2.

0 Literature review

There is no sign that the increase of CO 2 in atmosphera will stop anytime soon.
Depending on what projection you believe, the level will reach 560 ppm, which is double the
pre-Industrial Revolution value, sometime between year 2050 and 2100. (Jon M. Nese, 2002) As
the global warming is getting serious nowadays, it is important to take some action in order to
ameliorate the situation. One of the way is introduce zero CO 2 ride in USM. Although it need
some money and time to build and introduce various bicycle facilities for the convenience of
cyclers, the zero CO2 ride will bring more benefits than we can imagine.
2.1 Worldwide issues
The rises of temperature in response to the growth of greenhouse gases concentration in
the atmosphere means that the total increase in average temperature will continue increasing
until the Earths total energy budget reaches equilibrium. Both numerical simulations using
climate models, as well as paleoclimatic research and direct measurements show that in response
to doubling of the atmospheric CO2 concentration, which is equivalent to a radiative forcing of
4W/m2, the Earths surface will most probably warm up by about 3C.
Hence, there can be an increase of 3C average temperature when the carbon dioxide
concentration changes from the pre-industrial level of 280 ppm to 560 ppm. Subsequent
temperature increase by another 3C will require growth of CO2 concentration from 560 to 1120
ppm. (Cook,2016).

Figure 1 : Global surface temperature projections for IPCC Scenarios.

The above figure shows the global surface temperature projections for IPCC Scenarios.
Shading denotes the 1 standard deviation range of individual model annual averages. The
orange line is the constant CO2 concentrations at year 2000 values. The grey bars at right
indicate the best estimate (solid line within each bar) and the likely range. (Source: IPCC).
The increases in numbers of vehicle has worsen the situation. Many people chose to ride
rather than walk to their destinations.
2.2 Impacts of Co2
2.2.1 Global warming
Carbon dioxide is known to contribute to the greenhouse effect a phenomenon which
heat is trapped in the lower parts of the Earths atmosphere. Carbon dioxide lets visible sunlight

pass through it, but blocks some of the infrared heat rising up from sun-warmed land and oceans.
The more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the more heat is trapped, which causes global
warming
2.2.2 Extreme weather event
Numerous studies have been conducted over the past decade or so that allow evaluation
of the claim that CO2-induced global warming is increasing both the frequency and intensity of
various types of extreme weather events. (Craig D. Idso 2014). While experiencing some of
the hottest summers on record, some countries also has been experiencing colder than normal
winters. Scientists project that extreme weather events, such as heat waves, droughts, blizzards
and rainstorms will continue to occur more often and with greater intensity due to global
warming.
2.2.3 Rise of sea level
The rising temperature causes larger-scale melting of polar ice in the Arctic and Antarctic
region, coupled with melting ice sheets and glaciers across Greenland, North America, South
America, Europe and Asia, which raises sea levels significantly. Projected sea level rise could
flood the residence of millions of people living in the low lying areas of South, Southeast and
East Asia such as in Viet Nam, Bangladesh, India and China and 30 percent of coral reefs could
be lost in the next 10 years. The loss may be as high as 88 per cent in the next 30 years.
(UNFCC, 2010)

2.2.4 Shrinking of water supplies

In many areas, climate change is likely to increase water demand while shrinking water
supply. Freshwater resource along the coasts face risks from sea level rise. As the sea rises,
saltwater moves into freshwater area. (Shimelis Gebriye Setegn, 2015) The climate change will
cause the demand for water to increase while the supply of water shrinks. Climate change is
expected to increase rainfall in some areas, causing an increase in the sediment and pollutants
washed into drinking water supplies.

2.2.5 Reduction of food supply

The potential impacts of climate change on the food supply are complex. Impacts in the
tropical lowlands are expected to be mostly negative as the temperature tolerance of major crops
is exceeded. (Richard T. Corlett, 2014). The weather changes the growing conditions for food
crops in many areas. For example, it significantly reduces the yields of tomatoes, wheat, rice,
maize and sunflowers in California's Central Valley.

2.3 Benefits of zero CO2 ride

2.3.1 Reduce emission of CO2
Bike riding uses minimal fossil fuels and is a pollution-free mode of transport. Bikes
reduce the need to build, service and dispose of cars (Arundell, L, 2007). The encouragement of

using bicycle also will definitely reduce the emission of CO 2 as the number of vehicle will
decrease. There will be a great reduction in the amount of CO2 if majority of students cycles
2.3.2 Fresh environment
The science endorses the gut feeling that cycling has a low environmental impact,
compared to other modes of transport. Decreasing in the amount of CO 2 will bring us a fresh,
clean and unpolluted university environment, which is more suitable for students to study. It will
also reduce some health issues such as asthma among students.
2.3.3 Good for health
Cycling provide an important opportunity for physical activity which can reduce the risk
of chronic illness. (Ogilvie D, 2004). Cycling is mainly an aerobic activity, which means that
your heart, blood vessels and lungs all get a workout. You will breathe deeper, perspire and
experience increased body temperature, which will improve your overall fitness level.

2.3.4 Reduce traffic jam

There will never be enough roads built to accommodate the increase of vehicle. So we
will touch on one alternative form of transportation the bicycle. Bicycles increase mobility
while reducing congestion and the area of land paved over. Six bicycles can typically fit into the
road space used by one car. For parking, the advantage is even greater, with 20 bicycles
occupying the space required to park a car. (Lester R. Brown, 2009)

2.4 Designing bicycle facilities

Bicycle parking is an important part of a bicycle plan as it provides security for bicycle users
at their destinations. It must be fully protected from the weather, and enclosed in a secure space.
This includes lockers, storage rooms, or fenced areas with restricted access. Bicycle racks and
lockers must be well anchored to the ground to avoid vandalism (Todd Litman, 2016). A few
"Fixit" stands which include air pump for filling up tires and tools for basic repairs and
adjustments also needed at some strategic places.

book title

<The Philadelphia Area Weather Book> - Jon M. Nese

<Extreme Weather Events: Are they Influenced by Rising Atmospheric CO2?> - By Craig D.
Idso, Ph.D.
<Climate Change: Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation In Developing Countries> - UNFCC
< Sustainability of Integrated Water Resources Management: Water Governance, Climate and
Ecohydrology> - Shimelis Gebriye Setegn

<State of the Tropics 2014 report: Essay 2 The impacts of climate change in the Tropics> Richard T. Corlett
<Thinking on Two Wheels Cycling Conferences: The Cost of Cycling>- Arundell, L

<Promoting walking and cycling as an alternative to using cars: Systematic review> - Ogilvie D
<Plan B 4.0: Mobilizing to Save Civilization> - Lester R. Brown
<Pedestrian and Bicycle Planning: A Guide to Best Practices> - Todd Litman

References

Cook, J. (2016). If growth of CO2 concentration causes only logarithmic temperature increase why worry? Retrieved December 8, 2016, from http://www.skepticalscience.com/C02emissions-vs-Temperature-growth.html
Carbon

dioxide.

Retrieved

data.org/observ/ddc_co2.html

December

8,

2016,

from

http://www.ipcc-