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MIM104Patriot
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

TheMIM104Patriotisasurfacetoairmissile
(SAM)
MIM104Patriot
system,theprimaryofitskindusedbythe
UnitedStatesArmy
andseveralalliednations.ItismanufacturedbytheU.S.defense
contractorRaytheonandderivesitsnamefromthe
radar
componentoftheweaponsystem.TheAN/MPQ53atthe
heartofthesystemisknownasthe"
PhasedarrayTracking
RadartoInterceptonTarget"orthebacronymPATRIOT.The
PatriotSystemreplacedthe
NikeHerculessystemastheU.S.
Army'sprimaryHightoMediumAirDefense(HIMAD)system,
andreplacedtheMIM23HawksystemastheU.S.Army's
mediumtacticalairdefensesystem.Inadditiontotheseroles,
PatriothasbeengiventhefunctionoftheU.S.Army's
anti
ballisticmissile
(ABM)system,whichisnowPatriot'sprimary
mission.Thesystemisexpectedtostayfieldeduntilatleast
APatriotsystemofthe GermanAirForceinAugust
2040.[4]
2005.

Patriotusesanadvancedaerialinterceptormissileandhigh Type
Mobilelongrangesurfacetoair
performanceradarsystems.Patriotwasdevelopedat
Redstone
missilewithantiballisticmissile
ArsenalinHuntsville,Alabama
,whichhadpreviouslydeveloped
capability
theSafeguardABMsystemanditscomponent
Spartanand
Placeoforigin UnitedStates
hypersonicspeedSprintmissiles.ThesymbolforPatriotisa
drawingofaRevolutionaryW
areraMinuteman.
Servicehistory
1981present,inthemilitary
Inservice
Patriotsystemshavebeensoldto
RepublicofChina(T
aiwan),
Germany,Greece,Israel,Japan,Kuwait,theNetherlands,
servicewith1984. [1]
[5]andSpain.Polandhosts
SaudiArabia,UnitedArabEmirates
Seeoperators
Usedby
trainingrotationsofabatteryofU.S.Patriotlaunchers.This
Productionhistory
startedinthetownof
MorginMay2010butwaslatermoved
Raytheon,Hughes,andRCA
Designer
furtherfromtheRussianborderto
ToruandUstkadueto
[6]SouthKoreaalsopurchasedseveral
1969
Designed
Russianobjections.
secondhandPatriotsystemsfromGermanyafterNorthKorea Unitcost
aboutUS$23million[2]
testlaunchedballisticmissiles
totheSeaofJapanand
1976
Produced
[7]On
proceededwithundergroundnucleartestingin2006.
December4,2012,NATOauthorizedthedeploymentofPatriot Numberbuilt
1,106launchersinU.S.service,
missilelaunchersin
Turkeytoprotectthecountryfrommissiles
Over172launchersexported [3]
[8]
firedinthecivilwarinneighboring
Syria.
Over10,000missiles
manufactured

ThePatriotairdefensesystemachieveditsfirstshootdownsof
enemyaircraftintheserviceofthe
IsraeliAirDefense
Seevariants
Variants
Command.IsraeliMIM104Dbatteriesshotdowntwo
Hamas
UAVsduringOperationProtectiveEdge
in2014andlater,on
September23,2014anIsraeliPatriotbatteryshotdowna
SyrianAirForceSukhoiSu24whichhadpenetrated
[9]
Israeliairspace,achievingthefirstshootdownofamannedenemyaircraftintheworldforthesystem.

Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Patriotequipment
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1.1 Patriotequipment
1.1.1 TheAN/MPQ53andAN/MPQ65RadarSet
1.1.2 TheOE349AntennaMastGroup
1.1.3 TheEPPIIIElectricPowerPlant
1.1.4 TheM901LaunchingStation
1.1.5 PatriotGuidedMissile
1.1.6 Patriotmissiledesign
Variants
2.1 MIM104A
2.2 MIM104B(PAC1)
2.3 MIM104C(PAC2)
2.4 MIM104D(PAC2/GEM)
2.5 MIM104F(PAC3)
2.6 PatriotAdvancedAffordableCapability4(P
AAC4)
2.7 Future
ThePatriotbattalion
3.1 Operation
OperationalHistory
4.1 PersianGulfW
ar(1991)
4.1.1 Trialbyfire
4.1.2 FailureatDhahran
4.1.3 Successratevs.accuracy
4.2 OperationIraqiFreedom(2003)
4.3 ServicewithIsrael
4.3.1 OperationProtectiveEdge(2014)
4.3.2 Syriancivilwar(2014)
4.4 ServicewithSaudiArabia
4.5 ServicewiththeUnitedArabEmirates
Operators
5.1 Currentoperators
Seealso
References
Externallinksandreferences

Introduction
In1975,theSAMDmissilesuccessfullyengagedadroneattheWhiteSandsMissileRange.During1976,itwas
renamedthePATRIOTAirDefenseMissileSystem.TheMIM104Patriotwouldcombineseveralnewtechnologies,
includingtheMPQ53
passiveelectronicallyscannedarray
radarandtrackviamissile
guidance.Fullscale
developmentofthesystembeganin1976anditwasdeployedin1984.Patriotwasusedinitiallyasanantiaircraft
system,butduring1988,itwasupgradedtoprovidelimitedcapabilityagainst
tacticalballisticmissiles
(TBM)asPAC
1(PatriotAdvancedCapability1).Themostrecentupgrade,calledP
AC3,isanearlytotalsystemredesign,intended
fromtheoutsettoengageanddestroytacticalballisticmissiles.

Patriotequipment

ThePatriotsystemhasfourmajoroperationalfunctions:communications,commandandcontrol,radarsurveillance,a
missileguidance.Thefourfunctionscombinetoprovideacoordinated,secure,integrated,mobileairdefensesystem.

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ThePatriotsystemismodularandhighlymobile.A
batterysizedelementcanbeemplacedinlessthan1hour
.All
components,consistingofthefirecontrolsection(radarset,engagementcontrolstation,antennamastgroup,electric
powerplant)andlaunchers,aretruckortrailer
mounted.Theradarsetandlaunchers(withmissiles)aremountedon
M860semitrailers,whicharetowedby
OshkoshM983HEMTTs.

Missilereloadisaccomplishedusinga
M985HEMTTtruckwithaHiabcraneontheback.Thiscraneislar
gerthan
thestandardGrovecranesfoundonregular
M977HEMTTandM985HEMTTcargobodytrucks.Thistruck/crane,
calledaGuidedMissileT
ransporter(GMT),removesspentmissilecanistersfromthelauncherandthenreplacesthem
withfreshmissiles.BecausethecranenearlydoublestheheightoftheHEMTTwhennotstowed,crewsinformallyre
toitasthe"scorpiontail."AstandardM977HEMTTwitharegular
sizedcraneissometimesreferredtoastheLar
ge
RepairPartsTransporter(LRPT).

GermanPatriotsystemwith
camouflage

TheheartofthePatriotbatteryisthefirecontrolsection,consistingofthe
AN/MPQ53or65RadarSet,theAN/MSQ104EngagementControl
Station(ECS),theOE349AntennaMastGroup(AMG),andtheEPPIII
ElectricPowerPlant.Thesystem'smissilesaretransportedonandlaunched
fromtheM901LaunchingStation,whichcancarryuptofourP
AC2
missilesoruptosixteenP
AC3missiles.APatriot
battalionisalsoequipped
withtheInformationCoordinationCentral(ICC),acommandstation
designedtocoordinatethelaunchesofabattalionanduplinkPatriottothe
JTIDSorMIDSnetwork.
TheAN/MPQ53andAN/MPQ65RadarSet

TheAN/MPQ53/65RadarSetisapassiveelectronicallyscannedarray
radarequippedwithIFF,electroniccounter

countermeasure(ECCM),and
trackviamissile
(TVM)guidancesubsystems.

