INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA

END OF SEMESTER EXAMINATION

SEMESTER I, 2012/2013 SESSION
KULLIYYAH OF ENGINEERING
Programme

: COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Level of Study: UG 1

Time

: 2:30 pm - 5:30 pm

Date

: 08/01/2013

Duration

: 3 Hrs
Section(s)

: 1

Course Code : ECE 4339

Course Title

: Selected Topic in Communications (Introduction to Radar Systems)

This Question Paper Consists of Three (3) Printed Pages (Including Cover Page) With
Six (6) Questions.
INSTRUCTION(S) TO CANDIDATES

DO NOT OPEN UNTIL YOU ARE ASKED TO DO SO

Total marks of this examination is 100.

This examination is worth 50% of the total assessment.
Answer any 5 (Five) questions.

Any form of cheating or attempt to cheat is a serious

offence which may lead to dismissal.

Introduction to Radar Systems

ECE 4339

[Answer any Five (5) questions]

Q.1 [20 marks]
A continuous wave (CW) Ka-band Doppler radar is used to control traffic lights at a road
construction site whenever vehicles approach the obstruction. The radar is mounted
above the traffic lights facing the direction from which vehicles approach. The radar can
detect approaching bicycle and rider at distance of 30 m. The transmitter and the receiver
experience total loss of 3 dB. The threshold in the receiver is set to S/N = 25 dB. Listed
below are parameters of the radar.
Frequency
24.0 GHz
Receiver noise figure
20 dB
Antenna beamwidth
30
Azimuth plane
30
Elevation plane
2
Bicycle + rider
Typical radar cross section
0.5 m
Determine:
(i) the gain of the antenna.
(2 marks)
(ii) the dimension of the antenna.
(2 marks)
(iii) the system noise temperature of the receiver.
(6 marks)
(iv) the transmitter power when detecting the bicycle and its rider.
(10 marks)
Q.2 [20 marks]
The maximum legal speed at which vehicles should approach the automated enforcement
system (AES) camera recently installed is 90 km/hr. The camera incorporates a 24.0 GHz
Doppler radar in its configuration. The radar does not respond to a motorcyclist travelling
at the speed of 6 km/hr, but capable of detecting any approaching motorcycle at 15
km/hr. The radar somehow is programmed to respond only to law-breaking vehicles
travelling up to 160 km/hr. The detection circuit at threshold uses an rms value of 1 V
into an impedance of 50 ohms to trigger the camera. Determine:
(i) the upper and lower cut-off frequencies of the radar filter.
(4 marks)
(ii) the receiver noise power for the radar.
(8 marks)
(iii) the receiver gain
(8 marks)
Q.3 [20 marks]
The to-be-built KLIA2 would require a surface movement radar (SMR) to detect aircrafts
and vehicles on the tarmac of the airport. It is expected that the SMR is required to
provide high accuracy of about 7.5 m, high update rate of 1 per second; and high
resolution that is less than 20 m detection of airfield targets. The area of coverage should
be 20 km about 50% reduction of its theoretical value. Propose the detailed configuration
of such system including its infrastructure i.e. tower for the evaluation and consideration
by Malaysian Department of Civil Aviation (DCA).
(20 marks)

Introduction to Radar Systems

ECE 4339

Q.4 [20 marks]

(a)

(b)

The Thales Star 2000, an L-band air traffic control radar with 23 cm
operates a 6 m diameter dish antenna with antenna efficiency of 60%.
Determine:
(i) the antenna gain.
(ii) the number of beam positions for the coverage of whole sky.
(iii) the width of the radar beam.

wavelength

(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)

The KLIA air traffic control (ATC) radar, Selex ATCR-33 S-band comes equipped
with a phased array antenna transmitting a 1 x 1 pencil beam. The radar
designated range is 150 km with 45 elevation coverage. Determine turning rate
of the radar (revolution per minute).
(14 marks)

Q.5 [20 marks]

(a)

A radar designed for detecting targets of 2 m2 cross section at range of 200 nmi is
likely to have following characteristics; operating frequency at L-band (1230
MHz), antenna efficiency of 60% and receiver minimum detectable signal 3 x 1013
W. The unit cost of transmitter is $2.20 per watt of peak power, the unit cost of
antenna is $1,400 per square meter of physical area and the cost of the receiver
and other items is $1,000,000. Calculate:
(i) the lowest peak power.
(3 marks)
(ii) the smallest antenna physical area.
(3 marks)
(iii) the cost of the transmitter.
(3 marks)
(iv) the cost of the antenna.
(3 marks)

(b)

A Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF) ground based air defence radar; the
Martello 743D is located at Bukit Puteri, Jertih, Terengganu. The radar was
designed to provide coverage of 225 nmi range. It is expected to be able to detect
all targets with radar cross section of 2 m2. The peak power of such radar is 15
MW with pulse width of 10 s. The operating frequency of this radar is 1510
MHz. Its antenna is 10 m wide by 5 m high and the antenna aperture efficiency is
0.6. Determine the radar receiver minimum detectable signal.
(8 marks)

Q.6 [20 marks]

(a)

Sketch and label a typical Air Defence radar configuration during deployment
consisting of 8 components.
(4 marks)

(b)

Describe the properties of the two (2) types of over-the-horizon (OTH) radar and
cite their examples.
(6 marks)

(c)

Justify the requirement of a complex for passive radar.

(d)

Highlights the superiority of passive radar Kolchuga over Vera-E. (4 marks)

(6 marks)