"FREE-WORD COMBINATIONS Lecture # 11 Grigoryeva M..

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1 FREE-WORD COMBINATIONS Lecture # 11 Grigoryeva M.
2 Word-groups Definition of a word-group and its basic features Structure of wor
d-groups Meaning of word-groups Motivation in word-groups
3 Word-Group the largest two-facet language unit consists of more than one word
studied in the syntagmatic level of analysis
4 Word-Group the degree of structural and semantic cohesion may vary at least, b
y means of, take place semantically and structurally inseparable a week ago, kin
d to people have greater semantic and structural independence
5 Free-Word Combination word-groups that have a greater semantic and structural
independence freely composed by the speaker in his speech according to his purpo
se
6 Features of Word-groups Lexical Valency Grammatical Valency
7 Lexical Valency (Collocability) The ability of a word to appear in various com
binations with other words, or lexical contexts question pressing / urgent/etc.,
question at issue, to raise a question, a question on the agenda
8 Lexical Valency (Collocability) words habitually collocated in speech make a c
lich to put forward a question

9 Lexical Valency (Collocability) lexical valency of correlated words in differe

nt languages is different flower garden flowers hot-house flowers
10 Lexical valency acquires special importance in case of polysemy as through th
e lexical valency different meanings of a polysemantic word can be distinguished
heavy table, book heavy snow, rain heavy drinker, eater heavy sorrow, sleep hea
vy industry
11 The range of the lexical valency of words is linguistically restricted by the
inner structure of the English word-stock Lift synonyms Raise Lift a question R
aise a question
12 Grammatical Valency The ability of a word to appear in specific grammatical s
tructures, or grammatical contexts the minimal grammatical context in which the
words are used when brought together to form a word-group is called the pattern
of the word-group
13 Grammatical Valency restricted by the part of speech an adjective + noun, inf
initive, prepositional group a kind man, kind to people, heavy to lift limited b
y the inner structure of the language to propose a plan to suggest a plan to pro
pose to do smth -

14 Grammatical Valency grammatical valency of correlated words in different lang

uages is different Enter the room - To influence __a person -
15 Classifications of word-groups according to the distribution according to the
head-word according to the syntactic pattern
16 Word-groups according to distribution endocentric central member functionally
equivalent to the whole word-group red flower ( I saw a red flower I saw a flow
er) exocentric the distribution of the whole word-group is different from either
of its components side by side, grow smaller, John runs

17 Word-groups according to the head word nominal groups red flower adjectival g
roups kind to people verbal groups to speak well
18 Word-groups according to the syntactic pattern predicative have a syntactic s
tructure similar to that of a sentence John went, he works non-predicative do no
t have a structure similar to a sentence red flower, running John
19 Non-predicative and endocentric word- groups coordinative elements of a wordgroup are coordinated with each other day and night, do or die subordinative one
member of a word-group is subordinated to the central element red flower, a man
of wisdom
20 Meaning of Word-Groups lexical meaning structural meaning
21 Lexical meaning the combined lexical meaning of the component words BUT the m
eaning of the word-group predominates over the lexical meanings of its component
s atomic weight, atomic warfare
22 Lexical meaning polysemantic words are used only in one of their meanings man
and wife, blind man stylistic reference of a word-group may be different from t
hat of its components old, boy, bags, fun old boy (), bags of fun
23 Structural meaning meaning conveyed by the arrangement of components of a wor
d-group school grammar grammar school
24 Structural meaning structural and lexical meanings are interdependent and ins
eparable all the sun long all the night long, all the week long (a unit of time)
25 Motivation in Word-groups lexically motivated The meaning of the group is ded
ucible from the meaning of its components red flower = red+flower Apple sauce = a s
auce made of apple lexically non- motivated red tape official bureaucratic methods
Apple sauce = nonsence
26 Motivation in Word-groups Non-motivated word-groups are called phraseological
units or idioms

27 Arrange word groups according to the degree of their motivation, starting wit
h the highest Ex: Gay bird-beautiful bird, blackbird beautiful bird, blackbird,
gay bird () Cold wind, cold feet, cold war Light hand, light supper, light artille
funk, blue skirt, blue fox Big cheese, Swiss cheese, white cheese Big boy, big
money, big talk Angry tone, high tone, mental tone