administrationofWesternSaharaseveralstateshaveextendeddiplomaticrelationstothe"SahrawiArab
DemocraticRepublic"representedbythePolisarioFrontinexileinAlgeria,whileothersrecognize
MoroccansovereigntyoverWesternSaharamostoftheapproximately102,000Sahrawirefugeesare
shelteredincampsinTindouf,Algeria.
ChairmenoftheRevolutionaryCouncil
ElWaliMustafaSayed.........................27Feb197609Jun1976
MahfoudAliBeiba(acting)....................10Jun197630Aug1976
ChairmanoftheRevolutionaryCommandCouncil
MohamedAbdelaziz.............................30Aug197616Oct1982
President(chiefofstate)
MohamedAbdelaziz(continued).................16Oct198231May2016
KhatriAddouh(acting)........................31May201612Jul2016
IbrahimGhali.................................12Jul2016date
IFNI(SidiIfni)
Anenclave(50x15milesinarea)onthecoastoffarsouthernMorocco,260miles(420km.)northeastof
elAain,220miles(350km.)southwestofMarrakech.ThetownwasfoundedbyDiegodeHerrera,a
feudallordoftheCastilianmonarchywithholdingsintheCanaryIslands.
Castile/Spain(viatheCanaryIslands)...................14761524
Morocco..................................................15241860
Spain....................................................18601969
SpanishConcession(unoccupied).....................18601912
SpanishProtectorate(occupiedfrom1934)...........19121952
AdministeredfromWesternSahara....................19521958
Governors
MarianoQuirce......................................19581959
PedroLatorreAlcubierre(W.Sahara6164)..........19591961
JoaqunAgullayJimnezCoronado(W.Sah.196465).19611963
AdolfoArtalejoCampos(W.Sahara1965).............19631965
MarinoLarrasquino..................................19651967
JosRodrguez......................................19671969
Morocco..................................................1969date
Currency:AlgerianDinar(defacto)andMoroccanDirham.SeveralSahrawiPeseta(EHP)commemorative
issuesalsoexists,since1991.TheSahrawipeseta,isthecommemorativecurrencyofthepartiallyunrecognized
SahrawiArabDemocraticRepublicsincetheMadridAccordsin1975.Itisdividedin100cntimos,although
coinswiththisdenominationhaveneverbeenminted,norhavebanknotesbeenprinted.Asthisterritoryis
mostlycontrolledbyMorocco,thecirculatingcurrencyintheWesternSaharaistheMoroccandirham,with
AlgeriandinarandMauritanianouguiyacirculatingintheSahrawirefugeecampsandthecityofLagouira
respectively.Asitisnotanofficialcurrencyandnotcirculating,theChangeRateisnotreallyrealistic.Despite
this,sincetheMadridAccords,SahrawiPesetahasbeenpeggedatpartoSpanishPeseta,andwhenthelatterwas
phasedoutbytheEuro,theratebecame1for166.386Pts.Noncommemorativecoinsaresupposedly
designatedforcirculation.TheyaremintedbythePolisarioFront,andmadefromcupronickel.
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1991
KM#05500Pesetas.Year:1991.Weight:12.03g[12.00g].Metal:0.999Silver.Diameter:38.00mm.Edge:
Plain.Alignment:Coin.Mint:N/A.Obverse:""inArabicatthetop.Player
kickingballwithhisleftfoot.Dateathisrightleg."XVCOPAMUNDIALESTADOSUNIDOSDE
AMERICA1994"(15thWorldCup1994atUnitedStatesofAmerica)inSpanishatthebottom.Reverse:
"REPUBLICAARABESAHARAUIDEMOCRATICA"inSpanishatthetop.Embleminthecenterincluding
Motto""(Liberty,Democracy,Unity)inArabic.Value:"500PESETAS"atthebottom.
1992
KM#141Peseta.Year:1992.Weight:2.96g[3.00g].
Metal:CuNi.Diameter:17.00mm.Edge:Plain.
Alignment:Coin.Mint:N/A.Obverse:""
(traditionaltransport)inArabicatthetop.Bedouin
anddromedaryinthecenterwithdateatthebaseof
camels'srightfrontfoot."TRANSPORTETIPICO"
(typicaltransport)writteninSpanishatthebottom.
Reverse:"REPUBLICAARABESAHARAUI
DEMOCRATICA"inSpanishatthetop.Emblemin
thecenter.Value:"1PESETA"atthebottom.
KM#152Pesetas.Year:1992.Weight:3.41g[3.50g].
thecenter.Value:"2PESETAS"atthebottom.
KM#165Pesetas.Year:1992.Weight:3.89g[4.00g].
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thecenter.Value:"5PESETAS"atthebottom.
2004IDAOBureauAfricaind'Emissionissues.
KM#51500Peseta.Year:2004.Weight:7.38g.
Metal:BiMetallicStainlessSteelcenterandBrass
ring.Diameter:26mm.Edge:Plainandreeded5
patcheseach.Alignment:Medal.Mint:AfricaMint
BureauAfricaind'Emission.Obverse:"500
PESETAS2004"writtenatthetop.TwoFennec
foxeswithincentercircle."NATURALEZA
SAHARAUI"(NatureofSahrawi)inSpanishatthe
bottom.
Reverse:"REPUBLICAARABESAHARAUIDEMOCRATICA"(clockwise)inoutercircle.Embleminthe
center.Mintage:5,000.MintedYears:Oneyeartype.
Note:KM#51aalsoexitsasthesamecoinbutinsilverwithMintageof25piecesonly.
KM#52500Peseta.Year:2004.Weight:7.42g.
Metal:BiMetallicStainlessSteelcenterandBrass
ring.Diameter:26mm.Edge:Plainandreeded5
patcheseach.Alignment:Medal.Mint:AfricaMint
BureauAfricaind'Emission.Obverse:"500
PESETAS"writtenonthetopleftsideand"2004"at
thebottomrightsideoutsidethecircle.Mapand
EmblemofSahrawiArabDemocraticRepublic
withincentercirclewithdates"27.Febraro.1976"
and"27022004".
center.Mintage:5,000.MintedYears:Oneyeartype.
Note:KM#51aexistsin.999goldringand.999silverincenterandKM#51bexits.999silver.Boththesecoins
havediameter:26mmwithmintageof25pieceseach.
2010IDAOBureauAfricaind'Emissionissue.
500Peseta.Year:2010.Weight:7.59g.
Metal:BiMetallicStainlessSteelcenter
andBrassring.Diameter:26mm.Edge:
Plainandreeded5patcheseach.
Alignment:Medal.Mint:AfricaMint
BureauAfricaind'Emission.
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Obverse:"CULTURAARABE*500
PESETAS2010*"writtenonthetop.Two
Arabsitting,playingmusicwithteain
frontofthem"FER'ADEKAMUR2010"
writtenbelowthemwithinthecircle.
""(ArabCulture)inArabic
writtenatthebottom.
center.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:Oneyeartype.
Countries/Territories
ChiefaCoins
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SomalilandCoinsandRulerswithbriefHistory
Somaliland
Somaliland(Somali:Soomaaliland,Arabic:mlilndorArdasumal)isan
unrecognisedselfdeclareddefactosovereignstatethatisinternationallyrecognisedasanautonomousregionof
Somalia.ThegovernmentofSomalilandregardsitselfasthesuccessorstatetotheBritishSomaliland
protectorate,whichwasindependentonJune26,1960astheStateofSomaliland,beforeunitingwiththeTrust
TerritoryofSomalia(theformerItalianSomaliland)onJuly01,1960toformtheSomaliRepublic.Somalilandis
borderedbyEthiopiainthesouthandwest,Djiboutiinthenorthwest,theGulfofAdeninthenorth,andthe
autonomousPuntlandregionofSomaliatotheeast.
In1988,theSiadBarreregimecommittedmassacresagainstthepeopleofSomaliland,whichwereamongthe
eventsthatledtotheSomaliCivilWar.Thewarlefttheeconomicandmilitaryinfrastructureseverelydamaged.
Afterthecollapseofthecentralgovernmentin1991,thelocalgovernment,ledbytheSomaliNational
Movement(SNM),declaredindependencefromtherestofSomaliaonMay18ofthesameyear.Sincethen,the
territoryhasbeengovernedbyanadministrationthatseeksselfdeterminationastheRepublicofSomaliland
(Somali:JamhuuriyaddaSoomaaliland,Arabic:Jumhryatmlilnd).Thelocalgovernment
maintainsinformaltieswithsomeforeigngovernments,whohavesentdelegationstoHargeisa.Ethiopiaalso
maintainsatradeofficeintheregion.However,Somaliland'sselfproclaimedindependenceremains
unrecognisedbyanycountryorinternationalorganisation.
Capital:Hargeisa(Berbera18701941).Motto:(Arabic)Lilhillllhumuhammadun
raslullhi"ThereisnogodbutGodMuhammadistheMessengerofGod".
TerritorialDisputes:InternationallyrecognizedaspartofSomaliaterritorialdisputewithPuntlandovereastern
SanaagandSoolprovinces"Somaliland"secessionistsprovideportfacilitiestolandlockedEthiopiaand
establishcommercialtieswithregionalstates"Puntland"secessionistsclashwith"Somaliland"secessioniststo
establishterritoriallimitsandclanloyalties,eachseekingsupportfromneighboringstates.
1546Ottomanoccupation.
15461548RuleoftheAdalImams.
1548ZeilapartofOttomanEmpire.
16301830UndertheGrandSharifsofMecca.
183007Sep1874Ottomanrule,underdefactohereditarygovernors.
07Sep1874AnnexedbyEgypt(EgyptianSomaliland)
(bothunderOttomansuzerainty).
http://www.chiefacoins.com/Database/Countries/Somaliland.htm
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Feb1884BritishtakeoverformerEgyptianSomaliland(British
Somaliland).
20Jul1887BritishSomalilandProtectoratesubordinatedtoAdenuntil
1905.
19Aug194016Mar1941BritishSomalilandoccupiedbyItaly.
Feb1941BritishadministrationofItalianSomalia.
01Apr1950ItalianSomaliabecomesUnitedNationstrustterritory.
26Jun1960IndependenceofBritishSomalilandasStateofSomaliland.
01Jul1960UnificationwithItalianSomaliatoformSomaliRepublic.
31Jan1961ActofUnionofSomalilandandSomaliaispassedandsigned
intolaw(retroactiveto01Jul1960).
21Oct1969SomaliRepublicrenamedasSomaliDemocraticRepublic
18May1991SecessionofformerBritishSomaliland(regionsofAwdal,
WoqooyiGalbeed,Togdheer,SanaagandSool)fromSomalia
(notinternationallyrecognized).
24May1991RepublicofSomalilandproclaimed(notinternationally
recognized).
21Jul1991SomaliDemocraticRepublicrenamedbacktoSomaliRepublic
14Oct1996Somalilandadoptsaflag
31May2001Somalilandcreatesaconstitution
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OttomanGovernors
TheGrandSharifsofMakkah(seeSaudiArabia)..........16301830
SayyidMuhammadalBarr.................................18301841
AliHajiSirmakiibnSalih(1sttime)...................18411855
AbuBakribnMuhammad(1sttime)........................18551857
AliHajiSirmakiibnSalih(2ndtime)...................18571861
AbuBakribnMuhammad(2ndtime)........................18611874
EgyptianGovernors
RaufPasha...........................................1870/741878
unknownperson18781880
MuhammadNadiPasha.................................Jan1880Dec1883
BritishPoliticalAgent
FrederickMercerHunter.................................188420Jul1887
Residents
FrederickMercerHunter(continued)..............20Jul18871888
EdwardVincentStace....................................18881893
CharlesWilliamHenrySealy.............................18931896
WilliamButlerFerris...............................Mar18961897
JamesHayesSadler..................................Jan18971898
BritishConsulsGeneral
JamesHayesSadler(continued)..........................18981901
HarryEdwardSpillerCordeaux(acting)..................19011902
EricJohnEaglesSwayne.................................19021905
BritishCommissioners
HarryEdwardSpillerCordeaux....................08May19061909
SirWilliamHenryManning...........................Jan19101911
HoraceArcherByatt.................................Jul19111914
GeoffreyFrancisArcher.............................May1914Oct1919
BritishGovernors
GeoffreyFrancisArcher(continued).................Oct191917Aug1922
Heisknownfrom05Jun1920asSirGeoffreyFrancisArcher.
GeraldHenrySummers.............................17Aug192229Nov1925
HaroldBaxterKittermaster.......................26Jan192618Jun1932
Heisknownfrom04Jun1928asSirHaroldBaxterKittermaster.
SirArthurSalisburyLawrance....................18Jun193202Mar1939
VincentGoncalvesGlenday........................02Mar193918Aug1940
ItalianMilitaryGovernors
GuglielmoNasi....................................19Aug1940Oct1940
CarloDeSimon.......................................Oct194016Mar1941
BritishMilitaryGovernors
ArthurReginaldChater............................29Mar194103Mar1943
GeraldThomasFisher..............................03Mar194303Mar1948
BritishGovernors
GeraldThomasFisher(continued)..................03Mar194815Nov1948
GeraldReece.............................................1948Feb1954
Heisknownfrom1950asSirGeraldReece.
TheodoreOuseleyPike................................Feb19541959
Heisknownfromfrom02Jan1956asSirTheodoreOuseleyPike.
SirDouglasHall..................................11Jul195926Jun1960
Primeminister(defactoheadofstate)
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MuhammadHajiIbrahimEgal........................26Jun196001Jul1960
SomalilandmergedwithItalianSomaliatoformSomaliRepublicon01stJuly1960.
RepublicofSomalilandPresidents
AbdurahmanAhmadAli"Tuur".......................28May199116May1993
MuhammadHajiIbrahimEgal........................16May199303May2002
DahirRiyaleKahin................................03May200227Jul2010
AhmedMahamoud"Silanyo"..........................27Jul2010date
Currency:Since1994,SomalilandShilling(SQS)areused.
EastAfricanShilling(XEAS)wereusedfrom19211960andthenSomaliShillingfrom19601995.
1994
KM#011Shilling.Year:1994.Weight:1.07g[1.07g].
Metal:Aluminum.Diameter:21.00mm.Edge:Reeded.
Alignment:Medal.Mint:PobjoyMint.Obverse:
"REPUBLICOFSOMALILAND"onthetop.Bird
facingleftinthecenter.Dateatthebottom.Reverse:
"BANKASOMALILAND"atthetop.Numeralvaluein
thecenter."ONESOMALILANDSHILLINGS"atthe
bottom.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:Oneyeartype.
2002
KM#045Shillings.Year:2002.Weight:1.44g[1.45g].
Metal:Aluminum.Diameter:22.00mm.Edge:Plain.
Alignment:Medal.Mint:N/A.Obverse:BustofSir
RichardF.Burtonfacingright."RICHARDF.
BURTONEXPLORATIONOFSOMALILAND"
writtenabovearoundhim."18411904"writtennearhis
ear."2002"writtennearhisnose.Reverse:"BANKA
SOMALILAND"atthetop.Numeralvalueinthe
center."FIVESOMALILANDSHILLINGS"atthe
Alignment:Medal.Mint:N/A.Obverse:"REPUBLIC
OFSOMALILAND"onthetop.Roosterfacingleftin
thecenter.Dateatthebottom.Reverse:"BANKA
center."FIVESOMALILANDSHILLINGS"atthe
OFSOMALILAND"onthetop.VervetMonkeyfacing
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rightinthecenter.Dateatthebottom.Reverse:
"BANKASOMALILAND"atthetop.Numeralvalue
inthecenter."TENSOMALILANDSHILLINGS"at
thebottom.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:Oneyear
type.
Metal:StainlessSteelMagnetic.Diameter:22.00mm.
"REPUBLICOFSOMALILAND"onthetop.
Greyhounddogfacingrightinthecenter.Dateatthe
bottom.Reverse:"BANKASOMALILAND"atthetop.
Numeralvalueinthecenter."TWENTY
SOMALILANDSHILLINGS"atthebottom.Mintage:
2005
OFSOMALILAND"onthetop.Elephantwithcalf
walkingrightinthecenter.Dateatthebottom.Reverse:
"BANKASOMALILAND"atthetop.Numeralvalue
inthecenter."FIVESOMALILANDSHILLINGS"at
thebottom.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:Oneyear
type.
2006
"AQUARIUS"onthetop.Sunshinefromtheleftabove
side.WatercarrierinthecenterwithAquariussymbol
onhisright.Dateatthebottom.Reverse:"BANKA
center."TENSOMALILANDSHILLINGS"atthe
"PISCES"onthetop.Sunshinefromtherightabove
side.TwofishinthecenterwithPiscessymbolintheir
center.Dateatthebottom.Reverse:"BANKA
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"ARIES"onthetop.Sunshinefromtherightabove
side.RaminthecenterwithAriessymbolaboveit.Date
atthebottom.Reverse:"BANKASOMALILAND"at
thetop.Numeralvalueinthecenter."TEN
SOMALILANDSHILLINGS"atthebottom.Mintage:
"TAURUS"onthetop.Sunshinefromtherightabove
side.BullinthecenterwithTaurussymbolaboveit.
Dateatthebottom.Reverse:"BANKA
"GEMINI"onthetop.Sunshinefromtherightabove
side.TwinsinthecenterwithGeminisymbolontheir
rightside.Dateatthebottom.Reverse:"BANKA
"CANCER"onthetop.Sunshinefromtherightabove
side.CrabinthecenterwithCancersymbolaboveit.
Dateatthebottom.Reverse:"BANKA
"LEO"onthetop.Sunshinefromtherightaboveside.
LioninthecenterwithLeosymbolaboveit.Dateatthe
bottom.Reverse:"BANKASOMALILAND"atthetop.
Numeralvalueinthecenter."TENSOMALILAND
SHILLINGS"atthebottom.Mintage:N/A.Minted
Years:Oneyeartype.
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"VIRGO"onthetop.Sunshinefromtheleftaboveside.
WingedWomaninthecenterwithVirgosymbolonher
leftside.Dateatthebottom.Reverse:"BANKA
"LIBRA"onthetop.Sunshinefromtheleftaboveside.
BalancescaleinthecenterwithLibrasymbolonright
side.Dateatthebottom.Reverse:"BANKA
"SCORPIO"onthetop.Sunshinefromtherightabove
side.ScorpioninthecenterwithScorpiosymbolabove
it.Dateatthebottom.Reverse:"BANKA
"SAGITTARIUS"onthetop.Sunshinefromtheright
aboveside.ThearcherinthecenterwithSagittarius
symbolathisleftside.Dateatthebottom.Reverse:
"BANKASOMALILAND"atthetop.Numeralvaluein
thecenter."TENSOMALILANDSHILLINGS"atthe
"CAPRICORN"onthetop.Sunshinefromtheright
aboveside.GoatinthecenterwithCapricornsymbolat
itsrightside.Dateatthebottom.Reverse:"BANKA
FantasyDollarIssues19982002
7/8
12/31/2016
X#025Dollars.Year:2002.Weight:31.84g[25.56g].Metal:StainlessSteelMagnetic.Diameter:42.00mm.
Edge:Plain.Alignment:Medal.Mint:N/A.Obverse:SomalilandEmbleminthecenterwithdatespiltonleft
andrightside.Valueatthebottom.Reverse:"R.M.S.TITANICAPRIL1015,1912"atthetop.Titanicsinking
withpeopleescapinginremainingpartofthecoin.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:1998and2002.
X#035Dollars.Year:1999.Weight:20.86g[21.50g].Metal:StainlessSteelMagnetic.Diameter:38.00mm.
Edge:Plain.Alignment:Medal.Mint:N/A.Obverse:SomalilandEmbleminthecenterwithdatespiltonleft
andrightside.Valueatthebottom.Reverse:Tworabbitsinthecentercircle,facingleft.Years:1951,1963,
1975,1987,1999and2011writteninoutercirclearoundthesetworabbitswithsmalltrianglesbetweenthe
dates."YEAROFRABBIT"writtenatthebottom.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:Oneyeartype.
Countries/Territories
ChiefaCoins
8/8
12/31/2016
TexasRepublic
RepublicofTexas
RepublicofTexas(basedinOverton,TX):Theyareaconstitutionalrepublic,whosecurrentPresident
isDanielA.Miller.ThemovementbeganinWestTexaswhentheresidentsofJeffDavisCounty
beganalegalprocessinAprilof1994toregainthestateandsecureitstransitionintoaRepublic.The
inceptionofitsProvisionalGovernmentwasonDecember12/13,1995,whendelegatesmetin
Bulverde(nearSanAntonio)toelectitsmembersthiswasalsowhenthefinaldocumentswhichwere
meanttoreinstateTexasasaRepublicwerefiledwiththeInternationalCourtofJustice,attheHague.
Onthe27thofthatmonth,JohnC.VanKirk,standingonthestepsofthestateCapitol,proclaimed
Texasaneutralnationuntoitself.AccordingtotheROT,In1836,theRepublicofTexasseparated
fromMexicoandbecameaseparatenation.Thislasteduntil1845,whentheROTwassupposedly
broughtintotheunionbyajointresolutionoftheUnitedStatesCongress.Thenin1861,theRepublic
ofTexasdecidedtoannulthatagreement,andlefttheUnitedStatestoresumeitsformerstatusasa
sovereignnation.TheyformedanalliancewiththeConfederateStates,withoutactuallybecoming
one.In1865,aftertheCivilWar,TheUnitedStatesinvadedtheRepublicofTexas,conqueringitwith
militaryforce,andholdingitasacaptivenation.TheROT'spatrioticadherentsbelievethe
annexationofTexasin1845wasillegalandinvalid,thereforetheydonotrecognizeTexasstatehood.
TheRepublicneverdieditwasjustcoveredupwithablanketcalledtheStateofTexasfora
centuryandahalf.Theirmodernmission,inspiteofthefactthatinAprilof1996aU.S.District
JudgeruledthattheROTwasanunincorporatedcompany/businessandnotasovereignnation,isto
restorefreedomandlibertytoTexasbyattemptingtothrowoffthatdustyblanketandcomeback
intothelight.In1996,thegroupevenaddressedalettertoAllNationsoftheWorldandtotheU.N.
GeneralAssembly,notifyingthemofitsofficialflag,symbols,emblems,andmilitaryinsignia.Alsoin
Decemberofthatyear,theyhadsterlingsilverRangerbadgesmanufacturedfortheirDefense
Forces.Theitems,whichweremadeeventhoughthiswasprohibitedbylaw,wereneverdelivered
thegroupdidnotfullypayforthem,leavingtheAustinjewelerswhosebusinesshadbythenbeen
threatenedwithdestructionstuckwithaninventoryof75badgestheycouldn'tsell.Tomake
mattersworsefortheROT,ataroundthesametimetheirmaildeliverywasevencutoffor
temporarilydisruptedbyPostalofficials.
