CHNG 2:

H THNG MIMO

2.1 Gii thiu chng

Trong truyn dn v tuyn th b nh hng bi nhiu yu t trong multipath fading
l c th xem l l yu t nh hng ln n dung lng h thng v cht lng tn hiu
thu c. Hin nay mt k thut ang c s dng rng ri p ng nhu cu khng m
rng bng thng m ci thin hiu sut li, tc d liu, dung lng h thng, bn cnh
cng tng phm vi khu vc ph sng ca h thng khng dy, thun li tng cng
cht lng dch v mng v hot ng thu nhn. K thut ny cc k hiu qu i vi
nhng h thng m dung lng b nh hng ca multipath fading, m khng phi cn
thit k li h thng hin c, vi dng nhiu anten ti ni thu v ni nhn.
2.2 Tng quan v h thng MIMO
2.2.1 Lch s hnh thnh
H thng MIMO ( Mutiple Input Mutiple Output ) l h thng thng tin im- im
s dng hai hay nhiu anten pha pht v u thu. H thng MIMO ra i nhm tng
tc truyn d liu, gim BER, tng vng ph sng ca h thng thng tin v tuyn m
khng cn phi tng cng sut hay bng thng ca h thng.

Hnh 2.1 : H thng MIMO

H thng MIMO ra i trong nhng nm 1984 khi Jack Winters thuc phng th
nghim Bell xin cp bng sng ch v vic s dng a anten trong v tuyn. T n
nm 1995, nhiu bi bo v MIMO c a ra. Nm 1996, Grey Raleigh v VK Jones
khm ph ra hin tng a ng do nh hng ca vt cn trong mi trng truyn,

Raleigh vit mt bi bo ch ra rng hin tng a ng l mt yu t gip tng dung

lng ca knh truyn. Nm 1998, P.W.Wolniansky thuc phng th nghim Bell a ra
k thut V-BLAST vi hiu sut s dng bng thng ln n 20-40 bps/Hz. Nhng
nghin cu ban u ch yu tp trung vo phn tp thu t hiu qu ph cao. n
nhng nm 2000, h thng MIMO vi vic s dng c phn tp pht v thu bt u pht
trin khi Alamouti a ra s phn tp pht n gin vi 2 anten pht. Nm 2003,
Airgo tung ra chip MIMO u tin. Sau nm 2004, IEEE bt u nghin cu chun
802.11n da trn h thng MIMO kt hp k thut OFDM ngy cng c s dng rng
ri hn trong cc h thng truyn thng khng dy, gp phn gii quyt thit k cng sut
h thng v bng thng tn hiu ngy cng b thu hp dn.
2.2.2 Cc m hnh ca h thng MIMO
H thng thng tin khng dy c th c phn loi thnh 4 h thng c bn l
SISO, SIMO, MISO v MIMO. Mi cu hnh cho ta nhng u im v nhc im khc
nhau. S dng kt hp cc m hnh ny s cho ta gii php ti u cho nhiu ng dng.

Hnh 2.2 S nguyn l h thng SISO,MISO,SIMO,MIMO

2.2.2.1 H thng SISO

y l mt knh truyn v tuyn ng chun. My pht v my thu truyn v nhn
tn hiu ch s dng mt anten. H thng ny khng c phn tp v khng yu cu phi
x l thm tn hiu.

Hnh 2.3 SISO - Single Input Single Output

u im ln nht ca cu hnh ny tnh n gin. Tuy nhin hiu sut ca h thng
c nhiu hn ch. Nhiu v fading nh hng ln n h thng nhiu hn l cc m hnh
MIMO khc c s dng k thut phn tp.
2.2.2.2 H thng SIMO
H thng SIMO s dng mt anten ti my pht v nhiu anten ti my thu. Phng
php ny cn c gi l phn tp thu. My thu s nhn nhiu tn hiu t cc ngun c
lp khc nhau loi b c nh hng ca fading.

