ECHINODERMATA

Deuterostomes
The major deuterostome clades are
Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Urochordata,
and Chordata.
(Lophophorates were formerly, but no longer,
considered to be deuterostomes)

Ancestral deuterostome was probably a

burrowing worm, with gill slits and a
cartilaginous skeleton.
Billie Swalla, U. Washington, Chris Cameron,
U. South Florida

4 Deuterostome phyla*
Echinodermata (sea stars, urchins,
crinoids, et al.)
Hemichordata (acorn worms,
pterobranchs, extinct graptolites)
Urochordata (tunicates, salps)

Chordata (cephalochordates, vertebrates)

* Pechenik places urochordates in Chordata

Deuterostome:
Embryonic blastopore becomes anus.
Mouth forms as secondary opening

Enterocoelous development
(typical of the deuterostome coelomates)

Protostome:
Embryonic blastopore becomes mouth

Schizocoelous development
(typical of the protostome coelomates)

Cleavage

Spiral- third division and subsequent are

unequaltypical of protostomes

Radial- third division is equaltypical

of deuterostomes

PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
Tubuh simetri radial
Kebanyakan mpy endoskeleton dr zat kapur dg
tonjolan berupa duri
Hidup di perairan pantai & dasar lautan, dr garis
pantai sampai kedalaman lbh dr 4000 m
Kebanyakan hidup bebas dg gerakan yg sgt
lambat, pelagik, tdk parasitik
Ada yg jumlahnya melimpah tp tdk mmbtk koloni
Bbrp jenis dpt dimakan sbg sumber protein
hewani & telurnya digunakan utk eksperimen

Ciri Umum
Tubuh simetri radial pd yg dewasa & t.a 5 bagian,
simetri bilateral pd larvanya
Embriologis tersusun dr 3 lapis jaringan
(triploblastik), kebanyakan organ bersilia
Tdk berkepala, tdk mpy otak & tdk ada segmentasi
Permukaan tubuh t.d 5 bagian radial simetri atau
ambulakra atau msg2 timbul sbg kaki ambulakral
Tubuh dilindungi epidermis di atas endoskeleton yg
kuat (asal mesodermal) dg lembaran2 kapur yg
tetap atau dpt bergerak dg pola ttt

Sistem Pencernaan
Saluran pencernaan sederhana, biasanya
lengkap (ada yg tdk mpy anus)

Sistem Saraf
Sistem saraf berupa cincin saraf yg
mengelilingi mulut & saraf radial

Sistem Peredaran Darah

Sistem peredaran darah (hemal) radiair, tp
mereduksi. Coelom dibatasi peritoneum
bersilia, biasanya besar, cairannya
mengandung amoebocyt bebas. Bagian
coelom dr larva mjd sistem vaskuler air,
biasanya dg kaki ambulakral yg jumlahnya
byk utk bergerak, memegang makanan
atau bernafas

Sistem Respirasi
Respirasi menggunakan insang kecil
(papulae) menonjol dr coelom, ada yg
bernafas dg kaki ambulakral & pd
Holothuroidea bernafas dg pohon
respirasi kloakal

Sistem Reproduksi
Jenis kelamin terpisah (ada perkecualian), tapi dilihat
dr luar tdk dpt dibedakan jantan atau betina
Gonad besar dg saluran
Telur yg dihasilkan banyak, fertilisasi di air laut
Larva mikroskopis, bersilia, transparan, biasanya
berenang bebas & mengalami metamorfosis
Ada spesies yg vivipar, ada yg berkembang biak scr
aseksual dg pembelahan diri & byk yg berkembang biak
krn regenerasi (terpotong, kemudian potongan tsb mjd
individu baru)

Ukuran
Kebanyakan berukuran sedang
Bintang laut terbesar (Pycnopoda helianthoides)
berukuran 80 cm
Landak laut yg hidup di laut dalam (Echinosoma
hoplacantha) berukuran 30 cm & bbrp yg hidup
di daerah tropis (Diadema) spinaya berukuran
30 cm
Mentimun laut (Synapta maculata) panjangnya 2
m dg diameter 5 cm
Fosil lilia laut panjang tangkainya berukuran
sampai 23,3 m

