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  • Indian Arrival 2007

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    Kumar Mahabir
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    Indian indentureship on cocoa, coconut and rubber plantations in Trinidad It is not well known today that South Asian/East Indian immigrants were indentured on estates other than sugarcane plantations. When the price of sugar in the world market fell in the mid-1880s, cocoa, coconut and rubber became alternative crops cultivated for export. Cocoa surpassed sugar as the most valuable export crop in Trinidad during, and just after Indentureship, and Indians were at the forefront of this agricultural enterprise. Indians worked in cocoa estates in Diego Martin, Lopinot, Sangre Grande, Grand Couva, Oropouche, Siparia, Fyzabad and Avocat. In 1920, cocoa beans made up about 43 percent of the British colony’s total export. From World War 1 (1914-1918) until 1921, copra [from coconut] prices rose rapidly and production doubled with the additional labour of Indians. They worked on coconut estates in Cocal and Ortoire along the Manzanilla-Mayaro Road, and Cedros and Icacos in the south-west peninsula of the island. A few hundred Indians were also indentured on rubber estates in Trinidad, and perhaps Guyana. As early as 1910, about 3000 acres of land were grown with Castilloa rubber mainly in Rio Claro. Later, the Para [Hevea Brasiliensis] variety was cultivated in Talparo, Ecclesville, Phoenix, Guayabe, Vessigny, Biche, Matura and Sangre Grande.

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    Indian indentureship on cocoa, coconut and rubber plantations in Trinidad It is not well known today that South Asian/East Indian immigrants were indentured on estates other than sugarcane plantations. When the price of sugar in the world market fell in the mid-1880s, cocoa, coconut and rubber became alternative crops cultivated for export. Cocoa surpassed sugar as the most valuable export crop in Trinidad during, and just after Indentureship, and Indians were at the forefront of this agricultural enterprise. Indians worked in cocoa estates in Diego Martin, Lopinot, Sangre Grande, Grand Couva, Oropouche, Siparia, Fyzabad and Avocat. In 1920, cocoa beans made up about 43 percent of the British colony’s total export. From World War 1 (1914-1918) until 1921, copra [from coconut] prices rose rapidly and production doubled with the additional labour of Indians. They worked on coconut estates in Cocal and Ortoire along the Manzanilla-Mayaro Road, and Cedros and Icacos in the south-west peninsula of the island. A few hundred Indians were also indentured on rubber estates in Trinidad, and perhaps Guyana. As early as 1910, about 3000 acres of land were grown with Castilloa rubber mainly in Rio Claro. Later, the Para [Hevea Brasiliensis] variety was cultivated in Talparo, Ecclesville, Phoenix, Guayabe, Vessigny, Biche, Matura and Sangre Grande.

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    555 просмотров84 страницы

    Indian Arrival 2007

    Загружено:

    Kumar Mahabir
    Indian indentureship on cocoa, coconut and rubber plantations in Trinidad It is not well known today that South Asian/East Indian immigrants were indentured on estates other than sugarcane plantations. When the price of sugar in the world market fell in the mid-1880s, cocoa, coconut and rubber became alternative crops cultivated for export. Cocoa surpassed sugar as the most valuable export crop in Trinidad during, and just after Indentureship, and Indians were at the forefront of this agricultural enterprise. Indians worked in cocoa estates in Diego Martin, Lopinot, Sangre Grande, Grand Couva, Oropouche, Siparia, Fyzabad and Avocat. In 1920, cocoa beans made up about 43 percent of the British colony’s total export. From World War 1 (1914-1918) until 1921, copra [from coconut] prices rose rapidly and production doubled with the additional labour of Indians. They worked on coconut estates in Cocal and Ortoire along the Manzanilla-Mayaro Road, and Cedros and Icacos in the south-west peninsula of the island. A few hundred Indians were also indentured on rubber estates in Trinidad, and perhaps Guyana. As early as 1910, about 3000 acres of land were grown with Castilloa rubber mainly in Rio Claro. Later, the Para [Hevea Brasiliensis] variety was cultivated in Talparo, Ecclesville, Phoenix, Guayabe, Vessigny, Biche, Matura and Sangre Grande.

