M.

Dissertation report
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Filter is one of the modules that help to pass certain frequencies and stop other
frequencies as per the design. There are two types of categories called analog and digital
filters. Analog filter operates on analog frequencies while digital filter operates on digital
data input. Each filter has its own characteristics that can be used as per our
requirements. Analog filter has its own types. They are known as Low Pass Filter
(LPF), High Pass Filter
The names

are

(HPF), Band Pass Filter

(BPF) and Band Stop Filter

(BSF).

as per their functionalities of operation. For example, LPF passes all

the frequencies in the lower bandand stops the frequencies in the higher band. These poin
ts are considered with reference to certain cutoff frequency during design.
Microstrip BPF is widely used in recent years because its characteristics that
small in size, that easy to integrate and that can use different substrate to change
frequency. Parallel coupled microstrip lines can realize narrow-band filters while stub
lines can realize broad-band filters[1]. Now these days new methods are developed ,one
of the method called prototype filter design is usually adopted, it is start with lowpass
filter prototyping and their stage is confirmed by specifying required attenuation then
after we can choose the type like Butterworth, Chebyshev, Ellipse etc , then we can will
get the lumped element resistances in a experiential table and therefore we can find
the length, width, gap of the coupled microstrip in different stage by calculation
on a set of equations. There require to do the round of the parameters when we
calculate and the approximation of conventional formulas as the performance of the filter
is usually not comes as per requirement .

Designing is now can be performed on software platforms. One of the software

called Advanced Digital System (ADS) software tool is use for designing this filters. this
makes circuit realization very easy and provide idea to improve the parameter of related
simulation.

LJIET

Page 1

M.E

Dissertation report

1.1 Motivation:
Various RF filter are used in communication system for various requirement such
as BP, LP, HP, BS. Very often it is require obtaining the desire performance with
minimum components. Conventional design requires more no. of sections to obtain good
out of band rejection .so to achieve this parameter with minimum section give me the
motivation to design the BPF with DGS structure.

1.2 Objective :
To design band pass filter this can provide high rejection in bandstop region. And
try to enhance that parameter through which filter performance reaches to our desire
outcome.
1.3 Filter :
Filters are the most important passive components used in the microwave
subsystems and instruments. Most of the microwave systems that consist of
and passive components which

are not easy

active

to design and manufacture with

accurate frequency and desire characteristics. Instead of that

microwave passive

filter can be easily designed and manufactured with satisfactory performance.

Microwave systems are usually designed so that all of the troublesome
components are relatively wide in frequency response with filters being incorporated
to obtain the precise system frequency response. Because filters are the narrowest
bandwidth components in the system, it is usually the filters that limit such system
parameters as gain and group delay flatness over frequency.

1.4 Types of filter based on frequency :

Filter is basically catteries based on frequency ranges . This way total four parts
are there ,
Lowpass filter (LPF): This filter only pass signals with frequencies who
is having the cutoff value below c and rejects all frequency above c.
Highpass filter (HPF): This filter only pass signals whose frequencies
values are above the cutoff value c and remove signal below c.

LJIET

Page 2

M.E

Dissertation report
Bandpass filter(BPF): This filter only pass signals with frequencies coming
in the range between 1 to 2 and remove frequencies which are outside
range .
Bandstop filter(BSF): It is complement to bandpass filter

Fig: 1.1 Response of filter based on frequency (a) LPF (b)HPF (c) BPF
(d) BSF[li1]

1.5 Types of filter based on response:

a) Butterworth
b) Chebyshev
c) Bessel
d) Elliptical

a) Butterworth:
The Butterworth filter has essentially flat amplitude versus frequency response up
to the cutoff frequency. The response of the various filters can be seen through
Figure 1.2, where it is compared with the Chebyshev and the Bessel filter.
LJIET

Page 3

M.E

Dissertation report
Although Butterworth filters achieve the sharpest attenuation with having no
ripple, their phase shift as a function of frequency is nonlinear.
The low pass filter prototype insertion loss can be define through loss factor that
can be given by as follow ,

where is the normalized frequency .

Fig: 1.2 various response of filters[li2]

This way butterworth filter has[li4]....

Maximally flat response before cutoff thus it said maximally flat response
also.
It has non linear phase response.
Provide minimum insertion loss.
Monotonic attenuation profile can be easily generated .
Large number of component required

b) Chebyshev

LJIET

Page 4

M.E

Dissertation report
As the name suggests, chebyshev filter will allow ripples in the passband

amplitude response. It is also known as equal ripple response filter. The amount of
ripple is provided as one of the design parameter for this type of chebyshev filter. So
when sharp transition from passband to stop band is require and if we can tolerate
ripples then chebyshev filter prototyping is the most appropriate choice.

Characteristics of chebyshev filter are..

Ripple in passband
Sharpest cutoff
Insertion loss is greater than butterworth
Poorer group delay
It has the steepest slope of attenuation

c) Bessel
This filter provides the minimum in-band phase response and also provides
the best step response. It is widely used where signals works with square waves,
etc. as the shape has to be maintained all the time . This way it will introduce linear
phase shift that acts as a delay line which helps to get output waveform having no
ringing and no overshoot.

d) Elliptical
It has the sharpest cutoff than compared to butter worth, chebyshev, and Bessel
filter response. But it has rippling effect in both of the band called passband and
stopband also. Thus it has very non linear phase response.
This allow steepest transition from passband to stopband at expenses of
ripples in both the ends.

LJIET

Page 5

M.E

Dissertation report

1.6 Types of filter bases on components: [2a]

1. Passive filter :

filters which is made by passive components like resistors, capacitors, and

inductors, so they are known

as passive filters . A passive filter has no any

amplifying component like transistors, operational amplifiers, etc. In this way this is
the simplest filter in terms of the number of necessary components for
implementation of a require transfer function. Passive filters have other advantages
as well. Because they have no active components, passive filters require no power
supplies.

Since they are not restricted by the bandwidth limitations of op amps, they
can work well at very high frequencies. They can be used in applications involving
larger current or voltage levels than can be handled by active devices. Passive filters
also generate little noise when compared with circuits using active gain elements.
The noise that they produce is simply the thermal noise from the resistive
components, and, with careful design, the amplitude of this noise can be very low.