TheAN/MPQ53RadarSetequipsPAC2units,whiletheAN/MPQ65RadarSetequipsP
AC3units.Themain
differencebetweenthesetworadarsistheadditionofasecond
travelingwavetube
(TWT),whichgivesthe65radar
increasedsearch,detection,andtrackingcapability
.Theradar'santennaarrayconsistsofover5,000elementsthat
"flash"theradar'sbeammanytimespersecond.Additionally
,theradar'santennaarraycontainsanIFFinterrogator
subsystem,aTVMarray
,andatleastone"sidelobecanceller"(SLC),whichisasmallarraydesignedtodecrease
interferencethatmightaf
fecttheradar.Patriot'sradarissomewhatuniqueinthatitisa"detectiontokill"system,
meaningthatasingleunitperformsallsearch,identification,track,andengagementfunctions.Thisisincontrasttom
SAMsystems,whereseveraldif
ferentradarsarenecessarytoperformallfunctionsnecessarytodetectandengage
targets.
ThebeamcreatedbythePatriot'sflatphasedarrayradariscomparatively
narrowandhighlyagilecomparedtoamovingdish.Thischaracteristicgives
theradartheabilitytodetectsmall,fasttar
getslikeballisticmissiles,orlow
radarcrosssectiontargetssuchasstealthaircraftorcruisemissiles
.
Additionally
,thepowerandagilityofPatriot'sradarishighlyresistantto
countermeasures,including
electroniccountermeasures
(ECM)radar
jammingandradarwarningreceiver
(RWR)equipment.Patriotiscapableof
quicklyjumpingbetweenfrequenciestoresistjamming.
TheAN/MSQ104EngagementControlStation(ECS)isthenervecenterof
AdetailedviewofanAN/MPQ53
[10]The
thePatriotfiringbattery
,costingapproximatelyUS$6millionperunit.
radarset.Thecircularpatternonthe
ECSconsistsofasheltermountedonthebedofan
M9275TonCargo
frontoftheverticalcomponentisthe
TruckoronthebedofaLightMediumT
acticalVehicle(LMTV)cargo
system'smainphasedarray,
truck.ThemainsubcomponentsoftheECSaretheW
eaponsControl
consistingofover5,000individual
Computer(WCC),theDataLinkT
erminal(DL
T),theUHFcommunications
elements,eachabout39millimeters
array,theRoutingLogicRadioInterfaceUnit(RLRIU),andthetwo
(1.535in)diameter.
manstationsthatserveasthesystem'smantomachineinterface.TheECSis
airconditioned,pressurized(toresistchemical/biologicalattack),and
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shieldedagainst
electromagneticpulse
(EMP)orothersuchelectromagnetic
interference.TheECSalsocontainsseveral
SINCGARSradiostofacilitate
voicecommunications.
TheWCCisthemaincomputerwithinthePatriotsystem.Itisa24bit
parallelmilitarizedcomputerwithfixedandfloatingpointcapability
.Itis
organizedinamultiprocessorconfigurationthatoperatesatamaximumclock
rateof6megahertz.Thiscomputercontrolstheoperatorinterface,calculates
missileinterceptalgorithms,andprovideslimitedfaultdiagnostics.Compared
tomodernpersonalcomputers,ithassomewhatlimitedprocessingpower
,
althoughithasbeenupgradedseveraltimesduringPatriot'sservicelife.
TheDLTconnectstheECStoPatriot'sLaunchingStations.Ituseseithera
SINCGARSradioorfiberopticcablestotransmitencrypteddatabetween
theECSandthelaunchers.ThroughtheDL
T,thesystemoperatorscan
remotelyemplace,sleworstowlaunchers,performdiagnosticsonlaunchers
ormissiles,andfiremissiles.

AN/MSQ104vehicleofaDutch
Patriotunit

TheUHFcommunicationsarrayconsistsofthreeUHFradio"stacks"and
theirassociatedpatchingandencryptingequipment.Theseradiosare
connectedtotheantennasoftheOE349AntennaMastGroup,whichareusedtocreateUHF"shots"betweensister
PatriotbatteriesandtheirassociatedICC.Thiscreatesasecure,realtimedatanetwork(knownasP
ADIL,Patriot
DataInformationLink)thatallowstheICCtocentralizecontrolofitssubordinatefiringbatteries.
TheRLRIUfunctionsastheprimary
routerforalldatacomingintotheECS.TheRLRIUgivesafiringbatteryan
addressonthebattaliondatanetwork,andsends/receivesdatafromacrossthebattalion.Italso"translates"data
comingfromtheWCCtotheDL
T,facilitatingcommunicationwiththelaunchers.

Patriot'screwstationsarereferredtoasManstation1and3(MS1andMS3).ThesearethestationswherePatriot
operatorsinterfacewiththesystem.Themanstationsconsistofamonochrome(greenandblack)screensurroundedby
variousSwitchIndicators.Eachmanstationalsohasatraditional
QWERTYkeyboardandisometricstick,atiny
joystickthatfunctionsmuchlikea
PCmouse.ItisthroughtheseswitchindicatorsandthePatriotuserinterface
softwarethatthesystemisoperated.
TheArmyisplanningupgradestothePatriotsystem'sradarcomponents,includinganewdigitalprocessorthat
replacestheoneusedsincethesystem'sintroduction.In2017,thePatriotwillgetanew
activeelectronicallyscanned
[11]ThemainGalliumNitride
array(AESA)radarthathasgreaterrangeandsharperdiscrimination.
(GaN)based
AESAarraymeasures9ft13ft(2.7m4.0m),isaboltonreplacementantennaforthecurrentantenna,andis
orientedtowardtheprimarythreatnewrearpanelarraysareaquarterthesizeofthemainarrayandletthesystem
lookbehindandtothesides,providing360degreecoverage.TheGaNAESAradaralsohas50percentless
maintenancecosts.[12]Insteadofshiningasingletransmitterthroughmanylenses,theGaNarrayusesmanysmaller
[4]
transmitters,eachwithitsowncontrol,increasingflexibilityandallowingittoworkevenifsometransmittersdonot.

TheOE349AntennaMastGroup

TheOE349AntennaMastGroup(AMG)ismountedonanM9275T
onCargoTruck.Itincludesfour4kW
antennasintwopairsonremotelycontrolledmasts.EmplacementoftheAMGcanhavenogreaterthana0.5degree
roll,anda10degreecrossroll.Theantennascanbecontrolledinazimuth,andthemastscanbeelevatedupto100fee
11inches(30.76m)abovegroundlevel.Mountedatthebaseofeachpairofantennasaretwohighpoweramplifiers
associatedwiththeantennasandtheradiosinthecollocatedshelter
.ItisthroughtheseantennasthattheECSandICC
sendtheirrespectiveUHF"shots"tocreatetheP
ADILnetwork.Thepolarityofeachshotcanbechangedbyadjusting
the"feedhorn"toaverticalorhorizontalposition.Thisenablesagreaterchanceofcommunicationshotsreachingthei
intendedtargetwhenterrainobstaclesmayotherwiseobscurethesignal.

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TheEPPIIIElectricPowerPlant
TheEPPIIIDieselElectricPowerPlant(EPP)isthepowersourceforthe
ECSandRadar.TheEPPconsistsoftwo150kilowattdieselengineswith
400hertz,3phasegeneratorsthatareinterconnectedthroughthepower
distributionunit.Thegeneratorsaremountedonamodified
M977HEMTT.
EachEPPhastwo75gallon(280L)fueltanksandafueldistribution
assemblywithgroundingequipment.Eachdieselenginecanoperateformore
thaneighthourswithafullfueltank.TheEPPdeliversitspowertotheRadarAntennaMastGroup
andECSthroughcablesstoredinreelsalongsidethegenerators.
Additionally
,itpowerstheAMGviaacableroutedthroughtheECS.
TheM901LaunchingStation

TheM901LaunchingStationsareremotelyoperated,selfcontainedunits.TheECScontrolsoperationofthelauncher
througheachlauncher'sDL
T,viafiberopticorVHF(SINCGARS)datalink.

Integrallevelingequipmentpermitsemplacementonslopesofupto10degrees.Eachlauncheristrainableinazimuth
andelevatestoafixed,elevatedlaunchposition.Preciseaimingofthelauncherbeforelaunchisnotnecessarythus,n
extralagsareintroducedintosystemreactiontime.Eachlauncherisalsocapableofprovidingdetaileddiagnosticsto
theECSviathedatalink.