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    l do-Caribbean Cultural Council 2007 _Indo-Caribbean Cultural Council 2007 Indo: Sal Cs sk site int on Node tek (ae) 67253299940 Fx: (68 6725880 Email ntrac@earbink Trinidad and Tobago (On May 30th 1845, the Fate! Rozak docked in the Port of Spain harbour in Trinidad and Tobago with 225 adult passengers on board, They were immi who had come to the British colony to work in the sugarcane plantations after the abolition of African slavery. They had spent 103 days at sea during the long and dangerous journey that spanned 14,000 miles (36,000 km). The immi contracted to work for five to ten years in the sugarcane estates in a system that ended in 1917. rants from India A total of 147,596 Indians came to Trinidad over this 70-year period. Although they were promised a free return passage back home, at least 75 percent of them stayed and settled in the New World. In many ways, they brought India to the Caribbean, They continued with their traditions of Hinduism and Islam, and eventually transformed Trinidad into a colourful cosmopolitan society Descendants of these Indian immigrants, who now comprise about half of the multi- ethnic society of the island (1.3 million), commemorate the arrival of their ancestors to thes music, dances and plays in communal as well as public spaces. The spirit of the day is invoked at various beaches with the re-enactment of the landing of the first boat-load shores annually. The commemoration takes the form of prayers, speeches, songs, of “pioneers” who gave birth to the Indian community in Trinidad. The historic day has been proclaimed a national holiday since 1994. ISSN 1683-4143 Volume 8, Number | Consultants: Seunarine Persad and Motilal Mohan Research assistants: Theophilius Ramkissoon, Rajan Seemungal and Ronald Bhola Contributing writers: Mariesa Arjoon and Josanne Dabie Photographer: Dr Kumar Mahabir Cover and page design: Preddie Par Associate editor: Dr Roop Misir Editor-in-Chief and Chairman: Dr Kumar Mahabir Marketing: Mera Heeralal and Kamsha Maharaj Indo-Caribb al Couneil (ICC) 10 Swami Avenue, Don Miguel Road San Juan, Trinidad and Tobago West Indies Tel: (868) 674-6008 Tel/fax: (868) 675-7707 ahab@istt.net.tt, es.com/ice tt E-mail: dmahabir@gmail.com, Website: htip://www.geocit 1007. All rights reserved. No part of this magazine may be reproduced Copyright © ICC in any form whatsoever without the written permission of the Chairman of ICC Indian indentureship on cocoa, coconut and rubber plantations in Trinidad (1845-1917) Editorial by Dr: Kumar Mahabir It's not widely known today that East Indian immigrants were also indentured on plantations other than sugareane in the Caribbean. With the falling price of sugar in the world market in the mid-1880s, the French- and English-speakin ‘countries faced a crisis, Though sugarcane remained the main export, the larger colonies tried to divert their agricultural investments away from this traditional crop. In Jamaica, the cultivation of bananas began; in British Guiana, rice was planted; and in Trinidad cocoa, coconut and rubber were cultivated as altemative erops for export. 1n was sugarcane that brought East Indians’South Asians to the New World. After the abolition of African slavery in the Caribbean, Indians came as substitute labourers to work in the same sugarcane plantations. Beginning in 1838, they were imported to work in British, French and Dutch colonies under a semi-slave contract system known as indentureship. They were contracted for five to ten years to work in the sugarcane estates with the promise of a free return passage back home. But at least 75 percent of them stayed and made New World colonies their home. By the time indentureship ended in 1917, about 400,000 Indians had come to Trinidad, Guiana/Guyana, Jamaica, Guadeloupe, Martinique and other Caribbean islands, Cocoa became the most valuable export crop in Trinidad, and even surpassed sugarcane during, and just after Indentureship (1845-1917). Indians were at the foreffont of this agricultural enterprise as indentured labourers, but ‘more so, as free Indians in the role as contractors and small