Fornumerousmonths,theRepublicremainedbesetwithinternalbickeringandchaosamongitsown
ranks.Theleaders,thoughappearingtohavethesameearnestobjectives,hadbeendrivenapartby
theirownincompatiblepolicies/activitiesintoseparate,squabblingfactionsconciliation,forthetime
being,wasoutofthequestion.Dependingonwhotossedwhomoutofoffice,andwho
fired/suspended/replacedwhominretaliation,atleast3or4majorrivalfactionsarose.Theolder
provisionalgovernmentwasledbyArchieLowe(whowasthesuccessortoVanKirk,whowas
dethronedinMarchof1996,andwho'dbeenlinkedbyfederalauthoritiestotherightwingFreemenof
Montana).ThenewerprovisionalgovernmentwasledbyDavidJohnson(wholefttheLowe
McLarenfactioninthefallof'96)andthenJesseEnloe.Therewasalsoaprovisionalgovernment
ledbyBoyceHalbison(electedinAprilof'97)andthenbyStevenCrear(appointedPresidentinMay
of'97byMcLaren).Theyallclaimedtobethemainarmofthemovement.Thissplitintheleadership
seemedtoindicatethattheROTwasbeginningtoselfdestruct.
Theorganizationalsoweatheredamountingseriesofongoingclasheswiththejudicialsystem.InJuly
of1996,AStateDistrictJudgewasforcedtodisbandtheselfproclaimedSupremeCourtoftheROT,
issuingapermanentinjunctionthatforbadetheir5justicesfrommakingrulingsandbarredthem
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Texas_Republic.htm
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TexasRepublic
frompassingthemselvesoffasjudgesoragenuinecourt,orusinganypurportedsealofthestateto
givearealisticappearancetoanyoftheirdocuments.Inanotherlegalquandarywhichtookplacethat
samemonth,AttorneyGeneralDanMoralesinstitutedanactionintheDistrictCourtwhichresultedin
hisobtainingatemporaryrestrainingorderagainstthegroup,prohibitingthemfromfilingfalseliens
againstpublicorprivateproperty.InOctoberthecourtsalsoorderedthegrouptorescindandrecant
letterssenttoabout175banks,whichhadinstructedthemtotransfer/reassignallmonetaryassetsheld
bythestate,itsagenciesandpoliticalsubdivisions,tothegroup.Apartfromtryingtoseizestatebank
accounts,theyweremakinguseofphonycourtjudgments,tamperingwithgovernmentrecords,
interferingwithpropertysalesandrestrainingtrade.TheJohnsonfactiondidcontendthatRichard
LanceMcLaren,theirChiefAmbassadorandConsulGeneral,wasbehindmanyofthoseoffences.He
andhisaccomplicesfromtheLowefaction,inacrazedandunintelligentmove,supposedlyacted
unconstitutionallybyenteringintoaconspiracytocreatetheRepublicofTexasTrust,whichwas
doneinsecrecy,completelywithouttheknowledgeoftheProvisionalGovernment.OncetheROT
becameawareofthis,theytookseveralprotectivemeasuresagainsttheirunderhandeddoingsand
disassociatedthemselvesfromtheculpritsandtheirwrongfulacts.Thisultimatelyledtothe
impeachmentofMcLarenandothermembersofthecouncil.McLarenandhisconspiratorswere
ultimatelyaccusedofissuingmorethan$1.8billioninbogusdocuments.We'regoingtodothisthing
100percentlegal,vowedJohnson,butsomeindividualsinhisfactionapparentlywerenotsqueaky
cleaneithertheywerealsobeinginvestigatedforpossiblebankinglawviolationsbysellingabout60
Republicbankingcharters,whichwerenotrecognizedbyfederalorstateregulators,for$2,000each.
ByJanuaryof1997,GovernorGeorgeW.BushandhisAttorneyGeneraldeclaredtheissuean
emergency,whichclearedthewayforlawmakerstomakeitahighpriorityandgiveitimmediate
attention,inthehopesofpassinglegislationthatwouldcrackdownonthegroup'sfilingoffraudulent
documents(whichtheydescribedaspaperterrorism).Thesetypesoftransgressionsonly
exacerbatedthepolitical/philosophicaldifferenceswithinthefracturedROT,makingreunificationin
theforeseeablefutureseemhighlyunlikely.
TheROTisatruebluesecessionistmovement,andsomeoftheseantigovernmentseparatistshave
gonetovehementextremestoprovetheirseriousnessaboutbeingafullyindependentcountry.In
1997,theyagainmadeheadlineswhenaroguefactionledbyMcLarenstagedaweeklongsiegeat
hiscompounddeepintheDavisMountainsthismetalbuildinginaresortdevelopmentwasthe
EmbassyoftheRepublicofTexas,OfficeofForeignAffairs.McLaren,whowaswantedona
burglarycharge(inAugustof1995,hehelpedawomanbreakintothehouseshe,duetoforeclosure,
nolongerowned)andwhowasnostrangertothecourthouseorthejailhouse,hadbeenentrenched
theresinceDecemberof'96becauseafederaljudgehadissuedanarrestwarrantagainsthimafterhe
refusedtoappearatcivilcourthearings.OnMarch22,1997,theselfstyledcommanderhadalready
beenexpelledbyseveralleadersoftheoriginalgroupfortryingtousurpauthorityandwantingto
steerthegroupintoaperilouslycriminaldirection.Inthepast,McLarenhadbeencarefultoinsistthat
theROTwassimplywagingapaperwar,buthenowadvocatedanalignmentwithmilitiasandplotted
aviolentstrategytoremovethefederalgovernmentfromtheirTexanturf.Publicofficialsandhis
fellowROTmembershadbegunexpressingconcernthathisdangerouslyriskyrhetoriccouldevolve
intoashooting.Itwaslargelyforthosereasons,aswellasthefinancialmatters,thattheROTbecame
sointenselydivided.Ousted,McLarenthenformedhisownbreakawayclique,comprisedof1220
militiamemberswhosworeallegiancetothewiryhairedMcLarenandcontinuedtoconsiderhimthe
ROT'sactualleader.Theynowfoundthemselvesholedupintheirembassy(thissceneofthesiege
wassoldatauctiontoTheNatureConservancyofTexasin1998).Theirinsurrectionoccurredbecause
twooftheircohortshadbeenarrestedbylawenforcementofficers.McLarenandhisDefenseForces
thentooktwoneighborsashostagesonApril27themilitantgroupwasthensurroundedbypoliceand
TexasRangersonesheriffwasevenquotedsayingthathewaspreparedtotakeextrememeasuresto
arrestthewantedman.McLaren,whohadrenouncedhisU.S.citizenship,issuedafaxedpressrelease
inwhichtheyassertedthatthearrestswereaviolationofinternationallaw.Heandhisgroup
demandedthereleaseoftheirtwocomradesandanunconditionalstatewidereferendumforvotersto
decideontheindependenceofTexas.Weareinadeclaredstateofwar,McLarensaidduringthe
uprising.Wehavetwoprisonersofwar.Theyhavetwoofours.McLarenhadevenorderedhis
loyaliststobeginpickingupfederaljudges,legislators,andIRSagentsallconsideredforeigners
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TexasRepublic
forimmediatedeportationiftheywerefoundonTexassoil.Officersnegotiatedwiththefurious
groupbytelephone,andafter12hoursMcLarenagreedtoreleasethehostages,oneofwhomhadbeen
woundedduringtheassaultbyflyingshardsofglass,inexchangeforoneofhisjailedmen.Despite
havingvowedtofighttothedeath,McLarenendedthehighlypublicizedrevoltonMay3rdbysigning
aceasefireagreementandbyturninghimselfovertopoliceaboutfivehoursafterhiswifehad
surrendered.Meanwhile,twoofhiscamouflaged,armedfollowersfledfromthehideoutintothe
juniperandpineslopesthatdottedthelandscapeofthisremotearea.Amassivemanhuntensued,and
oneofthefugitiveswaskilledduringanexchangeofgunfirewithauthorities.McLaren's
imprisonmentdampenedhispartisans'fervor,butinastatementaddressedtoU.S.SecretaryofState
WarrenChristopher,theydenouncedMcLaren'sarrestasanunlawfulattackonaRepubliccitizen.
Evenafterhebeganservinga99yearstatetermforhisroleinthekidnapping,inJuneof1998
McLarenwassentencedto12additionalyearsinfederalprisononstateandfederalconspiracy/fraud
chargeshewasalsoorderedtopay$426,000inrestitutiontothosehedefrauded.Thesensible
membersofthelegitimateandlawfulROT,whoweremisinformedandgrosslyledastrayby
McLaren,evenchargedhimwithhightreason,seditionandfiveotheroffenses.McLarenandhis
aggressivelyheadstrongassociateswerebutasplintercelloftheRepublicanddidnotrepresentthe
peacefulvaluesandbeliefsoftheInterimGovernment.Infact,theROTdisavowedallofthe
maverick'slatestactions.Afterthedusthadsettled,itwasevendisclosedthattherewasaplotto
assassinate,amongotherindividuals,GeorgeW.Bush.McLarenhadtriedtopurchasemachineguns
andmorepowerfulweaponrysuchasanantiaircraftmissiletotargetthefuturepresident'splane.Ina
relatedtopic,2ROTmemberswereconvictedinOct.1998ofsendingthreateningemailstotop
federal,state,localemployeesandtheirfamilies(includingPresidentClinton,U.S.AttorneyGeneral
JanetReno,andFBIDirectorLouisFreeh),butacquittedonnumerousotherchargesallrelatedtoan
allegedplottoslaygovernmentofficialsusingcactusneedlescoatedwithadeadlybiologicaltoxin
they'dplannedtoinfecttheirunsuspectingvictimsbyshootingthepoisoned,germtippeddartsoutofa
modifiedcigarettelighter.
MostofthisinformationwasgarneredfromafantasticWebsite:
http://personalwebs.myriad.net/steveb/rot.html.Itcontainsawealthofarticlesfrommanysources,
includingTheAssociatedPress,TheDallasMorningNews,TheHoustonChronicle,andTheBryan
CollegeStationEagle.
Sincethesiege,andduringsubsequenttrials,themainstreampresshasperhapsfailedtopresentthe
ROTcasewithbalanceandimpartiality.TheFortDavisstandoffhasbeenverydifficultforustolive
down,statedMiller,whowasunanimouslyelectedPresidentoftheirInterimGovernmentinAugust
of2000aftertheresignationofLowe.Millerandothergroupleaderstrytodistancetheirrespective
organizationsfromradicaltacticsandMcLaren.BothgroupsreiteratedthatMcLarenhadbeen
strippedofhisauthority.ItappearsthatRichardMcLarenandthoseactingwithhimhavegone
completelyoffthedeepend,oneofthemstated.TheyinsisttheRepublicofTexasinOvertonis
kinderandgentlerandthatitscitizenswillworkwithinthesystemtoachievetheiroverallgoals.
UnderMiller'sguidance,thiswingoftheROTismakingasuccessfulcomeback.EvenOvertonChief
ofPoliceEdWilliamsstatesthattheROThavebasicallybeengoodneighborswhohavecontributed
tothecommunity.AccordingtoTexanAriseTheRepublicofTexas:Past,PresentandFuture,a
bookwrittenbyPresidentMillerandVicePresidentLaurenL.Savage,bymid2002,atleast2ofthe
disputingfactionssetasidetheirideologicaldisagreementsandjoinedtogether.Bymid2003,anewly
revitalizedROTmadeanaboutfacetheysuccessfullyregroupedandbegantoreassesstheirmeans,
theiraims,andtheirtrueintent.Itbecamecleartothemthatafundamentalchangeindirectionhadto
occurthisincludedadmittingthatduringitsfirst8years,theROThadaccomplishednextto
nothingandthatthepreviouscouncilshadtakenthewrongpathduetothemisguidedzealofits
leaders.In2004,theremainingknavishpersonswhostillwantedtodothingstheold,shadyway(in
thereunitedfactionandinthe3rdotherfaction)wereexpelledfromthemovement.TheROTsent
themterminationnotices,suedthem,andwonthelawsuit.
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TexasRepublic
TherehasbeennoshortageofotherobstaclesfortheRepublictoovercomealongtheway,suchasan
attemptedcoupinJune2004:asmallgroupfromthewhitemalesupremacistfaction,pretendingto
bevisitors,triedtoenterthecapitolbuilding(previouslyamunicipalhospital)toassumecontrol.The
takeoverdidnotsucceed.Furthermore,theROTclaimsthatinOctoberof2001,theypossibly
becameoneofthefirstvictimsintheUnitedStatesGovernment'swaragainstdissidentgroupson
whatitperceivestobeit'sownsoil.Thenationalwebsitewastakendownandouremailwastotally
shutdown.Mostofthefilesthatweusetopublishthewebsiteweredeleted.Soifyoutrytovisit
theirWebsiteandit'snotavailable,you'llknowwhy!
Ipurchased3itemsfromMr.Savage.Tobeginwith,theirTreasurymintedits1stsilvercointobe
usedascoinage(money)withintheRepublicofTexas.Itisa1/8thofanounceTexasSilverpiece
dated2003.Ithassincebeendiscontinuedbecauseitdidnotfallintoanymonetarysystem:
http://www.hiddenmysteries.com/redir500/index625.html
Secondly,thecitizensoftheRepublicofTexasmovementmintedtheirfirstsilvercoin.
AccordingtoMikeChapman(mdchapman@cablelynx.com),whohappenstobeacoincollectorfor
ROT,explainsthattheROTissuedalimitedseriesofcoinsin1997,thesametypewerealsoissuedin
2003,butwithdifferentmarkings.The1997coinmintedishavingdescriptionononesideas
"RemembertheAlamo.RememberLaBahia(Collad)T.I.Rusk".
Another1ounceOneR.T.Unitdated1999canbeenseenat:
http://www.hiddenmysteries.com/redir/index23.html.Thatpiecewasintendedsolelyforcollectorsthe
samegoesfortheirnextcoin,aRemembertheAlamoR.T.Unit,whichwasmintedin2000.This
coinseemstobenolongeravailableforpurchase,butitcanstillbeseenat:
http://www.hiddenmysteries.com/redir/indextexasmenu.html
ThenthereisthefirstpiecemintedbytheirTreasuryandorderedtobeacoinoftheRTmonetary
system.Itisa2004(actuallyundated)OneGerah,whichcorrespondsinvalueto1/20thofaTexas
Shekel(aswellas1/20thofanounceofpuresilver).ToquoteMr.Savage,thisnewlyadoptedmoney
systemwasbasedupontheoldestknownsysteminhistory...backtoancientMesopotamia...Itwas
employedbymanycountriesandadoptedbyancientIsrael,too.Accordingtoourtreasurerall
denominationscomeoutinevendivisiblenumbersnotneverendingdecimals.Inthefuturewemay
texanizewhatthecoinsarecalled,buttheywillbebasedonthesamesystem.Thiscoincanbe
viewed/purchasedattheofficialROTWebsite:http://www.republicoftexas.net/index2.shtml.
AnotherROTsite,probablyarelicfromoneofthecontendingfactions,is
http://texasrepublic.org/home.htmandhttp://www.texasnationalist.com/.
Intheend,IwouldliketothankErikVictorMcCreaforhisresearch,informationandforthehistorical
coin.
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AOK
AOK
AOKisknownasAllgemeineOrtskrankenkasseDieGesundheitskasse(Thehealthcashregister).
Itisageneralplottedhealthinsurancecompany.Althoughit'swebsiteisinGerman,itcanbeviewed
athttp://www.aok.de.Accordingtoit'swebsiteitdealswithhealthknowledge,hospitalnavigator,On
linedoctor,rzteanddrugstores,healthandprecaution,programsforchronicsickperson,fitnessand
wellness,foodanddrinking,partnershipandsexuality,familyprogram,counselor'sforumsandmuch
more.Itcontainscompulsoryhealthinsuranceschemefordifferentregions/statesofGermany.
Formorethan100yearsthecompulsoryhealthinsuranceschemethanthebiggesthealthinsurance
standsinGermanyforsecurityandcomprehensivemedicalcareinthecaseofillness.Thecompulsory
healthinsuranceschemelooksafterformorethan25millionpeoplealmostonethirdofthe
populationinGermany.About61,000employeesincludingfemaleemployeesguaranteeahighly
competitiveserviceinmorethan1,700agencies.Withabout37percentofshareofthemarketthe
compulsoryhealthinsuranceschemeisamarketleaderinthelegalhealthinsurance.Thiscompulsory
healthinsuranceschemeismorethanoneshealthinsuranceasitsetsupacomprehensivehealth
managementfortheinsuredpersonorthroughacompany.
Thecompulsoryhealthinsuranceschemefederalfederationrepresentstheinterestsofthecompulsory
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/AOK.htm
1/2
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AOK
healthinsuranceschemecommunityasarooforganization.Itisabodyofthepublicright.Todaythe
compulsoryhealthinsuranceschemefederalfederationentersandinfutureforacomprehensivecare
withfullachievements.Itpromotesthesepurposesbysociopoliticalconvictionworkwithparliament,
governmentaswellasthefederationsandinstitutionsofthehealthservice.Seatofthecompulsory
healthinsuranceschemefederalfederationisatBonn.
Immediatelyandunbureaucraticourexpertsansweryourquestionsrelatedtohealthandhealth
insurancewithin24hours.Inaddition,atanytimehighqualitydatabanks,topicalnewsandmedical
encyclopediasareready,ifyoucallandliketofindoutyourselves.Inshorttheyareavailableforyour
personalinquirieswithpleasure.
My199526.7g.999AgTalercoin,hastheinscriptioninGerman,"TrimmTrabinsGrneundLauf.
AktionendesDSBundDLVmitderAOKdieGesundheitskasse",whichmeans"Trimtrotintothe
greenandcourseencounter.ActionsoftheDSBandDLVwiththeAOKofthehealthcashregister."I
haveseenthesesportingandhealthinsurancesilvercoinswithAOKlogofromlate1970sandearly
1980softensoldonEbayandhavingsimilarGermansportingslogans.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/AOK.htm
2/2
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RepublicofCabinda(Fantasyissue)
ThesecoinsarenotlegaltenderissuesandwereproducedbyanunknownresourcethroughaChinese
firm.NoneofthesecoinissuesareauthorizedbytheCabindanGovernment.Cabindaislocatedjust
northoftheCongoRiverinAfrica,iscurrentlycontrolledbyAngola.Cabinda(alsospelledKabinda)
isanexclaveandprovinceofAngola.Cabindaisasmallterritoryofarea7,283km.It'sstatusthathas
beendisputedbymanypoliticalorganizationsintheterritory.ThecapitalcityisalsocalledCabinda.
ThecityisalsocalledTchiowabytheCabindans.TheCabindacityhasaport,andthereare
considerableoffshoreoilreservesnearby.ThefourmunicipalitiesofBelize,CacongoandBucoZau
arepartofCabindaintheterritory.Cabindahadseparatestampsissuesfrom1894to1920underthe
nameofThePortugueseCongo.
ModernCabindaresultsfromthefusionofthreekingdoms:N'Goyo,LoangoandKacongo.The
RepublicofCabindatracesitsclaimstoselfsovereigntytoitsinitialstatusasaPortuguese
protectorate,knownasthePortugueseCongo.Thisprotectoratehadaseparatehistoryandlegalstatus
fromthatofthemuchlargerPortugueseWestAfrica,datingtoitsinceptionon19September1883and
confirmedbytheTreatyofSimulambucoandtheBerlinConferencein1885.Itsclosestpolitical
predecessorwastheironageN'goyokingdom,whichsoughtvoluntarilyincorporationintothe
PortugueseEmpireasawayofobtainingprotectionfromhostileneighboringstates.Basedonthisthey
areseekingcompleteindependencefromAngolasince1975.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Cabinda.htm
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Cabindareleaseditsfirstsevencoinsthatincludinga1,5,10and50Centavosandbimetallic1,21/2
and5ConvertibleEscudos.TheCabindaConvertibleEscudoisequivalenttoaUnitedStatesDollar.
Allsevencoinsdepictnativefish.ThereverseofthecoinsshowsthearmsoftheBancodeCabinda.
Thesecoinsweredatedfrom2001to2005.InadditionCabindaissuedalargerectangular71/2
Escudosdated2005commemoratingthe60thanniversaryoftheUnitedNationsFoodandAgriculture
Organization(FAO).AsCabindaisunderAngolancontrol,thesecoinsdonotcirculatein
CabindaandallsuchissuesarenotauthorizedbytheCabindanGovernmentasindicatedby
theirexilegovernmentat:http://www.cabinda.net/Fake_Coins.htm.
7Escudos.Year:2005.Weight:35.25g.
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Metal:Brass.Diameter:60.0mmx30.0
mm.Edge:Plain.Alignment:Medal.
Mint:N/A.Obverse:BankofCabinda
logoincenter."BancodeCabinda"
(BankofCabinda)writtenabove."Sete
EscudoConvertivelECinqenta
Centavos"(ConvertiblesevenEscudos
andfiftycentavos)writtendenomination
below.Reverse:Fish,PigandaChicken
picturesincenter."60oAniversariode
FAO"(60thAnniversaryofFAO)written
above."ProduzaMaisComida"written
below.Mintage:1,500.MintedYears:
OneYeartype.
Cabindarecentlyreleasedtwo2005datedcoinscommemoratingtheir30thanniversaryof
independence(30AnosIndependencia).Itisasomewhatironicsetofcoins,asCabindahasbeen
underAngolanoccupationforthepast30years.Thetwocoinsareattractive.The30Centavosisa
triangularcoinpicturingafishonthereverse.The5Escudosisabimetalliccointhatpicturesaschool
offishonthereverse.Theobverseofbothcoinsfeaturesamonumentandalegendattestingtothe30
yearsofIndependence.
30centavos.Year:2005.Weight:6.00g.
Metal:CopperNickel.Diameter:
triangle30.0mmeachside.Edge:Plain.
30thanniversaryofindependencewith
banklogoonthetopwithdates1975
2005divided.Reverse:Fishwithvalue
aboveandwrittendenomination"Trinta
Centavos"below.Mintage:N/A.Minted
Years:OneYeartype.
5Escudos.Year:2005.Weight:9.85g.
Metal:BimetallicCopperNickelin
centerandBrassouterring.Diameter:
29.0mm.Edge:Plain.Alignment:Medal.
Mint:N/A.Obverse:30thanniversaryof
independencewithbanklogoontheleft
withdates19752005dividedbelow.
Reverse:SchoolofFishwithwritten
denomination"CincoEscudos
Convertivel"(FiveEscudosConvertible)
below.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:One
Yeartype.
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TwonewoddshapedcoinswerereleasedforCabinda:asquare2Centavospicturingaseashellanda
sixsided25Centavospicturingafishin2006.