Thelaunchingstationcontainsfourmajorequipmentsubsystems:thelaunchergeneratorset,thelauncherelectronics
module(LEM),thelaunchermechanicsassembly(LMA),andthelauncherinterconnectiongroup(LIG).Thegenerato
setconsistsofa15kW,400Hzgeneratorthatpowersthelauncher
.TheLEMisusedfortherealtimeimplementation
oflauncheroperationsrequestedviadatalinkfromtheECS.TheLMAphysicallyerectsandrotatesthelauncher's
platformanditsmissiles.TheLIGconnectsthemissilesthemselvestothelauncherviatheLauncherMissileRound
Distributor(LMRD).
PatriotGuidedMissile
ThefirstfieldedvariantwastheroundMIM104A,"Standard".
Itwasoptimizedsolelyforengagementsagainstaircraftandhad
verylimitedcapabilityagainstballisticmissiles.Ithadarangeof
70km(43mi),andaspeedinexcessofMach2.TheMIM
104B"antistandoffjammer"(ASOJ)isamissiledesignedto
seekoutanddestroyECMemitters.

Patriotmissile

TheMIM104CPAC2missilewasthefirstPatriotmissilethat
wasoptimizedforballisticmissileengagements.TheGEMseries
ofmissiles(MIM104D/E)arefurtherrefinementsoftheP
AC2
missile.TheP
AC3missileisanewinterceptor
,featuringaKa
bandactiveradarseeker,employing"hittokill"interception(in
contrasttopreviousinterceptors'methodofexplodinginthe
vicinityofthetar
get,destroyingitwithshrapnel),andseveral
otherenhancementswhichdramaticallyincreaseitslethality
againstballisticmissiles.Thespecificinformationforthese
differentkindsofmissilesarediscussedinthe"
Variants"section.
Thefirstsevenoftheseareinthelar
gerPAC2configurationof
asinglemissilepercanister
,ofwhichfourcanbeplacedona
launcher.PAC3missilecanisterscontainfourmissiles,sothat
sixteenroundscanbeplacedonalauncher
.Themissilecanister
servesasboththeshippingandstoragecontainerandthelaunch
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tube.Patriotmissilesarereferredtoas"certifiedrounds"asthey FourPatriotmissilescanbefiredfromthehighly
leavethefactory
,andadditionalmaintenanceisnotnecessaryon
mobileTEL
themissilepriortoitbeinglaunched.
Surfacetoairmissile

Type

UnitedStates
ThePAC2missileis5.8metres(19ft0in)long,weighsabout Placeoforigin
900kilograms(2,000lb),andispropelledbyasolidfueled
Productionhistory
rocketmotor.

Patriotmissiledesign

Designer

Raytheon

Unitcost

US$1to6million[13]

Numberbuilt

over8,600 [3]

ThePAC2familyofmissilesallhaveafairlystandarddesign,
theonlydif
ferencesbetweenthevariantsbeingcertaininternal Variants
components.Theyconsistof(fromfronttorear)the
radome,
guidancesection,warheadsection,propulsionsection,and
controlactuatorsection.

Standard,ASOJ/SOJC,PAC2,
PAC2GEM,GEM/C,GEM/T
(orGEM+)andPAC3

Specifications(PAC1[3])

Theradomeismadeofslipcastfusedsilicaapproximately16.5Weight
millimetres(0.65in)thick,withnickelalloytip,andacomposite
Length
baseattachmentringbondedtotheslipcastfusedsilicaand
Diameter
protectedbyamoldedsiliconerubberring.Theradome
providesanaerodynamicshapeforthemissileandmicrowave Warhead
windowandthermalprotectionforthe
RFseekerandelectronic
components.
ThePatriotguidancesectionconsistsprimarilyofthemodular
digitalairborneguidancesystem(MDAGS).TheMDAGS
consistsofamodularmidcoursepackagethatperformsalloftheWarheadweight
requiredguidancefunctionsfromlaunchthroughmidcourseandDetonation
aterminalguidancesection.TheTVMseekerismountedonthemechanism
guidancesection,extendingintotheradome.Theseeker
consistsofanantennamountedonaninertialplatform,antenna Wingspan
controlelectronics,areceiver
,andatransmitter
.TheModular
Propellant
MidcoursePackage(MMP),whichislocatedintheforward
Operational
portionofthewarheadsection,consistsofthenavigational
range
electronicsandamissilebornecomputerthatcomputesthe
guidanceandautopilotalgorithmsandprovidessteering
commandsaccordingtoaresidentcomputerprogram.
Thewarheadsection,justaftoftheguidancesection,contains
theproximityfused
warhead,safetyandarmingdevice,fuzing
circuitsandantennas,linkantennaswitchingcircuits,auxiliary
electronics,inertialsensorassembly
,andsignaldataconverter
.

700kg(1,500lb)
5,800mm(19ft0in)
410mm(16in)
M248CompositionBHE
blast/fragmentationwithtwo
layersofpreformedfragments
andOctol75/25HE
blast/fragmentation
200lb(90kg)
Proximityfuze

920mm(3ft0in)
Solidfuelrocket
PAC1:70km[14]
PAC2:
96km[15] 160km [16] [14]
PAC3:20kmagainstballistic
missile[17]
PAC3MSE:35kmagainst
ballisticmissile[18]

Flightaltitude

Thepropulsionsectionconsistsofthe
rocketmotor,external
Speed
heatshield,andtwoexternalconduits.Therocketmotor
includesthecase,nozzleassembly
,propellant,linerand
insulation,pyrogenigniter
,andpropulsionarmingandfiringunit. Guidance
Thecasingofthemotorisanintegralstructuralelementofthe system
missileairframe.Itcontainsaconventional,casebondedsolid Launch
rocketpropellant.
platform

79,500feet(24,200m)
PAC1:Mach2.8 [19]
PAC2/PAC3:Mach4.1[20]
RadiocommandwithTrackVia
Missilesemiactivehoming
mobiletrainablefourround
semitrailer

TheControlActuatorSection(CAS)isattheaftendofthe
missile.Itreceivescommandsfromthemissileautopilotandpositionsthefins.Themissilefinssteerandstabilizethe
missileinflight.Afin
servosystempositionsthefins.Thefinservosystemconsistsof
hydraulicactuatorsandvalvesand
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anelectrohydraulicpowersupply
.Theelectrohydraulicpowerconsistsofbattery
,motorpump,oilreservoir
,gas
pressurebottle,andaccumulator
.

Variants
MIM104A

Patriotwasfirstintroducedwithasinglemissiletype:theMIM104A.Thiswastheinitial"Standard"missile(stillkno
as"Standard"today).InPatriot'searlydays,thesystemwasusedexclusivelyasanantiaircraftweapon,withno
capabilityagainstballisticmissiles.Thiswasremediedduringthelate1980swhenPatriotreceiveditsfirstmajorsyste
overhaulwiththeintroductionofthePatriotAdvancedCapabilitymissileandconcurrentsystemupgrades.

MIM104B(P AC1)

PatriotAdvancedCapability(P
AC1),knowntodayasthePAC1upgrade,wasasoftwareonlyupgrade.Themost
significantaspectsofthisupgradewaschangingthewaytheradarsearchedandthewaythesystemdefendeditsassets
Insteadofsearchinglowtothehorizon,thetopoftheradar'ssearchanglewasliftedtonearvertical(89degrees)from
thepreviousangleof25degrees.Thiswasdoneasacountertothesteepparabolictrajectoryofinboundballistic
missiles.Thesearchbeamsoftheradarweretightened,andwhilein"TBMsearchmode"the"flash",orthespeedat
whichthesebeamswereshotout,wasincreasedsignificantly
.Whilethisincreasedtheradar'sdetectioncapability
againsttheballisticmissilethreatset,itdecreasedthesystem'sef
fectivenessagainsttraditionalatmospherictar
gets,asit
reducedthedetectionrangeoftheradaraswellasthenumberof"flashes"atthehorizon.Becauseofthis,itwas
necessarytoretainthesearchfunctionsfortraditionalatmosphericthreatsinaseparatesearchprogram,whichcouldb
easilytoggledbytheoperatorbasedontheexpectedthreat.Additionally
,theballisticmissiledefensecapabilitychanged
thewayPatriotdefendedtar
gets.Insteadofbeingusedasasystemtodefendasignificantareaagainstenemyair
attack,itwasnowusedtodefendmuchsmaller"point"tar
gets,whichneededtoliewithinthesystem'sTBM
"footprint".ThefootprintistheareaonthegroundthatPatriotcandefendagainstinboundballisticmissiles.

