Design Example of Shield Tunnel Lining(2)

Presented by Tunnel and Underground Technology issued by Japan Tunnelling Association

1 Purpose of Usage of Planned Tunnel

: Subway tunnel

2 Design Condition
2.1 Dimension of Segment
Type of segment

: RC, Flat type

Diameter of segmental lining

: Do=9500 mm

Radius of centroid of segmental lining

: Rc=4550 mm

Width of segment

: b=1200 mm

Thickness of segment

: t=400 mm

2.2 Ground Condition

Overburden

: H=12.3 m

Groundwater table

: G.L.+0.6m

N Value

: N=50

Unit weight of soil

: =18 kN/m3

Submerged unit weight of soil

: =8 kN/m3

Angle of internal friction of soil

: =30 Degree

Hw=12.3+0.6=12.9 m

tf/m2

Cohesion of soil

: C=0

Coefficient of reaction

: k=50 MN/m3

Coefficient of lateral earth pressure : =0.4

Surcharge

: p0=39.7 kN/m2

Soil condition

: Sandy

Allowable stresses of materials :

Concrete : Nominal Strength

f ck=48 MN/m2

Allowable compressive strength

ca=17 MN/m2

Allowable shear strength ca=0.55 MN/m2

Reinforcement (SD35) : Allowable strength sa=200 MN/m2
Bolt (Material 8.8): Allowable tensile strength Ba =240 MN/m2
2.3 Design Method
This shield tunnel shall be designed in accordance with Specification for Design and
Construction of Shield Tunnel issued by Japan Society of Civil Engineers.
How to compute member forces
How to check the safety of lining

: Bedded frame model

: Allowable stress design method

3 Load condition
The full overburden earth pressure is adopted as the vertical earth pressure at the
tunnel crown (pe1).
Dead load: g=Bct=1.2@26.5@0.4=12.72 kN/m2
Where,c=Unit weight of RC segment=26.5 kN/m3
:Reaction of dead load at bottom: pg=g=39.96 kN/m2
Vertical pressure at tunnel crown
Earth pressure: p e1= B( p0+H)=1.2@138.1=165.7 kN/m2
Water pressure: pw1=BwHw=1.2@129.0=154.8 kN/m2
p 1= p e1+ pw1=320.5 kN/m2
Vertical pressure at tunnel bottom
p 2= p 1+ pg=320.5+39.96=360.46 kN/m2
Lateral pressure at tunnel crown
Earth pressure: q e1=B{ p0+(H+t/2)}=1.2@55.88=67.1 kN/m2
Water pressure: qw1=Bw(Hw+t/2)=1.2@131.0=157.2 kN/m2
q 1=q e1+qw1=224.3 kN/m2
Lateral pressure at tunnel bottom
Earth pressure: q e2=B{ p0+(H+Do-t/2)}=1.2@85.00=102.0 kN/m2
Water pressure: qw2=Bw(Hw+Do-t/2)=1.2@222.0=266.4 kN/m2
q 2=q e2+qw2=368.4 kN/m2
Figure 3.1 shows the load condition.
p0
H
Hw
pw1
qw1 q e1

p e1
g
90 deg.

Do
Qw2 q e2

pe2
Figure 3.1 Load condition

Effective Bedding Zone

4 Computation of Member Forces

The member forces are computed with the bedded frame model.
4.1 Model for Computation of Member Forces
58-regular polygon having 60 nodes is used to compute the member forces.
1

46

90 deg

16

Effective Bedding
Zone
Tensile bedding is
not effective.

31
R=Rc=4550 mm
E=Modulus of elasticity of segment=39000000 kN/m2
I=Moment of inertia of area of segment=0.006400 m4
A=0.48 m2
K0P=Constant of rotation spring for positive moment=18070 kNm/rad
K0N=Constant of rotation spring for negative moment=32100 kNm/rad
Fig.4.1 Bedded frame model to compute member forces
Node 16 is the middle point between Node 15 and 17, and Node 46 is the one between
Node 45 and 47.
Nodes 6, 8,17,25,33,41,50 and 58 are located at the joints of segmental lining. Joint is
simulated as rotation spring and it is assumed that moment(M) is in proportion to the
angle of rotation(), as follows. (See Figure 4.2.)
Node n-1

Node n (Rotation spring)

M= K0P ,if M>0

M= K0N ,if M<0

Node n+1

Hinged joint: K0=0, Rigid joint: K0=Infinite

Fig.4.2 Model of rotation spring

4.2 Result of Computation

Table 4.1 shows the result of computation of member forces of segmental lining.
Table 4.1 Member forces of segmental lining
Critical Condition
Node
M(kNm)
N(kN)
+Max
3
+205.83
1178.09
Segment
-Max
11
-169.05
1675.45
58
+20.10
1578.24
+Max
3(@0.6)
+123.50
1178.09
Joint
50
-22.70
1448.58
-Max
11(@0.6)
-101.43
1675.45
Smax
31
Smax=178.70 kN
In case the safety of joint is checked, the bigger moment of the maximum moment of
joint and 60% of the maximum one of segment is adopted.
Figure 4.1 shows the arrangement of bars in the segment and the bolted-joint.
b=1200
50
Outside 10@D22 As=38.71 cm2
300
400

