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Biofilms,Biofouling&Biocorrosion
,
g
Introduction
WolfgangSand

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I Introduction
I.Introduction
Microbial
MicrobialCorrosion
Corrosion
Biocorrosion
MicrobiallyInfluenced(Induced)Corrosion
(MIC)
Biodeterioration
(Bio)erosion
(Bio)fouling

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MIC on stainless steel by SRB

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MIC on stainless steel tube

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Biocorrosion by Mn-oxidizing bacteria

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Interactions of stress factors in stone deterioration

Physics

temperature
humidity
frost

Chemistry

salts
pollutants
p

Biology

bacteria
fungi, algae
lichen
roots
animals

differing
diff
i
elongation

mineral
structure

pore space

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B I O T E C H N O L O G Y

Angel
g at the
Dome of Cologne
exposed
for 100 years to the
atmosphere in 50m
height
(Schlaitdorfer
Sandstein)

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DIN50900
DIN 50900 Metals(Engl.)
Metals (Engl )
Corrosionincaseofmetalsisareactionofthematerial
with its environment, causing a measurable change of
withitsenvironment,causingameasurablechangeof
thematerialitself.Thischangemayresultinadamage.
Inmostcasesthereactionisofanelectrochemical
nature However chemical and/or processes of
nature.However,chemicaland/orprocessesof
chemicalormetalphysicalnaturemayoccur.Corrosion
damageisdefinedasanimpairmentofthefunctionof
ametallicconstructionelementand/orawholesystem
(metal/medium)bycorrosion.
Thisdefinitiondoesnotincludeanytypeof
This definition does not include any type of
microbiologicalinvolvement(MIC)!
30%ofallcorrosionMIC

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Although
Al
h
h we are able
bl to calculate
l l
chemical
h i l
and physical corrosion problems and can
manage them
h
b a selection
by
l i off appropriate
i
working materials and/or appropriate
constructive
i
measures off plants,
l
MIC
(microbially influenced corrosion) can up to
now neither
i h be
b avoided
id d nor calculated
l l d or
predicted.
NACE-meeting, Miami 1992
Inspector
p
of nuclear ppower pplants

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Biofilms,Biofouling&Biocorrosion
,
g
History

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Biofilms Biofouling & Biocorrosion

Biofilms,Biofouling&Biocorrosion
Historicalmethodsforconservation(1):
salt
sugar
y g
drying
boilingwater
smoke
acidicfermentation
hop addition
hopaddition

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Biofilms,Biofouling&Biocorrosion
Historicalmethodsforconservation(2):
carbonize wood
carbonizewood
filtration
3 db kM
3rdbookMoses(Bible):Ifwallsofhousesarecovered
(Bibl ) If ll f h
d
bylichens,thewallhastobedemolishedand/orits
stones to be replaced with new ones
stonestobereplacedwithnewones
RomanEmpire:Galleyshipswereleadcovered onthe
outside, cover was fixed by coppernails, these nails
outside,coverwasfixedbycoppernails,thesenails
wereputunderleadtoo(toavoidgalvaniccorrosion
Cu/Pb)

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Biofilms Biofouling & Biocorrosion

Biofilms,Biofouling&Biocorrosion
1870 Destruction of lumber by fungi
1870Destructionoflumberbyfungi
(insteadofpartiallyknowninteractionbetweenwaterand
deadwoodsubstance)

1884 Postulates of Robert Koch

1884PostulatesofRobertKoch
(isolation,identification,reinfection,reisolation)

1885CuCO
1885
CuCO3 inwineproduction,
in wine production
copperforshiphulls
<1900 Creosote from coal tar for
<1900Creosotefromcoaltarfor
lumberprotection

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Biofilms Biofouling & Biocorrosion

Biofilms,Biofouling&Biocorrosion
1934Anaerobicironcorrosionbysulfate
y
reducingbacteria:Theoryofcathodic
depolarization
(vanderVlugt&vonWolzogenKhr)

1945Concretecorrosionby(Acidi)thiobacillus
thiooxidans
thiooxidans
(T.concretivorus)

1947AcidMine/RockDrainageby(Acidi)thiobacillus
f
ferrooxidans
id
(Ferrobacillusferrooxidans)

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Biofilms Biofouling & Biocorrosion

Biofilms,Biofouling&Biocorrosion
19451965
1945
1965PreventionofDeteriorationCenter
Prevention of Deterioration Center
inUSAforresearchoninfluencesof
humid climate on materials
humidclimateonmaterials
(2ndworldwar:problemswithelectronicsinthePacific)

1962OECDacknowledgedbiocorrosionas
1962
OECD k
l d d bi
i
generalproblem,foundationofIRG
(Internatl.ResearchGroup)