Duringthe1980s,Patriotwasupgradedinrelativelyminorways,mostlytoitssoftware.Mostsignificantofthesewas
specialupgradetodiscriminateandinterceptartilleryrocketsintheveinofthe
Multiplerocketlauncher
,whichwas
seenasasignificantthreatfromNorthKorea.Thisfeaturehasnotbeenusedincombatandhassincebeendeleted
fromU.S.ArmyPatriotsystems,thoughitremainsinSouthKoreansystems.Anotherupgradethesystemsawwasthe
introductionofanothermissiletype,designatedMIM104Bandcalled"antistandof
fjammer"(ASOJ)bytheArmy
.
ThisvariantisdesignedtohelpPatriotengageanddestroy
ECMaircraftatstandof
franges.Itworkssimilartoan
anti
radiationmissile
inthatitfliesahighly
loftedtrajectoryandthenlocates,homesinon,anddestroysthemostsignificant
emitterinanareadesignatedbytheoperator
.

MIM104C(PAC2)

Duringthelate1980s,testsbegantoindicatethat,althoughPatriotwascertainlycapableofinterceptinginbound
ballisticmissiles,itwasquestionablewhetherornottheMIM104A/Bmissilewascapableofdestroyingthemreliably
.
ThisnecessitatedtheintroductionoftheP
AC2missileandsystemupgrade.

Forthesystem,theP
AC2upgradewassimilartotheP
AC1upgrade.Radarsearchalgorithmswerefurther
optimized,andthebeamprotocolwhilein"TBMsearch"wasfurthermodified.P
AC2alsosawPatriot'sfirstmajor
missileupgrade,withtheintroductionoftheMIM104C,orP
AC2missile.Thismissilewasoptimizedforballistic
missileengagements.MajorchangestotheP
AC2missilewerethesizeoftheprojectilesinitsblastfragmentation
warhead(changedfromaround2gramstoaround45grams),andthetimingofthe
pulseDopplerradarfuse,which
wasoptimizedforhighspeedengagements(thoughitretaineditsoldalgorithmforaircraftengagementsifnecessary)
Engagementprocedureswerealsooptimized,changingthemethodoffirethesystemusedtoengageballisticmissiles.
Insteadoflaunchingtwomissilesinanalmostsimultaneoussalvo,abriefdelay(between3and4second)wasadded
ordertoallowthesecondmissilelaunchedtodiscriminateaballisticmissilewarheadintheaftermathoftheexplosion
thefirst.
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PAC2wasfirsttestedin1987andreachedArmyunitsin1990,justintimefordeploymenttotheMiddleEastforthe
PersianGulfW
ar.ItwastherethatPatriotwasfirstregardedasasuccessfulABMsystemandproofthatballistic
missiledefensewasindeedpossible.Thecompletestudyonitsef
fectivenessremainsclassified.

MIM104D(PAC2/GEM)
ThereweremanymoreupgradestoP
AC2systemsthroughoutthe1990sandintothe21stcentury
,againmostly
centeringonsoftware.However
,thePAC2missilesweremodifiedsignificantlyfourseparatevariantsbecame
knowncollectivelyas
guidanceenhancedmissiles(GEM).
ThemainupgradetotheoriginalGEMmissilewasanew
,fasterproximityfusedwarhead.T
estshadindicatedthatthe
fuseontheoriginalP
AC2missilesweredetonatingtheirwarheadstoolatewhenengagingballisticmissileswithan
extremelysteepingress,andassuchitwasnecessarytoshortenthisfusedelay
.TheGEMmissilewasalsogivenanew
"lownoise"seekerheaddesignedtoreduceinterferenceinfrontofthemissile'sradarseeker
,andahigherperformance
seekerdesignedtobetterdetectlow
radarcrosssectiontargets.[21]TheGEMwasusedextensivelyin
OperationIraqi
[22][23]
Freedom(OIF),duringwhichairdefensewashighlysuccessful.

JustpriortoOIF,itwasdecidedtofurtherupgradetheGEMandP
AC2missiles.Thisupgradeprogramproduced
missilesknownastheGEM/TandtheGEM/C,the"T"designatorreferringto"TBM",andthe"C"designatorreferrin
tocruisemissiles.Thesemissileswerebothgivenatotallynewnosesection,whichwasdesignedspecificallytobe
moreeffectiveagainstlowaltitude,lowRCStar
getslikecruisemissiles.Additionally
,theGEM/Twasgivenanewfuse
whichwasfurtheroptimizedagainstballisticmissiles.TheGEM/CistheupgradedversionoftheGEM,andtheGEM
istheupgradedversionoftheP
AC2.TheGEM+enteredservicein2002,andtheUSArmyiscurrentlyupgradingits
PAC2andGEMmissilestotheGEM/CorGEM/Tstandard.

MIM104F(P AC3)
ThePAC3upgradeisasignificantupgradetonearlyeveryaspectofthe
system.Ittookplaceinthreestagesdeployedin1995,1996and2000,and
unitsweredesignatedConfiguration1,2,or3.
ThesystemitselfsawanotherupgradeofitsWCCanditssoftware,andthe
communicationsetupwasgivenacompleteoverhaul.Duetothisupgrade,
PAC3operatorscannowsee,transmit,andreceivetracksontheLink16
CommandandControl(C2)networkusingaClass2MT
erminalorMIDS
LVTRadio.Thiscapabilitygreatlyincreasesthesituationalawarenessof
PatriotcrewsandotherparticipantsontheLink16networkthanareableto
receivethePatriotlocalairpicture.Thesoftwarecannowconductatailored PAC3missilelauncher,notefour
missilesineachcanister
TBMsearch,optimizingradarresourcesforsearchinaparticularsector
knowntohaveballisticmissileactivity
,andcanalsosupporta"keepout
altitude"toensureballisticmissileswithchemicalwarheadsorearlyrelease
submunitions
(ERS)aredestroyedata
certainaltitude.ForConfiguration3units,thePatriotradarwascompletelyredesigned,addinganother
travellingwave
tube(TWT)thatincreasedtheradar'ssearch,detection,tracking,anddiscriminationabilities.TheP
AC3radaris
capable,amongotherthings,ofdiscriminatingwhetherornotanaircraftismannedandwhichofmultiplereentering
ballisticobjectsarecarryingordnance.
ThePAC3upgradecarriedwithitanewmissiledesign,nominallyknownasMIM104FandcalledP
AC3bythe
Army.[24]ThePAC3missileevolvedfromthe
StrategicDefenseInitiative
'sERINTmissile,andsoitisdedicated
almostentirelytotheantiballisticmissilemission.Duetominiaturization,asinglecanistercanholdfourP
AC3missiles
(asopposedtoonePAC2missilepercanister).TheP
AC3missileisalsomoremaneuverablethanpreviousvariants,
dueto180tinypulsesolidpropellantrocketmotorsmountedintheforebodyofthemissile(calledAttitudeControl
Motors,orACMs)whichservetofinealignthemissiletrajectorywithitstar
gettoachievehittokillcapability
.
However,themostsignificantupgradetotheP
AC3missileistheadditionofa
Kabandactiveradarseeker.This
allowsthemissiletodropitsuplinktothesystemandacquireitstar
getitselfintheterminalphaseofitsintercept,which
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improvesthereactiontimeofthemissileagainstafastmovingballisticmissiletar
get.ThePAC3missileisaccurate
enoughtoselect,tar
get,andhomeinonthewarheadportionofaninboundballisticmissile.Theactiveradaralsogives
thewarheada"hittokill"(
kinetickillvehicle
)capabilitythatcompletelyeliminatestheneedforatraditionalproximity
fusedwarhead.However
,themissilestillhasasmallexplosivewarhead,called
LethalityEnhancer,awarheadwhich
launches24lowspeedtungstenfragmentsinradialdirectiontomakethemissilecrosssectiongreaterandenhancethe
killprobability
.Thisgreatlyincreasesthelethalityagainstballisticmissilesofalltypes.