proprietors during Indentureship. As bonded labourers. Indians worked on cocoa estates in Diego Martin, Maracas, Lopinot, Arima, Sangre Grande, Grand Couva, Oropouche Siparia, Avocat, Mon Desir, Fyzabad, Chatam and Coromandel. By 1910, there were 2,757 indentureds and 13.516 unindentureds on 80 cocoa estates in Trinidad. Some immigrants aevepted land in Trinidad in exchange for their agreed return passage to India. As free Indians, som. of them also rented land to grow cocoa in Sangre Grande, Calcutta, Brothers Road, Poole Village, Hindustan, Fyzabad ind Roussillae, Other free Indians bought Crown lands from the Government. It was estimated that in 1891, about 500 Indians owned small eocoa estates in Trinidad. By 1920, Indians owned $8,078 acres in eocoa compared 10 13,010 in sugareane. These figures also mean that Indians owned about one-fifth ofthe total cultivated lands in the colony Bonded and free Indians (sometimes with free Africans and Venezuelan panyols/peons). worked on all phases of coco production. They cleared the land, planted cocoa, cut weeds, and pruned [“chee-pon-ch"] the grown trees. They picked the ripe pods with arod, gathered fallen pods, and carried them to make a heap. Skilled workers opened the pods, while ‘mainly women scooped out the seeds from the shell. After fermentation and drying, they gathered the beans in the shape of a wide heap to “dance the cocoa,” Finally, beans were bagged for shipment overseas. Indians were also indentured on coconut estates on the coasts of Cocal and Ortoite along the Manzanilla-Mayaro Road, and Coromandel and leacos on the south-west peninsula of Cedros, In 1891, it was reported that 46 Indians were indentured on Constance estate in Cedros. Historian Walton Look Lai states that by 1910, 137 indentured and 150 free Indians were employed on three coconut estates, Historical evidence also confirms that free Indians also owned coconut estates during indentureship. Both indentured and free Indians performed the tasks of planting the fruits, climbin; the trees, picking the nuts, collecting them on the ground, and transporting them in carts to a common collection site Skilled workers cracked open the shell with three precise chops of a cutlass to extract copra, Woman often prised out the hard kernel from the shell with a copra-knife. Sometimes, they ripped apart the fibrous husk to extract the whole nut Which was sold locally and abroad to housewives, cooks and bakers. Some Indians also worked in the drying houses, Scores of Indians were also indentured on rubber estates in Trinidad (and perhaps Guyana) during indenturship (1845: 1917), As early as 1910, about 3000 acres of land were cultivated with Castilloa rubber mainly in Rio Claro, Later, the Para [Hevea Brasiliensis] variety was cultivated in Talparo, Ecclesville, Phoenix, Waiyabi, Vessigny, Biche, Matura and Sangre Grande, Workers went to the fields before day-break to begin tapping rubber trees. After they made incisions on the bark, they placed a tin cup atthe bottom of the trickling grooves to collect the latex. They kept the cup in place with an aluminum spout (“drip-tin") located at the top and bottom, About two to four hours later, tappers returned to collect fhe “milk,” poured it into a bucket, and carried itto the factory, Men and women were each expected to tap about 250 trees in a day. TTC aces eam Cou! suadia szaretet ure atta eda Message form the Indian High Commissioner High Commission of India P.O. Box 530 Port of Spain, Trinidad & Tobago, W.L Jam delighted to learn that on the oceasion of celebration of 162 years of Indian Arrival Dy ‘on 30th May 2007, Indo-Caribbean Cultural Council is publishing a magazine. The theme of indian Indentureship in the cocoa, coconut and rubber plantations in this year’s edition is, Trinidad (1845-1917) have leamed that the large Indian community, who came as indentured labourers, were able to adapt themselves to undertaking in work in plantation of other agricultural products besides the sugarcane plantation, Their entrepreneurial skills were attributed to not only their own well being, but also to the development of their adopted country, Trinidad