2. Active filter:

Active filters use amplifying elements, especially op amps, with resistors and
capacitors in their feedback loops, to synthesize the desired filter characteristics.
Active filters can have high input impedance, low output impedance, and virtually
any arbitrary gain. They are also usually easier to de-sign than passive filters.
Possibly their most important attribute is that they lack inductors, thereby reducing
the problems associated with those components. Still, the problems of accuracy and
value spacing also affect capacitors, al-though to a lesser degree. Performance at
high frequencies is limited by the gain-bandwidth product of the amplifying
elements, but within the amplifier's operating frequency range, the op amp-based
active filter can achieve very good accuracy, provided that low-tolerance resistors
and capaci-tors are used. Active filters will generate noise due to the amplifying
LJIET

Page 6

M.E

Dissertation report

circuitry, but this can be minimized by the use of low-noise amplifiers and careful
circuit design.

3. Switched capacitor filter

The switched-capacitor filter ,has become widely available in monolithic
form during the last few years. The switched-capacitor approach over-comes some
of the problems inherent in standard active filters, while adding some interesting
new capabilities. Switched-capacitor filters need no external capacitors or inductors,
and their cutoff frequencies are set to a typical ac-curacy of g0.2% by an external
clock frequency. This al-lows consistent, repeatable filter designs using inexpensive
crystal-controlled oscillators, or filters whose cutoff frequencies are variable over a
wide range simply by changing the clock frequency. In addition, switched-capacitor
filters can have low sensitivity to temperature changes.

1.7 Lowpass to Bandpass Transformation:

Require a transformation to convert the lowpass prototype into a bandpass

filter with arbitrary center frequency and bandwidth, as shown in Figure 1.3.
The band-edges at =1 in the lowpass prototype must map into the band edges of
the bandpass of the bandpass filter at 1 and 2. The transmission zeros at infinity
in the lowpass must now occur at both =0 and =.The midband of the
lowpass prototype at =0 must map into the center of the passband in the
bandpass filter. This can be achieved by the following transformation:

Fig:1.3 Lowpass to bandpass transformation[li3]

LJIET

Page 7

M.E

Dissertation report

1.8 Process of filter design:

Fig: 1.4 The process of filter designing by insertion loss method[bo1]

As per diagram first we define low pass filter prototyping as per our desire filter
characteristics. They are first normalized in terms of impedance and frequency . this
lowpass prototype is the scaled to desire impedance and frequency ,and the lumped
component replaced with distributed circuit element for microwave frequency
implementation .

LJIET

Page 8

M.E

Dissertation report
CHAPTER 2
FILTER PARAMETER
Filter parameter based on frequency:[bo2]

2.1.

a) Cutoff frequency :
It is the point where the frequency response fallen below 3 dB. It often
describe with fc. This is the main parameter that helps to know how much
frequency that filters can pass.
b) Stop band:
It

is the range of band where the filter has to reject the unwanted

frequency . The stop-band rejection can be defined by the required number of

decibels
c) Pass band :
It is the region in which filter has to pass the signal passes through . in a
low pass filter pass band is extends up to given cut-off frequency. For high pass
filters it is define by which signal pass through from cutoff frequency above,
and

for a bandpass filter it will pass the

band between the two cut-off

frequencies
d) Ripple :
The signal flatness in the pass band can be identifying by defining the
ripple or it is the difference between maximum and minimum amplitude response
define in dB .For chebyshev filter designing designer must take care of ripples
as per its specification.

LJIET

Page 9

M.E

Dissertation report

Fig: 2.1 frequency parameter of filter

e) Bandwidth :
It is defines as the difference between upper and lower frequencies
which is coming at the 3dB attenuation point in the pass band region.

f) Shape factor :
This factor provide sharpness of the filter response that is describe by
ratio of 60 dB to 30 dB bandwidth.

g) Rejection:
For ideal filter it is require to obtain infinite attenuation level at
undesirable frequencies .this will define by rejection that measure around 60 dB
level .

LJIET

Page 10

M.E

Dissertation report

h) Quality factor:
Another parameter through which selectivity can be define for filter is the
quality factor Q. it is the ratio of average stored energy to energy loss per unit
cycle at resonantal frequency .

Here Ploss is a energy loss per unit cycle.

i) Insertion Loss :
Ideally, a perfect filter must having zero insertion loss but in real this can
not be possible as a certain amount of loss of power are associated with the
filter . The insertion loss shows how much power amplitude require going
below the 0 dB line

Where the input is power from the source and Lis the power delivered
to the load. is the reflection coefficient to the filter. This input coefficient is
obtained by looking from the source into the transmission line of length d = l.
j) Return Loss :

Circuit realizations always suffer a certain degree of mismatch

between the source and the power delivered to the transmission line. This
mismatch is called return loss and is given by ratio of reflected power to
incident power

LJIET

Page 11

M.E

Dissertation report
2.2

S parameter (scattering parameter)

At high RF and Microwave frequencies direct measurement of Y- , Z-, or Hparameters is difficult due to[li5]:

Unavailability of equipment to measure RF/MW total current and voltage.

Difficulty of obtaining perfect opens/shorts

Active devices may be unstable under open/short conditions.

With help of the S-parameters, RF devices can be measured without causing any
undesired inductance or capacitance effects to the device or circuit. This is
especially important in higher frequency where small magnitude of disturbance
gets substantially larger.
For a given two-port device there are total four S-parameters named as S11, S21,
S12, and S22. S11, and S22 are simply called the forward and reverse reflection
coefficients, which is terminated by Z0 that usually 50 ohms of impedance . S21
and S12 are simply the forward and reverse gains taking a Z0 source and load
usually value of 50 ohms.
Table 2.1 scattering parameter interpretation
Parameter

Meaning or interpretation

S11

It is related to the algebraic negative of the input return loss

of a 2-port with an R0 termination on the opposite port.

S12

Reverse isolation for active device or amplifier, or algebraic

negative of the insertion loss (I.L.) for a passive device,
with R0 at ports 1 and 2.