ThePAC3upgradehaseffectivelyquintupledthe"footprint"thataPatriotunitcandefendagainstballisticmissilesof
types,andhasconsiderablyincreasedthesystem'slethalityandef
fectivenessagainstballisticmissiles.Ithasalso
increasedthescopeofballisticmissilesthatPatriotcanengage,whichnowincludesseveralintermediaterange.
However,despiteitsincreasesinballisticmissiledefensecapabilities,theP
AC3missileisalesscapableinterceptorof
atmosphericaircraftand
airtosurfacemissiles
.Itisslower,hasashorterrange,andhasasmallerexplosivewarhead
comparedtoolderPatriotmissiles.
Patriot'sPAC3interceptoristheprimaryinterceptorforthenew
MEADSsystem,whichwasscheduledtoenter
servicealongsidePatriotin2014.OnNovember29,2012,theMEADSdetected,tracked,interceptedanddestroyed
[25]
anairbreathingtargetinitsfirsteverinterceptflighttestatWhiteSandsMissileRange,N.M.

LockheedMartinMissilesandFireControl
istheprimecontractorontheP
AC3MissileSegmentupgradetothe
[26]ThePAC3
Patriotairdefensesystemwhichwillmakethemissilemoreagileandextenditsrangebyupto50%.
MissileSegmentupgradeconsistsoftheP
AC3missile,averyagilehittokillinterceptor
,thePAC3missilecanisters
(infourpacks),afiresolutioncomputer
,andanEnhancedLauncherElectronicsSystem(ELES).TheP
AC3Missile
SegmentEnhancement(MSE)interceptorincreasesaltitudeandrangethroughamorepowerfuldualpulsemotorfor
addedthrust,largerfinsthatcollapseinsidecurrentlaunchers,andotherstructuralmodificationsformoreagility
.[27]The

U.S.ArmyacceptedthefirstP
AC3MSEinterceptorson6October2015.[28]InitialOperationalCapability(IOC)for
[29]
thePAC3MSEinterceptorwasdeclaredinAugust2016.

PatriotAdvancedAffordableCapability4(PAAC4)
InAugust2013,Raytheonand
RafaelAdvancedDefenseSystems
begantoseekfundingforafourthgeneration
Patriotinterceptingsystem,calledthePatriotAdvancedAf
fordableCapability4(P
AAC4).Thesystemaimsto
integratetheStunnerinterceptorfromthejointlyfunded
David'sSling
programwithPatriotP
AC3radars,launchers,
andengagementcontrolstations.Thetwostage,multimodeseekingStunnerwouldreplacesinglestage,radar
guided
PAC3missilesproducedby
LockheedMartin.GovernmentandindustrysourcesclaimtheStunner
basedPAAC4
interceptorswillof
ferimprovedoperationalperformanceat20percentofthe$2millionunitcostoftheLockheedbuilt
PAC3missiles.Thecompaniesareseeking$20millioninU.S.governmentfundingtodemonstratecostand
performanceclaimsthroughaprototypeP
AAC4system.Israeliprogramof
ficialshavesaidthatapreviousteaming
agreementbetweenRaytheonandRafaelwouldallowtheU.S.companytoassumeprimecontractorstatus,and
produceatleast60percentoftheStunnermissileintheUnitedStates.The
MissileDefenseAgency
hassaidthatthe
[30]
U.S.ArmyisconsideringuseoftheStunnerasapotentialsolutiontofutureU.S.militaryrequirements.

Future
Patriotupgradescontinue,withthemostrecentbeingnewsoftwareknownasPDB7.x(PDBstandingfor"Post
DeploymentBuild").ThissoftwarewillallowConfiguration3unitstodiscriminatetar
getsofalltypes,toinclude
anti
radiationmissile
carriers,helicopters,
unmannedaerialvehicles
,andcruisemissiles
.
ThePAC3missileiscurrentlybeingupgradedthroughtheMissileSegmentEnhancement(MSE).TheMSEupgrade
includesanewfindesignandamorepowerfulrocketengine.
LockheedMartinhasproposedanair
launchedvariantoftheP
AC3missileforuseonthe
F15CEagle.Other
aircraft,suchasthe
F22RaptorandtheP8APoseidon,havealsobeenproposed.[31]
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Inthelongterm,itisexpectedthatexistingPatriotbatterieswillbegraduallyupgradedwith
MEADStechnology.[32]
Becauseofeconomicconditions,theU.S.chosetoupgradeitsPatriotmissilesinsteadofbuyingtheMEADS
system.[33]TheRoyalNetherlandsAirForce
decidedtoupgradeit'sexistingsystemstothelateststandardextending
operationaluseuntil2040.
RaytheonhasdevelopedthePatriotguidanceenhancedmissile(GEMT),anupgradetotheP
AC2missile.The
upgradeinvolvesanewfuseandtheinsertionofanewlownoiseoscillatorwhichincreasestheseeker'ssensitivityto
lowradarcrosssectiontargets.
InApril2013,RaytheonreceivedU.S.Armyapprovalforasecondrecertification,extendingtheoperationallifeofthe
[34]
worldwideinventoryofPatriotmissilesfrom30to45years.

ThePatriotbattalion

IntheU.S.Army,thePatriotSystemisdesignedaroundthe
battalionechelon.APatriotbattalionconsistsofa
headquartersbattery(whichincludesthePatriotICCanditsoperators),amaintenancecompany
,andbetweenfourand
six"linebatteries",whicharetheactuallaunchingbatteriesthatemploythePatriotsystems.Eachlinebatteryconsistso
[35]andthreeorfourplatoons:FireControlplatoon,Launcherplatoon,and
(nominally)sixlaunchers
Headquarters/Maintenanceplatoon(eitherasingleplatoonorseparatedintotwoseparateunits,atthebattery
commander'sdiscretion).TheFireControlplatoonisresponsibleforoperatingandmaintainingthe"big4".Launcher
platoonoperatesandmaintainsthelaunchers,andHeadquarters/Maintenanceplatoon(s)providesthebatterywith
maintenancesupportandaheadquarterssection.ThePatriotlinebatteryiscommandedbya
captainandusually
consistsofbetween70and90soldiers.ThePatriotbattalioniscommandedbya
lieutenantcolonel
andcanincludeas
manyas600soldiers.

Oncedeployed,thesystemrequiresacrewofonlythreeindividualstooperate.TheT
acticalControlOfficer(TCO),
usuallyalieutenant,isresponsiblefortheoperationofthesystem.TheTCOisassistedbytheT
acticalControlAssistant
(TCA).Communicationsarehandledbythethirdcrewmember
,thecommunicationssystemspecialist.A"hotcrew"
composedofanNCOIC(usuallyaSer
geant)andoneormoreadditionallaunchercrewmembersisonhandtorepair
orrefuellaunchingstations,andareloadcrewisonstandbytoreplacespentcanistersaftermissilesarelaunched.The
ICCcrewissimilartotheECScrewatthebatterylevel,exceptitsoperatorsaredesignatedastheT
acticalDirector
(TD)andtheTacticalDirectorAssistant(TDA).

Patriotbattalionsprefertooperateinacentralizedfashion,withtheICCcontrollingthelaunchesofallofitssubordina
launchingbatteriesthroughthesecureUHFP
ADILcommunicationsnetwork.

