Some Applications of Bernoulli's Equation Flow through a Sharp-Raged Orifice Ay ‘This describes tow through a small orifice (or aperture). In this ease the orifice is near the base of a vessel witha height af liquid above it. The cross-sectional area ofthe vesol is ‘much greater than that ofthe orifice. Ifthe orifice is harp-edged then fictional eftecs we reduced, ‘The region dencted o-, al point 2, is known as the vena contracts. As thestreamlines flow through the orf, this is the point just after the orifice (about orifice doer from i) ‘where the streamlines are parallel aad at this point pressure is equal over the et ‘The analysis i cared out from point 1 to point 2a shown in the above diagram. AS point 1 ‘velocity is negligible compared with point 2. Pressure above the Vessc is atenouphere od the jet discharges to stmospheric pressure. For steady flow and ignoring fictional effects, Bemouili's equation ean be applied from ‘Point Lto point 2 Bog: ane fy it yo Pa zg eg 39 Pls Patm + pg Ch~ 2) a ae sno Us = Ua Cideal velocity at the vena 5 conbracta , assuming No — 7 35 20 Richonal losses) al N : Pom 4 ch zi) FOtz = Palme YP 4g . Ps 39 bDefine, Cy = actual velocity at vena conracta ideal velocity at vena contracta = uy actual 7 Coefficient of velocity Us ideal Co = even of vena comiucta req of orifice = As > cocffetent of contraction Discharge from orifice , @ = Us Ae = Us actual Aa We © Uacher © Aa Ao Us achal + Ce Gy = Us ached 5 ty achal Usider = fagh oe Us actual = Cy Jaghw Define Ca ac the discharge coefficient Cd = Cocy = Aa, Usachat Ae” “us Meal = actual discharge ideal diecharge at orifice Commonly, fora well-made, sharp- edged orifice, Cy = 097-099 Ce F 0.61 - 0-66 Cd = 0-6- 0-65 Exercise A tank, optn to the atmosphere , contains water ata height maintained constant at 2m above a sharp edged orifice oF diameter 25 mm. The water Issues fiom the orifice to atmospheri pressure and in 30 seconds, SF kg of water fs collected. What isthe value of the coefficient of discharge, Cd forthe orifice ? :pl Cans. 0-62) Answer = bt kgs-! 30s = akg Qs Yoho + Us = Q/Ao *N000kgn-? = 1-9x 1o-S mPs 19 x 10°3/ E(0.025)* = 3. 8}ms-! = Us / Jagh” = 3.8% /faxT etx a Cte O62 y Us = Cagh & ca‘The Venturi-Meter Another useful method for measuring flow in pipe is the Venturismete. A rapid ‘contraction is followed by a parallel section and then a slow divergence, ‘Velocity increases ‘inthe poraiel section and hence the static pressure decreases. Applying Bernoulli's eqn from © te @ f+ ut. fo 29 UW = Q@Y, and uss @/Ax , where @= ieee eae Py Qe Ps ae Py we. pe 9" agar pa agan See ee eg oe (A) Sea ag (as ae ae arog) [Ao - (8-1At (2g) 4h Gey =! Qe Al gdh Qe Where ah = the difference in clatic head inthe venturi meter, in m of fluid, not the difference A in manometer levels Some frictional losses occur hetween © and @ & hence @ coefficient of discharge is Introduced . Qs Ca Ay agah [ ie Venturi meters have very low frictional losses 2 Cae 0.98 [8S lo¥a gives construction details ]Orifice Plate (Diagram taken from B $ Massey, Mechanics of Fuids, 6th Edition) ‘Most commonly used means for measuring How in pipes. Essentially a sharp-edged orifice fitted concentecally in the pipe. Poot (1) represents steady, niform fongin te pipe before | the orifice and point 2) represents the vena contacta after the orifice. | Applying Bernoulli's ean from © to @® Fi at P: 7 oe ee ae 3 23 Pg 2g aap tt eg tc) ous = ( adin)+ ua)” Frictional effects mean that actual velocity at @ Is lower than expected 2 must introduce Cv , Coétficiend of locity us = Cy Cagah + wt) us fa, + Uns Oa, = B/CeAo where Cé = coefficient of comtracton+ eC gts Bt @ = CrCede (agah+ & a @ = Cade ( aga + = ie Where Cd = CvCe = Coefficient of olischarge Rearranging the ahove equation gives : @ = Cale C aga)” be Ca basa value between 0.6~ 0.65 Tf Ao ' smelt compared with A, , then : Coe Therefore, @ = C4 Ao (2gah) i ¥ QCA beh Ces