S21

Power gain provided for active device or amplifier, or

algebraic negative of the insertion loss (I.L.) for a passive
device, under matched R0 at ports 1 and 2.

S22

It is related to the algebraic negative of the output return

loss of a 2-port with an R0 termination on the opposite port.

LJIET

Page 12

M.E

Dissertation report
CHAPTER 3
WIRELESS LAN

3.1 Introduction to wireless LAN:

For the definition of WLAN we need first to know the definition of LAN, which
is simply a way of connecting computers together within a single organization,
and usually in a single site .WLAN it provides all the features and benefits of
traditional LAN technologies such as Ethernet and Token Ring without the
limitations of wires or cables. Obviously, from the definition the WLAN is the
same as LAN but without wires.
WLAN is a data communication network, typically a packet communication
network, limited in geographic scope. A local area network generally provides
high-bandwidth communication over inexpensive transmission media.
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) links two or more devices using a
wireless communication method. It usually provides a connection through an
Access Point (AP) to the wider internet.[3a] This gives users the ability to move
around within a local coverage area while still be connected to the network. Just
as the mobile phone frees people to make a phone call from anywhere in their
home, a WLAN permits people to use their computers anywhere in the network
area.
In WLAN Connectivity no longer implies attachment. Local areas are measured
not in feet or meters, but miles or kilometers. An infrastructure need not be buried
in the ground or hidden behind the walls, so we can move and change it at the
speed of the organization.
3.2 Wireless LAN standards:
There are several wireless LAN solutions available today, with varying levels of
standardization and interoperability. Many solutions that currently lead the
industry, IrDa, Bluetooth, HomeRF and IEEE 802.11. These technologies enjoy
wider industry support and targeted to solve Enterprise, Home and public
wireless LAN needs.

LJIET

Page 13

M.E

Dissertation report
The

IEEE

released

the 802.11

standard

for

wireless

networking (Cisco Wireless Lan standard report, 2000).This

local-area

initial

standard

specifies a 2.4 GHz operating frequency with data rates of 1 and 2 Mbps.
With this standard, one could choose to use either frequency hopping or
direct sequence.
Because of relatively low data rates as, products based on the initial standard did
not flourish as many had hoped .In late 1999, the IEEE published two
supplements to the initial 802.11 standard: 802.11a and 802.11b (Wi-Fi).
802.11a which is Highly

Scalable

Wireless

LAN Standard

The

and has High

Speed Physical Layer in the 5 GHz Band specifies operation in the 5 GHz band
with data rates up to 54 Mb/s .
The 802.11 WLAN standard allows for transmission over

different

Compliant

types

media

include infrared

light

and

two

media.

of

radio

transmission within the unlicensed 2.4-GHz frequency band: frequency hopping

spread spectrum (FHSS) and direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS).
3.3 Advantage of Wireless Network:
Wireless LANs designed to operate in license-free bands making their operation
and maintenance costs less than contemporary cellular and PCS networks. The
use of license-free spectrum, however, increases the risk of network security and
in-band interference. The key advantages of wireless networks as opposed to
wired networks are mobility, flexibility, ease of installation and maintenance, and
reduced cost.
Wireless LANs are less expensive and less intrusive to implement and maintain,
as user needs change. Simple implementation and maintenance, extended reach,,
increased worker mobility and reduce total cost of ownership and operation.

LJIET

Page 14

M.E

Dissertation report
CHAPTER 4
DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE

4.1

Introduction to DGS
Modern applications require high filtering structures that performing as
per our desire . Many filtering structures were proposed in the literature . In
todays days, a new type of filters basically on Defected Ground Structures has
been Presented . This DGS elements are realized in Microstrip technology by
etching slots in the ground plane. This slots disturb the distribution of current in
the ground to the Microstrip line that will gives rise to stopband characteristics
[4e]

.As its name it is the a new technique which means that a defect has been

placed on the plane of ground, that is typically considered to be an approximate

infinite current sink of

perfectly-conducting region. The

ground

plane at

microwave frequencies is changed from the ideal behavior of perfect ground.

Still the additional perturbations of DGS can change the uniformity of the
ground plane, which is do not render it defective.
4.2

DGS characteristics
The main element of DGS is nothing but a gap of resonant or slot in the
ground metal is placing under a transmission line that is couple to the line.
Each one differs in occupied area, equivalent L-C ratio, coupling coefficient,
higher-order responses, and other electrical parameters. A user will select the
structure that works best for the particular application.
The equivalent circuit for a DGS is a parallel-tuned circuit in series with the
transmission line to which it is coupled as per Figure 4.1. The input and output
impedances are that of the line section, while the equivalent values of L, C and R
are determined by the dimensions.
Common micro-strip considerations, such as variations in dielectric constant or
etched line dimensional tolerance, tend to have greater effect with narrow
bandwidth circuits such as DGS.

LJIET

Page 15

M.E

Dissertation report

Fig. 4.1 Equivalent circuit of a DGS element

There are various shape are available to create DGS effect on ground plan
. The range of structuresof which Figure 4.2 is only a small samplearises
from different requirements for bandwidth(Q) and center frequency, as well as
practical concerns such as a size/shape that does not overlap other portions of the
circuit, or a structure that can be easily trimmed to the desired center frequency.

Fig.4.2 various shapes of DGS

4.4

Disadvantage of DGS
The main disadvantage of the defected ground technique is that it radiates.
Although much of the incident energy at the resonant frequency is reflected back
down the transmission line, there will be significant radiation. Radiation within
enclosed microwave circuits can be difficult to include in simulation. Boundary
conditions are usually set to be absorbing (no reflections), which simplifies
calculations, but excludes the structures around the circuit being examined. In
some cases, the size of the enclosure will make the problem too large to achieve a
solution in a reasonable time, and the details of the physical structure may take a
very long to determine and enter into the software.

LJIET

Page 16

M.E

Dissertation report
EM simulation is certainly accurate for the circuit itself, but with uncertainty of
radiation effects, the construction and careful evaluation of a prototype is strongly
recommended. An experienced designer may be able to create a simplified model
of the enclosure for more accurate simulation, but measurement remains essential
for verification.
A lesser disadvantage is that DGS structures increase the area of the circuit.
However, the additional area will usually be less than that of alter-native
solutions for achieving similarly improved performance.