Operation
FollowingistheprocessaP
AC2firingbatteryusestoengageasingletar
get
(anaircraft)withasinglemissile:
1.AhostileaircraftisdetectedbytheAN/MPQ65Radar
.Theradar
examinesthetrack'ssize,speed,altitude,andheading,anddecides
whetherornotitisalegitimatetrackor"clutter"createdbyRF
interference.
U.S.Soldiersfamiliarizemembersof
2.Ifthetrackisclassifiedbytheradarasanaircraft,intheAN/MSQ thePolishmilitarywithpreventive
104EngagementControlStation,anunidentifiedtrackappearsonthe maintenanceforPatriotmissile
screenofthePatriotoperators.Theoperatorsexaminethespeed,
systemsinMorg,Poland(June1,
altitudeandheadingofthetrack.Additionally
,theIFFsubsystem
2010)
"pings"thetracktodetermineifithasanyIFFresponse.
3.Basedonmanyfactors,includingthetrack'sspeed,altitude,heading,IFFresponse,oritspresencein"safe
passagecorridors"or"missileengagementzones",theECSoperator
,theTCO(tacticalcontrolof
ficer),makes
anIDrecommendationtotheICCoperator
,theTD(tacticaldirector).
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4.TheTDexaminesthetrackanddecidestocertifythatitishostile.T
ypically,theengagementauthorityforPatriot
unitsrestswiththeRegionalorSectorAirDefenseCommander(RADC/SADC),whowillbelocatedeitherona
U.S.Navyguidedmissilecruiser
oronaUSAFAWACSaircraft.APatriotoperator(calledthe"ADAFCO"or
AirDefenseArtilleryFireControlOf
ficer)iscolocatedwiththeRADC/SADCtofacilitatecommunicationtothe
Patriotbattalions.
5.TheTDcontactstheADAFCOandcorrelatesthetrack,ensuringthatitisnotafriendlyaircraft.
6.TheADAFCOobtainstheengagementcommandfromRADC/SADC,anddelegatestheengagementback
downtothePatriotbattalion.
7.Oncetheengagementcommandisreceived,theTDselectsafiringbatterytotaketheshotandordersthemto
engage.
8.TheTCOinstructstheTCAtoengagethetrack.TheTCAbringsthesystem'slaunchersfrom"standby"into
"operate".
9.TheTCApressesthe"engage"switchindicator
.Thissendsasignaltotheselectedlauncherandfiresamissile
selectedautomaticallybythesystem.
10.TheAN/MPQ65Radar,whichhasbeencontinuouslytrackingthehostileaircraft,"acquires"thejustfired
missileandbeginsfeedingitinterceptiondata.TheRadaralso"illuminates"thetar
getforthemissile's
semiactive
radarseeker.
11.Themonopulsereceiverinthemissile'snosereceivesthereflectionofilluminationener
gyfromthetarget.The
trackviamissile
uplinksendsthisdatathroughanantennainthemissile'stailbacktotheAN/MPQ65set.In
theECS,computerscalculatethemaneuversthatthemissileshouldperforminordertomaintainatrajectoryto
thetargetandtheTVMuplinksendsthesetothemissile.
12.Onceinthevicinityofthetar
get,themissiledetonatesitsproximityfusedwarhead.
FollowingistheprocessaP
AC3firingbatteryusestoengageasingle
tacticalballisticmissile
withtwoPAC3missiles:

1.AmissileisdetectedbytheAN/MPQ65radar
.Theradarreviewsthespeed,altitude,behavior
,andradar
crosssectionofthetar
get.Ifthisdatalinesupwiththediscriminationparameterssetintothesystem,themissile
ispresentedonthescreenoftheoperatorasaballisticmissiletar
get.
2.IntheAN/MSQ104EngagementControlStation,theTCOreviewsthespeed,altitude,andtrajectoryofthe
trackandthenauthorizesengagement.Uponauthorizingengagement,theTCOinstructshisTCAtobringthe
system'slaunchersinto"operate"modefrom"standby"mode.Theengagementwilltakeplaceautomaticallyat
themomentthecomputerdefinestheparametersthatensurethehighestprobabilityofkill.
3.Thesystemcomputerdetermineswhichofthebattery'slaunchershavethehighestprobabilityofkillandselects
themtofire.T
womissilesarelaunched4.2secondsapartina"ripple".
4.TheAN/MPQ65radarcontinuestrackingthetar
getanduploadsinterceptinformationtotheP
AC3missiles
whicharenowoutboundtointercept.
5.Uponreachingitsterminalhomingphase,theKabandactiveradarseekerinthenoseoftheP
AC3missile
acquirestheinboundballisticmissile.Thisradarselectstheradarreturnmostlikelytobethewarheadofthe
incomingmissileanddirectstheinterceptortowardsit.
6.TheACMs(attitudecontrolmotors)oftheP
AC3missilefiretopreciselyalignthemissileontheinterception
trajectory.
7.Theinterceptorfliesstraightthroughthewarheadoftheinboundballisticmissile,detonatingitanddestroyingth
missile.
8.Thesecondmissilelocatesanydebriswhichmaybeawarheadandattacksinasimilarmanner
.

OperationalHistory
PersianGulfWar(1991)
Trialbyfire

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PriortotheFirstGulfW
ar,ballisticmissiledefensewasanunprovenconcept
inwar.DuringOperationDesertStorm,inadditiontoitsantiaircraftmission,
PatriotwasassignedtoshootdownincomingIraqi
ScudorAlHusseinshort
rangeballisticmissileslaunchedat
IsraelandSaudiArabia.Thefirstcombat
useofPatriotoccurredJanuary18,1991whenitengagedwhatwaslater
[36]TherewereactuallynoScudsfiredat
foundtobeacomputerglitch.
[37]Thisincidentwaswidelymisreportedasthe
SaudiArabiaonJanuary18.
firstsuccessfulinterceptionofanenemyballisticmissileinhistory
.

TheAN/MPQ53radarsystemused

Throughoutthewar
,Patriotmissilesattemptedengagementofover40hostile bythePatriotfortargetdetection,
ballisticmissiles.Thesuccessoftheseengagements,andinparticularhow trackingandmissileguidance
manyofthemwererealtar
gets,isstillcontroversial.Postwarvideoanalysis
ofpresumedinterceptionsby
MITprofessorTheodorePostolsuggeststhat
[38][39]
noScudwasactuallyhit
thisanalysisiscontestedby
PeterD.Zimmerman
,whoclaimedthatphotographsofthe
fuselageofdownedSCUDmissilesinSaudiArabiademonstratedthattheSCUDmissileswerefiredintoSaudiArabi
[40]
andwereriddledwithfragmentsfromthelethalityenhancerofPatriotMissiles.
FailureatDhahran
OnFebruary25,1991,anIraqiScudhitthebarracksin
Dhahran,SaudiArabia,killing28soldiersfromtheU.S.
Army's14thQuartermasterDetachment
.
AgovernmentinvestigationrevealedthatthefailedinterceptatDhahranhadbeencausedbya
softwareerrorinthe
[41][42]ThePatriotmissilebatteryatDhahranhadbeeninoperationfor100hours,by
system'shandlingoftimestamps.
whichtimethesystem'sinternalclockhaddriftedbyonethirdofasecond.Duetothemissile'sspeedthiswas
equivalenttoamissdistanceof600meters.

TheradarsystemhadsuccessfullydetectedtheScudandpredictedwheretolookforitnext.However
,thetimestamps
ofthetworadarpulsesbeingcomparedwereconvertedtofloatingpointdif
ferently:onecorrectly
,theotherintroducing
anerrorproportionatetotheoperationtimesofar(100hours).Thedif
ferencebetweenthetwowasconsequently
wrong,sothesystemlookedinthewrongpartoftheskyandfoundnotar
get.Withnotarget,theinitialdetectionwas
assumedtobeaspurioustrackandthemissilewasremovedfromthesystem.Inaccuratecalculation,wasperformed
usinga24bitfixedpointregister
.[43]Nointerceptionwasattempted,andtheScudimpactedonamakeshiftbarracksin
anAlKhobarwarehouse,killing28soldiers,thefirstAmericanstobekilledfromtheScudsthatIraqhadlaunched
againstSaudiArabiaandIsrael.
Twoweeksearlier,onFebruary11,1991,theIsraelishadidentifiedtheproblemandinformedtheU.S.Armyandthe
PATRIOTProjectOffice,thesoftwaremanufacturer
.[41]Asastopgapmeasure,theIsraelishadrecommended
rebootingthesystem'scomputersregularly
.ThemanufacturersuppliedupdatedsoftwaretotheArmyonFebruary26.
TherehadpreviouslybeenfailuresintheMIM104systematthe
JointDefenseFacilityNurrungar
inAustralia,which
[44]
waschargedwithprocessingsignalsfromsatellitebasedearlylaunchdetectionsystems.