Hnh 2.4 SIMO - Single Input Multiple Output

H thng SIMO c u im l n c th c thc hin tng i d dng, thch
hp vi nhiu ng dng. Tuy nhin, mt nhc im kh ln l n i hi phi c b x
l phc tp ti my thu. Cc thit b thu nh in thoi di ng phi c kch thc ln,
gi c cao v i hi ngun pin cung cp phi ln.
2.2.2.3 H thng MISO
H thng s dng nhiu anten pht v mt anten thu c gi l h thng MISO. H
thng ny c th cung cp phn tp pht thng qua k thut Alamouti t ci thin cht
lng tn hiu hoc s dng Beamforming tng hiu sut pht v vng bao ph.

Hnh 2.5 MISO - Multiple Input Single Output

H thng MISO khc phc c nhc im ca h thng SIMO (phn tp thu)
bi v ton b h thng anten v b x l phc tp my thu c chuyn sang trm
pht. u im ny rt quan trng v n lm gim ng k kch thc, gi thnh v nng
lng tiu th ca thit b di ng, lm cho tui th ca ngun pin tng ln v hn na li
ph hp vi th hiu ca ngi s dng.
2.2.2.4 H thng MIMO
H thng MIMO l h thng s dng a anten ti c ni pht v ni thu. H thng c
th cung cp phn tp pht nh vo a anten pht, cung cp phn tp thu nh vo a
anten thu nhm tng cht lng h thng tt nht.

Hnh 2.6 MIMO - Multiple Input Multiple Output

t c nhng li ch t h thng MIMO th vic cn thit l phi s dng
phng php m ha knh truyn tch ri v c lp ha tn hiu t cc ng truyn
khc nhau. Phng php m ha phi c tc x l cao ng thi cng phi m bo
c dung lng cc ln cho knh truyn.
Tm li, c nhiu dng cu hnh cho mt h thng MIMO, t SISO n SIMO,
MISO v tng qut nht l MIMO. Tt c cc dng cu hnh trn u cho nhng ci thin
ng k v hiu qu s dng knh tuy nhin ta cng cn quan tm n chi ph ca cc b
x l v s lng anten c s dng. V vy khi la chn mt cu hnh ng dng cho
h thng thng tin di ng th s cn bng gia cc yu t ny l iu rt cn thit.

2.3 K thut phn tp

i vi h thng thng tin di ng, phn tp c s dng hn ch nh hng
ca fading a ng, tng tin cy ca vic truyn tin m khng cn phi tng cng
sut pht hay bng thng.
Cc loi phn tp thng gp l phn tp tn s, phn tp thi gian, phn tp khng
gian. Trong k thut phn tp khng gian hin ang rt c quan tm v ng dng
vo h thng MIMO nh kh nng khai thc hiu qu thnh phn khng gian trong nng
cao cht lng v dung lng h thng, gim nh hng ca fading, ng thi trnh
c hao ph bng thng tn s - mt yu t rt c quan tm trong hon cnh ti
nguyn tn s ngy cng khan him.
K thut phn tp cho php b thu nhn c nhiu bn sao ca cng mt tn hiu
truyn. Cc bn sao ny cha cng mt lng thng tin nh nhau nhng t c s tng
quan v fading. Tn hiu thu l s kt hp ca cc phin bn tn hiu khc nhau,t chu
nh hng fading so vi tng phin bn ring l.
2.3.1 Phn tp thi gian
Phn tp thi gian c thc hin bng cch truyn cng tn hiu nhng khong
thi gian khc nhau, iu ny to ra cc tn hiu b fading khng tng quan my thu.
Phn tp thi gian khng yu cu tng cng sut truyn ti, nhng c mt nhc
im l s dng bng thng khng hiu qu do s d tha nhiu d liu trong min thi
gian.
Phn tp thi gian c th thu c thng qua m ha ( coding) v xen knh
(Interleaving). M ha iu khin li c s dng gim mt lng ln d tha v
mt thi gian, cung cp li m cho tn hiu truyn. Xen knh s to ra khong thi
gian phn cch gia cc bn sao ca tn hiu truyn, do s to ra cc tn hiu c lp
v fading ti b gii m. Trong hnh 2.6 m t qu trnh xen knh, ta thy rng vic s
dng b xen knh gip h thng gim c li chm ln k t khi truyn qua knh
fading.

