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1
Chemical Reaction Engineering Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Topic Outcomes
Week
Topic
Topic Outcomes
Part 1:
Stoichiometric Table
Part 1:
Write rate law, define reaction order and
activation energy for elementary reactions
Part 2
Expressing concentrations Construct a stoichiometry table for batch
in
terms
other
than
and
flow
systems
and
express
conversions
concentration as a function of conversion
Part 2
Calculate the equilibrium conversion for gas
and liquid phase reactions
Write the combined mole balance and rate
law in measures other than conversion
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Types of Reaction
Phases involved
Homogenous reaction one phase reaction
Heterogeneous reaction multiphase reaction
Equilibrium position
Irreversible reaction
A + B C + D (one direction)
Reversible reaction
A + B C + D (forward or backward)
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4
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Rate Law
rA = k A C C
2NO + O 2
2NO2
rNO = k NOC C O2
2
NO
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Order of Reaction
Zero-order
- rA = k A : {k}= mol/dm3 .s
Second-order
- rA = k A C 2A :{k}= dm3 /mol.s
First-order
- rA = k A C A :{k}= s -1
Third-order
2
- rA = k A C 3A :{k}=(dm 3 /mol)
.s
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Chemical Reaction Engineering Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
rA = [k A (T )] [fn(concentration)]
k A(T)= Ae E/RT
C A .CB ......
Algebraic function
of concentration
T dependent, described
by Arrhenius equation
Where A = Pre-exponential factor or frequency factor
E = Activation energy, J/mol or cal/mol
R = Gas constant= 8.314 J/mol.K = 1.987 cal/mol.K
T = Absolute temperature, K
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time
9
Chemical Reaction Engineering Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Activation Energy
k A(T)= Ae E/RT
ln kA
E 1
lnk A = lnA
RT
Slope = E/R
1/T (K)
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k = A exp(-E/RT)
11
Activation Energy - Ea
Ea
A+B
HR
Reaction Coordinate
Activation Energy: A simple description of Ea would be the energy barrier that reactants
must overcome for a reaction to proceed.
13
Rxn1: High Ea
Rxn 2: Low Ea
1/T
14
Cricket chirping
Ant walking
Tumour growth
Diffusion in solids [D = Do exp (-ED/RT)]
References:
M. I. Masel, Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis
Octave Levenspiel, Chemical Reaction Engineering
15
16
6
5
Raw data
4
3
2
1
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Temperature (C)
2.5
Processed data
ln (wlaking speed)
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
3.15
3.20
3.25
3.30
3.35
3.40
3.45
3.50
3.55
3.60
-1
1000/T (K )
17
Elementary Reaction
The stoichiometry coefficients are the same as
the individual reaction order of each species.
For the reaction
A + 2B C + D
The rate law would be: rA = kC A CB2
Expresses how actually molecules or ions react
with each other.
The equation in an elementary step represents
the reaction at the molecular level, not the
overall reaction.
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Chemical Reaction Engineering Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
A + 2B C + D
rA = kC 2A CB3
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Chemical Reaction Engineering Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Non-Elementary (Example)
Free-radical mechanism
H2 + Br2 2HBr
rHBr =
k 1CH2 C1/2
Br
k 2 + CHBr /CBr2
Vapor-phase decomposition
CH3CHO CH4 + CO
rCH3CHO = kC 3/2
CH3CHO
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Reversible Reactions
For general reaction,
aA + bB cC + dD
k A C Cc CDd
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k A C C = k A C C
a
A
b
B
c
C
kA
= Kequilibrium
k A
d
D
K equlibrium
e
d
C Ce
CDe
= Kc = a b
C Ae CBe
Note: Kc = (mol/dm3)d + c b c
Thermodynamic
equilibrium relationship
22
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CHAPTER 3
Rate Laws and Stoichiometry:
Part 2
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Batch
Differential Form
NA
dX
= rA V
dt
PBR
dX
FA0
= rA
dV
dX
F
= r
dW
A0
Integral Form
dX
rA V
t = NA0
V = FA0
X out
V=
CSTR
PFR
Algebraic Form
FA0 (X out X in )
( rA )out
X in
'
W = FA0
X out
X in
dX
rA
dX
- rA'
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aA + bB
cC + dD
b
c
d
A+ B
C + D
a
a
a
moles of A reacted
XA =
moles of A fed
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Batch system
Flow system
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Batch Reactor
t=0
N A0
NB0
NC0
ND0
NI0
t = t'
NA
NB
NC
ND
NI
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Chemical Reaction Engineering Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Batch System
b
c
d
A+ B
C + D
a
a
a
XA =
moles of A reacted
moles of A fed
CA =
N A N A0 (1 X )
=
V
V
NB = NB0
b
N A0 X
a
NB NB0 (b/a )N A0 X
=
V
V
N A0 ( (b/a )X )
=
V
CB =
i =
Ni0
C
y
= i0 = i0
NA0 C A0 y A0
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Initially (mol)
NA0
NB0
I (inerts)
Totals
Change (mol)
(NA0 X )
Remaining (mol)
NA = NA0 NA0 X
b
(NA0 X )
a
b
NB = NB0 NA0 X
a
NC0
c
(NA0 X )
a
c
NC = NC0 + NA0 X
a
ND0
d
(NA0 X )
a
d
ND = ND0 + NA0 X
a
__
N =N
NT0
__
I0
I0
d c b
NT = NT 0 + + 1NA0 X
a a a
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NT = NT0 + NA0 X
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Chemical Reaction Engineering Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Batch System
Species
Symbol
Initial (mol)
Change (mol)
NA0
(NA0 X )
NB0 = NA0B
NC0 = NA0C
b
(NA0 X )
a
c
(NA0 X )
a
d
(NA0 X )
a
ND0 = NA0D
I (inerts)
N =N
Totals
NT0
i =
Ni0
C
y
= i0 = i0
NA0 C A0 y A0
A0
__
I
Remaining (mol)
NA = NA0 (1 X )
NB = NA0 B X
a
NC = NA0 C + X
a
ND = NA0 D + X
a
N =N
I
__
A0
NT = NT0 + NA0 X
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Chemical Reaction Engineering Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Batch Reactor
Now, if we know the number of moles of every component we
can calculate concentration as function of conversion.