Successratevs.accuracy
OnFebruary15,1991,PresidentGeorgeH.W.BushtraveledtoRaytheon'sPatriotmanufacturingplantin
Andover,
[45]The
Massachusetts,duringtheGulfW
ar,hedeclared,the"Patriotis41for42:42Scudsengaged,41intercepted!"
President'sclaimedsuccessratewasthusover97%tothatpointinthewar
.TheU.S.Armyclaimedaninitialsuccess
rateof80%inSaudiArabiaand50%inIsrael.Thoseclaimswereeventuallyscaledbackto70%and40%.

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OnApril7,1992TheodorePostoloftheMassachusettsInstituteofT
echnology,andReuvenPedatzurof
TelAviv
UniversitytestifiedbeforeaHouseCommitteestatingthat,accordingtotheirindependentanalysisofvideotapes,the
[46][47]
Patriotsystemhadasuccessrateofbelow10%,andperhapsevenazerosuccessrate.

AlsoonApril7,1992CharlesA.Zraketof
Harvard'sKennedySchoolofGovernment
andPeterD.Zimmerman
of
theCenterforStrategicandInternationalStudies
testifiedaboutthecalculationofsuccessratesandaccuracyinIsrael
[48][49]
andSaudiArabiaanddiscountedmanyofthestatementsandmethodologiesinPostol'sreport.

AccordingtoZimmerman,itisimportanttonotethedif
ferenceintermswhenanalyzingtheperformanceofthesystem
duringthewar:
SuccessRatethepercentageofScudsdestroyedordeflectedtounpopulatedareas
AccuracythepercentageofhitsoutofallthePatriotsfired

InaccordancewiththestandardfiringdoctrineonaveragefourPatriotswerelaunchedateachincomingScudin
SaudiArabiaanaverageofthreePatriotswerefired.Thelar
geamountofmissilesfiredsuggestslowconfidencein
individualmissilesandahigherrateofsuccessfulinterceptionswasachievedthroughbruteforce.Forexample,ifa
Patriothasa50%individualsuccessrate,twomissileswillintercept75%ofthetime,andthreewillintercept87.5%o
thetime.Onlyonehastohitforasuccessfulinterception,butthisdoesnotmeanthattheothermissileswouldnotalso
havehit.
TheIraqiredesignoftheScudsalsoplayedarole.Iraqhadredesignedits
Scudsbyremovingweightfromthewarheadtoincreasespeedandrange,
butthechangesweakenedthemissileandmadeitunstableduringflight,
creatingatendencyfortheScudtobreakupduringitsdescentfrom
Near
space.Thispresentedalar
gernumberoftargetsasitwasunclearwhich
piececontainedthewarhead.
Whatallthesefactorsmean,accordingtoZimmerman,isthatthecalculation
of"Kills"becomesmoredif
ficult.Isakillthehittingofawarheadorthe
hittingofamissile?IfthewarheadfallsintothedesertbecauseaPatriothitits
Scud,isitasuccess?Whatifithitsapopulatedsuburb?Whatifallfourof
theengagingPatriotmissileshit,butthewarheadfallsanywaybecausethe
Scudbrokeup?

AccordingtotheZrakettestimonytherewasalackof
highquality
photographicequipment
necessarytorecordtheinterceptionsoftar
gets.
Therefore,Patriotcrewsrecordedeachlaunchon
standarddefinition
videotape,whichwasinsuf
ficientfordetailedanalysis.Damageassessment
teamsvideotapedtheScuddebristhatwasfoundontheground,andcrater
PatriotAntennaMastGroup(AMG),
analysiswasthenusedtodetermineifthewarheadwasdestroyedbeforethe
a4kWUHFcommunicationsarray
debriscrashedornot.Furthermore,partofthereasonforthe30%
improvementinsuccessrateinSaudiArabiacomparedtoIsraelisthatthe
PatriotmerelyhadtopushtheincomingScudmissilesawayfrommilitarytar
getsinthedesertordisabletheScud's
warheadinordertoavoidcasualties,whileinIsraeltheScudswereaimeddirectlyatcitiesandcivilianpopulations.T
SaudiGovernmentalsocensoredanyreportingofScuddamagebytheSaudipress.TheIsraeliGovernmentdidnot
institutethesametypeofcensorship.Furthermore,Patriot'ssuccessrateinIsraelwasexaminedbytheIDF(Israel
DefenseForces)whodidnothaveapoliticalreasontoplayupPatriot'ssuccessrate.TheIDFcountedanyScudthat
explodedontheground(regardlessofwhetherornotitwasdiverted)asafailureforthePatriot.Meanwhile,theU.S.
ArmywhohadmanyreasonstosupportahighsuccessrateforPatriot,examinedtheperformanceofPatriotinSaudi
Arabia.
Bothtestimoniesstatethatpartoftheproblemsstemfromitsoriginaldesignasanantiaircraftsystem.Patriotwas
designedwithproximityfused
warheads,whicharedesignedtoexplodeimmediatelypriortohittingatar
getspraying
shrapneloutinafaninfrontofthemissile,eitherdestroyingordisablingthetar
get.Thesemissileswerefiredatthe
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target'scenterofmass.Withaircraftthiswasfine,butconsideringthemuchhigherspeedsofTBMs,aswellasthe
locationofthewarhead(usuallyinthenose),PatriotwouldmostoftenhitclosertothetailoftheScudduetothedelay
presentintheproximityfused
warhead,thusnotdestroyingtheTBM'swarheadandallowingittofalltoearth.
Inresponsetothetestimoniesandotherevidence,thestaf
foftheHouseGovernmentOperationsSubcommitteeon
LegislationandNationalSecurityreported,"ThePatriotmissilesystemwasnotthespectacularsuccessinthePersian
GulfWarthattheAmericanpublicwasledtobelieve.Thereislittle
evidencetoprovethatthePatriothitmorethana
fewScudmissileslaunchedbyIraqduringtheGulfW
ar,andtherearesomedoubtsabouteventheseengagements.
Thepublicandthe
UnitedStatesCongressweremisledbydefinitivestatementsofsuccessissuedbyadministrationand
Raytheonrepresentativesduringandafterthewar
."[50]
AFifthEstate documentaryquotestheformerIsraeliDefenseMinisterassayingtheIsraeligovernmentwasso
dissatisfiedwiththeperformanceofthemissiledefense,theywerepreparingtheirownmilitaryretaliationonIraq
[51]Thatresponsewascanceledonlywiththe
regardlessofU.S.objections.
ceasefirewithIraq.

OperationIraqiFreedom(2003 )
PatriotwasdeployedtoIraqasecondtimein2003,thistimetoprovideairandmissiledefensefortheforces
conductingOperationIraqiFreedom(OIF).PatriotPAC3,GEM,andGEM+missilesbothhadaveryhighsuccess
[32]However,nolongerrangeballisticmissiles
rate,intercepting
AlSamoud2andAbabil100tacticalballisticmissiles.
werefiredduringthatconflict.ThesystemswerestationedinKuwaitandIraqsuccessfullydestroyinganumberof
hostilesurfacetosurfacemissilesusingthenewP
AC3andguidanceenhancedmissiles.Patriotmissilebatterieswere
involvedinthreefriendlyfireincidents,resultinginthedowningofa
RoyalAirForceTornadoandthedeathofboth
crewmembers,FlightLieutenantDavidRhysW
illiamsandFlightLieutenantKevinBarryMain,onMarch23,2003.
OnMarch24,2003,aUSAFF16CJFightingFalcon
firedaHARMantiradiationmissile
ataPatriotmissilebattery
afterthePatriot'sradarhadlockedontoandpreparedtofireattheaircraft,causingthepilottomistakeitforanIraqi
surfacetoairmissilesystem.TheHARMmisseditstar
getandnoonewasinjuredandthePatriotRadarwasexamined
andcontinuedtooperatebutwasreplacedduetoachancethatafragmentmayhavepenetrateditandgone

undetected.[52]OnApril2,2003,2PAC3missilesshotdownaUSN
F/A18HornetkillingU.S.NavyLieutenant
NathanD.WhiteofVFA195,CarrierAirWingFive.[53][54]

ServicewithIsrael
TodaytheIsraeliAirDefenseCommand
operatesMIM104DPatriot
(PAC2/GEM+)batterieswithIsraeliupgrades.The
IsraelDefenseForces'
designationforthePatriotweaponsystemis"
Yahalom"(,"diamond"in
Hebrew).
OperationProtectiveEdge(2014)
DuringOperationProtectiveEdge
,Patriotbatteriesofthe
IsraeliAirDefense
Commandinterceptedanddestroyedtwo
unmannedaerialvehicles
launched
byHamas.[55][56]TheinterceptionofaHamasdroneonJuly14,2014was
thefirsttimeinthehistoryofthePatriotsystem'susethatitsuccessfully
[57]
interceptedanenemyaircraft.