2centavos.Year:2006.Weight:4.63g.Metal:
Copper.Diameter:20.0mmx20.0mm.Edge:
BankofCabindalogowithdatedivided.Reverse:
SeaShellwithvalueaboveandwritten
denomination"DoisCentavos"below.Mintage:
N/A.MintedYears:OneYeartype.
25centavos.Year:2006.Weight:4.96g.Metal:
CopperNickel.Diameter:24.0mmx24.0mm.
Edge:Plain.Alignment:Medal.Mint:N/A.
Obverse:BankofCabindalogowithdate
divided.Reverse:Fishwithvalueaboveand
writtendenomination"VeinticincoCentavos"
below.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:OneYear
type.
10coinsinoneset:1,2,5,10,25,50centavosand1,2.5,5,7.5Escudos,including4bimetalliccoins
wereissuedin2008.1Escudo2008Largebimetalliccoinof38mmindiameterwasalsoissued.
MonetaryReformsinceJan01,2009waschangedfromEscudotoReal.In2009asetof9coinswere
issued:1,2,5,10,20and50Avosand1,2,Reals.(1,2,Realsarebimetalliccoins),allfeatured
differentfishes.
In2010,averyattractivecoinof5Reaisbimetalliccoinwasproducedtocelebratethe35yearsof
Cabindanindependence(35AnosIndependencia).
5Reais.Year:2010.Weight:14.73g.
Metal:BimetallicCopperNickelin
centerandBrassouterring.Diameter:
28.50mm.Edge:sixpatcheseachof
reededandplainedge.Alignment:
Medal.Mint:N/A.Obverse:valuein
centerdividingthedate."Bancode
Cabinda"writtenbelow.Reverse:
"CincoReais"writtenabove.35th
anniversaryofindependencewithgun
ontherightwithdates19752005
dividedbelow..Mintage:N/A.Minted
Years:OneYeartype.
1Real2011Bimetallicon65thAnniversaryoftheUNICEFwasalsoissued.Theremightbeother
issues,seenelsewherethatmaynotbementionedabove.
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Campioned'Italia
Campioned'Italia
NestledontheshoresofLakeLuganoandatthefootofthesteepAlpineslopes
ofMonteGeneroso,CampioneisanItalianexclave(aportionofthecountry
disconnectedfromthemainpartbecauseitissurroundedbyanothercountry
nottobeconfusedwithanenclave)locatedwithintheSwisscantonofTicino.
Thevillageisabout1squaremileinsizeandhasapproximately3,000
inhabitants.Theenclavehasagapoflessthan1kmasthecrowflies,butthe
roughterrainmeansthejourneybyroadisover10km.Itispossibletoreach
CampionefromItalythroughthelake.EventhoughItalyadministerslocal
governmentalfunctionsanditisgovernedbyRomeviatheadministrative
provinceofComo,partofCampione'slongstandingstabilityisduetoits
economicandexecutiveintegrationwithSwitzerlanditusestheSwissFrancas
itsmonetaryunit(thoughItaliantaxesarepaid).Itsinfrastructureisalsolargely
Swiss,includingpostalservices,telephonenumbersandcarplates.
Thoughexistingoutsideofitsfatherland,thistinypieceofItaliansoilishometothefamousCasin
MunicipalediCampioned'Italia,whichisthearea'slargestemployerandaninstitutionoftheItalian
government.Ineffect,CampionecanbeeitherItalianorSwissincharacter,dependingonyourpoint
ofvieworfromwhichangleitisexamined.Campione'suniquestatusarosebecausewhileTicino
becameapartoftheSwissConfederationin1803,thepeopleofCampionechosetoremainapartof
theKingdomofLombardy.AfterthefallofNapoleon,atthe1815CongressofVienna,theSwisstried
unsuccessfullytoclaimCampioneastheirown.In1859,Lombardywastransferredtothesovereignty
ofVictorEmmanuel,whowouldin1861becomethefirstKingofanewlyunifiedItaly.Asitgrew
intooneofItaly'swealthiestandmostaffluentcommunities,thistransformationdidnotgounnoticed
byMussoliniheproudlyappendedd'ItaliatoCampione'sappellation.Itwashewhoalsogranted
permission,inthe1930s,forthetowntoopenacasino.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Campioned'Italia.htm
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Campioned'Italia
SeveralgoldcoinswereissuedbytheCasinofrom19501972tobeusedliketokensattheroulette
table.TheyallbearthenameCommunitasCampilioni,whichisLatinforCommunity/Cityof
Campione.Thecasinowasfoundedin1917,openedin1933,andisownedbytheItaliangovernment,
andoperatedbythemunicipality.Theincomefromthecasinoissufficientfortheoperationof
Campionewithouttheimpositionoftaxes,orobtainingofotherrevenue.Thecasinooffersroulette,
chemindefer,baccarat,blackjack,poker,andslotmachines.Websiteofthecasinocanbeviewedat:
http://www.casinocampione.it/
Ipurchasedthe196420Franchi6.00g.900Aureedededgecoinfromnovacoins
(novacoins@hotmail.com).AsNovaMarketingSA,theirWebsiteis:http://www.novamarketing.ch/.
20Franchicoindroppedit'sweightfrom6.6gin1950to4.9gin1970.Campionealsoissueditsown
stampsonMay20,1944.TheyremainedvalidlongaftertheendofWWII,untilMay31,1952.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Campioned'Italia.htm
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ChathamIslands
ChathamIslands
TheChathamIslandsarethefirstinhabitedlandintheworldtogreet
thefirstdawn.Waitangiisitscapital.Karewa,21kmnorthof
Waitangihaveanairport.TheChathamIslandshaveapopulationof
around750people.ItispartofNewZealandterritory,whichlies
approximately850kilometerseastofChristchurch,ataboutlatitude
44os.ThetwomainislandswithintheChathamIslandsgroupare
ChathamIsland(approximately222,399acres,includingTeWhanga
Lagoonofalmost40,000acres).ChathamIslandandTeWhanga
LagoonarelocallyknownasRekohuandWharekauri.Theothermain
islandisPittIsland(15,635acres).PittIslands(Rangiauria)was
namedafterWilliamPitt,firstEarlofChatham.Theprincipalsmaller
islandsareSouthEastIsland(Rangatira)539acres,MangereIslands
279acres,LittleMangere(Tapuaenuku),theCastle(Rangiwheau),the
Sisters(Rangitatahi),theFortyFours(Motuhara),StarsKeys
(Motuhope),andthePyramid(Tarakoikoia).Besidesthis,furtherto
thesouthwestnearTheCastleareSailRock(twospectacularrock
stacksuponwhichtheoceanswellshurlthemselves).SugarLoafis
anotherstacks,eastofMangere.
Thisislandisfamousofitsseabirdsespeciallyblackrobin.Other
endangeredinvertebratesincludetheRangatiraspider,Chathamsgiant
clickbeetle,PittIslandlonghornandgiantstickinsect.Skinksare
abundant.ChathamIslandssnipeandparakeetsarecommon.Forbes'
parakeetisfarrarerthantheredcrownedparakeet.Petreland
Shearwaterburrowsarecommoninplaces,andtheshoreplatforms
arehometoChathamIslandsoystercatchers.
ThehistoryofChathamIslandscanbeviewedat
http://www.pacificislandtravel.com/new_zealand/about_destin/chatham_isles/history.asp
ThehistoryofMorioricanbeviewedathttp://historynz.org/moriori.html
ThefirstpopulatedlandwheretheSunwillriseinthenewmillennium(andatthebeginningofany
otheryear)isatKahuitaraPoint(4416'S1769'W)onPittIslandintheChathamIslands.Thesun's
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/ChathamIslands.htm
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ChathamIslands
firstraysofanewyearstrikeMt.HakepaonPittIsland,thereforein2000someenterprisingChatham
IslandersmanagedtoobtainReserveBankapprovaltoissuetheirownbanknotedenominationsasan
unofficialbutpopularpromotionalprojectforthemillenniumevent.Asimilarprojecttomake2001
dated5Dollarscoinswasnotviewedsoenthusiasticallybytheauthorities(NewZealandgovernment)
andtheissuewassuppressedandobjectedbeforeitgotofftheground,butaftersomeofthepieceshad
beenstruck.Althoughpromotionalmaterialstatedthatonly5000coinswouldbemintedbutithas
advisedthattheactualfigureisaround200.
PicturedontheobverseofthecoinshowsTameHoromanaReheSolomon,knownasTommy
Solomon,thelastfullbloodedMoriori,whodiedin1933.
Ipurchasedmyfivenewmillenniumcoindated2001fromHowardMitchell/Lynne
(howardm@ihug.co.nz),whoaredealingwithcoinsfromAuckland,NewZealand.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/ChathamIslands.htm
2/2
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FantasyEuroPatterns
FantasyEuroPattern
FantasyEuropatternaremadeondifferentcountries,territories,citiesandcommunesoftheworld,
mostlybyINA(BritishInternationalNumismaticAgency),theswissEuropMintandother
unauthorizedauthorities(unknownsources).Usuallyfoundinasetofcoins.Thesetof8coins
contains1,2,5,10,20,50eurocentswith1and2Euro.Thesetof9coinscontainanadditional5
Eurocoin.BelowisalistoftheseplacescategorizedintothreemaineraissuingfantasyEuropatterns.
From19981999Spanishcommunesandcities:
ItalianCommuneLainoD'Intelvi(50cents&Euro1999),Miglianico(Euro1998),Montesilvano
(Euro1998),Napoli(50cents&Euro1999),SanRaffaele(Euro1998),Sassello(10,20,50cents,1&
2Euro1998),SettimoTorineseCity(5,10,20,50cents,1&2Euro1999)
BelowisasetfromSasselloCommune(Liguria):
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/EuroPatterns.htm
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FantasyEuroPatterns
In2004,otherwiseindicated:
Alderney(9coinset),Andorra(9coinset),,Armenia(8coinset),BalearicIslandsSpanish
AutonomousCommunity(8coinset),Belarus(8coinset),Bulgaria(9coinsetbyINAand8coinset
byunknownissuer),CapeVerde(8coinset),CorsicaIslandFrenchIsland(8coinset),CreteGreek
Territory(8coinset),Croatia(8coinset),Cyprus(9coinset),CzechRepublic(9coinsetbyINAand
8coinsetbyuncertainissuers),Denmark(9coinset),Estonia(9coinsetbyINAand8coinsetby
anonymousissue),FaeroeIslandsDanishState(8coinset),Georgia(8coinset),GibraltarBritish
Colony(9coinset),GreenlandDanishState(9coinset),GuernseyBritishDependency(9coinset),
Hungary(9coinsetbyINAand8coinsetbyunknownissuer),IsleofMan(9coinset),Liechtenstein
(9coinset),Lithuania(9coinsetbyINAand8coinsetunknownissuer),Malta(2003issue8coin
set,INAissue9coinset,NDissue8coinset),Moldova(8coinset),Monaco(9coinset),
NetherlandsAntilles(9coinset),Norway(9coinset),Poland(9coinset),Romania(8coinset),
Russia(8coinset),SaintHelena(9coinset),SanMarino(9coinset),Slovakia(9coinset),Slovenia
(9coinset),Sweden(9coinset),Turkey(INAIssue8coinset,MDS(Germany)issue3&5Euros),
Ukraine(8coinset),UnitedKingdom(2002INAissue9coinset,2003INAissue9coinset),
Vatican(2002issue9coinset,2004issue9coinsetincluding10Eurosexcept5Euros,I.M
internationalissue50cents&Euroin2000)andWales(Kingdom8coinset).
In2005:
Aruba(9coinset),CanaryIslandsSpanishAutonomousCommunity(8coinset),Cartago(Carthage
City8coinset),Kosovo(8coinset),Lapland(8coinset),Macedonia(8coinset),MadeiraIslands(8
coinset),Martinique(8coinset),Mongolia(8coinset),Montenegro(8coinset),SaintMartinpart
ofNetherlandsAntilles(8coinset)
CoinsfromKosovo(1and50cents):
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FantasyEuroPatterns
Themetalsusedinthesecoinaremostly:Copperplatedsteel,Silver,Brass,Goldine,Bimetallic
(Silver/Brass),Bimetallic(CuNi/Brass)andBimetallic(Nickel/Goldine).
Besidesthese,someotherpiecesarealsocirculatingworldwideasthetheF110EuroMichael
Schumacher,FIAF1WorldChampionship1997coin.
IgotmySasselloCommune(Liguria)setfromOdedPaz,KosovocoinsfromErikVictorMcCreaand
10EuroofMichaelSchumacherfromAlejandroGuelfand.Themostinterestingplaceissuingfantasy
eurocoinsamongthese,whichmostofusmightnotbeawareisLapland.Laplandislocatedin
NorthernEurope.ItincludesthenorthernpartsofScandinavia(northernareasofNorway,Swedenand
Finland)andtheKolapeninsulainRussia.Thesecondinterestingplace,whichmostofusmightbe
notawareisCartago(CarthageCity),probablyithasbemintedonTunis'soldnameinNorthAfrica.It
wasanancientsettlementbasedinTunisia,southernSpain,coastalareasofMoroccoandLibya,
Corsica,Sardinia,Malta,theBalearicIslandsandthewesternhalfofSicily.Mostofcoincollectors
considerthesecoinsasunattractivewithbadartistry.ThesecoinsareeasilyavailableonEbayanda
greatsitetoviewthesecoinsisat:http://ret001qm.eresmas.net/euingle.htm.
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FrenchOverseasDepartmentandTerritories
ESSAI(pattern)coins
NineFrenchOverseasDepartmentsandTerritoriesincludingFrenchcommuneshadmadeaseriesof
ProofEssai(Pattern)coinsreleasedin2004foreachofthemindividually.Inthisjointproject,eachof
theterritoryreleasedthreepatterncoins:asilver1/4Euro,acrownsizedsilver11/2Euroanda1/4
ouncegold20Euro.
TheGold20Eurocoinsarehandstruckandeachcontains1/4troyounceofgold.Theyare27mmin
diameter.Eachcoinfeaturesanimportantnativeanimalononesideandtheterritorialarmsonthe
other.Therevisedmintageonthegoldhasbeendroppedtoonly50piecesofeachtype,makingthem
anunbelievablerarity.Becauseeachcoinisindividuallyhandstruck,minorimperfectionsmaybe
encountered.
Thesilver11/2EurocoinscommemoratethehistoryoftheFrenchNavy.Eachcoinfeaturesa
famousshipononesideofthecoin,theterritoriesarmsontheother.Eachcoinis38mmindiameter
andcontains1ounceof.999finesilver.Theyhaveamintageofonly2000Pieceseach.
Thesilver1/4EurocoinscommemorateFrenchMedalistandcoindesignerLouisOscarRoty.Roty
livedfrom1846to1911.Hewasaprolificsculptureandengraver.Hisworkscanbefoundinmost
majorEuropeanmuseums.Heisprobablybestrememberedforhis1898engravravingof"Semeuse
(theSower)whichgracedFrenchcoinsfornearlyacentury.Theobverseofeachcoinfeatureshis
portraitandthenameoftheterritory.Thereversefeaturesabeautifulrenditionofoneofhisworkson
theother.Thecoinsare27mmindiameterandcontain1/4ounceof.999silver.Thereisamintageof
only2000piecesofeachtype.
EachcoinisgradedFleurdeCoin(FDC)inFrenchstandards,andisProoforProoflikeinAmerican
gradingstandards.Thesecoinswerereleasedapproximatelyoneeveryweekortwountiltheseries
wasatlastcomplete.Igotmysilver11/2EurosetfromJoelAndersonandthesecoinscanalsobe
viewedonhiswebsiteat:http://www.joelscoins.com/frenchterr.htm.Becausemostoftheseterritories
haveissuedfew,ifanycoins,Itisexpectedtobeverypopular.
FRENCHGUYANA
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/French_Overseas_Departments_and_Territories.htm
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ItisFrenchOverseasDepartmentsince1946,locatedonthenortherncoastofSouthAmerica.French
Guianaisalsoargion(rgiond'outremer)ofFrance.AsapartofFrance,FrenchGuianaisinthe
EuropeanUnion.SinceEuropeansettlementbytheFrenchin1604,FrenchGuianawasthesiteof
notoriouspenalsettlements(Devil'sIsland)until1951.FrenchGuianawasoriginallyinhabitedbya
numberofNativeAmericanpeoples,amongthemtheCarib,Arawak,Emerillon,Galibi,Palikour,
Wayampi(alsoknownasOyampi)andWayana.In1498FrenchGuianawasfirstvisitedbyEuropeans
whenChristopherColumbussailedtotheregionandreportedlynameditthe"Landofpariahs".The
early1600'ssawattemptsbytheFrenchandDutchtosettleinthearea,thoughtheyfaceddifficulties
inthefaceofAmerindianhostilityandwidespreadtropicaldiseases.In1643theFrenchmanagedto
establishasettlementatCayennealongwithsomesmallscaleplantations,howeverthiswasattacked
byAmerindians.TheFrenchlaterreestablisheditinthe1660's,alongwithanothersettlementat
Sinnamary(thiswasattackedbytheDutchin1665).In1667theBritishseizedthearea.Followingthe
TreatyofBredaon31stJuly1667theareawasgivenbacktoFrance.TheDutchbrieflyoccupieditfor
aperiodin1676.Thesilver11/2EuroportraystheLouisXIVsflagshiptheSoleilRoyal.The104
gunshipwaslaunchedinthelate17thcenturytojointherelentlessbattlesbetweentheFrench,Dutch,
EnglishandSpanishoverdominationoftheoceans.AftersuccessfulbattlesagainsttheBritishand
Dutch,shewasburnedwhilebeachedforrepairsin1792toavoidcapture.Thiscoinhasareedededge.
FRENCHSOUTHERNANDANTARCTICTERRITORIES
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ItisaFrenchOverseasTerritorysince1956andknownasTerresAustralesetAntarctiquesFranaises
(TAAF),thisterritoryconsistsofseveralgroupsofislandsinthesouthernIndianOceanandasectorof
AntarcticathatisclaimedbyFrance.Theterritoryisinhabitedbyafewresearchersandmany
Penguins.Theterritoryisdividedintofourdistricts.AmsterdamandSaintPaul(lesSaintPaulet
Amsterdam),composedofleAmsterdamandleSaintPaul,area61km,mainbaseMartinde
Vivis.CrozetArchipelago(lesCrozetorofficiallyArchipelCrozet),area505km,mainbaseAlfred
Faure.Kerguelen(lesKerguelenorofficiallyArchipel(des)Kerguelen),area7,215km,mainbase
PortauxFranais.AdlieLand(TerreAdlie),area432,000km,mainbaseDumontd'Urville.Each
districtisheadedbyadistrictchief,whichhaspowerssimilartothoseofaFrenchmayor(including
recordingbirthsanddeathsandbeinganofficerofjudicialpolice).Becausethereisnopermanent
population,thereisnoelectedassembly,nordoestheterritorysendrepresentativestothenational
parliament.SeveralcountriesdonotrecognizetheFrenchclaimto"AdlieLand",andFrance's
territorialclaimissuspendedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheAntarcticTreaty.Asof2005,the
inclusionoftheScatteredIslandsintotheTAAFisbeingconsideredbytheFrenchgovernment.The
prefectoftheTAAFhasalreadybeenputinchargeofthoseislands.Thesilver11/2Euroshowsthe
crewofthesailingshipL'AstrolabetryingtoextractitfromAntarcticseaice.Theobversefeaturesthe
armsoftheTerritories.Theedgeofthecoinisletteredas.999puresilver.
GUADELOUPE
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ItisFrenchOverseasDepartmentsince1946,anarchipelagolocatedintheeasternCaribbeanSeaat
1615N6135W,withatotalareaof1,780squarekilometres(687sq.mi).Itisanoverseas
dpartement(dpartementd'outremer,orDOM)ofFrance.LiketheotherDOMs,Guadeloupeisalso
oneofthe26rgionsofFrance(asargiond'outremer),andanintegralpartoftheRepublic.Aspart
ofFrance,GuadeloupeispartoftheEuropeanUnion,howevernotpartytotheSchengenAgreement.
Guadeloupewaspopulatedfrom300BCbytheArawakAmerindians,whofishedanddeveloped
agricultureontheisland.ItwasnextinhabitedbytheCaribs,whopushedoutmostoftheArawakin
the8thcentury,andwhorenamedtheisland"Karukera"orthe"Islandofbeautifulwaters".Duringhis
secondtriptoAmericaChristopherColumbusbecamethefirstEuropeantolandonGuadeloupeon14
November1493.HecalleditSantaMaradeGuadalupedeExtremadura,aftertheimageoftheVirgin
MaryveneratedattheSpanishmonasteryofVilluercas,inGuadalupe,Extremadura.TheFrenchtook
possessionoftheislandin1635andwipedoutmanyoftheCaribamerindians.Itwasannexedtothe
kingdomofFrancein1674.Overthenextcentury,theislandwasseizedseveraltimesbytheBritish.
OneindicationofGuadeloupe'sprosperityatthistimeisthatintheTreatyofParis(1763),France,
defeatedinwar,acceptedtoabandonitsterritorialclaimsinCanadainreturnforBritishrecognitionof
FrenchcontrolofGuadeloupe.InanefforttotakeadvantageofthechaosensuingfromtheFrench
Revolution,BritainattemptedtoseizeGuadeloupein1794andhelditfromApril21toJune2.The
FrenchretooktheislandunderthecommandofVictorHugues,whosucceededinfreeingtheslaves.
Theyrevoltedandturnedontheslaveownerswhocontrolledthesugarplantations,butwhen
Americaninterestswerethreatened,Napoleonsentaforcetosuppresstherebelsandreinstitute
slavery.LouisDelgrsandagroupofrevolutionarysoldierskilledthemselvesontheslopesofthe
Matoubavolcanowhenitbecameobviousthattheinvadingtroopswouldtakecontroloftheisland.
Theoccupationforcekilledapproximately10,000Guadeloupeansintheprocessofrestoringorderto
theisland.
OnFebruary4,1810theBritishonceagainseizedtheislandandheldituntilMarch3,1813,whenit
wascededtoSwedenasaconsequenceoftheNapoleonicWars.Swedenalreadyhadacolonyinthe
area,butmerelyayearlaterSwedenlefttheislandtoFranceintheTreatyofParisof1814.An
ensuingsettlementbetweenSwedenandtheBritishgaverisetotheGuadeloupeFund.Frenchcontrol
ofGuadeloupewasfinallyacknowledgedintheTreatyofViennain1815.Slaverywasabolishedon
theislandin1848attheinitiativeofVictorSchoelcher.TodaythepopulationofGuadeloupeismostly
ofAfricanoriginwithanimportantEuropeanandIndianactivepopulation.Lebanese,Chineseand
peopleofmanyotheroriginsarealsopresent.Itsmajorindustriesaretourismandmakingrum.The1
1/2EurofeaturestheironcladFrenchwarshipLaGlorie.TheLaGlorie,builtin1860,wasthefirst
ironcladwarship.TheGuadeloupeunofficialarmsisontheobverseonthecoin.