LJIET

Page 17

M.E

Dissertation report
CHAPTER 5
LITERATURE REVIEW

5.1 Arjun Kumar,

et. Al., 2013[5] designed a Microstrip Bandpass Filter with

Narrow Bandwidth using DGS/DMS for WLAN. They used 50ohm quarter wave
microstrip line is use for bandpass filter. Two series gap slot is created for
achieving bandpass characteristics in strip line. A dumbbell shaped DGS
structure is created on the ground plane which is use to provide bandstop
characteristics in filter. This filter is having band width of 500MHz, consist
insertion loss which is less than 0.5dB. It has cutoff frequency is 5.4GHz.
Their proposed design was simulated in HFSS and fabricated. All parameter were
measured and concluded that DGS offer a size reduction >60% with reduced
harmonics in pass band. Conventional parallel coupled BPF has size of 1200 mm2
while this design has size of 390 mm2.

Fig.5.1 Frequency response of filter with DGS/DMS

5.2 Adel B. Abdel-Rahman , et. Al., 2004[6] examined the effect of the different
shapes of a defected ground-plane structure (DGS) slot on performance of the
HiLo microstrip low-pass filter (LPF). In this three-pole low pass filter having n
an arrowhead DGS slot has 67% less length as compared to a conventional threepole low pass filter . this provide insertion loss of 0.5 dB and provide rejection
of 15-dB in the stopband region which up to three times of the cutoff frequency.
In this paper comparison between various slots like rectangular, dumbbell
LJIET

Page 18

M.E

Dissertation report
shaped, arrow head, square head is presented .shape selection of various shapes
and slots are based on frequency ranges of 28-GHz range and in the 312-GHz
which is varied accordingly . The dimensions of slots are varied by five times
from their its original l. DGS slot helps to improves the performance of a
conventional microstrip lowpass filter significantly. The sharpness of transition
and stopband rejection is based on what DGS shape has been chosen .The
arrowhead slot provides a better response in the stopband region .

Fig.5.2 LPF performance with DGS and without DGS

5.3 Yong Zhang , et. Al., 2008[7] designed for providing stopband characteristic in
microstrip bandpass filter using

defected ground structure and operating

frequency is taken of 12GHz that design with CAD tool. DGS shape is proposed
to optimize the stopband and to restrain the spurious passband. Thus, the
stopband of the filter is wider than that of conventional coupled-line filter. In
order to get wide stopband performance, a DGS is employed to a microstrip
bandpass filter. The proposed DGS provides an attenuation pole in the upper
stopband. Due to the attenuation pole, the stopband is wider than that of
conversional bandpass filter. A novel microstrip bandpass filter with a DGS
section is fabricated. This filter has bandwidth 800MHz, stopband rejection given
by S21is less than -22dB at frequency range between 13GHz to 25GHz. Also the
transition from of passband to stopband is so abrupt that stopband provide

LJIET

Page 19

M.E

Dissertation report
rejection of 30 dB at 13GHz. The insertion loss increases to up to 3 dB. This
much high value is due to high relative permittivity of substrate Taconic RF60.

Fig :5.3 Comparison of results of DGS and without DGS

5.4 Han-Jan Chen,et. Al., 2006[8] designed ultra wide stopped Low pass filter using
cross shaped DGS. They used low pass filter with cutoff of 3.75 GHz with shape
of DGS is performed with I and H. Then at last they Make combination of this
two shapes and created CSDGS (cross shaped defected ground structure). By
using this structure, the filter not only supports conventional DGS performances
with a sharp rejection, but also exhibits an ultra-wide stopband. For the deigned
low-pass filter, an insertion loss of less than 2 dB from dc to 3.5 GHz and the
rejection is better than 20 dB from 4.3 to 15.8 GHz. The simulated performances
of the proposed LPF are with a cutoff frequency 3.75 GHz, a 20-dB rejection
band within 4.25 15.9 GHz and a sharp attenuation of 27.5 dB at 4.38 GHz.
Moreover, the attenuation rate of CSDGS is 0.17 which is lower than a unit cell
and is almost equal to a nine-order Chebyshev low-pass prototype, corresponding
to size reduction.

LJIET

Page 20

M.E

Dissertation report

Fig. 5.4 Comparison of S12 parameter of various shapes

5.5 Neelamegam ,et. Al., 2013[9] developed compact bandpass filter for UWB
system using defected ground structure. A compact Bandpass Filter (BPF)
using Defected

Ground Structure

(DGS)

for

Ultra

Wideband (UWB)

Systems. The UWB bandpass filter has one transmission band ranges from 3.4
GHz to 12.4 GHz and has insertion loss of -0.46 dB and return loss of -25 dB.
The rectangular defective ground structure at the bottom of the substrate. The
simulation too that they use is IE3D and fabricated on FR4 substrate with
dielectric constant of 4.4, loss tangent of 0.0004and thickness of 1.6 mm using
dual side Printed Circuit Board (PCB) technology. By, using defected ground
structure is functional parameters, particularly, insertion loss and return loss of
the filter obtained very good. The developed filter demonstrates a fractional
bandwidth of 113%.

LJIET

Page 21

M.E

Dissertation report

Fig .5.5 return loss and insertion loss of UWB filter

LJIET

Page 22

M.E

Dissertation report
CHAPTER 6
ADVANCED DESIGN SYSTEM

6.1 ADS software overview[bo2]:

Advanced Design System is the worlds leading electronic design automation
software for RF, microwave, and high speed digital applications.

For

WiMAX, LTE, multi-gigabit per second data links, radar, & satellite
applications, ADS provides full, standards-based design and verification with
Wireless Libraries and circuit-system-EM co-simulation in an integrated
platform.
ADS are used as the simulation software. Advanced Design System (ADS) is
software which is basically use for designing automation of electronic design.
This software gives freedom of to designer that integrate design of various
electronic products such as phones,

wireless network , pagers ,satellite

communications, high speed data links and radar systems. Agilent ADS supports
designer to create their design in schematic view and easily converted in layout
also we can performed in various

domain like frequency and

time for

simulation.

