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Resumen
La formacin territorial de Chile y Argentina comport el trazado de la lnea de divisin de ambos territorios en los Andes. En un contexto de conflictos y desacuerdos, se
pusieron en circulacin textos e imgenes que buscaron persuadir a diversas audiencias.
Este artculo examina el documento (Evidencia Argentina, 1900) presentado por Argentina
ante la corona britnica, que arbitrara para el establecimiento de una lnea fronteriza.
Al margen de la discusin en torno a la legitimidad de las pretensiones de ambos pases,
1. Este artculo forma parte del proyecto de investigacin Looking at ourselves through others eyes: foreign maps
and international networks in Argentinean cartographical institutions and early Argentinean maps, 1853-1955
desarrollado en la biblioteca de la American Geographical Society University of Madison (Milwaukee) con el apoyo
de una beca del McColl Research Program (2009). Agradezco la asistencia de Jovanka Ristic (AGSL) en la bsqueda
de materiales, y las lecturas y los comentarios que Perla Zusman, Chet van Duzer y Malena Mazzitelli Mastricchio
hicieron a versiones preliminares de este artculo. Tambin a Matthew Edney por la discusin que tuvimos sobre las
primeras hiptesis de este trabajo en Madison en febrero de 2009 y por la bibliografa que me facilit.
Carla Lois
Abstract: The evidence, the evident and the visible: visual devices in the
diplomatic argumentation about the Andes (1900) as a natural border
The territorial formation of Chili and Argentine involved the establishment of a line
along the Andes to separate the two territories. In a context of conflicts and discords, texts
and images were put in circulation in order to persuade both domestic and international
audiences. This article examines a document (Argentina Evidence, 1900) presented by
Argentine to the British crown, which had been chosen to arbitrate the border. Beyond
the discussion of the legitimacy of the claims of both countries, the focus here is on the
relations between the geographic arguments and the use of visual devices in processes of
territorial vindication. Specifically, the article analyzes the way in which texts, photographs
and maps formed a diplomatic document based on geographic arguments. The axes that
are explored are: arguments used by the Argentine delegation, visual sources used, and
ways of arranging those sources to support the territorial claims in diplomacy.
Key words: natural border, diplomacy, Argentine, Chili, visuality, maps,
photographs
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Detalle
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The examination already made of the rules of International Law governing this
subject has demonstrated that, according to the unanimous opinion of writers
before and after the Treaty of 1881 those countries which are separated by
mountains extend their rights of property along the entire slope facing them,
as far as the culminating line; that when those writers referred to the watershed,
they have done so in the sense of locating, within the crest, the precise points
through which the line crosses; that no one, absolutely no one, has spoken even incidentally of the continental divide; that still less have they insinuated that the
orographic boundary could be transformed into a hydrographic boundary, and
that it is the contrary to their views and doctrines, when dealing with a chain,
to abandon that chain and descend to distant plains in search of sources. It
is not necessary to revert to this point, although the Chilean Representative
insists upon it (p. 464).
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Lo interesante es que ese mapa no es utilizado slo para trazar la o las lneas
del lmite. En ese mapa se articulan las fotos de un modo original. Hay que empezar por decir que el ttulo y las referencias proponen esa articulacin: el ttulo
completo del mapa es South-Western Region of the Argentine Republic / showing the
different points from which Photographs reproduced in the Argentine Evidence have
been taken. Pero el mapa no ubica los puntos de toma de las fotos sino los arcos
que definen el campo visual de cada una de ellas. Luego hay que remarcar que los
arcos eluden las zonas en blanco inscritas como territorio inexplorado (fig. 3).
Figura 3
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Figura 5. Plate LX
Con esta red de imgenes se pretende construir la evidencia jurdica a partir de hechos geogrficos que seran evidentes o, lo que en este contexto es
igual, visibles.
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de la escala del campo de visin que ofrece una foto puede ser contrarrestada
a partir de la combinacin de varias fotos que, apoyadas en la maqueta cartogrfica, generan un escenario visual, mucho ms amplio, que prcticamente
recorre toda la Cordillera y pone ante la vista de quien quiera ver la evidente
barrera natural andina.
Figura 7
Bibliografa y fuentes
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