Phylum Echinodermata
~7,000 extant species in five well-defined clades,
~13,000 extinct species and ~15 more classes.
Asteroidea (starfishes)
Ophiuroidea (basket stars and brittle stars),
Echinoidea (sea urchins, sand dollars, sea
biscuits)
Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers).
Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars),
Concentricycloidea (sea daisies; 2 species),

Synapomorphies of Echinoderms
1. Calcite skeleton composed of ossicles.
2. Water vascular system.
3. Mutable collagenous tissue.
4. Pentaradial body organization in adults.
Also exclusively marine, coelomate, and
deuterostome

Echinoderm water vascular system

Sistem sirkulasi air atau sistem ambulakral Echinodermata adalah sebagai

berikut.
a. Air masuk melalui madreporit
b. Menuju saluran batu
c. Menuju saluran cincin, berputar searah jarum jam
d. Menuju saluran radial
e. Menuju saluran lateral yang bermuara ke ampula, kemudian
berkontraksi, sehingga Echinodermata dapat bergerak.
f. Kelompok Tiedman, merupakan tempat berkembangnya amebosit dan
alat keseimbangan.
g. Gelembung polian, merupakan tempat untuk mengatur tekanan air
didalam tubuh Echinodermata.

Filum

Sub filum

Klas
Carpoidea

Cystoidea

Pelmatozoa

Blastoidea

Edriasteroidea
Crinoidea

Echinodermata

Asteroidea

Ophiuroidea

Eleutherozoa

Echinoidea
Holothuroidea
Ophiocistioidea

Sub filum Pelmatozoa

Mulut & anus tdpt pd permukaan atas
Tubuh berada di dlm skeleton bentuk mangkukk atau calyx
Biasanya melekat dg tangkai aboral atau melekat pd
permukaan aboral

Sub filum Eleutherozoa

Mulut biasanya pd permukaan bawah
Tidak mpy tangkai

Class Asteroidea (sea stars)

Mainly carnivorous evert stomach to
carry out digestion without ingestion.
Locomotion mainly by tube feet- arms
move only slowly
Arms are short and thick, with coelomic
extensions containing digestive glands
and gonads

Class Asteroidea (sea stars)

Class Asteroidea (sea stars)

Asteroidea, cont.
Respiratory gas exchange via ciliated
dermal papillae and coelomic fluid.
Haemal (blood) system function not
understood.
Capable of extensive regeneration and
asexual reproduction in some classes

Class Asteroidea (sea stars)

A seastar
(Asterias)
opening a
bivalve

Class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)

Most diverse class of echinoderms~2,000 species.
Distinct central disc containing the organ
systems.
Five highly flexible arms, capable of rapid
movement by muscle action
No anus. Deposit, detritus, and
suspension feeders.

Class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)

Class Echinoidea (sea urchins, et al.)

Globular or flattened echinoderms without
arms
Complex 5-part jaw apparatus (Aristotles
Lantern)
Mainly grazers on algae, a few feed on
bryozoans or sponges.
Some species harvested as food (the roe is
eaten)

Aristotles Lantern 50 ossicles

Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

Endoskeleton reduced

Elongated, flexible body propelled by 3

of the 5 rows tube feet
Tube feet around mouth are enlarged
and branched to form feeding tentacles
that gather food and transfer to mouth.
Gut has branches for respiration, and
Cuverian threads for defense.

Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

Class Holothuroidea
sea cucumbers

Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

Class Crinoidea (crinoids)

exaggerated, branched arms used for
suspension feeding, oral side up

Globular body (calyx) partially encased in

skeletal plates
Feather stars (unstalked) and sea lilies (stalked,
attached).
Greatest diversity in Paleozoic, with secondary
radiation in Mesozoic after near-extinction

Class Crinoidea (crinoids)

Cyclonema on
Glyptocrinus
Commensal snail
that fed on crinoid
feces

Crinoid calyces from the Burlington limestone

M. C. Barnhart

M. C. Barnhart

M. C. Barnhart

M. C. Barnhart

Echinoderm diversity thru time

There are at least 15

described extinct classes
of Echinodermata
The Class Homoiostyelia
was world-wide in
distribution.
They had a flexible tail,
presumably for
locomotion, and an arm
for handling food.

Perbedaan kelas-kelas dari Filum Echinodermata: