APL 703 Engineering Mathematics and Computation, Semester 1, 2016-17

Department of Applied Mechanics

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Arjun Sharma
Quiz 3

(1) Consider the matrix U = uu12 uu21 with u1 6= u2 and u1 6= 0, u2 6= 0. What are the eigen values of the matrix
U ? What are the eigen values of the row-reduced form of the matrix U (use Gauss method without partial
pivoting)?
2
2
The eigen values of the matrix U are obtained

by solving ( u1 ) u2 = 0 as, = u1 u2 . The rowu1
u2
reduced form of U is given by 0 u1 u22 /u1 . Thus, the eigen values of the row-reduced form of U are
= u1 , u1 u22 /u1 (the diagonal entries of the upper-triangular matrix). Note that the matrix U and its
row-reduced form do not have the same eigen values.
e =
(2) (True or False) Suppose that the integration formula for a sub-interval of size h, Ih,j

R xj +h
xj

f (x)dx is given

as, Ih,j h3 (fj1 + fj+1 + fj ). The given integration formula is first-order accurate locally. Explain briefly.
False. Using the Taylor series expansion for fj1 and fj+1 about the point x = xj , the integration formula,
3
Ih,j h3 (fj1 + fj+1 + fj ) = hfj + h3 fj00 + ....
1
1
f (x) = f (xj ) + f 0 (xj )(x xj ) + f 00 (xj )(x xj )2 + f 000 (xj )(x xj )3 + ...
2!
3!
Z xj +h
1
1
1
e
f (x)dx = f (xj )h + f 0 (xj )h2 + f 00 (xj )h3 + f 000 (xj )h4 + ...
=
Ih,j
2
6
24
xj

(1)

e , the leading-order term in the local error estimate is O(h2 ). Thus, the formula is
Comparing Ih,j with Ih,j
second-order accurate locally.

(3) Suppose an eigen vector for the matrix U is x. What is the expression for the corresponding eigen value
(where satisfies U x = x) in terms of U and x?
Since U x = x, multiplying by xT on both sides, xT U x = xT x is obtained. Thus, = xT U x/xT x (the
denominator is the square of the magnitude of vector x).