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MARTINIQUE
ItisFrenchOverseasDepartmentsince1946,anislandintheeasternCaribbeanSea,havingatotal
areaof1,128km.Itisanoverseasdpartement(dpartementd'outremer,orDOM)ofFrance.Like
theotherDOMs,Martiniqueisalsooneofthe26rgionsofFrance(asargiond'outremer),andan
integralpartoftheRepublic.AspartofFrance,MartiniqueispartoftheEuropeanUnion.Colonized
byFrancein1635,theCaribExpulsionoccurredin1660whentheisland'sindigenouspeopleswere
deportedandbannedfromreturningbytheFrenchoccupyingforces.Theislandhassubsequently
remainedaFrenchpossessionexceptforthreebriefperiodsofforeignoccupation.From1635(arrival
ofPierreBelaind'Esnambuc,aFrencharistocratwhotookpossessionoftheislandforFrance)to
1946,MartiniquelivedasaFrenchcolonyproducingtropicaltradegoodssuchascanesugar,coffee,
rumandcocoa.AfricancaptiveswerebroughtfromWestAfricatoformtheslavepopulationthatis
theoriginofmostoftoday'spopulation.In1902,thevolcanoMountPeleeexplodedinalarge
pyroclasticexplosion(namedthePeleeanEuruptionafterthevolcano),sendingawallofashandhot
gasesonthecityofSt.Pierre,killing25,000to36,000inhabitants(onlyoneperson,acriminalinthe
St.Pierreprison,survived).The11/2EurofeaturestheWorldWarIIbattleshipDunkerque.Hercrew
servedbravelyintheearlyyearsWWII.BoththeBritishandtheGermansattackedherbeforeher
crewscuttledherinNovember1942topreventhercapturebytheGermans.TheMartiniquearms,
featuringfoursnakes,isontheobverseofthecoin.Thiscoinhasareedededge.
MAYOTTE
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ItisanoverseascommunityofFranceatthenorthernendoftheMozambiqueChannelintheIndian
Ocean,usesFrenchflagandisbetweennorthernMadagascarandnorthernMozambique.Theterritory
isgeographicallypartoftheComorosislands,butnotpolitically.ItisalsoknownasMahor,
especiallybyadvocatesofitsinclusionintheUnionofComoros.Themainisland,GrandeTerre(or
Mahor),geologicallytheoldestoftheComoros,is39kilometres(24mi)longand22kilometres
(13mi)wide,anditshighestpointsarebetween500and600meters(1,6501,975ft)abovesea
level.Becauseofthevolcanicrock,thesoilisrelativelyrichinsomeareas.Acoralreefencircling
muchoftheislandensuresprotectionforshipsandahabitatforfish.Dzaoudziwasthecapitalof
Comorosuntil1977.ItissituatedonPetiteTerre(orPamanzi),whichat10squarekilometers(3.9sq
mi)isthelargestofseveralisletsadjacenttoMahor,towhichitislinkedbyacauseway.Mayotteisa
memberoftheIndianOceanCommission,withaseparatemembershipratherthanwiththeComoros.
Circa1500theMaoreorMawuti(corruptedtoMayotteinFrench)sultanatewasestablishedonthe
island.In1503itwasnotedbyPortugueseexplorers,butnotcolonized.In1832itwasconqueredby
Andriantsoly,formerkingofIboinaonMadagascarin1833conqueredbytheneighbouringsultanate
ofMwali(MohliislandinFrench)on19November1835againconqueredbyNdzuwanisultanate
(AnjouansultanateinFrenchagovernorwasinstalledwiththeunusualislamicstyleofQadi,sortofa
'ResidentMagistrate'inBritishterms),butin1836regaineditsindependenceunderalastlocalSultan.
MayottewascededtoFrancealongwiththeotherComorosin1843.Itwastheonlyislandinthe
archipelagothatvotedinreferendumsin1974and1976toretainitslinkwithFranceandforgo
independence(with63.8%and99.4%ofvotesrespectively).TheComoroscontinuetoclaimthe
island,andadraft1976UnitedNationsSecurityCouncilresolutionsupportedby14ofthe15
membersoftheCouncilwouldhaverecognizedComorossovereigntyoverMayotte,butFrancevetoed
theresolution.ThesituationofMayotteprovedtobeunwieldyforFrance:whilethelocalpopulation
verylargelydidnotwanttobeindependentfromFranceandjoinComoros,someinternational
criticismfrombothpostcolonialandleftistregimeswasheardabouttheongoingtiesofMayotteto
France.Furthermore,thepeculiarlocaladministrationofMayotte,largelyruledbycustomaryMuslim
law,wouldbedifficulttointegrateintothelegalstructuresofFrance,nottomentionthecostsof
bringingthestandardsoflivingtolevelsclosetothoseofmetropolitanFrance.Becauseofthese
reasons,thelawspassedbythenationalparliamentmuststatespecificallythattheyapplytoMayotte
forthemtobeapplicableonMayotte.ThestatusofMayottewaschangedin2001towardsonevery
closetothestatusofthedpartementsofmainlandFrance,withtheparticulardesignationof
collectivitdpartementale,althoughtheislandisstillclaimedbytheComoros.Thischangewas
approvedby73%atareferendumonMayotte.Aftertheconstitutionalreformof2003itbecamea
collectivitd'outremerwhilekeepingtobeentitledcollectivitdpartementaledeMayotte.The
battleshipBouvetisonthe11/2Euro.In1915shehitamineandsunkinwithin2minutes,withaloss
of660men.ThearmsofMayotteisontheobverseofthecoin.Theedgeofthecoinisletteredas.999
puresilver.
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REUNION
ItisFrenchOverseasDepartmentsince19thMarch1946,locatedintheIndianoceaneastof
Madagascar,about200kmsouthwestofMauritius.LiketheotherDOMs,Runionisalsooneofthe
26rgionsofFrancewiththesamestatusasthosesituatedontheEuropeanmainland.Aspartof
France,RunionispartoftheEuropeanUnion,andthusthecurrencyusedistheeuro(infact,dueto
varyingtimezonesintheEuropeanUnion,Runionwasthefirstregionintheworldtousetheeuro,
andthefirsteverpurchaseusingtheeurooccurredat12.01a.m.,whenregionalcouncilpresidentPaul
VergsboughtabagoflycheesataSaintDenismarket).
ArabsailorsusedtocallthisislandDinaMorgabin("WesternIsland")..ThePortuguesewerethefirst
Europeanstovisittheisland,findingituninhabitedin1513,andnamingitSantaApollonia.Theisland
wasthenoccupiedbytheFrenchandadministeredfromPortLouis,Mauritius.AlthoughtheFrench
flagwashoistedbyFranoisCauchein1638,SantaApolloniawasofficiallyclaimedbyJacques
PronisofFrancein1642,whenhedeportedadozenFrenchmutineerstotheislandfromMadagascar.
TheconvictswerereturnedtoFranceseveralyearslater,andin1649,theKingofFranceLouisXIII
namedtheislandleBourbonafterhisroyalhouse."Runion"wasthenamegiventotheislandin
1793byadecreeoftheConventionwiththefalloftheHouseofBourboninFrance,andthename
commemoratestheunionofrevolutionariesfromMarseillewiththeNationalGuardinParis,which
tookplaceonAugust10,1792.In1801,theislandwasrenamed"leBonaparte,"afterNapoleon
Bonaparte.TheislandwastakenbytheBritishnavyledbyCommodoreJosiasRowleyin1810,who
usedtheoldnameof"Bourbon."WhenitwasrestoredtoFrancebytheCongressofViennain1815,
theislandretainedthenameof"Bourbon"until1848,whenthefalloftherestoredBourbonsduring
therevolutionsduringthatyearmeantthattheislandbecame"Runion"onceagain.
Fromthe17thtothe19thcenturies,FrenchimmigrationsupplementedbyinfluxesofAfricans,
Chinese,Malays,andTamil(Malabar)Indiansgavetheislanditsethnicmix.TheopeningoftheSuez
Canalin1869costtheislanditsimportanceasastopoverontheEastIndiestraderoute.
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Between15and16March1952,CilaosatthecenterofRunionreceived1,869.9mm(73.6in)of
rainfall.Thisisthegreatest24hourprecipitationtotaleverrecordedonEarth.In2005and2006
Runionwashitbyacripplingepidemicofchikungunya,adiseasespreadbymosquitoes.According
totheBBCNews,255,000peopleonRunionhadcontractedthediseaseasof26April,2006.The
diseasealsospreadtoMadagascarandtomainlandFrancethroughairlinetravel.Thediseaseledto
morethan200deathsonRunion.TheFrenchgovernment,underPrimeMinisterDominiquede
Villepinsentanemergencyaidpackageworth36millioneuro($42.8U.S.dollars)anddeployed
approximately500Frenchtroopstoeradicatemosquitoes.Chikungunyameans"thatwhichbends"in
theMakondelanguageoftheTanzania/Mozambiqueborderregionwhereitwasfirstidentified.Itcan
causedehydration,extremepainandhighfeversandcanbefatalinsomecases.Thereisnoknown
curefortheillness.Almosttheentireeconomyisdevotedtotheproductionofsugarandsugarby
productssuchasrumandmolasses.Mostofthesugarproductionontheislandiscontrolledbyabouta
dozenlargeplantations.Thesilver11/2EurosfeaturesFrance'snewAircraftCarrier,theCharlesDe
Gaulle.ThearmsofReunionisontheobverseofthecoin.Theedgeofthecoinisletteredas.999pure
silver.
SAINTBARTHELEMY
SaintBarthlemyisaFrenchislandlocatedintheCaribbeanat1754N6250W,amongtheLeeward
Islands.Itslandareais21.0km(8.1sq.miles).Administratively,thewholeislandofSaint
BarthlmyisaFrenchcommune(communedeSaintBarthlmy)partofGuadeloupe,whichisan
overseasrgionandoverseasdpartementofFrance,andthereforepartoftheEuropeanUnion.The
islandisalsoknownasSaintBarts,SaintBarths,orSaintBarth.In2003thepopulationvotedin
favourofsecessionfromGuadeloupeinordertoformaseparateoverseascollectivityofFrance.
HoweverSaintBarthlmycurrentlyremainspartofthergionanddpartementofGuadeloupe.St.
Bartsisperhapsbestknownforbeingavacationspotforthewealthyandfamous.Asatourist
attraction,itisnotableforitspristinebeachesandwellrespectedrestaurants.
SaintBarthlemywasfirstclaimedbyFrancein1648.ItwassoldtoSwedenin1785,whichsoldit
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backtoFrancein1878.TheSwedishperiodmadeitsmarksbynamingmanyofthestreetsandthe
town(inhonourofkingGustavIII)andleavingitsnationalarm,thethreecrowns,intheStBartscoat
ofarm.
Tourismisitsmainindustry.Thesilver11/2EuroshowstheFrigateHermione,asailingshipfromthe
late18thcentury.ThearmsofSt.Barthlemyisontheobverseofthecoin.Theedgeofthecoinis
letteredas.999puresilver.TheaboveshownflagisunofficialflagofSaintBarthlemy.
SAINTMARTIN
1493,ChristopherColumbusembarkedonhissecondvoyagetotheNewWorld.Accordingtolegend,
ColumbussightedandperhapsanchoredattheislandofSaintMartinonNovember11,1493,thefeast
dayofSaintMartinofTours.Inhishonor,ColumbusnamedtheislandSanMartin.Itisnowmore
commonlyknownasSintMaarten(Dutch),SaintMartin(French),andSaintMartin(English).
WhenColumbussailedtheseseas,St.Martinwaspopulated,ifpopulatedatall,byArawakorCarib
Indians.TheArawaksweresubjugatedbythewarlikeCaribIndiansfromSouthAmericaashorttime
beforethearrivaloftheSpanishwhofollowedinColumbus'wake.TheEnglishwordcannibalis
derivedfromanArawakwordwhichreferredtotheCaribs.TheArawakswerearelativelycultured,
agriculturalpeoplewhofashionedpotteryandwhosesocialorganizationwasheadedbyhereditary
chieftainswhoderivedtheirpowerfrompersonaldeitiescalledzemis.TheCaribs,ontheotherhand,
concentratedonwarfare.Theykilledand,allegedly,atetheArawakmen,thenmarriedtheArawak
women.
TheCaribs'territorywasnotcompletelyconquereduntilthemid17thcenturywhenmostofthem
perishedinthestrugglebetweentheFrench,English,Dutch,DanesandSpanishforcontrolofthe
WestIndies.TheDutchfirstbegantoplytheisland'spondsforsaltinthe1620s.DespitetheDutch
presenceontheisland,theSpaniardsrecapturedSt.Martinin1633andoneyearlaterbuiltafortat
PointeBlanchetoasserttheirclaim.TheSpaniardsintroducedthefirstslavestotheareainthe16th
centurybutthemaininfluxofslavestookplaceinthe18thcenturywiththedevelopmentofsugar
plantationsbytheFrench.Slaverywasabolishedinthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury,whereuponthe
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BritishimportedChineseandEastIndianstotaketheplaceofslaves.Thus,St.Martinandtheother
islandsarepeopledbyamixtureofAmerindian,African,AsianandEuropeanpeoples.WestIndian
culturessuchasinSt.Martinare,consequently,exceedinglyrichandvaried,scarcelymatchedinother
partsoftheworld.FranceandtheNetherlandsagreedtodividetheislandonMarch23,1648.
SintMaartenisofficiallyan"islandterritory"partoftheNetherlandsAntilles,whichispartofthe
KingdomoftheNetherlandsthoughnotintheEuropeanUnion.ItscurrencyistheAntilleanguilder
(however,theUnitedStatesdollariswidelyaccepted).AproposedrestructuringoftheNetherlands
AntilleswouldseeSintMaartenbecomeanindependentcomponentoftheKingdomofthe
Netherlandsinitsownright.
SaintMartinisaFrenchcommunepartofGuadeloupe,whichisanoverseasrgionandoverseas
dpartementofFranceandisthereforeintheEuropeanUnion.TheofficialcurrencyinSaintMartinis
theeuro(thoughtheU.S.dollarisalsowidelyaccepted).In2003thepopulationoftheFrenchpart
votedinfavourofsecessionfromGuadeloupetoformaseparateoverseascollectivityofFrancethis
hasyettobeimplemented.
ThisislandintheCaribbeanisknownforitsbeautifulbeaches,finehotels,casinosandrestaurants.As
mightbeexpected,itsmajorindustryistourism.The38mmsilver11/2Eurofeaturesthesailingship
VilledeParis.TheVilledePariswastheflagshipoftheFrenchfleetthatblockedtheEnglishfleet
fromtheYorktownPeninsulainChesapeakeBayduringtheclosingdaysoftheAmerican
Revolution.TrappedonthepeninsulabyAmericantroopsandunabletogetreinforcementsorto
retreat,BritishGeneralCornwalliswasforcedtosurrender,thusassuringtheindependenceofthe
UnitedStates.TheshipwaslatercapturedbytheBritishintheBattleoftheSaints.TheArmsofSt.
Martinappearsontheobverseofthecoin.Theedgeofthecoinisletteredas.999puresilver.The
aboveshownflagisunofficialflagofSaintMartin.
SAINTPIERREANDMIQUELON
SaintPierreandMiquelon(FrenchSaintPierreetMiquelon)4647N5612WisaFrenchoverseas
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communityconsistingofseveralsmallislandsofftheeasterncoastofCanadanearNewfoundland.Itis
theonlyremainderoftheformercolonialterritoryofNewFrance.SaintPierreandMiquelonhasbeen
underFrenchcontrolsince1763.PaleoeskimoorDorsetcultureartifactshavebeenuncoveredin
SaintPierre(AnseHenry).Someofthesedatebackto3000BC.Namedthe'ElevenThousand
Virgins'byPortugueseexplorerJoolvaresFagundesin1521,theislandswerealsonamedthe
'IslandsofSaintPierre'bytheFrench.Duringthe16thcentury,theislandswereusedasabaseforthe
seasonalcodfisherybytheFrenchofLaRochelle,Granville,SaintMaloandtheBasqueCountry.
WhenFrenchexplorerJacquesCartierwasinSaintPierrein1536hemadenoteoftheFrenchand
Bretonfishery.
ThenameMiquelonisofBasqueoriginasthisislandwasusedbyfishermenfromSaintJeandeLuz.
SaintPierrewassettledbytheFrenchintheearly17thcentury,abandonedundertheTreatyof
Utrecht,andreturnedtoFrancein1763attheendoftheSevenYears'War.Between1763and1778,
theislandsbecameaplaceofrefugeforAcadiandeporteesfromNovaScotia.In1778theislandswere
attackedandthepopulationdeportedbytheBritishasretaliationforFrenchsupportoftheAmerican
RevolutionaryWar.AlthoughFranceregainedtheislandsin1783,by1793,Britishhostilitytothe
FrenchRevolutionandthefactthatFrancehaddeclaredwarwiththeUnitedKingdomledtoanother
Britishattackontheislandsandthedeportationoftheentirepopulation.Theislandswerefinally
returnedtoFranceafterthesecondabdicationofNapoleonin1816.Theyrepresentthesoleremaining
vestigeofFrance'soncevastNorthAmericanpossessions.Theyhavealwaysbeenmostimportantasa
fishingcentre,beingineasytravellingdistanceoftheGrandBanksofNewfoundland,someofthe
world'srichestfishinggrounds.TheislandswereusedduringAmericanProhibitionasabasefor
smugglingliquorintotheUnitedStatesbymanygangstersincludingAlCaponeandBillMcCoy.
AfterNaziGermanyinvadedmostofEuropeduringWorldWarII,theislandswerecontrolledby
VichyFrance.OnChristmasEve1941,FreeFrenchforcesledbyRearAdmiralmileMuselier
capturedtheislandsonbehalfofCharlesdeGaulle.SaintPierreandMiquelonbecamethefocusofa
seriousriftbetweenFreeFrenchforcesandtheUnitedStatesDepartmentofState,whichwascourting
VichyFranceandthreatenedtosendshipstotaketheislandsback.
Theislandsbecameafulldpartementd'outremerofFrancein1976.Thisstatuswasmodifiedin1985
andtheislandsbecameaterritorywithspecialstatus(collectivitterritorialestatutparticulier).After
theconstitutionalreformof2003,itbecameacollectivitd'outremer,whilekeepingitsparticular
nameofcollectivitterritorialedeSaintPierreetMiquelon.Thesilver11/2Eurocoinfeaturesthe
FreeFrenchCorvetteMimosa.TheMimosawassunkbyaGermansubmarineinJune1942,witha
lossof58Frenchsailors,amajorityofwhichcamefromSt.PierreandMiquelon.Thelossofsomany
youngmenhadalastingeffectonthesmallislandcommunity.ThereversehasthearmsofSt.Pierreet
Miquelonwhichfeaturesathreemastedsailingship.Theedgeofthecoinisletteredas.999pure
silver.TheaboveshownflagisunofficialflagofSaintPierreandMiquelon.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
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GoldCoast
GoldCoast
GoldCoastisacityontheEastcoastofAustralia.Australianroyalminthasproducedthesecoinsto
commemorativethe150thanniversaryofthiscity(GoldCoastSesquicentenary).1,5and10Dollars
coinshadbeenmadeonthisevent.
Note:NottobeconfusedwiththeoldnameofGhanaasGoldCoast.
Ipurchasedmy1Dollar1992coppercoinhaving33mmdiameterwithunreedededgefromChaim
DovShibolet(shibolet@yahoo.com).$5innickeland$10inbrassalsoexists.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/GoldCoast.htm
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GoldReefCity
GoldReefCity
GoldReefCityisalargeamusementparkinJohannesburg,SouthAfrica.Locatedonanoldgold
mine,theparkisthemedaroundthegoldrushontheWitwatersrand.Parkstaffwearperiodcostumes
ofthe1880s,andthebuildingsontheparkaredesignedtomimicthesameperiod.Thereisamuseum
dedicatedtogoldminingonthegroundswhereitispossibletoseeagoldcontainingoreveinandsee
howrealgoldispouredintobarrels.
LocationJohannesburg,SouthAfrica,
Websitehttp://www.goldreefcity.co.za/
Slogan:TheCityWithoutLimits
TherearemanyattractionsatGoldReefCity,nottheleastofwhicharewaterridesandrollercoasters.
TheliveshowsofIdolsSouthAfricaarefilmedliveinthe"Hippodrome",alargeauditoriumbasedin
thepark.GoldReefCityislocatedtothesouthoftheCentralBusinessDistrictoffoftheM1.Itisalso
thesiteoftheApartheidMuseum.
Mintmark:GRC(GoldReefCity)SouthAfricanKrugerrandwereproducedfrom1987to1991.Igot
theabove1/2Pondand1PondbrasscoinsalongwithSouthAfricanPS117(8coins)[featuringthe
bustofPresidentVorsterin1982]inthesameboxfromHaroonTareen.Ihavealsoseena1penny
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Gold_Reef_City.htm
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GoldReefCity
1993featuringarhinoceroscoinsoldonebay.Thesebrasscoinsareprobablypatternsandcouldnot
bemadeintogoldcoinsastheGoldReefCityminewasclosedasitrunoutofgold.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Gold_Reef_City.htm
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Hawaii
Hawaii
TheHawaiianIslands,onceknownastheSandwichIslands,formanarchipelagoofnineteenislands
andatolls,numeroussmallerislets,andunderseaseamountstrendingnorthwestbysoutheastinthe
NorthPacificOceanbetweenlatitudes19Nand29N.Thearchipelagotakesitsnamefromthe
largestislandinthegroupandextendssome1500miles(2400km)fromtheIslandofHawaiiinthe
southtonorthernmostKureAtoll.Politically,theyformtheU.S.50thStatecalledHawaii.This
archipelagorepresentstheexposedpeaksofagreatunderseamountainrangeknownastheHawaiian
Emperorseamountchain,formedbyvolcanicactivityoverahotspotintheearth'smantle.Atabout
3,000km(1,860miles)fromthenearestcontinent,theHawaiianIslandarchipelagoisthemost
isolatedgroupingofislandsonEarth(Macdonald,Abbott,andPeterson,1984).