IsraeliPatriotbattery(togetherwith
IronDomebattery,left)indisplayfor
UnitedStatesSecretaryofDefense
ChuckHagel,2014.

Syriancivilwar(2014)
OnAugust31,2014,aSyrian
unmannedaerialvehicle
wasshotdownbyanIsraeliAirDefenseCommand
MIM
[9]Nearlya
104DPatriotmissilenearQuneitra,afterithadpenetratedIsraeliairspaceovertheIsraeliGolanHeights.
[9][58]
monthlater,onSeptember23,aSyrianAirForceSukhoiSu24wasshotdownonsimilarcircumstances.
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[59]
In2016thesystemwasunabletostrikeinvadingUA
VinthedirectionofSyria.

ServicewithSaudiArabia
On6June2015,HouthirebelsfiredaScudmissileintoSaudiArabia,the
KingKhalidAirBase
beingthesuspected
target,inresponsetotheSaudiArabianledinterventioninY
emen,whichwasinterceptedbyaSaudiPatriot
battery.[60]AnotherScudwasfiredatanelectricitystationin
JizanprovinceandinterceptedbyaSaudiPatrioton26
August2015.[61]

ServicewiththeUnitedArabEmirates
AccordingtoBrigadierGeneralMuradT
uraiq,thecommanderofsomeoftheY
emeniforcesalliedtotheSaudiled
coalitioncurrentlyfightinginY
emen,PatriotairdefencesystemsdeployedtoY
emenbytheUnitedArabEmirates
(UAE)havesuccessfullyinterceptedtwoballisticmissilesfiredbyHouthiforces.GeneralT
uraiqtoldtheAbuDhabi
basedTheNationalnewspaperonthe14thofNovemberthatthefirstmissilewasshotdownlatethepreviousdayin
theAlGofainahareaandasecondwasinterceptedbeforeithitthebuildinghostingthecontrolcentreforforces
operatinginMariband
AlBaydahprovinces.AirbusDefenceandSpacesatelliteimageryobtainedby
IHSJane's
showedtwoPatriotfireunits,eachwithjusttwolaunchers,deployedattheSafirairstripin
Maribprovinceon1
October.[62]

Operators
Operators[63]

Currentoperators
Germany
Luftwaffe
Flugabwehrraketengeschwader1
Greece
HellenicArmedForces
350GuidedMissilesW
ing

MapwithMIM104operatorsinblue

Israel
IsraeliAirForce
[65]
IsraeliAirDefenseCommand
(GEM+"Yahalom")[64]TobereplacedbyDavid'sSling
Japan
JapanAirSelfDefenseForce
AirDefenseMissileT
rainingUnit(P
AC3)
1stAirDefenceMissileGroup(P
AC3)
2ndAirDefenceMissileGroup(P
AC3)
3rdAirDefenceMissileGroup(P
AC3)
4thAirDefenceMissileGroup(P
AC3)
5thAirDefenceMissileGroup(P
AC3)
6thAirDefenceMissileGroup(P
AC3)
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Kuwait
KuwaitAirForce
InAugust2010,theUSDefenseSecurityCooperationAgencyannouncedthatKuwaithadformallyrequestedtobuy
209MIM104EPAC2missiles.[66]InAugust2012,Kuwaitpurchased60MIM104FP
AC3missiles,alongwith
[67]
fourradarsand20launchers.

Netherlands
RoyalNetherlandsArmy
802Squadron(PAC2&PAC3)
Qatar
QatarArmedForces
InNovember2012itwasannouncedtheexportfromtheUnitedStatesof246MIM104EGEMTand786
[68]
PAC3missilesandrelatedequipment.
SaudiArabia
RoyalSaudiAirDefense
SouthKorea
RepublicofKoreaAirForce
(PAC2,2016PAC3Change)
1stAirDefenseArtilleryBrigade
2ndAirDefenseArtilleryBrigade
Spain
SpanishArmy
RegimientodeArtilleraantiarea74
Taiwan(RepublicofChina)
RepublicofChina(T
aiwan)ArmedForcesGHQMissileCommand
UnitedArabEmirates
UnionDefenceForce

TheUnitedArabEmiratesclosedadeal(nearly$4billion)withLockheedMartin,RaytheonandtheUSGovernment
tobuyandoperatethelatestdevelopmentoftheP
AC3system,aswellas288ofLockheed'sP
AC3missiles,and
216GEMTmissiles.ThedealispartofthedevelopmentofanationaldefensesystemtoprotecttheEmiratesfromair
threats.[69]
UnitedStates
[70]
UnitedStatesArmy
[71][72]
TheUSArmyoperatesatotalof1,106Patriotlaunchers.In2010,intheactualserviceof483.

11thAirDefenseArtilleryBrigade
1stBattalion,43dAirDefenseArtilleryRegiment
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2dBattalion,43dAirDefenseArtilleryRegiment
3dBattalion,43dAirDefenseArtilleryRegiment
5thBattalion,52dAirDefenseArtilleryRegiment
31stAirDefenseArtilleryBrigade
3dBattalion,2dAirDefenseArtilleryRegiment
4thBattalion,3dAirDefenseArtilleryRegiment
69thAirDefenseArtilleryBrigade
4thBattalion,5thAirDefenseArtilleryRegiment
1stBattalion,44thAirDefenseArtilleryRegiment
1stBattalion,62ndAirDefenseArtilleryRegiment(UnitedStates)
108thAirDefenseArtilleryBrigade
1stBattalion,7thAirDefenseArtilleryRegiment
3dBattalion,4thAirDefenseArtilleryRegiment
35thAirDefenseArtilleryBrigade
,EighthArmy
2dBattalion,1stAirDefenseArtilleryRegiment
1stBattalion,1stAirDefenseArtilleryRegiment
6thBattalion,52dAirDefenseArtilleryRegiment
5thBattalion7thAirDefenseArtilleryRegiment
3dBattalion,6thAirDefenseArtilleryRegiment

Seealso
Listofmissiles
TaiwanSkyBowBallisticMissileDefenseSystem
Sayyad2
MEADS
U.S.ArmyAviationandMissileCommand
Antiballisticmissile
NationalMissileDefense
U.S.ArmyAirDefenseUnits
Mnumbers
ADATS
ComparableSAMs:

ListofMediumrangeandLongrangeSAMs
ThelauncherofIranianSayyad2missilethatconsistof4canistersin2*2configurationisoneoftheinteresting
thingsaboutthisnewsurfacetoairmissilebecauseithassomuchapparentsimilaritytoAmericanMIM104
[73]
PatriotSAMsystemlaunchers.

References
Notes
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Externallinksandreferences
PatriotMIM104surfacetoairdefensemissilesystemArmy
WikimediaCommonshas
Recognition(http://www.armyrecognition.com/united_states_american
mediarelatedto:
_missile_system_vehicle_uk/patriot_mim104_surfacetoair_defense
Patriotmissilesystem
(category)
_missile_data_sheet_specifications_information_description.html)
[OfficialArmyP
ATRIOTwebsite]
OfficialRaytheon(missilecontractor)P
ATRIOTwebsite(http://www.raytheon.com/products/patriot/)
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RaytheonMIM104Patriot(http://www.designationsystems.net/dusrm/m104.html)
MIM104PatriotArmedForcesInternational
(http://www.armedforcesint.com/projects/Missiles/mim104pat
riot.asp)
LockheedMartinPatriotMIM104EP
ACIIIPhotos,H.A.F(http://www.redstar.gr/Foto_red/Eng/Exibition/P
atriot_MMM_104E.html)
Retrievedfrom"
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g/w/index.php?title=MIM104_Patriot&oldid=749096062
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