and Tobago. The contribution made by them, along with their Afro-Trinidadian counterparts, has truly established them in Trinidad and Tobago. Their achievements were further established due to the fact that the Indian community was able to adapt to a new environment and conditions due to their rich cultural heritage. The opportunities exist in today’s Trinidad and Tobago for the Indian community to achieve further prosperity. ne, and congratulate the On this happy occasion, I extend greetings to all readers of the mags il | information to all Indo-Cultural Council for producing the magazine, which provides use its readers, Jagjit Singh Sapra High Commissioner Decorating has never been easie Choose the colour you love fire and let MatchRite create your col - or building would look tke pained Wonderi Juse bin No more wasting time and money! Kaleidoscope technology at your fingertips. su ©) fal MatchRite’ Home Visualiser Colour Matching Systems Paint My Home Pee Ory ta nes ne fa] Message form the British High Commissioner 19 St. Clair Avenue, Port of Spain, Trinidad & Tobago, W.L On behalf of Her Majesty's Government, I am pleased to extend greetings and best wishes to all the people of Trinidad and Tobago as they celebrate Indian Arrival Day. Like the modern United Kingdom, one of Trinidad and Tobago’s greatest assets is the great diversity of its people. | welcome any celebration that leads to a greater understanding of, and respect for, this diversity. As we have come to recognise in the United Kingdom, harnessing diversity inapositivemannerenrichesourlivesandhelpstobuildahealthy and prosperous society On a more sombre note, I believe it is important to remember the hardships endured by those arriving here, under both slavery and indentured labour. This ye: commemorate the 200th anniversary of the abolition of slavery, and pay our respects to those who suffered the tragedy of both the slave id indentured labour. ly, slavery still exists in many modern-day forms, and it is crucial, the that we look forward to its elimination at all times. We must work together and take whatever steps are necessary to eradicate the evils of slavery once and for all With all good wishes for a suei ful and enjoyable Indian Arrival Day 2007 Sap Erie Jenkinson OBE, High Commissioner Pat Ps In the early years of indentureship, but especially after the sugar crisis of the 1880s, bonded Indians would abscond for several days from the sugarcane estates to work as labourers for higher wages in cocoa plantations. Often, they would run away early to work on their own cocoa plots which they owned either individually or cooperatively. “More indentureds in Guiana/Guyana Trinidad broke their five-year contracts and escaped in search of illegal freedom. Throughout indentureship (1845-1917), a large number of disenchanted or ambitious Indians in Trinidad escaped to nearby Venezuela. Historian Walton Look Lai unearthed data indicating that between’ 1897 and 1920 free Indians were also migrating to Guyana and Grenada to work in the gold mines. and cocoa estates. ate with the people of Trinidad and Tobago ot Indian Ar vival« ‘Day Cocoa surpassed sugar as the more valuable export rop in Trinidad during, and just after Indentureship (1845-1917), and Indians were among the pioneers inthis agricultural enterprise. They worked on cocoa estates in Diego Martin, Lopinot, Sangre Grande, Grand Couva, Oropouche, Siparia, Fyzabad and _Avocat. Cocoa cultivation expanded from 1880 to 1920. In 1920, cocoa made up about 43 percent of the colony's total export. Cocoa grew to become the golden bean, while sugar tumed into a dark crystal. Labourers were indentured on large cocoa estates, while free Indians rented forested lands to plant cocoa trees. Some of them entered into a share-cropping agreement with large landowners, while others eventually became independent plantation o1 sMALL BUSINESSES, DO YOU COPY (else ail SAVINGS WITH e Canon 019 J COPIER Now you don't have to choose between affordability and quality. = Get the high performance of a Canon Copier at an unbelievably low price! +19 PAGES PER MINUTE 9 | | “ENLARGEMENT 50% - 200% * AUTOMATIC TRAYLESS DUPLEXING § a tick + ACCOMMODATES LETTER AND LEGAL SIZED PAPER VATinctusive. While stocks last. saad ne | RETAIL DIVISION SMART TECHNOLOGY. SMART SECURITY. 