Hnh 2.7 Xen knh s dng trong phn tp thi gian

Nu knh truyn l fading chm, tc l khong thi gian kt hp ln, thi gian phn
cc gia cc khe thi gian s dng cho phn tp thi gian s ln. Trong trng hp ny,
my thu s chu mt khong tr ln trc khi n c th bt u qu trnh gii m, khng
th s dng cho cc ng dng nhy cm vi tr. Do xen knh ch ph hp vi cc
mi trng c fading nhanh khi khong thi gian lin kt ca knh truyn nh.
2.3.2 Phn tp tn s
y l k thut s dng nhiu tn s khc nhau pht cng mt tin. Cc tn s cn
dng phi c khong cch ln gi s c lp nh hng ca fading vi cc tn s
cn li.Tuy nhin, k thut ny i hi phi truyn thm cng sut gi tn hiu trn di
bng tn s. Tng t nh phn tp thi gian, phn tp tn s gy ra tn tht hiu qu
bng tn do s d tha trong min tn s.
2.3.3 Phn tp khng gian
Phn tp khng gian thng c dng ph bin trong h thng thng tin khng
dy. Phn tp khng gian cn c gi l phn tp anten. l mt k thut in hnh s
dng nhiu anten hay cc mng anten c sp xp vi khong cch ph hp tn hiu
trn cc anten c lp. Ty theo cao anten, mi trng truyn v tn s m ta c c
khong cch gia cc anten . Khong cch in hnh thng khong vi bc sng l
m bo cc tn hiu khng tng quan.

Trong phn tp khng gian cc bn sao ca tn hiu pht c a ti my thu

dng d tha trong min khng gian. Khng ging nh hai k thut phn tp trn, phn
tp khng gian khng gy tn tht trong hiu qu bng tn.
Phn tp phn cc v phn tp gc l hai dng ca phn tp khng gian. Trong phn
tp phn cc tn hiu phn cc ng v tn hiu phn cc ngang c pht bng hai anten
phn cc khc nhau. S khc nhau v phn cc m bo hai tn hiu khng tng quan
m khng phi t hai anten cch xa nhau. Phn tp gc c s dng ph bin cho
truyn dn vi tn s sng mang trn 10 GHz. Trong trng hp ny cc tn hiu pht c
s phn tn cao trong khng gian nn cc tn hiu thu t cc hng khc nhau s c lp
vi nhau. T hai hay nhiu anten nh hng thu t cc hng khc nhau my
thu s to ra bn sao tn hiu pht khng tng quan.
Da trn s lng cc anten c dng cho pht hay thu ta phn loi phn tp
khng gian thnh phn tp pht v phn tp thu. Trong phn tp thu, nhiu anten c s
dng my thu thu cc bn sao c lp ca tn hiu pht. Cc bn sao ca tn hiu
pht c kt hp tng SNR v gim fading a ng. Trong phn tp pht, nhiu
anten c trin khai v tr my pht. Tin c x l my pht v sau c truyn
cho qua cc anten.
Trong thc t cc h thng thng tin m bo nhu cu th 2 hoc nhiu s
phn tp thng c kt hp li to ra phn tp nhiu chiu. V d trong h thng di
ng t bo GSM nhiu anten thu trm gc c dng kt hp vi hon v v m ha
iu khin li tn dng c phn tp thi gian v khng gian (m ha khng gian-thi
gian STC).
C 3 loi m ha khng gian - thi gian l :
- M ha khng gian thi gian khi STBC (Space-time Block Code)
- M ha khng gian thi gian li STTC (Space-time Trellis Code)
- M ha khng gian thi gian lp BLAST (Bell-Lab Layered Space -Time).
Trong chng ny ta s tp trung vo m ha khng gian thi gian khi STBC v
STBC c m ha v gii m mt cch n gin nh vo cc gii thut x l tuyn tnh,
v vy ph hp vi cc ng dng thc t.