Inside 12@D22 As=46.45 cm2

50
Section of segment
Outside
Steel Bolt Box
150

60

Bolt
Inside
Joint
Figure 4.1 Section of segment and arrangement of bars and joint

5 Check of Safety of segmental Lining

The safety of segment shall be checked at Node 3 and 11. The one of joint shall be
checked at Node 58 and 50, and at Node 3 and 11 by using 60% of moment of each node
and the capacity of joint.
5.1 Check of Segment
5.1.1 Check against Moment and Axial Force
Figure 5.1 shows the distribution of stress at Node 3 and 11
Outside

Inside

As

As

s/n

s/n

X=

X=

24.85cm

33.75 cm

s/n

s/n

As

As
d=35 cm, d=5 cm

Inside

Outside

Section at Node 3

Section at Node 11

n=Ratio of moduli of elasticity between reinforcement and concrete=15

Figure 5.1 Distribution of stress of critical sections at Node 3 and 11
Table 5.1 shows the computation result of the check of the safety of segment at Node 3
and 11.
Table 5.1 Computation result of check of safety of segment
Node
3
11
M (kNm/m)
+205.83
-169.05
N (kN/m)
1178.09
1675.45
7.1
3.4
c (MN/m2) (Compressive)
s (MN/m2)

(Tensile)

43.2

3.6

s (MN/m2)

(Compressive)

84.5

82.4

Both of Sections at Node 3 and 11 are safe.

5.1.2 Check against Shear Force
=Smax/(Bjd)=0.486 MN/m2 < 1.1 MN/m2
Where, Smax=178.7 kN, B=120 cm, j=0.875, d=35 cm

5.2 Check of Joint

Table 5.1 shows the computation result of the check of safety of Joint
Table 5.1 Computation Result of Check of Safety of Joint
Node
58
3
50
M (kNm/m)
+20.1
+123.5
-22.7
N (kN/m)
1578.2
1178.1
1448.6
11.45
11.45
11.45
As (cm2)
2
32.00
32.00
120.00
As (cm )
d (cm)
34
34
25
d (cm)
1
1
7
Full section
X (cm)
31.00
31.00
compressive
3.3
5.1
3.4
c (MN/m2) (Compressive)
2
49.8
7.40
46.6
s (MN/m ) (Tensile)
s

(MN/m2)

(Compressive)

74.1

11
-101.4
1675.5
11.45
120.00
25
7
35.10
5.8
-25.0

69.5

Steel plate of bolt box is evaluated as compressive bar.

5.3 Check of Bolt
Bolt(M27) and bolt(M30) are used between segment pieces and between segmental
rings respectively.
5.3.1 Check of Bolt between A-type segments and between A-type segment and B-type
segment
=Smax/(n1ABP)=54.8 MN/m2 < 150 MN/m2
Where, Smax=Maximum shear force among joints=Shear force at Node 6=125.5 kN
n1=Number of bolts=4, ABP=Area of one bolt(M27)=5.726 cm2
5.3.2 Check of Bolt between B-type segment and K-type segment
S=Nsin+Scos-N=45.5 kN
Where, S=Shear force between B-type segment and K-type segment in consideration
of angle of joint and friction between both segments
N=Axial force at Node 6=1612.7 kN, S=Shear force at Node 6=125.5 kN
=Angle of joint between B-type segment and K-type segment=6.7 degree
=Coefficient of kinetic energy=0.2
= S/(n1ABP)=19.9 MN/m2 < 150 MN/m2
5.3.3 Check of fall of K-type Segment
W1=Max(pb,p1/B)=pb=33 3.3 kN/m2

W1

Where, pb =Pressure of backfill grouting/1.5=333.3 kN/m2

SB=2RcW1B(/360)=394.92 kN
= SB /(n2ABP+ n3ABR)=65.8 MN/m2 < 150 MN/m2 OK
Where, n2=Number of bolts=8, n3=Number of bolts=2,
ABR=Area of one bolt(M30)=7.069 cm2

Figure 5.2 Check of

K-Segment
5.3.4 Check of Fall of segmental Ring
W=W12RoB+2Rcg=3799.62+363.65=4163.27 kN
Where, W1 2 Ro B=Force acting one segmental ring by pressure of backfill
grouting
2Rcg=Weight of one segmental ring
=W/(2n4 ABR)=101.5 MN/m2 < 150 MN/m2

OK

Where, n4=Number of bolts between adjacent rings

W

Segmental Ring
Figure 5.3 Check of Fall of segmental Ring
6 Conclusion
The designed segmental lining is safe against the design loads.

This design example is a design example in the Part III References of Guidelines for
Design of Shield Tunnel Lining issued by International Tunnelling Association. All of
copyrights are reserved by International Tunnelling Association.