Chapter 2

Periodic Table
Abdul-Wahab El-Rjoob

2011/2012

Periodic Table: The arrangement of

elements in order of increasing atomic
number, with elements having similar
.properties placed in vertical columns
* The horizontal rows of the periodic table are
periods.
* The vertical Columns are groups.

* Elements in the same group have similar physical

and chemical properties.

Periodicity

If the elements are arranged in order of increasing

atomic number, their chemical and physical
.properties show a repeating, or periodic pattern

Names of Some Groups in the Periodic Table

Groups
1A
2A
6A
7A
8A

Names
Elements
Alkali metals
Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
Alkaline earth metals Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
Chalcogens
O, S, Se, Te, Po
Halogens
F, Cl, Br, I, At
Noble gases
He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

.These five groups are known by their names

Abdul-Wahab El-Rjoob

Question 1) Which two of the following elements would

you expect to show the greatest similarities in chemical
?and physical properties: B, Na, F, Ne, P, Cs

Question 2) Which two of the following elements would

you expect to show the greatest similarities in chemical
?and physical properties: He, Ca, F, Si, P, Cs, Br

metalic elements (metals)

Except for hydrogen, all the elements on
the left side and in the middle of the
.periodic table are metals
The majority of elements are metallic; they
all share characteristic properties, such as
luster and high electrical and heat
.conductivity
All metals, with the exception of mercury
.(Hg), are solids at room temperature
Abdul-Wahab El-Rjoob

Nonmetalic elements (Nonmetals)

Nonmetals (C, N, P, O, S, Se, F, Cl, Br,

I, At, He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn, and H) are
on the right side of the periodic table
.(with the exception of H)
At room temperature some of the
nonmetals are gaseous, some are solid,
.and one is liquid
3

Nonmetals are generally differ from

the metals in appearance and in other
.physical properties
Abdul-Wahab El-Rjoob

Metalloids
Metalloids (B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, and Te) are the
elements that lie along the diagonal line separating
the metals from the nonmetals in the periodic table;
the properties of metalloids are intermediate
.between those of metals and nonmetals

Metalloids border the stair-step line that

runs from boron (B) to astatine(At) with
.the exception of Al, Po, and At
Question 3) Locate Li, F, and Si on the periodic
table. Give the atomic number of each, and label
.each a metal, metalloid, or nonmetal

Ions and Ionic compounds

Ions
When atoms lose or gain electrons, they
.become ions

If a neutral atom loses one or more

.electrons it becomes a cation
Cations are positive and are formed by
.elements on the left side of the periodic chart
Abdul-Wahab El-Rjoob

If a neutral atom gains one or more

.electrons it becomes an anion
Anions are negative and are formed by
.elements on the right side of the periodic chart

Abdul-Wahab El-Rjoob

In general, metal atoms tend to lose

electrons to form cations, whereas nonmetal
.atoms tend to gain electrons to form anions
Symbols of Elements

Example 1: Give the chemical symbol, including

mass number, for each of the following ions:
(a)
The ion with 22 protons, 26 neutrons, and 19
.electrons
the ion of sulfur that has 16 neutrons and 18 (b)
.electrons
-

Answers: (a)

48

Ti3+

(b)

32 2

Example 2: How many protons, neutrons, and

?electrons does the 79Se2- ion possess
Answer : from the periodic table, atomic number
of Se is 34, so 34 protons, 45 neutrons (79 - 34 =
.45), and 36 electrons (34 + 2 = 36)
Abdul-Wahab El-Rjoob

:Example 3

How many protons and electrons are in

78
-2 ?
Se
34

:xample 2

Answer : 34 protons, 36 (34 + 2) electrons, and 44

.(78 34 = 44) neutrons

Example 4:
27 +3
Al in
?How many protons and electrons
13are

Answer :13 protons, 10 (13 3) electrons, and 14

neutrons.

:Question 1
79
?How many protons and electrons
Se-2in
34 are

Answer : ? protons,

? electrons, and

? neutrons

An ion is an atom, or group of atoms, that

.has a net positive or negative charge
A monatomic ion contains only one atom -

Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, O2-, Al3+, N3

A polyatomic ion contains more than one atom
OH-, CN-, NH4+, NO3
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Predicting Ionic Charges

Example 1: Predict the charge expected for the
most stable ion of (a) calcium and (b) sulfur.

-Answer: (a) 2+ (b) 2

Question 1: Predict the charge expected for the
most stable ion of (a) aluminum and (b) chlorine.
Abdul-Wahab El-Rjoob

Ionic compounds
Ionic compounds (such as NaCl) are generally
.formed between metals and nonmetals
Molecular compounds are generally composed
.of nonmetals only, as in H2O

Example 1: Which of the following compounds

would you expect to be ionic: H2O, MgCl2, N2O,
?SF4, Al2O3, Mg3N2
.Answer: MgCl2, Al2O3 and Mg3N2

Example 2: Which of the following compounds

?are molecular: PbF2, CF4, FeS, P4O6, KCl
.Answer: CF4 and P4O6

Formulas of Ionic Compounds

Because compounds are electrically neutral,

one can determine the formula of a compound
this way:

The charge on the cation becomes the

subscript on the anion.
The charge on the anion becomes the
subscript on the cation.
If these subscripts are not in the lowest

whole-number ratio, divide them by the

greatest common factor (MgO and CaO).
Abdul-Wahab El-Rjoob

x +3 = +6 2

x -2 = -6 3

Al3 Al2O3 -O2

x +1 = +2 2

x -2 = -2 1

Na2CO
- 3
2
+
CO
Na
3
Abdul-Wahab El-Rjoob

Question 1) What are the empirical formulas of the

compounds formed by the ions of
a) Al3+ and Cl
b) Al3+ and O2

c) Fe3 and CO 2
3
d ) Na and PO3
4
e) Zn2 and SO 2
4

(f Mg 2 and NO

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