34 Richmond St, Port of Spain + Tel:625-1041-4 » Fax:625-0086 + 23 Cipero St, San Fernando + Tels657-3416 » Fox: 657-3417 | www.mbm-tt.net + e-mail: mbmsales@ansamcal.com Indentureship began at a time when the rate of squatting on Crown lands was increasing in the 1850s and 60s. Indian and other full advantage of this illegal fre hows a worker with a rod picking ripe coco’ pods growing from the trunk and branches. The 10 to 12 feet [3 to 3.6 metres] long rod from Laparose or Chinese bamboo which is cut three days after the full moon. Itis dried for a day and then “roasted” over a fire to give it a straight shape. One end of the rod is fitted into a peculiar “cocoa knife” [gullet], which has a sharp blade at the top for cutting, and another blade like an open thumb for hooking From Shore to Shore For many weeks they travelled, Ce leaving the home they knew Cee EE cee See aed Rt Neen aes Reels UL a RW 1) ‘the rest of Trinidad and Tobago in commemorating Indian Arrival Day Indentured Indians worked as labourers on ‘ocoa plantations in Montserrat, Chatam and Coromandel. Twenty-five Indians from the first Indian immigrant ship in 1845 were indentured at La Reconnaisance cocoa estate in Lopinot. In 1863 some were indentured on Mount Pleasant and Verdant Vale in Arima. In 1876, 45 bonded Indians were among the labourersin Maracas Bay, Mon Desir and San Antonio, By 1910, there were 2,757 indentureds and 13, 516 unindentures ‘on 80 cocoa estates in Trinidad. However, most, Indians contributed to cocoa cultivation not as bonded labourers but as free Indians in their role as contractors and small proprietors during indentureship. Image shows worker with his bag (jori”) collecting cocoa pods picked with a knife atop a rod. During indentureship in Trinidad, some free Indi ‘owned substantial cocoa holdings. Boodhoosingh ‘owned Patna, and Timothy Sirju owned Nelson’ Estate in La Brea. Madoo was the landlord of Prospect in Upper Caroni; and Gookool, the proprietor of Diamond Estate in Diego Martin Other well-known landlords were Roodal of Siparia; Bunsee Partap of Oropouche; and Soodeens Mahabir and Samlalsingh. These and other free Indian proprietors owned and worked some of the 700 small, medium and large cocoa estates in 1910. Image shows one worker “cracking” open. pods in the field with the skilful use of a cutlass. ‘Another worker scoops out the seeds to take to the fermentation house. The pods are discarded after the beans have been extracted, yer SWMCOL be eno Rarer Maite eaten te A) Re NU ean Pee mets een ro Reet nana 1 Piresimeueeet cing ie Committed to environmental protection Pe A CE Meri) 9 Peel Portable Chemical Toilets ST et ala Special Waste Management EET MS tele laa matt ollie Consultancy & Technical Ba Environmental Audits & uy ‘Rehabilitation, Operation & ET TET lt ed ee) MTT yvyyvy y¥ 7 M7 CO ee ee ee Ta eee cee Ce eee ee eo a em ea cd Ce eet et aan neon Phone: (868) 627-1717, Fax: (868) 623-9433 ee ee Following Africans and peons, some free Indians Signed a contract with large landowners from the 1870s during indentureship. The contract allowed Indians access to acres of forest to cut bushes: to plant cocoa. On completion, they surrendered occupancy of the land, but received 15 to 25 “Cents for each bearing cocoa tree. Image shows _ a worker using banana leaves to cover-and protect the beans from the sun or rain. At the end: of the day, the beans would be transported from the field to the fermentation box, hut or house. Up to the 1960s, beans were carried in liana baskets by labourers, mules or donkeys. Today, beans are often transported by labourers, and sometimes on a Land Rover jeep. + 120 Montrose Main Road, Chaguanas Tel: 665-8040 * 1460 Midland Avenue, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada Tel: (416) 288-4585 + Cor Edward & Duke Sts, Port of Spain Tel: 6239269 + 140A Quamina Stet, South Cummingsburg, Georgetown, Guyana Tel: (592) 223.7276 + Caton Cente, Son Fernando Tel: 653-8388 + 4483 Noth Stote Road 7, Lauderdale