Fig:6.1 ADS software

LJIET

Page 23

M.E

Dissertation report

6.2 Key Benefit Of ADS

There are various key benefits of ADS which is provide easiness to designer .
This are

It provide complete and integrated set for fast with accurate and easy-touse system circuit and EM simulators that enable first to pass design
success in a complete design flow

Application as per specific design guides that covers years of expertise in

an easy to use .

ADS is supported exclusively to leading industry and foundry partners.

6.3 Key Features of ADS[li6]

Provide complete schematic diagram capture and layout generation

environment

Helps to innovative and industry leading circuit and system simulators

Direct access to full 3D planar and 3D EM field solvers

Largest number of process design kits can be developed and maintained

by leading foundry and industry partners

EDA , PDKs , Design Flow Integration is done with companies such as

Cadence, Mentor, and Zuken

Optimization Cockpit for real time feedback and control is available that
helps when using any of 12 powerful optimizers

X parameter model generation can be formed from circuit schematic and

Keysight's NVNA for nonlinear high-frequency design

Up-to-date Wireless Libraries enable design and verification of the latest

emerging wireless standards

6.4 ADS version 2011.10

ADS is the industry's leading electronic design automation software for RF,
microwave and signal-integrity applications. ADS 2011.10 provides users with
continued enhancements for RF printed circuit board, MMIC and multi-a
technology design, including:

LJIET

Page 24

M.E

Dissertation report

In ADS documentation of a notebook that makes it easy to create and

share all or selected views of schematics, layout and data displays, and
easy to created PDF files and PostScript outputs files.

In ADS layout it easy to create air bridges and the substrate editor for
Momentum and finite element method 3-D EM simulation.

It is an easier technology EM assembly simulation setup which comes

from the ability to use a single substrate definition for both Momentum
and FEM simulators.

For PCB fabrication stemming can be done a more effectively transfer

of PCB via Pad stacks and ODB++ import improvements.

RF power amplifier design and analysis improvements can be possible

with the Load Pull Design Guide also .

LJIET

Page 25

M.E

Dissertation report
CHAPTER 7
BASIC DESIGN AND CALCULATION

7.1 Filter specification:

Table 7.1 Design specification

Centre frequency

2.4 GHz

Bandwidth

80MHz

Impedance

50 ohm

Ripple

0.1 dB

Stopband attenuation

-20 dB

Attenuating frequency

3.4 GHz

Insertion loss

0.2 dB

The center operating frequency for the filter is 2.4GHz with a bandwidth of
80 MHz. The maximum ripple allowed in the pass band is 0.1dB. According to
the filter design specifications, Chebyshev response with a passband ripple of
0.1dB can satisfy these requirements.
7.2 Calculation of Fractional Bandwidth and Normalized frequency :

The centre frequency can be calculated by, following equation.[10,11a]

We have, 1=2.44 GHz and 2= 2.36 GHz

0 1* 2 2.44 * 2.36
= 2.4GHz

(7.1)

So we get center frequency 0=2.4, now fraction bandwidth ,

2 1 2.44 - 2.36

0.033
0
2.4

(7.2)

Normalized frequency given by following equation;

1 0

where 0=2.4, =3.4,
0 0
LJIET

(7.3)

Page 26

M.E

Dissertation report

1 3.4 2.4

2.15
0 0.033 2.4 3.4

(7.4)

7.3 Calculation for maximally flat type filters order:

The order of butter worth filter can define by attenuation loss and it given by
following equation.

PLR = 1+ k^2(( W/WC)^(2n)

(7.5)

Where, PLR is attenuation =-20dB and putting the value k=1 , w=3.4 GHz,
wc=2.4GHz we get the number of section =7.
7.4 Calculation for Chebyshev type filters order:

The filter order is the number of inductive and capacitive elements that should be
included in the filter design. This can be done by following formulation[12a];

cosh1 (10L T /10 1)/(k 1)

N

cosh1 ( )
0
cosh1 (1020/10 1)/(0.1 1)
N
3.4
cosh1 ( )
2.4

(7.6)

(7.7)

N=5
This way by comparing both methods we get less number of orders in Chebyshev
filter for same specification. Thus, we choose Chebyshev filter to create our
design.
7.5 Calculation of Equal-Ripple Low-pass Filter Prototypes[bo3]:

The following equations are used to calculate the Element values for equal-ripple
low-pass filter prototypes (0.1dB ripple).

(2k 1)
ak sin
; k 1,2,.... N
2 N
k
bk 2 sin 2 ; k 1,2,..., N
N
LJIET

(7.8)

Page 27

M.E

Dissertation report

Lar
)
17.34

(7.9)

)
2n

(7.10)

ln(coth

sinh(
g 0 1 ; g1

2a1

; gk

4a k -1ak
; k 2,3,..., n
bk 1 g k 1

(7.11)

1
for N odd

g n 1
2
coth
( ) for N even

(7.12)

Now putting various value of k=1,2,3,..., we get the different values of

coefficient. This coefficient can also be find same from the 0.1 dB ripple table
which is as below.
Table 7.2 Chebyshev coefficient for 0.1 dB ripple of order n=1 to 7[bo2]

From above table and through equation we get the same results and for n=5 the
coefficient are as below.
g1=1.1467=L1
g2=1.3712=C2
g3=1.9750=L3
g4=1.3712=C3
g5=1.1467=L4
g6=1

LJIET

Page 28

M.E

Dissertation report

7.6 Calculate Lumped Values of the Bandpass Filter

After finding this coefficient its require to convert Lumped Values of the
Bandpass

Filter

calculate

as

following

method, the low-pass prototype

elements values obtained can be represented as shown in Figure 7.1

Fig : 7.1 low pass filter prototype[13a]

Now we can calculate L and C component value as following parameter .The
Lumped values of the Band pass filter after frequency and impedance scaling are
given by,
For series L&C:

Lk

Lk' Z 0
0

Ck

0 C k' Z 0

(7.13)

(7.14)

For shunt L & C:

Z 0
Lk
0 Lk '
Ck

Ck '
0 Z 0

(7.15)

(7.16)

Where Z0=50 ohm , 0= 2.4 GHz, =0.033

LJIET

Page 29

M.E

Dissertation report
From these equations we get lumped element as below with consecutive
connection of series and shunt element.
Table 7.3 lumped elements values

L1=115.270 nH

C1=0.03818 pF

L2=0.07983 nH

C2=55.1304 pF

L3=198.540 nH

C3=0.02488 pF

L4=0.07983 nH

C4=55.1301 pF

L5=115.270 nH

C5=0.03818 pF

This way we get the value of serial and shunt element that can be place to
simulation platform in ADS. And necessary filter parameter can be simulated.
7.7 Simulation of bandpass filter with lumped component
The designing of circuit and filter realization of is carried out in by doing
simulation

in ADS software. The calculated lumped elements are put in

schematic window as per figure 7.2.

