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WirelessSensorNetworksandtheir
Applications
byTarunAgarwal|at
ELECTRONICS
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InrecentyearsanefficientdesignofaWirelessSensorNetworkhasbecomealeadingareaofresearch.A
device that responds and detects some type of input from both the physical or environmental conditio
pressure,heat,light,etc.Theoutputofthesensorisgenerallyanelectricalsignalthatistransmittedtoac
furtherprocessing.
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WirelessSensorNetworks
TypesofNetworkTopology
WirelessSensorNetworks(WSNs)
AWirelesssensornetworkcanbedefinedasanetworkofdevicesthatcancommunicatetheinformationga
amonitoredfieldthroughwirelesslinks.Thedataisforwardedthroughmultiplenodes,andwithagateway
connectedtoothernetworkslikewirelessEthernet.
WirelessSensorNetworks
WSNisawirelessnetworkthatconsistsofbasestationsandnumbersofnodes(wirelesssensors).Thesen
used to monitor physical or environmental conditions like sound, pressure, temperature and cooperativel
throughthenetworktoamainlocationasshowninthefigure.
WSNNetworkTopologies
Forradiocommunicationnetworks,thestructureofaWSNincludesvarioustopologiesliketheonesgivenb
WirelessSensorNetworkTopologies
StarTopologies
Startopologyisacommunicationtopology,whereeachnodeconnectsdirectlytoagateway.Asinglegatew
orreceiveamessagetoanumberofremotenodes.Instartopologies,thenodesarenotpermittedtosen
toeachother.Thisallowslowlatencycommunicationsbetweentheremotenodeandthegateway(basesta
Due to its dependency on a single node to manage the network, the gateway must be within the radio t
rangeofalltheindividualnodes.Theadvantageincludestheabilitytokeeptheremotenodespowerconsu
minimumandsimplyundercontrol.Thesizeofthenetworkdependsonthenumberofconnectionsmadeto
TreeTopologies
Treetopologyisalsocalledascascadedstartopology.Intreetopologies,eachnodeconnectstoanodeth
higherinthetree,andthentothegateway.Themainadvantageofthetreetopologyisthattheexpansion
can be easily possible, and also error detection becomes easy. The disadvantage with this network is
heavilyonthebuscableifitbreaks,allthenetworkwillcollapse.
MeshTopologies
TheMeshtopologiesallowtransmissionofdatafromonenodetoanother,whichiswithinitsradiotransmiss
anodewantstosendamessagetoanothernode,whichisoutofradiocommunicationrange,itneedsan
nodetoforwardthemessagetothedesirednode.Theadvantagewiththismeshtopologyincludeseasyi
detectionoffaultsinthenetwork.Thedisadvantageisthatthenetworkislargeandrequireshugeinvestmen
TypesofWSNs(WirelessSensorNetworks)
Depending on the environment, the types of networks are decided so that those can be deployed
underground,onland,andsoon.DifferenttypesofWSNsinclude:
1.TerrestrialWSNs
2.UndergroundWSNs
3.UnderwaterWSNs
4.MultimediaWSNs
5.MobileWSNs
1.TerrestrialWSNs
Terrestrial WSNs are capable of communicating base stations efficiently, and consist of hundreds to th
wirelesssensornodesdeployedeitherinunstructured(adhoc)orstructured(Preplanned)manner.Inanu
mode, the sensor nodes are randomly distributed within the target area that is dropped from a fixed
preplannedorstructuredmodeconsidersoptimalplacement,gridplacement,and2D,3Dplacementmodels
InthisWSN,thebatterypowerislimitedhowever,thebatteryisequippedwithsolarcellsasasecondarypo
TheEnergyconservationoftheseWSNsisachievedbyusinglowdutycycleoperations,minimizingdelays,
routing,andsoon.
2.UndergroundWSNs
The underground wireless sensor networks are more expensive than the terrestrial WSNs in terms of
maintenance, and equipment cost considerations and careful planning. The WSNs networks consist of a
sensor nodes that are hidden in the ground to monitor underground conditions. To relay information from
nodestothebasestation,additionalsinknodesarelocatedabovetheground.