Lakes, Forde U.S.A. Tel: (954) 484-7299 + SH Woodford St, Arima Tel: 667-4050 + 12413 liberty Avenue, South Richmond kill New York 11419, USA Tel (718) 323-1761 Y TR ELLE FOR O\ Cocoa farming grew to rival sugar cultivation in importance in the 1890s. It was estimated that in 1891, about 500 Indians owned small cocoa estates in Trinidad, By 1920, Indians ‘owned 58,078 acres in cocoa compared to 13,010 in sugarcane. The average size of ‘individual holdings ranged from 5 to 20 acres , ie Indians owning lar comprising of about 700 acres. Image shows worker shoveling fresh cocoa beans into a measuring box. Workers are still paid by the box or basket of harvested beans. They carry the wooden box by its two hand! the awaiting donkey, mule or jeep that would transport it to the fermentation house. Most small-holders often lived under their cocoa drying house on the estates duri 9 Indentureship. Image shows a worker on the open tray of a cocoa house with a sliding roof. After fermentation, the beans are taken in baskets to cocoa houses. Bags are not good _substitutes because the fermented beans steam in heat. The beans are spread out.on the tray and vapour rises in the air, Instead of using artificial heat, the beans are dried in the sun to enhance the original flavour cf the cocoa. The beans are constantly turned with a wooden shovel and hoe ("r 10") during the six- day drying process. Metal implements would damage the beans and they would rot quickly from the acidic pulp residue. SO an < A Jamieson: laboratories, 1922) e Reduces Cholesterol ¢ Prevents)Plaque Bui =. Biocomplexe ‘oméga 3-6-9 complet ee epg Image shows a worker turning the beans to retain just a fraction of their moisture content (& 3%). Workers also have to regularly scrape off scraps. of pulp (‘gum’) that stick on the floor of the tray of the cocoa drying house. They also sit on a peerhaa [low bench] to pick out unwanted bits Of leaves, pods, sticks, “guts,” etc. After drying, the beans are finally gathered in a wide heap and “danced.” Workers shuffle their bare feet on top of the heap, treading round and round in a widening circle. Others shovel the beans back into the flat mound. While dancing, water, lemon juice and oil are sprinkled on the beans to give a golden shine and prevent mildew during shipment overseas Cocoa.and Indian indentured labour S Paes LLL) Ung, c “king the tums ¥ 20 years ago, on February 13th, 1987, the School of Business and Computer Science (SBCS) began playing a pivotal role in the transformation of our country’s human resource into its most valuable natural resource, through education and training, Since 1987, we have helped thousands of graduates begin exciting new careers, through our customer-focused delivery of globally recognized and industry-relevant programmes. ‘BCS, in recognition of this milestone, wishes to thank our students, graduates, corporate clients, staff, and most importantly, our academic partners, in contributing to the growth and continuing success of SBCS!!! Our affiliated Universities & Professional Bodies abe) Geass. OS Ey QEe- Gari @ Se ACCA BE © fm @ SeTEC Gwe oink wv Through various legitimate means, Indians tablished new, or bought existing cocoa estates during indentureship. Itw. a free Indian, had established many fine cocoa re Grande. In 1894, indenture that K Séveral houses and other small his cocoa estates, he would like to find at at $65,000. He employs many coolie contractors Image shows the wooden built by a cocoa magnate. Many of the workers in Stollmeyer's estate are descendants of Indian indentured labourers, still live in inthe oa drying OY Oy NATIONAL amy oi TEST ‘Some immigrants accepted land in Trinidad in exchange for theiragreed retum passage to India ‘Some free Indians bought Crown lands from the Government averaging from 4 to 20 hectacre: each. These new peasants turned some of the virgin forest into prosperous cocoa holdings. In _the prosperous years from 1880 to 1920, some Peasants sold their small plots to a large cocoa’ planter, fetching up to 10 shillings per bearing tree plus the value of the land, Often, they would buy new land and repeat the process. Image shows the “pay