Atotalof132islandsandatollscomprisetheHawaiianIslands,withatotallandareaof16,636km2
(6,423.4squaremiles).TheeightmainHawaiianislands(allinhabitedexceptforKahoolawe)are,
listedherefromsouthtonorth:
Hawaii(alsoknownastheBigIsland)
Maui
Kahoolawe(uninhabitedtemporaryresidentialfacilities)
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/HawaiiIslands.htm
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Hawaii
Lnai
Molokai
Oahu
Kauai
Niihau
Smallerislands,atolls,andreefs(beyondNiihauandalluninhabited)calledtheNorthwestern
HawaiianIslands:
Kaula
Nihoa
Necker(Mokumanamana)
FrenchFrigateShoals(Mokuppapa)
GardnerPinnacles(Phhonu)
MaroReef(Nalukakala)
Laysan(Kau)
LisianskiIsland(Papapoho)
PearlandHermesReef(Holoikauaua)
Midway(Pihemanu)(temporaryresidentialfacilities)
Kure(Knemilohai)
Someinformationsourcesstatethatthereare137"islands"intheHawaiianchain.Thisnumber
includesallminorislandsandisletsoffshoreofthemainislands(listedabove)andindividualisletsin
eachatoll.(Hawaiistategovernment,undated).Followingisalistofisletsandsmalloffshoreislands
thatmakeupthetotalcountbeyond19:
FordIsland(Mokuumeume)
Kaohikaipu
Manana
MkleaRock
NMokulua
Molokini
ExceptforMidway,whichisanunincorporatedterritoryoftheUnitedStates,theseislandsandislets
areadministeredastheStateofHawaiithe50thstateoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica
Hawaii'smainislandsand/orkingdomsarenamelyHawaii,Hilo,Honolulu,KauaiandMaui.Eachof
thesefiveislandshaveissuedcommemorativecoinontheirkings,queenshistoricalandfamous
places.Eachcoinhasadominationvalueof1Dollarwith38.5mmdiameter.Thesecoinsare
consideredassouvenirs.IpurchasedthissetofcoinsinBrassfromHallenbeckCoinGallery/Kristy
(Kristy@myfavoritecoinstore.com).
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Hawaii
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Hawaii
Maui,knownastheValleyIsle,isthesecondlargestoftheHawaiianIslands.Itsgorgeousscenery,
beautifultropicalbeachesandnumerousculturalactivities,haslongmadeitapopulardestinationwith
tourists.Eachyear,theMauiChamberofCommerceissuesatradedollar.The39mmcoppernickel
tokenisgoodforonedollaratparticipatingmerchantsthroughouttheislandduringtheyearitis
issued.Mostofthedollarsarekeptbytouristsassouvenirsratherthanbeingredeemed,whichraises
fundsforeducationalprojectsontheisland.Mauihaveproducedthesetradedollarcoinfrom1992to
datewithdifferentdesigneachyear.IhavepurchasedmyMaui2003and2004silverTradeDollars
fromJoelAnderson(www.joelscoins.com).
EachyeartheMaui,HawaiiChamberofCommerceissuesanattractive39mmcoppernickeltrade
dollar.Ithasafacevalueof2Dollarsandcanbeusedatparticipatingmerchantsthroughouttheisland
duringtheyear.Theprojectraisesfundsforeducationalprogramsasmostofthetradedollarsarekept
assouvenirsratherthanredeemed.The2010issuefeaturestheuniqueandendangeredIiwibird,also
knownastheHawaiianHoneycreeper,alongsideofaPapayatreeandfruit.Thebirdsfeathershave
longbeenusedonceremonialHawaiiancapesandhelmets.Wealsohaveavailableafewofthe2009
issueswhichfeatureapairofwhalesandamapoftheisland.
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Hawaii
PatrickMinthasalsoissued1cent1997coincelebratingthe150thanniversaryofHawaiicent1847
1997,featuringKamehamehaIII.Thisminthasproducethiscoininthreedifferentinexpensivemetal
likealuminum,brassandcoppershownattheirwebsite:http://www.patrickmint.com/avalus.html
IgotmyPatrickMint'sHawaiiancent1997coppercoinfromOdedPaz.
MicroNations
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IsleofWight
IsleofWight
TheIsleofWightisanEnglishisland,southofSouthamptonoffthesouthernEnglishcoast.Itispart
oftheUnitedKingdom.It'scapitalandmainportisNewport.
TheIsleofWightisapproximatelydiamondinshapeandcoversanareaof147squaremiles(381
squarekm.Nearlyhalfthisarea,mainlyinthewestoftheIsland,isdesignatedastheIsleofWight
AreaofOutstandingNaturalBeauty.ThelandscapeoftheIslandisremarkablydiverse,leadingtoits
oftquoteddescriptionof"EnglandinMiniature".TheWestWightispredominantlyrural,with
dramaticcoastlinesdominatedbythefamouschalkdownlandridge,runningacrossthewholeIsland
andendinginTheNeedlesstacksperhapsthemostphotographedaspectoftheIsleofWight.The
highestpointontheislandisStBonifaceDown,at241m/791ft,whichisalsoaMarilyn.
TheIsleofWight'scountyfloweristhePyramidalOrchid.
Motto:AllthisbeautyisofGod
IsleofWightCouncilcanbeviewedat:http://www.iwight.gov.uk/
DuetoawaveofEuroasacurrencyinEurope,IsleofWightalsohaveproducedpatterns.Pobjoy
MinthavehelpedIsleofWightauthoritiestoproducedafewdominationsinEurocurrency.Itis
widelyacceptedthatthismintisthesoleproduceroftheseIsleofWightcoins.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/IsleofWight.htm
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IsleofWight
Ipurchasedmy1Euro28.28g0.9250Ag1997,reedededge,44thAnniversaryofRoyalYacht
BritanniaatCowesRegatta(19531997)fromDanLewis(dan@dglcoins.com)."NoMonetaryValue"
descriptioniswrittenbesidethedateonthiscoin.ThiscoinalsoexistsinCuNiwiththesameweight.
FourdesignsonIsleofWightcoinswereproducedin1996,eachhavingadualvalueof3ECUS2
Pounds.IsleofWight's10cents,20cents,50cents,1Euroand2EurosetisavailablewithSteele
Huang(www.similarcoin.com).
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/IsleofWight.htm
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Kaliningrad
Kaliningrad
KaliningradisalandwhichmakesananglebetweenLithuania
andPoland.BalticSealaysonthewest.Lithuaniainthenorth
andPolandinthesouthwest(EUmembers,andprobable
futureNATOinductees).ItispartofRussianFederationbut
separatedfromthemainland.Thisregionisactuallyanexclave
anareawithoutcommonbordersandwithnoland
connectiontotherestofthecountryasopposedtoan
enclave.ItwasknownasKnigsberguntilJuly1946,when
StalinseizedthisEastPrussiancapitalcityafterWWIIand
deportedtheremainingGermancitizenry.Itisthewesternmost
oblast(administrativeunit/district)oftheRussianFederation.
Since1992,ithasalsobeenreferredtoastheFree/Special
EconomicZoneYantar(Amber),uponwhichwereheaped
theoptimisticexpectationofitsblossomingintoabooming
EuropeanHongKong,brimmingwithforeigninvestors.Its
strategic,icefreeporthaslongbeentheheadquartersofthe
Soviet/RussianFederationBalticNavy/fleet.Thoughstilla
heavilymilitarizedsite,theBaltiysknavalbaseisnolongerthe
secretivelyominous,offlimitsstrongholditusedtobeduring
theheightoftheColdWarera.Evenafterthecollapseof
Communistrule,itsinhabitantsareloyallyattachedtoMoscow,
anddonotwanttosplitfromtheiradoptiveMotherland.
Thereare9typesofdesignpresentingGloryofRussianArmsseries,rangingindatesfrom2002to
2004.TheywereproducedbytheSt.PetersburgMint,allegedlybyofficialorderfromaKaliningrad
Councilofsomesort.Insteadofthemoreconventionalindigenouswildlifeorhistoricallandmarks,
eachcoinillustratesadifferentmilitaryweapon.
2002datedcoinfeaturesaKalashnikovAK47rifle.2003datedcoinsfeaturesKamovK50Black
Sharkassaulthelicopter,T34tank,MIG29FulcrumjetandKatyushatruckmountedmultiplerocket
launcher.2004datedcoinsfeatureS13submarine,BTR70armoredpersonnelcarrier,SukhoiSU37
fighterjetand45mmAntiTankCannon.Prettyradicalandstrange!
Ipurchasedmytombac(copper/zincalloy)2003MIG291Mark(Mapka)fromJoelAnderson.Each
oftheabovementioneddesignarealsomadeinsilver(3Marki)andgold(20Marok).
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Kaliningrad.htm
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KingdomofRedondafantasycoins
KingdomofRedonda(Fantasyissue)
Itisuninhabited1.3km2CaribbeanislandofRedonda,adependencyofthepresentdaysovereignstateof
AntiguaandBarbuda.ThissmallislandliesbetweentheislandsofNevisandMontserrat56.2kilometers
(34.9mi)southwestofAntigua.RedondaisclosertoMontserratthantoanyotherislanditislocatedat22.5
kilometers(14.0mi)northwestofMontserrat,and32kilometers(20mi)southeastofNevis.
ChristopherColumbusdiscoveredRedondain1493onhissecondjourney.HeclaimeditfortheSpanish
crown,butdidnotlandthere.HenamedtheislandSantaMaralaRedonda,meaningSaintMarytheRound,
reflectingtheisland'sapparentprofilewhenviewedfromtheside.Inthe1860s,theislandbecameaBritish
possession.Duringthedecadesafterthe1860s,therichguano(phosphineoxide)depositsofRedondawere
minedforfertilizer,withanannualyieldofupto7,000tons.Onlyduringthistimewastheislandinhabited,
byworkers.Thepopulationwas120in1901.DuringtheFirstWorldWar,theminingoperationsceased,and
theworkerslefttheisland,whichhasremaineduninhabitedsincethen.Twostonehutsstillstandfromthe
timewhentheislandwasoccupied.AlthoughtheclosestislandtoRedondaisMontserrat,andthesecond
closestisNevis,RedondabecameadependencyofsomewhatfurtherawayAntiguaandBarbudain1967.
ScientistsfromtheMontserratVolcanoObservatoryvisittheislandinahelicopterperiodicallytheyare
usingRedondaasanobservationpointfromwhichtotakemeasurementsoftheSoufrireHillsactive
volcanoonMontserrat.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Kingdom_of_Redonda.htm
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TheKingdomofRedondaisamicronation,thepurported19thCenturyoriginsofwhichareprobablyan
inventionofBritishfantasyfictionauthorMPShiel(bornMatthewPhippsShiell,21July186517
February1947).Itisnamedforitsputativeterritory.Accordingtopopularlegend,thekingdomcameinto
beingin1865,whenMontserrattraderMatthewDowdyShiell(18September18247January1888)
purportedlysailedtoRedonda,tookformalpossessionofit,proclaimedhimselfitsking,andthensatisfied
thathehadsecuredforhisnewbornsonMatthewPhippsShiellalegitimateclaimtoroyalstatus,sailed
awayagain.OneversionofthelegendassertsthatShiellsoughtandgainedacknowledgementofhisself
proclaimedroyaltitlefromQueenVictoriaonconditionthattherewouldbe'norevoltagainstcolonial
power'howeverthereisnodocumentaryevidenceofthisinBritisharchives.Thelegendfurtherassertsthat
in1880,fifteenyearoldMatthewPhippsShiellsucceededtotheRedondanthroneasKingFelipeI,whenhe
wascrownedinaceremonyconductedontheislandbyavisitingAntiguanbishop.TheAnglicanBishopof
Antiguain1880wasWilliamWalrondJackson,howeverthereisnoreferencetoacoronationonRedondain
anyofhiswritings.Infact,thefirsttimethepurportedeventssurroundingthefoundationoftheKingdomof
Redondawerementionedpubliclywasina1929bookletadvertisingthereissuebyVictorGollanczoffour
ofMPShiel'snovels.ThereislittleevidencethatShieltooktheRedondataleseriously,andhisbiographer,
HaroldBillings,speculatesthatitmayhavebeenanintentionalhoaxfoistedonthegulliblepress.King
FelipeBritishauthorMPShiel,creatoroftheRedondalegend.OnSheil'sdeath,writerandpoetJohn
Gawsworth(apseudonymofTerenceIanFyttonArmstrong)(29June191223September1970)became
bothhisliteraryexecutorandhisappointedheirtothe"kingdom",stylinghimselfKingJuanI.Gawsworth
tookthelegendofRedondatoheart.Heneverlostanopportunitytofurtherelaboratethetaleandspreadthe
storytothepress.
TheRedondanFoundationwebsitecanbeviewedat:http://www.redonda.org/.
KingsofRedonda
ThefollowingisalistofallknownkingsandclaimantstothekingshipofRedonda.Apartfromthe
firstthree,allarecontested.
MatthewDowdyShiell.........................................18651880
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MatthewPhippsShiel(bornShiellKingFelipe)..............18801947
JohnGawsworth(KingJuanI).................................19471967/1970
ArthurJohnRoberts(KingJuanII)...........................19671989
WilliamLeonardGates(KingLeo).............................1989date
JonWynneTyson(KingJuanII)...............................19701997
JavierMaras(KingXavier)..................................1997date
MaxLeggett(KingMaxI)...................................1970?date
RobertWilliamson(KingRoberttheBald).....................19982009
MichaelHoworth(KingMichaeltheGrey)......................2009date
GiancarloEzioNoferi(HRHGiancarloEzioIofMontedoglio)..1967date
WilliamLeoTimlin(HisMajestyKingWilliam)................2008date
ThesetofRedondadated2009fantasycoinsincludesfourbimetalliccoins:two10Dollarcoins,one
picturingChristopherColumbus,theotheratropicalfish,a5Dollarcoinpicturingtheislandanda1Dollar
withabird.Thelowerdenominations,the25cents,10cents,5cents,2centsand1centcoinsarestruckin
variousmetalsandallhavinguniquepictureofbirds.ThesecoinsareproducedbyaChinesefirmbutthe
designerandauthorizedpersonisstillunknown.
1cent.Year:2009.Weight:2.34g.Metal:
Aluminum.Diameter:15mm.Edge:Plain.
Redondaemblemwithdividedate.Reverse:
Birdsittingontreebranchwithvalue.Mintage:
Copper.Diameter:20mm.Edge:Plain.
Copper.Diameter:25mm.Edge:Plain.
Threeflyingbirdswithvalue.Mintage:N/A.
Brass.Diameter:22mm.Edge:Reeded.
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CopperNickel.Diameter:17mm.Edge:
Reeded.Alignment:Medal.Mint:N/A.
Obverse:Redondaemblemwithdividedate.
Reverse:Birdsittingontreebranchwithvalue.
1Dollars.Year:2009.Weight:5.74g.Metal:Bi
metallicCopperincenterandCopperNickel
outerring.Diameter:21mm.Edge:Plain.
Twoflyingbirdsabovegrasswithvalue.
5Dollars.Year:2009.Weight:8.99g.Metal:Bi
metallicCopperNickelincenterandBrass
outerring.Diameter:27mm.Edge:Plain.
RedondaIslandwithcloudsaboveandvalue
belowit.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:Oneyear
type.
10Dollars.Year:2009.Weight:13.05g.Metal:BimetallicBrassincenterandCopperNickelouterring.
Diameter:33mm.Edge:PlainandReededsixpatcheseach.Alignment:Medal.Mint:N/A.Obverse:
Redondaemblemwithdividedate.Reverse:Fishintheseawithlegendswritten"HARVESTFROMTHE
SEA"aboveandvalueatthecenterrightsideofthecoin.Mintage:N/A.MintedYears:Oneyeartype.
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10Dollars.Year:2009.Weight:13.39g.Metal:BimetallicBrassincenterandCopperNickelouterring.
Diameter:33mm.Edge:PlainandReededsixpatcheseach.Alignment:Medal.Mint:N/A.Obverse:
Redondaemblemwithdividedate.Reverse:"SantaMariaLaRedonda1493"writtenabove.Christopher
Columbusportraitinthecenterwithvalue."ChristopherColumbus"writtenatthebottom.Mintage:N/A.
Tocommemoratethe50thanniversaryoftheWorldWideFundforNature,alsoknownastheWorldWildlife
Fund(WWF),bimetalliccoinhavebeenissuedforRedondabyafirminChinain2011.Thisbimetallic2
DollarcoinfromRedondafeaturesaManateeoneside.ThearmsoftheKingdomofRedondaandthePanda
logooftheWWFareontheotherside.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
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AlRajhiCommercialEstablishmentforforeignExchange
AlRajhiCommercialEst.ForExchange
NottobeconfusedwithAlRajhiBankinSaudiArabia.
ItseemslikeAlRajhiCommercialEstablishmentforforeignExchangestartoperatingfromJeddahin
1975andby1986ithad32branchesalloverintheKingdomofSaudiArabia,asshownbycounting
smallerdotsinthethreecirclesandlargedotsonthecoin.Jeddahalonehas10dots(branches)inthe
circleandremaining22dots(branches)inothercities.Thismedalliccoinis.925Aghavingaweight
ofoneouncewithmedalalignment.
BankAlbiladwasestablished[aSaudijointstockcompany,establishedvideRoyalDecree48/Mon
21/9/1425AH(correspondingto04thNovember2004)withacorporatecapitalof3,000,000,000
SaudiRiyals]bymergingeightleadingmoneyexchangersinthecountryincludingMuhammad&
AbdullahIbrahimAlSubaieCompany,AlMuqairenMoneyExchange,AlRajhiTradingEst.,andAl
RajhiCommercialForeignExchange.AlBiladsfounderswillhavea50percentstakeinthebank.
Muhammad&AbdullahIbrahimAlSubaieCompanyholdsthelionsshareof42percentinBank
AlbiladwhileAlMuqairenMoneyExchangeholds18percent,AlRajhiCommercialForeign
Exchange16percent,andAlRajhiTradingEst.14percent.OtherpartnersMuhammadSalehSairafi
Est.willhaveafivepercentstakeinthebankwhileInjazMoneyExchange(YousufAbdulWahab
NiamatullahCompany)willholdthreepercent,AbdulMohsenSalehAlAmriEst.andAliHazza&
PartnersforTradeandMoneyExchangeonepercenteach.
MicroNations
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/AlRajhi_Commercial_Exchange.htm
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MinistryofInformation,SaudiArabia
MinistryofInformation,Saudi
Arabia
MinistryofInformation,SaudiArabiaprovidesLatestNews,SaudiPressAgency,FactFile,Cities,
Islam,History,KingsandtheirBibliography,JudicialSystem,Government,Economy,Agriculture,
Communications,Electricity,Industry,Oil,Transport,SocialDevelopment,ArtandCulture,Properties
(listofestateagents,Aid,ForeignRelations,GeneralInformationonTravelagentsandtheir
requirement,VariousAddressesandweblinks,StatisticsandBooks.Website:
http://www.saudinf.com/orhttp://www.samirad.com/
Theabovecoinsisamedalliccoinagein.925Agwithaweightof12grams,issuedbyMinistryof
Information.Thiscoinusuallycomesinasetoffoursilverorfourgoldcoinsofvariousweights.
MostSaudinumismatistbelievethatsimilarcoinsissuedwithKingAbdulAzizandKingKhalid
portraitsaremodernissues,someevenhavingSaudiflaginsteadofthepalmtree.Theseareall
consideredasfakecoins.Actuallytheybelievetobesilverandjustsimplygoldplated.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Ministry_of_InformationSaudi_Arabia.htm
1/1
12/31/2016
SaudiArabianMonetaryAgencyMedallionCoinage
SaudiArabianMonetaryAuthority
Basedonanofficialletter,dated20thApril1952,SAMAwasestablishedon04thOctober1952
correspondingto14thMuharram1372AH.SAMAhasbeenplayingacrucialroleintheconsolidationand
developmentoftheSaudifinancialsystem.Atthetimeofitsestablishment,theKingdomdidnothavea
monetarysystemexclusivelyofitsown.ForeigncurrenciescirculatedintheKingdomasamediumof
exchange,alongwithSaudisilvercoins.Saudibanknoteshadnotyetbeenissued.TherewasnoSaudibank
inexistenceandthebankingbusinesswasbeingconductedbyforeignbankbranches.Oneoftheforemost
tasksofSAMAinitsearlystagewas,therefore,thedevelopmentofaSaudicurrency.SAMAalsopaid
specialattentiontotheneedforpromotingthegrowthofanationalbankingsystem.From1960to1972,
SAMAfocusedonbankingregulationsagainstthebackgroundofexpandingbankingbusinessandthe
KingdomsacceptanceoffullconvertibilityoftheRiyalinMarch1961inaccordancewiththeArticleVIII
oftheArticlesofAgreementsoftheIMF.From1973to1982,SAMAspreoccupationwastocontain
inflationarypressuresintheboomingeconomy,expansionofthebankingsystemandmanagethemassive
foreignexchangereserves.Frommid1980s,SAMAsprioritieshavebeentointroducefinancialmarket
reforms.Overtheyears,withthegrowthoftheeconomyandexpansionofthefinancialsystem,SAMAs
responsibilitieshaveincreasedseveralfolds.
Starting04December2016,thenamehasbeenchangedfromSaudiArabianMonetaryAgencytoSaudi
ArabianMonetaryAuthoritytheacronymSAMAremains.Thechangewasmerelyamoreaccurate
translationoftheArabicnamewhichremainedthesame.
SaudiArabianMonetaryAgency(SAMA),thecentralbankoftheKingdomofSaudiArabia,was
establishedin1952.Website:http://www.sama.gov.sa/.SAMAislocatedinAlMaatherStreet,Mo'tamarat
areainRiyadh(P.O.Box2992,Riyadh11169,SaudiArabia,Telephone:+96614633000)
Functions:
Issuesnationalcurrency,theSaudiRiyal.
Actsasabankertothegovernment.
Supervisescommercialbanks.
ManagesKingdomsforeignexchangereserves.
Conductsmonetarypolicyforpromotingpriceandexchangeratestability.
Promotesthegrowthandensuresthesoundnessofthefinancialsystem.
SAMAmaintainsaMuseumofinternationalstandardexhibitingantiqueIslamic(includecoinsthatare
rarelyfoundelsewhereworldwide)andnonIslamiccoins,moderncurrenies,rawmaterialsusedincurrency
making,picturesshowinghowbanknotesandcoinsareprintedandmintedandsecurityfeaturesin
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Saudi_Arabian_Monetary_Authority.htm
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banknotes.TheMuseumislocatedattheheadoffice'sbuildinginRiyadh,AlMatherStreet,whereitis
openedforofficialvisitors(withspecialpermission)duringtheregularworkinghours.ThisMuseum
consistsoffivehalls.Foranyinquiryemail:vaults_issue@sama.gov.sa.
Governors
SaudiArabianMonetaryAgency(SAMA)wasestablishedintheEraofKingAbdulaziz,undertwo
royaldecreesissuedon25/07/1371H(20/04/1952).ThefirstwasNo.30/4/1/1046providedfor
establishingtheSaudiArabianMonetaryAgency,itsvenueinJeddah,andopeningbranchesincities
andplacesasdeemednecessary.ThesecondDecreeNo.30/4/1/1047providedfortheapprovalofthe
CharteroftheSaudiArabianMonetaryAgency,attachedtothedecree,andorderingits
implementation.On23/10/1371H(15/07/1952),Mr.RasimAlKhalidiwasappointedasVice
Governor.On14/11/1371H(05/08/1952),RoyalDecreesNos.30/4/1/1743and30/4/1/1744were
issued,providingfortheappointmentofMr.GeorgeA.Blowers(U.S.citizen)asthefirstgovernorof
SAMA,andtheformationofSAMA'sfirstBoardofDirectors.SAMAbeganpracticingitsbusinessin
Jeddahon14/01/1372H(04/10/1952).