2.4 M hnh h thng MIMO

M hnh knh MIMO tng qut gm Nt anten pht v Nr anten thu c minh ha
trong hnh 2.8.

Hnh 2.8

M hnh h thng MIMO vi Nt anten pht v Nr anten thu

Ma trn H cho m hnh MIMO c biu din nh sau :

h 11
h
21
H

h
1Nr

Trong :

h 22

h 2N

hN N
t r

(2.1)

hnm l p ng knh truyn gia anten pht th n v anten thu th m.

Gi s :

hN 1
t
h N 2
t

h 12

x x1 , x 2 , , x N t T

l d liu pht

y y1 , y 2 , , y N T
r

l d liu thu

1 , 2 , Nr T

l tp m Gauss trng phc ca Nr my thu

T l k hiu php ton chuyn v

Lc , quan h gia tn hiu u vo x vi tn hiu u ra y c xc nh bi biu
thc sau :
y1
y
2

y Nr

h 11
h
21

h Nr 1

h 12
h 22

hN

r2

x1
x

hN N xN
t r
t

hN 1
t
h N 2
t

1
2

N
r

(2.2)

C th vit li quan h vo ra knh ma trn Nr x Nt trong phng trnh (2.2) nh

sau:
y= Hx+

(2.3)

Trong chng ny ta s xt s MIMO in hnh : s MIMO Alamouti.

2.5 M ha khi STBC
STBC thc hin m ha mt khi k t u vo thnh mt ma trn u ra vi cc
hng tng ng vi cc anten pht (khng gian) v ct tng ng vi th t pht (thi
gian). STBC cho php phn tp y v c li nh ty thuc vo tc m ca b
m, qu trnh gii m da vo cc b gii m tng quan ti a ML ( Maximum
Likelihood).
2.5.1 S Alamouti 2 anten pht vi 1 anten thu
Trong s Alamouti tn hiu sau khi ra khi b iu ch s c b m ha ly ra
tng khi 2 k t x1 v x2. Sau tn hiu c truyn trong hai khe thi gian lin tip
hai anten pht. khe thi gian th nht, x 1 truyn trn anten 1, x2 truyn trn anten 2.
khe thi gian th hai, -x2* truyn trn anten 1 v x1* truyn trn anten 2.
Ta c ma trn pht lc ny s l:

x 1 x 2
X=
x 2 x1

S pht c minh ha nh sau:

Hnh 2.9 : S pht ca m hnh Alamouti

Trong ma trn trn, ct u tin tng ng khe thi gian th nht v ct th 2 tng
ng vi khe thi gian th 2. Hng u tin tng ng vi cc symbol c pht anten
1, hng th 2 tng ng vi cc symbol c pht anten 2. Ma trn cho thy tn hiu
c pht i c v khng gian (trn 2 anten) v thi gian (trong 2 khe thi gian) nn n
c gi l m khng gian - thi gian.
Tn hiu truyn i trn 2 anten s chu nh hng bi hai knh truyn c lp nhau.
Gi s h1(t) v h2(t) ln lt l hai p ng knh tng ng vi hai tn hiu pht trn 2
anten. Vi m hnh Alamouti, knh truyn phi l tnh trong sut 2 khe thi gian truyn
h1=h1 ( t )=h 1 ( t+T )= 1 e j

symbol:

h2=h2 ( t )=h 2 ( t+ T ) =2 e j

(2.4a)

(2.4b)

Gi tn hiu thu c trong khe thi gian th nht v th hai ln lt l

r2

n1

n2

r1

l cc bin ngu nhin phc th hin nhiu tp m c phn b , ta c :

[][

][ ] [ ] [

r1
x x 2 h1 n1
h x +h x + n
= 1
+
= 1 1 2 2 1

r2
x 2 x 1 h2 n2 h1 x 2 +h2 x 1 +n2

(2.5)

Nhn thy ct ca ma trn ch nht trong phng trnh trn trc giao vi nhau. V
th nhim v tch sng x1 v x2 c chia thnh hai nhim v v hng trc giao.