NA
V
N
CB = B
V
N
CB = C
V
N
CD = D
V
CA =
NA0 (1 X )
V
N (b/a )NA0 X NA0 ( (b/a )X )
= B0
=
V
V
N ( + (c/a )X )
= A0
V
N ( + (d/a )X )
= A0
V
=
i =
Ni0
C
y
= i0 = i0
NA0 C A0 y A0
32
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33
Chemical Reaction Engineering Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Flow System
Equations for flow reactors are the same with
number of moles N changed for flow rate F [mol/s].
Entering
FA0
FB0
FC0
FD0
FI0
Leaving
b
c
d
A+ B
C + D
a
a
a
FA
FB
FC
FD
FI
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Chemical Reaction Engineering Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Feed rate to
Change within
reactor (mol/time) reactor (mol/time)
I (inerts)
Totals
(FA0 X )
FA0
FB0 = FA0B
b
(FA0 X )
a
FC0 = FA0C
c
(FA0 X )
a
FD0 = FA0D
d
(FA0 X )
a
F =F
__
A0
FT0
FA = FA0 (1 X )
b
FB = FA0 B X
a
FC = FA0 C + X
a
FD = FA0 D + X
a
F =F
I
__
A0
FT = FT0 + FA0 X
35
Chemical Reaction Engineering Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Flow System
Fi0
Ci0 0
Ci0
y i0
i =
=
=
=
FA0 C A0 0 C A0 y A0
d c b
+ - 1 =
a a a
FA
moles/time
CA =
=
liter/time
For reaction in liquids, the volume change is
negligible (if no phase change occurred):
CA =
FA
FA0 (1 X )
FA0 (1 X )
= C A0 (1 X )
CB = C A0 X
a
36
N2 + 3H 2NH3
4 moles
2 moles
PV = ZR T T
Z=Compressibility factor
Z0 Z
P T Z N
V = V 0 T
0 P T0 Z 0 NT0
NT
N
= 1+ A0 .X = 1+ X
NT0
NT0
P0 T
V = V0 (1+ X )
P T0
Note: function V=g(X)
= y A0
d c b
= + 1
a a a
38
Using the gas equation we can derive the total concentration as:
P
ZRT
F
P0
= T0 =
0 Z0RT0
Total concentration: C T =
At the entrance: C T0
FT
(3.39 )
(3.40 )
Cj =
Fj
v
Fj
= v0
FT P0 Z T
v0
FT0 P Z 0 T0
FT P0 T
FT0 P T0
= C T0
Fj P Z 0 T0
FT P0 Z T
Z Z0
=1
39
Chemical Reaction Engineering Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
= v0
FT P0 T
FT0 P T0
P0 T
= v0 (1+ y A0 X )
P T0
= v0 (1+ X )
P0 T
P T0
FA0 ( j + v j X )
Cj =
P T
v0 (1+ X ) 0
P T0
Stoichiometric
coefficient
Gas-phase C as
a function of X
40
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41
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42
Chemical Reaction Engineering Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
C j = C T0
F j P T0
FT P0 T
For j=A, B, C, D, I
With,
FT = FA + FB + FC + FD + FI
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Chemical Reaction Engineering Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Gas-phase condensation
= (1
+ X)= (1
0.5X)
0
0
CC =
C A0 X
1 0.5X
Mole fraction of C at which
condensation begin
(1
X)
0
1 y C,e
FC = y CFT
y C,e
PC
=
PT
CC =
Vapor pressure C at T
yC
C A0
y A0
44
45
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46
Chemical Reaction Engineering Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Solution 1
a. 2 A + B C
rA rB rC rD
=
= =
a
b
c d
rB =
b
( rA ) = 1 k A C 2A CB
a
2
rC =
c
( rA ) = 1 k A C 2A CB
a
2
rB = k BC 2A CB
rC = k CC 2A CB
dm 1
k B = 12.5
mol
sec
dm 1
k C = 12.5
mol
sec
48
Chemical Reaction Engineering Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Solution 1 (Cont.)