Fig 7.2 Circuit diagram using lumped component in ADS

After placing all the lumped component and with help of tuning in ADS we can
get the optimal results in ADS as per figure 7.3 shown below.

LJIET

Page 30

M.E

Dissertation report

Fig 7.3 simulated S parameter of lumped elements

From simulation results it is said that center frequency of filter is coming to
frequency of 2.4 GHz and it has corresponding Insertion loss is -0.2 dB, this
way simulation can be done that is near to our outcomes.

LJIET

Page 31

M.E

Dissertation report
CHAPTER 8
PARALLEL COUPLE MICROSTRIPLINE FILTER

8.1 Basic theory:

Microstrip transmission line is used for transport of wave with relative low
frequency; the wave type propagating in this transmission line is a quasi-TEM
wave. This is the fundamental mode in the microstrip transmission line. It has
two propagation factors, even mode and odd mode. A general structure of
parallel-coupled microstrip band-pass

filters that use half-wavelength line

resonators consists of open circuited coupled microstrip lines . These coupled

lines are quarter wavelength , (/4) long and are equivalent to shunt resonant
circuits.

The coupling gaps are related to the admittance inverters in the low-pass
prototype

circuit

Even

and

Odd

mode characteristic

impedances

for

parallel-coupled half-wave resonators which are computed by admittance

inverters.[14a] Now consider a bandpass filter composed of a cascade of N +
1 coupled line sections,

The sections are numbered from left to right, with

the load on the right, but the filter can be reversed without affecting the
response. Since each coupled line section has an equivalent circuit of the form,
the equivalent circuit of the cascaded as per fig 8.1.

These even and odd mode impedances are basically used to compute physical
dimension of the filter . In this way, the required parallel coupled microstrip filter
parameters

can

be

easily

derived

for

Chebyshev

prototypes.

Fig 8.1 : general structure of parallel coupled filter

LJIET

Page 32

M.E

Dissertation report

8.2 Designing equation for parallel coupled filter[15a]

We use the following equations for designing the parallel-coupled filter .

J 01
FBW

Y0
2 g 0 g1

(8.1)

For j=1 to n-1

J j , j 1
Y0

J n,n1
Y0

FBW

g i g i 1

(8.2)

FBW
2 g n g n1

(8.3)

Where g0,g1gn are the coefficient of a low-pass prototype has a normalized

cut-off, c=1, and it has the fractional bandwidth of band-pass filter. J,J+1 Are
the characteristic admittances of J-inverters and Y0 is the characteristic
admittance of the terminating lines. This all equation will be used for endcoupled line filter so that at the both types of filter can have the same
representation of low-pass network. In practice , the implementation is quite
different. To realize the J-inverters obtained above and the even- and oddmode characteristic impedances of the coupled micro strip line resonators can
be determined by following equation

for j=1 to n

LJIET

2
J
j , j 1 J j , j 1
1

Y0
Y

z 0e j , j 1

Y0

z 0O j , j 1

2
1 J j , j 1 J j , j 1

Y0
Y0
Y
0

(8.4)

(8.5)

Page 33

M.E

Dissertation report
Now we put our cofficent value from g0 to g6 in equation (8.1),(8.2) and( 8.3) we
can easily find values for even and odd characteristic impedance for equation
(8.4) and (8.5). after putting this value we get the result as table 8.1.

Table 8.1 : calculated results of even and odd mode characteristic impedance
Couple line number(i)

Jiz0

Zoe

Zoo

Line 1 & 6

0.2026

62.1823

41.9223

Line 2 & 5

0.0375

51.9453

48.1953

Line 3 & 4

0.0286

51.4708

48.6108

The second step of the filter design is to search the dimensions of coupled strip
lines which is use to find the desired even and odd mode impedances. For that
we determine equivalent one single edge-strip shape ratios which can be relate
coupled line ratios to single line ratios. For a single edge-strip line[16a],

z0se

( z 0e ) j , j 1
2

z 0 s 0

( z 0o ) j , j 1
2

(8.6)

(8.7)

For a single microstrip line, The approximate expressions for W/h in terms
of Zc and r , derived by Wheeler and Hammerstad , are available. [14]
For W/h 2
W
8 exp A

H exp2 A 2

(8.8)

Where
A

ZC
60

r 1
2

r 1
0.11
0.23

r 1
r

For W/h>2

1
W 2
0.61
B 1 ln2 B 1 r

lnB 1 0.39
H
2 r
r
LJIET

Page 34

M.E

Dissertation report

Where
B

60 2
zc r

In our design W/h < 2 so we use equation (5.8) and calculating for all line
number (W/h)se and (W/h)so by applying Z0se and Z0so (as Zc) to the
above

single line microstrip equations. Now we have a point where we can

calculate

the w/h and s/h for the desired coupled microstrip line using

approximation equations as following .