Hnh 2.10 S Alamouti hai anten pht v mt anten thu

S Alamouti lm vic cho tt c cc kiu chm k hiu x 1, x2 khc nhau, tuy
nhin n gin, y ch xt BPSK vi truyn 2 bit trong thi gian hai k hiu.
Hnh 2.10 trnh by s Alamouti hai anten pht v mt anten thu vi 3 chc
nng sau:
M ha v chui cc k hiu pht ti my pht
S kt hp ti my thu
Quy tc quyt nh kh nng cc i
2.5.1.1 B kt hp (combiner)

Trong hu ht cc m khng gian thi gian, ta u gi thit rng my thu hon

ton bit c trng thi knh truyn. Trong trng hp ny l h 1 v h2. Bn thu s s
dng cc thng tin knh truyn ny cho b gii m.
T (2.4) ta c th vit li nh sau :
r=

[][

][

][ ] [ ]

r1
h1 x 1+h 2 x 2+ n1
h
h2 x1 n1
= 1
+
=

r 2 h 1 x 2 +h 2 x 1 +n2
h 2 h1 x2 n2

t :

h
h2
H A = 1
h2 h1

h
h2
H = 1
h2 h1
H
A

(2.6)

Ta c:

H HA H A =

][

2
2
h1 h 2 h1 h2
=(|h1| +|h2| ) I 2

h2 h1 h2 h1

(2.7)

Biu thc (2.6) c vit li nh sau:

r=H A x +n
x=

Vi

[]
x1
x2

B kt hp to ra hai tn hiu mi

(2.8)

[]

n=
~
x1

n1
n2

~
x2

nh sau:

[]

~
2
2
x
~
x= ~1 =H HA r=H HA H A x + H HA n=(|h1| +|h 2| ) I 2 x+ ~n
x2

(2.9)

Nh vy bng cch ly ma trn tn hiu thu r nhn vi

mi c lng m kh c pha ca

h1

h2

ta s c tn hiu

ch cn bin nn phng

php ny ci thin c BER rt nhiu v khng b xoay pha na.

2.5.1.2 B tch sng ML

H HA

Vi cc mu tn hiu iu ch thng nht gia bn pht v bn thu, ta gi l chm

im, th b ML s ln lt ly cc mu trong chm im ny v kim tra quyt nh
tn hiu thu s l gi tr no trong chm im. Quy tc kim tra nh sau:
Gi tr
2

xi

s c chn nu tha mn iu kin sau:

2

(|h | +|h | 1 )| x | + d
1

Trong

2
(~
x 1 , x i)

xi v xk

(|h1| +|h 2| 1 )|x k| + d( ~x , x )

2

(2.10)

l cc mu trong chm im.

i vi tn hiu iu ch PSK, nng lng ca cc mu trong chm im u bng

nhau nn biu thc ( 2.10) c th vit gn li nh sau:
2

d (~x , x ) d(~x , x )
1

(2.11)

SNR tng ng ca mi tn hiu thu c xc nh bng cng thc:

2

(|h | +|h | 1 ) E
=
1

2No

2.5.2 S Alamouti 2 anten pht v Nr anten thu

(2.12)

Hnh 2.11 S Alamouti hai anten pht v hai anten thu

M hnh Alamouti cp mc trc s dng 2 anten pht v 1 anten thu nn c

bc phn tp l 2. Tuy nhin, trong nhiu ng dng cn c bc phn tp cao hn nn phi
s dng nhiu anten thu ti thu bao di ng. Trong nhiu trng hp, n c th cung cp
bc phn tp l 2xM khi s dng 2 anten pht v M anten thu.Trong trng hp ny s
dng hai anten pht v Nr anten thu. minh ha, ta xt trng hp hai anten thu (N r =
2) nh trn hnh 2.11 . Xt qu trnh x l trong thi gian hai k hiu v coi rng li
knh truyn khng thay i trong thi gian ny.
Tn hiu c truyn i hai nhnh anten pht nh sau:
Anten 1