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Biofilms Biofouling & Biocorrosion

Biofilms,Biofouling&Biocorrosion
19651stSymposium:Microbial
1965
1st Symposium: Microbial
DeteriorationintheTropics
1968 1st International Biodeterioration
19681stInternationalBiodeterioration
Symposium
1970 F
1970FoundationofBiodeterioration
d i
f Bi d
i
i
Society
1969/70FoundationofIBRG

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Biofilms Biofouling & Biocorrosion

Biofilms,Biofouling&Biocorrosion
1980FoundationoftheGermanresearch
1980
Foundation of the German research
grouponMikrobielleMaterial
zerstrung und Materialschutz
zerstrungundMaterialschutz
1984FoundationofthePanAmerican
Biodeterioration Society
BiodeteriorationSociety
1987 InternationalBiodeteriorationSociety
(
(renamed)
d)
1995GesellschaftfrKorrosionsschutz,
GfKorr

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RobertKoch(1843 1910)

A Q U A T I C
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Postulates:
1. Theorganismshouldbeconstantlypresentin
animalssufferingfromthediseaseandshouldnot
l
ff
f
h d
d h ld
bepresentinhealthyindividuals.
2. Theorganismmustbecultivatedinapureculture
The organism must be cultivated in a pure culture
awayfromtheanimalbody.
3. Suchaculture,wheninoculatedintosusceptible
animals should initiate the characteristic disease
animals,shouldinitiatethecharacteristicdisease
symptoms.
4. Theorganismshouldbereisolatedfromthese
g
experimentalanimalsandculturedagaininthe
laboratory,afterwhichitshouldstillbethesame
astheoriginalorganism.
g
g
simula on!

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Microbial Cell Types

MicrobialCellTypes
Microbial Cell Surfaces
size

1 x 1 m

surface

6 x 10-12 m2

volume

18 m3
10-18

1 mL

= 1012 cells =

6 m2

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Gramnegative
Gram
negativecellwall
cellwall
<

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Grampositive
Gram
positivecellwall
cellwall

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cellwall of archeae
cellwallofarcheae

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Gramnegativecellwall(detail)
g

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StructureofmureinofE.coli

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Repeatingunitsofsometeichoicacids
p
g
R

Glycerol
O
R

CH2

CH

R=D-Ala

CH2
O

CH

CH2

R=D-Ala

CH2

Glycerol

OH

D-Ala

OH

b
CH2

Succinat

AcN

Glu

CH2

OH

CH

CH2

2(Gal)1-3(Glu)1-3(Rha)1

D-Ala

CH

OH

CH

OH

OH

oder

CH

Glycerol
CH2

HO

CH2

HO

CH

CH

HO

CH
e
CH2

Ribitol

O
P
O

OH

OH

(a)Glycerolteichoicacidof
Lactobacillus casei 7469 (R =
Lactobacilluscasei7469(R=
Dalanine).(b)Glycerolteichoic
acidofActinomycesantibioticus
(R=Dalanine).(c)Glycerol
teichoic acid of Staphylococcus
teichoicacidofStaphylococcus
lactis;Dalanineoccursinthe6
positionofNacetylglucosamine.
(d)Ribitolteichoicacidsof
Bacillus subtilis (R = glucose) and
Bacillussubtilis(R=glucose)and
Actinomycesstreptomycini(R=
succinate).(TheDalanineis
attachedtoposition3or4
ribitol) (e) Ribitol teichoic acid of
ribitol).(e)Ribitolteichoicacidof
thetype6pneumococcal
capsule.

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Structureofthelipopolysaccharide
p p y
ofSalmonellatyphimurium

StructureofthelipopolysaccharideofSalmonellatyphimurium.Abe,abequose;Man,
Dmannose;Rho,Lrhamnose;Gal,Dgalactose;GlcNAc,NacetylDglucosamine;Glc,D
glucose; Hep heptose; KDO 2 keto 3 deoxyoctonic acid; EtN ethanolamine; Ac acetyl
glucose;Hep,heptose;KDO,2keto3deoxyoctonicacid;EtN,ethanolamine;Ac,acetyl.
BiosynthesisstartsatthelipidAend,andthemoleculeisprogressivelyelongatedbythe
additionofsugarresidues.AfterH.Nikaido,"BiosynthesisandAssemblyof
Lipopolysaccharide,inBacterialMembranesandWalls,ed.L.Leive(NewYork:Marcel
Dekker,1973).

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Schematic model of the outer membrane of E. coli and Salmonella

typhimurium showing the presumed arrangement of its components
and its attachment to the murein layer