b. 1/2 A + 3/2 B C
b
rB = ( rA ) = 3(k A C A CB )
a
c
rC = ( rA ) = 2(k A C A CB )
a
rB = k BC A CB
rC = k CC A CB
dm3 1
k B = 75
mol sec
dm3 1
k C = 50
mol sec
49
Chemical Reaction Engineering Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
H2C CH2
H2O
H2SO4
CH2 OH
CH2 OH
The initial concentration of ethylene oxide and water are 1 Ib mol/ft3 and
3.47 Ib-mol/ft3 (62.41 Ib-mol / 18), respectively.
b.
Pure ethane enters the FLOW REACTOR at 6 atm and 1100 K. How would
your equation for the concentration change if the reaction to be carried out
in a constant-volume BATCH REACTOR.
50
Solution 2
a. Liquid-phase reaction
O
H2C CH2
H2O
H2SO4
cat
A + B
C
CH2 OH
CH2 OH
Symbol
Initial
Change
Remaining
H2C CH2
C A0 = 1Ibmol/ft 3
C A0 X
C A = 1(1 X )
H2O
CB0 = 3.47Ibmol/ft 3
C A0 X
CB = (3.47 X )
+ C A0 X
CC = X
CH2 OH
CH2 OH
51
Chemical Reaction Engineering Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Solution 2 (Cont.)
b. Isothermal, isobaric, gas-phase pyrolysis
C2H6 C2H4 + H2
A
B + C
Initial
Change
Species
Symbol
C2H6
FA0
FA0 X
FA = FA0 (1 X )
C2H4
+ FA0 X
FB = FA0 X
H2
+ FA0 X
FC = FA0 X
FT = FA0
Remaining
FT = FA0 (1+ X )
52
Solution 2 (Cont.)
Gas phase, constant T, no P drop
= o (1+ X )
= y AO = 1(1+ 1 1) = 1
= o (1+ X )
CA =
CB =
FA
FB
FA0 (1 X )
(1 X )
= C A0
(1+ X )
O (1+ X )
= CC =
FC
C A0 = y A0C T0 = y A0
FA0 X
X
= C A0
O (1+ X )
1+ X
P0
(1)(6atm)
kmol
mol
=
=
0.067
=
0.067
RT0 0.082m3 .atm
dm3
m3
1100K
kmol.K
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Solution 2 (Cont.)
a. At high temperature
A B
At equilibrium, we know K = CBe
C
from thermodynamics:
C Ae
CB
rA = k1 C A
KC
rA = k1C A k 2CB
k2
k
rA = k1 C A CB K C = 1
k1
k2
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Chemical Reaction Engineering Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Solution 2 (Cont.)
a. At high temperature
A + B 2D
High T reversible
rA = k 1C1/2
CB k 2CD
A
1/2
k2
k1
rA = k 1 C A CB CD K C =
k1
k2
1/2
CD
rA = k1 C A CB
KC
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N2O 4 2NO2
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Solution 3.6
(a) Batch reactor
Species
Symbol
N2O4
NO2
Initial
Change
Remaining
NA0
NA0 X
NA = NA0 (1 X )
+ 2(NA0 X )
NB = 2NA0 X
NT0 = NA0
NT = NT0 + NAO X
Equilibrium conversion:
2
CBe
4C 2A0 X 2e
4C A0 X 2e
KC =
=
=
C Ae C A0 (1 X e ) 1 X e
C A0 =
y A0P0
= 0.071mol/dm3
RT0
Xe =
K C (1 X e )
4C A0
Xe = 0.44
58
FA0 (1 X ) C A0 (1 X )
CA =
=
=
0 (1+ X )
1+ X
CB =
2C A0 X
1+ X
1+
2
CBe
4C 2A0 X 2e
KC =
=
C Ae C A0 (1 X e )(1+ X e )
4C A0 X 2e
=
(1 X e )(1+ X e )
C A0 =
Xe =
y A0P0
= 0.071mol/dm3
RT0
K C (1 X e )(1+ X e )
4C A0
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Chemical Reaction Engineering Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
CB2
rA = k A C A
K
C
4C 2A0 X 2
Constant volume: rA = k A C A0 (1 X )
K
C
Flow:
C A0 (1 X )
4C 2A0 X 2
rA = k A
2
+
1
X
(
)
+
K
1
X
C
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