GeorgeA.Bowlers(American)......................05Aug195220Oct1954
SAMAopenedabranchinMakkahon10/07/1372H(26/03/1953),followedbyanotheroneinAl
Madinahon15/12/1372H(19/08/1953).Mr.RasimAlKhaldiresignedfromhisofficeasVice
Governorasfrom17/9/1373H(20/05/1954),andMr.RalphStandishwasappointedasViceGovernor
asfrom10/01/1374H(07/09/1954).ARoyalDecreewasissuedon22/2/1374H(20/10/1954)
approvingtheresignationoftheGovernor,Mr.GeorgeA.Blowers,andtheappointmentofMr.Ralph
StandishasGovernor.Mr.Ma'toukHasanainwasappointedasViceGovernoron01/03/1374H
(29/10/1954).
RalphD.Standish..................................20Oct195417Feb1958
SAMAopenedabranchinAlDammamon10/03/1374H(07/11/1954),anotherinTaifon
08/06/1374H(31/01/1955)andathirdinRiyadhon16/06/1374H(08/02/1955).ARoyalDecreewas
issuedon26/07/1377H(15/02/1958)appointingMr.AbedMohammedSalehSheikhasVice
Governor.ApprovaloftheresignationofGovernorMr.RalphStandishwasissuedon28/07/1377H
(17/02/1958).
AnwarAli(Pakistani).............................01Apr195825Nov1974
Between1934,hewonanMAineconomicsatIsmaliainLahore,andin1958,hebecamegovernorof
theSaudiArabMonetaryAgency(SAMA).AnwarAlihadservedinsuchchallengingjobsas
undersecretaryintheMinistryofFinanceinIndia,deputyundersecretaryintheMinistryofFinancein
PakistananddirectoroftheNationalBankinPakistanaswellasthepostwiththeInternational
MonetaryFund.
ARoyalDecreewasissuedon29/02/1378H(14/09/1958),appointingMr.AnwarAliasGovernorof
SAMAasfrom12/09/1377H(01/04/1958).ARoyalDecreewasissuedon04/12/1382H(27/04/1963)
appointingMr.JuneidAbdulQadirBajuneidasViceGovernor.ARoyalDecreewasissuedon
01/08/1392H(09/09/1972),appointingHisExcellencyMr.KhaledAlQusaibiastheViceGovernor.
AbdulAzizAlQuraishi............................26Nov197414Apr1983
ARoyalDecreewasissuedon12/11/1394H(26/11/1974)appointingMr.AbdulazizAlQuraishias
theGovernor,thefirstSauditooccupythisposition.Attheendof1398H(1974),theheadquartersof
SAMAwasrelocatedfromJeddahtoRiyadh.Mr.KhaledAlQusaibiwasretiredpursuanttoaRoyal
Decreeissuedon08/05/1400H(25/03/1980),andH.E.Mr.HamadBinSaudAlSayariwasappointed
astheViceGovernorinaccordancewithanotherRoyalDecreeissuedonthesameday.On
14/06/1403H(28/03/1983),aRoyalOrderwasissued,relievingH.E.Mr.AbdulazizAlQuraishifrom
hispostuponhisrequestasofthe1stofRajab1403H.AnotherRoyalDecreewasissuedonthesame
dayentrustingthedutiesoftheGovernortoMr.HamadAlSayariinadditiontohisoriginalpost.
HamadbinSaudAlSayari(acting).................14Apr198329Sep1985
TheearlybanknotesduringKingFahad'sreignareclearlyindicatedbythefactthattheyarehaving
signatureofMr.HamadAlSayarias"onbehalfofSAMAGovernor"from14Apr1983to29Sep
1985.
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HamadbinSaudAlSayari..........................30Sep198514Feb2009
AlSayariisalsochairmanoftheboardofdirectorsoftheSaudiArabianMonetaryAgencyand
memberoftheboardofthePublicInvestmentFund,andGulfInvestmentCorporation.Mr.Sayariisa
memberoftheSupremeEconomicCouncil.Beforetakingthispost,heservedastheController
GeneralandViceGovernor.HehasaMasterdegreeinEconomicsfromUniversityofMaryland,
CollegePark,USA.On16/12/1405H(01/09/1985),workofficiallystartedatnewSAMA
HeadquartersinRiyadh.On16/01/1406H(30/09/1985),aRoyalDecreewasissuedappointingH.E.
Mr.HamadAlSayariastheGovernorofSAMA.On22/10/1408H(06/06/1988),aRoyalDecreewas
issuedappointingH.E.Dr.AhmadAbdullahAlMalekastheViceGovernor.InRamadan,1410H
(April,1990),SAMAestablishedtheSaudiPaymentNetwork(SPAN),aimingatencouragingtheuse
ofEtransactionsprovidedbythebankingsystem.ARoyalDecreewasissuedon28/02/1416H
(26/07/1995)appointingHisExcellencyDr.IbrahimBinAbulAzizAlAssafastheViceGovernor.He
remainedinthispositionuntil25/05/1416H(19/10/1995)wherehewasappointedasastateminister
andamemberintheCouncilofMinisters.ARoyalDecreewasissuedon22/6/1416H(15/11/1995),
appointingHisExcellencyDr.MohammadBinSulaimanAlJasserastheViceGovernor.TheSaudi
ArabianRiyalInterbankExpressElectronicSystem(SARIE)waslaunchedon18/01/1418H
(14/05/1997).On21/07/1420H(30/10/1999),HisExcellency,theMinisterofFinanceissueda
resolutionentrustingSAMAwithlicensing,controllingandsupervisingfinancialleasingcompanies.
ThesupervisionofinsurancesectorwasentrustedtoSAMAbyvirtueofaRoyalDecreeissuedon
02/06/1424H(31/07/2003)approvingtheCooperativeInsuranceCompaniesControlLaw.Effective
from13/05/1425H(01/07/2004),thesupervisionoftheStockMarketwasshiftedtotheCapital
MarketAuthority(CMA)aftertheissueofaRoyalDecreeon01/07/2004,appointingtheboardof
CMA.SADADPaymentsSystem(SADAD)waslaunchedon19/08/1425H(03/10/2004).SADADis
anintermediarysystembetweenbillersandthedomesticbanks,facilitatingandacceleratinge
paymentprocessthroughallbankingchannelsintheKingdom,includingATM,phonebanking,and
onlinebanking.
MuhammadbinSulaimanbinMuhammadAlJasser.....14Feb200912Dec2011
ARoyalDecreewasissuedon19/02/1430H(14/02/2009),appointingHisExcellencyDr.Muharnmad
BinSulaimanAlJasserastheGovernorofSAMAasfrom03/03/1430H(28/02/2009).ARoyal
Decreewasissuedon09/09/1430H(30/08/2009)appointingHisExcellencyDr.AbdurrahmanBin
AbdullahAlHamidyastheViceGovernorofSAMA.
FahadbinAbdullahAlMubarak....................13Dec201108May2016
Dr.AlMubarakwasthecofounderandshareholderofAmwalAlKhaleej,aleadingalternative
investmentfirm.HehasresignedfromAmwalsboardofdirectorstotakeonhisnewrole.ARoyal
Decreewasissuedon18/01/1433H(13/12/2011),appointingHisExcellencyDr.FahadAlMubarakas
theGovernorofSAMA.
AhmedAbdulkarimAlkholifey......................08May2016date
ViceGovernor:AbdulazizSalihAlfuraih(appointedon22/07/2014).
HistroyofSAMA:
Althoughpapercurrencyfromabroadwasusedalongthecoast,themainmediumofexchangeintheinterior
wastheMariaTheresadollar,alargesilvercoinmintedinEuropebutstillbearingtheprofileoftheHoly
RomanEmpress,theflamboyantImperialSealofAustria,andthedate,1780.Thiscoinwasalsocounter
markedwiththewordsinArabic"Nejd"and"Hejaz".Untiloilwasdiscovered,incomewasderivedmostly
fromcustomsdutiesonimportsandtheincomefromtensofthousandsofpilgrimswhopouredintoJeddah
everyyearenroutetoMecca.Theonlyfluctuationintheeconomyoccurredwhenthepilgrimsarrived.And
withoutthemandtheirsmallhordesofgoldandsilvercoins,Indianrupees,BritishpoundsandDutch
guildersthecountrywouldhavebeenhardpressedtofindextramoneyforimports.Moneychangers
aboundedinthepilgrimagecenters,butuntil1948therewasonlyonebankinthecountry,theNetherlands
TradingSociety(nowoperatingasSaudiHollandiBank),whichhadbeenestablishedinJeddahin1926.Its
mainbusinessatthetimewasprovidingfinancialservicestoHajpilgrimsfromIndonesia.Asitwastheonly
bankintheKingdomatthetime,itactedasthecentralbank,keepingtheKingdom'sgoldreservesand
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receivingoilrevenuesonbehalfoftheSaudiArabiangovernment.In1928theSaudiRiyal,anewsilver
coincommissionedbyLateKingAbdulaziz,becametheKingdom'sfirstindependentcurrency.The
NetherlandsTradingSocietyofficeinJeddahhadthehonourofassistingthegovernmentwiththelaunchof
thelocalcurrency.
However,althoughtheHejazriyalwasthesameweightastheOttoman20kurus,itwasmintedin.917
fineness,comparedto.830finenessfortheOttomancoin.In1925,however,theyearafterKingAbdal
'AzizconsolidatedthecountrybyconqueringtheHejaz.Thegovernmentdidattempttoestablishanational
currencybyissuingitsfirstcoin.Itwasmadeincopperorbronzethe1/4and1/2qirshdatedbetween1343
1344AH,mintedinMecca,knownastransitionalcoinage.TwoyearslaterthesilverriyalbasedonHejaz's
Riyalmetalcompositionwasissuedbutwasvaluedat22qirshcarryingthetitle"KingofHejazandSultan
ofNejd".Twoyearslatertheroyaltitlewaschangedto"KingofHejazandNejdandDependencies"and
coinswereissuedindenominationsof,and1ghirshincupronickeland,and1riyalinsilver,same
denominationsasin1926.Theexchangerateoftheriyalwasestablishedat10riyalsforeachBritishgold
sovereign,thegoldcoincirculatingmostwidelyintheKingdomatthattime.Thisremainedthesystemof
currencyeventhoughtheriyalwassubsequentlydebasedtoacoinequivalentinsilvercontenttotheIndian
rupeein1935.Atthisvalue,unfortunately,theSaudiriyalwasa"fullbodied"coin.Thatis,themarketvalue
ofthesilveritcontainedwasapproximatelyequaltotheofficialrateatwhichthegovernmentwouldaccept
itinexchangeforgold.Moneychangersandmerchantswerequicktonoticethis.Whentheworldpriceof
silverrosesohighthatthevalueofmetalcontainedintheriyalsexceededtheofficialexchangevalueofthe
riyal,theywereequallyquicktoexchangegoldandothercurrenciesforsilverriyals,thenmelttheriyalsand
sellthemasbulliontosilverbrokers.Atsuchtimes,silverriyalsdisappearedfromcirculation.
TheKingdom'sfirstdetailedgovernmentbudget,publishedinApril,1948provedunworkablebecausethe
valueoftheSaudiriyalinwhichthebudgetwasexpressedwasconstantlychangingintermsofthe
numerousforeigncurrencieswhichcirculatedwidelyinthecountry,andthevaluesofthesecurrencieswere
constantlychanginginrelationtooneanother.Inaddition,oilincomewaspaidingoldorforeignexchange,
butabouthalfofthegovernment'sexpendituresforitspayrollweremetwithsilverriyals,andriyalswere
frequentlyinshortsupply.Theratesatwhichriyalsandqirshwereexchangedforoneanothervariedfrom
timetotimeandfromplacetoplace.Eventhecountry'sgeographyconspiredtoforcechange:becauseofthe
vastdistancesandpoorcommunicationsbetweentheoilproducingarea,thecountry'sadministrativecapital
andthefinancialcenter,thedevelopmentoforderlyfinancialtransactionswasalmostimpossible.Nordid
thegeneralabsenceofbankshelp.Althoughby1948anumberofforeignbankshadbeguntoopenbranches
inthemaincentersofcommercialactivityJeddahandtheEasternProvincethereweretobenobanking
facilitieselsewhereinthecountryforanotherfiveyears.
In1935,thefirstcoinswereissuedinthenameofSaudiArabia.Theseweresilver,and1riyalcoins
whichwerenearly50%lighterthanthepreviousissue.Cupronickel,and1ghirshwerealsoissued
from1937.
In1939thecompanythatwouldbecometheArabianAmericanOilCompany(Aramco)madeitsfirstoil
paymentstotheSaudiArabianGovernment.Theywerethefirstoftherevenuesthatwouldlaterchangethe
Saudieconomysodrastically,butatthetimetheywereofminorimportance,certainlyinsufficienttooffset
theeconomicdeclinethatsetinasWorldWarIIgotunderway.Incomefrompilgrimagevirtuallyceasedand
interruptionsinshippingcausedcriticalshortagesinfoodandclothing.TheU.S.governmenthelped'by
extendinglendleaseaidintheformof9.3millionouncesofsilver,mintedinto25millionSaudiriyalcoins,
butbyearly1944,theeconomyofSaudiArabiawasstillinastateofsuspendedanimation.Itwasaperiod
ofbreathlesscalmbeforetheonsetofthetumultuouschangeswhich,withintwodecades,wouldreshapethe
wholeeconomyofthecountry.
Thechangesactuallybeganin1945withtheexpansionofoilproduction,theinjectionoflargeamountsof
cashintotheeconomy,andtheexpansionofthegovernment'spaymentsandpurchases.Capitalinvestments
intheoilindustrystimulatedademandforlocalwagelaborintheEasternProvinceandcreatedmarketsfor
largequantitiesofimportedequipmentandconstructionmaterials.Thisactivityinturngeneratedtheneed
forportfacilities,airports,storehouses,roads,andothersupportingphysicalfacilities.Thedemandfor
moneyforcash,thatissoared.TheSaudiGovernmentbelievedthattheonlyproperwaytomeetthe
increaseddemandformoneywastoputmoregoldandsilvercoinsintocirculation.U.S.PhiladelphiaMint
forAramco,issued4sovereigngoldcoinseachhavingaweightforeachcoinof31.95g.917Aufrom1944
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to1945foritsoilrevenues,packedinkegsandflowntoJeddaheverymonth.In19471sovereigngoldcoin,
7.9881g.917AuwerealsoissuedonthebehalfofAramcoforSaudigovernment.TheSaudigovernment
alsoplacedwiththeU.S.Mintasuccessionofordersformillionsoffullweight,ArabicinscribedSaudi
silverriyalsalongwithreeded(milledorsegmented)edgecoinsofCupronickel,and1ghirshwith
frozendate1345AH(1937)in1947.In1946(1365AH),manyofthecupronickelcoinswere
countermarkedwiththeArabicnumerals65inwhatKrauseandMishlerdescribeas"amovetobreak
moneychangers'monopolyonsmallcoins".
In1950thegovernment,stillconvincedthat"hard"moneywastheonlygoodmoney,haddecidedtomeet
thecountry'sgrowingneedforcurrencybyissuingitsowngoldcoin.Thecoin,calledtheSaudisovereign,
waspracticallyidenticalinweightandfinenesstotheBritishsovereignandwasmadefulllegaltender,It
couldbefreelyexchangedbySAMAattherateof40silverriyals(nearlyelevendollars)persovereign,and
gaveSaudiArabiaafull,bimetallicmoneystandard.Likeothercountriesthathadtriedandabandonedit,
SaudiArabia'sexperiencewithabimetallicstandardwasnotahappyone,andforthesamereason:the
worldmarketpricesofgoldandsilverdonotremaininconstantproportiontooneanotherandevenminor
changesintheworldmarketpricesofthemetalsaresufficienttodrivecoinsofoneortheothermetaloutof
circulation.InSaudiArabia,thesilverintheriyaleventuallybecamemorevaluableassilverthanasmoney
andwoundupinforeignbullionmarkets.Thegoldinthesovereigns,ontheotherhand,wasmorevaluable
insovereignformthanasgold,whichencouragedcounterfeiters.Soonaftertheissueofthegoldsovereign,
counterfeitersbegantoreproducelargenumbersoffullweightcoinswhichonlyafewexpertscould
distinguishfromthegenuineones.Thespreadbetweenthevalueofthegoldsovereign(nearly$11)andthe
worldmarketvalueofthegoldinthesovereign(about$9)wasnotmuch,butitwassufficienttoprovide
counterfeiterswithanadequateincentivetomeettherisksandcostsofstamping,transporting,and
circulatingthecoins.
By1951thegovernmentrealizedthatitneededtosetupamoreorderlymonetarysystem.Italsorealized
thatthismeantcreatinganadministrativeapparatusabletochannelintotheeconomyenoughmoneytofuel
businessactivityyetavoidinflation.Itwouldalsohavetoinsurethattherapidlyincreasingoilrevenuesbe
usedinaccordancewiththegovernment'swishes.Accordingly,inthesummerof1951,thegovernment
broughtinateamofforeignfinancialexperts,backedbytheU.S.PointFourProgram,todrawupaprogram
ofmonetaryreform.ThemainfeaturesofthisprogramwereimplementedinOctober,1952,whentheSaudi
ArabianGovernmentannouncedtheformationofamodifiedcentralbank,ItwascalledtheSaudiArabian
MonetaryAgency(SAMA).
Thepilgrimreceipts,freelyexchangeableforsilverriyalsandentirelybackedbysilverheldingovernment
vaults,wereanimmediatesuccess.Furthermoretheyquicklycameintogeneralusethroughoutthe
Kingdom,fortheywerewellmadeanddurable,difficulttocounterfeit,andfarmoreconvenienttohandle.
Theyalsofilledanimportantgapinthenationalcurrencysystem,whichhithertohadnodenomination
betweentheriyalandthe40riyalsovereignwhichwasratherlikeanAmericantryingtodoallhisshopping
withonlysilverquartersand10dollargoldpieces.Bytheendof1954,morethan150millionriyalsworth
ofpilgrimreceiptswereincirculationandwererapidlydisplacingboththegoldsovereignandthesilver
riyalastheprincipalmediumofexchange.In1956,whenthesilverriyalwasbecomingscarce,oneriyal
pilgrimreceiptswerealsoissued.
Cupronickel2and4ghirshwereintroducedin1957.In1957theeconomyofSaudiArabiawasskidding
dangerously.Inflationwasoutofcontrol.ThevalueoftheSaudiriyalhadslippedtohalfwhatithadbeen.
Oilrevenuesweredownsome$50millionandthegovernmentwasnearlyhalfabilliondollarsindebt.It
basedonthreefactors,firstorderingadditional(overlimit)pilgrim'sreceipts,secondlynormalreactionofall
individualswhoholdacurrencywhichisweakening:theyexchangeitforothercurrencies,orforgold,
jewelryormerchandise.ThirdlySuezCrisisTheSinaiWar(ArabIsraeliconflict)from29October1956
toMarch1957,inwhichoilproductionfelloffsharply.CrownPrinceFaisalibnAbdalAzizAlSaud,then
ViceroyandPrimeMinister,inOctober,1957,engagedtwofinancialexpertstodesignandimplementa
programoffiscalandmonetaryreform.TheexpertswereAhmedZakiSaad,anexecutivedirectorofthe
InternationalMonetaryFund,andAnwarAli,directoroftheMiddleEastdepartmentoftheIMF.Byearly
1958ithadplungedfromtheofficialrateof3.75riyalstothedollartoanalltimelowof6.25riyalsper
dollar.OnDecember31,1959,thegovernmentannounceddevaluationoftheriyalfrom3.75perdollarto
4.50perdollar,thethenprevailingfreemarketrate.Buttoheadoffasharpriseinthepricesoffoodstaples
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anddrugs,hithertolicensedforimportattheofficialexchangerate,thegovernmentalsoauthorizedsubsidy
paymentstoimportersofthesegoodsinordertooffsettheforeignexchangelosscausedbydevaluation.
Althoughotherlicensedcommodities,includingclothingandcapitalgoods,werenotincludedinthesubsidy
program,thegeneraldeclineineconomicactivitycausedbythegovernmentcutbackinspendingprevented
theirpricesfromincreasing.ThedevaluationoftheriyalwasfollowedandtheSaudigoldsovereignwas
withdrawnfromcirculation,andprovisionwasmadetoreplacetheoldpilgrimreceiptswithafullfledged
papercurrency.Thepapermoneywasissuedin1961againsta100percentreserveofgoldandconvertible
foreignexchange(mainlyAmericandollars)heldonbehalfofSAMA.Asforthesilverrivals,mostofthem
hadlongsincedisappearedintoforeignbullionmarkets.In1960,thesystemwaschangedto20ghirsh=1
riyalandthiswasfollowedin1963bytheintroductionofthehalala,worthonehundredthofariyal.Some
Saudicoinsstillbeardenominationsinghirshbutthisdenominationisnolongercommonlyused.In1963
thesituationhadchangedbeyondbelief.Thenationaldebthadbeenpaidandeconomyimprovedrapidly
throughoutthekingdom.Evereversinceithasbeenoneofthefewcountriesintheworldwithnonational
debt.AnwarAli,SAMAgovernorplayedanvitalroleinthestabilityofthecountry'seconomicalsituation.
Thecountryisalsoattemptingtodiversifyitseconomyinordertoreduceitsdependenceonoil.The
autonomousgovernmentagency,Petromin,hasenteredintoagreementswithforeignfirmsforthe
productionoffertilizersandsulphurforexportfromthecountry'sextensivenaturalgasresources.An
extensiveprogramofmineralexplorationisunderway.Teamsofforeignexpertsareengagedinadetailed
nationwidesurveyofthecountry'sundergroundwaterresourcesaspartofacomprehensiveprogramfor
developingagriculture,thusreducingthecountry'sdependenceonimportedfoodstuffs.Numerous
systematicfeasibilitystudiesofindustrialdevelopmentpossibilitiesareinprocess.
SAMAMedallionCoinage:
Year:1976.Obverse:IssuedduringthereignofKingKhalidbinAbdulAzizAlSaudwithSAMAlogo.
Reverse:25yearsofSAMAestablishment13721397AH.[correspondingto19521977]Portraitofthe
founderofSaudiArabia:KingAbdulAzizbinAbdulRehmanAlSaud.Weight:60.25gFineness:.925Ag.A
goldcoinwiththesamedesignwasalsoproducedwithweight50.00gandfineness:.917Au.
