Welcome to the course

Welcome to this course, Thermodynamics in Energy Engineering. In this

course, we consider basic thermodynamic principles widely used in many
engineering fields.
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics and it is concerned with heat and
temperature and their relation to energy and work. So the main interest of
thermodynamics is energy, its flow and the transformation from one form to another
form. It predicts the equilibrium state and determines if the process is spontaneous
or consumes energy.
Thermodynamics tells you the change that can happen, but it does not tell you
that it will happen. In other words, thermodynamics tells you what it should be,
but it does not necessarily mean that it will be.
In this six-week course, we are talking about the three laws of thermodynamics that
govern the behavior of energy. Many thermodynamics functions and fundamental
physical properties that characterize the thermodynamic systems will be defined.
The usefulness of thermodynamic functions will be demonstrated in discussing the
laws of thermodynamics.
To get it started, lets introduce ourselves! It would be great if I could know what
you are interested in, what you would expect from this course.
Hanyang University

The week ahead

Welcome to Week 1 of the course. During this first week, we introduce the
first law of thermodynamics and derive the equations describing the first
law.
To demonstrate the usefulness of these equations and apply them to calculate
actual situations, the concept of heat capacities and their physical meaning are also
discussed.
Hanyang University

The first law- conservation of energy

This video highlights the first law of thermodynamics, the conservation of
energy.
The first law of thermodynamics is the energy principle. It states that the energy is
nether created or destroyed, thus conserved.

Glossary
Before getting into the world of thermodynamics, we need to understand
some basic notions and definitions.
System

The thermodynamic system is any portion of space or materials defined for

study. A system can be open or closed.
1. Open system: can exchange materials with surrounding
2. Closed system: does not exchange materials with surrounding
Isolated system: does not exchange materials and energy with
surrounding

Parameters

The parameters are either extensive or intensive depending on whether they

depend on the mass of the system.
1. Intensive parameters: the value does not depend on the volume(size)
of system.
ex) density, temperature, pressure etc.
2. Extensive parameters: depend on the size of system.
ex) volume, mass, energy, entropy etc.

Others
1. Adiabatic: No heat transfer bewettn system and surrounding
2. Diathermal: Heat can pass through

Energy balance equation for the closed system

As a mathematical interpretation on the first law, we can formulate the
conservation of energy concept into equations, called energy balance
equation.
The first and the most simple formulation is for the closed system, where there is no
material exchange with surroundings. In energy balance equation for the closed
system, the energy change of the system is described as the energy change of
internal energy, potential energy and the kinetic energy. For energies in transit (the

energies transferring between system and surrounding), only two types of energies
are involved: the heat and work.

Resisting pressure-vacuum
The pressure in mechanical work or P-V work
The magnitude of mechanical work or the P-V work is the force F, multiplied by the
displacement dx through which the system boundary moved
W=Fdx
F=PA
W=PAdx=PdV
Be careful! The pressure P here is the resisting pressure, NOT the system
pressure P.
If your system is a gas with pressure P, and it expands against vacuum by volume
V, work done by the system is ZERO since the resisting pressure is zero
W=PdV=0

Types of work
Besides mechanical work, there are several forms of work in
thermodynamic systems.

In Solid : generally
- Solids can support a certain shear stress
- In solids, atoms cannot move freely.
When the solid surface is under tension, surface can support some shear
stress without increasing the surface noticeably. And the atoms in bulk
cannot freely move to surface. This situation is related to surface tension.
Creating a new surface is related to surface energy.
Usually in liquids, ==
- Liquids cannot support shear stress
- In liquids, atoms move freely to surface and adopt a new

configuration.

For example, when the liquid surface is under tension, the atoms in bulk
will move to the surface creating new surface. Therefore, surface tension
is the same with the surface energy.

Example
We have a box which is adiabatic and closed. Pressure outside of box is
constant at P. Inside this box, water at 25 is contained in a cup located
at the bottom of box. A lead ball with mass m and temperature of 25 is
initially at a height of h in this box. The lead ball falls down to the bottom
of box. After this event, what might be the final temperature of water and
the lead ball?

Solutions
In this example, the potential energy is converted to other form, increasing the
energy of the system

Energy balance equation for the open system

In formulating the energy balance equation for the open system, we must
consider energy transfer involved with materials in transit.
The energy balance equation for the open system is thus summation of energy
balance equation for the closed system and energy transfer accompanied with
materials transferring across the system boundary. The energy involved with
materials in transit is the enthalpy, by definition.

Internal energy vs. Enthalpy

Now, we have two energy functions accompanied with materials: the
internal energy and Enthalpy. We could say that those two energy
functions are kind of inherent properties of materials. Then, what would
be the difference between internal energy and Enthalpy? What do you
think about it?

 Hanyang University, Yun Jung Lee

Heat capacity
In dealing with energy balance equations, we often need to calculate
energy change upon temperature change.
Heat capacity is the thermal energy required to change the temperature of a
material, thus so the heat change upon temperature change can be calculated by
integrating heat capacity over the range of temperature range. In the second week,
we will apply the energy balance equations to real problems and calculate the
energy difference between two states. In these kinds of calculation, heat capacities
are particularly required. Here, we introduce the concept of heat capacity and their
physical meaning in preparation for the second week.

Heat capacity of ideal gases

For ideal gases, the relationship between CCpp and CCvv is
CCpp - CCvv = RR
The ideal gases have specific heat capacities
monoatomic ideal gas CCvv = 3232 RR, CCpp = 5252 RR
diatomic ideal gas CCvv = 5252 RR, CCpp = 7272 R

T_ P dependence of heat capacity

Heat capacity
Temperature dependence of heat capacity
CCpp usually give as CCpp=aa+bTbT+cTcT22+dTdT22
When phase changes Heat capacity changes abruptly

 Pressure dependence of heat capacity

CCpp of ideal gas
For ideal gas, CCpp is indenepdne of pressure. Each molecule behaves
independently.
CCpp of solid
In most cases, CCpp is a function of temperature and not a function of
pressure, but at high pressire, CCpp is strongly dependent on pressure.

Violation of the first law of thermodynamics in movies

In the prologue of the movie Matrix, humans intentionally darken the
sky to cut off the robots source of solar power. But the robots (or
computers) harness the heat energy from the human body as their power
sources. For the continuous power supply, the computer recycles the
humans. The computer decomposes the dead bodies, obtains new
organics, and raises the new humans with those.

From the thermodynamics perspective, this cycle is a violation of the first law of
thermodynamics.
Can you explain it? What do you think?
Have you noticed more violations of the laws of thermodynamics in this movie or
other movies?
Hanyang University, Yun Jung Lee