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()=0
For each primitive Dirichlet character mod q there exist constants A and B
such that
Y
s
(s, ) = eA()+B()s
1
es/ .
(,)=0
||2R
||<2R
The first product is finite, and the second product is convergent, since
s
es/ = O(R2 /||2 ),
log 1
Now we consider
F (s) = Q
(s, )
,
s
s/
(,)=0 1 e
1
which is an entire function, having no zeros or poles. We claim that for > 0,
|F (s)| exp(O(|s|1+ )) [we are viewing q as fixed, so the implied constant may
depend upon q]. By the maximum modulus principle, it suffices to check this
on a sequence of circles |s| = Rn where 2n Rn < 2n+1 . The bound is already
known for (s, ) (on any circle) so it suffices to find circles for which
Y
1+
(1 s/)1 es/ eO(|s| ) .
Between |s| = 2j and |s| = 2j+1 there are O(j2j ) zeros of (s, ), and therefore
we may choose Rj [2j , 2j+1 ) such that |s| j2cj for all s with |s| = Rj . Split
the product according as || < R/2, R/2 || 2R and ||
elements
P> 2R. The
1
= O(R )
in the first product are bounded by O(ReR/|| ). Since ||<R/2 ||
and there are O(R log R) terms in the product, this region is covered. In the
||
middle region, each term in the product is O( |s|
) = O(R3 ). Since there are
O(R log R) terms, again this is covered.P The elements in the third product
are bounded by exp(O(R2 /||2 )). Since ||>2R ||1 2 = O(R1+ ), this term is
covered.
We have established that F (s) is entire, without zeros or poles, and satisfies
|F (s)| exp(O(|s|1+ )). It is then a standard fact of complex analysis that
F (s) = eA+Bs for some constants A and B.
Logarithmically differentiating the Hadamard product, we find
X 1
0
1
(s) = B +
+
s
:()=0
s1 s 2
2
s
:()=0
X X log p
p
pns
X (n)
(2)
ns
(3)
= log +
(
) B()
+
L(s, )
2
2
2
s
:(,)=0
and
L0 /L(s, ) =
X X log p(pn )
p
pns
X (n)(n)
n
ns
(4)
is the von Mangoldt function, (pn ) = log p at prime powers, and otherwise zero.
:(,)=0
< 1 .
0
(0, ).
1
(,)=0
Since 1 runs over the zeros of (s, ) as runs over the zeros of (s, ), we
have
X
X
X
1
1
1
< = 2
2<B() = B() + B() =
<
< .
(,)=0
(,)=0
(,)=0
(The separation of summands justified because the sum of real parts is absolutely
convergent.)
We now prove a sequence of key estimates regarding sums over zeros.
Lemma 7.3. We have, for any t R and primitive mod q,
X
=+i:(,)=0
1
= O(log q + log(|t| + 2)).
1 + (t )2
1
= O(log q + log(|t| + 2)).
(t )2
L0
(s, ) = O(log(|t| + 2) + log q)
L
Similarly,
X
(,)=0
|t|1
1
1
even .
s
s
X
0
1
(s) = O(log(|t| + 2)) +
s1
()=0
|t|<1
(5)
1
.
s
X
2
L0
(2 + it) = O(1) = O(log(|t| + 2) + log q)
. (6)
2 + (t )2
L
(2
Notice that we have used Lemma 7.2 to cancel the real part of B with the sum
of <(1/). This proves the first set of statements, since
X
X
1
2
= O(log(|t| + 2) + log q).
2
2
2 + (t )2
1 + (t )
(2
To prove the formula for L0 /L as a finite sum over zeros, write (L0 /L(2 +
it, ) = O(1))
L0
L0
L0
(s, ) = O(1) (s, ) + (2 + it, )
L
L
L
X 1
1 0 2 + it + a
1
1 0 s + a
(
)
(
)
.
= O(1) +
2
2
2
2
s 2 + it
1
= O(log(|t| + 2) + log q),
2 + it