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Year:1976:Anothersilverandgoldcoinbasedontheabovecompositionwerealsocreated,butwithoutany
dateandSAMAname/logo.ObverseLegend:InthememoryofgreatambassadorofMuslimworld,King
FaisalbinAbdulazizAlSaud(13241395AH)uponhisfirstdeathanniversary.Reverseshowstheexternal
viewofHolyMosquefromoneofitsgateinMakkah.Note:Asimilarcoinalsoexistswith.925Agfineness
andmintstamps,belowtheHolyMosque,whichisnotissuedbySAMA.
Year:1984.31.95g.917Au.Obverse:KingFahadbinAbdulazizAlSaudportraitfacingleftwithlegendof
histitle:KhadimalHaramaynashSharifayn.[CustodianofthetwoHolyMosques].Reverse:showing
prophetMuhammad'smosqueatMedinaanddateofexpansionofthismosque:09Safar1405AH
[correspondingtoSaturday03rdNov1984].Weight:50.00gandfineness:.917Au.
Year:1986.31.95g.917Au.Obverse:QuranChapter#3,Verse#103:Andholdfast,alltogether,bytherope
whichAllah(stretchesoutforyou),andbenotdividedamongyourselves...PortraitofSheikhIsabin
SalmanAlKhalifaontheleftandKingFahadbinAbdulazizAlSaudonright.Issuedby:SaudiArabian
MonetaryAgency.Reverse:BahrainSaudiCauseway1986withcorrespondingyear:1406AHwitha
pictureofthebridge.Weight:30.00gandfineness:.917Au.
Note:AsimilarcoinhasalsobeenissuedbyBahrainwithsamedesign,weight,finenessandpictures.The
onlydifferenceis"SaudiBahrainCauseway",1986correspondingyear:1407AHandIssuer:Bahrain
MonetaryAgency.
Year:1999:Obverse:Thiscoinwasissuedon05thShawal1419AHcorrespondingto23rdJan1999.
Celebratingthe100yearsofKingdomofSaudiArabia13191419AHwithdisplayingtheofficiallogoof
thisoccasion.Reverse:PortraitofthefounderofSaudiArabia:KingAbdulAzizbinAbdulRehmanAl
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Saud,whorecapturedNejdon05thShawal1319AH[correspondingtoWednesday15thJan1902].Weight:
8.00g.Diameter:22mm.Edge:Reeded.Fineness:.9167Au.Mintage:15,000.Mint:MonnaiedePariswith
approvalofFrenchmintdirector:EmmanuelConstansandSAMAgovernor:HamadS.AlSayari.Struck
fromthegoldextractedfromSaudigoldmines.Thesamegoldcoinwasalsoproducedinweight:30.00g,
diameter:36mmwithsamegoldfinenessandhasatotalmintageof10,000.
Year:2001(AH1422):20thYearsofruleoftheCustodianofthetwoHolyMosques.Weight:31.10g.
Diameter:36mm.Edge:Reeded.Fineness:.9167Au.Mintage:N/A.Mint:MonnaiedeParis.
Year:2001(AH1422):50thYearsoftheestablishmentofSAMA.SAMAlogoingold(innerring).Weight:
122.00g.Diameter:50mm.Edge:Plain.Fineness:Outerring0.925Silverandinnerring0.9167Gold(bi
metallic).Mintage:N/A.Mint:probablyMonnaiedeParis.
Year:2008:TheSaudiArabianMonetaryAgency(SAMA)hasissuedthismedallionontheoccasionofthe
completionof75yearssincetheestablishmentofSaudiAramco(19332008).IssuedYear:2008(AH1429).
Weight:31.10g(oneounce).Diameter:40mm.Edge:Reeded.Fineness:.999Silver.Mintage:N/A.Mint:
unknown.In1933,duringthereignofHMKingAbdulazizBinAbdulrahmanAlSaud,theKingdomof
SaudiArabiagrantedoilconcessionandin1936thedrillingbeganinDammamWellno.7.TheCustodian
ofthetwoHolyMosques,KingAbdullahBinAbdulazizAlSaud,renamedit"ProsperityWell"in2008,
sinceitwasthefirstwelltoproduceoilcommerciallyinSaudiArabia.Thesamecoinisalsoproducedwith
0.917goldstandardin8.00gwithdiameter22mmand31.10gwithdiameter40mm.Boththesecoinsare
alsohavingreedededge.
SAMABanknoteHistory:
TheKingdombecamefamiliarwithpapercurrency(banknotes)onlyaftertheestablishmentofSAMA.Its
firstexperiencewiththistypeofcurrencieswastheissuanceofpilgrimreceiptswhichwereissuedatfirstin
thedenominationof10riyalsonly.Thevalueofthebanknotewasinscriptedinvariouslanguages:Arabic,
Turkish,PersianandUrdu.Itwasputincirculationon14/11/1372AH(25/7/1953).Anothervariantofthis
pilgrimreceiptswasintroducedandputincirculationon15/9/1373AH(18/5/1954).Thedenominationof5
Riyalspilgrimreceiptswasissuedon13/10/1373H(14/6/1954)andthefirsteditionofoneriyalpilgrim
receiptswasissuedon23/11/1375H(2/7/1956).Allpilgrimreceiptswerewithdrawnfromcirculationon
30/9/1384AH.UndertheRoyalDecreeNo.6dated1/7/1376AH,pertainingtotheissuanceoftheofficial
currency,thefirstissueofbanknotesinthedenominationsof100,50,10,5,and1riyalwasputin
circulationon01/01/1381AH(14/6/1961).Thisissuewaswithdrawnfromcirculationon1/5/1391AH.they
continuedincirculationsidebysidewiththesilverriyalmintedbySAMAin1384AH,andKingSauds
goldsovereignmintedin1377AH.Thesecondissueofbanknoteswasputincirculationon15/11/1387
AH,correspondingto13/03/1968CE.Itwaswithdrawnfromcirculationon01/07/1400AH.Thethirdissue
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wasplacedincirculationon16/10/1396AH,correspondingto09/09/1976CE.Thefourthissueunder
RoyalDecreeNo.6dated01/07/1379,whichwasplacedincirculationon01/04/1404AHincludedthenew
500riyalsbanknotetomeettheexpandingvolumeoftransactions.Ontheoccasionofcelebratingthe
centennialofthekingdomofSaudiArabia,whichcorrespondstothe5thofShawwal1419AH(23rdJan
1999),theSaudiArabianMonetaryAgencyissuedtwonewbanknotesindenominationsofSR.200and
SR.20.ThesebanknoteswillbearthelogooftheCentennialinadditiontootherIslamicandhistorical
featuresandwillbeprintedusingthelatesttechnologywithregardstotechnicalaspectsandsecurity
features."MayAllah,theAlmighty,helpusinoureffortstowardstheprosperityofourbelovedcountry
undertheleadershipoftheCustodianoftheTwoHolyMosquesandtheCrownPrince".500&100
banknoteswerereplacedinJuly2004withnewsecurityfeatures.Thesebanknotesarestillincirculationto
thecurrentdate.However,itcouldbeexchangedforthecurrentissueatSAMAanditsbranchesonly.
The5thIssueofbanknotespursuanttoArticle(4)oftheSaudiCurrencyLaw,issuedundertheRoyalDecree
No.(6)anddated1/7/1379H.wereprintedinthereignoftheCustodianofTheTwoHolyMosques,King
AbdullahBinAbdulazizAlSaud.Thenewissueincludedsixdenominations:OneHundredandFiftySaudi
RiyaldenominationswereavailableatSAMAbranchesasofMonday04/05/1428AH(21/05/2007CE),
followedbyboththeTenandFiveSaudiRiyaldenominationsinthebeginningofRajab1428AH(July
2007),followedbytheFiveHundreddenominationinthebeginningofRamadanAlMubarak1428AH
(September2007),followedbytheOneRiyalafterEidAlAdhaAlMubarak1428AH(December2007),
andwillbeequallylegallybindingsidebysidewiththeotherSaudibanknotedenominationscurrentlyin
circulation.Thenewissueischaracterizedbyvarioustechnicalspecificationsandsecurityfeatures
implementedbythemostmoderntechniquesusedinbanknoteprintingindustry.
SAMAwaspleasedtoannouncethatitwillrevealthedesignsofthesixthissueofnationalbanknotesand
coins"ConfidenceandSecurity"fortheeraoftheCustodianoftheTwoHolyMosques,KingSalmanbin
AbdulazizAlSaud,onTuesday14/3/1438H(13/12/2016).
SourceofInformation:
MadafAlOmlaat[MuseumofCurrencies]issuedbySAMAPage280281.
ThemiracleofMoneybyDr.ThomasW.Sheaat
http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196901/the.riyala.miracle.in.money.htmtakenfromPages
2633oftheJanuary/February1969printeditionofSaudiAramcoWorld.
Krausepublication"StandardCatalogofWorldCoins",19012000,36th(2009)edition.
SAMAwebsite:http://www.sama.gov.sa/
SaudiHollandiBankwebsite:http://www.shb.com.sa/
WikipediaaboutSAMAathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_Monetary_Authority.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
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SaudiArabiaFAKE65CounterMarkCoins
SaudiArabiaFAKE65CounterMarked
onKing:AbdulAzizbinAbdulRahmanbinFaisalAlSaudcoins.
AH(13)65[1946CE]CountermarkedCoinage
70=65Countermark:ThefollowingpiecesarecountermarkedexamplesofearliertypesbearingtheArabic
numerals65.Theywerecountermarkedinamovetobreakmoneychangers'monopolyonsmallcoinsin
AH1365(1946).ThesecountermarksvaryinsizeandarefoundwiththeArabicnumbersraisedinacircle.
Incusecountermarksareconsideredarecentfabrication.IcametoknowthatpeopleinJeddahandelsewhere
thesedaysaremaking65,NejdandHejazcountermarkedcoinsinabundance.Theyhavegotthesemachines
fromIndiaandusingthemtoproducesuchcoins.ThereforepleasebecarefulwhilepurchasingthemfromEbay
andotherresources.
Thefollowingarecriteriaaccordingtomyjudgmentandunderstandingtoconsideredfake65countermarked
coins.
CriteriaA:65isnotwrittenincircularorplainsurface.Ithaswrittenonirregularshapemostly
rectangular.
CriteriaB:Thebackside(onwhichthedenominationismentioned)isnothavingregularcircularpatternor
impact.
CriteriaC:Thecoinisacidwashedorharshlycleanedtomakeitdoubtful.
KM#22Ghirsh(piastre).Year:AH(13)65(1946).
Weight:4.13g.Metal:CopperNickel.Diameter:20
mm.Edge:Plain.Alignment:Medal.Mintage:N/A.
Fake"65"countermarkonKM#4.Fulfillingcriteria
B.
Fake"65"countermarkonKM#7.FulfillingcriteriaA
andB.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Saudi_Arabia_FAKE_65CounterMarks.htm
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A,BandC.
Fake"65"countermarkonKM#19.1.Fulfilling
criteriaB.
Anotherfakesampleasabove.
Mintage:N/A.
andB.
Mintage:N/A.
andB.
Thereversesideisverydimthatthescannerwas
unabletodisplaythedetails.
Mintage:N/A.
A,BandC.
Mintage:N/A.
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criteriaA,BandC.
Mintage:N/A.
A,BandC.
Mintage:N/A.
A,BandCevendoublepunched.
Mintage:N/A.
B.
Anotherfakesampleasabove.
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Mintage:N/A.
criteriaB.
Fake"65"countermarkonKM#21.1asabove.
FulfillingcriteriaA,BandC.
UnlistedKrausePublication65CountermarkedCoinage
SomecoincollectorbelievethatprobablyasnewcoinscametoSaudiArabiawithfrozendateAH1356with
reedededge,theywerealsocountermarkedbythelegalauthoritiesbymistake.Laterthesecoinsarealso
consideredfakeonesandeasilydistinguishbylargecountermarksonthem.
Ghirsh(piastre).Year:AH(13)65(1947).Weight:
4.20g.Metal:CopperNickel.Diameter:20mm.Edge:
Reeded.Alignment:Medal.Mintage:N/A.
Fake:FulfillingcriteriaB.
Ghirsh(piastre).Year:AH(13)65(1946).Weight:
5.40g.Metal:CopperNickel.Diameter:23mm.Edge:
Reeded.Alignment:Medal.Mint:N/A.Mintage:N/A.
Fake:FulfillingcriteriaB.
Vieworiginal65countermarkedcoinsissuedonmyotherlistingat:
AbdulAzizbinAlSaudCoins.
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ShetlandIslands
ShetlandIslands
ShetlandIslands(Schetlandia)isapartofScotland,UKwithcapitalLerwick.TheShetland
archipelagocomprisessome100islands,15oftheminhabited,andliesatthesubArcticlatitudeof
60oNorthand1oWest.Thelandareatotals567squaremiles(1469squarekilometers),andthe
populationapproximately23,000.
ShetlandbecamethelastpartofthethegeographicalBritishIslestoleavetheKingdomofNorway
(whichwasatthattimeruledfromCopenhagen),whentheroyallandstherewerepawnedwithout
limitoftime,aspartofaDanoScottishroyalmarriagedowry,intheyear1469.
DespitetheunilateralannexationbyScotlandin1472(neverformallyrecognizedbyNorway)Norse
lawremainedinforceuntil1611.However,theNornlanguagewascommonlyspokenwellintothe
eighteenthcentury.leavingvestigesrightdowntothepresentday,andShetlandhasthusdevelopedan
individualcharacterofitsown.
AllisnowchanginginEurope,andtheadventoftheEurowillshortlyleaveonlyPoundandKroner
possiblyonlythelatter,toremindusofanoblecurrencyheritage.
The"SheltandKroner"commemorativecoinspresentauniqueandlastingtributetoShetland's
ScandinavianconnectionatanunprecedentedtimeinEuropeanhistory,andthelandmark1999Cutty
SarkTallShips'Racesvisittotheislands.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Shetland.htm
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ShetlandIslands
Obverses:RouteoftheTallShipsfrom23rdJulyto18thAugust1999withtheflagsofFrance,
Scotland,UnitedKingdom,ShetlandandDenmark.Theships'visittoShetland,9thto12thAugust,
coincideswiththeEuropeantotalsolareclipseofAugust11th,representedtotheright.
Reverses:Tendifferentdesigns,representinginfullcolorthelargest"ClassA"shipsparticipatingto
Shetland,andtheircountriesoforigin,andtheScandinavianflagsofthenortherncountriesand
regions,withShetland'satcenterleft.Standardissuecoinshavemillededges,preciousmetalcoins
haveplainedges,andbothversionsaremarked"5"inkeepingwith"crownsize"numismatictradition.
TheracewouldstartfromSt.Malo(France)toGreenock(Scotland,UK)andthentotoLerwick
(ShetlandIslands),andthenfinallytoAalborg(Denmark).10Shipsthatwerecalledfor"CuttySark
TallShips'Race",thesewere:
AlexandervonHumboldt54.2meters(Germany)
ChristianRadich62.8meters(Norway)
Cuauhtemoc92.2meters(Mexico)
Danmark74meters(Denmark)
Eendracht55.5meters(Netherlands)
Kruzenshtern104.2meters(Russia)
Pogoria51.1meters(Poland)
StatsraadLehmkuhl78.9meters(Norway)
SwanfanMakkum49.7meters(Netherlands)
Srlandet56.4meters(Norway)
Specification:StandardissueinCuproNickel(75%copper,25%nickel)=1000pieces.Prestige
issuesSterlingSilver(92.5%)=250piecesand22caratgoldonSterlingSilverissue=250pieces.All
strucktoproofqualitywith38mmdiametercrownsize,atTowerMint,London.Promotersofthese
coinswere"ShetlandNumismaticsLtdSkellister.SouthNesting,Shetland,UK".
IpurchasedmyCuproNickelChristianRadich,DanmarkandSrlandet"SheltandKroner"coinsfrom
LeifLarsson(info@mynt.se).HebelongsfromSwedenandwhenIaskedhim,whichshipwonthe
race,hetoldmethatthisracedidnottookplace.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Shetland.htm
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SovietPeaceCommittee
SovietPeaceCommittee
RussiaKM#XM21(UnusualWorldCoins,4thedition,page403),oneyeartype,fortheUSAUSSR
INFTreatyofdisarmament.1988Crownsizecoin,struckfrommetalfromSovietmediumrangeR12
(SS4)missilesscrappedunderthistreaty.Theobversehasabellandglobedesignthereverseshows
anolivebranch.Themetalposesnoharmtohealth.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Soviet_Peace_Committee.htm
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Baker,MidwayandWakeIslands
BakerIsland:
BakerIslandisanuninhabitedatolllocatedjustnorthoftheequatorinthecentralPacificOceanabout
3,100km(1,670nm)southwestofHonolulu.TheislandisalmosthalfwaybetweenHawaiiand
Australia.ItsnearestneighborisHowlandIsland68kilometrestothenorth.BakerIslandNational
WildlifeRefugeconsistsofthe405acre(1.64km)islandandasurrounding30,500acres(123km)of
submergedland.TheislandisnowaNationalWildlifeRefugemanagedbytheU.S.FishandWildlife
ServiceasaninsularareaundertheU.S.DepartmentoftheInterior.BakerIslandisanunincorporated
andunorganizedterritoryoftheU.S..
Bakerwasdiscoveredin1818byCaptainElishaFolgeroftheNantucketwhalingshipEquator,who
calledtheisland"NewNantucket".InAugust1825BakerwasresightedbyCaptainObedStarbuckof
theLoper,alsoaNantucketwhaler.ThenamegoesbacktoMichaelBaker,whovisitedtheislandin
1834.
TheUnitedStatestookpossessionoftheislandin1857,claimedundertheGuanoIslandsActof1856.
TheUnitedKingdomadvancedaclaimtothisislandsubsequently,butthisclaimwasinvaliddueto
themorepreviousclaimsmadebytheUnitedStates.ItsguanodepositswereminedbyU.S.and
Britishcompaniesduringthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury.In1935,ashortlivedattemptat
colonizationwasbegun,aswellasonnearbyHowlandIsland.ThesettlementMeyertonhada
populationoffourAmericanciviliansevacuatedin1942afterJapaneseairandnavalattacks.During
WorldWarIIitwasoccupiedbytheU.S.military.
Sincethewar,Bakerhasbeenuninhabited.Feralcatswereeradicatedfromtheislandin1964.Public
entryisbyspecialusepermitfromU.S.FishandWildlifeServiceonlyandgenerallyrestrictedto
scientistsandeducators.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/BakerMidwayWake.htm
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Therearenonaturalfreshwaterresources.Theislandistreeless,withsparsevegetationconsistingof
grasses,prostratevines,lowgrowingshrubs,andsomescatteredruins.Acemeteryandremnantsof
structuresfromearlysettlementarelocatednearthemiddleofthewestcoast.Theislandisprimarilya
nesting,roosting,andforaginghabitatforseabirds,shorebirds,andmarinewildlife.TheU.S.claimsan
exclusiveeconomiczoneof200nauticalmiles(370km)andterritorialseaof12nauticalmiles(22
km).Duringthe19351942colonizationattempttheislandwasmostlikelyonHawaiitime,which
wasthen10.5hoursbehindUTC.Beinguninhabitedtheisland'stimezoneisnowunspecified,butit
liesinwaterswhosenauticaltimezoneis12hoursbehindUTC.Therearenoportsorharbors,with
anchorageavailableonlyoffshore.Thereisoneboatlandingareaalongthemiddleofthewestcoast.
ThereisanabandonedWorldWarIIrunway,1,665meterslong,whichiscompletelycoveredwith
vegetationandunusable.Thenarrowfringingreefsurroundingtheislandcanbeamaritimehazardand
thereisadaybeaconnearthemiddleofthewestcoast.
MidwayAtoll:
AlsoknownasMidwayIslandorMidwayIslands,Hawaiian:Pihemanuisa2.4squaremile(6.2km)
atolllocatedintheNorthPacificOcean(nearthenorthwesternendoftheHawaiianarchipelago)at
2812'N17721'WCoordinates:2812'N17721'W,aboutonethirdofthewaybetweenHonoluluand
Tokyo.Itislessthan140nauticalmileseastoftheInternationalDateLine,about2,800nauticalmiles
(5,200km)westofSanFranciscoand2,200nauticalmiles(4,100km)eastofTokyo.Itconsistsofa
ringshapedbarrierreefandseveralsandislets.Thetwosignificantpiecesofland,SandIslandand
EasternIsland,providehabitatforhundredsofthousandsofseabirds.Islandsizesare:
SandIsland1,200acres/486hectares
EasternIsland334acres/135hectares
SpitIsland6acres/2hectare
Theatoll,whichhasatinypopulation(40in2004,butnoindigenousinhabitants),isanunincorporated
territoryoftheUnitedStates,designatedaninsularareaundertheauthorityoftheU.S.Departmentof
theInterior.ItisaNationalWildlifeRefugeadministeredbytheU.S.FishandWildlifeService
(FWS).
Midway,asitsnamesuggests,liesnearlyhalfwaybetweenNorthAmericaandAsia.Italsoliesalmost
halfwayaroundtheearthfromGreenwich,England.
MidwayisbestknownasthelocationoftheBattleofMidway,foughtinWorldWarIIonJune4,
1942.Nearby,theUnitedStatesNavydefeatedaJapaneseattackagainsttheMidwayIslands,marking
aturningpointinthewarinthePacificTheater.
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LaysanAlbatrossatMidwayAtoll:TheatollwasdiscoveredJuly5,1859byCaptainN.C.
Middlebrooks,thoughhewasmostcommonlyknownasCaptainBrooks,ofthesealhuntingship
Gambia.Theislandswerenamedthe"MiddlebrookIslands"orthe"BrookIslands".Brooksclaimed
MidwayfortheUnitedStatesundertheGuanoIslandsActof1856,whichauthorizedAmericansto
temporarilyoccupyuninhabitedislandstoobtainguano.OnAugust28,1867,CaptainWilliam
ReynoldsoftheUSSLackawannaformallytookpossessionoftheatollfortheUnitedStatesthename
changedto"Midway"sometimeafterthis.On28August1867theatollbecamethefirstoffshore
islandsannexedbytheU.S.government,astheUnincorporatedTerritoryofMidwayIsland
administeredbytheU.S.Navy.MidwaywastheonlyislandintheentireHawaiianarchipelagothat
wasnotlaterpartoftheStateofHawaii.
Thefirstattemptat"settlement"wasin1871,whenthePacificMailandSteamshipCompanystarteda
projectofblastinganddredgingashipchannelthroughthereeftothelagoonusingmoneyputupby
theU.S.Congress.Thepurposewastoestablishamidoceancoalingstationavoidingthehightaxes
imposedatportscontrolledbytheHawaiians.Theprojectwasshortlyacompletefailure,andtheUSS
Saginaw,evacuatingthelastofthechannelproject'sworkforceinOctober1871,thenranagroundat
KureAtoll,strandingallaboard.