house” in Stollmeyer's cocoa estate in Santa Cruz. In the 1900s, as many as 200 workers would assemble for their fortnightly wages at the station. The process took almost a day. Be he Your financial security cannot Wait until tomorrow AL CAME we (coger prompt action fs oo / management. Our Mert adisors use ther krow ga and global reach to help you achieve your goa So call us now or kop in, safe in the knowl you in good ands. ! MMB: : Intelligent investing ‘CMMB Services ‘CMM offices Liquidity Management Barbados (240) 426 020) Capital Market Services St Lucia (758) 450 286. (600) 450 2652 Asset Management “ndariand Tobago (6) 623 7815 a (6G)65S 6857 Private Cliont Services The fermentation process in the “sweat box” melts the pulp that naturally sticks to the beans. The melted pulp (“juice”) trickles through slits ‘on the cedar floor of the ‘sweat box.” The beans are usually placed in two boxes where they rest for three days each. The beans have (0 Be turned regularly with a wooden shovel tc expose alll sides equally to the air and heat The beans gradually enlarge in size, turn from beige to purple, and evoke a peculiar aroma which permeates the air. After fermentation, the beans are taken to a cocoa house and spread out to dry in the sun for several days. Image shows a ‘cocoa drying house with unusually short stilts on. Stollmeyer’s estate in Santa Cruz. 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Die rakes Carniveal| PEA MAP LAAL Wee G Tea ae MUTE TES Fastest 2.7. 6a 20k ens c2ONEnge “aise «8 Seas Aas 1 ay Pome Fly Lode “pate rs wee gt ratdusahotmalcom BCMA eT The Coat isa wor-wide phenomenon mpresing in every marke to ‘which nas been introduced. ofers remarkable squpment ists and ‘super levels of contort Features Iu: Dus mags +A Cron + GO Payer P00 fiaay ‘Coa Locking «Por Widows 4 Whol Dic Bas » ABS ‘Fly Loaded 15" Alyn mot Artenn pte) + Sumoaepten) «TCS eon) ‘WEBSITE: Eee S SOUTHERN SALES alt: = halgbinssouthemsaest.com, ‘ferdimandssoutersaesttcom | Pat ofSpain | San feraeds & SERVICE CO. LTD. ene nas, Teka S64 | a 65495612486 9551 With every journey there is new hope. we Mau, 30th ian Arrival Day i dé Nikis the latest thing | in convenience... Pay your internet, land line, cable and cellular bills at over 500 of our locations nationwide... ET Flow Just stop anywhere you see the VIA sign phat td Pay your bills or top-up your phone, collect your receipt And you’re done, It’s that easy! | a © companion yea INGBICON y ‘Oht= culture scill burns at ara Oe INS raat Day Shs 7 eee wa Ae) eS o~ Beer cates S Celebrating 162 Years of Indian Arrival” 6 is essential for car evolation that we anderstand and toke pride in our heritage, The legacy bequeathed te ue by cur oncesters is all encompassing, one that embraces every facet of lites. from the deepest anguish to cublime cpiritusl joy. Let ue honour our roots and cherish the richness of the Indian Arrival experience ag we weave it into our own inner journey to celf-reslication. Greetings to all on the auspicious occasion of Indian Arrival Day. weve ” SUNSWEET aan x Sunsweetis the world’s largest handler of dried tree fruits: prunes. apricots. peaches, pears and apples. Sunsweet is so natural and healthy “You've never tasted a plum like this before te of Sunsweet - It’ a great way to start your day, Available at all leading supermarkets. Distributed by: ADCO AP». It is so good... Enjoy a healthy new day... the delicious Yoplait® way! 7% mm The Only Leading Yogurt With Vitamin D In Every Cup. Vitamin D may reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures in eldely Most women are not aware ofthe importance of vitamin D in their daily diets and its benefit to bone health Vitamin © is aft soluble vitamin that is found in food and ean also be made in the body ater exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun However most of the time, the majority of our skin is covered up by clothes, which prevents our bodies from making a sufficient amount of Vitamin D, The major biologic function of vitamin D is to maintain normal blood levels of calcium and phosphorus. By promoting calcium absorption, vitamin D helps to form and maintain strong