W
W
cosh 2 H cosh 2 H 2
S 2
se
so

cosh1

H
W
W
cosh 2 H cosh 2 H

se
so

(8.9)

W 1 1 1 S S W S (8.10)
cosh
cosh
1 cosh
1 cosh
2 2 H 2 H 2 H se 2 H
H

The edge-strip transmission line require overall dielectric constant as it is

nature of TEM Propagation. The require formulas for calculation of eff is given
as

(8.11)

The effective dielectric constant of edge-strip is use for determine and

wavelength of the quasi-TEM mode which is given by following equation,
thus the resonator length is

LJIET

Page 35

M.E

Dissertation report

(8.12)

This way we put all the values in above equations to calculate the physical
dimension like width , space and length of couple line we get result as below the
table 8.2

Table 8.2 : calculated dimension of transmission line using equations

Line description

W (mm)

S (mm)

L (mm)

50 ohm line

3.0454

17.0118

Couple line 1 &6

2.5640

1.7712

17.4863

Couple line 2 &5

3.3932

4.7002

16.8157

Couple line 3 &4

3.4526

5.2293

16.7369

8.3 Determine the dimension of w,s and l using Line Calc tool in ADS[bo3]:
Using LineCalc tool in ADS, the dimension of the microstrip line viz. length (L),
width(W) and gap(S) between each other are calculated for the given odd
and even resistances at the design as shown in Figure 8.2.

Copper is used as conductor and FR4 with thickness 1.6 mm is used as

substrate. The width, gap and length of each stage of the MCLIN
(Microstrip Coupled-Line Filter Section) are derived. To match with the 50 ohm
circuit, MLIN (Microstrip Line) components are added to both sides of the
filter whose characteristic impedance is 50 ohm. MLIN means matching
line[17a]. We require matching at both ports of filter so that maximum signal can
pass and very less reflections occur.

Design specification:
The filter was modeled in ADS as shown in Figure 8.2. The Parameters of
the substrate set in MSUB controller are:

LJIET

Page 36

M.E

Dissertation report
1) H: substrate thickness (1.6 mm)
2) Er: substrate relative dielectric constant (4.4)
3) Cond: metal conductivity (5.8e7)
4) Hu: upper ground substrate spacing (1.0E+33)
5) T: Metal layer thickness (0.0127 mm)
6) TanD: Dielectric loss tangent (0.01)
7) Rough: RMS surface roughness (0 mm).

Fig 8.2 : determination of W,S and L using Line Calc tool

Width, Space and Length, from LineCalc in ADS is shown in above figure
8.2, and calculate values is shown in following table 8.3.

Table 8.3 : calculated dimension of transmission line using Line Calc tool
Line description

LJIET

W (mm)

S (mm)

L (mm)

50 ohm line

3.0454

17.0118

Couple line 1 &6

2.7158

0.8439

17.3016

Couple line 2 &5

3.02519

4.3706

17.06480

Couple line 3 &4

3.0319

5.3993

17.0683

Page 37

M.E

Dissertation report

8.4 Modeling of bandpass filter in ADS:

The circuit design and realization of filter is carried out
provide simulation platform . The

ADS

in ADS software that

provide designer to find

the

parameters such as length, width and coupling gap of microstrip filter using
LineCalc tool

. Here the S-parameter simulation is being done

for the

filter where S(2,1) indicates the insertion loss and S(1,1) shows the reflection
ratio.

In schematic window by using component MLIN and MCLIN we can do

simulation for parallel couple line filter .As per figure 8.3 putting all the
component with their width , length and space we get the S parameter results as
figure 8.4.

Fig 8.3 schematic design of couple line filter in ADS

LJIET

Page 38

M.E

Dissertation report

Fig 8.4 scattering parameter of bandpass filter in schematic view

8.5 Generating Layout:
From schematic circuit we can directly generate a layout of bandpass filter in
ADS as shown below figure 8.5 and its generated layout response is shown in fig
8.6

Figure 8.5 Layout of parallel couple bandpass filter

In layout window the simulated results by using line calc tool dimension we dont
get at our desire frequency thus it require to modify the parameter dimension so
that we can achieve our results. Here we reduce the length and width by 2.5% so
that our outcomes coming at 2.4 GHz of frequency. Reduced dimension are as
given by table 8.4
Table 8.4 Reduced dimension of length and width
LJIET

Page 39

M.E

Dissertation report
Reduced
dimension by
2.5%
Length

Couple line 1&6

Width

Couple line 2&5

Couple line 3&4

16.8690

16.6381

16.6415

2.6479

2.9495

2.9561

By reducing the parameter it is found that if length is decrease response shifted to

higher frequency . And by reducing width the insertion loss will improve . By
changing space dimension the return loss will improve .so using reduced
dimension we get the outputof S parameter as per fig 8.6

Figure 8.6 scattering parameter of layout window

Using simulation in momentem we can get all S parameter as per fig 8.7 and their
Phase response is as per fig. 8.8

8.6 Simulation results in momentum :

Features of momentum

Efficient meshing, adaptive frequency sampling ,which reduces

simulation time

Able to

simulate complex

EM effects

including skin

effect,

substrate effect, thick metals and multiple dielectrics

Combines full-wave and quasi-static EM solvers for RF passives,

high-frequency interconnects and parasitic modeling

LJIET

Page 40

M.E

Dissertation report

Fig 8.7 scattering parameter in momentum

Fig 8.8 phase response of parallel couple line filter

LJIET

Page 41

M.E

Dissertation report
CHAPTER 9
PARALLEL COUPLE LINE FILTER WITH DGS

9.1

Importance of DGS in filter

The defected ground structure (DGS) is

precisely used to get rejection at

unwanted frequency region and compact size . DGS is has periodic or nonperiodic cascaded defect that is etched in the ground plane of structures such as
microstrip and coplanar lines. Important part of DGS is that it disturbs the shield
current distribution to the ground plane. DGS can be used effectively in many
ways , it use for enhancing the performance of microwave circuits as it has
advantages like slow-wave propagation that provides arbitrary stop bands with
low loss in passband [18a]
DGS cells have by default properties of resonant so that many filtering circuits
mainly used in to improve the stop and pass band characteristics. The DGS have
been proposed for improving the spurious response of coupled line microstrip
bandpass filters[19a]

9.2

DGS shapes and its application

The DGS is the defect on the ground plane metal of a microstrip or strip
line, or coplanar waveguide circuit that is intentionally modified to enhance
performance. This defect is considered as to be consider as perfect

an

infinite conducting current sink .