UndergroundWSNs
Theundergroundwirelesssensornetworksdeployedintothegroundaredifficulttorecharge.Thesensorb
equippedwithalimitedbatterypoweraredifficulttorecharge.Inadditiontothis,theundergroundenvironm
wirelesscommunicationachallengeduetohighlevelofattenuationandsignalloss.
3.UnderWaterWSNs
Morethan70%oftheearthisoccupiedwithwater.Thesenetworksconsistofanumberofsensornodesa
deployed under water. Autonomous underwater vehicles are used for gathering data from these senso
challengeofunderwatercommunicationisalongpropagationdelay,andbandwidthandsensorfailures.
UnderWaterWSNs
Under water WSNs are equipped with a limited battery that cannot be recharged or replaced. The issu
conservation for under water WSNs involves the development of underwater communication and
techniques.
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4.MultimediaWSNs
Muttimedia wireless sensor networks have been proposed to enable tracking and monitoring of events in
multimedia, such as imaging, video, and audio. These networks consist of lowcost sensor nodes eq
micrpphones and cameras.These nodes are interconnected with each other over a wireless connecti
compression,dataretrievalandcorrelation.
MultimediaWSNs
The challenges with the multimedia WSN include high energy consumption, high bandwidth requirem
processingandcompressingtechniques.Inadditiontothis,multimediacontentsrequirehighbandwidthfor
tobedeliveredproperlyandeasily.
5.MobileWSNs
Thesenetworksconsistofacollectionofsensornodesthatcanbemovedontheirownandcanbeinterac
physicalenvironment.Themobilenodeshavetheabilitytocomputesenseandcommunicate.
The mobile wireless sensor networks are much more versatile than the static sensor networks. The ad
MWSNoverthestaticwirelesssensornetworksincludebetterandimprovedcoverage,betterenergyefficien
channelcapacity,andsoon.
LimitationsofWirelessSensorNetworks
1.Possessverylittlestoragecapacityafewhundredkilobytes
2.Possessmodestprocessingpower8MHz
3.Worksinshortcommunicationrangeconsumesalotofpower
4.Requiresminimalenergyconstrainsprotocols
5.Havebatterieswithafinitelifetime
6.Passivedevicesprovidelittleenergy
WirelessSensorNetworksApplications
WirelessSensorNetworksApplications
These networks are used in environmental tracking, such as forest detection, animal tracking, floo
forecasting and weather prediction, and also in commercial applications like seismic activities pre
monitoring.
Militaryapplications,suchastrackingandenvironmentmonitoringsurveillanceapplicationsusethesene
sensornodesfromsensornetworksaredroppedtothefieldofinterestandareremotelycontrolledbyau
tracking,securitydetectionsarealsoperformedbyusingthesenetworks.
Healthapplications,suchasTrackingandmonitoringofpatientsanddoctorsusethesenetworks.
ThemostfrequentlyusedwirelesssensornetworksapplicationsinthefieldofTransportsystemssucha
oftraffic,dynamicroutingmanagementandmonitoringofparkinglots,etc.,usethesenetworks.
Rapidemergencyresponse,industrialprocessmonitoring,automatedbuildingclimatecontrol,ecosystem
monitoring,civilstructuralhealthmonitoring,etc.,usethesenetworks.
This is all about the wireless sensors networks and their applications. We believe that the information a
different types of networks will help you to know them better for your practical requirements. Apart fr
additional information about wireless SCADA, queries, and doubts regarding this topic or electrical an
projects,andforanysuggestions,pleasecommentorwritetousinthecommentsectionbelow.
PhotoCredits
WirelessSensorNetworksbydolcera
WirelessSensorNetworkTopologiesbyni
UndergroundWSNsbyamrita
UnderWaterWSNsbyjurdak
MultimediaWSNsbyohiostate
WirelessSensorNetworksApplicationsbyimmateriel
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