bones, Vitamin D also works in tune with a number of other vitamins, minerals, and hormones to ization, Without vitamin D, bones can become pen. Vitamin D sufficiency prevents rickets in skeletal diseases that childten and osteomalacia in adulls, two form weaken bones. According to The Office of Dietary Supplements itis estimated that aver 5 million adults in the Urited States have, or are at risk of developing, osteaporosis. Osteoporosis is a disease characterized hy fragile bones, nd it significantly increases the isk of bone ftactures, Osteoporosis is mos often associated with inadequate calcium intake, However, a deficiency of vitamin D also contibutes to osteoporosis by reducing alcium absorption ". Adequate storage levels of vitamin D help keep bones stong ane may help prevent osteoporosis in older adults hows that vitamin D deficiency, which is often seen in ausal women and the elderly, has been associated with aclures. In a review of women with osteoporosis hospitalized for hip fractuees, 50 percent were found to have signs of vitamin D deficiency. Daily supplementation with 20g (800 IU) of oc HA oS populations with low blood levels of vitamin D. A Decalyos study amin D supplementation ina group of elderly women who were able to walk indoors with a cane or walker. The women were studied for two years, and results suggested that such supplementation could reduce the risk of hip fractures inthis population All women are encouraged to consult with a physician about their need for vitamin D supplementation as part of an overall plan to prevent andor treat osteoporosis 1. Heaney RP. Lang ateney deficiency dense nights om acum and vain. 789129 2. Chapa ME, Pampile R Paris Ken Schiching Anas, Camere avi Cai cla nd viunin DI stplementaton ney worn conan of veal of scandy hypeprtids nd hipaa risk he Deco say Osos it 2001325764, ‘ice excerpts taken fom the Bring elegance and warmth to your home. ye f 628 7931 © 628 1307 © 657 0522 O 663 9031 O 639 4665 New branch - Chaguanas Main Road, Longdenville. 672 9886 i er Co ala sae e eee Mme ed a Sa Soe tau Co Sp Gun uaa Cerra 2 sb music matter! BS mfr Bm m ot ey ete (rere ees nolo The Copyright Music Organisation Cras ECT CLT salutes the four-time fentersastee By Corres pee Girdharie any te ater eee y Morera a Burn arama Cent ay CrTaNY ott www.cottorg.tt * Port of Spain: 624-COTT + San Fernando: 657-COTT + Tobago: 635-COTT pa auolm “Mortgage Savings Plus Mortgage Savings Plus Now your sav caw benefit you even more Get a Lower mortgage rate when You save regularly Want to get a great deal on a mortgage, start s Limited time offer WE RECOGNISE AND HONOUR A SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION TO OUR REPUBLIC’ DIVERSITY AND PROSPERITY. éaec The power to make it work! ee ee een en nr ey ee ees D. W. Comins, an investigator from the Indian Government to Trinidad, wrote the following in 1891 ‘At 6.0 a.m. (leaving Perseverance), we rode through the coconut palms and along the seashore, past the rocks at the extremity of the island called Los Gallos and ‘ound three American ships loading coconuts. Arrived in Constance; distance 6 miles. Proprietor: Mr Agostini Coconuts shipped last year: 1,160,000. Indentured coolies: 46; free: 2; Bounty: none. There are a number of free coolies living on estate land who farm coconuts i.e. keep the ground clean and have a right to alll the ground provisions.” Historian Mariane Ramesar discovered that a free Indian named Boodoosingh Kowlessar had owned a coconut estate in 1907. Coconut and Indian indentured labour] The real journey took place within On May 30th, 1845 the Fath Al Razack brought the first Indentured laborers from India to these shores; an event which helped shape the soul of our great nation. BLUE WATERS joins with the nation in celebrating Indian Arrival day. make ‘A Bluescope Stee! Company One Company GGILtd. is the oficial BUTLER Builder n Trinidad. BUTLER s the leader in Pre-Enginered Steel Buildings in the United States. BUTLE® has provided pre engineered solutions for many companies including: ‘Walmart -UPS -Fedex «Harley Davidson Many Solutions

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