Anten 2

x1

x2

t+T

-x *2

x1*

Gi s knh truyn gia anten pht v anten thu nh sau:

Anten thu 1

Anten thu 2

Anten pht 1

h1

h2

Anten pht 2

h3

h4

V tn hiu nhn c ti cc anten thu l:

Anten thu 1

Anten thu 2

r1

r2

t+T

r3

r4

Vic m ha v truyn k t thng tin trong m hnh ny cng ging ht nh m

hnh Alamouti mc trc, da vo m hnh trn ca h thng ta xy dng c cc tn
hiu thu nh sau:
r 1=h 1 x 1+h2 x 2 +n1

(2.13a)

r 2=h1 x2 +h 2 x 1+ n2

(2.13b)

r 3=h3 x 1 +h4 x 2+ n3

(2.13c)

r 2=h3 x 2+ h4 x 1+n 4

(2.13d)

Bin i thnh ma trn:

[ ] [ ][ ] [ ]
[ ]

r1
h1 h 2
n1

r2
h2 h1 x 1 n2
r=
=
+
r3
h3 h4 x 2 n3
r 4
h4 h3
n 4

h1 h2
h h1
H A= 2
h3 h4
h4 h3

(2.14)

H HA =

h1 h 2 h3 h4
h2 h1 h4 h3

Ta c:

H HA H A =

h
h

h2 h
h1 h

h4
h3

[ ]

h1 h2
2
2
2
2
h2 h1
=(|h1| +|h2| +|h3| +|h4| ) I 2
h3 h4
h4 h3

(2.15)

B kt hp trong hnh (2.11) to ra hai tn hiu mi a n b ML:

[]

~
2
2
2
2
x
~
x= ~1 =H HA r=H HA H A x + H HA n=(|h1| +|h 2| +|h3| +|h 4| ) I 2 x + ~
n
x2

(2.16)

Khai trin phng trnh trn ta c:

2
2
2
2
~
x 1=(|h1| +|h2| +|h3| +|h4| ) x1 + ~
n1

(2.17)

2
2
2
2
~
x 2=(|h1| +|h2| +|h3| +|h4| ) x2 + ~
n2

Cng nh m hnh anten thu, tn hiu sau khi kt hp kh c pha ca h v

ch cn nh hng ca bin nn h thng ci thin c BER ng k.
B ML s chn gi tr xi nu xi tha mn iu kin:
2

(|h | +|h | +|h | +|h | 1)|x | +d

1

Trong :
Hay:

2
(~x 1 ,x i )

(|h 1| +|h2| +|h 3| +|h4| 1 )| xk| + d( ~x , x )

2

2
d 2(~x , x ) =|~
x 1x k| l khong cch Euclid gia hai tn hiu.
1

d 2(~x , x ) d2(~x , x )
1

, ik

(2.18)

Tng t i vi x2, s dng quy tc trn chn xi nu v ch nu :

d 2(~x , x ) d2(~x , x )
2

, ik

Nh vy, cc tn hiu kt hp t hai anten thu ch l cng n thun cc tn hiu t

tng anten, ngha l s kt hp ging nh trng hp mt anten thu.
2.5.3 K thut Alamouti vi 3 v 4 anten pht

MT

Ma trn trc giao phc l mt ma trn c kch thc

x1 , x2 xk

MT

, trong

p vi tn hiu vo l

l s anten pht v p l s chu k truyn cn thit truyn

ton b ma trn X. Nhng ma trn nh vy cung cp mt phn tp pht c tc m

( code rate) l k/p, vi k l s symbol c m ha u vo. Nh vy, vi ma trn

X=

x 1 x 2
x 2 x1

th code rate ca n bng 1.