In1903,workersfortheCommercialPacificCableCompanytookupresidenceontheislandaspartof
theefforttolayatransPacifictelegraphcable.Theseworkersintroducedmanynonnativespeciesto
theisland,includingthecanary,cycadpalm,NorfolkIslandpine,ironwood,coconut,andvarious
deciduoustrees,alongwithants,cockroaches,termites,centipedes,andcountlessothers.
Laterthatyear,PresidentTheodoreRooseveltplacedtheatollunderthecontroloftheU.S.Navy,
whichon20January1903openedaradiostation,inresponsetocomplaintsfromcablecompany
workersaboutJapanesesquattersandpoachers.In19041908Rooseveltsent21U.S.Marinestostop
thewantondestructionofbirdlifebyJapanesepoachers,andtokeepMidwaysafeasaU.S.
possession,protectingthecablestation.
In1935,operationsbeganfortheChinaClipper,alargeflyingboatrunbyPanAmericanAirlines.The
ClipperislandhoppedfromSanFranciscotoChina,providingthefastestandmostluxuriousrouteto
theOrientandbringingtouriststoMidwayuntil1941.Onlytheextremelywealthycouldafforda
Clippertrip,whichinthe1930scostmorethanthreetimestheannualsalaryofanaverageAmerican.
WithMidwayontheroutebetweenHonoluluandWakeIsland,thelargeseaplaneslandedinthequiet
atollwatersandpulleduptoafloatoffshore.Touristswereloadedontoasmallpowerboatthat
whiskedthemtoapier,wherefinallytheywouldridein"woody"wagonstothePanAmHotelorthe
"GooneyvilleLodge,"namedaftertheubiquitous"Gooneybirds"(albatrosses).
ThelocationofMidwayinthePacificbecameimportanttothemilitary.Midwaywasaconvenient
refuelingstopontranspacificflights.ItalsobecameanimportantstopforNavyships.Beginningin
1940,astensionswiththeJapanesewererising,MidwaywasdeemedsecondonlytoPearlHarborin
importancetoprotectingtheU.S.westcoast.Airstrips,gunemplacementsandaseaplanebasequickly
materializedonthetinyatoll.Thechannelwaswidened,andNavalAirStationMidwaywas
completed.ArchitectAlbertKahndesignedtheOfficer'squarters,themallandseveralotherhangars
andbuildings.Midway'simportancetotheU.S.wasbroughtintofocusonDecember7,1941withthe
JapaneseattackonPearlHarbor.Sixmonthslater,onJune4,1942,anavalbattlenearMidway
resultedintheU.S.NavyexactingadevastatingdefeatoftheJapaneseNavy.ThisBattleofMidway
was,bymostaccounts,thebeginningoftheendoftheJapaneseNavy'scontrolofthePacificOcean.
MidwaywasalsoanimportantsubmarinebaseforwhatwasknownastheSilentService.
FromAugust1,1941to1945itwasoccupiedbyU.S.militaryforces.In1950,theNavy
decommissionedNavalAirStationMidway,onlytorecommissionitagaintosupporttheKoreanWar.
ThousandsoftroopsonshipsandplanesstoppedatMidwayforrefuelingandemergencyrepairs.
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From1968toSeptember10,1993MidwayIslandwasaNavyAirFacility.DuringtheColdWar,the
U.S.establishedasecretunderwaterlisteningpostatMidwayinanattempttotrackSovietsubmarines.
Thesesensitivedevicescouldpickupwhalesongsformilesandthefacilityremainedtopsecretuntil
itsdemolitionattheendoftheColdWar."WillyVictor"radarplanesflewnightanddayasan
extensionoftheDEWLine(DistantEarlyWarningLine),andantennafieldscoveredtheislands.
Withabout3,500peoplelivingonSandIsland,MidwayalsosupportedtheU.S.troopsduringthe
VietnamWar.InJune1969,PresidentRichardNixonheldasecretmeetingwithSouthVietnamese
PresidentNguyenVanThieuattheOfficerinChargehouseor"MidwayHouse".
WakeIsland:
ItisalsoknownasWakeAtoll,acoralatollhavingacoastlineof12miles(19kilometers)intheNorth
PacificOcean,locatedabouttwothirdsofthewayfromHonolulu(2,300statutemilesor3,700km
west)toGuam(1,510milesor2,430kmeast).Itisanunorganized,unincorporatedterritoryofthe
UnitedStates,administeredbytheOfficeofInsularAffairs,U.S.DepartmentoftheInterior.Accessto
theislandisrestricted,andallcurrentactivitiesontheislandaremanagedbytheUnitedStatesAir
ForceandtheUnitedStatesArmy.Thelargestisland(WakeIsland)isthecenterofactivityontheatoll
andfeaturesa9,800foot(3,000m)runway.WakeislocatedtothewestoftheInternationalDateLine
andisonedayaheadofthe50states.
AlthoughWakeisofficiallycalledanislandinthesingularform,itisactuallyanatollcomprising
threeislands(Wake,Wilkes,andPeale)surroundingacentrallagoon.Referringtotheatollasan
islandistheresultofapreWorldWarIIdesirebytheUnitedStatesNavytodistinguishWakefrom
otheratolls,mostofwhichwereJapaneseterritory.
Geographiccoordinates:1918'N16638'ECoordinates:1918'N16638'E
Area(land):2.5mi(6.5km)
Coastline:WakeAtoll21.0mi(33.8km)WakeProper12.0mi(19.3km)
lowestpoint:PacificOcean,0feet(0m)
highestpoint:DucksPoint,20feet(6m)
Baseduponthisoraltraditionalongwithconceptsoffirstusagelandsrightsclaimscommonlyheldin
Micronesianculturesaslegitimateforsettlingindigenouslanddisputes,asmallseparatistgroupof
MarshallIslanddescendentswhocallthemselvestheKingdomofEnenKiolayclaimtoWakeIsland.
TheMarshallIslandsandU.S.governments,whoalsohavecompetingclaimsovertheisland,
vigorouslydenytheclaim.NoevidencesuggeststherewaseverapermanentsettlementofMarshall
IslandersonWakeIsland.
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OnOctober20,1568,lvarodeMendaadeNeyra,aSpanishexplorerwithtwoships,LosReyesand
TodosSantos,discovered"alowbarrenisland,judgedtobeeightleaguesincircumference,"towhich
hegavethenameof"SanFrancisco."TheislandwaseventuallynamedforCaptainWilliamWake,
masteroftheBritishtradingschooner,PrinceWilliamHenry,whovisitedin1796.
OnOctober14,1950,theislandservedasaonedaymeetingsitebetweenGeneralDouglasMacArthur
andPresidentHarryS.Truman,meetingtodiscussstrategyfortheKoreanWarhostilitiesthathad
brokenoutfourmonthsearlier.Since1974,theisland'sairstriphasbeenusedbytheU.S.militaryand
somecommercialcargoplanes,aswellasforemergencylandings.WakeIslandwasusedasarefugee
campformorethan8,000VietnameserefugeeswhofledtheirhomelandafterthefallofSaigonthat
endedtheVietnamWar.
Eachcoinisapproximately1ounceinweightwithplainedgeandprobablyinCuNimetalwith
antiquetouch.BakerIsland5Dollars2005featuresRussianleaderJosephStalin.MidwayIslands5
Dollars2005featuresUSPresidentFranklinD.RooseveltandWakeIsland5Dollars2005features
UKPrimeMinisterWinstonChurchill.AllthesepersonalitiesattendedYaltaConferencein1945.
Thesecoinscommomeratesthe60thanniversaryofYaltaConference.TheYaltaConference,
sometimescalledtheCrimeaConferenceandcodenamedtheArgonautConference,wasthewartime
meetingfromFebruary4,1945toFebruary11,1945betweentheheadsofgovernmentoftheUnited
States,theUnitedKingdom,andtheSovietUnionFranklinD.Roosevelt,WinstonChurchill,and
JosephStalin,respectively.
Onthe4thofFebruary,1945theBigThree(Roosevelt,Churchill,Stalin)convenedatYalta,onthe
CrimeanPeninsula.ItwasthesecondofthreewartimeconferencesamongthemajorAlliedPower
leaders.IthadbeenprecededbytheTehranConferencein1943,anditwasfollowedbythePotsdam
Conference,whichHarryTrumanattendedinplaceofthelateFDR,in1945.
PremierStalinrefusedtotravelfartherWestthantheBlackSearesortofYalta,intheCrimea.Each
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leaderhadanagendafortheYaltaConference:RooseveltaskedforSovietsupportintheU.S.Pacific
WaragainstJapan,specificallyinvadingJapanproperChurchillpressedforfreeelectionsand
democraticgovernmentsinEasternEurope(specificallyPoland)andStalinestablishedaRussian
sphereofpoliticalinfluenceinEasternEurope,asessentialtotheUSSR'snationalsecurity.
Forstatisticalpurposes,Baker,Midway,WakeIslands,etcaregroupedasoneoftheUnitedStates
MinorOutlyingIslands.
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FederatedStatesofMicronesia
ItgotindependencefromUSadministeredUNTrusteeshipon03November1986.Itcomprisesan
areaof702km(271sqmi).TheFederatedStatesofMicronesiaisanislandnationlocatedinthe
PacificOcean,northeastofPapuaNewGuinea.Thecountryisasovereignstateinfreeassociation
withtheUnitedStates.TheFederatedStatesofMicronesiawereformerlypartoftheTrustTerritoryof
thePacificIslands,aUnitedNationsTrustTerritoryunderUSadministration.In1979theyadopteda
constitution,andin1986independencewasattainedunderaCompactofFreeAssociationwiththe
UnitedStates.Presentconcernsincludelargescaleunemployment,overfishing,anddependenceon
U.S.aid.Capital:Palikir.Itconsistsoffourstates:Chuuk(Area:127km,Capital:Weno),Kosrae
(Area:110km,Capital:Tofol),Pohnpei(Area:346km,Apital:Kolonia)andYap(Area:118km,
Capital:Colonia)
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Micronesia.htm
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OnMay10,1979,fouroftheTrustTerritorydistrictsratifiedanewconstitutiontobecomethe
FederatedStatesofMicronesia.Palau,theMarshallIslands,andtheNorthernMarianaIslandschose
nottoparticipate.TheFSMsignedaCompactofFreeAssociationwiththeUnitedStatesofAmerica,
whichenteredintoforceonNovember3,1986,markingMicronesia'semergencefromtrusteeshipto
independence.
Ipurchasedby$1dated2004bimetalliccoinfromJoelAnderson/LilaCrescifeaturingJosephJohn
Urusemal,whowasthepresidentofMicronesiafrom11thMay2003to11thMay2007.
Anadditionof40bimetallicdesignswerealsomintedeachhavingtheportraitofU.S.presidentswith
theirrulingyears.
MicroNations
ChiefaCoins
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/Micronesia.htm
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NorthernMarianaIslands
TheCommonwealthofNorthernMarianaIslands(CNMI),isagroupof14islandsintheNorthPacific
OceanundercontroloftheUnitedStates.Itscapital,Saipan,wasthesiteofsomeoftheheaviest
fightinginWorldWarII.In1947,intheaftermathofWWII,itwasdesignatedasaTrustTerritoryof
thePacific,wherebytheU.S.wasgivensupervisorycontrolovertheMarianasbythenewlyformed
UnitedNations.Theybeganreconstructingtheislands,whichhadbelongedtoGermanyuntiltheend
ofWWI,whenitwassubsequentlyplacedundertheadministrationofJapanbytheLeagueofNations.
TrusteeshipeffectivelyendedwhenaCovenanttoestablishaselfgoverningCommonwealthin
politicalunionwiththeU.S.wasapprovedin1975,andremainingprovisionsbecameeffectivein
1978.Thisprocesswasfinalizedin1986,whenqualifiedresidentsofthedependencyweregranted
Americancitizenship.
Uponinitialresearch,IfoundacompanycalledGoldQuestInternationalLtd(basedinHongKong),
whichwassellingasetof10coins:theobverseofeachcoinhastheIslands'coatofarms,butthe
reverseareallreplicasofAmericansilvercoinage(1921MorganDollar,1922PeaceDollar,1971
EisenhowerDollar,1993Madison1/2Dollar,etc...).It'swebsiteisathttp://www.goldquest.com/
In2004theyissuedthisattractive1ozsterlingsilverProof5Dollarcoinsasfollow:
01.FernandoMagellan
02.PopePaulII
03.AlbertEinstein
TheMarianasissueditsfirstcoin,asterlingsilverProof5Dollarcoindated2004commemoratingthe
453rdanniversaryofthediscoveryoftheislandsbyFerdinandMagellanin1521.Theattractive39mm
coinpicturesMagellan'ssailingshipononesideandthenationsarms,whichfeaturesaneagle,onthe
other.Thecontroversialcoinhasamintageofonly7,500pieces.
ThesecondcoinwhichfeaturesthePopeononesideandthearmsoftheCommonwealthofthe
NorthernMarianaIslandsontheother.Thecoinhasamintageofonly5000piecesandisexpectedto
bepopular.TheDiameterofthisCoinis38.6mm
TheThirdcoinpossessaholographic(Stereogram)imageofAlbertEinsteinshowingthislongtongue
inandoutandthearmsoftheCommonwealthoftheNorthernMarianaIslandsontheother..
Theabovementionedthreecoins,arealsomintedin1/25oz.999Goldinthesameyear,whichmuch
smallersize.Theyseemtobe"LegalTender"coinsissuedbythe"CentralBankoftheCommonwealth
oftheNorthernMarianaIslands".Theonlyproblemisthatnobodyintheislandsseemstohaveheard
oftheirCentralBank.ThemoneyandbankingoftheislandsiscontrolledbytheFederalReserve
BankofSanFranciscoandtheU.S.dollaristheonlylegaltenderfortheislands.TheDepartmentof
theInteriorsaiditwillinvestigatethelegalityoftheissue.Anyway,thesecoinsarepopularamongthe
collectors.
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/NorthernMarianaIslands.htm
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TheMagellancoinisalsoavailablefromJoelAnderson.Accordingtohim,thecoinisalready
sparkingsomecontroversy.ItiseventhesubjectofascoopintheApril19,2004editionofCoin
World.TheU.S.DepartmentoftheInteriorstressesthattheIslands'shadowyCentralbank,which
authorized/certifiedtheseissuesaslegaltender,iswithoutseparateauthoritytodoso.TheirOffice
ofInsularAffairsisinvestigatingthenonexistentBank'sfallaciousdeclarations.Thepress
secretary/publicinformationofficer/spokesmanoftheIsland'sGovernoralsoinsiststhattheirclaims
areabsolutelybogus.
IpurchasedbyAlbertEinstein5Dollar2004coinfromMr.IngoSeemannofWestshoreCoinsand
Collectibles(westshorecc@usa.net).HeistheU.S.partnerofLiechtenstein'sCoinInvestTrust,the
firmwhichcommissionedthesecoins.Theirsiteisat:http://www.coininvest.li/index.shtml.
In2005,thefollowingyear,somemoresilvercoinsofCommonwealthofNorthernMarianaIslands,
havebeenminted,describedbelow.Thesecoinscanbeviewedathttp://www.modernworldcoins.com/
underOceaniaandAustraliacategory.
01.5DollarsCropCircle(havingaColoredCircledisplay).
02.5DollarsEndlessLove(HeartShapeColoredcoin).
03.5DollarsShell&Pearl(whitecolorpearl).
AcompanycalledNationalCollector'sMint(PortChester,N.Y.)isalsosellingamuchdifferent
privatereproduction(1933SaintGaudens$20DoubleEagle)at
http://www.nationalcollectorsmint.com/,whichonitsreversemerelyportraysasmall,easytomiss
depictionoftheIslands'officialseal/logosuperimposedonthesun.Isawthiscoinadvertisedon
television'sESPN!
IntheCoinworldthereisahotnewsofCommonwealthofNorthernMarianaIslands"FreedomTower
OneDollarSilverCoin",describedbelow:
FinesovermisleadingmarketingofNorthernMarianasCoins:
AnAmericancoindealerthatillegallyusedtheNorthernMarianaslogotosellitsproducthasbeen
finedhundredsofthousandsofUSdollars.ThenationalcollectorsmintinNewYorkhasbeenfined
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$US370,000forengaginginmisleadingadvertisinginitsmarketingofthesocalled"FreedomTower
SilverDollar".ThedollarwasacommemorativecointhatusedtheNorthernMarianaslogo.Lastyear
on03rdNov2003,theNorthernMarianasgovernmententeredanagreementwithaWyomingbased
coinmanufacturer,SoftskyInc.touseits"star,stoneandcircle"logoonthecoins.
TheobverseofthecoinfeaturesanimageoftheproposedFreedomTowerbeingbuiltontheformer
siteoftheWorldTradeCenterinNewYork,theUnitedStatesnationalmotto"InGodWeTrust",and
thewords"FreedomTower,July4,2004."ThereversefeaturesanimageoftheformerWorldTrade
Centerandthewords"WeWillNeverForget",alongwithasmallsymbolofastaronastonepillar
withinacircle.ThislatterunidentifiediconisinfactthecoatofarmsoftheNorthernMarianaIslands.
TheCNMIhadtosuspenditscontractwithaU.S.basedcoinmanufacturerinthewakeofthecourt
injunctionimposedagainstthecompanyinNewYorkoverallegedfraudulentacts.Gov.JuanN.
BabautasaidtheCNMIissuspendingitsNov3,2003agreementwithSoftsky,whichauthorizedthe
lattertodevelopandmarketcommemorativecoins.Thegovernorsaidthattheinjunctionenteredby
thestatecourtofNewYorkagainstSoftskyonNov.10,2004allegesfraudandfalseadvertising
regardingitsFreedomTowerCoins."Weareveryconcernedabouttheseevents.Todate,bothcoins
thathavebeenmarketedunderthisprogramhavebeenfraudwithcontroversyand,inthecaseofthe
FreedomCoin,apparentfraudulentaction,"saidBabauta.AstatejudgeinNewYorkhasreportedly
foundthatNationalCollector'sMintInc.engagedincivilfraud,falseadverstisinganddeceptive
businesspracticeswhenitmarketedits"2004FreedomTowerSilverDollar"for$19.95intelevision
andprintads.Thecompany,whichmarketsSoftskycoins,reportedlyclaimedthemedallionswere
madeofnearlypuresilverrecoveredfromWorldTradeCentersiteinlowerManhattanas"U.S.
territoriallegaltender".Thevalidityofthisclaimhasnotbeenconfirmed.Distributorswarnthatthe
mintingofthecoinwillceaseoncethequantityofrecoveredsilverhasbeenexhausted,andhave
thereforeplacedalimitonthenumberofcoinsthatcanbeorderedperperson.Thecoinsarenotsolid
silver,butaresilverclad(0.0001inch(2.54micrometre)layer)).TheNewYorkattorneygeneralEliot
SpitzerhassaidtheNorthernMarianashasnoauthoritytoissuealegaltendersinceitactuallyuses
U.S.currency.Andheaddedthecoinswerenotpuresilverbutratheracheap/inexpensivemetalalloy
platedwithaboutonetenththousandofaninchofSilver.Spitzerhasfiledan$8millionlawsuit
againstthePortChesterbasedCompany.OnOctober13,2004,Spitzerobtainedatemporaryorder
haltingthecompanyfromadvertisingorsellingthecoin.OnNovember9,StateSupremeCourtJustice
JosephR.Cannizzaroruledthatthecompanyhadengagedindeceptiveandfraudulentmarketing
practices,andorderedthecompanytoterminateitsmisleadingadvertisingofthecoin.
Babautasaidthathisofficeisinprocessofevaluatingthecourtfinding."Whenwehavedevelopeda
completerecord,wewillmakeafinaldecisionregardingouragreement.Untilthattime,youarenot
authorizedtodevelop,mint,ormarketanycoinsutilizingtheauthorizationoftheCNMI",said
BabautainaNov12,2004lettertoSoftskypresidentJoesphHartman.Intermsofmoneyremittedto
theCNMI,Babautasaid,"Wearealsoevaluatingouroptionsinhowtothesefundsshouldbe
handled"."Wearenothappytakingtheseactionsbuttheeventssurroundingthisagreementwarrants
thissuspension",hetoldHartman.HartmancametoSaipanlastJulytopersonallyhandthe"royalty
fee"totheCNMI.Softskyhasissuedtwo$25,000worthofcheckstotheCNMIfromtheproceedsof
thesaleofmintedCNMIcoins.Babautasaidthatthecompanywasabouttosendanadditional
$110,000totheCNMIasroyaltyfee.TheU.S.MinthassaidthatadvertisementfortheFreedom
TowerCoinappearconfusingbecausethecompany(thedistributorofthecoin,NationalCollector's
Mint)usesphrasessuchas"legallyauthorizedgovernmentissue","U.S.territorialminting",and
"silverdollar".Theproductionitselfmayalsobeconfusingbecauseitbearstheinscription,"InGod
WeTrust",whichCongressrequiresonallU.S.Coins,andtheinscription,"OneDollar".
TheNewYorksupremecourthassaidtheNationalCollectorsMint"preyeduponandexploitedpublic
sentimentsconcerningthetheSeptember11terroristattacksanddefraudedthepublic".Othergroups
havealsoreleasedsilverFreedomTowercoins,butnotwithadenominationalvalueoradvertisedas
governmentissue.
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TheCNMIcoinwasnamed"StupidInvestmentoftheWeek"byCBS(ColumbiaBroadcastingSystem)
MarketWatchonSeptember24,2004.In2005,asimilarcointotheCNMIFreedomTowercoinwas
sold,withsimilardesignandthesameclaimofbeingmadefromsilver"reclaimed"fromtheWorld
TradeCenter,butbearingthenameoftheCookIslandsinsteadoftheCNMI.TheCookIslandsarea
selfgoverningdemocracy,anddominttheirowncurrency(atparwiththeAustraliandollar),though
thiscoinissoldas"noncirculating".
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NorthCarolinaPrisonDepartmentTokens
NorthCarolinaPrisonDept.
NorthCarolinaDepartmentofCorrectionisalsoresponsibleofDivisionofPrisionsthroughoutNorth
Carolina.ItcontainsGeneralinformationincludes:CareersPrisonconstruction,Closedprisons,Prison
directory&map,Costofsupervision,Privateprisonfacilities,Deathpenalty24hoursinprison,
InmateclassificationVisiting,InmatesworkingVolunteers,NCprisonhistoryandPrisons.Health
Servicesinclude:MentalHealthServices,DentalServicesandNursingServices.PrisonPrograms
Servicesinclude:ChaplaincyServicesandEducationServices.Websiteisat:
http://www.doc.state.nc.us/dop/
http://chiefacoins.com/Database/MicroNations/North_Carolina_Prison.htm
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Condition Pieces Year

Weight Mintage Diameter Alignment Edge

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