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1. INTRODUCTION
Face recognition is a challenging and interesting research
topic in the field of pattern recognition which has been
found a widely used in many applications such as
verification of credit card, security access control, and
human computer interface. Thus many face recognition
algorithms have been proposed and survey in this area
can be found in [2] [3] [4]. There are two central issues
of an automatic face recognition system; they are (a)
feature selection of representation of face. (b)
Classification of new face image based on the chosen
feature representation. Also in a face recognition
environment, the result of feature selection may be
affected by some variations in the face images, such as
lighting, expression and pose.
(A) Why use face recognition?
The traditional authentication methods of persons
identity include passwords, PINs, smart cards, plastic
cards, token, keys and so forth. These could be hard to
remember or retain and passwords can be stolen or
guessed, tokens and keys can be misplaced and forgotten.
However an individuals biological traits cannot be
misplaced, forgotten, stolen or forged. Biometric-based
technologies include identification based on physiological
characteristics (such as face, fingerprints, finger
geometry, hand geometry, hand veins, palm, iris, retina,
ear and voice) and behavioural traits (such as gait,
signature and keystroke dynamics) [1]. Face recognition
appears to offer several advantages over other biometric
Volume 3, Issue 3 May June 2014
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an,
1989
images
has long
time
C
Chang,
T.S.
Huang
and C.
Novak,
1994
Colorbased
Color
based
feature
extracti
on
Eyes
and
mouth
Small
databas
e with
simple
manner
Y.
Tian, T.
Kanade
, and
J.F.
Cohn,
2002
Appea
rance
based
approa
ches
PCA,
ICA,
LDA
Eyes
and
mouth
Small
no. of
features
recognit
ion rate
98%
Performa
nce is
limited
due to
diversity
of
backgrou
nds.
-need
good
quality
image
-large
database
require
4. CONCLUSION
This paper discussed various face detection and feature
extraction techniques in face recognition. Both are the
integral and important part of face recognition because
face classification is totally dependent on these two.
Template based methods are easy to implement but not
represent global face structure. While color segmentation
based methods used color model for skin detection with
morphology operation to detect features. So different
color model and illumination variation these factors can
affect performance. Appearance based methods represent
optimal feature points which can represent global face
structure. Geometry based methods such as Gabor wavelet
transform face feature extraction provide stable and scale
invariant features.
References:
Figure 4: original image with different skin maps
After studying all the techniques of feature extractions,
we can now conclude the features, characterstics,
advantages and disadvantages of the above described
techniques. And their comparison can be concluded as:
Table 1: comparison between various feature extraction
techniques
Author
T.Kana
de,
1997
A
Yuille,
D.
Cohen,
and P.
Halllim
Techn
ique
Geome
trybased
Metho
ds
Gabor
wavelet
method
No. of
feature
Eyes,
mouth
and
nose
Templ
ate
based
Deform
able
templat
e
Eyes,
mouth,
nose
and
eyebro
w
Advant
ages
Small
data
base,
recognit
ion rate
95%
Recogni
tion
rate
100%,
simple
manner
Disadva
ntages
Large no.
of
features
are used
complexi
ty
descripti
on b/w
template
and
And
Global
Appearance
Features,
IEEE
International Conference on Image Processing, pp.
665-668, 2006
[22] M. Nixon, Eye spacing measurement for facial
recognition,. Proceedings of the Society of PhotoOptical Instrument Engineers, SPIE, 575(37):279
285, August 1985.
[23] Yuille, A. L., Cohen, D. S., and Hallinan, P. W.,
"Feature extraction from faces using deformable
templates", Proc. of CVPR, (1989).
[24] N.Bhoi, M. N. Mohanty, Template Matching based
Eye Detection in Facial Image, International Journal
of Computer Applications (0975 8887) Volume 12
No.5, December 2010
[25] M. Turk and A. Pentland. Eigenfaces for recognition
Journal of Cog-nitive Neuroscience, 3(1):7186,
1991
[26] J.Lim, Y. Kim J. Paik Comparative Analysis of
Wavelet- Based Scale-Invariant Feature Extraction
Using Different Wavelet Bases International Journal
of Signal Processing, Image Processing and Pattern
Recognition Vol. 2, No. 4, December, 2009.
[27] S.K. Singh, D. S. Chauhan, M. Vatsa, R. Singh, A
Robust Skin Color Based Face Detection Algorithm,
Tamkang Journal of Science and Engineering, Vol.
6, No. 4, pp. 227-234 (2003).
[28] Sanjeev Dhawan, himanshu Dogra, Feature
Extraction Techniques for Face Recognition,
International Journal of Engineering, Business and
Enterprise Applications (IJEBEA), 2012.
[29] V.Vezhnevets, V.Sazonov ,A. Andreeva , A Survey
on Pixel- Based Skin Color Detection Techniques,
Graphics and Media Laboratory, Moscow State
University, Moscow, Russia.
[30] Vladimir Vezhnevets, Vassili Sazonov, Alla
Andreeva., A Survey on Pixel-Based Skin Color
DetectionTechniques.
Authors:
Urvashi Bakshi received her B.tech degree in
IT in 2008, She is a research scholar in IT
department in I.E.T college Alwar, Rajasthan,
and doing further research on Face
Recognition Technology.
Mr. Rohit Singhal is B.tech and M.tech in
Computers Science and Engineering, and he is
working as an Associate Professor in I.E.T.
college, Alwar Rajasthan. His topics of
interests are computer graphics and Image Processing.
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