Sau y s trnh by mt ma trn phc c s anten pht l 3 v 4 vi tc m

k/p=1/2.

x 1 x 2 x3 x 4
X 3= x 2 x 1
x 4 x3
x 3 x 4 x 1
x2

x 1 x 2 x3 x 4
x 2 x 1
x4 x3
x 3 x4 x 1
x 2

x 1 x2 x3 x 4
x
x1
x 4 x 3
X4= 2
x 3 x 4 x 1
x2
x 4 x 3 x2 x 1

x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4
x 2 x 1
x 4 x 3
x 3 x 4 x 1
x 2
x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1

Mun c tc m cao hn th ta s gim gi tr p xung ti a ti u ha thi

gian tr, iu ny ng thi cng lm cho vic x l phc tp hn.

Cc cng thc gii m ma trn X 3 nh sau :

Gii m

x1

r1

r 5j

r 6j

r 7j

h1, j+

j=1

Gii m
r 1j

r 5j

r 6j

r 8j

h2, j

j=1

x2

 Gii m

x3

x4

r1

r 5j

r 7j

r 8j

h3, j

j=1

Gii m
r 2j

r 6j

r 7j

r 8j

h3, j+

j=1

Cc cng thc gii m ma trn X 4 nh sau :

Gii m

x1

r1

r 5j

r 6j

r 7j

r 8j

h2, j+

j=1

Gii m
r 1j

r 5j

r 6j

r 7j

r 8j

h1, j

j=1

x2

 Gii m

x3

x4

r1

r 5j

r 6j

r 7j

r 8j

h4, j

j=1

Gii m

r1

r 5j

r 6j

r 7j

r 8j

h3, j+

j=1

2.6

K thut phn tp thu vi b kt hp thu t l cc i (MRC)

Hnh 2.5 cho thy bng tn gc ca s MRC (Maximum Ratio Combining) hai

nhnh.

Hnh 2.12 MRC hai nhnh

Vi phng php ny cng mt khong thi gian, tn hiu x 1 c gi qua 2 con
ng. Knh truyn dn bao gm nh hng ca chui pht, ng truyn v tuyn v
chui thu. p ng xung gia anten pht v anten thu l h 1 v h2 tng ng cho ng
truyn t anten pht n anten thu th nht v th hai.
h1= 1 e j

(2.19a)

h2= 2 e j

(2.19b)

Nhiu v tp m cng vi tn hiu pht ti my thu. Tn hiu bng gc tng hp

thu c nh sau:

Trong :

n1

r 1=h 1 x 1+ n1

(2.20a)

r 2=h 2 x 2+ n2

(2.20b)

n2

l nhiu cng tp m phc cho knh 1 v knh 2, c phn

b Gauss. B quyt nh kh ging cc i s chn xi nu :

d (r , h x ) + d(r , h x ) d (r ,h
1

, m k

+ d(r , h x )

xk )

(2.21)

Trong d2(a,b) l khong cch Euclit gia tn hiu a v b c tnh theo cng thc:

(2.22)

d2(a,b) = (a-b)(a*-b*)
Tn hiu thu c nh sau:
~
x 1=h1 r 1 +h2 r 2
h1 ( h1 x 1 +n1 ) + h2 (h2 x 1 +n2 )
( 21 + 22) x 1 +h1 n1 +h2 n2

(2.23)

T s tn hiu trn nhiu trong trng hp ny c xc nh nh sau :

2

SNR

PT | h1,m |2
m 1

PT 1,m

m 1

2N0

(2.24)

2.7 Kt lun chng:

K thut phn tp Alamouti c trnh by. N l ch ra rng, s dng hai anten
truyn v mt anten nhn cung cp bc phn tp ging nh MRC vi mt truyn v anten
nhn. Xa hn k thut ny c th d dng c tng qut ha vi hai anten truyn v M
anten nhn cung cp bc phn tp l 2M hay cn c th pht trin ln vi nhiu anten
pht. Mt ng dng r rng ca k thut ny l ci thin BER v SNR cc v tr t xa
ca mt h thng khng dy, s dng hai anten truyn ti trm c s thay v hai anten
thu cc thit b u cui t xa.