DGS structures provides Different shapes

such as rectangular, square ,

circular , L-shaped, concentric ring, spiral U-shaped and V-shaped, hexagonal

DGS, dumbbell cross shaped DGS, hairpin DGS, and combined structures
which is appeared in the literature . With this much variety of the DGS,
different structures

are

developed

according

to designer s

need

of

bandwidth (Q) and center frequency and practical problems, such as size, shape,
or a structure of the other portions of the circuit which should not overlap that
can be easily trimmed to a our desired center frequency of different
requirements [20a].

LJIET

Page 42

M.E

Dissertation report
DGSs having ability of wide stopband and use for compacting size that are
mainly used to many circuits such as power dividers, directional couplers, filters
and power amplifiers . DGS is etched with narrow and wide shape at the
backside metallic ground plane, which changes the effective relative permittivity
of substrate and increases the effective capacitance and inductance of given
transmission line. It provides the rejection of some frequency bands, that can be
called as bandgap or stopband effect which designers wants .[21a]

9.3

Circuit realization of DGS in ADS :

Through literature survey and various studies of DGS we can apply various
shapes in to ground plan . to simulate in ADS software first we should apply
finite ground layer to designed parallel couple line filter by choosing cond2 layer
below the substrate layer. After simulating with finite ground structure ,choose
resi layer in ADS tool bar and place over that region where we want to create
DGS structure . Through Boolean logic command choose resi layer to create
defect in ground plan . this way we can apply DGS to ground plan in ADS .
But one of the major disadvantage is that we are unable to give or measure
dimension of defected slot in ADS. Thus it require to change the shape size
every time till we dont get our desire outcome .

9.4

Different DGS shape and its results

With analysis of various shape like rectangular, square , circular , dumbbell,
spiral etc . here we take various shapes as per following figures created through
various shape directly available in ADS. The simulated outcomes is also given as
the same through below comparison table 9.1 .
In this table the results are of each shape is shown through their S parameter . by
taking alternative design in ground plan as defect till we get good result as per our
design specification.

LJIET

Page 43

M.E

Dissertation report
Table 9.1 Simulation of various DGS shape

Shape
name

Defected ground structure realization

Simulated S parameter

Dumbbell
pipe
structure

Dumbbell

Middle
slot with
S shape

LJIET

Page 44

M.E

Dissertation report

Triangle

Slots

Result analysis :
From this above table it shows that dumbbell pipe structure will give us response
with two picks but its insertion loss and return loss are very poor. With dumbbell
structure other harmonic pick is reduce but insertion loss and return loss are not
coming to our desire. Using middle slot with S shape results becoming more
worst than ahead. By choosing triangle shape the bandwidth of response become
narrower which do not satisfy as per our design .
Last one with two vertical slots the results coming as per our specification . This
provide good insertion loss with return loss more than -15 dB . not only that it
provide notching effect at frequency of 2 GHz , 2.2 GHz and 2.48 GHz . This
way it provide out of band rejection which satisfy our aim .

LJIET

Page 45

M.E
9.5

Dissertation report
3D preview of slot DGS design
ADS provide user to see their design in 3 dimension view . by choosing the 3D
preview tool we can see our design in 3D format. In 3D preview we can choose
different layer and see the each layer outcomes in 3D design .
As per our design we can see top layer , cond layer , substrate layer and cond2
layer . By click right to box it can be visible to that layer design. In fig 9.1 it
shows the front view of my design and as per fig 9.2 it shows back side of my
design .

Fig 9.1 3D preview of front side of design

LJIET

Page 46

M.E

Dissertation report

Fig 9.2 3D preview of back side of design

This way we can check how our design will look from top to bottom . This will
help us to check our design for fabrication purpose .

LJIET

Page 47

M.E

Dissertation report
CHAPTER 10
RESULTS ANALYSIS OF FABRICATED FILTER

10.1

Filter fabrication
As per our design of parallel couple line filter with slot DGS can be fabricated
and we get module . It is fabricated on PCB layers where upper and bottom layer
is of copper layer and middle layer is of substrate layer having dielectric const 4.4
and thickness of 1.6 mm as per our design . The bottom layer is having two slits
which is defected by resi layer . The input is given from port 1 and output is taken
from 2 . At this port side we must connect SMA connectors so that we can easily
work with input and output signal provided from signal generator .
The fabricated design is look as fig 10.1 that shows the front side of filter while
fig 10.2 shows the back side of filter design .

Fig 10.1 Front side of filter design

10.2

Fig 10.2 Back side of filter design

Filter testing and result measurement

After fabrication of our design of parallel couple microstrip line filter with DGS
it need to be tested . This design tested in network analyzer of Agilent network
technologies . This device provide to measure S parameter like S11 and S21 .
through marker we can get the exact value at different frequencies provided in
measurement window .
Here below shows the measurement results in fig 10.3 is the S11 Parameter that
shows return loss of filter and fig 10.4 is the S21 parameter that shows insertion
loss of filter .

LJIET

Page 48

M.E

Dissertation report

Fig 10.3 S11 or Return loss of filter

Fig 10.4 S21 or insertion loss of filter

The above results shows that the tested results are coming as per our simulated
results . But the tested results are shifted by its center frequency and coming
down to 2.34 GHz . It also provide good rejection in out of band region . the
results are shifted because of irregularity of surface and not sharp cutting edge of
designing . Also it may happen due to conductor and dielectric losses .

LJIET

Page 49

M.E

Dissertation report
CHAPTER 11
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

11.1

Conclusion
Designing of bandpass filter for WLAN application is present . from
various prototype of filter designing we can design it through chebyshev
prototype and convert it in parallel couple band pass filter .The new technique
called defected ground structure is implemented .Comparing the results of with
and without DGS it shows that using DGS we get sharp transition from the
passband to the stopband with high rejection in stop band region .The sharp
notching effect can be possible with DGS . The filter can be fabricated with
FR_4 substrate and proposed design parameter for WLAN application at 2.4
GHz with more than -15dB return loss which is desirable .

11.2

Future Work
we can choose different dielectric material and changing different shape of DGS
we can improve our circuit performance . With precisely fabrication of design
accurate results we can get at our desire frequency .For better accuracy to give
shape dimension we can choose different simulation platform like CST, HFSS so
that better performance that we can achieve .

LJIET

Page 50